initial commit of ebook 22118HEADmain

181 files changed, 16714 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/22118-8.txt b/22118-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a01cc7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5495 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring
+Party , by Martin Robinson Delany
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party 
+
+
+Author: Martin Robinson Delany
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 22, 2007  [eBook #22118]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER
+VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY ***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Suzanne Shell, Janet Blenkinship, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY
+
+by
+
+MARTIN R DELANY
+
+Published 1861
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_Contents_
+
+
+  Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party
+
+
+    Section I. Political Movements                                    229
+
+   Section II. Succeeding Conventions                                 234
+
+  Section III. History of the Project                                 236
+
+   Section IV. Arrival and Reception in Liberia                       254
+
+    Section V. Liberia--Climate, Soil,
+               Productions, etc.                                      263
+
+   Section VI. Diseases--Cause--Remedy                                278
+
+  Section VII. The Interior--Yoruba                                   284
+
+ Section VIII. Topography, Climate, etc.                              288
+
+   Section IX. Diseases of This Part of Africa,
+               Treatment, Hygiene, Aliment                            312
+
+    Section X. Missionary Influence                                   332
+
+   Section XI. What Africa Now Requires                               338
+
+  Section XII. To Direct Legitimate Commerce                          345
+
+ Section XIII. Cotton Staple                                          351
+
+  Section XIV. Success in Great Britain                               361
+
+   Section XV. Commercial Relations in Scotland                       379
+
+  Section XVI. The Time to Go to Africa                               387
+
+ Section XVII. Concluding Suggestions                                 391
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
+
+
+On or about the latter part of July, 1853, the following document was
+sent on, and shortly appeared in the columns of "FREDERICK DOUGLASS'
+PAPER," Rochester, N.Y., and the "ALIENED AMERICAN," published and
+edited by William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.,
+which continued in those papers every issue, until the meeting of the
+Convention:
+
+CALL FOR A NATIONAL EMIGRATION
+CONVENTION OF COLORED MEN
+_To be held in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 24th, 25th, and
+26th of August, 1854_
+
+     MEN AND BRETHREN: The time has fully come when we, as an oppressed
+     people, should do something effectively, and use those means
+     adequate to the attainment of the great and long desired end--do
+     something to meet the actual demands of the present and prospective
+     necessities of the rising generation of our people in this country.
+     To do this, we must occupy a position of entire _equality_, of
+     _unrestricted_ rights, composing in fact, an acknowledged
+     _necessary_ part of the _ruling element_ of society in which we
+     live. The policy _necessary_ to the _preservation_ of this
+     _element_ must be _in our favor_, if ever we expect the enjoyment,
+     freedom, sovereignty, and equality of rights anywhere. For this
+     purpose, and to this end, then, all colored men in favor of
+     Emigration out of the United States, and _opposed_ to the American
+     Colonization scheme of leaving the Western Hemisphere, are
+     requested to meet in CLEVELAND, OHIO, TUESDAY, the 24th day of
+     AUGUST, 1854, in a great NATIONAL CONVENTION, then and there to
+     consider and decide upon the great and important subject of
+     Emigration from the United States.
+
+     No person will be admitted to a seat in the Convention, who would
+     introduce the subject of Emigration to the Eastern
+     Hemisphere--either to Asia, Africa, or Europe--as our object and
+     determination are to consider our claims to the West Indies,
+     Central and South America, and the Canadas. This restriction has no
+     reference to _personal_ preference, or _individual_ enterprise; but
+     to the great question of national claims to come before the
+     Convention.
+
+     All persons coming to the Convention must bring credentials
+     properly authenticated, or bring verbal assurance to the Committee
+     on Credentials--appointed for the purpose--of their fidelity to the
+     measures and objects set forth in this call, as the Convention is
+     specifically by and for the friends of Emigration, and none
+     others--and no opposition to them will be entertained.
+
+     The question is not whether our condition can be bettered by
+     emigration, but whether it can be made worse. If not, then, there
+     is no part of the wide spread universe, where our social and
+     political condition are not better than here in our native country,
+     and nowhere in the world as here, proscribed on account of color.
+
+     We are friends to, and ever will stand shoulder to shoulder by our
+     brethren, and all our friends in all good measures adopted by them
+     for the bettering of our condition in this country, and surrender
+     no rights but with our last breath; but as the subject of
+     Emigration is of vital importance, and has ever been shunned by all
+     delegated assemblages of our people as heretofore met, we cannot
+     longer delay, and will not be farther baffled; and deny the right
+     of our most sanguine friend or dearest brother, to prevent an
+     intelligent inquiry into, and the carrying out of these measures,
+     when this can be done, to our entire advantage, as we propose to
+     show in Convention--as the West Indies, Central and South
+     America--the majority of which are peopled our brethren, or those
+     identified with us in race, and what is more, _destiny_, on this
+     continent--all stand with open arms and yearning hearts,
+     importuning us in the name of suffering humanity to come--to make
+     common cause, and share one common fate on the continent.
+
+     The Convention will meet without fail at the time fixed for
+     assembling, as none but those favorable to Emigration are
+     admissible; therefore no other gathering may prevent it. The number
+     of delegates will not be restricted--except in the town where the
+     Convention may be held--and there the number will be decided by the
+     Convention when assembled, that they may not too far exceed the
+     other delegations.
+
+     The time and place fixed for holding the Conventions are ample;
+     affording sufficient time, and a leisure season generally--and as
+     Cleveland is now the centre of all directions--a good and favorable
+     opportunity to all who desire to attend. Therefore, it may
+     reasonably be the greatest gathering of the colored people ever
+     before assembled in a Convention in the United States.
+
+     Colonizationists are advised, that no favors will be shown to them
+     or their expatriating scheme, as we have no sympathy with the
+     enemies of our race.
+
+     All colored men, East, West, North, and South, favorable to the
+     measures set forth in this Call will send in their names
+     (post-paid) to M. R. DELANY, or REV. WM. WEBB, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+     that there may be arranged and attached to the Call, _five_ names
+     from each State.
+
+     We must make an issue, create an event, and establish a position
+     _for ourselves_. It is glorious to think of, but far more glorious
+     to carry out.
+
+     REV. WM. WEBB, M. R. DELANY, H. G. WEBB, THOS. A. BROWN, JOHN
+     JONES, R. L. HAWKINS, SAMUEL VENERABLE, JOHN WILLIAMS, A. F.
+     HAWKINS, S. W. SANDERS, JEFFERSON MILLER, _Pittsburgh, Pa._; REV.
+     A. R. GREEN, P. L. JACKSON, J. H. MAHONEY, G. HARPER, JONATHAN
+     GREEN, H. A. JACKSON, E. R. PARKER, SAMUEL BRUCE, _Allegheny City_;
+     J. J. GOULD BIAS, M.D., REV. M. M. CLARK, A. M. SUMNER, JOHNSON
+     WOODLIN, _Philadelphia_; JAMES M. WHITFIELD, JOHN N. STILL, STANLEY
+     MATTHEWS, _New York_.
+
+     This Call was readily responded to by the addition of names from
+     other States, which appeared in subsequent issues.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     At the Convention, which according to the Call sat in Cleveland
+     successively on Thursday, 24th, Friday, 25th, and Saturday, 26th of
+     August, 1854, the following States were represented: Rhode Island,
+     New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana,
+     Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia, and the
+     Canadas; the great body consisting of nearly sixteen hundred
+     persons. W. H. DAY, Esq., editor of the _Aliened American_, entered
+     the Convention, and the Chairman invited him forward, offering him
+     the privileges of the Convention, stating that wherever colored
+     people were, William Howard Day was free--whether or not he
+     altogether agreed in sentiment on minor points; and the Convention
+     unanimously concurred in the invitation given.
+
+     Mr. Day subsequently proffered to the Convention any books or
+     documents at his command for the use of that body.
+
+     The following permanent Institution was established:
+
+     ORGANIZATION OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
+
+     _Central Commissioners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania_--M. R. DELANY,
+     President; WM. WEBB, Vice-President; THOS. A. BROWN, Treasurer;
+     EDW. R. PARKER, Auditor; CHAS. W. NIGHTEN, Secretary; PROFESSOR M.
+     H. FREEMAN, A.M., Special For. Sec.; SAMUEL VENERABLE, ALFRED H.
+     JOHNS, SAMUEL BRUCE, PARKER SORRELL.
+
+     DEPARTMENTS
+
+     _Committee on Domestic Relations._--SAMUEL BRUCE, Chairman; SAMUEL
+     VENERABLE, CHARLES W. NIGHTEN. _Financial Relations._--THOMAS A.
+     BROWN, Chairman; PARKER SORRELL, ALFRED H. JOHNS. _Foreign
+     Relations._--REV. WM. WEBB, Chairman; M. R. DELANY, EDW. R. PARKER.
+     _Special Foreign Secretary._ PROF. MARTIN H. FREEMAN, A. M. _State
+     Commissioners._--_Massachusetts_--WM. C. NELL, _Boston_; C. L.
+     REMOND, Salem. _New York, Buffalo._--JAMES M. WHITFIELD, J.
+     THEODORE HOLLY. _Ohio, Cincinnati._--AUGUSTUS R. GREEN, PHILLIP
+     TOLIVAR, Jun. _Michigan, Detroit._--WILLIAM C. MUNROE, WILLIAM
+     LAMBERT. _Kentucky, Louisville._--CONAWAY BARBOUR, JAMES H. GIPSON.
+     _Missouri, St. Louis._--REV. RICH'D ANDERSON, REV. JORDAN BROWN.
+     _Virginia, Richmond._--RICHARD HENDERSON, JOHN E. FERGUSON.
+     _Tennessee, Nashville._--ELDER PETER A. H. LOWRY, CHARLES BARRATT.
+     _Louisiana, New Orleans._--JORDAN B. NOBLE, REV. JOHN GARROW.
+     _California, San Francisco._--HENRY M. COLLINS, ORANGE LEWIS.
+
+
+
+
+     II
+
+     SUCCEEDING CONVENTIONS
+
+
+     The Second Convention, pursuant to a call, was held in Cleveland,
+     in August, 1856, when some modification and amendments were made in
+     the Constitution, and some changes in the officers of the Board;
+     but the president was unanimously re-elected, and continued in
+     office until the close of the of the Third Convention, which met
+     pursuant to a call in the town of Chatham, Canada West, in August,
+     1858, when, resigning his position in the Board, the following
+     officers succeeded to the
+
+     GENERAL BOARD OF
+     COMMISSIONERS
+
+     CENTRAL COMMISSIONERS--CHATHAM, CANADA
+     WILLIAM HOWARD DAY, President
+     MATISON F. BAILEY, Vice-President
+     GEORGE WASH. BRODIE, Secretary
+     JAMES MADISON BELL, Treasurer
+     ALFRED WHIPPER, Auditor
+     MARTIN R. DELANY, Foreign Secretary
+
+     NOTE.--The names only of the Central Commissioners are here given,
+     the others being re-elected as chosen in 1856, at Cleveland.
