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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/22116-h.zip b/22116-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..534b2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/22116-h.zip diff --git a/22116-h/22116-h.htm b/22116-h/22116-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac96ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/22116-h/22116-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3319 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> + +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> + <title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of Discoverers and Explorers, by Edward R. Shaw</title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body {margin:10%; text-align:justify} + h1 {text-align:center} + h2 {text-align:center} + h3 {text-align:center} + h4 {text-align:center} --> + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoverers and Explorers, by Edward R. Shaw + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Discoverers and Explorers + +Author: Edward R. Shaw + +Release Date: July 22, 2007 [EBook #22116] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS *** + + + + +Produced by Ron Swanson + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS</h1> +<br> +<br> +<center><small>BY</small></center> + +<h2>EDWARD R. SHAW</h2> +<center><small><i>Dean of the School of Pedagogy<br> +New York University</i></small></center> +<br> +<br> +<center><img src="images/01.jpg" width="100" alt="logo"></center> +<br> +<br> +<center><small>NEW YORK :: CINCINNATI :: CHICAGO</small></center> +<h3>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h3> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center>Copyright 1900<br> +By E<small>DWARD</small> R. S<small>HAW</small>.</center> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3>PREFACE.</h3> + + +<p>The practice of beginning the study of geography with the locality +in which the pupil lives, in order that his first ideas of geographical +conceptions may be gained from observation directed upon the real +conditions existing about him, has been steadily gaining adherence +during the past few years as a rational method of entering upon the +study of geography.</p> + +<p>After the pupil has finished an elementary study of the locality, he +is ready to pass to an elementary consideration of the world as a whole, +to get his first conception of the planet on which he lives. His +knowledge of the forms of land and water, his knowledge of rain and +wind, of heat and cold, as agents, and of the easily traced effects +resulting from the interaction of these agents, have been acquired +by observation and inference upon conditions actually at hand; in +other words, his knowledge has been gained in a presentative manner.</p> + +<p>His study of the world, however, must differ largely from this, and +must be effected principally by representation. The globe in relief, +therefore, presents to him his basic idea, and all his future study +of the world will but expand and modify this idea, until at length, +if the study is properly continued, the idea becomes exceedingly +complex.</p> + +<p>In passing from the geography of the locality to that of the world +as a whole, the pupil is to deal broadly with the land masses and their +general characteristics. The continents and oceans, their relative +situations, form, and size, are then to be treated, but the treatment +is always to be kept easily within the pupil's capabilities—the end +being merely an elementary world-view.</p> + +<p>During the time the pupil is acquiring this elementary knowledge of +the world as a whole, certain facts of history may be interrelated +with the geographical study.</p> + +<p>According to the plan already suggested, it will be seen that the pupil +is carried out from a study of the limited area of land and water about +him to an idea of the world as a sphere, with its great distribution +of land and water. In this transference he soon comes to perceive how +small a part his hitherto known world forms of the great earth-sphere +itself.</p> + +<p>Something analogous to this transition on the part of the pupil to +a larger view seems to be found in the history of the western nations +of Europe. It is the gradual change in the conception of the world +held during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to the enlarged +conception of the world as a sphere which the remarkable discoveries +and explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought +about.</p> + +<p>The analogy serves pedagogically to point out an interesting and +valuable <i>interrelation</i> of certain facts of history with certain +phases of geographical study.</p> + +<p>This book has been prepared for the purpose of affording material for +such an interrelation. The plan of interrelation is simple. As the +study of the world as a whole, in the manner already sketched, +progresses, the appropriate chapters are read, discussed, and +reproduced, and the routes of the various discoverers and explorers +traced. No further word seems to the writer necessary in regard to +the interrelation.</p> + +<p>D<small>RESDEN</small>, July 15, 1899.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> +<center><hr width="10%"></center> +<br> +<table align="center" summary="contents"> + <tr><td><a href="#chap1">B<small>ELIEFS AS TO THE</small> W<small>ORLD</small> F<small>OUR</small> + H<small>UNDRED</small> Y<small>EARS</small> A<small>GO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap2">M<small>ARCO</small> P<small>OLO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap3">C<small>OLUMBUS</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap4">V<small>ASCO DA</small> G<small>AMA</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap5">J<small>OHN AND</small> S<small>EBASTIAN</small> + C<small>ABOT'S</small> V<small>OYAGES</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap6">A<small>MERIGO</small> V<small>ESPUCCI</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap7">P<small>ONCE DE</small> L<small>EON</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap8">B<small>ALBOA</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap9">M<small>AGELLAN</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap10">H<small>ERNANDO</small> C<small>ORTES</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap11">F<small>RANCISCO</small> P<small>IZARRO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap12">F<small>ERDINAND DE</small> S<small>OTO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap13">T<small>HE</small> G<small>REAT</small> R<small>IVER</small> A<small>MAZON, + AND</small> E<small>L</small> D<small>ORADO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap14">V<small>ERRAZZANO</small></a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap15">T<small>HE</small> F<small>AMOUS</small> V<small>OYAGE OF</small> + S<small>IR</small> F<small>RANCIS</small> D<small>RAKE</small>—1577</a></td></tr> + <tr><td><a href="#chap16">H<small>ENRY</small> H<small>UDSON</small></a></td></tr> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h1>DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS.</h1> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap1"></a> +<h3>BELIEFS AS TO THE WORLD FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Four hundred years ago most of the people who lived in Europe thought +that the earth was flat. They knew only the land that was near them. +They knew the continent of Europe, a small part of Asia, and a strip +along the northern shore of Africa.</p> + +<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration02"> + <tr> + <td width="448"> + <img src="images/02.jpg" alt="World 400 years ago"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="448" align="center"> + <small>The World as Known Four Hundred Years ago.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>They thought this known land was surrounded by a vast body of water +that was like a broad river. Sailors were afraid to venture far upon +this water, for they feared they would fall over the edge of the earth.</p> + +<p>Other seafaring men believed that if they should sail too far out upon +this water their vessels would be lost in a fog, or that they would +suddenly begin to slide downhill, and would never be able to return. +Wind gods and storm gods, too, were supposed to dwell upon this +mysterious sea. Men believed that these wind and storm gods would be +very angry with any one who dared to enter their domain, and that in +their wrath they would hurl the ships over the edge of the earth, or +keep them wandering round and round in a circle, in the mist and fog.</p> + +<p>It is no wonder that the name "Sea of Darkness" was given to this great +body of water, which we now know to be the Atlantic Ocean; nor is it +surprising that the sailors feared to venture far out upon it.</p> + +<p>These sailors had no dread at all of a sea called the Mediterranean, +upon which they made voyages without fear of danger. This sea was named +the Mediterranean because it was supposed to be in the middle of the +land that was then known. On this body of water the sailors were very +bold, fighting, robbing, and plundering strangers and foes, without +any thought of fear.</p> + +<p>They sailed through this sea eastward to Constantinople, their ships +being loaded with metals, woods, and pitch. These they traded for silks, +cashmeres, dyewoods, spices, perfumes, precious stones, ivory, and +pearls. All of these things were brought by caravan from the far +Eastern countries, as India, China, and Japan, to the cities on the +east coast of the Mediterranean.</p> + +<p>This caravan journey was a very long and tiresome one. Worse than this, +the Turks, through whose country the caravans passed, began to see +how valuable this trade was, and they sent bands of robbers to prevent +the caravans from reaching the coast.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration03"> + <tr> + <td width="674"> + <img src="images/03.jpg" alt="A Caravan"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="674" align="center"> + <small>A Caravan.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>As time went on, these land journeys grew more difficult and more +dangerous, until the traders saw that the day would soon come when +they would be entirely cut off from traffic with India and the rich +Eastern countries. The Turks would secure all their profitable +business. So the men of that time tried to think of some other way +of reaching the East.</p> + +<p>Among those who wished to find a short route to India was Prince Henry +of Portugal, a bold navigator as well as a studious and thoughtful +man. He was desirous of securing the rich Indian trade for his own +country. So he established a school for navigators at Lisbon, and +gathered around him many men who wanted to study about the sea.</p> + +<p>Here they made maps and charts, and talked with one another about the +strange lands which they thought might be found far out in that +mysterious body of water which they so dreaded and feared. It is +probable that they had heard some accounts of the voyages of other +navigators on this wonderful sea, and the beliefs about land beyond.</p> + +<p>There was Eric the Red, a bold navigator of Iceland, who had sailed +west to Greenland, and planted there a colony that grew and thrived. +There was also Eric's son Leif, a venturesome young viking who had +made a voyage south from Greenland, and reached a strange country with +wooded shores and fragrant vines. This country he called Vinland +because of the abundance of wild grapes. When he returned to Greenland, +he took a load of timber back with him.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration04"> + <tr> + <td width="548"> + <img src="images/04.jpg" alt="Eric the Red in Vinland"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Some of the people of Greenland had tried to make a settlement along +this shore which Leif discovered, but it is thought that the Indians +drove them away. It may now be said of this settlement that no trace +of it has ever been found, although the report that the Norsemen paid +many visits to the shore of North America is undoubtedly true.</p> + +<p>Another bold sea rover of Portugal sailed four hundred miles from land, +where he picked up a strangely carved paddle and several pieces of +wood of a sort not to be found in Europe.</p> + +<p>St. Brandon, an Irish priest, was driven in a storm far, far to the +west, and landed upon the shore of a strange country, inhabited by +a race of people different from any he had ever seen.</p> + +<p>All this time the bold Portuguese sailors were venturing farther and +farther down the coast of Africa. They hoped to be able to sail around +that continent and up the other side to India. But they dared not go +beyond the equator, because they did not know the stars in the southern +hemisphere and therefore had no guide. They also believed that beyond +the equator there was a frightful region of intense heat, where the +sun scorched the earth and where the waters boiled.</p> + +<p>Many marvelous stories were told about the islands which the sailors +said they saw in the distance. Scarcely a vessel returned from a voyage +without some new story of signs of land seen by the crew.</p> + +<p>The people who lived on the Canary Islands said that an island with +high mountains on it could be seen to the west on clear days, but no +one ever found it.</p> + +<p>Some thought these islands existed only in the imagination of the +sailors. Others thought they were floating islands, as they were seen +in many different places. Every one was anxious to find them, for they +were said to be rich in gold and spices.</p> + +<p>You can easily understand how excited many people were in regard to +new lands, and how they wished to find out whether the earth was round +or not. There was but one way to find out, and that was to try to sail +around it.</p> + +<p>For a long time no one was brave enough to venture to do so. To start +out and sail away from land on this unknown water was to the people +of that day as dangerous and foolhardy a journey as to try to cross +the ocean in a balloon is to us at the present time.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap2"></a> +<h3>MARCO POLO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>In the middle of the thirteenth century, about two hundred years before +the time of Columbus, a boy named Marco Polo lived in the city of +Venice.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration05"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/05.jpg" alt="Marco Polo"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Marco Polo.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Marco Polo belonged to a rich and noble family, and had all the +advantages of study that the city afforded. He studied at one of the +finest schools in the city of Venice. This city was then famous for +its schools, and was the seat of culture and learning for the known +world.</p> + +<p>When Marco Polo started for school in the morning, he did not step +out into a street, as you do. Instead, he stepped from his front +doorstep into a boat called a gondola; for Venice is built upon a +cluster of small islands, and the streets are water ways and are called +canals.</p> + +<p>The gondolier, as the man who rows the gondola is called, took Marco +wherever he wished to go. Sometimes, as they glided along, the +gondolier would sing old Venetian songs; and as Marco Polo lay back +against the soft cushions and listened and looked about him, he +wondered if anywhere else on earth there was so beautiful a city as +Venice. For the sky was very blue, and often its color was reflected +in the water; the buildings were graceful and beautiful, the sun was +warm and bright, and the air was balmy.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration06"> + <tr> + <td width="697"> + <img src="images/06.jpg" alt="A Scene in Venice"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="697" align="center"> + <small>A Scene in Venice.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>In this delightful city Marco Polo lived until he was seventeen years +of age. About this time, his father, who owned a large commercial house +in Constantinople, told Marco that he might go with him on a long +journey to Eastern countries. The boy was very glad to go, and set +out with his father and his uncle, who were anxious to trade and gain +more wealth in the East. This was in the year 1271.</p> + +<p>The three Polos traveled across Persia into China, and across the +Desert of Gobi to the northwest, where they found the great ruler, +Kublai Khan. This monarch was a kind-hearted and able man. He wanted +to help his subjects to become civilized and learned, as the Europeans +were. So Kublai Khan assisted the two elder Polos in their business +of trading, and took Marco into his service.</p> + +<p>Soon Marco learned the languages of Asia, and then he was sent by the +khan on errands of state to different parts of the country. He visited +all the great cities in China, and traveled into the interior of Asia +to places almost unknown at the present time.</p> + +<p>At length the three Polos expressed a desire to return to Venice. The +great khan did not wish to part with them, but he at last consented; +for he found that by going they could do him a service. The service +required was their escort for a beautiful young princess who was to +be taken from Peking to Tabriz, where she was to marry the Khan of +Persia.</p> + +<p>It was difficult to find any one trustworthy enough to take charge +of so important a person on so long and dangerous a journey. But Kublai +Khan had faith in the Polos. They had traveled more than any one else +he knew, and were cautious and brave.</p> + +<p>So he gave them permission to return to their home, and requested them +to take the princess to Tabriz on the way. It was decided that the +journey should be made by sea, as the land route was so beset by robbers +as to be unsafe. Besides, the Polos were fine sailors.</p> + +<p>They started from the eastern coast of China, and continued their +voyage for three years, around the peninsula of Cochin China, and +through the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf. Here they went ashore, +and then proceeded by land across Persia to Tabriz. They left the +princess in that city, and resumed their journey by way of the Bosporus +to Venice.</p> + +<p>When they reached Venice they found that they had been forgotten by +their friends. They had been away twenty-four years, and in that time +everything had changed very much. They themselves had grown older, +and their clothes differed from those worn by the Venetians; for +fashions changed even in the thirteenth century, although not so often +as they change at the present time. It is no wonder that the Polos +were not known until they recalled themselves to the memory of their +friends.</p> + +<p>One evening they invited a few of their old friends to dinner, and +during the evening they brought out three old coats. These coats they +proceeded to rip apart, and out from the linings dropped all kinds +of precious stones—diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, and rubies. In +this way these wary travelers had hidden their wealth and treasure +while on their perilous journey. The visitors were astonished at the +sight of so great riches, and listened eagerly to the accounts of the +countries from which they came.</p> + +<p>Soon after the return of Marco Polo to Venice, he took part with his +countrymen in a battle against the Genoese. The city of Genoa, like +the city of Venice, had a large trade with the East. These two cities +were rivals in trade, and were very jealous of each other. Whenever +Venetian ships and those of the Genoese met on the Mediterranean Sea, +the sailors found some way of starting a quarrel. The quarrel quickly +led to a sea fight, and it was in one of these combats that Marco Polo +engaged. The Venetians were defeated, and Marco Polo was taken +prisoner and cast into a dungeon. Here he spent his time in writing +the wonderful book in which he described his travels.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration07"> + <tr> + <td width="647"> + <img src="images/07.jpg" alt="A Sea Fight"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="647" align="center"> + <small>A Sea Fight.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The descriptions Polo gave of the East were as wonderful as fairy tales. +He told of countries rich in gold, silver, and precious stones, and +of islands where diamonds sparkled on the shore. The rulers of these +countries wore garments of rich silk covered with glittering gems, +and dwelt in palaces, the roofs of which were made of gold.</p> + +<p>He described golden Cathay, with its vast cities rich in manufactures, +and also Cipango, Hindustan, and Indo-China. He knew of the Indies +Islands, rich in spices, and he described Siberia, and told of the +sledges drawn by dogs, and of the polar bears. The fact that an ocean +washed the eastern coast of Asia was proved by him, and this put at +rest forever the theory that there was an impassable swamp east of +Asia.</p> + +<p>This book by Marco Polo was eagerly read, and the facts that it stated +were so remarkable that many people refused to believe them. It stirred +others with a desire to travel and see those lands for themselves.</p> + +<p>Traveling by land, however, was very dangerous, because of the bands +of robbers by which the country was occupied. These outlaws robbed +every one whom they suspected of having any money, and often murdered +travelers in order to gain their possessions. Sea travel, too, was +just as dangerous, but in a different way.</p> + +<p>You will remember why sailors dared not venture far out upon the ocean +and search for a water route to the Eastern countries and islands. +The time was soon coming, however, when they would dare to do so, and +two wonderful inventions helped navigators very much.</p> + +<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration08"> + <tr> + <td width="347"> + <img src="images/08.jpg" alt="Mariners' Compass"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="347" align="center"> + <small>Mariners' Compass.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>One came from the finding of the loadstone, or natural magnet. This +is a stone which has the power of attracting iron. A steel needle rubbed +on it becomes magnetized, as we say, and, when suspended by the center +and allowed to move freely, always swings around until it points north +and south. Hung on a pivot and inclosed in a box, this instrument is +called the mariners' compass. It was of great importance to sailors, +because it always told them which way was north. On cloudy days, and +during dark, stormy nights, when the sun and stars could not be seen, +the sailors could now keep on their way, far from land, and still know +in which direction they were going.</p> + +<p>The other invention was that of the astrolabe. This was an instrument +by means of which sailors measured the height of the sun above the +horizon at noon, and could thus tell the distance of the ship from +the equator. It is in use on all the ships at the present time, but +it has been greatly improved, and is now called the quadrant.</p> + +<p>The compass and the astrolabe, together with improved maps and charts, +made it possible for navigators to tell where their ship was when out +of sight of land or in the midst of storm and darkness. This made them +more courageous, and they ventured a little farther from the coast, +but still no one dared to sail far out upon the Sea of Darkness.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap3"></a> +<h3>COLUMBUS.</h3> +<br> + +<p>One day a man appeared in Portugal, who said he was certain that the +earth was round, and that he could reach India by sailing westward. +Every one laughed at him and asked him how he would like to try. He +answered that he would sail round the earth, if any one would provide +him with ships.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration09"> + <tr> + <td width="346"> + <img src="images/09.jpg" alt="Christopher Columbus"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="346" align="center"> + <small>Christopher Columbus.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>People jeered and scoffed.</p> + +<p>"If the earth is a sphere," they said, "in order to sail round it you +must sail uphill! Who ever heard of a ship sailing uphill?"</p> + +<p>But this man, whose name was Christopher Columbus, remained firm in +his belief.</p> + +<p>When a boy, Columbus had listened eagerly to the stories the sailors +told about strange lands and wonderful islands beyond the water. He +was in the habit of sitting on the wharves and watching the ships. +Often he would say, "I wish, oh, how I wish I could be a sailor!"</p> + +<p>At last his father, who was a wool comber, said to him, "My son, if +you really wish to become a sailor, I will send you to a school where +you will be taught navigation."</p> + +<p>Columbus was delighted at this, and told his father that he would study +diligently. He was sent to the University of Pavia, where he learned +all the geography that was then known, as well as how to draw maps +and charts. He became a skillful penman, and also studied astronomy, +geometry, and Latin.</p> + +<p>But he did not spend a long time at his studies, for at the age of +fourteen he went to sea. What he had learned, however, gave him an +excellent groundwork, and from this time forward he made use of every +opportunity to inform himself and to become a scholarly man.</p> + +<p>His first voyage was made with a distant relative, who was an +adventurous and daring man, and who was ever ready to fight with any +one with whom he could pick a quarrel. In course of time Columbus +commanded a ship of his own, and became known as a bold and daring +navigator. He made a voyage along the coast of Africa as far south +as Guinea, and afterwards sailed northward to Iceland.</p> + +<p>At an early day he became familiar with the wildest kind of adventure, +for at this time sea life on the Mediterranean was little more than +a series of fights with pirates. Some say that during one of these +conflicts Columbus's ship caught fire. In order to save his life, he +jumped into the water and swam six miles to shore, reaching the coast +of Portugal. Others say that he was attracted to that country by the +great school of navigation which Prince Henry had established. However +that may be, he appeared at Lisbon at the age of thirty-five, filled +with the idea of sailing westward to reach those rich Eastern countries +in which every one was so much interested.</p> + +<p>He was laughed at for expressing such an idea. It is not pleasant to +be laughed at, but Columbus was courageous and never wavered in his +belief.</p> + +<p>"The earth is a sphere," he said; "those foolish stories of its being +flat and supported on a turtle's back cannot be true."</p> + +<p>But those persons to whom he talked only laughed the more.</p> + +<p>"Is there anything more foolish," they asked, "than to believe that +there are people who walk with their heels up and with their heads +hanging down?" "Think of a place where the trees grow with their +branches down, and where it snows, hails, and rains upward!"</p> + +<p>Everybody thought him an idle dreamer.</p> + +<p>Columbus tried to persuade King John to furnish him with ships and +allow him to test his belief. But King John cruelly deceived Columbus; +for, after obtaining his maps and charts, he sent off an expedition +of his own. He hoped in this way to gain the glory of the discovery. +The sailors whom he sent, however, were not brave enough to continue +the voyage, and returned, frightened by a severe storm.</p> + +<p>Columbus was so disgusted by the treachery of King John that he made +up his mind to leave Portugal and go to Spain. So, taking his little +son, Diego, with him, he started on his journey. He traveled from place +to place, trying to find some person who would help him make his ideas +known to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He thought that if he could +talk with them he could persuade them to furnish him with ships.</p> + +<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration10"> + <tr> + <td width="448"> + <img src="images/10.jpg" alt="Convent of La Rabida"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="448" align="center"> + <small>Convent of La Rábida.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>One day he came to a convent called La Rábida. Here Diego, who was +weary and thirsty, begged his father to stop and ask for a drink of +water. Columbus knocked at the big iron gate, and while he was +conversing with the attendant a priest approached.</p> + +<p>This priest was attracted by the noble bearing and refined speech of +Columbus, and saw at once that he was not a beggar. He asked him what +he wished, and Columbus related his story.</p> + +<p>The good priest believed in him and said he would try to influence +the king and queen to furnish him with ships. The priest brought the +matter before the king; but at this time Spain was at war with the +Moors, and King Ferdinand had no time to attend to anything else. +Columbus was patient and waited. But as year after year passed and +brought no prospect of obtaining the ships he wished, his hopes fell. +After seven long, weary years of waiting, he was about to leave Spain +in despair.</p> + +<p>Just as he was leaving, however, a message was brought to him from +the queen, asking him to explain his plans to her once more. Columbus +did so, and the queen was so fully convinced that she exclaimed: "I +will provide ships and men for you, if I have to pledge my jewels in +order to do so!"</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration11"> + <tr> + <td width="713"> + <img src="images/11.jpg" alt="Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="713" align="center"> + <small>Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Three ships were fitted out for the voyage. These ships were very +different from those we see to-day. They were light, frail barks called +caravels, and two of them, the <i>Pinta</i> and <i>Niña</i>, had no decks. The +third, the <i>Santa Maria</i>, had a deck. It was upon this largest caravel +that Columbus placed his flag.</p> + +<p>On the 3d of August, 1492, the little fleet set sail from Palos, +entering upon the most daring expedition ever undertaken by man. The +people of the town gathered on the wharf to see the departure of the +vessels. Many of them had friends or relatives on board whom they +expected never to look upon again. Sad indeed was the sight as the +little caravels sailed out of the harbor and faded from view.</p> + +<p>After sailing a few days, the <i>Pinta</i> broke her rudder. This accident +the sailors took to be a sign of misfortune. They tried to persuade +Columbus to put back to Palos, but he would not listen to such a +suggestion. Instead of sailing back, he pushed on to the Canary Islands. +Here his ships were delayed three weeks, after which they continued +the voyage into unknown waters.</p> + +<p>After they had sailed westward for many days, the sailors began to +show signs of alarm, and they implored Columbus to return. He tried +to calm their fears. He described the rich lands he hoped to find, +and reminded them of the wealth and fame this voyage would bring to +them. So they agreed to venture a little farther.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration12"> + <tr> + <td width="553"> + <img src="images/12.jpg" alt="The Pinta"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="553" align="center"> + <small>The Pinta.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>At last the compass began to point in a different direction, and the +sailors became almost panic-stricken. They thought they were sailing +straight to destruction, and when they found that Columbus would not +listen to their entreaties they planned a mutiny. Though Columbus knew +what the sailors were plotting, he kept steadily on his course. +Fortunately, signs of land soon began to appear. A branch with berries +on it floated past, a rudely carved paddle was picked up, and land +birds were seen flying over the ships.</p> + +<p>A prize had been offered to the sailor who first saw land, and all +eagerly watched for it night and day. At last, early one morning, a +gun was fired from the <i>Pinta</i>, and all knew that land had been sighted. +The sailors were filled with the wildest joy, and crowded around +Columbus with expressions of gratitude and admiration, in great +contrast to the distrustful manner in which they had treated him a +few days before.</p> + +<p>The land they were approaching was very beautiful. It was a green, +sunny island with pleasant groves in which birds were singing. +Beautiful flowers were blooming all around and the trees were laden +with fruit. The island was inhabited, too, for groups of +strange-looking men were seen running to the shore.</p> + +<p>At length the ships cast anchor, the boats were lowered, and Columbus, +clad in rich scarlet and carrying in his hand the royal banner of Spain, +was taken ashore. As soon as he stepped on the beach, Columbus knelt +down and gave thanks to God. He then planted the banner of Spain in +the ground and took possession of the country in the name of Ferdinand +and Isabella.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration13"> + <tr> + <td width="697"> + <img src="images/13.jpg" alt="The Landing of Columbus"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="697" align="center"> + <small>The Landing of Columbus.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>This island he called San Salvador, because he and his crew had been +saved from a watery grave, and also because October 12 was so named +in the Spanish calendar.</p> + +<p>Columbus supposed San Salvador to be one of the islands near the coast +of Asia, but it is one of the Bahamas.</p> + +<p>Thus was America discovered on the 12th of October, 1492.</p> + +<p>The natives of this island were different from any people the Spaniards +had ever seen. They were of a reddish-brown color, and had high cheek +bones, small black eyes, and straight black hair. They were entirely +naked, and their bodies were greased and painted. Their hair was +decorated with feathers, and many of them were adorned with curious +ornaments.</p> + +<p>They were at first very much afraid of the white men and kept far away. +But gradually they lost their fear and brought the Spaniards presents +of bananas and oranges. Some of them gathered courage enough to touch +the Spaniards and pass their hands over them, as if to make certain +that they were real beings. These men, whose skin was so white, they +thought to be gods who had come down from the sky.</p> + +<p>When Columbus asked them where they found the gold of which many of +their ornaments were made, they pointed toward the south. Then +Columbus took some of them with him to search for the land of gold.</p> + +<p>The next land he reached was the island of Cuba. Thinking that this +was a part of India, he called the natives Indians. He then sailed +to Haiti, which he called Hispaniola, or "Little Spain." For more than +three months Columbus cruised among these islands, where the air was +always balmy, the sky clear, and the land beautiful. The sailors +believed these new lands were Paradise, and wanted to live there +always.</p> + +<p>At length, however, they thought of returning to their home and friends. +So, taking several Indians with them, and many curious baskets and +ornaments, they set out on their return voyage.</p> + +<p>This voyage proved to be very stormy, and at one time it seemed certain +that the ships would go down; but after a time the sea grew quiet, +and on the 15th of March they sailed again into the little harbor of +Palos.</p> + +<p>You can imagine the excitement.</p> + +<p>"What! has Columbus returned?" asked the people. "Has he really found +the East by sailing westward?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, he has," was the answer. "He has found India."</p> + +<p>Columbus was given a royal welcome. The king and queen held a great +celebration in his honor at Barcelona; and when the Indians marched +into court the astonishment of every person was great. The Indians +were half naked; their dark bodies were painted, and their heads were +adorned with feathers. They carried baskets of seed pearls, and wore +strange ornaments of gold. Some carried the skins of wild animals, +and others carried beautiful birds of brilliant plumage. Every +inhabitant of Barcelona rejoiced, and the bells were rung in honor +of the great discoverer.</p> + +<p>It was a happy time for Columbus. He felt repaid for all his suffering +and trouble.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration14"> + <tr> + <td width="700"> + <img src="images/14.jpg" alt="The Return of Columbus"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella now wished Columbus to go again to +these newly discovered islands and search for the gold that was thought +to be there. You may be sure Columbus was willing to go. So they fitted +out seventeen vessels, manned by fifteen hundred men, and placed +Columbus in command of this fleet. It was no trouble to find men who +were willing to go on this voyage. All wanted to see the new world +that had been found.</p> + +<p>During this second voyage, which was made in 1493, Columbus discovered +Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and some small islands in the Caribbean Sea.</p> + +<p>On the island of Jamaica the Spaniards came upon the footprints of +some strange animal which they thought to be a dragon. This dragon +they believed was guarding the gold which they supposed was on the +island. So they ran back to their ships in fear. Later on they became +used to seeing these footprints, and found that they were those of +alligators. At Puerto Rico they suffered from a savage attack made +by the natives, who shot poisoned arrows and threw javelins at them. +But in most other places the natives were very friendly.</p> + +<p>Columbus thought this land was a part of the east coast of Asia, and +he could not understand why he did not find cities such as Marco Polo +had described.</p> + +<p>Columbus then sailed to Hispaniola, where he planted a colony, of which +he was made governor. It was not an easy matter to govern this island, +because of the jealousies and quarrels of the Spaniards. At length +Columbus returned to Spain, ill and discouraged.</p> + +<p>Columbus made a third voyage in 1498, during which he sailed along +the coast of Brazil, and discovered Trinidad Island. Here his ships +encountered currents of fresh water which flowed with great force into +the ocean. This led Columbus to think that so large a river must flow +across a great continent, and strengthened his opinion that the land +was a part of the great continent of Asia.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration15"> + <tr> + <td width="691"> + <img src="images/15.jpg" alt="Map Showing how Columbus Discovered America"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="691" align="center"> + <small>Map Showing how Columbus Discovered America.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>After sailing farther north along the Pearl Coast, which was so called +because of the pearls found there, he returned to Hispaniola. Here +he found the Spaniards engaged in an Indian war, and quarreling among +themselves. Some officials became jealous of him, bound him with +chains, and sent him back to Spain a prisoner. Ferdinand and Isabella +were much displeased at this treatment of Columbus, and set him free.</p> + +<p>A fourth voyage was made by Columbus in 1502, during which he explored +the coast of Honduras in search of a strait leading to the Indian Ocean. +In this venture he was unsuccessful. On his return to Spain he found +his friend Queen Isabella very ill, and nineteen days after his arrival +she died.</p> + +<p>After Isabella's death the king treated Columbus cruelly and +ungratefully. The people had become jealous of him, and his last days +were spent in poverty and distress. He never knew that he had +discovered a new continent, but supposed that he had found India.</p> + +<p>Seven years after his death the king repented of his ingratitude, and +caused the remains of Columbus to be removed from the little monastery +in Valladolid to a monastery in Seville, where a magnificent monument +was erected to his memory. In 1536 his bones were removed to the +Cathedral of San Domingo in Hispaniola, and later they were taken to +the cathedral in Havana.</p> + +<p>When the United States took possession of Cuba, the Spanish +disinterred the bones of Columbus again and carried them to Spain, +placing them in the cathedral of Seville, where they now are.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap4"></a> +<h3>VASCO DA GAMA.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Both the Spaniards and the Portuguese were cut off from trade with +the East, because the Turks had taken possession of Constantinople. +In consequence of this, the navigators of both countries were making +earnest efforts to find a water route to India.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration16"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/16.jpg" alt="Vasco da Gama"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Vasco da Gama.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Spain, as you know, had faith in Columbus, and helped him in his plan +of trying to reach India by sailing westward. But the Portuguese had +a different idea. They spent their time and money in trying to sail +round the African coast, in the belief that India could be reached +by means of a southeast passage.</p> + +<p>This southeast passage could be found only by crossing the "burning +zone," as the part of the earth near the equator was called; and all +sailors feared to make the attempt.</p> + +<p>It was thought almost impossible to cross this burning zone, and the +few navigators who had ventured as far as the equator had turned back +in fear of steaming whirlpools and of fiery belts of heat.</p> + +<p>In 1486, six years before Columbus discovered America, the King of +Portugal sent Bartholomew Diaz, a bold and daring navigator, to find +the end of the African coast.</p> + +<p>Bartholomew Diaz sailed through the fiery zone without meeting any +of the dreadful misfortunes which the sailors so feared. When he had +sailed beyond the tropic of Capricorn, a severe storm arose. The wind +blew his three vessels directly south for thirteen days, during which +time he lost sight of land. When the sun shone again, Diaz headed his +vessels eastward, but as no land appeared, he again changed the +direction, this time heading them toward the north. After sailing +northward a short time, land was reached about two hundred miles east +of the Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p>Diaz now pushed on four hundred miles farther along the coast of Africa, +and saw the wide expanse of the Indian Ocean before him. Here the +sailors refused to go any farther, and Diaz, although he wanted very +much to go ahead and try to reach India, was obliged to return.</p> + +<p>On the way home, the vessels passed close to the cape which projects +from the south coast of Africa, and Diaz named it Stormy Cape, in memory +of the frightful storm which hid it from view on the way down. When +they reached Lisbon, however, King John said that it should be called +the Cape of Good Hope, because they now had hope that the southern +route to India was found.</p> + +<p>Diaz won much praise for his bravery and patience in making this voyage. +He had proved that the stories about the fiery zone were false, and +that the African coast had an end.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration17"> + <tr> + <td width="544"> + <img src="images/17.jpg" alt="Spanish and Portuguese Vessels"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="544" align="center"> + <small>Spanish and Portuguese Vessels.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>It remained, however, for Vasco da Gama, then a young man of about +twenty years of age, to prove that India could be reached in this way.</p> + +<p>In 1497 Da Gama sailed from Lisbon to the Cape of Good Hope, doubled +the cape, and proceeded across the Indian Ocean to Hindustan.</p> + +<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration18"> + <tr> + <td width="459"> + <img src="images/18.jpg" alt="Costume of Explorers"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="459" align="center"> + <small>Costume of Explorers.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>He returned to Lisbon in 1499, his ships loaded with the rich products +of the East, including cloves, spices, pepper, ginger, and nutmeg. +He also brought with him rich robes of silk and satin, costly gems, +and many articles made of carved ivory, or of gold and of silver.</p> + +<p>The King of Portugal was greatly pleased with what Da Gama had +accomplished, and his successful voyage was the wonder of the day.</p> + +<p>The same year that Da Gama returned from India by a route around the +south end of Africa, with his ships loaded with rich produce, Sebastian +Cabot returned from a fruitless voyage to the strange, barren coast +of North America.</p> + +<p>It was no wonder that the voyages of Columbus and the Cabots were +thought unsuccessful as compared with the voyage Da Gama had just +finished.</p> + +<p>No one then dreamed of a New World; all were searching for the +Orient—for golden Cathay.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap5"></a> +<h3>JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT'S VOYAGES.</h3> +<br> + +<p>John Cabot was a Venetian merchant, and a bold seafaring man. For +purposes of trade he had taken up his home in Bristol, England. Bristol +at that time was the most important seaport of England, and carried +on a large fishing trade with Iceland.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration19"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/19.jpg" alt="Sebastian Cabot"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Sebastian Cabot.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>When the news of the voyage of Columbus reached Bristol, Cabot begged +the English king, Henry VII., to let him go and see if he could find +a shorter route to the Indies. The king gave his consent, and told +Cabot to take possession of any land he might discover for England.</p> + +<p>Cabot fitted out his vessel and, taking his son Sebastian and a crew +of eighteen men with him, set sail in 1497. He headed his ship westward, +hoping to reach the Spice Islands and that part of Asia which was so +rich in gold, and which Columbus had failed to find. At last, one sunny +morning in June, land was sighted in the distance.</p> + +<p>This land, which was probably a part of Nova Scotia, proved to be a +lonely shore with dense forests. Cabot called it "Land First Seen." +It was entirely deserted, not a human being nor a hut of any kind being +in sight.</p> + +<p>Here Cabot and his son Sebastian and some of his crew went ashore, +and were the first white men, excepting the Norsemen, to step upon +the mainland of America. Up to this time, Columbus had discovered only +islands of the West Indies. A year later than this he discovered the +continent of South America. Cabot and his companions erected a large +cross on the shore, and planted two flagpoles in the ground, from which +they unfurled the English and Venetian flags. Then they returned to +their ships, and, after sailing about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, went +back to England.</p> + +<p>King Henry and the people received John Cabot with great honor. +Everybody thought that Cabot had reached Asia, and he also believed +that he had. He was called the "Great Admiral," and the people of +Bristol ran after him on the street, shouting his name and trying in +every way to show him how much they admired and honored him. The king +gave him fifty dollars in money, which seems to us in these days a +small sum for so long and dangerous a voyage. Besides this, the king +urged him to undertake another voyage.</p> + +<p>About a year later Sebastian Cabot made the second voyage, and this +time the gloomy shore of Labrador was reached.</p> + +<p>Sebastian on his voyage sailed far north, passing many icebergs, and +seeing many strange and wonderful sights.</p> + +<p>On great blocks of ice that floated past the ship he saw immense white +bears. These bears were fine swimmers, and would often leap into the +water and bring out fish, which they would devour greedily. The waters +were filled with fish, and, as the ship neared the shore, they grew +so numerous as almost to retard the sailing of the vessel.</p> + +<p>"Now," said Cabot, "the English will not have to go to Iceland any +more for fish."</p> + +<p>But Cabot knew that the lands he was seeking were warm lands. So he +turned his vessel south, hoping to reach some opening which would lead +to them. To his great surprise, he found the coast very long and without +any opening, and he sailed on and on as far as Maryland, taking +possession of the land for England.</p> + +<p>At places along this shore were seen Indians, clad in skins and furs +of wild animals, fishing from little canoes. Stags much larger than +any in England were seen in great numbers, and wild turkeys and game +of all sorts abounded.</p> + +<p>Then Sebastian Cabot began to think that this was a part of Asia never +known before, and he set sail for home to tell the wonderful news.</p> + +<p>When he reached Bristol he found everybody still interested in India. +It was a water route to India that was wanted, and not a new country. +People cared more about reaching golden Cathay than about finding new, +barren lands.</p> + +<p>So, although King Henry was proud to know that the new land belonged +to England, it was eleven years before he made any further attempt +to send ships there to take possession.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap6"></a> +<h3>AMERIGO VESPUCCI.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Amerigo Vespucci was a native of Florence, Italy, and a friend of +Columbus. He was an educated man and very fond of study.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration20"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/20.jpg" alt="Amerigo Vespucci"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Amerigo Vespucci.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>At the time in which he lived it was difficult to find the latitude +and longitude of places, and few people were able to calculate either +correctly. Vespucci was skillful in the work of computing longitude, +and he was also well versed in the history of all the voyages that +had been made. He was familiar with the facts of astronomy and +geography then known, and was well able to conduct the sailing of a +ship into strange waters.</p> + +<p>It is believed that Vespucci made six voyages. He did not command his +own vessels, as Columbus did, but he went with the expedition as +assistant or adviser to the captain, keeping records of the voyage +and making maps and charts.</p> + +<p>In his first voyage, made in 1497, Vespucci reached the coast of +Honduras, and sailed into the Gulf of Mexico. Here he found, probably +on the coast of Yucatan, a queer little sea village which reminded +him of the great city of Venice near his home.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration21"> + <tr> + <td width="695"> + <img src="images/21.jpg" alt="A Queer Little Sea Village"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="695" align="center"> + <small>A Queer Little Sea Village.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The houses in this village were made of wood, and were built on piles +running out into the water. These houses were connected with the shore +by bridges, which were constructed in such a manner that they could +be drawn up, thus cutting off all connection with the land. In one +house Vespucci found six hundred people. A very large family, was it +not?</p> + +<p>Continuing the voyage around the Gulf of Mexico, Vespucci saw many +strange and wonderful things. The natives roasted and ate frightful +animals, which from the description given us we now know to have been +alligators. They also made cakes, or patties, out of fish, and baked +them on red-hot coals. The Spaniards were invited to taste these +dainties, and those of the sailors who did so found the strange food +very palatable.</p> + +<p>After sailing round the coast of Florida, the ships headed northeast, +landing every now and then for the purpose of trading with the Indians. +The Spaniards, finding but little gold and none of the rich spices +for which they were looking, at last decided to return home.</p> + +<p>Just before sailing, some friendly Indians helped the Spaniards to +make an attack upon a cannibal island. The attack was successful, and +about two hundred cannibals were taken prisoners and carried to Spain, +where they were sold as slaves.</p> + +<p>Vespucci made a second voyage in 1499, in which he sailed down the +African coast to the Cape Verde Islands, and then headed his ship +almost directly west. He sighted land at Cape St. Roque, and then +sailed northwest, exploring the north coast of South America, then +called the Pearl Coast. After this he returned to Spain.</p> + +<p>Shortly after the return of Vespucci to Spain, he accepted an offer +to take service under the Portuguese flag.</p> + +<p>In 1501 he set sail from Lisbon with three caravels, under this flag. +He reached the coast of South America near Cape St. Roque, and sailed +south as far as the South Georgia Islands.</p> + +<p>As he proceeded southward, he found the country was inhabited by fierce +Indians, who ate their fellow-creatures. He did not like the natives, +as you may suppose; but he thought the country was beautiful, with +the wonderful verdure and foliage of the tropics, and the queer animals +and bright-colored birds.</p> + +<p>Great was the joy of Vespucci when he discovered in the forests large +quantities of a sort of red dyewood which was prized very highly by +Europeans. This wood, which had hitherto been found only in Eastern +countries, was called brazil wood; and because of its abundance there, +he gave the name Brazil to that part of the country.</p> + +<p>The expedition sailed slowly on and at length lost sight of land. It +is thought that Vespucci headed the ships southeast because he wished +to find out whether there was land or not in the Antarctic Ocean.</p> + +<p>As they sailed farther and farther south, the climate became very +disagreeable. The winds grew cold and forbidding, fields of floating +ice hindered the progress of the vessel, and the nights became very +long.</p> + +<p>The sailors grew frightened, fearing that they were entering a land +of constant darkness. Their fear became greater when a terrific storm +arose. The sea grew rough, and the fog and sleet prevented the sailors +from seeing whether land was near or not. The land which they had hoped +to find now became an added danger.</p> + +<p>One day, through the sleet and snow, the sailors saw with terror a +rocky, jagged coast in front of them.</p> + +<p>This land proved to be the South Georgia Islands, and was a wretched +and forlorn country composed of rocks and glaciers, and entirely +deserted. For a day and a half they sailed in sight of this frightful +shore, fearing each moment that their ship would be cast on the rocks +and that they would all perish. As soon as the weather permitted, +therefore, Vespucci signaled his fleet, and the ships were headed for +home, reaching Portugal in 1502.</p> + +<p>This voyage secured Brazil for Portugal, and added greatly to the +geographical knowledge of the day.</p> + +<p>The ancients had said that no continent existed south of the equator. +But the great length of coast along which Vespucci had sailed proved +that the land was not an island. It was plainly a continent, and south +of the equator.</p> + +<p>Vespucci called the land he found the New World. For a time it was +also called the Fourth Part of the Earth, the other three parts being +Europe, Asia, and Africa. In 1507 a German writer published an account +of the discovery, in which he called the new country America, in honor +of Americus Vespucius,<small><small><sup>1</sup></small></small> the discoverer.</p> + +<blockquote><small>1 Americus Vespucius is the Latin form of Amerigo +Vespucci.</small></blockquote> + +<p>This land was not connected in any way with the discovery of Columbus, +for he was supposed to have found Asia.</p> + +<p>The name America was at first applied only to that part of the country +which we now call Brazil, but little by little the name was extended +until it included the whole of the Western Continent.</p> + +<p>You will be glad to know that Vespucci, in the time of his success, +did not forget his old friend Columbus, who was then poor and in +disgrace. Vespucci visited him and did all he could to assist him.</p> + +<p>After Vespucci had made three other voyages to the New World, he was +given an important government position in Spain, which he held during +the remainder of his life.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap7"></a> +<h3>PONCE DE LEON.</h3> +<br> + +<p>You have heard many surprising things which the people of the fifteenth +century believed. It seems almost impossible for us to think that those +people really had faith in a Fountain of Youth; yet such is the case.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration22"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/22.jpg" alt="Ponce de Leon"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Ponce de Leon.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>This fountain was supposed to exist somewhere in the New World, and +it was thought that if any one should bathe in its waters, he would +become young and would never grow old again.</p> + +<p>In 1513 Ponce de Leon, who was then governor of Puerto Rico, sailed +from that island in search of this Fountain of Youth. De Leon was an +old man, and he felt that his life was nearly over, unless he should +succeed in finding this fountain. At the same time De Leon wished to +gain gold, for, though he had already made a fortune in Puerto Rico, +he was still very greedy.</p> + +<p>The expedition under his guidance sailed among the Bahamas and other +islands near them, and at length reached a land beautiful with flowers, +balmy with warm breezes, and cheerful with the song of birds. Partly +because this discovery was made on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards +called Pascua Florida, and partly because of the abundance of flowers, +De Leon called the land Florida.</p> + +<p>He took possession of this delightful country for Spain, and then spent +many weeks exploring its coast. After sailing north as far as St. +Augustine, and finding neither gold nor the fabled Fountain of Youth, +De Leon turned his vessels and proceeded south, doubling the Florida +Cape. Shortly afterwards he became discouraged and returned to Puerto +Rico.</p> + +<p>In 1521 De Leon went again to Florida, this time for the purpose of +planting a colony. The Indians were very angry that the white men +should try to take their land, and they made a fierce attack upon De +Leon and his party. In this attack De Leon received a severe wound, +which compelled him to go to Cuba for care and rest. There he died +after much suffering.</p> + +<p>De Leon never found the Fountain of Youth, nor were the fabled waters +discovered afterwards.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap8"></a> +<h3>BALBOA.</h3> +<br> + +<p>The Spanish colonists on the island of Hispaniola made frequent visits +to the mainland, searching for the rich cities of which Marco Polo +had written.</p> + +<p>Word reached the colonists that some of these gold hunters were +starving at a place called Darien, and a ship was immediately sent +to their relief. The cargo of the ship consisted of barrels of +provisions and ammunition.</p> + +<p>Imagine, if you can, the amazement of the commander of the expedition +when, after his ships were under sail, a young and handsome man stepped +out of one of the barrels. The young man was Vasco Nuñez Balboa. He +had chosen this way to escape from Cuba, where he owed large sums of +money which he could not pay. The commander was angry, and threatened +to leave Balboa on a desert island; but at length he took pity on the +young man, and allowed him to remain on board the ship.</p> + +<p>When the mainland was reached, the Spaniards who were already there, +having heard of the cruelty of the commander, refused to let him land. +He therefore put off to sea, and was never heard of again. Balboa then +took command of the men and began immediately to explore the country.</p> + +<p>He made a friendly alliance with an Indian chief, who presented him +with gold and slaves. The Spaniards were delighted at the sight of +so much riches. They began to melt and weigh the gold, and at last +fell to quarreling desperately about the division of it.</p> + +<p>This the Indians could not understand. They knew nothing of money, +and valued the metal only because it could be made into beautiful +ornaments.</p> + +<p>An Indian boy who had heard the dispute told the Spaniards that if +they cared so much about that yellow stuff, it would be wise for them +to go to a country where there was enough of it for all.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards eagerly questioned him regarding this place. The boy +then described a country across the mountains and to the south, on +the shores of a great sea, where the metal was so plentiful that the +natives used it for their ordinary drinking cups and bowls.</p> + +<p>Balboa immediately started southward across the mountains in search +of this rich country. On his way he came upon a tribe of hostile Indians, +who attacked him, but who fled in alarm from the guns of the Spaniards.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration23"> + <tr> + <td width="563"> + <img src="images/23.jpg" alt="Balboa Crossing the Isthmus"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="563" align="center"> + <small>Balboa Crossing the Isthmus.