+
+     OTHER MEMBERS
+
+     ABRAM D. SHADD
+     J. HENRY HARRIS
+     ISAAC D. SHADD
+
+     At an Executive Council Meeting of the Board, September 1st, 1858,
+     the following resolution, as taken from the Minutes, was adopted:
+     That Dr. Martin R. Delany, of Chatham, Kent Country, Canada West,
+     be a Commissioner to explore in Africa, with full power to choose
+     his own colleagues.
+
+
+
+
+     III
+
+     HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
+
+
+     In the winter of 1831-32, being then but a youth, I formed the
+     design of going to Africa, the land of my ancestry; when in the
+     succeeding winter of 1832-33, having then fully commenced to study,
+     I entered into a solemn promise with the Rev. Molliston Madison
+     Clark, then a student in Jefferson College, at Cannonsburg,
+     Washington County, Pennsylvania, being but seventeen miles from
+     Pittsburgh, where I resided (his vacations being spent in the
+     latter place), to complete an education, and go on an independent
+     and voluntary mission--to travel in Africa--I as a physician and he
+     as a clergyman, for which he was then preparing.
+
+     During these vacations of about seven weeks each, Mr. Clark was of
+     great advantage to me in my studies, he being then a man of
+     probably thirty years of age, or more, and in his senior year (I
+     think) at college.
+
+     This design I never abandoned, although in common with my race in
+     America, I espoused the cause, and contended for our political and
+     moral elevation on equality with the whites, believing then, as I
+     do now, that merit alone should be the test of individual claims in
+     the body politic. This cause I never have nor will abandon;
+     believing that no man should hesitate or put off any duty for
+     another time or place, but "act, act in the _living present_, act,"
+     _now_ or _then_. This has been the rule of my life, and I hope ever
+     shall be.
+
+     In 1850, I had fully matured a plan for an adventure, and to a
+     number of select intelligent gentlemen (of African descent, of
+     course) fully committed myself in favor of it. They all agreed that
+     the scheme was good; and although neither of them entered
+     personally into it, all fully sanctioned it, bidding me God-speed
+     in my new adventure, as a powerful handmaid to their efforts in
+     contending for our rights in America.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     In 1854, at the great Emigration Convention in Cleveland, my paper,
+     read and adopted as a "Report on the Political Destiny of the
+     Colored Race on the American Continent," set forth fully my views
+     on the advantages of Emigration.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Although the Call itself strictly prohibits the introduction of the
+     question of emigration from the American Continent or Western
+     Hemisphere, the qualification which directly follows--"This
+     restriction has no reference to _personal_ preference, or
+     _individual_ enterprise"--may readily be understood. It was a mere
+     policy on the part of the authors of those documents, to confine
+     their scheme to America (including the West Indies), whilst they
+     were the leading advocates of the regeneration of Africa, lest they
+     compromised themselves and their people to the avowed enemies of
+     the race.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     The Convention (at Cleveland, 1854), in its Secret Sessions made,
+     Africa, with its rich, inexhaustible productions, and great
+     facilities for checking the abominable Slave Trade, its most
+     important point of dependence, though each individual was left to
+     take the direction which in his judgment best suited him. Though
+     our great gun was leveled, and the first shell thrown at the
+     American Continent, driving a slaveholding faction into despair,
+     and a political confusion from which they have been utterly unable
+     to extricate themselves, but become more and more complicated every
+     year, _Africa was held in reserve, until by the help of an All-wise
+     Providence we could effect what has just been accomplished with
+     signal success_--a work which the most sanguine friend of the cause
+     believed would require at least the half of a century.
+
+     It is a curious, and not less singular historical fact, that a
+     leading political journal, and the first newspaper which nominated
+     Mr. James Buchanan, many years ago, for the Presidency of the
+     United States; and at a time whilst he was yet at the court of St.
+     James (1854), as Envoy Extraordinary, this paper was strongly
+     urging his claims as such, thus expresses itself, which gives a
+     fair idea of the political pro-slavery press generally, especially
+     in Pennsylvania, Mr. Buchanan's native State. I intended to give
+     the article entire, as alarm will be seen even at the commencement;
+     but pressure for space will prevent my quoting but a few sentences.
+     It is from the Pittsburgh _Daily Morning Post_, Wednesday, October
+     18th, 1854:
+
+
+     A GRAND SCHEME FOR THE COLORED RACE
+
+     In August last, a National Convention of colored people was held at
+     Cleveland, Ohio. It was composed of delegates from most of the
+     States. It was called the 'National Emigration Convention,' and its
+     objects were to consider the political destinies of the black race;
+     and recommend a plan of Emigration to countries where they can
+     enjoy political liberty, and form nations 'free and independent.'
+
+     The Committee then proceeds to mark out a grand scheme by which the
+     Negro race may be regenerated, and formed into free, intelligent,
+     and prosperous nations. The West India Islands, Central America,
+     and all the Northern and middle portions of South America,
+     including the whole of Brazil, are designated as the regions
+     desired; and that can be obtained as the seat of Negro civilization
+     and empire. These regions and islands together are represented as
+     containing twenty-four and a half millions of population; but
+     one-seventh of which, some three and a half millions, are whites of
+     pure European extraction; and the remainder, nearly twenty-one
+     millions, are colored people of African and Indian origin. This
+     immense preponderance of the colored races in those regions, it is
+     supposed, will enable them, with the aid of Emigration from the
+     United States, to take possession of all those countries and
+     islands, and become the ruling race in the empires to be formed out
+     of those wide and fruitful realms. The Committee expresses full
+     confidence in the practicability of this great undertaking; and
+     that nothing is wanting to its success at no distant day but
+     unanimity of sentiment and action among the masses of the colored
+     people. The climate of those regions is represented as entirely
+     congenial to the colored race, while to the European races it is
+     enervating and destructive; and this fact, added to the present
+     immense superiority of numbers on the part of the negroes, is
+     relied on as a sure guarantee of the success of the great
+     enterprise; and that their race could forever maintain the
+     possession and control of those regions.
+
+     Other great events, it is supposed, will follow in the train of
+     this mighty movement. With the West India Islands, and Central and
+     South America, composing free negro nations, slavery in the United
+     States would, they suppose, soon be at an end. The facility of
+     escape, the near neighborhood of friends and aid, it is urged,
+     would rapidly drain off from the Southern States all the most
+     intelligent, robust, and bold of their slaves.
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, of Pittsburgh, was the chairman of the committee
+     that made this report to the convention. It was, of course,
+     adopted.
+
+     If Dr. D. drafted this report, it certainly does him much credit
+     for learning and ability; and cannot fail to establish for him a
+     reputation for vigor and brilliancy of imagination never yet
+     surpassed. It is a vast conception of impossible birth. The
+     Committee seem to have entirely overlooked the strength of the
+     'powers on earth' that would oppose the Africanization of more than
+     half the Western Hemisphere.
+
+     We have no motive in noticing this gorgeous dream of 'the
+     Committee,' except to show its fallacy--its impracticability, in
+     fact, its absurdity. No sensible man, whatever his color, should be
+     for a moment deceived by such impracticable theories.
+
+     On the African coast already exists a thriving and prosperous
+     Republic. It is the native home of the African race; and there he
+     can enjoy the dignity of manhood, the rights of citizenship, and
+     all the advantages of civilization and freedom. Every colored man
+     in this country will be welcomed there as a free citizen; and there
+     he can not only prosper, and secure his own comfort and happiness,
+     but become a teacher and benefactor of his kindred races; and
+     become an agent in carrying civilization and Christianity to a
+     benighted continent. That any one will be turned aside from so
+     noble a mission by the delusive dream of conquest and empire in the
+     Western Hemisphere is an absurdity too monstrous and mischievous to
+     be believed. Yet 'the Committee's Report' was accepted, and
+     adopted, and endorsed by a 'National Convention;' and is published
+     and sent forth to the world.
+
+In July, 1855, Rev. James Theodore Holly, an accomplished black
+gentleman, now rector of St. Luke's Church, New Haven, Connecticut,
+U.S., was commissioned to Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Hayti, where he
+was received at court with much attention, interchanging many official
+notes during a month's residence there, with favorable inducements to
+laborers to settle.
+
+During the interval from the first convention, 1854 to 1858, as
+President of the Council, I was actively engaged corresponding in every
+direction, among which were several States of Central and South America,
+as well as Jamaica and Cuba; the Rev. J. T. Holly, who, during two years
+of the time, filled the office of Foreign Secretary, contributing no
+small share in its accomplishment.
+
+Immediately after the convention of 1856, from which I was absent by
+sickness, I commenced a general correspondence with individuals,
+imparting to each the basis of my adventure to Africa to obtain
+intelligent colleagues. During this time (the Spring of 1857), "Bowen's
+Central Africa" was published, giving an interesting and intelligent
+account of that extensive portion of Africa known on the large
+missionary map of that continent as Yoruba. Still more encouraged to
+carry out my scheme at this juncture, Livingstone's great work on Africa
+made its appearance, which seemed to have stimulated the
+Africo-Americans in many directions, among others, those of Wisconsin,
+from whom Mr. Jonathan J. Myers, a very respectable grocer, was
+delegated as their Chairman to counsel me on the subject. In the several
+councils held between Mr. Myers and myself, it was agreed and understood
+that I was to embody their cause and interests in my mission to Africa,
+they accepting of the policy of my scheme.
+
+At this time, I made vigorous efforts to accomplish my design, and for
+this purpose, among others, endeavored to obtain goods in Philadelphia
+to embark for Loando de St. Paul, the Portuguese colony in Loango, South
+Africa, where the prospect seemed fair for a good trade in beeswax and
+ivory, though Lagos, West Central Africa, was my choice and destination.
+Robert Douglass, Esq., artist, an accomplished literary gentleman
+(landscape, portrait painter, and photographer) of Philadelphia with
+whom I was in correspondence, sent me the following note:
+
+
+     MR. M. R. DELANY:--PHILADELPHIA, June 17, 1858
+
+     DEAR SIR--I think very highly of the intended Expedition to the
+     'Valley of the Niger.' I would be pleased to accompany it
+     professionally, if I were to receive a proper outfit and salary.
+     Dr. Wilson declines; but Mr. Robert Campbell, of the 'Institute for
+     Colored Youth,' a very accomplished Chemist, &c., &c., &c., says he
+     will gladly accompany the Expedition, if a proper support for his
+     family in his absence were assured. Rev. William Douglass, in
+     conversation with me, has expressed very favorable views. Hoping
+     you may be very successful, I remain in expectation of receiving
+     more detailed accounts of the plan, its prospects and progress,
+
+     Your friend and well-wisher,
+                    ROBERT DOUGLASS
+
+     _661, N. Thirteenth St., Phil._
+
+
+Up to this time, I had never before known or heard of Mr. Campbell, who
+is a West India gentleman, native bred in Jamaica, but the
+recommendation of Mr. Douglass, an old acquaintance and gentleman of
+unsullied integrity, accompanied as it was by the following note from
+Dr. Wilson, also an accomplished gentleman of equal integrity, a
+physician, surgeon, and chemist, who, being selected by me as Surgeon
+and Naturalist of the party, also recommended Mr. Campbell in a detached
+note which has been mislaid, was sufficient at the time:
+
+
+     DR. DELANY:--PHILADELPHIA, June 7th, 1858
+
+     DEAR SIR--I received your note of May 25th, through the kindness of
+     R. Douglass, Jr., and can truly say, I am highly gratified to learn
+     of so laudable an enterprise and expedition; and would be happy and
+     proud to be numbered with the noble hearts and brilliant minds,
+     identified with it. Yet, whilst I acknowledge (and feel myself
+     flattered by) the honor conferred upon me in being selected for so
+     important and honorable position, I regret to inform you, that it
+     will be wholly out of my power to accept.