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Taking some Indians as guides, Balboa pushed on through the mountains, +and on September 25, 1513, from one of the highest peaks, looked down +upon the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration24"> + <tr> + <td width="576"> + <img src="images/24.jpg" alt="Balboa Discovering the Pacific"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>With his Spaniards he descended the mountain, and in four days reached +the shore of that magnificent body of water. Balboa waded out into +it with his sword in his hand, and formally took possession of it for +the King of Spain. He called it the South Sea, because he was looking +toward the south when he first saw it; and the Pacific Ocean was known +by this name for many years afterward.</p> + +<p>On this shore he met an Indian who repeated to him the same story that +the Indian boy had told about the rich country on the border of this +sea and farther to the south.</p> + +<p>Balboa then made up his mind to find this country. Accordingly he +returned to Darien, and sent word to the Spanish king of his great +discovery of the South Sea.</p> + +<p>He then began to take his ships apart, and to send them, piece by piece, +across the mountains to the Pacific coast.</p> + +<p>This was an enormous undertaking. The journey was a very difficult +one, and hundreds of the poor Indians who carried the burdens dropped +dead from exhaustion.</p> + +<p>At length, after long months of labor, four ships were thus carried +across the mountains and rebuilt on the Pacific coast. These were the +first European vessels ever launched on the great South Sea. Three +hundred men were in readiness to go with Balboa on his voyage in search +of the rich country of the South.</p> + +<p>A little iron and a little pitch were still needed for the ships, and +Balboa delayed his departure in order to get these articles.</p> + +<p>The delay gave his enemies, who were jealous because of his success, +time to carry out a plot against him. They accused him of plotting +to set up an independent government of his own, and caused him to be +arrested for treason. In less than twenty-four hours this brave and +high-spirited leader was tried, found guilty, and beheaded. So ended +all his ambitious plans.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap9"></a> +<h3>MAGELLAN.</h3> +<br> + +<p>One of the boldest and most determined of all the early explorers was +Ferdinand Magellan, a young Portuguese nobleman. He felt sure that +somewhere on that long coast which so many explorers had reached he +would find a strait through which he would be able to pass, and which +would lead into the Indian Ocean; and so Magellan formed the idea of +circumnavigating the globe.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration25"> + <tr> + <td width="385"> + <img src="images/25.jpg" alt="Ferdinand Magellan"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="385" align="center"> + <small>Ferdinand Magellan.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>He applied to the King of Portugal for aid; but as the Portuguese king +was not willing to help him, he went to Spain, where his plan found +favor.</p> + +<p>The Spanish king gave him a fleet of five vessels, and on September +20, 1519, he set sail for the Canary Islands. Continuing the voyage +toward Sierra Leone, the vessels were becalmed, and for a period of +three weeks they advanced only nine miles. Then a terrific storm arose, +and the sailors, who had grumbled and found fault with everything +during the entire voyage, broke into open mutiny. This mutiny Magellan +quickly quelled by causing the principal offender to be arrested and +put in irons.</p> + +<p>The voyage was then continued, and land was at last sighted on the +Brazilian coast, near Pernambuco.</p> + +<p>The fleet then proceeded down the coast as far as Patagonia, where +the weather grew so very cold that it was decided to seek winter +quarters and postpone the remainder of the journey until spring. This +was done, Magellan finding a sheltered spot at Port St. Julian, where +plenty of fish could be obtained and where the natives were friendly.</p> + +<p>These native Patagonians Magellan described as being very tall, like +giants, with long, flowing hair, and dressed scantily in skins.</p> + +<p>Great hardships had been endured by the crew. Food and water had been +scarce, the storms had been severe, and suffering from cold was intense. +The sailors did not believe there was any strait, and they begged +Magellan to sail for home. It was useless to try to influence this +determined man. Danger made him only the more firm. Magellan told them +that he would not return until he had found the opening for which he +was looking.</p> + +<p>Then the mutiny broke out anew. But Magellan by his prompt and decisive +action put it down in twenty-four hours. One offender was killed, and +two others were put in irons and left to their fate on the shore when +the ships sailed away.</p> + +<p>As soon as the weather grew warmer the ships started again southward. +After nearly two months of sailing, most of the time through violent +storms, a narrow channel was found, in which the water was salt. This +the sailors knew must be the entrance to a strait.</p> + +<p>Food was scarce, and the men again begged Magellan to return; but he +firmly refused, saying: "I will go on, if I have to eat the leather +off the ship's yards."</p> + +<p>So the ships entered and sailed through the winding passage, which +sometimes broadened out into a bay and then became narrow again. Among +the twists and windings of this perilous strait, one of the vessels, +being in charge of a mutinous commander, escaped and turned back.</p> + +<p>On both sides of the shore there were high mountains, the tops of which +were covered with snow, and which cast gloomy shadows upon the water +below them.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration26"> + <tr> + <td width="688"> + <img src="images/26.jpg" alt="Strait of Magellan"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="688" align="center"> + <small>Strait of Magellan.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Think of the feelings of the crew when, after sailing five weeks +through this winding channel, they came out into a calm expanse of +water. Magellan was overcome by the sight, and shed tears of joy. He +named the vast waters before him Pacific, which means "peaceful," +because of their contrast to the violent and stormy Atlantic.</p> + +<p>The fleet now sailed northwest into a warmer climate and over a +tranquil ocean, and as week after week passed and no land was seen, +the sailors lost all hope. They began to think that this ocean had +no end, and that they might sail on and on forever.</p> + +<p>These poor men suffered very much from lack of food and water, and +many died of famine. The boastful remark of Magellan was recalled when +the sailors did really begin to eat the leather from the ship's yards, +first soaking it in the water.</p> + +<p>Anxiously these worn and haggard men looked about for signs of land, +and at length they were rewarded. The Ladrone Islands were reached, +and supplies of fresh vegetables, meats, and fruits were obtained. +From the Isles de Ladrones, or "Isles of Robbers," the fleet proceeded +to the Philippines.</p> + +<p>Here Magellan knew that he was near the Indian Ocean, and realized +that if he kept on in his course he would circumnavigate the globe.</p> + +<p>It was on one of the Philippine Islands that this "Prince of +Navigators" lost his life in a skirmish with the natives. He was, as +usual, in the thickest of the fight, and while trying to shield one +of his men was struck down by the spear of a native.</p> + +<p>One of his ships, the <i>Victoria</i>, continued the voyage around Cape +of Good Hope, and on September 6, 1522, with eighteen weary and +half-starved men on board, succeeded in reaching Spain.</p> + +<p>Great hardships had been endured, but the wonderful news they brought +made up in some measure for their suffering.</p> + +<p>This was the greatest voyage since the first voyage of Columbus, and +the strait still bears the name of the remarkable man whose courage +and strength of purpose led to the accomplishment of one of the +greatest undertakings ever recorded in history.</p> + +<p>This wonderful voyage of Magellan's proved beyond doubt that the earth +is round. It also proved that South America is a continent, and that +there is no short southwest passage.</p> + +<p>After this voyage all the navigators turned their attention to the +discovery of a northwest passage.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap10"></a> +<h3>HERNANDO CORTES.</h3> +<br> + +<p>The Spaniards who lived on the island of Hispaniola sent frequent +expeditions to the mainland in the hope of finding gold.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration27"> + <tr> + <td width="345"> + <img src="images/27.jpg" alt="Hernando Cortes"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="345" align="center"> + <small>Hernando Cortes.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Hernando Cortes, a dashing young Spaniard with a love of adventure +and a reckless daring seldom seen, was given command of one of these +expeditions.</p> + +<p>In March, 1519, he landed on the coast of Central America, with about +six hundred men, ten heavy guns, and sixteen horses. Here Cortes found +the natives in large numbers arrayed against him. A fierce battle was +fought. But the firearms of the Spaniards frightened the barbarians, +and when the cavalry arrived the Indians fled in terror. The Indians, +who had never seen horses before, thought the man riding the horse +was a part of the animal, and that these strange creatures were sent +by the gods. Fear made the Indians helpless, and it was easy for Cortes +to gain a victory over them.</p> + +<p>After this victory Cortes sailed northward along the coast of San Juan +de Ulloa. The natives of that region had heard of the wonderful +white-skinned and bearded men who bore charmed lives, and they thought +that these men were gods. They, therefore, treated the Spaniards in +a friendly manner, and brought gifts of flowers, fruits, and +vegetables, and also ornaments of gold and silver to Cortes.</p> + +<p>Here Cortes landed and founded the city of Vera Cruz, which is to-day +an important seaport of Mexico. The native Indians in this place were +called Aztecs. Some of their chiefs, who paid a visit to Cortes, told +him of the great Emperor Montezuma, who was rich and powerful, and +who lived inland, in a wonderful city built in a lake.</p> + +<p>By these chiefs Cortes sent to Montezuma presents of collars, +bracelets, and ornaments of glass, an armchair richly carved, and an +embroidered crimson cap. In return, Montezuma sent shields, helmets, +and plates of pure gold, sandals, fans, gold ornaments of exquisite +workmanship, together with robes of fine cotton interwoven with +feather work, so skillfully done that it resembled painting. The cap +which Cortes had sent was returned filled with gold dust.</p> + +<p>The great Montezuma also sent a message to Cortes, saying that he would +be glad to meet so brave a general, but that the road to the Mexican +capital was too dangerous for an army to pass over. He also promised +to pay a yearly tribute to the Spanish king if Cortes and his followers +would depart and leave him in peace.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration28"> + <tr> + <td width="694"> + <img src="images/28.jpg" alt="Aztecs"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="694" align="center"> + <small>Aztecs.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The Spaniards were jubilant when they saw the superb gifts. They felt +certain that this great emperor must have enormous wealth at his +command, and in spite of the warning message, most of them wished to +start immediately for the Mexican capital. Some, however, thought such +a course very unwise; Montezuma, they said, was so powerful a ruler +that it was absurd to attack him with their small force, and they +advised returning to Cuba for a large number of soldiers.</p> + +<p>But Cortes had his own ideas on the subject. So he secretly ordered +his ships to be sunk, and then, all chance of retreat being cut off, +the entire force proceeded toward Mexico, August 16, 1519.</p> + +<p>After a long march, the Spaniards began to ascend the plateau on which +the city of Mexico is situated, and finally reached the top of it, +seven thousand feet high.</p> + +<p>They found the climate on this plateau temperate and balmy. The fields +were cultivated, and beautiful flowers grew wild in profusion.</p> + +<p>During the march the Spaniards passed many towns containing queer +houses and temples. They entered many of the temples, threw down the +idols, and took possession of ornaments of value. At length they saw +in the distance a city which was built in a salt lake. Three avenues, +built of stone, led across the water to it.</p> + +<p>These avenues, which were four or five miles in length, were guarded +on both sides by Indians in canoes. The avenues continued through the +city, meeting in the center, where the great temple was situated.</p> + +<p>The temple was inclosed by a huge stone wall, and contained twenty +pyramids, each a hundred feet in height. Nearly all of the houses were +two stories high, and were built of red stone. The roofs were flat, +with towers at the corners, and on top of the roofs there were beautiful +flower gardens.</p> + +<p>Into this remarkable town Cortes and his followers marched. Montezuma +received his unwelcome guests with every mark of friendship, and with +much pomp and ceremony. The great emperor was carried on a litter, +which was richly decorated with gold and silver. The nobles of his +court surrounded him, and hundreds of his retainers were drawn up in +line behind him.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration29"> + <tr> + <td width="694"> + <img src="images/29.jpg" alt="Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="694" align="center"> + <small>Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The first thing, when Cortes and Montezuma met, was the customary +exchange of presents. Cortes presented Montezuma with a chain of +colored glass beads, and in return the Aztec ruler gave Cortes a house +which was large enough to accommodate all of the Spaniards.</p> + +<p>For ten days these two men met each other and exchanged civilities, +Cortes pretending to be paying a friendly visit, and Montezuma feeling +puzzled and uncertain.</p> + +<p>At length Cortes induced Montezuma to go to the house where the +Spaniards were living, and then, when he got him there, refused to +allow him to leave, thus keeping him a prisoner in his own city.</p> + +<p>This daring act aroused the suspicions of the Aztecs. But Cortes used +all his cunning to deceive these simple-hearted people and to make +them continue to think that the Spaniards were gods. Still, the Aztecs +were beginning to feel very bitter toward Cortes and his followers +because of the disrespect with which they treated the Aztec temples +and gods. The Spaniards were constantly throwing these gods out of +the temples. Even their great god of war was not safe.</p> + +<p>Cortes openly derided this image, calling it trash, and proposing to +erect the emblems of the Spanish religion in its place in the Aztec +temples.</p> + +<p>Now, the Aztec god of war was a frightful image with golden serpents +entwined about the body. The face was hideous, and in its hand was +carried a plate upon which were placed human hearts as sacrifices. +But to the Aztecs the image was sacred, and this insult, together with +many others which had been offered their gods, made the natives very +angry.</p> + +<p>One day the Aztecs discovered that some of the Spaniards had died. +This knowledge dispelled the fear that their unbidden visitors were +gods, and they attacked the Spaniards with great fury.</p> + +<p>The Aztec warriors wore quilted cotton doublets and headdresses +adorned with feathers. They carried leather shields, and fought +fiercely with bows and arrows, copper-pointed lances, javelins, and +slings. Though by comparison few in numbers, the Spaniards, who were +protected by coats of mail, made great havoc with their guns and +horses.</p> + +<p>The battle between these unequal forces raged with great fury, and +for a time the result was uncertain. Cortes compelled Montezuma, his +prisoner, to show himself on the roof of his house and try to persuade +the Aztecs to stop fighting.</p> + +<p>The Indians, however, no longer feared their emperor, and instead of +obeying him, they made him a target for their arrows and stones. In +the midst of the fight, the great Montezuma was finally knocked down +and killed by one of his former subjects.</p> + +<p>After a desperate struggle, the Spaniards were forced to retreat. +While making their escape over the bridges of the city they were +attacked by Indian warriors in canoes, and more than half of their +number were killed.</p> + +<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration30"> + <tr> + <td width="278"> + <img src="images/30.jpg" alt="Aztec Ruins"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="278" align="center"> + <small>Aztec Ruins.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Notwithstanding this defeat and the loss of so many men, Cortes did +not give up his design of conquering Mexico. He made an alliance with +hostile tribes of Indians, and again attacked the city.</p> + +<p>The Aztecs had now a new king, named Gua-te-mot-zin, who was as brave +and determined as Cortes himself. Guatemotzin made preparations to +oppose Cortes, and during the terrible siege which followed never once +thought of surrendering or of asking for peace.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards made attack after attack, and terrible battles were +fought, in which the loss on both sides was very great. During one +of these battles Cortes was nearly captured, and it seemed as though +the war god was to be avenged upon the man who had so insulted him. +But a young Spaniard rushed to the assistance of Cortes, and with one +blow of his sword cut off the arms of the Indian who had dared to seize +the Spanish leader.</p> + +<p>After a time the Aztecs found themselves prisoners within their own +city. The Spaniards had cut off all means of escape, and the Indians +were starving to death. Their sufferings were terrible, and hundreds +dropped down daily in the streets. Yet the proud king Guatemotzin +refused to submit, and Cortes ordered a final attack. After furious +fighting Guatemotzin was captured, and the Aztecs surrendered. Their +cruel religion, with its strange gods and human sacrifices, was now +overthrown.</p> + +<p>Cortes, with his few followers, never more than one thousand trained +soldiers, had succeeded in conquering a country larger than Spain. +Over a million Mexicans had perished, and those that remained left +the city and fled to the mountains.</p> + +<p>In this way the magnificent civilization of the ancient Mexicans was +destroyed. Shiploads of treasures were sent by Cortes to the Spanish +king, Charles V., who rejoiced at the glory gained for his country.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap11"></a> +<h3>FRANCISCO PIZARRO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Among the men who had been with Balboa, and who had heard of the +wonderful country of the Incas, was Francisco Pizarro. He determined +to find this rich country and to conquer it.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration31"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/31.jpg" alt="Francisco Pizarro"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Francisco Pizarro.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Securing a band of about two hundred men, well armed and mounted on +strong horses, he led them, in spite of terrible hardships, over +mountains, through valleys, and across plateaus to Cajamarca, the city +where the Inca, or king, was then staying.</p> + +<p>The natives gazed at the Spaniards in wonder and dread. These simple +people thought that the white-faced, bearded strangers, who carried +thunderbolts in their hands, and who rode such frightful-looking +animals, were gods. In spite of their fear, the Indians received the +strangers kindly, and gave them food and shelter.</p> + +<p>That evening, Pizarro and De Soto, taking with them thirty-five +horsemen, visited the Inca and arranged with him for a meeting next +day in the open square. It was a strange visit. The Inca was surrounded +by his slaves and chieftains, and was very polite to the strangers.</p> + +<p>But the Spaniards began to feel very uneasy. An army composed of +thousands of Indians was encamped only two miles away; and compared +with it, the two hundred men of Pizarro appeared powerless. The +situation of the Spaniards, should the Inca decide to oppose them, +seemed without hope.</p> + +<p>Pizarro scarcely slept that night. He lay awake planning how he might +take the Inca prisoner.</p> + +<p>The next day, about noon, the Indian procession approached the market +place. First came attendants who cleared the way; then followed nobles +and men of high rank, richly dressed, and covered with ornaments of +gold and gems. Last came the Inca, carried on a throne of solid gold, +which was gorgeously trimmed with the plumes of tropical birds.</p> + +<p>The Indian monarch wore rich garments adorned with gold ornaments, +and around his neck was a collar of superb emeralds of great size and +brilliancy. He took his position near the center of the square, his +escort, numbering several thousand, gathered around him.</p> + +<p>Looking about, the Inca failed to see any of the Spaniards.</p> + +<p>"Where are the strangers?" he asked.</p> + +<p>Just then Pizarro's chaplain, with his Bible in his hand, approached +the Inca. The chaplain said that he and his people had been sent by +a mighty prince to beg the Inca to accept the true religion and consent +to be tributary to the great emperor, Charles V., who would then +protect them.</p> + +<p>The Inca grew very angry at this, and declared that he would not change +his faith nor be any man's tributary. He then indignantly threw the +sacred book upon the ground, and demanded satisfaction from the +Spaniards for this insult to him.</p> + +<p>At this the priest gave the signal, and the Spaniards rushed from their +hiding-places and attacked the panic-stricken Indians. The Inca and +his attendants were wholly unprepared, being unarmed and utterly +defenseless.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards charged through them, showing no mercy, their swords +slashing right and left, and their prancing horses trampling the +natives under foot. The guns and firearms of the Spaniards made such +havoc and confusion that the terrified Indians offered no resistance. +Indeed, they could not offer any.</p> + +<p>In the vicinity of the Inca the struggle was fierce. The Indians, +faithful to the last to their beloved monarch, threw themselves before +him, shielding him with their naked bodies from the swords of the +Spaniards. At last, as night drew near, the Spaniards, fearing that +the Inca might escape, attempted to kill him.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration32"> + <tr> + <td width="698"> + <img src="images/32.jpg" alt="The Spaniards Attacking the Inca's Escort"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="698" align="center"> + <small>The Spaniards Attacking the Inca's Escort.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>But Pizarro desired that he should be taken alive, and in a loud voice +ordered his followers, as they valued their own lives, not to strike +the Inca. Stretching out his arm to save the monarch, Pizarro received +a wound on his hand, This was the only wound received by a Spaniard +during the attack.</p> + +<p>At length the Inca was cast from his throne, and, falling to the ground, +was caught by Pizarro. He was then imprisoned and placed under a strong +guard. As soon as the news of the capture of the Inca spread, all +resistance ceased. Many of the Indians fled to the mountains, leaving +untold wealth at the disposal of their conquerors, while others +remained, hoping to be able to assist their fallen ruler.</p> + +<p>As soon as the Inca had an opportunity, he tried to think of some way +of obtaining his freedom.</p> + +<p>The room in which he was confined was twenty-two feet in length by +seventeen feet in width. Raising his hand as high as he could, the +Inca made a mark upon the wall, and told Pizarro that gold enough to +fill the room to that mark would be given as a ransom for his release.</p> + +<p>Pizarro agreed to this bargain, and the natives began to send gold +to the Inca to secure his release. Some of the treasures in the temples +were buried and hidden by the priests; but ornaments of all kinds, +vases, and plate were collected, and in a few months gold amounting +to fifteen millions of dollars in our money was divided among the +Spaniards.</p> + +<p>Millions of dollars' worth of gold and silver were shipped to Spain, +and the Spanish nation grew very wealthy. Pizarro himself returned +to Spain to take Charles V. his share of the plunder. During Pizarro's +absence the Spaniards caused the Inca to be killed, notwithstanding +the large ransom which they had accepted.</p> + +<p>The richer the Spanish people grew, the more careless they became in +their treatment of other nations and of those under their rule. They +grew more cruel and more merciless and more greedy for gold. They +flocked in great numbers to South America, a reckless, adventurous, +unprincipled horde, ready to commit any crime in order to secure gold.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap12"></a> +<h3>FERDINAND DE SOTO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Among the men who had been with Pizarro in Peru was Ferdinand de Soto, +a bold and dashing Spanish cavalier.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration33"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/33.jpg" alt="Ferdinand de Soto"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Ferdinand de Soto.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>De Soto was appointed governor of Cuba in 1537, and at the same time +received permission from the Spanish king to conquer Florida. This +permission to conquer Florida was received by De Soto with great +delight. He felt certain that in the interior of Florida there were +cities as large and as wealthy as those of Peru. To conquer these cities, +obtain their treasure, and win for himself riches and fame, was the +dream of De Soto.</p> + +<p>Strange as it may seem to you, De Soto was also anxious to convert +the natives to his own religion. He intended to take from them all +their possessions, but he meant to save their souls, if possible.</p> + +<p>So, leaving his young and beautiful wife Isabella to rule over Cuba +in his absence, De Soto, in May, 1539, started from Havana with nine +vessels, about six hundred men, and two hundred and twenty-three +horses.</p> + +<p>After a safe voyage, the expedition landed on the coast of Florida, +at Tampa Bay. Before starting on the march to the interior of the +country, De Soto sent all the vessels back to Cuba. In this way he +cut off all hope of retreat, in case the men should become discouraged. +But no one thought of wanting to return now. Everybody was in high +spirits.</p> + +<p>The soldiers wore brilliant uniforms, their caps were adorned with +waving plumes, and their polished armor glistened and sparkled in the +sunshine.</p> + +<p>In the company were twelve priests, who were expected to convert the +prisoners which De Soto meant to capture. The Spaniards carried with +them chains to secure these prisoners, and bloodhounds to track them +in case any escaped.</p> + +<p>It was a gay company which marched off into the interior of Florida +with prancing horses, waving flags and banners, and beating drums.</p> + +<p>At first De Soto marched directly north, plunging into a wilderness +which proved to be almost impassable. The country was full of swamps, +through which the horses could scarcely travel. The large trees were +bound together by tangled vines; and their roots, which protruded from +the earth, were like traps, catching the feet of the travelers and +throwing them to the ground.</p> + +<p>Besides all this, the heavy baggage which the men and horses carried +weighed them down and made the journey almost impossible.</p> + +<p>De Soto, however, kept bravely on, encouraging his men as best he could, +and at last reached the Savannah River. Here he changed his course +to westward, hoping to find gold in that direction.</p> + +<p>Week after week, month after month, the Spaniards traveled on through +a dense wilderness, enduring great hardships and finding nothing but +tribes of hostile Indians.</p> + +<p>De Soto asked one of these Indian chiefs to give him slaves enough +to carry his baggage through the forest. The chief refused; whereupon +De Soto and his men attacked the tribe and took many prisoners. These +prisoners De Soto caused to be chained together and placed in front +of the expedition, where they were made to act as guides as well as +slaves.</p> + +<p>Then De Soto asked the Indians where the great cities with gold and +silver treasures were. One Indian said he did not know of any. At this +reply De Soto caused the Indian to be put to death with frightful +torture. This made the Indians untruthful, and they told De Soto many +different stories of places where they thought gold might be found.</p> + +<p>So the expedition wandered on, searching for the gold which they never +found; and the men grew discouraged and heartsick, and longed for home.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration34"> + <tr> + <td width="693"> + <img src="images/34.jpg" alt="De Soto Marching through the Forest"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="693" align="center"> + <small>De Soto Marching through the Forest.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The Indian tribes, angry at the cruel treatment of the Spaniards, +attacked them frequently, and De Soto and his men scarcely ever enjoyed +a peaceful rest at night. The Spaniards were unused to Indian warfare, +and were no match for the quick, nimble savages, who glided through +the forests silently and swiftly. These Indians never came to open +battle, but hid themselves behind rocks and trees, and were scarcely +ever seen. Two or three would suddenly appear, send a shower of arrows +at the Spaniards, and then dart away again into the woods. The Indians +scarcely ever missed their aim, and the Spaniards never knew when they +were near.</p> + +<p>One day De Soto captured some Indians who said that they knew where +gold was to be found and that they would show the way to the place. +De Soto only half trusted them, but he allowed them to lead the way. +The cunning savages led the Spaniards into an ambush, where other +Indians attacked them fiercely, killing their horses and many of their +men.