+
+     Very respectfully,
+          JAMES H. WILSON
+
+     _838, Lombard Street._
+
+
+I have been the more induced to give the letters of Mr. Douglass and Dr.
+Wilson in favor of Mr. Campbell, because some of my friends were
+disposed to think that I "went out of the way to make choice of an
+entire stranger, unknown to us, instead of old and tried acquaintances,"
+as they were pleased to express it. I had but one object in view--the
+Moral, Social, and Political Elevation of Ourselves, and the
+Regeneration of Africa, for which I desired, as a _preference_, and
+indeed the only _adequate_ and _essential_ means by which it is to be
+accomplished, men of African descent, properly qualified and of pure and
+fixed principles. These I endeavored to select by corresponding only
+with such of my acquaintances.
+
+At the Council which appointed me Commissioner to Africa, having
+presented the names of Messrs. Douglass and Campbell, asking that they
+also might be chosen; at a subsequent meeting the following action took
+place:
+
+Whereas, Dr. Martin R. Delany, Commissioner to Africa, having presented
+the names of Messrs. Robert Douglas and Robert Campbell of
+Philadelphia, Pa., U.S., requesting that they be appointed
+Commissioners, the Board having made him Chief Commissioner with full
+power to appoint his own Assistants, do hereby sanction the appointment
+of these gentlemen as Assistant Commissioners.
+
+A paper was then laid before the Council, presenting the name and scheme
+of the party, which was received and adopted.
+
+Dr. Amos Aray, surgeon, a highly intelligent gentleman, and Mr. James W.
+Purnell, also an intelligent young gentleman, bred to mercantile
+pursuits, having subsequently sent in their names and received
+appointments by the Chief Commissioner, the following document was made
+out:
+
+
+     AFRICAN COMMISSION
+
+     The President and Officers of the General Board of Commissioners,
+     viz: William H. Day, A.M., President; Matison F. Bailey,
+     Vice-President; George W. Brodie, Secretary; James Madison Bell,
+     Treasurer; Alfred Whipper, Auditor; Dr. Martin R. Delany, Special
+     Foreign Secretary; Abram D. Shadd, James Henry Harris, and Isaac D.
+     Shadd, the Executive Council in behalf of the organization for the
+     promotion of the political and other interests of the Colored
+     Inhabitants of North America, particularly the United States and
+     Canada.
+
+     To all, unto whom these letters may come, greeting: The said
+     General Board of Commissioners, in Executive Council assembled,
+     have this day chosen, and by these presents do hereby appoint and
+     authorize Dr. Martin Robison Delany, of Chatham, County of Kent,
+     Province of Canada, Chief Commissioner; and Robert Douglass, Esq.,
+     Artist, and Prof. Robert Campbell, Naturalist, both of
+     Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America, to
+     be Assistant Commissioners; Amos Aray, Surgeon; and James W
+     Purnell, Secretary and Commercial Reporter, both of Kent County,
+     Canada West, of a Scientific Corps, to be known by the name of
+
+     THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY
+
+    The object of this Expedition is to make a Topographical, Geological
+    and Geographical Examination of the Valley of the River Niger, in
+    Africa, and an inquiry into the state and condition of the people of
+    that Valley, and other parts of Africa, together with such other
+    scientific inquiries as may by them be deemed expedient, for the
+    purposes of science and for general information; and without any
+    reference to, and with the Board being entirely opposed to any
+    Emigration there as such. Provided, however, that nothing in this
+    Instrument be so construed as to interfere with the right of the
+    Commissioners to negotiate in their own behalf, or that of any other
+    parties, or organization for territory.
+
+    The Chief-Commissioner is hereby authorized to add one or more
+    competent Commissioners to their number; it being agreed and
+    understood that this organization is, and is to be exempted from the
+    pecuniary responsibility of sending out this Expedition.
+
+    Dated at the Office of the Executive Council, Chatham, county of
+    Kent, Province of Canada, this Thirtieth day of August, in the year
+    of our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-eight.
+
+    By the President,
+    WILLIAM HOWARD DAY
+    ISAAC D. SHADD, Vice-President[1]
+    GEORGE W. BRODIE, Secretary
+
+So soon as these names with their destined mission were officially
+published, there arose at once from mistaken persons (_white_) in
+Philadelphia, a torrent of opposition, who presuming to know more about
+us (the blacks) and our own business than we did ourselves, went even so
+far as to speak to one of our party, and tell him that we were _not
+ready_ for any such _important_ undertaking, nor could be in _three
+years yet to come_! Of course, as necessary to sustain this, it was
+followed up with a dissertation on the _disqualification_ of the Chief
+of the Party, mentally and physically, _external_ appearances and all.
+So effectually was this opposition prosecuted, that colored people in
+many directions in the United States and the Canadas, were not only
+affected by it, but a "Party" of three had already been chosen and
+appointed to supersede us! Even without any knowledge on my part, claims
+were made in England in behalf of the "Niger Valley Exploring Party,"
+solely through the instrumentality of these Philadelphians.
+
+Such were the effects of this, that our preparatory progress was not
+only seriously retarded (I having to spend eight months in New York city
+to counteract the influence, where six weeks only would have been
+required), but three years originally intended to be spent in exploring
+had to be reduced to one, and the number of Commissioners from five to
+two, thereby depriving Mr. Robert Douglass from going, an old friend and
+most excellent gentleman, whose life, as well as that of his father
+before him, had been spent in efforts, not only of self-elevation, but
+the elevation also of his people. Many years ago, the accomplished
+articles of "Robert Douglass, Jun," to the _United States Gazette_, and
+other public journals, forced those negro-hating periodicals to respect
+at least the writer, if not his race. Dr. Aray, also an excellent
+gentleman who had given up business to join the party, was doomed to
+disappointment. And of Mr. Jas. W. Purnell--who met me in New York two
+weeks after my arrival, and through the whole eight months of adversity
+and doubtful progress, stood by me, performing the duty of Secretary,
+writing in every direction, copying, and from dictation for hours at a
+time--I cannot say too much. For a young gentleman inexperienced in such
+matters, he has no superior; and for integrity, true heartedness, and
+trustworthiness, in my estimation, he has few if any rivals. To his
+great and good uncle, under whom he was brought up, much of his
+character is to be credited.
+
+As an expression of the feelings of the most intelligent emigrationists
+with whom I corresponded generally in America, I give below two extracts
+from letters of Professor Freeman. The Professor is now as he then was,
+the Principal of Avery College.
+
+
+     ALLEGHANY CITY, April 14, 1858
+
+     MY DEAR FRIEND--Your letter of condolence was duly received, for
+     which we tender you our warmest thanks.
+
+     I have read Bowen's work, and shall to-day purchase Livingstone's.
+     I am more and more convinced that Africa is the country to which
+     all colored men who wish to attain the full stature of manhood, and
+     bring up their children to be men and not creeping things, should
+     turn their steps; and I feel more and more every day, that I made a
+     great mistake in not going there, when I was untrammelled by family
+     ties, and had the opportunity.
+
+     Respectfully yours,
+              M. H. Freeman
+
+Again the Professor says:
+
+     I see that Emigration has broken out in the East, and that ---- can
+     notice one now without scoffing at, which he could not in 1854.
+     Well, people can grow wondrously wise in four years. But it will
+     take several more _Olympiads_ to bring the leaders among us up to
+     the old Cleveland Platform of 1854.
+
+     All the fault of that movement was this, that it was at least one
+     generation ahead of the colored heads of our people. We may, if we
+     please, refuse to emigrate, and crouch like spaniels, to lick the
+     hand that beats us; but children's children at the farthest, will
+     have outgrown such pitiful meanness, and will dare to do all that
+     others have dared and done for the sake of freedom and
+     independence. Then all this cowardly cant about the unhealthy
+     climate, the voracious beasts, and venomous reptiles of Africa,
+     will be at a discount, instead of passing current as now for wisdom
+     and prudence.
+
+Mr. Campbell, who finally agreed voluntarily to be one of the "Niger
+Valley Exploring Party," spent some time with us in New York and some
+time in Philadelphia, but finally, in consequence of the doubtful
+prospects of my success, left, it would seem, at the suggestion and with
+the advice and recommendation of parties in Philadelphia, disconnected
+with and unknown to me, from whom he received letters of introduction
+for England. In justice to myself and party as organized, as well as the
+great cause and people whom I represent, I here simply remark, that this
+was no arrangement of mine nor our party, as such at the time; and
+whatever of success the visit was attended with, and benefit thereby
+accrued mutually to us in Africa, I as frankly decline any authority in
+the matter and credit to myself, as I should had the result proved what
+it might have done otherwise. I am only willing to claim that which is
+legitimately mine, and be responsible for my own doings whether good or
+bad; but this act the integrity of the Party was forced to acknowledge,
+as the following circular published in England will show:
+
+
+     EXPEDITION TO AFRICA TO PROMOTE THE CULTIVATION OF COTTON AND OTHER
+     PRODUCTS OF SLAVE-LABOR BY EMIGRANTS FROM AMERICA
+
+     A party, consisting of Martin R. Delany, M.D., Robert Campbell, J.
+     W. Purnell, Robert Douglass, and Amos Aray, M.D., (the last two
+     subsequently omitted) has been commissioned by a Convention of
+     Colored Persons, held at Chatham, C.W., to proceed to Africa, and
+     select a location for the establishment of an Industrial Colony.
+
+     While such an enterprise is of importance in the Evangelization and
+     Civilization of Africa, and in affording an asylum in which the
+     oppressed descendants of that country may find the means of
+     developing their mental and moral faculties unimpeded by unjust
+     restrictions, it is regarded as of still greater importance in
+     facilitating the production of those staples, particularly Cotton,
+     which now are supplied to the world chiefly by Slave Labor. The
+     effect of this would be to lessen the profits of Slavery, to render
+     in time the slave a burden to his owner, and thus furnish an
+     irresistible motive to Emancipation. Africa possesses resources
+     which, properly developed, must doubtless render her eventually a
+     great, if not the greatest, producer of all the products of Slave
+     Labor. And how would all good men rejoice to see the blow which
+     shall effectually prostrate the giant Slavery, struck by the Black
+     Man's arm! It is necessary, however, that civilized influences be
+     diffused in her midst or, at least, that facilities for rendering
+     available her products, be supplied equal to the demand for them.
+
+     It is the purpose of the party to proceed to Lagos, thence through
+     Abbeokuta to Rabba, on the Niger, about 350 miles from the coast;
+     to study the Agricultural and Commercial facilities of the country,
+     and the disposition of the Natives towards strangers as settlers;
+     also to negotiate for the grant or purchase of land, and to
+     ascertain the conditions on which we might be protected in the
+     usages of civilized life.
+
+     These objects being accomplished, the party will return and report
+     the result of their labors, when a considerable number of
+     intelligent and enterprising persons from the United States and
+     Canada, many of them intimately acquainted with the production of
+     Cotton, and its preparation for market, will be prepared to
+     emigrate.
+
+     Towards defraying the expenses of this undertaking, £500 has been
+     subscribed in America. This amount has been expended in providing
+     for the families of two of the party in their absence; in paying
+     the passage of Martin R. Delany and J. W. Purnell to Africa, direct
+     from America, and providing them a few articles of outfit; in
+     defraying the current expenses of the party since the 1st December
+     ult., while engaged in soliciting subscriptions and otherwise
+     forwarding the objects of the Expedition; and in providing the
+     Subscriber with the means of coming hither.
+
+     It is desired to raise in this country, in time to enable the
+     Subscriber to depart for Africa in June by the steamer from
+     Liverpool, an additional sum of £250, with which to provide other
+     articles of outfit, and goods for trading with the natives for the
+     means of subsistence, as well as to provide for other necessary and
+     contingent expenses.
+
+     The Subscriber will take the liberty of calling upon you
+     personally, at an early day, to solicit your aid in this
+     enterprise.
+
+     MANCHESTER, May 13th, 1859 ROBERT CAMPBELL
+
+Grant, for charity's sake, that it was done with the best of motives, it
+was flagrantly and fatally at variance with every principle of
+intelligent--to say nothing of enlightened--organizations among
+civilized men, and in perfect harmony with that mischievous interference
+by which the enemies of our race have ever sought to sow discord among
+us, to prove a natural contempt for the Negro and repugnance to his
+leadership, then taunt us with incapacity for self-government. These
+flambeaus and rockets directed with unerring precision, taking effect in
+the very centre of our magazine, did not cause, in those for whom it was
+intended, a falter nor a wince in their course, but steadily and
+determinedly they pressed their way to the completion of their object
+under prosecution. In this design the enemy was thwarted.
+
+I drop every reflection and feeling of unpleasantness towards my young
+brother Campbell, who, being a West Indian, probably did not understand
+those _white Americans_, and formed his opinion of American _blacks_ and
+their capacity to "lead," from the estimate they set upon them. I owe it
+to posterity, the destiny of my race, the great adventure into which I
+am embarked and the position I sustain to it, to make this record with
+all Christian (or _African_, if you please) forgiveness, against this
+most glaring and determined act of theirs to blast the negro's prospects
+in this his first effort in the Christian Era, to work out his own moral
+and political salvation, by the regeneration of his Fatherland, through
+the medium of a self-projected scheme; and thereby take the credit to
+themselves. It was too great an undertaking for negroes to have the
+credit of, and therefore they _must_ go _under_ the auspices of some
+white American Christians. To be black, it would seem, was necessarily
+to be "ungodly"; and to be white was necessarily to be "godly," or
+Christian, in the estimation of some.
+
+With a grateful heart, I here as freely record as an equal duty I owe to
+posterity, my unfeigned thanks to all those gentlemen who took an active
+part and in any way aided the mission on my behalf, either from the
+pulpit, by the contribution of books, stationery, charts, instruments,
+or otherwise, especially those who made each the _one hundred dollar
+contribution_, and the two in New York, through whose instrumentality
+and influence these were obtained. Those disinterested and voluntary
+acts of kindness I never shall forget whilst reason occupies her throne,
+and would here willingly record their names, had I their consent to do
+so.
+
+I sailed from New York May 24th, in the fine _barque Mendi_--Captain
+M'Intyre--vessel and cargo owned by Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, three
+enterprising colored gentlemen of Monrovia, Liberia, all formerly of New
+York, U.S. In the name of the General Board of Commissioners for the
+promotion of the political and other interest of the colored people of
+the United States and the Canadas, by self-exertion, I thank them.
+
+I cannot close this section without expressing my obligations to Captain
+M'Intyre for his personal kindness to me; and also to his first officer,
+Captain Vernon Locke, (himself a ship-master, who took the position of
+first officer for the voyage, and who had been, for the last three or
+four years, collecting scientific information by astronomical,
+meteorological, and other observations, for Lieutenant Maury, Director
+of the Observatory at Washington, D.C., U.S.,) I am greatly indebted for
+many acts of kindness in facilitating my microscopic and other
+examinations and inquiries, during the voyage. Concerning the _nautilus
+and whale_, I learned more through this accomplished seaman than I had
+ever learned before. The first by examination of the mollusca, which
+were frequently caught by Captain L. for my accommodation--and of the
+latter, by oral information received from him (who had been a great
+whaler) on frequently observing those huge monsters during the
+voyage.[2]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr. Shadd was elected Vice-President in the place of Mr. Bailey, who
+left the Province for New Caledonia.
+
+[2] On the 16th day of June, lat. 35 deg. 35 min., long. 38 deg. 39
+min., a very large school (the largest Captain Locke said that he had
+ever seen or read of), probably _five hundred_, of sperm whales made
+their appearance in the segment of a circle to windward and leeward of
+the vessel about noon, continuing in sight, blowing and spouting,
+filling the air with spray for a long time, to our amusement and
+delight. The captain said, though an old whaler, he had never known of
+sperm whales in that latitude before; and from the immense number, and
+as they were frequently seen as we approached Africa many times on
+different days afterwards, that he thought a new whaling point had been
+discovered. Other whales were also seen frequently in these
+latitudes--lazy, shy, "old bulls," which floated with their huge backs
+and part of their heads out of water, so as to expose their eyes, when
+they would suddenly disappear and as quickly appear again; but the great
+quantity of _squid spawn_, the peculiar _mollusca_ upon which the sperm
+whale feeds, made it ominous, according to the opinion of Captain Locke,
+that a great new sperm whale fishery had been discovered, the spawn
+being seen during several days' sail before and after observing the
+great school.
+
+NOTE.--I should not close this part of my report without stating that,
+during the year 1858, Mr. Myers wrote to the Royal Geographical Society,
+London; Thomas Clegg, Esq., Manchester; Dr. Livingstone, and perhaps
+others, all over _my name_ as secretary and himself chairman. The
+letters referred to were written (without my knowledge) by a son of Mr.
+Myers; and I only mention the fact here because I am unwilling to claim
+the honor of the authorship of correspondence carried on through a lad
+of sixteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION IN LIBERIA
+
+
+Arrival in Africa
+
+Saturday, July 10th.--I landed on the beach at Grand Cape Mount,
+Robertsport, in company with Messrs. the Hon. John D. Johnson, Joseph
+Turpin, Dr. Dunbar, and Ellis A. Potter, amid the joyous acclamations of
+the numerous natives who stood along the beautiful shore, and a number
+of Liberians, among whom was Reverend Samuel Williams, who gave us a
+hearty reception. Here we passed through the town (over the side of the
+hill), returning to the vessel after night.
+
+
+Monrovia
+
+Monday, July 12th.--The roadstead of Monrovia was made about noon, when
+I, in company with B. E. Castendyk, Esq., a young German gentleman
+traveling for pleasure, took lodgings at Widow Moore's, the residence of
+Rev. John Seys, the United States consular agent, and commissioner for
+recaptured Africans.
+
+On the day after my arrival, the following correspondence took place:
+
+
+     Residence of the United States Consular Agent Monrovia, Liberia,
+     July 12th, 1859
+
+     To His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Liberia:
+     SIR--By a Convention of Colored People of the United States and the
+     Canadas, Martin R. Delany, Robert Douglass, Robert Campbell, Amos
+     Aray, and James W. Purnell, were appointed as Commissioners under
+     the name of the 'Niger Valley Exploring Party,' to make an
+     Exploration through different parts of Africa.
+
+     I have arrived, Sir, near your Government, and expect soon to meet
+     other members of the party. Any aid, orally, documentary, or in the
+     person of an Official Commissioner, which you may please to give to
+     facilitate the mission in Liberia will be gratefully and highly
+     appreciated. I ask the favor of an interview with your Excellency,
+     either privately or in Cabinet Council, or with any other gentlemen
+     that the occasion may suggest, at such time as may be designated.
+
+     I am happy, Sir, of the opportunity of giving your Excellency
+     assurance of my most distinguished consideration.
+
+     M. R. DELANY
+
+
+     His Excellency, President Benson. Government House, Monrovia,
+     July 13, 1859
+
+     SIR--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+     the 12th instant, conveying to me the information of your
+     appointment (in connection with colleagues expected soon to
+     arrive), by a Convention of the colored people of the United States
+     and the Canadas, 'Commissioners,' under the name of 'The Niger
+     Valley Exploring Party'; and of your arrival near this Government.
+     You have also been pleased to signify, that you will duly
+     appreciate any aid, oral, documentary or in the form of an official
+     Commissioner this Government may feel disposed to afford you, in
+     facilitation of the enterprise.
+
+     In reply, I have to express my deep regret, that the receipt of
+     your very interesting note is on the very eve of my leaving this
+     city on an official visit to the leeward counties, which will, for
+     the present, deprive me of the pleasure I had anticipated of an
+     interview with you on the very interesting and highly important
+     objects of your mission.
+
+     The Hon. John N. Lewis, Secretary of State, with whom I will
+     converse on the subject matter of your note before leaving, will be
+     pleased to grant you an audience; and will, with pleasure, meet
+     your wishes, so far as he can consistently.
+
+     Please be reassured of the deep interest I feel in your very
+     laudable enterprise; and that, if it were not for very important
+     despatches received last week from the county of Maryland, which
+     make it absolutely necessary that I should delay no time in
+     reaching there, I would defer my departure a couple of days for the
+     express purpose of consultation with you in person.
+
+     I have the honor to be most respectfully,
+                   Your very obedient servant,
+
+     To M. R. Delany, Esq., &c.   STEPHEN A. BENSON
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Monrovia, July 13, 1859 Martin R. Delany, Esq.:
+
+     DEAR SIR--The undersigned, citizens of the city of Monrovia, having
+     long heard of you and your efforts in the United States to elevate
+     our down-trodden race, though those efforts were not infrequently
+     directed against Liberia, are glad to welcome you, in behalf of the
+     community to these shores; recognizing, as they do in you, an
+     ardent and devoted lover of the African race, and an industrious
+     agent in promoting their interests. And they take this opportunity
+     of expressing to you their most cordial sympathy with the
+     enterprise which has brought you to these shores, sincerely
+     praying that your endeavors may be crowned with complete success.
+
+     The undersigned, further, in the name and behalf of the members of
+     this community, respectfully request that you would favor the
+     citizens with a lecture to-morrow evening, or on any other evening
+     you may choose to appoint, at half-past seven o'clock, on any
+     subject you may be pleased to select.
+
+     On receiving your reply notices will be issued accordingly.
+
+     B. P. YATES       H. W. DENNIS
+     D. B. WARNER      URIAS A. MCGILL
+     SAML. F. MCGILL    H. A. JOHNSON
+     B. V. R. JAMES    EDW. W. BLYDEN
+     SAML. MATTHEWS
+
+
+     Residence of the United States Consular Agent, Monrovia, July
+     13th, 1859
+
+     GENTLEMEN--Your note of to-day has been received, for the honor of
+     which I thank you, and beg to say that numerous engagements prevent
+     me from complying with your request on to-morrow evening.