</p> + +<p>As punishment for this act, De Soto ordered that these Indians should +be torn to pieces by the bloodhounds.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the Spaniards, in their wanderings, passed camps where the +Indians were gathered round huge bonfires, singing, dancing, yelling, +and shouting the terrible Indian war whoop. Under shelter of this noise +the Spaniards would steal quietly away and avoid the Indians for a +time.</p> + +<p>At length, after wandering for two years, De Soto came, in 1541, to +the shore of a large river. This river was wide and muddy, and had +a strong current which carried much driftwood along with it. De Soto +learned from the Indians that it was called Mississippi, or the "Father +of Waters."</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration35"> + <tr> + <td width="694"> + <img src="images/35.jpg" alt="De Soto Discovers the Mississippi River"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="694" align="center"> + <small>De Soto Discovers the Mississippi River.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>He had reached it near the spot where the city of Memphis now stands, +and here his company halted and camped.</p> + +<p>At this place the Spaniards built rafts, striking the fetters from +their captives in order to use the iron for nails, and so crossed the +river. They hoped in this way to escape from their savage foes; but +on the other side of the river they found Indians who were just as +fierce.</p> + +<p>So the Spaniards traveled south, hoping by following the course of +the river to reach the sea. This De Soto soon found to be impossible, +as the country was a wilderness of tangled vines and roots, and his +followers could not cross the many creeks and small rivers which flowed +into the Mississippi. The horses traveled through this country with +difficulty, often being up to their girths in water. Each day saw the +little band grow less in numbers.</p> + +<p>At length they returned to the banks of the river, being guided back +by their horses. The men lost their way in the dreadful forest, but +the instinct of the noble animals directed them aright.</p> + +<p>Food was growing scarce, and De Soto himself was taken ill. He knew +that unless something should be done soon to make the Indians help +them, all would perish. So he sent word to an Indian chief saying that +he was the child of the sun, and that all men obeyed him. He then +declared that he wanted the chief's friendship, and ordered him to +bring him food.</p> + +<p>The chief sent back word that if De Soto would cause the river to dry +up he would believe him. This, of course, De Soto could not do.</p> + +<p>He was disappointed and discouraged at not being able to get food. +The illness from which he was suffering grew worse, and he died soon +afterwards.</p> + +<p>His followers were anxious to hide his death from the natives, who +were very much afraid of him. So they placed his body in the hollow +of a scooped out tree, and sunk it at midnight in the water.</p> + +<p>Those of his followers who were left decided to try to reach home by +following the river to its mouth. These men were in a wretched +condition. Their clothing was nearly all gone. Few of them had shoes, +and many had only the skins of animals and mats made of wild vines +to keep them warm. They built seven frail barks and sailed down the +Mississippi, avoiding Indians all the way, and in seventeen days they +came to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p>In fifty days more they succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement +on the coast of Mexico, where they were received with much joy.</p> + +<p>Of the gay company of six hundred and twenty who had set out with such +high hopes, only three hundred and eleven men returned.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap13"></a> +<h3>THE GREAT RIVER AMAZON, AND EL DORADO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>As you may imagine, there was great excitement and curiosity in Spain, +after the voyages of Columbus, about the new lands beyond the Western +Ocean.</p> + +<p>Several of the men who had sailed with Columbus were ready to undertake +new voyages of discovery. Among them was Yañez Pinzon.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration36"> + <tr> + <td width="358"> + <img src="images/36.jpg" alt="The Niña"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="358" align="center"> + <small>The Niña.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>You will remember that when Columbus made his first voyage he set out +with three vessels. One of these was the <i>Niña</i>. It was commanded by +Yañez Pinzon.</p> + +<p>After Columbus had returned from his second voyage, Yañez Pinzon +succeeded in fitting out a fleet to go to the New World.</p> + +<p>In 1499 he sailed with four caravels from Palos, the same port from +which Columbus had sailed. Pinzon took with him some of the sailors +who had been with Columbus, and also his three principal pilots. These +pilots were men who understood how to use the astrolabe and to tell +the course of the ship at sea.</p> + +<p>Pinzon's fleet sailed toward the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and +after passing them its course was southwest across the Atlantic. At +length the fleet crossed the equator, and Pinzon was the first explorer +to cross the line in the western Atlantic.</p> + +<p>The fleet sailed on for nearly five hundred miles to the southward. +Here Pinzon met a terrific storm, which came very near sending his +whole fleet to the bottom. He was now not far from the coast, and after +the storm was over he discovered land. The land proved to be the most +eastern point of South America. This was in the month of January, in +the year 1500.</p> + +<p>Pinzon and a company of his men went ashore. They did not remain long, +however, as they found the Indians very hostile. The Indians attacked +the Spaniards and killed several of their number. They were so furious +that, after chasing the Spaniards to their boats, they waded into the +sea and fought to get the oars. The Indians captured one of the rowboats, +but the Spaniards at last got off to their vessels.</p> + +<p>Pinzon then set sail and steered northward along the coast.</p> + +<p>When his fleet came near the equator, he noticed that the water was +very fresh. Accordingly he gave orders to fill the water casks of his +fleet. The freshness of the water of the sea led him to sail in toward +the shore.</p> + +<p>At length he discovered whence the large volume of fresh water came. +It flowed out of the mouth of a great river.</p> + +<p>It was the mouth of the river Amazon, and so great is the volume of +water which it pours into the sea that its current is noticed in the +ocean two hundred miles from the shore.</p> + +<p>This fact is not so surprising when we learn that the main mouth of +this great river is fifty miles wide, that the river is four thousand +miles long, including its windings, and that, besides many smaller +branches, it has five tributaries, each over a thousand miles long, +and one over two thousand miles long, flowing into it.</p> + +<p>Pinzon anchored in the mouth of the river, and found the natives +peaceful. In this respect they were unlike those he had met farther +south. They came out to his ships in a friendly way in their canoes. +But when Pinzon, a short time later, left the river, he cruelly carried +off thirty-six of the Indians who had been friendly to him.</p> + +<p>While Pinzon's fleet was in the mouth of the river, it came a second +time near being wrecked.</p> + +<p>Pinzon was, of course, in strange waters. He did not know that twice +each month the tide does not rise in the usual way, but rushes up the +mouth of the Amazon with great force. The tide, as a rule, is about +six hours in rising and six hours in falling. In the mouth of the Amazon, +however, at new moon and at full moon the tide swells to its limit +in two or three minutes. It comes as a wall of water, twelve or fifteen +feet high, followed by another wall of the same height. Often there +is a third wall of water, and at some seasons of the year there is +a fourth wall.</p> + +<p>This peculiar rising of the tide is called the <i>bore</i>. The noise of +this rushing flood can be heard five or six miles off. It comes with +tremendous force, and sometimes uproots great trees along the banks. +During the few days when the tide rushes up the river in this way +vessels do not remain in the main channel, but anchor in coves and +protected places.</p> + +<p>Pinzon, as we have said, did not know about the sudden rising of the +tide. His fleet was anchored in the main channel when the bore came, +and it dashed his vessels about like toy boats and almost wrecked them.</p> + +<p>After repairing the damage done to his fleet, he made up his mind that +there was little gold to be found in those parts, and so he sailed +out of the mouth of the great river, and then turned northward along +the coast.</p> + +<p>It may be of interest to know what befell Pinzon after he left the +mouth of the Amazon. We will tell you briefly.</p> + +<p>He sailed along the coast to the northwest, and passed the mouth of +the Orinoco, another large river of South America. About a hundred +and fifty miles beyond the Orinoco, he entered a gulf and landed. Here +he cut a large quantity of brazil wood to take back to Spain.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration37"> + <tr> + <td width="696"> + <img src="images/37.jpg" alt="Scene on the Orinoco River"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="696" align="center"> + <small>Scene on the Orinoco River.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Then he sailed for the island of Hispaniola, now called Haiti. From +this island he sailed to the Bahama Islands.</p> + +<p>It was July when he reached the Bahamas. Misfortune again came to his +fleet. While anchored in the Bahamas a hurricane came up, and two of +his vessels were sunk. A third was blown out to sea. The fourth vessel +rode out the storm, but the crew, thinking all the while she would +sink, took to their small boats and at length reached the shore. The +Indians came to them when they landed, and proved friendly.</p> + +<p>After the hurricane was over, the vessel that had been carried out +to sea drifted back. As soon as the sea was smooth enough Pinzon and +his men went on board the two remaining vessels and set sail for +Hispaniola.</p> + +<p>At Hispaniola he repaired his vessels, and then sailed back to Spain. +He reached Palos in September.</p> + +<p>About three months after Pinzon sailed away from the mouth of the +Amazon it was visited by a Portuguese navigator named Cabral. Although +the Portuguese were not so fortunate as to discover America, yet they +had been very active in making discoveries for seventy years and more +before Columbus's first voyage.</p> + +<p>In 1420 they discovered the Madeira Islands. In 1432 they discovered +the Azore Islands, which lie eight hundred miles west of Portugal in +the Atlantic Ocean. Their vessels, from time to time, had been pushing +farther and farther down the west coast of Africa. In the middle of +the century as many as fifty-one of their caravels had been to the +Guinea coast, or the Gold Coast, as it was more often called. In 1484, +eight years before Columbus discovered America, they had discovered +the mouth of the Kongo River on the African coast.</p> + +<p>It is not surprising, then, that their navigators were pushing out +across the Atlantic soon after Columbus had led the way.</p> + +<p>But though Cabral sailed along the whole coast of Brazil, and took +possession of it in the name of the King of Portugal, he did not learn +any more about the great river at the mouth of which he anchored than +did Pinzon. Had he waited a few months, or had he returned to the river, +he might easily have explored its course. For from July to December +of each year the east wind blows steadily up the Amazon, and Cabral +could have spread his sails and kept them spread as he sailed up the +river for two thousand miles or more to the eastern foot of the great +mountains of South America, the Andes.</p> + +<p>The exploration of the Amazon, however, fell to the lot of another +man, Francisco Orellana by name. Orellana did not sail up the river +from its mouth, but came down it from one of its sources. This was +in 1540, many years, as you see, after Pinzon and Cabral had anchored +at the mouth.</p> + +<p>Orellana was one of Pizarro's men, and had been with him when the Inca +of Peru was taken and afterwards put to death. It was Francisco Pizarro, +as you well know, who conquered Peru. After Francisco Pizarro had +conquered the country, he made his brother, Gonzalo Pizarro, governor +of Quito.</p> + +<p>This brother, while at Quito, made up his mind to cross the Andes +Mountains and explore the country beyond. So he got ready an expedition, +and made Orellana his lieutenant; Orellana was, therefore, second in +command of the expedition.</p> + +<p>The army was made up of three hundred and fifty Spaniards, four +thousand Indians, and one thousand bloodhounds for hunting down the +natives.</p> + +<p>They had a hard march over the Andes, and suffered very much in crossing. +When they were over the mountains, they discovered a river flowing +toward the southeast. This was the river Napo.</p> + +<p>Pizarro had had so hard a march across the Andes that he felt his men +could not stand it to go back by the same way. He therefore encamped +by the Napo River, and spent seven months in building a vessel to hold +his baggage and those of his men who were ill.</p> + +<p>He put Orellana in charge of the vessel, and ordered him to float slowly +down the river while the other part of the army marched along the shore. +The march was very slow and toilsome, and after a few weeks the food +began to get low.</p> + +<p>At this time Pizarro heard of a rich country farther down the stream, +where the Napo flowed into a larger river. This country he wished to +reach. So he sent Orellana in the vessel, with fifty soldiers, down +the Napo to the larger river. There Orellana was to get food and +supplies for the army and then return.</p> + +<p>Pizarro waited and waited in vain for Orellana to return, and at last +he and his men had to find their way back across the Andes with scanty +food and undergo great hardships.</p> + +<p>Orellana and the soldiers with him were carried by the current swiftly +down the Napo, and in three days they came into the great river. It +was indeed a great river, for the Amazon at the place where the Napo +flows into it is a mile in width.</p> + +<p>Orellana expected to find here many people and plenty of food. He found, +however, only a wilderness. It was about like the country where Pizarro +and his army were encamped.</p> + +<p>Orellana could barely get food for himself and the men with him, much +less enough for Pizarro and his army. To return against the swift +current would be a heavy task. After thinking the matter over, he +decided to follow the great river to the sea. But he must first win +the soldiers who were with him over to his plan. This he soon succeeded +in doing, and they started down the Amazon.</p> + +<p>It was no easy journey. He and the soldiers suffered greatly. But in +August, 1541, after seven months of hardships, they reached the ocean, +and a short time after this they sailed to Spain.</p> + +<p>When Orellana reached Spain, he gave a glowing account of a wonderful +country, rich in precious metals, through which he had passed. +According to his story, it was far richer in gold than Peru.</p> + +<p>The name El Dorado, "The Golden," was given to this fabled country; +and for a score or more of years after Orellana had told his story, +efforts were made to find it. Expedition after expedition set out in +search of El Dorado. An explorer named Philip von Hutten, who led a +party southward into the country from the northern part of South +America, believed he caught sight of a city whose golden walls +glistened far away in the distance. But he never reached the shining +city which he thought he saw, nor was the fabled El Dorado ever found.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap14"></a> +<h3>VERRAZZANO.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Verrazzano was a native of Florence, Italy, and a pirate like many +other sailors of that time. Being known as a daring seaman, he was +asked by Francis I., King of France, to take command of a fleet of +four vessels and try to find a western passage to rich Cathay. For +Francis had become very jealous of the Spaniards, and felt that his +country ought to have a share in the riches of the New World.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration38"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/38.jpg" alt="Verrazzano"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Verrazzano.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Verrazzano sailed from France full of hope and joy; but he had gone +only a short distance when a severe storm arose, and two of his vessels +were lost sight of forever. The two remaining vessels were obliged +to return to France.</p> + +<p>After some delay Verrazzano started again, with one vessel called the +<i>Dauphine</i>. With this vessel he reached the island of Madeira, and +from this island he sailed, January 17, 1524, for the unknown world.</p> + +<p>The voyage lasted forty-nine days, after which time a long, low coast +was sighted in the distance. This coast, which was probably North +Carolina, afforded no landing place, and for some time Verrazzano +sailed north and then south, searching for one. The search proved +unsuccessful, and as the crew were in need of fresh water, Verrazzano +decided to send a boat ashore.</p> + +<p>So a small boat was manned, and the sailors tried very hard to reach +the shore, but the surf was so high that they were unable to do this. +At last one brave sailor jumped from the boat into the foaming breakers +and swam toward the shore. He carried in one hand presents for the +Indians, who were standing at the water's edge watching the strange +sight. At length the sailor succeeded in swimming so close to the shore +that he was able to throw the presents to the Indians.</p> + +<p>His courage then deserted him, and in terror he tried to swim back +to his vessel. The surf, however, dashed him on the sandy beach, and +he would have been drowned had not some of the Indians waded in and +dragged him ashore. These Indians quickly stripped him of all his +clothing and began to build an immense bonfire. The poor sailor thought +his end had come, and his former companions looked on from their ship +in horror at the preparations.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration39"> + <tr> + <td width="695"> + <img src="images/39.jpg" alt="Indians Rescuing the Sailor"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="695" align="center"> + <small>Indians Rescuing the Sailor.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>All of them thought that the Indians meant to burn him alive or else +to cook and eat him. To their great relief, the Indians treated him +very gently and kindly; they dried his clothes by the fire and warmed +him.</p> + +<p>These kind Indians looked very savage. Their skin was copper colored, +their long, straight hair was tied and worn in a braid, and their faces +were very stern; for, you know, an Indian never laughs or smiles.</p> + +<p>In spite of their fierce looks, however, they were very good to the +pale-faced stranger, and when he was strong again they led him back +to the shore, and he swam out to his ship.</p> + +<p>Verrazzano was glad to see his sailor return in safety from this +dangerous trip. The man had risked his life, but no water had been +obtained for the crew. So Verrazzano started northward, and along the +coast of Maryland he made a landing and secured the much-needed fresh +water.</p> + +<p>At this place the Frenchmen had an opportunity to return the kindness +that the Indians had shown their companion, but I am sorry to have +to tell you that they did not do so. While searching for the water, +Verrazzano and his followers came suddenly upon a little Indian boy, +whom they seized and carried off to their ship. The mother of the boy +came quickly from some bushes to rescue her son, and they would also +have stolen her, but she made so much noise that they were obliged +to run in order to escape from the rest of the tribe, who came to help +her. The Frenchmen reached their ship in safety with the poor little +Indian boy, and quickly set sail.</p> + +<p>Verrazzano proceeded northward, following the shore, and at length +came to a very narrow neck of water, with rising land on both sides. +Through this strait Verrazzano sailed, and, to his surprise, came out +into a broad and beautiful bay which was surrounded on all sides by +forests, and was dotted here and there with the canoes of Indians who +were coming out from the land to meet him.</p> + +<p>You have, of course, guessed that this strait was the Narrows, which +separates Staten Island from Long Island, and that the bay was the +beautiful New York Bay.</p> + +<p>Verrazzano followed the shore of Long Island to a small island, which +was likely Block Island. From this island he sailed into a harbor on +the mainland, probably Newport, where he remained fifteen days. Here +the Indians received their pale-faced visitors with great dignity and +pomp. Two of the Indian chiefs, arrayed in painted deer skins and +raccoon and lynx skins, and decorated with copper ornaments, paid +Verrazzano a visit of state.</p> + +<p>Soon after this Verrazzano sailed away, again northward. The climate +grew cooler and the country more rugged, and the vegetation changed. +Instead of the sweet-scented cypress and bay trees which the sailors +had admired along the Carolina coast, there were dark forests of +stately pines, which were grand but gloomy.</p> + +<p>Great cliffs of rock extended along the shores, and from these heights +the natives looked down upon the lonely little ship in fear, anger, +and amazement. At length they consented to trade with the pale-faces; +but they lowered a cord from the rocks and drew up the knives, fishhooks, +and pieces of steel which they demanded in exchange for furs and skins. +Once Verrazzano and a few of his men tried to land. But the Indians +fiercely attacked them, and a shower of arrows and the sound of the +dreaded war whoop caused the Europeans to fly to their ship for safety.</p> + +<p>So Verrazzano gave up the plan of landing among these fierce Indians, +and continued his voyage northward as far as Newfoundland. Here +provisions grew scarce, and Verrazzano decided to sail for home.</p> + +<p>The return voyage was a safe one, and Verrazzano was greeted with joy +when he arrived in France. Upon his discoveries the French based their +claim to all the country in the New World between Carolina and +Newfoundland, extending westward as far as land continued.</p> + +<p>Verrazzano wished very much to go again to this new land and try to +plant a colony and to convert the Indians to the Christian religion. +But France at this time was plunged into war at home, and all trace +of Verrazzano is lost. Some say that he made a second voyage, and that +while exploring a wild country he was taken prisoner and killed by +a savage tribe of Indians. The story that is most likely true is that +he did return to the New World, and that while there he was taken +prisoner by the Spaniards and hanged as a pirate.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap15"></a> +<h3>THE FAMOUS VOYAGE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE—1577.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Under the rule of Queen Elizabeth England became noted for her bold +and daring seamen. These seamen were really pirates, or sea robbers; +but their occupation in those days was looked upon as a lawful one +by all except the people whom they plundered.</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration40"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/40.jpg" alt="Sir Francis Drake"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Sir Francis Drake.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Queen Elizabeth encouraged the seafaring men to make voyages to the +New World, and also to attack the Spanish ships, because she was +displeased at the way the Spaniards were behaving.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards had grown very rich and powerful by means of the wealth +they had obtained in America, and in their pride they did not treat +the other nations properly. They had no idea of fairness. They were +selfish and wanted everything for Spain.</p> + +<p>The English people thought that the best place to attack the Spaniards +was in the New World. They well knew that if they could cut off the +supply of gold and silver which the Spanish nation was receiving from +South America and the Indies, that nation would suffer.</p> + +<p>Sir Francis Drake, a brave young knight of Elizabeth's court, formed +a plan to teach the Spaniards a lesson. This plan was approved by the +queen, and Drake was promised glory and riches if he should succeed +in carrying it out.</p> + +<p>In November, 1577, Drake sailed from Plymouth, England, with a fleet +of five vessels and one hundred and sixty-four men. He told every one +that he was going to make a voyage to Alexandria, as he did not wish +the Spaniards to know that he intended to cross the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>After a voyage of about five months, as they were sailing quietly along +one evening, the crew saw strange fires in the distance. At first the +sailors were alarmed; but on sailing nearer they saw that the fires +were on the shore of a strange country, which Drake knew to be South +America.</p> + +<p>The natives had built these immense bonfires near the water and were +preparing for some religious rites.</p> + +<p>These natives were friendly, and Drake, after procuring some fresh +supplies, sailed on, as he was in haste to reach Peru. The fleet soon +entered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed through without any mishap.</p> + +<p>On an island in the strait they found a great number of fowl of the +size of geese, which could not fly. The crew shot about three thousand +of these birds, and now, having plenty of provisions, they began the +journey up the west coast of South America.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards, never dreaming that any one would have the courage to +try to reach their lands by way of the Strait of Magellan, had made +no attempt to defend themselves from attack from the south. They feared +that their enemies might come down upon them by way of the isthmus, +and strong forces had been placed there to prevent any one from +crossing; but all the southern ports were defenseless.</p> + +<p>So Drake and his men sailed up the coast, dropping in at different +harbors, boldly taking everything of value that they saw, and then +gayly sailing away, laughing at the surprise they left behind them.</p> + +<p>At one place Drake found a Spanish ship laden with spoils, ready to +sail to Spain. The English quickly took possession of her, set her +crew ashore, and carried her out to sea. There they found that she +had on board pure gold amounting to thirty-seven thousand Spanish +ducats, stores of good wine, and other treasure.</p> + +<p>At one place where they landed Drake himself found a Spaniard lying +asleep near the shore, with thirteen bars of silver by his side. The +Englishmen took the silver and went quietly away, leaving the man to +finish his nap.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration41"> + <tr> + <td width="614"> + <img src="images/41.jpg" alt="Drake and the Sleeping Spaniard"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Farther on they met a Spaniard and an Indian boy driving eight llamas, +as the sheep of that country are called, toward Peru. Each llama had +on its back two bags of leather, and in each bag was fifty pounds of +silver. This silver Drake ordered to be placed on his ship, and then +he sailed away.</p> + +<p>Many other places were visited in this manner, and much treasure was +collected; but it was not until Drake reached Lima that the English +understood the great wealth of that country. About twelve ships were +in the harbor, some fully laden, and all unprotected, as the Spaniards +never dreamed of attack. These ships Drake proceeded to lighten of +their cargo by removing it to his own ships.</p> + +<p>He then gave chase to another vessel, which he heard was laden with +still greater treasure. This vessel he soon found, and the cargo proved +to be very valuable. Thirteen chests of plate, many tons of gold and +silver, jewels, precious stones, and quantities of silk and linen were +taken.</p> + +<p>As you may suppose, after continuing this work for some time Drake's +ships were very well loaded, and he and his companions began to think +about returning to England. Drake felt that it would not be safe for +him to return through the Strait of Magellan, as he knew the Spaniards +would be expecting him. So he decided to sail across the Pacific Ocean +to the Molucca Islands, and complete his journey by circumnavigating +the globe.</p> + +<p>He was at this time becalmed in the tropics, and therefore headed his +ships north, hoping to find the trade wind, which would carry him +across the Pacific. After proceeding north along a strange coast for +nearly a month, during which time the weather gradually became colder +and colder, Drake decided to enter a harbor and anchor his vessels.</p> + +<p>The people of the country were friendly, and as the English treated +them well, they remained so. They admired the brave Sir Francis Drake +so much that they begged him to stay with them and be their king.</p> + +<p>But Drake had no desire to be king over an Indian tribe. He wanted +to get back to his own good Queen Elizabeth and tell her of all the +wonderful things that had happened to him. So he took possession of +this country for England, and called it New Albion.</p> + +<p>New Albion was the land which is at present known as California, and +the bay in which Drake anchored is just north of San Francisco Bay.</p> + +<p>Then Drake prepared his ships for the voyage home, hoisted anchor, +and was soon sailing away in the direction of the Moluccas. These +islands he reached after a long voyage, and after visiting several +of the Indies he proceeded across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good +Hope and thence northward to England. He reached home in September, +1580, after an absence of three years.</p> + +<p>How glad Queen Elizabeth was to see him! She granted him the honor +of knighthood, and in other ways showed her pride in her brave subject.</p> + +<p>Drake's ship, the <i>Golden Hind</i>, was placed in a dock at Deptford, +where it stood for many years. People used to take their children to +see it, and they would tell them about the <i>Golden Hind</i>, the good +ship in which sailed the brave general, Sir Francis Drake, when he +taught the Spaniards a lesson.