+
+     You are mistaken, gentlemen, in supposing that I have ever spoken
+     directly 'against Liberia,' as wherever I have been I have always
+     acknowledged a unity of interests in our race wherever located; and
+     any seeming opposition to Liberia could only be constructively
+     such, for which I am not responsible.
+
+     Should it be your pleasure, I will do myself the honor serving you
+     on Monday evening next, or any other evening during the week, by a
+     discourse on the 'Political Destiny of the African Race,' and
+     assure you of the pleasure with which I have the honor to be,
+
+     Your most obedient servant,
+                    M. R. DELANY
+
+     Col. B. P. Yates; Hon. D. B. Warner; S. F. McGill, M.D.; Hon. B. V.
+     R. James; Rev. Saml. Matthews; Urias McGill, Esq.; Rev. Edw. W.
+     Blyden; H. W. Dennis, Esq.; H. A. Johnson, Esq., District Attorney.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     M. R. Delany, Esq.: Monrovia, July 14, 1859
+
+     SIR--We have the honor to acknowledge your note of to-day in reply
+     to an invitation of yesterday from us requesting that you would
+     favor us, with many others, with an address on to-morrow evening,
+     or at any other time agreeable to yourself. Having signified to us
+     that next Monday evening you would be pleased to comply with the
+     request, we tender you our thanks and will be happy to listen to a
+     discourse on the 'Political destiny of the African Race.'
+
+     We have the honor to be, very respectfully, &c., yours,
+
+     B. V. R. JAMES
+     SAML. MATTHEWS
+     And others
+
+
+Reception
+
+On Monday evening, the 19th of July, having addressed a crowded audience
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, Ex-Governor McGill in the chair, T.
+M. Chester, Esq., Secretary; Ex-President Roberts rose and in a short
+speech, in the name of the Liberians, welcomed me to Africa. By a vote
+of thanks and request to continue the discourse on a subsequent
+evening, this request was complied with on the following Tuesday
+evening.
+
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, Monrovia, July 28, 1859
+
+     DEAR SIR--The undersigned citizens of Monrovia having been much
+     edified by listening to two very interesting lectures delivered by
+     you in the Methodist church, avail themselves of this method to
+     express their appreciation of the same, and to respectfully request
+     that you will favor the community with a popular lecture on
+     'Physiology' on Friday evening, the 29th inst.
+
+     HENRY J. ROBERTS
+     SAML. F. MCGILL
+     B. P. YATES
+     HENRY W. DENNIS
+     EDWD. W. BLYDEN
+
+
+Public Lecture
+
+The reply to this polite invitation of Doctors Roberts and McGill, and
+others, having been mislaid, I simply remark here that the request was
+complied with on the evening of August 3d, in the Methodist Church, to a
+crowded house of the most intelligent citizens of Monrovia, of both
+sexes and all ages.
+
+
+Departure from Monrovia.
+Coasting, Cape Palmas
+
+On the evening of August 5th, I left Monrovia in the bark Mendi,
+stopping at Junk, Little Bassa, Grand Bassa mouth of St. John's River,
+Sinou, arriving at Cape Palmas Sabbath noon, August 20th.
+
+
+Missionary Greeting
+
+Half an hour after my arrival, I was called upon by the Rev. Mr.
+Hoffman, Principal of the Female Orphan Asylum, at the residence of John
+Marshall, Esq., whose hospitality I was then receiving, and in the name
+of the white Missionaries welcomed to that part of Liberia. Before Mr.
+Hoffman left I was honored by a visit also from Rev. Alexander Crummell,
+Principal of Mount Vaughan High School, where, after partaking of the
+hospitality of Mr. Marshall during that day and evening, I took up my
+residence during a month's stay in this part of Liberia.
+
+
+Correspondence
+
+Having taken the _acclimating fever_ on the 5th of the month, the day I
+left Monrovia, and besides regularly a dessert spoonful of a solution of
+the sulphate of _quinia_ three times a day, and the night of my arrival
+two eight grain doses of Dover's Powder, the reference to "the state of
+my health" in the following correspondence, will be understood:
+
+
+     To Dr. M. R. Delany:
+
+     DEAR SIR--We, the undersigned citizens of the county of Maryland,
+     Liberia, beg to tender you a heartfelt welcome to our neighborhood,
+     and to assure you of our warmest interest in the important mission
+     which has called you to the coast of Africa. Perhaps you will
+     consent, should your health permit, to favor us with a public
+     interview before you leave. We would be most happy to hear your
+     views concerning the interest of our race in general, and of your
+     mission in particular. Moreover, by so doing, you will afford us an
+     opportunity of paying you that respect which your reputation,
+     talents, and noble mission command, and which it is our sincere
+     desire to pay you.
+
+     If Thursday or Friday will suit your convenience it will be
+     agreeable to us; but we leave the character of the meeting to be
+     designated by yourself.
+
+     Aug. 23,1859
+     D. R. FLETCHER    THOS. FULLER
+     B. J. DRAYTON     RICHD. W. KNIGHT
+     J. T. GIBSON      JOHN MARSHALL
+     C. H. HARMON      GILES ELEM
+     S. B. D'LYON     T. S. DENT
+     L. R. HAMILTON    A. WOOD
+     BENJAMIN COOK     J. W WILLIAMS
+     H. W. MOULTON     WM. W. PEARCE
+     ANSBURN TUBMAN    R. A. GRAY
+     JAMES M. MOULTON  JAS. ADAMS
+     N. JACKSON, JUN.  J. W. COOPER
+     JNO. E. MOULTON
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Mount Vaughan, near Harper, Cape Palmas
+                           August 27th, 1859
+
+     Gentlemen--Your note of the 23rd inst., requesting me, should my
+     health permit, to appear before the citizens of your county, is
+     before me, and for the sentiments therein expressed I thank you
+     most kindly.
+
+     As I have reason to believe that I am now convalescent from my
+     second attack of native fever, should my health continue to improve
+     I shall start on an exploration for the head of Kavalla river on
+     Monday next ensuing, to return on Friday evening.
+
+     Should it be your pleasure, gentlemen, and my health will permit, I
+     will meet you on Monday, the 5th of September, the place and hour
+     to be hereafter named according to circumstances.
+
+     I assure you of the pleasure, Gentlemen, with which I have the
+     honor to be,
+
+     Your most obedient servant,
+                   M. R. DELANY
+
+     Gen. Wood; Judge Drayton; Rev. Alex. Crummell; John
+     Marshall, Esq.; Hon. J. T. Gibson; C. H. Harmon,
+     Esq.; J. W. Cooper, Esq.; Dr. Fletcher; Giles Elem,
+     Esq.; Jas. M. Moulton, Esq.; Benjamin Cook, Esq.; S.
+     B. D'Lyon, M.D., and others, Committee, &c., &c.
+
+
+Reception Meeting at Palmas
+
+On the evening of the 14th this request was complied with in the
+Methodist Church at Latrobe, an out-village of Harper, by addressing a
+crowded assemblage of both sexes and all ages of the most respectable
+people of the Cape, on the part of whom I was most cordially welcomed by
+Rev. Alexander Crummell.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+LIBERIA--CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, ETC.
+
+
+Territory, Climate
+
+Liberia extends from a point north of Grand Cape Mount, about 7 deg. 30
+min. north lat., on sea shore, northeasterly to the western extremity of
+the most southern range of the Kong Mountains, lat. 4 deg. 30 min. The
+climate is generally salubrious, and quite moderate. But it is
+frequently somewhat oppressive, though mild and genial, and the high
+hills and mountain ranges sometimes enervating to strangers or
+foreigners from temperate climates, in consequence of the "air being
+freighted with _fragrance_" from the _flowers_ and _aroma_ of the
+exuberant, rich, rank growth of vegetable matter, as trees, shrubbery,
+and other herbage.
+
+
+Temperature
+
+The temperature is seldom or never great, the average being 85 deg.
+Fahr.[5] This, it will be perceived, is but 5 deg. above _summer_
+temperature in the temperate _zone_ of America, according to
+Fahrenheit's scale.
+
+
+Comparative Temperature Bees
+
+It is worthy of observation that, by a natural law, we are enabled to
+compare the temperature in many parts of Africa satisfactorily with that
+of some other countries. There are parts of India, and also Central and
+South America, where it is said that _bees_ cannot propagate, in
+consequence of their inability to build their cells because of the heat,
+the cera or wax melting in their hive or habitation. While in Africa
+such is not the case, there being no part known to civilized travelers
+where bees are not seen ever busy on every blossom, gathering their
+store, leaving laden with the rich delicacies of the blooming flowers;
+and Doctor Livingstone not only speaks most frequently of the profusion
+of honey in the extensive country through which he traveled, but says
+that, while near the coast in Loango, he encountered many persons laden
+with "tons of _beeswax_" carried on their heads exposed to the sun, on
+their way to the trading posts. And during our stay at Abbeokuta, Mr.
+Campbell my colleague, had two swarms of bees; the first taken by him
+when in _transitu_ (swarmed) and hived, which bred a new swarm in the
+hive at the Mission House where we resided.
+
+
+Soil, Stone, Minerals, Productions
+
+The soil is very rich, which, like that of other parts of Africa through
+which I traveled, rates from a sandy loam to a rich alluvial, resting on
+strata of granite, limestone, and quartz with a large percentage of
+mica, profusely incorporated with iron, and doubtless other rich
+minerals not yet discovered. Palm oil and camwood are abundant,
+comprising the principal articles of native products for exportation; a
+good deal of ivory from the interior through the Golah country, but not
+so much as formerly; palm nuts, which principally go to France; ginger,
+arrowroot, pepper, coffee, sugar and molasses, to which three latter
+articles (as well as pepper, ginger and arrowroot,) the industrious
+citizens of Liberia have, during the last six years, turned their
+attention.
+
+
+Domestic Animals, Fowls, Goats, Sheep, Swine, Cattle
+
+The stock consists of fowls of various kinds--as chickens, ducks, common
+and Muscovy; Guinea fowls in abundance; turkeys, and on one farm--the
+_Gaudilla farm_ of William Spencer Anderson, Esq., sugar planter, on the
+St. Paul River--geese. Neither are the cows so small as supposed to be
+from the general account given of them by travelers. Those which are
+common to, and natives of this part of Africa, which I shall classify as
+the _Bassa_ (pronounced _Bassaw_) cattle, are handsome and well-built,
+comparing favorably in size (though neither so long-legged nor
+long-bodied) with the small cattle in the interior counties of
+Pennsylvania, U.S., where no attention is paid scientifically to the
+breeding of cattle; though the Liberia or Bassa are much the heaviest,
+and handsomely made like the _Golah_, or _Fulatah_, hereafter to be
+described, resembling the Durham cattle of England in form. Also swine,
+goats, and sheep are plentiful.
+
+
+Horses, None. Why?
+
+I saw but one horse in Liberia, and that on the Gaudilla farm of Mr.
+Anderson; and though, as the Liberians themselves informed me, they have
+been taken there by the Mandingo and Golah traders, they never lived.
+And why--if they live in other parts of Africa, on the western coast,
+which they do, even near the _Mangrove swamps_, as will hereafter be
+shown--do they not live in Liberia, the civilized settlements of which
+as yet, except on the St. Paul and at Careysburg, are confined to the
+coast? There are certainly causes for this, which I will proceed to
+show.
+
+
+Horse Feed, Pasturage, Hay
+
+In the first place, horses, like all other animals, must have feed
+naturally adapted to their sustenance. This consists mainly of grass,
+herbage, and grains, especially the latter when the animal is
+domesticated. Secondly, adequate shelter from sun and weather, as in the
+wild state by instinct they obtain these necessary comforts for
+themselves.
+
+
+No Cultivated Farms--No Shelter for Horses
+
+Up to the time, then, when the Liberians ceased the experiment of
+keeping horses, they had not commenced in any extensive manner to
+cultivate farms, consequently did not produce either maize (Indian
+corn), Guinea corn (an excellent article for horses in Africa,
+resembling the American broom corn both in the stock, blade, and grain,
+the latter being larger and browner than those of the broom corn, and
+more nutritious than oats); peas, nor any other grain upon which those
+animals are fed, and the great, heavy, rich, rank, pseudo reed-grass of
+the country was totally unfit for them, there being no grass suited
+either for pasturage or hay. Again, I was informed by intelligent,
+respectable Liberians, that to their knowledge there never had been a
+stable or proper shelter prepared for a horse, but that they had, in one
+or more instances, known horses to be kept standing in the sun the
+entire day, and in the open air and weather during the entire night,
+while their owners had them.
+
+
+No Horses; Why, and Why Not
+
+It is very evident from this, that horses could not live in Liberia, and
+since the _tsetse_ fly introduced to the notice of the scientific world
+recently by Doctor Livingstone the African Explorer, has never been seen
+nor heard of in this part of the continent, nor any other insect that
+tormented them, those must have been the prime causes of fatality to
+these noble and most useful domestic creatures. I have been thus
+explicit in justice to Liberia, even in opposition to the opinion of
+some very intelligent and highly qualified gentlemen in that country
+(among whom is my excellent friend, Doctor Roberts, I think,) because I
+believe that horses can live there as well as in other parts of Africa,
+when fairly and scientifically inquired into and tested. Proper feed and
+care, I have no doubt, will verify my opinion; and should I but be
+instrumental, by calling the attention of my brethren in Liberia to
+these facts, in causing them _successfully_ to test the matter, it will
+be but another evidence of the fact, that the black race should take
+their affairs in their own hands, instead of placing them in the hands
+of others.
+
+
+Exploration. Farms, Sugar, Coffee
+
+My explorations in Liberia extended to every civilized settlement in the
+Republic except Careysburg, and much beyond these limits up the Kavalla
+River. There is much improvement recently up the St. Paul River, by the
+opening up of fine, and in some cases, extensive farms of coffee and
+sugar; also producing rice, ginger, arrowroot, and pepper, many of which
+have erected upon them handsome and well-constructed dwellings; also
+sugar mills and machinery for the manufacture of sugar and molasses,
+which articles manufactured, compare favorably with the best produced in
+other countries. There has, as yet, been no improvement introduced in
+the hulling and drying of coffee, there being probably not enough
+produced to induce the introduction of machinery. I am informed that
+there have also been commenced several good farms on the Junk River,
+which district, farther than the settlement at the mouth, I did not
+visit. The people are willing and anxious for improvement, and on
+introducing to many of the farmers the utility of cutting off the centre
+of each young coffee-tree so soon as it grew above the reach of a man
+of ordinary height, I had the satisfaction of seeing them immediately
+commence the execution of the work. The branches of the tree spread, in
+proportion to the checking of the height; hence, instead of eight feet
+apart, as some of the farmers have done, the trees should be planted at
+least twenty feet apart, thus leaving ample space between for the
+spreading of the branches. The tree should never be permitted to grow
+too high to admit of the berry being picked from the ground, or at least
+from a stand which may be stepped upon without climbing.
+
+
+Schools
+
+The schools are generally good, every settlement being amply
+accommodated with them; and in Monrovia and at Cape Palmas the classics
+are being rigidly prosecuted.[4]
+
+
+Churches Missionaries
+
+Churches are many and commodious, of every Christian
+denomination--except, I believe, the Roman Catholic. The Missionaries
+seem to be doing a good work, there being many earnest and faithful
+laborers among them of both sexes, black and white, and many native
+catechists and teachers, as well as some few preachers.
+
+
+Business, Professions, Theology, Medicine, Law
+
+The principal business carried on in Liberia is that of trading in
+native and foreign produce, the greater part being at the Capital. The
+greater part of merchants here are Liberians; but there are also three
+white houses--two German and one American. And along the coast there are
+a number of native trading-posts, the proprietors of which are white
+foreigners, with black agents. Many of the Liberian Clergy of all
+denominations are well educated gentlemen; and the Medical Profession is
+well represented by highly accomplished Physicians; but of all the
+professions, the Law is the most poorly represented--there being, as I
+learnt when there, but one young gentlemen at the bar who had been bred
+to the profession; and not a Judge on the bench who was learned in the
+law. This I do not mention in disparagement of the gentlemen who fill
+those honorable positions of presiding over the legal investigations of
+their country, as many--indeed, I believe the majority of them--are
+clergymen, who from necessity have accepted those positions, and fill
+their own legitimate callings with credit. I sincerely hope that the day
+is not far distant when Liberia will have her learned counsellors and
+jurists--dispensing law, disseminating legal opinions, and framing
+digests as well as other countries, for the benefit of nations.
+
+
+Council
+
+At Grand Bassa I held a Council with some of the most eminent Liberians,
+among whom were several members of the National Legislature--the
+venerable Judge Hanson in the chair. Several able speeches were
+made--the objects of my mission and policy approved; and I shall never
+forget the profound sensation produced at that ever-memorable Council,
+and one of the most happy hours of my life. When the honored old judge
+and sage, sanctioning my adventure, declared that, rather than it should
+fail, he would join it himself, and with emotion rose to his feet; the
+effect was inexpressible, each person being as motionless as a statue.
+
+
+Public Affairs, Municipal and Public Improvements
+
+The laws of Liberia seem to be well constructed, and framed to suit the
+wants of the people, and their public affairs are quite well and
+creditably conducted. But there is a great deficiency in public
+improvements, and, as I learned--and facts from actual observation
+verified until comparatively recent--also in public spirit. There are no
+public buildings of note, or respectable architectural designs; no
+harbor improvements, except a lighthouse each on the beautiful summit
+rock-peaks of Cape Messurado and Cape Palmas--not even a buoy to
+indicate the shoal; no pier, except a little one at Palmas; nor an
+attempt at a respectable wharfage for canoes and lighters (the large
+keels owned by every trading vessel, home and foreign, which touches
+there.) And, with the exception of a handsome wagon-road, three and a
+half miles out from Harper, Cape Palmas, beyond Mount Vaughan, there is
+not a public or municipal road in all Liberia. Neither have I seen a
+town which has a paved street in it, although the facilities for paving
+in almost all the towns are very great, owing to the large quantities of
+stone everywhere to be had.
+
+
+The Capital No City
+
+And what is surprising, Monrovia, although the capital, has not a city
+municipality to give it respectability as such; hence, there is neither
+mayor nor council (city council I mean) to give character to any public
+occasion, but His Excellency the President, the Chief Executive of the
+nation, must always be dragged down from his reserved and elevated
+position, and made as common as a common policeman to head every little
+petty affair among the people. The town was once, by the wisdom of some
+legislators, chartered into a city, and Dr. T. F. M'Gill (ex-governor)
+chosen mayor, who, by his high intelligence and fitness for the office,
+had commenced the most useful and commendable improvements; but the
+wisdom of other legislators, after a year's duration, in consequence of
+the heavy expenses incurred to "make Monrovia, where big folks lived, a
+fine place," repealed the act, degrading their Capital to a town. That
+is the same as declaring that a court shall not have a judge--the nation
+a President or Executive, or there shall be no head at all; hence, to
+reduce the judge to the grade of a lawyer, the lawyer to that of the
+clerk of the court, the President of the nation to that of the county
+magistrate, and the county magistrate to that of a constable. How much
+respect would a people be entitled to who would act thus? They must
+understand that nothing is greater than its head, and the people of a
+nation cannot rise above the level of the head of their nation any more
+than the body of the individual in its natural position can be raised
+above the head. It is just so with a town population. A villager is a
+villager, a citizen is a citizen, and a metropolitan is a
+metropolitan--each of which is always expected to have a standing
+commensurate with his opportunities.
+
+
+Self-Reliance, Ways and Means
+
+One word as a suggestion in political economy to the young politician of
+Liberia: Always bear in mind, that the fundamental principle of every
+nation is _self-reliance_, with the _ability to create their own ways
+and means_: without this, there is no capacity for _self-government_. In
+this short review of public affairs, it is done neither to disparage nor
+under-rate the gentlemen of Liberia with whom, from the acquaintance I
+have made with them in the great stride for black nationality, I can
+make common cause, and hesitate not to regard them, in unison with
+ourselves, a noble band of brothers.
+
+
+Executive Munificence
+
+There has been much progress made in the various industrial vocations
+within a few years past by the munificence of President Benson, aided by
+the wisdom of the Legislature, through the agency of a national
+agricultural fair, with liberal premiums on samples exhibited in a
+spacious receptacle prepared each season for the purpose, in the Public
+Square in front of the President's mansion, called Palm Palace. Like his
+predecessor President Roberts, in pressing the claims of his country
+before the nations of Europe, President Benson has spared no authority
+which he possessed in developing the agricultural resources of his
+country. Every man has his _forte_, and in his turn probably becomes a
+_necessity_ for the time being, according to his faculty. Consequently
+my opinion is, that the _forte_ and mission of President Roberts for the
+time being were the establishment of a Nationality, and that of
+President Benson the development of its resources, especially the
+agricultural. Neither of these gentlemen, therefore, might be
+under-rated, as each may have been the instrument which God in his
+wisdom appointed to a certain work.
+
+
+Official and Personal Favors
+
+To John Moore, Esq., Government Surveyor; the Hon. B. P. Yates,
+ex-Vice-President of the Republic; Hon. John Seys, U.S. Agent for
+Re-captured Africans, and Consular Agent, I am much indebted for acts of
+kindness in facilitating my Explorations in Liberia. The Hon. Mr. Seys
+and Mr. Moore, for personally accompanying me up the St. Paul River; and
+Colonel Yates, for the loan of his fine canvas-covered boat for my use.
+Also to Dr. Henry J. Roberts, for remedies and medicines for my own use;
+Dr. Thomas F. M'Gill, for offering to make advances on articles of
+merchandise which I took out on trade to bear expenses, much beyond the
+market price; and to those excellent gentlemen, Messrs. Johnson, Turpin,
+and Dunbar, also for large advances made above market price in cash for
+my commodity, as well as other favors, especially on the part of Mr.
+Johnson, who, having for years been a resident in Monrovia, did
+everything to advance my mission and make my duty an agreeable one.