</p> + +<p>When the timber of the ship began to decay, a chair was made of some +of it and given to Oxford University, where it may be seen to this +day.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br><a name="chap16"></a> +<h3>HENRY HUDSON.</h3> +<br> + +<p>Henry Hudson was one of the best sea captains in all England. He loved +the ocean, and he did not know the word "fear."</p> + +<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration42"> + <tr> + <td width="336"> + <img src="images/42.jpg" alt="Henry Hudson"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="336" align="center"> + <small>Henry Hudson.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>In 1607 a company of London merchants sent him to look for a northwest +passage to China. These merchants knew that if such a passage could +be found, the journey to China would be much shorter than by the +overland route then used. It would take less time to sail around the +earth near the pole than to sail around the earth near the equator. +Besides, every one who had attempted to reach China by sailing west +had reached, instead, that long coast of the New World, through which +but one opening had ever been found. The route through this opening, +the Strait of Magellan, had been proved by its discoverer, Ferdinand +Magellan, to be too long for use in commerce, so traders were trying +hard to find a northwest passage.</p> + +<p>Captain Hudson proceeded northwest from England, and tried to pass +between Greenland and Spitzbergen and sail across the north pole into +the Pacific. Failing in this attempt, he made a second voyage, during +which he tried to pass between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. This voyage +also was unsuccessful, and Hudson returned to England. He had found +no northwest passage, but he had sailed past mountains of snow and +ice and had been nearer the north pole than any man had ever been +before.</p> + +<p>Captain Hudson was not discouraged by his two failures. He still +believed a northwest passage could be found; and when the Dutch people +asked him to make a voyage for them in search of a passage to the Pacific +Ocean, he was quite willing to accept the offer.</p> + +<p>In 1609 Hudson sailed from Amsterdam in a small craft of eighty tons, +called the <i>Half Moon</i>. After sailing many days through fog and ice, +the sailors refused to go farther in that direction, and then Hudson +headed his ship across the Atlantic toward America. You may think it +strange that Hudson should change his plans so quickly, but he knew +what he was about. He had received a letter from his friend Captain +John Smith, who was then in Virginia, telling him that a northwest +passage was to be found along the coast of North America, north of +Chesapeake Bay. This letter Hudson had in mind when he started on his +voyage.</p> + +<p>He reached Chesapeake Bay, but did not enter it, as the weather was +stormy. Instead, he proceeded up the coast, looking for an opening. +At length, in September, he entered a beautiful bay. Into this bay +a wide river flowed which Hudson thought might be a strait that would +lead into the Pacific Ocean. The water in this opening was salt, and +this strengthened Hudson in the belief that it was the strait for which +he had been searching so long. At the mouth of the river there was +a beautiful island, long and narrow, and wooded to the shore.</p> + +<p>At first the island seemed deserted, but soon the sailors saw here +and there slender curling columns of smoke rising from among the trees. +This smoke showed them that the island was inhabited, and presently +an Indian appeared on the shore.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration43"> + <tr> + <td width="576"> + <img src="images/43.jpg" alt="The Half Moon on the Hudson River"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>This Indian looked for a moment in astonishment at the ship, and then, +shouting the war whoop, bounded back into the forest. In a few minutes +he reappeared, bringing other Indians with him. All were amazed at +the sight of the strange ship, and they gazed in wonder and fear at +it and at the white-faced, bearded strangers. Little by little, +however, they lost their fear and talked with Captain Hudson. These +Indians told Hudson that the name of the beautiful island was Manhattan, +and that the stream led far, far to the north.</p> + +<p>So Hudson entered the river and sailed slowly north, enjoying the +charming scenery, and stopping now and then to trade and to talk with +the Indians.</p> + +<p>For twenty miles he sailed along a great wall of rock about five hundred +feet high, which we now know as the Palisades. This name was given +to the rocky wall because it looks like a palisade, or high fence of +stakes set close together and upright in the ground.</p> + +<p>Soon after this the river became very winding, and high mountains arose +on all sides. The <i>Half Moon</i> now entered the beautiful Highlands, +and her crew were the first white men to see this enchanting spot. +The vessel sailed on, and at length it came to the place where the +city of Hudson now stands. Here an Indian chief invited the captain +to go ashore. Hudson did so, and the Indians prepared a great feast +in his honor.</p> + +<p>They gave him roast pigeons and a roast dog to eat. Hudson did not +like the dog meat very much, but the Indians insisted upon cooking +it for him.</p> + +<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration44"> + <tr> + <td width="695"> + <img src="images/44.jpg" alt="Hudson Feasting with the Indians"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="695" align="center"> + <small>Hudson Feasting with the Indians.</small> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The Indians wanted him to stay overnight with them, and one Indian +arose, and gathering together all the arrows, broke them and threw +them into the fire. By this act he meant to show Hudson that he and +his tribe would do him no harm.</p> + +<p>Hudson felt that he had no time to lose, but must go on and find out +whether this wonderful body of water would lead him into the Pacific. +So he bade the Indians good-by and sailed away.</p> + +<p>He went on up the river until the place was reached where Albany now +stands. Here the little <i>Half Moon</i> was anchored. Indians came running +down to the shore in wonder at the sight of the strange vessel. They +brought with them strings of beaver skins, which they gave Hudson in +exchange for pieces of gold lace, glass beads, and other trinkets. +Hudson was quick to see the importance of this fur trade, and took +back with him many valuable furs. Here the stream had become narrow, +and was so shallow that the captain feared his vessel might run aground. +He knew at last that the water was a river and not a strait, and that +he was not likely to find here a passage to China. So Hudson, turning +back, started down the river.</p> + +<p>On the way down, an Indian who was in a canoe stole something from +the ship. One of the crew saw the Indian commit the theft, and, picking +up a gun, shot and killed him. This made the other Indians very angry, +and Hudson had several fights with them.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless the expedition reached the mouth of the river in safety, +and early in October Hudson returned to Amsterdam. He had not found +a northwest passage, but he had secured a large tract of country in +the New World for Holland.</p> + +<p>He told the Dutch about the rich furs to be found there, and they +immediately began to build trading posts where the cities of New York +and Albany now stand.</p> + +<p>The next year Hudson made another voyage in search of a passage to +Asia. This time he sailed far north into Hudson Bay. Here his crew +mutinied and refused to obey him. They seized him and put him, together +with his son, into an open boat, and set them adrift in the icy water.</p> + +<p>As Hudson was never heard of again, it is supposed that he perished +in the waters of the great bay which he discovered, and which still +bears his name.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Discoverers and Explorers, by Edward R. 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Edward R. Shaw + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Discoverers and Explorers + +Author: Edward R. Shaw + +Release Date: July 22, 2007 [EBook #22116] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS *** + + + + +Produced by Ron Swanson + + + + + +DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS + + +BY + +EDWARD R. SHAW +_Dean of the School of Pedagogy_ +_New York University_ + + + + +NEW YORK :: CINCINNATI :: CHICAGO +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + + + +Copyright 1900 +By EDWARD R. SHAW. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The practice of beginning the study of geography with the locality +in which the pupil lives, in order that his first ideas of geographical +conceptions may be gained from observation directed upon the real +conditions existing about him, has been steadily gaining adherence +during the past few years as a rational method of entering upon the +study of geography. + +After the pupil has finished an elementary study of the locality, he +is ready to pass to an elementary consideration of the world as a whole, +to get his first conception of the planet on which he lives. His +knowledge of the forms of land and water, his knowledge of rain and +wind, of heat and cold, as agents, and of the easily traced effects +resulting from the interaction of these agents, have been acquired +by observation and inference upon conditions actually at hand; in +other words, his knowledge has been gained in a presentative manner. + +His study of the world, however, must differ largely from this, and +must be effected principally by representation. The globe in relief, +therefore, presents to him his basic idea, and all his future study +of the world will but expand and modify this idea, until at length, +if the study is properly continued, the idea becomes exceedingly +complex. + +In passing from the geography of the locality to that of the world +as a whole, the pupil is to deal broadly with the land masses and their +general characteristics. The continents and oceans, their relative +situations, form, and size, are then to be treated, but the treatment +is always to be kept easily within the pupil's capabilities--the end +being merely an elementary world-view. + +During the time the pupil is acquiring this elementary knowledge of +the world as a whole, certain facts of history may be interrelated +with the geographical study. + +According to the plan already suggested, it will be seen that the pupil +is carried out from a study of the limited area of land and water about +him to an idea of the world as a sphere, with its great distribution +of land and water. In this transference he soon comes to perceive how +small a part his hitherto known world forms of the great earth-sphere +itself. + +Something analogous to this transition on the part of the pupil to +a larger view seems to be found in the history of the western nations +of Europe. It is the gradual change in the conception of the world +held during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to the enlarged +conception of the world as a sphere which the remarkable discoveries +and explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought +about. + +The analogy serves pedagogically to point out an interesting and +valuable _interrelation_ of certain facts of history with certain +phases of geographical study. + +This book has been prepared for the purpose of affording material for +such an interrelation. The plan of interrelation is simple. As the +study of the world as a whole, in the manner already sketched, +progresses, the appropriate chapters are read, discussed, and +reproduced, and the routes of the various discoverers and explorers +traced. No further word seems to the writer necessary in regard to +the interrelation. + +DRESDEN, July 15, 1899. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE +BELIEFS AS TO THE WORLD FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO . . 9 +MARCO POLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 +COLUMBUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 +VASCO DA GAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 +JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT'S VOYAGES . . . . . . . . 44 +AMERIGO VESPUCCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 +PONCE DE LEON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 +BALBOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 +MAGELLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 +HERNANDO CORTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 +FRANCISCO PIZARRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 +FERDINAND DE SOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 +THE GREAT RIVER AMAZON, AND EL DORADO . . . . . . 92 +VERRAZZANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 +THE FAMOUS VOYAGE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE--1577 . . . 108 +HENRY HUDSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 + + + + +DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. + + + + +BELIEFS AS TO THE WORLD FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. + + +Four hundred years ago most of the people who lived in Europe thought +that the earth was flat. They knew only the land that was near them. +They knew the continent of Europe, a small part of Asia, and a strip +along the northern shore of Africa. + +[Illustration: The World as Known Four Hundred Years ago.] + +They thought this known land was surrounded by a vast body of water +that was like a broad river. Sailors were afraid to venture far upon +this water, for they feared they would fall over the edge of the earth. + +Other seafaring men believed that if they should sail too far out upon +this water their vessels would be lost in a fog, or that they would +suddenly begin to slide downhill, and would never be able to return. +Wind gods and storm gods, too, were supposed to dwell upon this +mysterious sea. Men believed that these wind and storm gods would be +very angry with any one who dared to enter their domain, and that in +their wrath they would hurl the ships over the edge of the earth, or +keep them wandering round and round in a circle, in the mist and fog. + +It is no wonder that the name "Sea of Darkness" was given to this great +body of water, which we now know to be the Atlantic Ocean; nor is it +surprising that the sailors feared to venture far out upon it. + +These sailors had no dread at all of a sea called the Mediterranean, +upon which they made voyages without fear of danger. This sea was named +the Mediterranean because it was supposed to be in the middle of the +land that was then known. On this body of water the sailors were very +bold, fighting, robbing, and plundering strangers and foes, without +any thought of fear. + +They sailed through this sea eastward to Constantinople, their ships +being loaded with metals, woods, and pitch. These they traded for silks, +cashmeres, dyewoods, spices, perfumes, precious stones, ivory, and +pearls. All of these things were brought by caravan from the far +Eastern countries, as India, China, and Japan, to the cities on the +east coast of the Mediterranean. + +This caravan journey was a very long and tiresome one. Worse than this, +the Turks, through whose country the caravans passed, began to see +how valuable this trade was, and they sent bands of robbers to prevent +the caravans from reaching the coast. + +[Illustration: A Caravan.] + +As time went on, these land journeys grew more difficult and more +dangerous, until the traders saw that the day would soon come when +they would be entirely cut off from traffic with India and the rich +Eastern countries. The Turks would secure all their profitable +business. So the men of that time tried to think of some other way +of reaching the East. + +Among those who wished to find a short route to India was Prince Henry +of Portugal, a bold navigator as well as a studious and thoughtful +man. He was desirous of securing the rich Indian trade for his own +country. So he established a school for navigators at Lisbon, and +gathered around him many men who wanted to study about the sea. + +Here they made maps and charts, and talked with one another about the +strange lands which they thought might be found far out in that +mysterious body of water which they so dreaded and feared. It is +probable that they had heard some accounts of the voyages of other +navigators on this wonderful sea, and the beliefs about land beyond. + +There was Eric the Red, a bold navigator of Iceland, who had sailed +west to Greenland, and planted there a colony that grew and thrived. +There was also Eric's son Leif, a venturesome young viking who had +made a voyage south from Greenland, and reached a strange country with +wooded shores and fragrant vines. This country he called Vinland +because of the abundance of wild grapes. When he returned to Greenland, +he took a load of timber back with him. + +[Illustration: Eric the Red in Vinland.] + +Some of the people of Greenland had tried to make a settlement along +this shore which Leif discovered, but it is thought that the Indians +drove them away. It may now be said of this settlement that no trace +of it has ever been found, although the report that the Norsemen paid +many visits to the shore of North America is undoubtedly true. + +Another bold sea rover of Portugal sailed four hundred miles from land, +where he picked up a strangely carved paddle and several pieces of +wood of a sort not to be found in Europe. + +St. Brandon, an Irish priest, was driven in a storm far, far to the +west, and landed upon the shore of a strange country, inhabited by +a race of people different from any he had ever seen. + +All this time the bold Portuguese sailors were venturing farther and +farther down the coast of Africa. They hoped to be able to sail around +that continent and up the other side to India. But they dared not go +beyond the equator, because they did not know the stars in the southern +hemisphere and therefore had no guide. They also believed that beyond +the equator there was a frightful region of intense heat, where the +sun scorched the earth and where the waters boiled. + +Many marvelous stories were told about the islands which the sailors +said they saw in the distance. Scarcely a vessel returned from a voyage +without some new story of signs of land seen by the crew. + +The people who lived on the Canary Islands said that an island with +high mountains on it could be seen to the west on clear days, but no +one ever found it. + +Some thought these islands existed only in the imagination of the +sailors. Others thought they were floating islands, as they were seen +in many different places. Every one was anxious to find them, for they +were said to be rich in gold and spices. + +You can easily understand how excited many people were in regard to +new lands, and how they wished to find out whether the earth was round +or not. There was but one way to find out, and that was to try to sail +around it. + +For a long time no one was brave enough to venture to do so. To start +out and sail away from land on this unknown water was to the people +of that day as dangerous and foolhardy a journey as to try to cross +the ocean in a balloon is to us at the present time. + + + + +MARCO POLO. + + +In the middle of the thirteenth century, about two hundred years before +the time of Columbus, a boy named Marco Polo lived in the city of +Venice. + +[Illustration: Marco Polo.] + +Marco Polo belonged to a rich and noble family, and had all the +advantages of study that the city afforded. He studied at one of the +finest schools in the city of Venice. This city was then famous for +its schools, and was the seat of culture and learning for the known +world. + +When Marco Polo started for school in the morning, he did not step +out into a street, as you do. Instead, he stepped from his front +doorstep into a boat called a gondola; for Venice is built upon a +cluster of small islands, and the streets are water ways and are called +canals. + +The gondolier, as the man who rows the gondola is called, took Marco +wherever he wished to go. Sometimes, as they glided along, the +gondolier would sing old Venetian songs; and as Marco Polo lay back +against the soft cushions and listened and looked about him, he +wondered if anywhere else on earth there was so beautiful a city as +Venice. For the sky was very blue, and often its color was reflected +in the water; the buildings were graceful and beautiful, the sun was +warm and bright, and the air was balmy. + +[Illustration: A Scene in Venice.] + +In this delightful city Marco Polo lived until he was seventeen years +of age. About this time, his father, who owned a large commercial house +in Constantinople, told Marco that he might go with him on a long +journey to Eastern countries. The boy was very glad to go, and set +out with his father and his uncle, who were anxious to trade and gain +more wealth in the East. This was in the year 1271. + +The three Polos traveled across Persia into China, and across the +Desert of Gobi to the northwest, where they found the great ruler, +Kublai Khan. This monarch was a kind-hearted and able man. He wanted +to help his subjects to become civilized and learned, as the Europeans +were. So Kublai Khan assisted the two elder Polos in their business +of trading, and took Marco into his service. + +Soon Marco learned the languages of Asia, and then he was sent by the +khan on errands of state to different parts of the country. He visited +all the great cities in China, and traveled into the interior of Asia +to places almost unknown at the present time. + +At length the three Polos expressed a desire to return to Venice. The +great khan did not wish to part with them, but he at last consented; +for he found that by going they could do him a service. The service +required was their escort for a beautiful young princess who was to +be taken from Peking to Tabriz, where she was to marry the Khan of +Persia. + +It was difficult to find any one trustworthy enough to take charge +of so important a person on so long and dangerous a journey. But Kublai +Khan had faith in the Polos. They had traveled more than any one else +he knew, and were cautious and brave. + +So he gave them permission to return to their home, and requested them +to take the princess to Tabriz on the way. It was decided that the +journey should be made by sea, as the land route was so beset by robbers +as to be unsafe. Besides, the Polos were fine sailors. + +They started from the eastern coast of China, and continued their +voyage for three years, around the peninsula of Cochin China, and +through the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf. Here they went ashore, +and then proceeded by land across Persia to Tabriz. They left the +princess in that city, and resumed their journey by way of the Bosporus +to Venice. + +When they reached Venice they found that they had been forgotten by +their friends. They had been away twenty-four years, and in that time +everything had changed very much. They themselves had grown older, +and their clothes differed from those worn by the Venetians; for +fashions changed even in the thirteenth century, although not so often +as they change at the present time. It is no wonder that the Polos +were not known until they recalled themselves to the memory of their +friends. + +One evening they invited a few of their old friends to dinner, and +during the evening they brought out three old coats. These coats they +proceeded to rip apart, and out from the linings dropped all kinds +of precious stones--diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, and rubies. In +this way these wary travelers had hidden their wealth and treasure +while on their perilous journey. The visitors were astonished at the +sight of so great riches, and listened eagerly to the accounts of the +countries from which they came. + +Soon after the return of Marco Polo to Venice, he took part with his +countrymen in a battle against the Genoese. The city of Genoa, like +the city of Venice, had a large trade with the East. These two cities +were rivals in trade, and were very jealous of each other. Whenever +Venetian ships and those of the Genoese met on the Mediterranean Sea, +the sailors found some way of starting a quarrel. The quarrel quickly +led to a sea fight, and it was in one of these combats that Marco Polo +engaged. The Venetians were defeated, and Marco Polo was taken +prisoner and cast into a dungeon. Here he spent his time in writing +the wonderful book in which he described his travels. + +[Illustration: A Sea Fight.] + +The descriptions Polo gave of the East were as wonderful as fairy tales. +He told of countries rich in gold, silver, and precious stones, and +of islands where diamonds sparkled on the shore. The rulers of these +countries wore garments of rich silk covered with glittering gems, +and dwelt in palaces, the roofs of which were made of gold. + +He described golden Cathay, with its vast cities rich in manufactures, +and also Cipango, Hindustan, and Indo-China. He knew of the Indies +Islands, rich in spices, and he described Siberia, and told of the +sledges drawn by dogs, and of the polar bears. The fact that an ocean +washed the eastern coast of Asia was proved by him, and this put at +rest forever the theory that there was an impassable swamp east of +Asia. + +This book by Marco Polo was eagerly read, and the facts that it stated +were so remarkable that many people refused to believe them. It stirred +others with a desire to travel and see those lands for themselves. + +Traveling by land, however, was very dangerous, because of the bands +of robbers by which the country was occupied. These outlaws robbed +every one whom they suspected of having any money, and often murdered +travelers in order to gain their possessions. Sea travel, too, was +just as dangerous, but in a different way. + +You will remember why sailors dared not venture far out upon the ocean +and search for a water route to the Eastern countries and islands. +The time was soon coming, however, when they would dare to do so, and +two wonderful inventions helped navigators very much. + +One came from the finding of the loadstone, or natural magnet. This +is a stone which has the power of attracting iron. A steel needle rubbed +on it becomes magnetized, as we say, and, when suspended by the center +and allowed to move freely, always swings around until it points north +and south. Hung on a pivot and inclosed in a box, this instrument is +called the mariners' compass. It was of great importance to sailors, +because it always told them which way was north. On cloudy days, and +during dark, stormy nights, when the sun and stars could not be seen, +the sailors could now keep on their way, far from land, and still know +in which direction they were going. + +[Illustration: Mariners' Compass.] + +The other invention was that of the astrolabe. This was an instrument +by means of which sailors measured the height of the sun above the +horizon at noon, and could thus tell the distance of the ship from +the equator. It is in use on all the ships at the present time, but +it has been greatly improved, and is now called the quadrant. + +The compass and the astrolabe, together with improved maps and charts, +made it possible for navigators to tell where their ship was when out +of sight of land or in the midst of storm and darkness. This made them +more courageous, and they ventured a little farther from the coast, +but still no one dared to sail far out upon the Sea of Darkness. + + + + +COLUMBUS. + + +One day a man appeared in Portugal, who said he was certain that the +earth was round, and that he could reach India by sailing westward. +Every one laughed at him and asked him how he would like to try. He +answered that he would sail round the earth, if any one would provide +him with ships. + +[Illustration: Christopher Columbus.] + +People jeered and scoffed. + +"If the earth is a sphere," they said, "in order to sail round it you +must sail uphill! Who ever heard of a ship sailing uphill?" + +But this man, whose name was Christopher Columbus, remained firm in +his belief. + +When a boy, Columbus had listened eagerly to the stories the sailors +told about strange lands and wonderful islands beyond the water. He +was in the habit of sitting on the wharves and watching the ships. +Often he would say, "I wish, oh, how I wish I could be a sailor!" + +At last his father, who was a wool comber, said to him, "My son, if +you really wish to become a sailor, I will send you to a school where +you will be taught navigation." + +Columbus was delighted at this, and told his father that he would study +diligently. He was sent to the University of Pavia, where he learned +all the geography that was then known, as well as how to draw maps +and charts. He became a skillful penman, and also studied astronomy, +geometry, and Latin. + +But he did not spend a long time at his studies, for at the age of +fourteen he went to sea. What he had learned, however, gave him an +excellent groundwork, and from this time forward he made use of every +opportunity to inform himself and to become a scholarly man. + +His first voyage was made with a distant relative, who was an +adventurous and daring man, and who was ever ready to fight with any +one with whom he could pick a quarrel. In course of time Columbus +commanded a ship of his own, and became known as a bold and daring +navigator. He made a voyage along the coast of Africa as far south +as Guinea, and afterwards sailed northward to Iceland. + +At an early day he became familiar with the wildest kind of adventure, +for at this time sea life on the Mediterranean was little more than +a series of fights with pirates. Some say that during one of these +conflicts Columbus's ship caught fire. In order to save his life, he +jumped into the water and swam six miles to shore, reaching the coast +of Portugal. Others say that he was attracted to that country by the +great school of navigation which Prince Henry had established. However +that may be, he appeared at Lisbon at the age of thirty-five, filled +with the idea of sailing westward to reach those rich Eastern countries +in which every one was so much interested. + +He was laughed at for expressing such an idea. It is not pleasant to +be laughed at, but Columbus was courageous and never wavered in his +belief. + +"The earth is a sphere," he said; "those foolish stories of its being +flat and supported on a turtle's back cannot be true." + +But those persons to whom he talked only laughed the more. + +"Is there anything more foolish," they asked, "than to believe that +there are people who walk with their heels up and with their heads +hanging down?" "Think of a place where the trees grow with their +branches down, and where it snows, hails, and rains upward!" + +Everybody thought him an idle dreamer. + +Columbus tried to persuade King John to furnish him with ships and +allow him to test his belief. But King John cruelly deceived