+
+To the Rev. Alexander Crummell, who accompanied me up the Kavalla, above
+the Falls, making my task an easy one; to Drs. Fletcher and D'Lyon, who
+rendered me professional aid, and also to our excellent, faithful, and
+reliable guide, Spear Mehia is, a native civilized Christian Prince, the
+son of the old friend of the missionaries, Nmehia, the deceased King of
+Kavalla, I here make acknowledgments. And I cannot close this section
+without an acknowledgment that, wherever I went, the people of the
+country generally did everything to make me happy--Esquire Wright at
+Junk, Dr. Smith at Grand Bassa, and the Hon. Mr. Priest at Sinou whose
+guest I was, all here will receive my thanks for their aid in
+facilitating my mission.
+
+
+Settlement and Sites of Towns
+
+I conclude this section by remarking, that Monrovia is one of the
+handsomest and most eligible sites for a city that I ever saw, and only
+lacks the population and will of the people to make it a most beautiful
+place; and how much it is to be regretted that the charter was repealed,
+and Mayor M'Gill and the City Council cut off in the beginning of the
+first steps towards a national pride, which was to have a Capital City
+in reality as well as name.[3] How unsightly to a stranger, as he steps
+from the boat at the mouth of Stockton Creek, on the Messurado River, is
+the rude and rugged steep, leading by simple pathways in true native
+style, from the warehouses up to the town, which, if improved as it
+might and should be, would be one of the most pleasing as well as
+attractive approaches to any city in the world. Not even is there a
+respectable public market-house or market space in town. But wisdom
+decreed it otherwise, and for the present it must be so. "Wisdom" in
+this case "hath" _not_ "built her house" neither "hath she hewn out" the
+stone "pillars" leading from the beach.
+
+Another good site for a city is Edina, on the northeast side of the St.
+John River, opposite Buchanan, Grand Bassa, which doubtless in time
+Buchanan will include. This is also a handsome place, from the gradually
+rising elevation. Edina is the residence of that great-hearted, good old
+gentleman, Judge Hanson. Junk, Little Bassa, and Sinou, are also good,
+but each of these are low, and consequently not so imposing.
+
+Next to Monrovia is Cape Palmas for beauty of location and scenery, and
+a stranger will more readily be pleased at first sight with Harper than
+the Capital. A beautiful city will in time occupy the extensive Cape for
+several miles back, including Mount Vaughan and the country around; and
+it may be remarked, that this place presents greater evidences of public
+improvement than any town in Liberia, and the only place in the country
+which has a regular wagon road with ox-teams running upon it.
+
+
+Buildings
+
+The private buildings in Liberia are generally good and substantial, and
+especially those of Monrovia, built of brick. Many of them are handsome
+and quite extensive mansions, the warehouses mostly being built of
+stone. The wooden houses generally are well-built frames, and
+"weather-boarded," and not, as some romancers and wonder-vendors would
+have it, being either log, bamboo, or mud huts. To take the settlers
+generally, there cannot be much fault found with their style of living,
+except perhaps in some instances, rather a little too much extravagance.
+Caldwell, Clay-Ashland, and Millsburg on the St. Paul, are pleasant and
+prospectively promising villages, and deserve a notice in this place.
+Clay-Ashland is the residence of Judge Moore, to whom I am indebted for
+personal favors and much useful information when examining the land
+over his extensive sugar and coffee farms. And to my excellent friend
+Dr. Daniel Laing, of the same place, for similar acts of courtesy and
+kindness, I am much indebted.
+
+
+Public Meeting
+
+I addressed the citizens in a very long political meeting in the
+Methodist church, on the evening of my visit there.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] This day, August 2, 1861, while revising this Report, the
+thermometer Fahr. stands in the most favorable shade in the town of
+Chatham, Kent county, C. W., 96 deg. (98 is the general test of this
+day) and in the sun 113--being one degree above _fever heat_. A fact to
+which my attention was called by an intelligent Liberian--and which
+science may hereafter account for--that the nearer the approach to the
+equator, the more moderate is the heat. Has the sun the same effect upon
+the general bulk of the earth that it has upon particular locations--the
+greater the elevation the cooler--or is it because of the superior
+velocity of this part, that a _current_ is kept up by its passage
+through the _atmosphere_ surrounding it? It is a settled fact that the
+earth is "elevated at the equator and depressed at the poles," and hills
+are cool, while valleys and plains are hot, because of their peculiar
+property of attracting and reflecting heat.
+
+[4] The "Liberia College" has been fully established since my visit
+there, by the erection of a fine stone edifice, and the choice of the
+Hon. Ex-President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President and Professor of
+Jurisprudence and International Law; Rev. Alexander Crummell, A.B.,
+Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and English Literature;
+Rev. Edward Welmot Blydon, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages and
+Literature. This is a grand stride in the march of African Regeneration
+and Negro Nationality.
+
+[5] I am happy to learn by advices recently received from Liberia, that
+Monrovia has again been created and organized a City Municipality,
+ex-Judge James Mayor; and I should have named in connection with the
+public spirit of Liberia, three newspapers--the _Liberia Herald_, _Star
+of Liberia_, and _Christian Advocate_--the last, a religious journal,
+under the auspices of that excellent Christian gentleman, Bishop Burns
+the Methodist Missionary-Bishop of Liberia.
+
+
+
+
+VI DISEASES--CAUSE--REMEDY
+
+
+First Symptoms
+
+The first sight and impressions of the coast of Africa are always
+inspiring, producing the most pleasant emotions. These pleasing
+sensations continue for several days, more or less, until they gradually
+merge into feelings of almost intense excitement, not only mentally, but
+the entire physical system share largely in it, so that it might be
+termed a hilarity of feeling almost akin to approaching intoxication; or
+as I imagine, like the sensation produced by the beverage of champagne
+wine. Never having enjoyed the taste for it, I cannot say from
+experience.
+
+
+Second Stage of Symptoms
+
+The first symptoms are succeeded by a relaxity of feelings, in which
+there is a disposition to stretch, gape, and yawn, with fatigue.
+
+
+Third Stage of Symptoms
+
+The second may or may not be succeeded by actual febrile attacks, with
+nausea, chills, or violent headache; but whether or not such symptoms
+ensue, there is one most remarkable, as almost (and I think quite) a
+necessary affection, attendant upon the acclimation at this incipient
+stage: _a feeling of regret that you left your native country for a
+strange one; an almost frantic desire to see friends and nativity; a
+despondency and loss of the hope of ever seeing those you love at home
+again_.
+
+These feelings, of course, must be resisted, and _regarded as a mere
+morbid affection of the mind_ at the time, arising from an approaching
+disease, which is not necessarily serious, and may soon pass off; which
+is really the case.
+
+
+Its Effects
+
+It is generally while laboring under this last-described symptom, that
+persons send from Africa such despairing accounts of their
+disappointments and sufferings, with horrible feelings of dread for the
+worst to come.
+
+
+Recovery
+
+When an entire recovery takes place, the love of the country is most
+ardent and abiding. I have given the symptoms _first_, to make a proper
+impression first.
+
+
+Diseases
+
+I have thought it proper to give a section in my Report entirely to the
+diseases of Liberia, which are the same as those in other parts of
+Africa, with their complication with diseases carried from America by
+the settlers.
+
+
+Native Diseases, Peculiar Character in Liberia
+
+The native diseases are mainly the native fever, which is nothing but
+the _intermittent fever_ of America, known in different parts as _ague_,
+_chills and fever_, _fever and ague_, with its varied forms of
+_bilious_, _intermittent_, _remittent_, _continued_, and its worst form
+of _inflammatory_ when it most generally assumes the _congestive_ type
+of the American Southern States. In this condition, the typhoid symptoms
+with _coma_, give unmistakable evidence of the character of the malady.
+The native fever which is common to all parts of Africa, in Liberia
+while to my judgment not necessarily fatal (and in by far the greater
+percentage of cases in the hands of an intelligent, skilful physician,
+quite manageable), is generally much worse in its character there than
+in the Yoruba country, where I have been. The symptoms appear to be much
+more aggravated and the patient to suffer more intensely.
+
+
+_Causes_
+
+The density and rankness of the vegetable growth, the saturation of the
+air continually with fragrance, and other _miasma_, and the _malaria_
+from the mangrove swamps, I assign as the cause of difference in the
+character of the same disease in different parts of the continent. The
+habits also of the settlers, have much to do with the character of the
+disease. A free indulgence in improper food and drink, which doubtless
+is the case in many instances, are exciting causes to take the malady,
+and aggravating when suffering under it.
+
+
+_Complication_
+
+There are several other diseases that might be named, which I reserve
+for a section on another part of Africa, and confine my remarks simply
+to the complication of the native with foreign. All _scorbutic_,
+_scrofulous_, or _syphilitic_ persons, where the affection has not been
+fully suppressed, may become easy victims to the fever in Liberia, or
+lingering sufferers from _ulcers_, _acute rheumatism_, or
+_elephantiasis_--a frightful enlargement of the limbs. _Ulcerated
+opthalmia_ is another horrible type, that disease in such chronically
+affected persons may assume. But any chronic affection--especially lung,
+liver, kidney, and rheumatic--when not too deeply seated, may, by
+favorable acclimation, become eliminated, and the ailing person entirely
+recover from the disease.
+
+
+_Remedies, Natural and Artificial_
+
+The natural remedy for the permanent decrease of the native fever, is
+the clearing up and cultivation of the land, which will be for some time
+yet to come, tardy; as emigration to Liberia is very slow, and the
+natives very unlike those of Yoruba--cultivate little or nothing but
+rice, cassaba, and yams, and these in comparative small patches, so that
+there is very little need for clearing off the forest. Neither have they
+in this part of Africa any large towns of substantial houses, all of
+which would necessitate a great deal of clearing; but instead, they
+consist of small clusters of reed or bamboo huts in a circle, always in
+the densest of the forest, which can scarcely ever be seen (except they
+be situated on a high hill) until you are right upon them. The clearing
+away of the mangrove swamps--which is practicable--will add greatly to
+the sanitary condition of Liberia; but this also will take time, as it
+must be the work of a general improvement in the country, brought about
+by populating and civilizing progress.
+
+
+_Treatment_
+
+The treatment of the native fever must be active and prudential. But the
+remedies are simple and easily obtained, being such as may be had at any
+well-kept apothecary's shop. The _sulphate of quinia_, in moderate
+doses, three or four times a day, with the usual attention to the
+febrile changes, gentle _aperients_, _effervescent_ and _acidulous_
+drinks, taking care to prevent acridness in the stomach. In my advice to
+persons going to Africa, I shall speak more pointedly of the domestic or
+social customs to be avoided.
+
+
+Locality
+
+I observed that all elevated places, as Monrovia and Freetown, subject
+to severe visitations of disease, are situated near mangrove swamps;
+consequently, from the _rising_ of the _malaria_, they are much more
+unhealthy than those in low plains, such as Lagos and many other places,
+_above_ which the _miasma_ generally rises for the most part passing off
+harmlessly.
+
+I left Cape Palmas, Liberia, on Thursday, 2 P.M. the 15TH of Sept., on
+the British Royal Mail African steamer, "Armenian," Captain Walker, to
+whom and his officers, I make acknowledgments for acts of kindness.