Columbus; +for, after obtaining his maps and charts, he sent off an expedition +of his own. He hoped in this way to gain the glory of the discovery. +The sailors whom he sent, however, were not brave enough to continue +the voyage, and returned, frightened by a severe storm. + +Columbus was so disgusted by the treachery of King John that he made +up his mind to leave Portugal and go to Spain. So, taking his little +son, Diego, with him, he started on his journey. He traveled from place +to place, trying to find some person who would help him make his ideas +known to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He thought that if he could +talk with them he could persuade them to furnish him with ships. + +[Illustration: Convent of La Rabida.] + +One day he came to a convent called La Rabida. Here Diego, who was +weary and thirsty, begged his father to stop and ask for a drink of +water. Columbus knocked at the big iron gate, and while he was +conversing with the attendant a priest approached. + +This priest was attracted by the noble bearing and refined speech of +Columbus, and saw at once that he was not a beggar. He asked him what +he wished, and Columbus related his story. + +The good priest believed in him and said he would try to influence +the king and queen to furnish him with ships. The priest brought the +matter before the king; but at this time Spain was at war with the +Moors, and King Ferdinand had no time to attend to anything else. +Columbus was patient and waited. But as year after year passed and +brought no prospect of obtaining the ships he wished, his hopes fell. +After seven long, weary years of waiting, he was about to leave Spain +in despair. + +Just as he was leaving, however, a message was brought to him from +the queen, asking him to explain his plans to her once more. Columbus +did so, and the queen was so fully convinced that she exclaimed: "I +will provide ships and men for you, if I have to pledge my jewels in +order to do so!" + +[Illustration: Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella.] + +Three ships were fitted out for the voyage. These ships were very +different from those we see to-day. They were light, frail barks called +caravels, and two of them, the _Pinta_ and _Nina_, had no decks. The +third, the _Santa Maria_, had a deck. It was upon this largest caravel +that Columbus placed his flag. + +On the 3d of August, 1492, the little fleet set sail from Palos, +entering upon the most daring expedition ever undertaken by man. The +people of the town gathered on the wharf to see the departure of the +vessels. Many of them had friends or relatives on board whom they +expected never to look upon again. Sad indeed was the sight as the +little caravels sailed out of the harbor and faded from view. + +After sailing a few days, the _Pinta_ broke her rudder. This accident +the sailors took to be a sign of misfortune. They tried to persuade +Columbus to put back to Palos, but he would not listen to such a +suggestion. Instead of sailing back, he pushed on to the Canary Islands. +Here his ships were delayed three weeks, after which they continued +the voyage into unknown waters. + +After they had sailed westward for many days, the sailors began to +show signs of alarm, and they implored Columbus to return. He tried +to calm their fears. He described the rich lands he hoped to find, +and reminded them of the wealth and fame this voyage would bring to +them. So they agreed to venture a little farther. + +[Illustration: The Pinta.] + +At last the compass began to point in a different direction, and the +sailors became almost panic-stricken. They thought they were sailing +straight to destruction, and when they found that Columbus would not +listen to their entreaties they planned a mutiny. Though Columbus knew +what the sailors were plotting, he kept steadily on his course. +Fortunately, signs of land soon began to appear. A branch with berries +on it floated past, a rudely carved paddle was picked up, and land +birds were seen flying over the ships. + +A prize had been offered to the sailor who first saw land, and all +eagerly watched for it night and day. At last, early one morning, a +gun was fired from the _Pinta_, and all knew that land had been sighted. +The sailors were filled with the wildest joy, and crowded around +Columbus with expressions of gratitude and admiration, in great +contrast to the distrustful manner in which they had treated him a +few days before. + +The land they were approaching was very beautiful. It was a green, +sunny island with pleasant groves in which birds were singing. +Beautiful flowers were blooming all around and the trees were laden +with fruit. The island was inhabited, too, for groups of +strange-looking men were seen running to the shore. + +At length the ships cast anchor, the boats were lowered, and Columbus, +clad in rich scarlet and carrying in his hand the royal banner of Spain, +was taken ashore. As soon as he stepped on the beach, Columbus knelt +down and gave thanks to God. He then planted the banner of Spain in +the ground and took possession of the country in the name of Ferdinand +and Isabella. + +[Illustration: The Landing of Columbus.] + +This island he called San Salvador, because he and his crew had been +saved from a watery grave, and also because October 12 was so named +in the Spanish calendar. + +Columbus supposed San Salvador to be one of the islands near the coast +of Asia, but it is one of the Bahamas. + +Thus was America discovered on the 12th of October, 1492. + +The natives of this island were different from any people the Spaniards +had ever seen. They were of a reddish-brown color, and had high cheek +bones, small black eyes, and straight black hair. They were entirely +naked, and their bodies were greased and painted. Their hair was +decorated with feathers, and many of them were adorned with curious +ornaments. + +They were at first very much afraid of the white men and kept far away. +But gradually they lost their fear and brought the Spaniards presents +of bananas and oranges. Some of them gathered courage enough to touch +the Spaniards and pass their hands over them, as if to make certain +that they were real beings. These men, whose skin was so white, they +thought to be gods who had come down from the sky. + +When Columbus asked them where they found the gold of which many of +their ornaments were made, they pointed toward the south. Then +Columbus took some of them with him to search for the land of gold. + +The next land he reached was the island of Cuba. Thinking that this +was a part of India, he called the natives Indians. He then sailed +to Haiti, which he called Hispaniola, or "Little Spain." For more than +three months Columbus cruised among these islands, where the air was +always balmy, the sky clear, and the land beautiful. The sailors +believed these new lands were Paradise, and wanted to live there +always. + +At length, however, they thought of returning to their home and friends. +So, taking several Indians with them, and many curious baskets and +ornaments, they set out on their return voyage. + +This voyage proved to be very stormy, and at one time it seemed certain +that the ships would go down; but after a time the sea grew quiet, +and on the 15th of March they sailed again into the little harbor of +Palos. + +You can imagine the excitement. + +"What! has Columbus returned?" asked the people. "Has he really found +the East by sailing westward?" + +"Yes, he has," was the answer. "He has found India." + +Columbus was given a royal welcome. The king and queen held a great +celebration in his honor at Barcelona; and when the Indians marched +into court the astonishment of every person was great. The Indians +were half naked; their dark bodies were painted, and their heads were +adorned with feathers. They carried baskets of seed pearls, and wore +strange ornaments of gold. Some carried the skins of wild animals, +and others carried beautiful birds of brilliant plumage. Every +inhabitant of Barcelona rejoiced, and the bells were rung in honor +of the great discoverer. + +It was a happy time for Columbus. He felt repaid for all his suffering +and trouble. + +[Illustration: The Return of Columbus.] + +King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella now wished Columbus to go again to +these newly discovered islands and search for the gold that was thought +to be there. You may be sure Columbus was willing to go. So they fitted +out seventeen vessels, manned by fifteen hundred men, and placed +Columbus in command of this fleet. It was no trouble to find men who +were willing to go on this voyage. All wanted to see the new world +that had been found. + +During this second voyage, which was made in 1493, Columbus discovered +Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and some small islands in the Caribbean Sea. + +On the island of Jamaica the Spaniards came upon the footprints of +some strange animal which they thought to be a dragon. This dragon +they believed was guarding the gold which they supposed was on the +island. So they ran back to their ships in fear. Later on they became +used to seeing these footprints, and found that they were those of +alligators. At Puerto Rico they suffered from a savage attack made +by the natives, who shot poisoned arrows and threw javelins at them. +But in most other places the natives were very friendly. + +Columbus thought this land was a part of the east coast of Asia, and +he could not understand why he did not find cities such as Marco Polo +had described. + +Columbus then sailed to Hispaniola, where he planted a colony, of which +he was made governor. It was not an easy matter to govern this island, +because of the jealousies and quarrels of the Spaniards. At length +Columbus returned to Spain, ill and discouraged. + +Columbus made a third voyage in 1498, during which he sailed along +the coast of Brazil, and discovered Trinidad Island. Here his ships +encountered currents of fresh water which flowed with great force into +the ocean. This led Columbus to think that so large a river must flow +across a great continent, and strengthened his opinion that the land +was a part of the great continent of Asia. + +[Illustration: Map Showing how Columbus Discovered America.] + +After sailing farther north along the Pearl Coast, which was so called +because of the pearls found there, he returned to Hispaniola. Here +he found the Spaniards engaged in an Indian war, and quarreling among +themselves. Some officials became jealous of him, bound him with +chains, and sent him back to Spain a prisoner. Ferdinand and Isabella +were much displeased at this treatment of Columbus, and set him free. + +A fourth voyage was made by Columbus in 1502, during which he explored +the coast of Honduras in search of a strait leading to the Indian Ocean. +In this venture he was unsuccessful. On his return to Spain he found +his friend Queen Isabella very ill, and nineteen days after his arrival +she died. + +After Isabella's death the king treated Columbus cruelly and +ungratefully. The people had become jealous of him, and his last days +were spent in poverty and distress. He never knew that he had +discovered a new continent, but supposed that he had found India. + +Seven years after his death the king repented of his ingratitude, and +caused the remains of Columbus to be removed from the little monastery +in Valladolid to a monastery in Seville, where a magnificent monument +was erected to his memory. In 1536 his bones were removed to the +Cathedral of San Domingo in Hispaniola, and later they were taken to +the cathedral in Havana. + +When the United States took possession of Cuba, the Spanish +disinterred the bones of Columbus again and carried them to Spain, +placing them in the cathedral of Seville, where they now are. + + + + +VASCO DA GAMA. + + +Both the Spaniards and the Portuguese were cut off from trade with +the East, because the Turks had taken possession of Constantinople. +In consequence of this, the navigators of both countries were making +earnest efforts to find a water route to India. + +[Illustration: Vasco da Gama.] + +Spain, as you know, had faith in Columbus, and helped him in his plan +of trying to reach India by sailing westward. But the Portuguese had +a different idea. They spent their time and money in trying to sail +round the African coast, in the belief that India could be reached +by means of a southeast passage. + +This southeast passage could be found only by crossing the "burning +zone," as the part of the earth near the equator was called; and all +sailors feared to make the attempt. + +It was thought almost impossible to cross this burning zone, and the +few navigators who had ventured as far as the equator had turned back +in fear of steaming whirlpools and of fiery belts of heat. + +In 1486, six years before Columbus discovered America, the King of +Portugal sent Bartholomew Diaz, a bold and daring navigator, to find +the end of the African coast. + +Bartholomew Diaz sailed through the fiery zone without meeting any +of the dreadful misfortunes which the sailors so feared. When he had +sailed beyond the tropic of Capricorn, a severe storm arose. The wind +blew his three vessels directly south for thirteen days, during which +time he lost sight of land. When the sun shone again, Diaz headed his +vessels eastward, but as no land appeared, he again changed the +direction, this time heading them toward the north. After sailing +northward a short time, land was reached about two hundred miles east +of the Cape of Good Hope. + +Diaz now pushed on four hundred miles farther along the coast of Africa, +and saw the wide expanse of the Indian Ocean before him. Here the +sailors refused to go any farther, and Diaz, although he wanted very +much to go ahead and try to reach India, was obliged to return. + +On the way home, the vessels passed close to the cape which projects +from the south coast of Africa, and Diaz named it Stormy Cape, in memory +of the frightful storm which hid it from view on the way down. When +they reached Lisbon, however, King John said that it should be called +the Cape of Good Hope, because they now had hope that the southern +route to India was found. + +Diaz won much praise for his bravery and patience in making this voyage. +He had proved that the stories about the fiery zone were false, and +that the African coast had an end. + +[Illustration: Spanish and Portuguese Vessels.] + +It remained, however, for Vasco da Gama, then a young man of about +twenty years of age, to prove that India could be reached in this way. + +In 1497 Da Gama sailed from Lisbon to the Cape of Good Hope, doubled +the cape, and proceeded across the Indian Ocean to Hindustan. + +He returned to Lisbon in 1499, his ships loaded with the rich products +of the East, including cloves, spices, pepper, ginger, and nutmeg. +He also brought with him rich robes of silk and satin, costly gems, +and many articles made of carved ivory, or of gold and of silver. + +The King of Portugal was greatly pleased with what Da Gama had +accomplished, and his successful voyage was the wonder of the day. + +[Illustration: Costume of Explorers.] + +The same year that Da Gama returned from India by a route around the +south end of Africa, with his ships loaded with rich produce, Sebastian +Cabot returned from a fruitless voyage to the strange, barren coast +of North America. + +It was no wonder that the voyages of Columbus and the Cabots were +thought unsuccessful as compared with the voyage Da Gama had just +finished. + +No one then dreamed of a New World; all were searching for the +Orient--for golden Cathay. + + + + +JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT'S VOYAGES. + + +John Cabot was a Venetian merchant, and a bold seafaring man. For +purposes of trade he had taken up his home in Bristol, England. Bristol +at that time was the most important seaport of England, and carried +on a large fishing trade with Iceland. + +[Illustration: Sebastian Cabot.] + +When the news of the voyage of Columbus reached Bristol, Cabot begged +the English king, Henry VII., to let him go and see if he could find +a shorter route to the Indies. The king gave his consent, and told +Cabot to take possession of any land he might discover for England. + +Cabot fitted out his vessel and, taking his son Sebastian and a crew +of eighteen men with him, set sail in 1497. He headed his ship westward, +hoping to reach the Spice Islands and that part of Asia which was so +rich in gold, and which Columbus had failed to find. At last, one sunny +morning in June, land was sighted in the distance. + +This land, which was probably a part of Nova Scotia, proved to be a +lonely shore with dense forests. Cabot called it "Land First Seen." +It was entirely deserted, not a human being nor a hut of any kind being +in sight. + +Here Cabot and his son Sebastian and some of his crew went ashore, +and were the first white men, excepting the Norsemen, to step upon +the mainland of America. Up to this time, Columbus had discovered only +islands of the West Indies. A year later than this he discovered the +continent of South America. Cabot and his companions erected a large +cross on the shore, and planted two flagpoles in the ground, from which +they unfurled the English and Venetian flags. Then they returned to +their ships, and, after sailing about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, went +back to England. + +King Henry and the people received John Cabot with great honor. +Everybody thought that Cabot had reached Asia, and he also believed +that he had. He was called the "Great Admiral," and the people of +Bristol ran after him on the street, shouting his name and trying in +every way to show him how much they admired and honored him. The king +gave him fifty dollars in money, which seems to us in these days a +small sum for so long and dangerous a voyage. Besides this, the king +urged him to undertake another voyage. + +About a year later Sebastian Cabot made the second voyage, and this +time the gloomy shore of Labrador was reached. + +Sebastian on his voyage sailed far north, passing many icebergs, and +seeing many strange and wonderful sights. + +On great blocks of ice that floated past the ship he saw immense white +bears. These bears were fine swimmers, and would often leap into the +water and bring out fish, which they would devour greedily. The waters +were filled with fish, and, as the ship neared the shore, they grew +so numerous as almost to retard the sailing of the vessel. + +"Now," said Cabot, "the English will not have to go to Iceland any +more for fish." + +But Cabot knew that the lands he was seeking were warm lands. So he +turned his vessel south, hoping to reach some opening which would lead +to them. To his great surprise, he found the coast very long and without +any opening, and he sailed on and on as far as Maryland, taking +possession of the land for England. + +At places along this shore were seen Indians, clad in skins and furs +of wild animals, fishing from little canoes. Stags much larger than +any in England were seen in great numbers, and wild turkeys and game +of all sorts abounded. + +Then Sebastian Cabot began to think that this was a part of Asia never +known before, and he set sail for home to tell the wonderful news. + +When he reached Bristol he found everybody still interested in India. +It was a water route to India that was wanted, and not a new country. +People cared more about reaching golden Cathay than about finding new, +barren lands. + +So, although King Henry was proud to know that the new land belonged +to England, it was eleven years before he made any further attempt +to send ships there to take possession. + + + + +AMERIGO VESPUCCI. + + +Amerigo Vespucci was a native of Florence, Italy, and a friend of +Columbus. He was an educated man and very fond of study. + +[Illustration: Amerigo Vespucci.] + +At the time in which he lived it was difficult to find the latitude +and longitude of places, and few people were able to calculate either +correctly. Vespucci was skillful in the work of computing longitude, +and he was also well versed in the history of all the voyages that +had been made. He was familiar with the facts of astronomy and +geography then known, and was well able to conduct the sailing of a +ship into strange waters. + +It is believed that Vespucci made six voyages. He did not command his +own vessels, as Columbus did, but he went with the expedition as +assistant or adviser to the captain, keeping records of the voyage +and making maps and charts. + +In his first voyage, made in 1497, Vespucci reached the coast of +Honduras, and sailed into the Gulf of Mexico. Here he found, probably +on the coast of Yucatan, a queer little sea village which reminded +him of the great city of Venice near his home. + +[Illustration: A Queer Little Sea Village.] + +The houses in this village were made of wood, and were built on piles +running out into the water. These houses were connected with the shore +by bridges, which were constructed in such a manner that they could +be drawn up, thus cutting off all connection with the land. In one +house Vespucci found six hundred people. A very large family, was it +not? + +Continuing the voyage around the Gulf of Mexico, Vespucci saw many +strange and wonderful things. The natives roasted and ate frightful +animals, which from the description given us we now know to have been +alligators. They also made cakes, or patties, out of fish, and baked +them on red-hot coals. The Spaniards were invited to taste these +dainties, and those of the sailors who did so found the strange food +very palatable. + +After sailing round the coast of Florida, the ships headed northeast, +landing every now and then for the purpose of trading with the Indians. +The Spaniards, finding but little gold and none of the rich spices +for which they were looking, at last decided to return home. + +Just before sailing, some friendly Indians helped the Spaniards to +make an attack upon a cannibal island. The attack was successful, and +about two hundred cannibals were taken prisoners and carried to Spain, +where they were sold as slaves. + +Vespucci made a second voyage in 1499, in which he sailed down the +African coast to the Cape Verde Islands, and then headed his ship +almost directly west. He sighted land at Cape St. Roque, and then +sailed northwest, exploring the north coast of South America, then +called the Pearl Coast. After this he returned to Spain. + +Shortly after the return of Vespucci to Spain, he accepted an offer +to take service under the Portuguese flag. + +In 1501 he set sail from Lisbon with three caravels, under this flag. +He reached the coast of South America near Cape St. Roque, and sailed +south as far as the South Georgia Islands. + +As he proceeded southward, he found the country was inhabited by fierce +Indians, who ate their fellow-creatures. He did not like the natives, +as you may suppose; but he thought the country was beautiful, with +the wonderful verdure and foliage of the tropics, and the queer animals +and bright-colored birds. + +Great was the joy of Vespucci when he discovered in the forests large +quantities of a sort of red dyewood which was prized very highly by +Europeans. This wood, which had hitherto been found only in Eastern +countries, was called brazil wood; and because of its abundance there, +he gave the name Brazil to that part of the country. + +The expedition sailed slowly on and at length lost sight of land. It +is thought that Vespucci headed the ships southeast because he wished +to find out whether there was land or not in the Antarctic Ocean. + +As they sailed farther and farther south, the climate became very +disagreeable. The winds grew cold and forbidding, fields of floating +ice hindered the progress of the vessel, and the nights became very +long. + +The sailors grew frightened, fearing that they were entering a land +of constant darkness. Their fear became greater when a terrific storm +arose. The sea grew rough, and the fog and sleet prevented the sailors +from seeing whether land was near or not. The land which they had hoped +to find now became an added danger. + +One day, through the sleet and snow, the sailors saw with terror a +rocky, jagged coast in front of them. + +This land proved to be the South Georgia Islands, and was a wretched +and forlorn country composed of rocks and glaciers, and entirely +deserted. For a day and a half they sailed in sight of this frightful +shore, fearing each moment that their ship would be cast on the rocks +and that they would all perish. As soon as the weather permitted, +therefore, Vespucci signaled his fleet, and the ships were headed for +home, reaching Portugal in 1502. + +This voyage secured Brazil for Portugal, and added greatly to the +geographical knowledge of the day. + +The ancients had said that no continent existed south of the equator. +But the great length of coast along which Vespucci had sailed proved +that the land was not an island. It was plainly a continent, and south +of the equator. + +Vespucci called the land he found the New World. For a time it was +also called the Fourth Part of the Earth, the other three parts being +Europe, Asia, and Africa. In 1507 a German writer published an account +of the discovery, in which he called the new country America, in honor +of Americus Vespucius,[1] the discoverer. + +[Footnote 1: Americus Vespucius is the Latin form of Amerigo +Vespucci.] + +This land was not connected in any way with the discovery of Columbus, +for he was supposed to have found Asia. + +The name America was at first applied only to that part of the country +which we now call Brazil, but little by little the name was extended +until it included the whole of the Western Continent. + +You will be glad to know that Vespucci, in the time of his success, +did not forget his old friend Columbus, who was then poor and in +disgrace. Vespucci visited him and did all he could to assist him. + +After Vespucci had made three other voyages to the New World, he was +given an important government position in Spain, which he held during +the remainder of his life. + + + + +PONCE DE LEON. + + +You have heard many surprising things which the people of the fifteenth +century believed. It seems almost impossible for us to think that those +people really had faith in a Fountain of Youth; yet such is the case. + +[Illustration: Ponce de Leon.] + +This fountain was supposed to exist somewhere in the New World, and +it was thought that if any one should bathe in its waters, he would +become young and would never grow old again. + +In 1513 Ponce de Leon, who was then governor of Puerto Rico, sailed +from that island in search of this Fountain of Youth. De Leon was an +old man, and he felt that his life was nearly over, unless he should +succeed in finding this fountain. At the same time De Leon wished to +gain gold, for, though he had already made a fortune in Puerto Rico, +he was still very greedy. + +The expedition under his guidance sailed among the Bahamas and other +islands near them, and at length reached a land beautiful with flowers, +balmy with warm breezes, and cheerful with the song of birds. Partly +because this discovery was made on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards +called Pascua Florida, and partly because of the abundance of flowers, +De Leon called the land Florida. + +He took possession of this delightful country for Spain, and then spent +many weeks exploring its coast. After sailing north as far as St. +Augustine, and finding neither gold nor the fabled Fountain of Youth, +De Leon turned his vessels and proceeded south, doubling the Florida +Cape. Shortly afterwards he became discouraged and returned to Puerto +Rico. + +In 1521 De Leon went again to Florida, this time for the purpose of +planting a colony. The Indians were very angry that the white men +should try to take their land, and they made a fierce attack upon De +Leon and his party. In this attack De Leon received a severe wound, +which compelled him to go to Cuba for care and rest. There he died +after much suffering. + +De Leon never found the Fountain of Youth, nor were the fabled waters +discovered afterwards. + + + + +BALBOA. + + +The Spanish colonists on the island of Hispaniola made frequent visits +to the mainland, searching for the rich cities of which Marco Polo +had written. + +Word reached the colonists that some of these gold hunters were +starving at a place called Darien, and a ship was immediately sent +to their relief. The cargo of the ship consisted of barrels of +provisions and ammunition. + +Imagine, if you can, the amazement of the commander of the expedition +when, after his ships were under sail, a young and handsome man stepped +out of one of the barrels. The young man was Vasco Nunez Balboa. He +had chosen this way to escape from Cuba, where he owed large sums of +money which he could not pay. The commander was angry, and threatened +to leave Balboa on a desert island; but at length he took pity on the +young man, and allowed him to remain on board the ship. + +When the mainland was reached, the Spaniards who were already there, +having heard of the cruelty of the commander, refused to let him land. +He therefore put off to sea, and was never heard of again. Balboa then +took command of the men and began immediately to explore the country. + +He made a friendly alliance with an Indian chief, who presented him +with gold and slaves. The Spaniards were delighted at the sight of +so much riches. They began to melt and weigh the gold, and at last +fell to quarreling desperately about the division of it. + +This the Indians could not understand. They knew nothing of money, +and valued the metal only because it could be made into beautiful +ornaments. + +An Indian boy who had heard the dispute told the Spaniards that if +they cared so much about that yellow stuff, it would be wise for them +to go to a country where there was enough of it for all. + +The Spaniards eagerly questioned him regarding this place. The boy +then described a country across the mountains and to the south, on +the shores of a great sea, where the metal was so plentiful that the +natives used it for their ordinary drinking cups and bowls. + +Balboa immediately started southward across the mountains in search +of this rich country. On his way he came upon a tribe of hostile Indians, +who attacked him, but who fled in alarm from the guns of the Spaniards. + +[Illustration: Balboa Crossing the Isthmus.] + +Taking some Indians as guides, Balboa pushed on through the mountains, +and on September 25, 1513, from one of the highest peaks, looked down +upon the Pacific Ocean. + +[Illustration: Balboa Discovering the Pacific.] + +With his Spaniards he descended the mountain, and in four days reached +the shore of that magnificent body of water. Balboa waded out into +it with his sword in his hand, and formally took possession of it for +the King of Spain. He called it the South Sea, because he was looking +toward the south when he first saw it; and the Pacific Ocean was known +by this name for many years afterward. + +On this shore he met an Indian who repeated to him the same story that +the Indian boy had told about the rich country on the border of this +sea and farther to the south. + +Balboa then made up his mind to find this country. Accordingly he +returned to Darien, and sent word to the Spanish king of his great +discovery of the South Sea. + +He then began to take his ships apart, and to send them, piece by piece, +across the mountains to the Pacific coast. + +This was an enormous undertaking. The journey was a very difficult +one, and hundreds of the poor Indians who carried the burdens dropped +dead from exhaustion. + +At length, after long months of labor, four ships were thus carried +across the mountains and rebuilt on the Pacific coast. These were the +first European vessels ever launched on the great South Sea. Three +hundred men were in readiness to go with Balboa on his voyage in search +of the rich country of the South. + +A little iron and a little pitch were still needed for the ships, and +Balboa delayed his departure in order to get these articles. + +The delay gave his enemies, who were jealous because of his success, +time to carry out a plot against him. They accused him of plotting +to set up an independent government of his own, and caused him to be +arrested for treason. In less than twenty-four hours this brave and +high-spirited leader was tried, found guilty, and beheaded. So ended +all his ambitious plans. + + + + +MAGELLAN. + + +One of the boldest and most determined of all the early explorers was +Ferdinand Magellan, a young Portuguese nobleman. He felt sure that +somewhere on that long coast which so many explorers had reached he +would find a strait through which he would be able to pass, and which +would lead into the Indian Ocean; and so Magellan formed the idea of +circumnavigating the globe. + +[Illustration: Ferdinand Magellan.] + +He applied to the King of Portugal for aid; but as the Portuguese king +was not willing to help him, he went to Spain, where his plan found +favor. + +The Spanish king gave him a fleet of five vessels, and on September +20, 1519, he set sail for the Canary Islands. Continuing the voyage +toward Sierra Leone, the vessels were becalmed, and for a period of +three weeks they advanced only nine miles. Then a terrific storm arose, +and the sailors, who had grumbled and found fault with everything +during the entire voyage, broke into open mutiny. This mutiny Magellan +quickly quelled by causing the principal offender to be arrested and +put in irons. + +The voyage was then continued, and land was at last sighted on the +Brazilian coast, near Pernambuco. + +The fleet then proceeded down the coast as far as Patagonia, where +the weather grew so very cold that it was decided to seek winter +quarters and postpone the remainder of the journey until spring. This +was done, Magellan finding a sheltered spot at Port St. Julian, where +plenty of fish could be obtained and where the natives were friendly. + +These native Patagonians Magellan described as being very tall, like +giants, with long, flowing hair, and dressed scantily in skins. + +Great hardships had been endured by the crew. Food and water had been +scarce, the storms had been severe, and suffering from cold was intense. +The sailors did not believe there was any strait, and they begged +Magellan to sail for home. It was useless to try to influence this +determined man. Danger made him only the more firm. Magellan told them +that he would not return until he had found the opening for which he +was looking. + +Then the mutiny broke out anew. But Magellan by his prompt and decisive +action put it down in twenty-four hours. One offender was killed, and +two others were put in irons and left to their fate on the shore when +the ships sailed away. + +As soon as the weather grew warmer the ships started again southward. +After nearly two months of sailing, most of the time through violent +storms, a narrow channel was found, in which the water was salt. This +the sailors knew must be the entrance to a strait. + +Food was scarce, and the men again begged Magellan to return; but he +firmly refused, saying: "I will go on, if I have to eat the leather +off the ship's yards." + +So the ships entered and sailed through the winding passage, which +sometimes broadened out into a bay and then became narrow again. Among +the twists and windings of this perilous strait, one of the vessels, +being in charge of a mutinous commander, escaped and turned back. + +On both sides of the shore there were high mountains, the tops of which +were covered with snow, and which cast gloomy shadows upon the water +below them. + +[Illustration: Strait of Magellan.] + +Think of the feelings of the crew when, after sailing five weeks +through this winding channel, they came out into a calm expanse of +water. Magellan was overcome by the sight, and shed tears of joy. He +named the vast waters before him Pacific, which means "peaceful," +because of their contrast to the violent and stormy Atlantic. + +The fleet now sailed northwest into a warmer climate and over a +tranquil ocean, and as week after week passed and no land was seen, +the sailors lost all hope. They began to think that this ocean had +no end, and that they might sail on and on forever. + +These poor men suffered very much from lack of food and water, and +many died of famine. The boastful remark of Magellan was recalled when +the sailors did really begin to eat the leather from the ship's yards, +first soaking it in the water. + +Anxiously these worn and haggard men looked about for signs of land, +and at length they were rewarded. The Ladrone Islands were reached, +and supplies of fresh vegetables, meats, and fruits were obtained. +From the Isles de Ladrones, or "Isles of Robbers," the fleet proceeded +to the Philippines. + +Here Magellan knew that he was near the Indian Ocean, and realized +that if he kept on in his course he would circumnavigate the globe. + +It was on one of the Philippine Islands that this "Prince of +Navigators" lost his life in a skirmish with the natives. He was, as +usual, in the thickest of the fight, and while trying to shield one +of his men was struck down by the spear of a native. + +One of his ships, the _Victoria_, continued the voyage around Cape +of Good Hope, and on September 6, 1522, with eighteen weary and +half-starved men on board, succeeded in reaching Spain. + +Great hardships had been endured, but the wonderful news they brought +made up in some measure for their suffering. + +This was the greatest voyage since the first voyage of Columbus, and +the strait still bears the name of the remarkable man whose courage +and strength of purpose led to the accomplishment of one of the +greatest undertakings ever recorded in history. + +This wonderful voyage of Magellan's proved beyond doubt that the earth +is round. It also proved that South America is a continent, and that +there is no short southwest passage. + +After this voyage all the navigators turned their attention to the +discovery of a northwest passage. + + + + +HERNANDO CORTES. + + +The Spaniards who lived on the island of Hispaniola sent frequent +expeditions to the mainland in the hope of finding gold. + +Hernando Cortes, a dashing young Spaniard with a love of adventure +and a reckless daring seldom seen, was given command of one of these +expeditions. + +[Illustration: Hernando Cortes.] + +In March, 1519, he landed on the coast of Central America, with about +six hundred men, ten heavy guns, and sixteen horses. Here Cortes found +the natives in large numbers arrayed against him. A fierce battle was +fought. But the firearms of the Spaniards frightened the barbarians, +and when the cavalry arrived the Indians fled in terror. The Indians, +who had never seen horses before, thought the man riding the horse +was a part of the animal, and that these strange creatures were sent +by the gods. Fear made the Indians helpless, and it was easy for Cortes +to gain a victory over them. + +After this victory Cortes sailed northward along the coast of San Juan +de Ulloa. The natives of that region had heard of the wonderful +white-skinned and bearded men who bore charmed lives, and they thought +that these men were gods. They, therefore, treated the Spaniards in +a friendly manner, and brought gifts of flowers, fruits, and +vegetables, and also ornaments of gold and silver to Cortes. + +Here Cortes landed and founded the city of Vera Cruz, which is to-day +an important seaport of Mexico. The native Indians in this place were +called Aztecs. Some of their chiefs, who paid a visit to Cortes, told +him of the great Emperor Montezuma, who was rich and powerful, and +who lived inland, in a wonderful city built in a lake. + +By these chiefs Cortes sent to Montezuma presents of collars, +bracelets, and ornaments of glass, an armchair richly carved, and an +embroidered crimson cap. In return, Montezuma sent shields, helmets, +and plates of pure gold, sandals, fans, gold ornaments of exquisite +workmanship, together with robes of fine cotton interwoven with +feather work, so skillfully done that it resembled painting. The cap +which Cortes had sent was returned filled with gold dust. + +The great Montezuma also sent a message to Cortes, saying that he would +be glad to meet so brave a general, but that the road to the Mexican +capital was too dangerous for an army to pass over. He also promised +to pay a yearly tribute to the Spanish king if Cortes and his followers +would depart and leave him in peace. + +[Illustration: Aztecs.] + +The Spaniards were jubilant when they saw the superb gifts. They felt +certain that this great emperor must have enormous wealth at his +command, and in spite of the warning message, most of them wished to +start immediately for the Mexican capital. Some, however, thought such +a course very unwise; Montezuma, they said, was so powerful a ruler +that it was absurd to attack him with their small force, and they +advised returning to Cuba for a large number of soldiers. + +But Cortes had his own ideas on the subject. So he secretly ordered +his ships to be sunk, and then, all chance of retreat being cut off, +the entire force proceeded toward Mexico, August 16, 1519. + +After a long march, the Spaniards began to ascend the plateau on which +the city of Mexico is situated, and finally reached the top of it, +seven thousand feet high. + +They found the climate on this plateau temperate and balmy. The fields +were cultivated, and beautiful flowers grew wild in profusion. + +During the march the Spaniards passed many towns containing queer +houses and temples. They entered many of the temples, threw down the +idols, and took possession of ornaments of value. At length they saw +in the distance a city which was built in a salt lake. Three avenues, +built of stone, led across the water to it. + +These avenues, which were four or five miles in length, were guarded +on both sides by Indians in canoes. The avenues continued through the +city, meeting in the center, where the great temple was situated. + +The temple was inclosed by a huge stone wall, and contained twenty +pyramids, each a hundred feet in height. Nearly all of the houses were +two stories high, and were built of red stone. The roofs were flat, +with towers at the corners, and on top of the roofs there were beautiful +flower gardens. + +Into this remarkable town Cortes and his followers marched. Montezuma +received his unwelcome guests with every mark of friendship, and with +much pomp and ceremony. The great emperor was carried on a litter, +which was richly decorated with gold and silver. The nobles of his +court surrounded him, and hundreds of his retainers were drawn up in +line behind him. + +[Illustration: Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma.] + +The first thing, when Cortes and Montezuma met, was the customary +exchange of presents. Cortes presented Montezuma with a chain of +colored glass beads, and in return the Aztec ruler gave Cortes a house +which was large enough to accommodate all of the Spaniards. + +For ten days these two men met each other and exchanged civilities, +Cortes pretending to be paying a friendly visit, and Montezuma feeling +puzzled and uncertain. + +At length Cortes induced Montezuma to go to the house where the +Spaniards were living, and then, when he got him there, refused to +allow him to leave, thus keeping him a prisoner in his own city. + +This daring act aroused the suspicions of the Aztecs. But Cortes used +all his cunning to deceive these simple-hearted people and to make +them continue to think that the Spaniards were gods. Still, the Aztecs +were beginning to feel very bitter toward Cortes and his followers +because of the disrespect with which they treated the Aztec temples +and gods. The Spaniards were constantly throwing these gods out of +the temples. Even their great god of war was not safe. + +Cortes openly derided this image, calling it trash, and proposing to +erect the emblems of the Spanish religion in its place in the Aztec +temples. + +Now, the Aztec god of war was a frightful image with golden serpents +entwined about the body. The face was hideous, and in its hand was +carried a plate upon which were placed human hearts as sacrifices. +But to the Aztecs the image was sacred, and this insult, together with +many others which had been offered their gods, made the natives very +angry. + +One day the Aztecs discovered that some of the Spaniards had died. +This knowledge dispelled the fear that their unbidden visitors were +gods, and they attacked the Spaniards with great fury. + +The Aztec warriors wore quilted cotton doublets and headdresses +adorned with feathers. They carried leather shields, and fought +fiercely with bows and arrows, copper-pointed lances, javelins, and +slings. Though by comparison few in numbers, the Spaniards, who were +protected by coats of mail, made great havoc with their guns and +horses. + +The battle between these unequal forces raged with great fury, and +for a time the result was uncertain. Cortes compelled Montezuma, his +prisoner, to show himself on the roof of his house and try to persuade +the Aztecs to stop fighting. + +The Indians, however, no longer feared their emperor, and instead of +obeying him, they made him a target for their arrows and stones. In +the midst of the fight, the great Montezuma was finally knocked down +and killed by one of his former subjects. + +After a desperate struggle, the Spaniards were forced to retreat. +While making their escape over the bridges of the city they were +attacked by Indian warriors in canoes, and more than half of their +number were killed. + +[Illustration: Aztec Ruins.] + +Notwithstanding this defeat and the loss of so many men, Cortes did +not give up his design of conquering Mexico. He made an alliance with +hostile tribes of Indians, and again attacked the city. + +The Aztecs had now a new king, named Gua-te-mot-zin, who was as brave +and determined as Cortes himself. Guatemotzin made preparations to +oppose Cortes, and during the terrible siege which followed never once +thought of surrendering or of asking for peace. + +The Spaniards made attack after attack, and terrible battles were +fought, in which the loss on both sides was very great. During one +of these battles Cortes was nearly captured, and it seemed as though +the war god was to be avenged upon the man who had so insulted him. +But a young Spaniard rushed to the assistance of Cortes, and with one +blow of his sword cut off the arms of the Indian who had dared to seize +the Spanish leader. + +After a time the Aztecs found themselves prisoners within their own +city. The Spaniards had cut off all means of escape, and the Indians +were starving to death. Their sufferings were terrible, and hundreds +dropped down daily in the streets. Yet the proud king Guatemotzin +refused to submit, and Cortes ordered a final attack. After furious +fighting Guatemotzin was captured, and the Aztecs surrendered. Their +cruel religion, with its strange gods and human sacrifices, was now +overthrown. + +Cortes, with his few followers, never more than one thousand trained +soldiers, had succeeded in conquering a country larger than Spain. +Over a million Mexicans had perished, and those that remained left +the city and fled to the mountains. + +In this way the magnificent civilization of the ancient Mexicans was +destroyed. Shiploads of treasures were sent by Cortes to the Spanish +king, Charles V., who rejoiced at the glory gained for his country. + + + + +FRANCISCO PIZARRO. + + +Among the men who had been with Balboa, and who had heard of the +wonderful country of the Incas, was Francisco Pizarro. He determined +to find this rich country and to conquer it. + +[Illustration: Francisco Pizarro.] + +Securing a band of about two hundred men, well armed and mounted on +strong horses, he led them, in spite of terrible hardships, over +mountains, through valleys, and across plateaus to Cajamarca, the city +where the Inca, or king, was then staying. + +The natives gazed at the Spaniards in wonder and dread. These simple +people thought that the white-faced, bearded strangers, who carried +thunderbolts in their hands, and who rode such frightful-looking +animals, were gods. In spite of their fear, the Indians received the +strangers kindly, and gave them food and shelter. + +That evening, Pizarro and De Soto, taking with them thirty-five +horsemen, visited the Inca and arranged with him for a meeting next +day in the open square. It was a strange visit. The Inca was surrounded +by his slaves and chieftains, and was very polite to the strangers. + +But the Spaniards began to feel very uneasy. An army composed of +thousands of Indians was encamped only two miles away; and compared +with it, the two hundred men of Pizarro appeared powerless. The +situation of the Spaniards, should the Inca decide to oppose them, +seemed without hope. + +Pizarro scarcely slept that night. He lay awake planning how he might +take the Inca prisoner. + +The next day, about noon, the Indian procession approached the market +place. First came attendants who cleared the way; then followed nobles +and men of high rank, richly dressed, and covered with ornaments of +gold and gems. Last came the Inca, carried on a throne of solid gold, +which was gorgeously trimmed with the plumes of tropical birds. + +The Indian monarch wore rich garments adorned with gold ornaments, +and around his neck was a collar of superb emeralds of great size and +brilliancy. He took his position near the center of the square, his +escort, numbering several thousand, gathered around him. + +Looking about, the Inca failed to see any of the Spaniards. + +"Where are the strangers?" he asked. + +Just then Pizarro's chaplain, with his Bible in his hand, approached +the Inca. The chaplain said that he and his people had been sent by +a mighty prince to beg the Inca to accept the true religion and consent +to be tributary to the great emperor, Charles V., who would then +protect them. + +The Inca grew very angry at this, and declared that he would not change +his faith nor be any man's tributary. He then indignantly threw the +sacred book upon the ground, and demanded satisfaction from the +Spaniards for this insult to him. + +At this the priest gave the signal, and the Spaniards rushed from their +hiding-places and attacked the panic-stricken Indians. The Inca and +his attendants were wholly unprepared, being unarmed and utterly +defenseless. + +The Spaniards charged through them, showing no mercy, their swords +slashing right and left, and their prancing horses trampling the +natives under foot. The guns and firearms of the Spaniards made such +havoc and confusion that the terrified Indians offered no resistance. +Indeed, they could not offer any. + +In the vicinity of the Inca the struggle was fierce. The Indians, +faithful to the last to their beloved monarch, threw themselves before +him, shielding him with their naked bodies from the swords of the +Spaniards. At last, as night drew near, the Spaniards, fearing that +the Inca might escape, attempted to kill him. + +[Illustration: The Spaniards Attacking the Inca's Escort.] + +But Pizarro desired that he should be taken alive, and in a loud voice +ordered his followers, as they valued their own lives, not to strike +the Inca. Stretching out his arm to save the monarch, Pizarro received +a wound on his hand, This was the only wound received by a Spaniard +during the attack. + +At length the Inca was cast from his throne, and, falling to the ground, +was caught by Pizarro. He was then imprisoned and placed under a strong +guard. As soon as the news of the capture of the Inca spread, all +resistance ceased. Many of the Indians fled to the mountains, leaving +untold wealth at the disposal of their conquerors, while others +remained, hoping to be able to assist their fallen ruler. + +As soon as the Inca had an opportunity, he tried to think of some way +of obtaining his freedom. + +The room in which he was confined was twenty-two feet in length by +seventeen feet in width. Raising his hand as high as he could, the +Inca made a mark upon the wall, and told Pizarro that gold enough to +fill the room to that mark would be given as a ransom for his release. + +Pizarro agreed to this bargain, and the natives began to send gold +to the Inca to secure his release. Some of the treasures in the temples +were buried and hidden by the priests; but ornaments of all kinds, +vases, and plate were collected, and in a few months gold amounting +to fifteen millions of dollars in our money was divided among the +Spaniards. + +Millions of dollars' worth of gold and silver were shipped to Spain, +and the Spanish nation grew very wealthy. Pizarro himself returned +to Spain to take Charles V. his share of the plunder. During Pizarro's +absence the Spaniards caused the Inca to be killed, notwithstanding +the large ransom which they had accepted. + +The richer the Spanish people grew, the more careless they became in +their treatment of other nations and of those under their rule. They +grew more cruel and more merciless and more greedy for gold. They +flocked in great numbers to South America, a reckless, adventurous, +unprincipled horde, ready to commit any crime in order to secure gold. + + + + +FERDINAND DE SOTO. + + +Among the men who had been with Pizarro in Peru was Ferdinand de Soto, +a bold and dashing Spanish cavalier. + +[Illustration: Ferdinand de Soto.] + +De Soto was appointed governor of Cuba in 1537, and at the same time +received permission from the Spanish king to conquer Florida. This +permission to conquer Florida was received by De Soto with great +delight. He felt certain that in the interior of Florida there were +cities as large and as wealthy as those of Peru. To conquer these cities, +obtain their treasure, and win for himself riches and fame, was the +dream of De Soto. + +Strange as it may seem to you, De Soto was also anxious to convert +the natives to his own religion. He intended to take from them all +their possessions, but he meant to save their souls, if possible. + +So, leaving his young and beautiful wife Isabella to rule over Cuba +in his absence, De Soto, in May, 1539, started from Havana with nine +vessels, about six hundred men, and two hundred and twenty-three +horses. + +After a safe voyage, the expedition landed on the coast of Florida, +at Tampa Bay. Before starting on the march to the interior of the +country, De Soto sent all the vessels back to Cuba. In this way he +cut off all hope of retreat, in case the men should become discouraged. +But no one thought of wanting to return now. Everybody was in high +spirits. + +The soldiers wore brilliant uniforms, their caps were adorned with +waving plumes, and their polished armor glistened and sparkled in the +sunshine. + +In the company were twelve priests, who were expected to convert the +prisoners which De Soto meant to capture. The Spaniards carried with +them chains to secure these prisoners, and bloodhounds to track them +in case any escaped. + +It was a gay company which marched off into the interior of Florida +with prancing horses, waving flags and banners, and beating drums. + +At first De Soto marched directly north, plunging into a wilderness +which proved to be almost impassable. The country was full of swamps, +through which the horses could scarcely travel. The large trees were +bound together by tangled vines; and their roots, which protruded from +the earth, were like traps, catching the feet of the travelers and +throwing them to the ground. + +Besides all this, the heavy baggage which the men and horses carried +weighed them down and made the journey almost impossible. + +De Soto, however, kept bravely on, encouraging his men as best he could, +and at last reached the Savannah River. Here he changed his course +to westward, hoping to find gold in that direction. + +Week after week, month after month, the Spaniards traveled on through +a dense wilderness, enduring great hardships and finding nothing but +tribes of hostile Indians. + +De Soto asked one of these Indian chiefs to give him slaves enough +to carry his baggage through the forest. The chief refused; whereupon +De Soto and his men attacked the tribe and took many prisoners. These +prisoners De Soto caused to be chained together and placed in front +of the expedition, where they were made to act as guides as well as +slaves. + +Then De Soto asked the Indians where the great cities with gold and +silver treasures were. One Indian said he did not know of any. At this +reply De Soto caused the Indian to be put to death with frightful +torture. This made the Indians untruthful, and they told De Soto many +different stories of places where they thought gold might be found. + +So the expedition wandered on, searching for the gold which they never +found; and the men grew discouraged and heartsick, and longed for home. + +[Illustration: De Soto Marching through the Forest.] + +The Indian tribes, angry at the cruel treatment of the Spaniards, +attacked them frequently, and De Soto and his men scarcely ever enjoyed +a peaceful rest at night. The Spaniards were unused to Indian warfare, +and were no match for the quick, nimble savages, who glided through +the forests silently and swiftly. These Indians never came to open +battle, but hid themselves behind rocks and trees, and were scarcely +ever seen. Two or three would suddenly appear, send a shower of arrows +at the Spaniards, and then dart away again into the woods. The Indians +scarcely ever missed their aim, and the Spaniards never knew when they +were near. + +One day De Soto captured some Indians who said that they knew where +gold was to be found and that they would show the way to the place. +De Soto only half trusted them, but he allowed them to lead the way. +The cunning savages led the Spaniards into an ambush, where other +Indians attacked them fiercely, killing their horses and many of their +men. + +As punishment for this act, De Soto ordered that these Indians should +be torn to pieces by the bloodhounds. + +Sometimes the Spaniards, in their wanderings, passed camps where the +Indians were gathered round huge bonfires, singing, dancing, yelling, +and shouting the terrible Indian war whoop. Under shelter of this noise +the Spaniards would steal quietly away and avoid the Indians for a +time. + +At length, after wandering for two years, De Soto came, in 1541, to +the shore of a large river. This river was wide and muddy, and had +a strong current which carried much driftwood along with it. De Soto +learned from the Indians that it was called Mississippi, or the "Father +of Waters." + +[Illustration: De Soto Discovers the Mississippi River.] + +He had reached it near the spot where the city of Memphis now stands, +and here his company halted and camped. + +At this place the Spaniards built rafts, striking the fetters from +their captives in order to use the iron for nails, and so crossed the +river. They hoped in this way to escape from their savage foes; but +on the other side of the river they found Indians who were just as +fierce. + +So the Spaniards traveled south, hoping by following the course of +the river to reach the sea. This De Soto soon found to be impossible, +as the country was a wilderness of tangled vines and roots, and his +followers could not cross the many creeks and small rivers which flowed +into the Mississippi. The horses traveled through this country with +difficulty, often being up to their girths in water. Each day saw the +little band grow less in numbers. + +At length they returned to the banks of the river, being guided back +by their horses. The men lost their way in the dreadful forest, but +the instinct of the noble animals directed them aright. + +Food was growing scarce, and De Soto himself was taken ill. He knew +that unless something should be done soon to make the Indians help +them, all would perish. So he sent word to an Indian chief saying that +he was the child of the sun, and that all men obeyed him. He then +declared that he wanted the chief's friendship, and ordered him to +bring him food. + +The chief sent back word that if De Soto would cause the river to dry +up he would believe him. This, of course, De Soto could not do. + +He was disappointed and discouraged at not being able to get food. +The illness from which he was suffering grew worse, and he died soon +afterwards. + +His followers were anxious to hide his death from the natives, who +were very much afraid of him. So they placed his body in the hollow +of a scooped out tree, and sunk it at midnight in the water. + +Those of his followers who were left decided to try to reach home by +following the river to its mouth. These men were in a wretched +condition. Their clothing was nearly all gone. Few of them had shoes, +and many had only the skins of animals and mats made of wild vines +to keep them warm. They built seven frail barks and sailed down the +Mississippi, avoiding Indians all the way, and in seventeen days they +came to the Gulf of Mexico. + +In fifty days more they succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement +on the coast of Mexico, where they were received with much joy. + +Of the gay company of six hundred and twenty who had set out with such +high hopes, only three hundred and eleven men returned. + + + + +THE GREAT RIVER AMAZON, AND EL DORADO. + + +As you may imagine, there was great excitement and curiosity in Spain, +after the voyages of Columbus, about the new lands beyond the Western +Ocean. + +Several of the men who had sailed with Columbus were ready to undertake +new voyages of discovery. Among them was Yanez Pinzon. + +You will remember that when Columbus made his first voyage he set out +with three vessels. One of these was the _Nina_. It was commanded by +Yanez Pinzon. + +[Illustration: The Nina.] + +After Columbus had returned from his second voyage, Yanez Pinzon +succeeded in fitting out a fleet to go to the New World. + +In 1499 he sailed with four caravels from Palos, the same port from +which Columbus had sailed. Pinzon took with him some of the sailors +who had been with Columbus, and also his three principal pilots. These +pilots were men who understood how to use the astrolabe and to tell +the course of the ship at sea. + +Pinzon's fleet sailed toward the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and +after passing them its course was southwest across the Atlantic. At +length the fleet crossed the equator, and Pinzon was the first explorer +to cross the line in the western Atlantic. + +The fleet sailed on for nearly five hundred miles to the southward. +Here Pinzon met a terrific storm, which came very near sending his +whole fleet to the bottom. He was now not far from the coast, and after +the storm was over he discovered land. The land proved to be the most +eastern point of South America. This was in the month of January, in +the year 1500. + +Pinzon and a company of his men went ashore. They did not remain long, +however, as they found the Indians very hostile. The Indians attacked +the Spaniards and killed several of their number. They were so furious +that, after chasing the Spaniards to their boats, they waded into the +sea and fought to get the oars. The Indians captured one of the rowboats, +but the Spaniards at last got off to their vessels. + +Pinzon then set sail and steered northward along the coast. + +When his fleet came near the equator, he noticed that the water was +very fresh. Accordingly he gave orders to fill the water casks of his +fleet. The freshness of the water of the sea led him to sail in toward +the shore. + +At length he discovered whence the large volume of fresh water came. +It flowed out of the mouth of a great river. + +It was the mouth of the river Amazon, and so great is the volume of +water which it pours into the sea that its current is noticed in the +ocean two hundred miles from the shore. + +This fact is not so surprising when we learn that the main mouth of +this great river is fifty miles wide, that the river is four thousand +miles long, including its windings, and that, besides many smaller +branches, it has five tributaries, each over a thousand miles long, +and one over two thousand miles long, flowing into it. + +Pinzon anchored in the mouth of the river, and found the natives +peaceful. In this respect they were unlike those he had met farther +south. They came out to his ships in a friendly way in their canoes. +But when Pinzon, a short time later, left the river, he cruelly carried +off thirty-six of the Indians who had been friendly to him. + +While Pinzon's fleet was in the mouth of the river, it came a second +time near being wrecked. + +Pinzon was, of course, in strange waters. He did not know that twice +each month the tide does not rise in the usual way, but rushes up the +mouth of the Amazon with great force. The tide, as a rule, is about +six hours in rising and six hours in falling. In the mouth of the Amazon, +however, at new moon and at full moon the tide swells to its limit +in two or three minutes. It comes as a wall of water, twelve or fifteen +feet high, followed by another wall of the same height. Often there +is a third wall of water, and at some seasons of the year there is +a fourth wall. + +This peculiar rising of the tide is called the _bore_. The noise of +this rushing flood can be heard five or six miles off. It comes with +tremendous force, and sometimes uproots great trees along the banks. +During the few days when the tide rushes up the river in this way +vessels do not remain in the main channel, but anchor in coves and +protected places. + +Pinzon, as we have said, did not know about the sudden rising of the +tide. His fleet was anchored in the main channel when the bore came, +and it dashed his vessels about like toy boats and almost wrecked them. + +After repairing the damage done to his fleet, he made up his mind that +there was little gold to be found in those parts, and so he sailed +out of the mouth of the great river, and then turned northward along +the coast. + +It may be of interest to know what befell Pinzon after he left the +mouth of the Amazon. We will tell you briefly. + +He sailed along the coast to the northwest, and passed the mouth of +the Orinoco, another large river of South America. About a hundred +and fifty miles beyond the Orinoco, he entered a gulf and landed. Here +he cut a large quantity of brazil wood to take back to Spain. + +[Illustration: Scene on the Orinoco River.] + +Then he sailed for the island of Hispaniola, now called Haiti. From +this island he sailed to the Bahama Islands. + +It was July when he reached the Bahamas. Misfortune again came to his +fleet. While anchored in the Bahamas a hurricane came up, and two of +his vessels were sunk. A third was blown out to sea. The fourth vessel +rode out the storm, but the crew, thinking all the while she would +sink, took to their small boats and at length reached the shore. The +Indians came to them when they landed, and proved friendly. + +After the hurricane was over, the vessel that had been carried out +to sea drifted back. As soon as the sea was smooth enough Pinzon and +his men went on board the two remaining vessels and set sail for +Hispaniola. + +At Hispaniola he repaired his vessels, and then sailed back to Spain. +He reached Palos in September. + +About three months after Pinzon sailed away from the mouth of the +Amazon it was visited by a Portuguese navigator named Cabral. Although +the Portuguese were not so fortunate as to discover America, yet they +had been very active in making discoveries for seventy years and more +before Columbus's first voyage. + +In 1420 they discovered the Madeira Islands. In 1432 they discovered +the Azore Islands, which lie eight hundred miles west of Portugal in +the Atlantic Ocean. Their vessels, from time to time, had been pushing +farther and farther down the west coast of Africa. In the middle of +the century as many as fifty-one of their caravels had been to the +Guinea coast, or the Gold Coast, as it was more often called. In 1484, +eight years before Columbus discovered America, they had discovered +the mouth of the Kongo River on the African coast. + +It is not surprising, then, that their navigators were pushing out +across the Atlantic soon after Columbus had led the way. + +But though Cabral sailed along the whole coast of Brazil, and took +possession of it in the name of the King of Portugal, he did not learn +any more about the great river at the mouth of which he anchored than +did Pinzon. Had he waited a few months, or had he returned to the river, +he might easily have explored its course. For from July to December +of each year the east wind blows steadily up the Amazon, and Cabral +could have spread his sails and kept them spread as he sailed up the +river for two thousand miles or more to the eastern foot of the great +mountains of South America, the Andes. + +The exploration of the Amazon, however, fell to the lot of another +man, Francisco Orellana by name. Orellana did not sail up the river +from its mouth, but came down it from one of its sources. This was +in 1540, many years, as you see, after Pinzon and Cabral had anchored +at the mouth. + +Orellana was one of Pizarro's men, and had been with him when the Inca +of Peru was taken and afterwards put to death. It was Francisco Pizarro, +as you well know, who conquered Peru. After Francisco Pizarro had +conquered the country, he made his brother, Gonzalo Pizarro, governor +of Quito. + +This brother, while at Quito, made up his mind to cross the Andes +Mountains and explore the country beyond. So he got ready an expedition, +and made Orellana his lieutenant; Orellana was, therefore, second in +command of the expedition. + +The army was made up of three hundred and fifty Spaniards, four +thousand Indians, and one thousand bloodhounds for hunting down the +natives. + +They had a hard march over the Andes, and suffered very much in crossing. +When they were over the mountains, they discovered a river flowing +toward the southeast. This was the river Napo. + +Pizarro had had so hard a march across the Andes that he felt his men +could not stand it to go back by the same way. He therefore encamped +by the Napo River, and spent seven months in building a vessel to hold +his baggage and those of his men who were ill. + +He put Orellana in charge of the vessel, and ordered him to float slowly +down the river while the other part of the army marched along the shore. +The march was very slow and toilsome, and after a few weeks the food +began to get low. + +At this time Pizarro heard of a rich country farther down the stream, +where the Napo flowed into a larger river. This country he wished to +reach. So he sent Orellana in the vessel, with fifty soldiers, down +the Napo to the larger river. There Orellana was to get food and +supplies for the army and then return. + +Pizarro waited and waited in vain for Orellana to return, and at last +he and his men had to find their way back across the Andes with scanty +food and undergo great hardships. + +Orellana and the soldiers with him were carried by the current swiftly +down the Napo, and in three days they came into the great river. It +was indeed a great river, for the Amazon at the place where the Napo +flows into it is a mile in width. + +Orellana expected to find here many people and plenty of food. He found, +however, only a wilderness. It was about like the country where Pizarro +and his army were encamped. + +Orellana could barely get food for himself and the men with him, much +less enough for Pizarro and his army. To return against the swift +current would be a heavy task. After thinking the matter over, he +decided to follow the great river to the sea. But he must first win +the soldiers who were with him over to his plan. This he soon succeeded +in doing, and they started down the Amazon. + +It was no easy journey. He and the soldiers suffered greatly. But in +August, 1541, after seven months of hardships, they reached the ocean, +and a short time after this they sailed to Spain. + +When Orellana reached Spain, he gave a glowing account of a wonderful +country, rich in precious metals, through which he had passed. +According to his story, it was far richer in gold than Peru. + +The name El Dorado, "The Golden," was given to this fabled country; +and for a score or more of years after Orellana had told his story, +efforts were made to find it. Expedition after expedition set out in +search of El Dorado. An explorer named Philip von Hutten, who led a +party southward into the country from the northern part of South +America, believed he caught sight of a city whose golden walls +glistened far away in the distance. But he never reached the shining +city which he thought he saw, nor was the fabled El Dorado ever found. + + + + +VERRAZZANO. + + +Verrazzano was a native of Florence, Italy, and a pirate like many +other sailors of that time. Being known as a daring seaman, he was +asked by Francis I., King of France, to take command of a fleet of +four vessels and try to find a western passage to rich Cathay. For +Francis had become very jealous of the Spaniards, and felt that his +country ought to have a share in the riches of the New World. + +[Illustration: Verrazzano.] + +Verrazzano sailed from France full of hope and joy; but he had gone +only a short distance when a severe storm arose, and two of his vessels +were lost sight of forever. The two remaining vessels were obliged +to return to France. + +After some delay Verrazzano started again, with one vessel called the +_Dauphine_. With this vessel he reached the island of Madeira, and +from this island he sailed, January 17, 1524, for the unknown world. + +The voyage lasted forty-nine days, after which time a long, low coast +was sighted in the distance. This coast, which was probably North +Carolina, afforded no landing place, and for some time Verrazzano +sailed north and then south, searching for one. The search proved +unsuccessful, and as the crew were in need of fresh water, Verrazzano +decided to send a boat ashore. + +So a small boat was manned, and the sailors tried very hard to reach +the shore, but the surf was so high that they were unable to do this. +At last one brave sailor jumped from the boat into the foaming breakers +and swam toward the shore. He carried in one hand presents for the +Indians, who were standing at the water's edge watching the strange +sight. At length the sailor succeeded in swimming so close to the shore +that he was able to throw the presents to the Indians. + +His courage then deserted him, and in terror he tried to swim back +to his vessel. The surf, however, dashed him on the sandy beach, and +he would have been drowned had not some of the Indians waded in and +dragged him ashore. These Indians quickly stripped him of all his +clothing and began to build an immense bonfire. The poor sailor thought +his end had come, and his former companions looked on from their ship +in horror at the preparations. + +[Illustration: Indians Rescuing the Sailor.] + +All of them thought that the Indians meant to burn him alive or else +to cook and eat him. To their great relief, the Indians treated him +very gently and kindly; they dried his clothes by the fire and warmed +him. + +These kind Indians looked very savage. Their skin was copper colored, +their long, straight hair was tied and worn in a braid, and their faces +were very stern; for, you know, an Indian never laughs or smiles. + +In spite of their fierce looks, however, they were very good to the +pale-faced stranger, and when he was strong again they led him back +to the shore, and he swam out to his ship. + +Verrazzano was glad to see his sailor return in safety from this +dangerous trip. The man had risked his life, but no water had been +obtained for the crew. So Verrazzano started northward, and along the +coast of Maryland he made a landing and secured the much-needed fresh +water. + +At this place the Frenchmen had an opportunity to return the kindness +that the Indians had shown their companion, but I am sorry to have +to tell you that they did not do so. While searching for the water, +Verrazzano and his followers came suddenly upon a little Indian boy, +whom they seized and carried off to their ship. The mother of the boy +came quickly from some bushes to rescue her son, and they would also +have stolen her, but she made so much noise that they were obliged +to run in order to escape from the rest of the tribe, who came to help +her. The Frenchmen reached their ship in safety with the poor little +Indian boy, and quickly set sail. + +Verrazzano proceeded northward, following the shore, and at length +came to a very narrow neck of water, with rising land on both sides. +Through this strait Verrazzano sailed, and, to his surprise, came out +into a broad and beautiful bay which was surrounded on all sides by +forests, and was dotted here and there with the canoes of Indians who +were coming out from the land to meet him. + +You have, of course, guessed that this strait was the Narrows, which +separates Staten Island from Long Island, and that the bay was the +beautiful New York Bay. + +Verrazzano followed the shore of Long Island to a small island, which +was likely Block Island. From this island he sailed into a harbor on +the mainland, probably Newport, where he remained fifteen days. Here +the Indians received their pale-faced visitors with great dignity and +pomp. Two of the Indian chiefs, arrayed in painted deer skins and +raccoon and lynx skins, and decorated with copper ornaments, paid +Verrazzano a visit of state. + +Soon after this Verrazzano sailed away, again northward. The climate +grew cooler and the country more rugged, and the vegetation changed. +Instead of the sweet-scented cypress and bay trees which the sailors +had admired along the Carolina coast, there were dark forests of +stately pines, which were grand but gloomy. + +Great cliffs of rock extended along the shores, and from these heights +the natives looked down upon the lonely little ship in fear, anger, +and amazement. At length they consented to trade with the pale-faces; +but they lowered a cord from the rocks and drew up the knives, fishhooks, +and pieces of steel which they demanded in exchange for furs and skins. +Once Verrazzano and a few of his men tried to land. But the Indians +fiercely attacked them, and a shower of arrows and the sound of the +dreaded war whoop caused the Europeans to fly to their ship for safety. + +So Verrazzano gave up the plan of landing among these fierce Indians, +and continued his voyage northward as far as Newfoundland. Here +provisions grew scarce, and Verrazzano decided to sail for home. + +The return voyage was a safe one, and Verrazzano was greeted with joy +when he arrived in France. Upon his discoveries the French based their +claim to all the country in the New World between Carolina and +Newfoundland, extending westward as far as land continued. + +Verrazzano wished very much to go again to this new land and try to +plant a colony and to convert the Indians to the Christian religion. +But France at this time was plunged into war at home, and all trace +of Verrazzano is lost. Some say that he made a second voyage, and that +while exploring a wild country he was taken prisoner and killed by +a savage tribe of Indians. The story that is most likely true is that +he did return to the New World, and that while there he was taken +prisoner by the Spaniards and hanged as a pirate. + + + + +THE FAMOUS VOYAGE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE--1577. + + +Under the rule of Queen Elizabeth England became noted for her bold +and daring seamen. These seamen were really pirates, or sea robbers; +but their occupation in those days was looked upon as a lawful one +by all except the people whom they plundered. + +[Illustration: Sir Francis Drake.] + +Queen Elizabeth encouraged the seafaring men to make voyages to the +New World, and also to attack the Spanish ships, because she was +displeased at the way the Spaniards were behaving. + +The Spaniards had grown very rich and powerful by means of the wealth +they had obtained in America, and in their pride they did not treat +the other nations properly. They had no idea of fairness. They were +selfish and wanted everything for Spain. + +The English people thought that the best place to attack the Spaniards +was in the New World. They well knew that if they could cut off the +supply of gold and silver which the Spanish nation was receiving from +South America and the Indies, that nation would suffer. + +Sir Francis Drake, a brave young knight of Elizabeth's court, formed +a plan to teach the Spaniards a lesson. This plan was approved by the +queen, and Drake was promised glory and riches if he should succeed +in carrying it out. + +In November, 1577, Drake sailed from Plymouth, England, with a fleet +of five vessels and one hundred and sixty-four men. He told every one +that he was going to make a voyage to Alexandria, as he did not wish +the Spaniards to know that he intended to cross the Atlantic. + +After a voyage of about five months, as they were sailing quietly along +one evening, the crew saw strange fires in the distance. At first the +sailors were alarmed; but on sailing nearer they saw that the fires +were on the shore of a strange country, which Drake knew to be South +America. + +The natives had built these immense bonfires near the water and were +preparing for some religious rites. + +These natives were friendly, and Drake, after procuring some fresh +supplies, sailed on, as he was in haste to reach Peru. The fleet soon +entered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed through without any mishap. + +On an island in the strait they found a great number of fowl of the +size of geese, which could not fly. The crew shot about three thousand +of these birds, and now, having plenty of provisions, they began the +journey up the west coast of South America. + +The Spaniards, never dreaming that any one would have the courage to +try to reach their lands by way of the Strait of Magellan, had made +no attempt to defend themselves from attack from the south. They feared +that their enemies might come down upon them by way of the isthmus, +and strong forces had been placed there to prevent any one from +crossing; but all the southern ports were defenseless. + +So Drake and his men sailed up the coast, dropping in at different +harbors, boldly taking everything of value that they saw, and then +gayly sailing away, laughing at the surprise they left behind them. + +At one place Drake found a Spanish ship laden with spoils, ready to +sail to Spain. The English quickly took possession of her, set her +crew ashore, and carried her out to sea. There they found that she +had on board pure gold amounting to thirty-seven thousand Spanish +ducats, stores of good wine, and other treasure. + +At one place where they landed Drake himself found a Spaniard lying +asleep near the shore, with thirteen bars of silver by his side. The +Englishmen took the silver and went quietly away, leaving the man to +finish his nap. + +[Illustration: Drake and the Sleeping Spaniard.] + +Farther on they met a Spaniard and an Indian boy driving eight llamas, +as the sheep of that country are called, toward Peru. Each llama had +on its back two bags of leather, and in each bag was fifty pounds of +silver. This silver Drake ordered to be placed on his ship, and then +he sailed away. + +Many other places were visited in this manner, and much treasure was +collected; but it was not until Drake reached Lima that the English +understood the great wealth of that country. About twelve ships were +in the harbor, some fully laden, and all unprotected, as the Spaniards +never dreamed of attack. These ships Drake proceeded to lighten of +their cargo by removing it to his own ships. + +He then gave chase to another vessel, which he heard was laden with +still greater treasure. This vessel he soon found, and the cargo proved +to be very valuable. Thirteen chests of plate, many tons of gold and +silver, jewels, precious stones, and quantities of silk and linen were +taken. + +As you may suppose, after continuing this work for some time Drake's +ships were very well loaded, and he and his companions began to think +about returning to England. Drake felt that it would not be safe for +him to return through the Strait of Magellan, as he knew the Spaniards +would be expecting him. So he decided to sail across the Pacific Ocean +to the Molucca Islands, and complete his journey by circumnavigating +the globe. + +He was at this time becalmed in the tropics, and therefore headed his +ships north, hoping to find the trade wind, which would carry him +across the Pacific. After proceeding north along a strange coast for +nearly a month, during which time the weather gradually became colder +and colder, Drake decided to enter a harbor and anchor his vessels. + +The people of the country were friendly, and as the English treated +them well, they remained so. They admired the brave Sir Francis Drake +so much that they begged him to stay with them and be their king. + +But Drake had no desire to be king over an Indian tribe. He wanted +to get back to his own good Queen Elizabeth and tell her of all the +wonderful things that had happened to him. So he took possession of +this country for England, and called it New Albion. + +New Albion was the land which is at present known as California, and +the bay in which Drake anchored is just north of San Francisco Bay. + +Then Drake prepared his ships for the voyage home, hoisted anchor, +and was soon sailing away in the direction of the Moluccas. These +islands he reached after a long voyage, and after visiting several +of the Indies he proceeded across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good +Hope and thence northward to England. He reached home in September, +1580, after an absence of three years. + +How glad Queen Elizabeth was to see him! She granted him the honor +of knighthood, and in other ways showed her pride in her brave subject. + +Drake's ship, the _Golden Hind_, was placed in a dock at Deptford, +where it stood for many years. People used to take their children to +see it, and they would tell them about the _Golden Hind_, the good +ship in which sailed the brave general, Sir Francis Drake, when he +taught the Spaniards a lesson. + +When the timber of the ship began to decay, a chair was made of some +of it and given to Oxford University, where it may be seen to this +day. + + + + +HENRY HUDSON. + + +Henry Hudson was one of the best sea captains in all England. He loved +the ocean, and he did not know the word "fear." + +[Illustration: Henry Hudson.] + +In 1607 a company of London merchants sent him to look for a northwest +passage to China. These merchants knew that if such a passage could +be found, the journey to China would be much shorter than by the +overland route then used. It would take less time to sail around the +earth near the pole than to sail around the earth near the equator. +Besides, every one who had attempted to reach China by sailing west +had reached, instead, that long coast of the New World, through which +but one opening had ever been found. The route through this opening, +the Strait of Magellan, had been proved by its discoverer, Ferdinand +Magellan, to be too long for use in commerce, so traders were trying +hard to find a northwest passage. + +Captain Hudson proceeded northwest from England, and tried to pass +between Greenland and Spitzbergen and sail across the north pole into +the Pacific. Failing in this attempt, he made a second voyage, during +which he tried to pass between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. This voyage +also was unsuccessful, and Hudson returned to England. He had found +no northwest passage, but he had sailed past mountains of snow and +ice and had been nearer the north pole than any man had ever been +before. + +Captain Hudson was not discouraged by his two failures. He still +believed a northwest passage could be found; and when the Dutch people +asked him to make a voyage for them in search of a passage to the Pacific +Ocean, he was quite willing to accept the offer. + +In 1609 Hudson sailed from Amsterdam in a small craft of eighty tons, +called the _Half Moon_. After sailing many days through fog and ice, +the sailors refused to go farther in that direction, and then Hudson +headed his ship across the Atlantic toward America. You may think it +strange that Hudson should change his plans so quickly, but he knew +what he was about. He had received a letter from his friend Captain +John Smith, who was then in Virginia, telling him that a northwest +passage was to be found along the coast of North America, north of +Chesapeake Bay. This letter Hudson had in mind when he started on his +voyage. + +He reached Chesapeake Bay, but did not enter it, as the weather was +stormy. Instead, he proceeded up the coast, looking for an opening. +At length, in September, he entered a beautiful bay. Into this bay +a wide river flowed which Hudson thought might be a strait that would +lead into the Pacific Ocean. The water in this opening was salt, and +this strengthened Hudson in the belief that it was the strait for which +he had been searching so long. At the mouth of the river there was +a beautiful island, long and narrow, and wooded to the shore. + +At first the island seemed deserted, but soon the sailors saw here +and there slender curling columns of smoke rising from among the trees. +This smoke showed them that the island was inhabited, and presently +an Indian appeared on the shore. + +[Illustration: The Half Moon on the Hudson River.] + +This Indian looked for a moment in astonishment at the ship, and then, +shouting the war whoop, bounded back into the forest. In a few minutes +he reappeared, bringing other Indians with him. All were amazed at +the sight of the strange ship, and they gazed in wonder and fear at +it and at the white-faced, bearded strangers. Little by little, +however, they lost their fear and talked with Captain Hudson. These +Indians told Hudson that the name of the beautiful island was Manhattan, +and that the stream led far, far to the north. + +So Hudson entered the river and sailed slowly north, enjoying the +charming scenery, and stopping now and then to trade and to talk with +the Indians. + +For twenty miles he sailed along a great wall of rock about five hundred +feet high, which we now know as the Palisades. This name was given +to the rocky wall because it looks like a palisade, or high fence of +stakes set close together and upright in the ground. + +Soon after this the river became very winding, and high mountains arose +on all sides. The _Half Moon_ now entered the beautiful Highlands, +and her crew were the first white men to see this enchanting spot. +The vessel sailed on, and at length it came to the place where the +city of Hudson now stands. Here an Indian chief invited the captain +to go ashore. Hudson did so, and the Indians prepared a great feast +in his honor. + +They gave him roast pigeons and a roast dog to eat. Hudson did not +like the dog meat very much, but the Indians insisted upon cooking +it for him. + +[Illustration: Hudson Feasting with the Indians.] + +The Indians wanted him to stay overnight with them, and one Indian +arose, and gathering together all the arrows, broke them and threw +them into the fire. By this act he meant to show Hudson that he and +his tribe would do him no harm. + +Hudson felt that he had no time to lose, but must go on and find out +whether this wonderful body of water would lead him into the Pacific. +So he bade the Indians good-by and sailed away. + +He went on up the river until the place was reached where Albany now +stands. Here the little _Half Moon_ was anchored. Indians came running +down to the shore in wonder at the sight of the strange vessel. They +brought with them strings of beaver skins, which they gave Hudson in +exchange for pieces of gold lace, glass beads, and other trinkets. +Hudson was quick to see the importance of this fur trade, and took +back with him many valuable furs. Here the stream had become narrow, +and was so shallow that the captain feared his vessel might run aground. +He knew at last that the water was a river and not a strait, and that +he was not likely to find here a passage to China. So Hudson, turning +back, started down the river. + +On the way down, an Indian who was in a canoe stole something from +the ship. One of the crew saw the Indian commit the theft, and, picking +up a gun, shot and killed him. This made the other Indians very angry, +and Hudson had several fights with them. + +Nevertheless the expedition reached the mouth of the river in safety, +and early in October Hudson returned to Amsterdam. He had not found +a northwest passage, but he had secured a large tract of country in +the New World for Holland. + +He told the Dutch about the rich furs to be found there, and they +immediately began to build trading posts where the cities of New York +and Albany now stand. + +The next year Hudson made another voyage in search of a passage to +Asia. This time he sailed far north into Hudson Bay. Here his crew +mutinied and refused to obey him. They seized him and put him, together +with his son, into an open boat, and set them adrift in the icy water. + +As Hudson was never heard of again, it is supposed that he perished +in the waters of the great bay which he discovered, and which still +bears his name. + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Discoverers and Explorers, by Edward R. 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