+
+
+
+
+VII THE INTERIOR--YORUBA
+
+
+Coasting. Cape Coast Castle, Bight of Benin
+
+Thursday, the 20th of September, about noon, after stopping at
+Cape-Coast Castle for twelve hours, on the Coast of Benin, the steamer
+made her moorings in the roadstead, Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea, off
+Lagos. I disembarked, going ashore with the mail-boat managed by
+natives; from whence, by the politeness of the gentlemanly young clerk
+(a native gentleman) of Captain Davies', a native merchant, I was taken
+in a sail-boat, also manned by natives, up the bay, and landed at the
+British Consulate; whence I was met by Mr. Carew, the native agent of
+the Rev. J. M. Harden, a most excellent man, Missionary, and conducted
+to the Baptist Mission House.
+
+After a stay of five weeks, visiting almost everything and place worthy
+of note, being called upon by many of the most noted persons, among whom
+were several chiefs, having several interviews with the authorities, and
+meeting the most active, intelligent, Christian young men, in several of
+their associated gatherings, I was waited on by the messenger of the
+king; when after several interchanges of "words" between us, the
+following instrument of writing was "duly executed, signed, sealed, and
+delivered," I, and Mr. Harden being present, and witnessing the
+measurement of the land, according to the present custom in that place:
+
+
+     TITLE DEED
+     DR. M. R. DELANY
+
+     Lagos, October 25th, 1859
+
+     _Know all Men by these Presents:_
+
+     That I DOCEMO, King of Lagos and the Territories thereunto
+     belonging, have this day granted, assigned, and made over, unto
+     Doctor Martin R. Delany, for his use and the use of his Heirs and
+     Assigns forever, All that Piece of Ground, situated on the South of
+     the Premises and Ground occupied by Fernando, in the field at Okai
+     Po, Po, measuring as follows, Three Hundred and Thirty Feet square.
+
+     Witness my Stamp hereunto affixed, and the Day and Year above
+     written.
+
+
+     _KING_
+     DOCEMO
+     OF LAGOS.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     BRITISH CONSULATE,
+     Lagos, October 28th, 1859
+
+     I CERTIFY that the Circular Stamp, as above, with KING DOCEMO, of
+     LAGOS in the centre, is the Official Stamp of Docemo, King of
+     Lagos, and is used by him as his signature to all Letters, Deeds,
+     and Documents.
+
+     {SEAL} EDWD. F. LODDER
+
+     _Acting Consul._
+
+     The Deed of Land above, granted to Doctor Martin R. Delany, by King
+     Docemo of Lagos, has this 18th day of October, 1859, been
+     registered in the Registry Book of the British Consulate, and
+     numbered.
+
+     JOHN P. BOYLE, _Clerk_
+
+On the 30th of October, I left Lagos, proceeding _via_ Ogun river, to
+Abbeokuta, which I reached on Saturday, the 5th of November.
+
+
+Explorations. Abbeokuta
+
+Here I met for the first time with my colleague and Assistant
+Commissioner, Mr. Robert Campbell, from whom, at Lagos, I found a letter
+waiting for my arrival in the hands of Acting Consul, Lieut. Edward F.
+Lodder, of Her Majesty's war vessel "Brun," which continually lies in
+the harbor, directly opposite and near to the Consulate. Consul Campbell
+(since deceased), had paid an official visit to England, and Lieut.
+Lodder was supplying his place.
+
+
+Towns from Abbeokuta
+
+From Abbeokuta, population 110,000, we proceeded to Ijaye, population
+78,000, reckoned by the white missionaries and officers of the Niger
+Expedition of Her Majesty's service, who passed through once, at 80,000;
+Oyo, population, 75,000; Ogbomoso, population 70,000; Illorin,
+population 120,000; returning back, _via_ Ogbomoso to Oyo: when by
+arrangement, Mr. Campbell leaving me at Oyo, returned to Abbeokuta by a
+new route through Isen and Biolorin-Pellu, small places: whence I, a
+week later, also by another strange route, returned, passing through
+Iwo, population 75,000; and Ibaddan, population 150,000 an immense city,
+the estimated number of inhabitants by the Civil Corps who passed
+through, being 250,000. It will be seen that I have made a liberal
+deduction of two-fifths, or 100,000 from this estimate; still, the
+population is immense and the city extensive, the walls embracing an
+outline of at least twenty-three miles.
+
+
+Return to Lagos
+
+From Abbeokuta, the water being very low, it was thought advisable that
+Mr. Campbell take charge of all our luggage, and proceed by way of the
+Ogun to Lagos, (he having disposed of his horse at Abbeokuta) whilst I,
+on horseback, with William Johnson our cook, the only servant we
+retained--a civilized native--as guide and attendant, proceeded by land,
+both reaching Lagos three days after, in the same hour of the same day.
+
+
+
+
+VIII TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, ETC.
+
+
+Topography, Climate
+
+The whole face of the country extending through the Aku region or
+Yoruba, as it is laid down on the large missionary map of Africa, is
+most beautifully diversified with plains, hills, dales, mountains, and
+valleys, interlined with numerous streams, some of which are merely
+temporary or great drains; whilst the greater part are perennial, and
+more or less irrigating the whole year, supplying well the numerous
+stocks of cattle and horses with which that country is so well
+everywhere provided. The climate is most delightful.
+
+
+First Plateau and Second Plateau, or Table Lands
+
+The first plateau or low land from Lagos, extends about thirty-five or
+forty miles interiorly, with but occasionally, small rugged or rocky
+elevations breaking the surface, when it almost abruptly rises into
+elevated lands, undulating and frequently craggy, broken often by deep
+declivities of glens and dales.
+
+
+Soil
+
+The soil of the first plateau, for ten or fifteen miles, is moist and
+sandy, more or less, gradually incorporating with a dark rich earth,
+which, extending quite through the second plateau, continually varies in
+quality, consistence, and color, from a sandy loam and clay-red iron
+pyrite appearance to a potter's-clay, and rich alluvial color and
+quality, the whole being exceedingly fertile and productive; as no
+district through which we traveled was without cultivation more or less,
+and that always in a high degree, whatever the extent of ground under
+cultivation or the produce cultivated.
+
+
+Stone Formation
+
+The stone formation throughout these regions consist of primitive
+dark-gray granite, quartz, and conglomerates, with, occasionally, strata
+of felspar and mica, which are found mainly in the beautiful mountain
+regions (which are detailed extensions of the great mountains of Kong),
+having in these sections always beautiful gaps or passes of delightful
+valleys.
+
+
+Minerals, Iron, Copper, Zinc
+
+The minerals consist of iron in the greatest abundance, which at present
+is smelted by the natives from the clay, and every town of any note or
+size has not only its blacksmiths' shops, but the largest all have iron
+smelting works. At Ijaye there is quite an extensive and interesting
+establishment of the kind. And, as they manufacture _brass_, there must
+be also zinc and copper found there--indications of the last-named
+metal being often seen by the color of certain little water surfaces.
+The stone formation bears the usual indications of aqueous and igneous
+deposits, but more of the former than the latter.
+
+
+Productions Timber
+
+The timber is numerous, and for the following classification I am
+indebted to my learned friend the Rev. Alexander Crummell, Episcopal
+missionary and Principal of the Mount Vaughn High School at Cape Palmas:
+Teak, ebony, lignum vitae, mahogany, brimstone, rosewood, walnut,
+hickory, oak, cedar, unevah, and mangrove.
+
+
+Medical Productions
+
+Gum Yoruba (the same as gum Arabic), acacia or senna, castor oil, croton
+oil, rhubarb root, colomba-root, ipecacuanha, quasia, nux-vomica,
+cubebs, tobacco, and many others.
+
+
+Fruits
+
+All the fruits common to the tropics are found in these regions; in
+fact, so redundant is Africa with these productions, that she combines
+the whole within herself; that is, there are some fruits found in the
+tropical parts of Asia, South America, the Asiatic and West India
+Islands, common or peculiar to one which may not be found in the other,
+but all of which, it may safely be said, can be found in Africa.
+Pineapples the most delicious in flavor and taste conceivable oranges
+the same, bananas the finest, plantains equally so, mangrove plums (a
+peculiar but delightful and wholesome fruit, said by the natives to be a
+_febrifuge_), guavas, and "soursops," a delightful _febrifuge_ of pure
+_citric acid_, without the least acridness, as well as a hundred others
+which I cannot now name. The papaw or tree-melon also grows very finely
+here, and is a very useful and wholesome fruit. When green, "stewed and
+mashed," and well-flavored with the usual culinary spices, it cannot be
+distinguished from the best green apple-sauce--for which reason it makes
+excellent pies. When fully ripe, it cannot be told from the finest
+muskmelon or cantelope.
+
+
+Agricultural Products
+
+The Agricultural labor of this part of Africa is certainly very great,
+and merits the attention of every intelligent inquirer; from the simple
+fact that, so far as it exhibits the industry of the inhabitants, it
+shows the means which may be depended upon for a development of the
+commercial resources of the country.
+
+
+Palm Oil
+
+Palm oil is produced in great abundance, as a staple commodity among
+themselves, as well as for exportation since the common light for houses
+consists of palm oil burnt in native manufactured lamps, some
+constructed of iron and others of earthenware. The oil of the nut is the
+most general in use among the natives, both for light and cooking,
+because it is the richest, being the most unctuous. This use of the
+nut-oil is certainly an antiquated custom among the people of this
+region, whilst those contiguous to Liberia have recently learned that
+the kernels could be put to commercial use, by the discovery or rather
+practical application by Mr. Herron, of Grand Bassa, Liberia, and
+subsequent demand by the French traders. The fact that the Yorubas
+generally produce their charcoal from the hull of the palm nut, is an
+evidence of the long-continued and abundant use of the latter article
+for the manufacture of oil. They have regular establishments for the
+manufacture of the palm oil, with vats and apparatus (simple though they
+be), places and persons for each process: as bruising the fruit from the
+nut, boiling, carrying the pulp to a vat, where it is pressed and washed
+to extract the oil; one to skim it off from the top of the
+liquid--another to carry off the fiber of the pulp or bruised fruit,
+which fiber is also appropriated to kindling and other uses. There is no
+such method of extracting the oil, as the mistaken idea so frequently
+reported by African traders from Europe and America, that the natives
+bruise the nut with stones in holes made in the ground, thereby losing a
+large percentage of the oil. Even among the crudest they know better
+than this, and many use shallow troughs, made of wood in some parts of
+Africa, as the Grebo, Golah, and some other peoples on the western
+coast, adjacent to Liberia.
+
+
+Palm Trees Cultivated. Camwood. Ivory
+
+All through the Yoruba country the palm tree is cultivated, being
+regularly trimmed and pruned, and never cut down in clearing a farm,
+except when from age the tree has ceased to bear, or is of the male
+species, when it is cut down for the wine, which is the sap, extracted
+from the trunk, in a horizontal position, by boring a hole near the top
+and catching it in a vessel, when it is drunk either before, during, or
+after fermentation.
+
+Camwood is also very plentiful, but owing to its great weight and the
+inconvenience at present of transportation, it does not enter
+extensively into the commerce of these parts, except as dyestuffs in the
+native markets. Gum elastic or India rubber is plentiful.
+
+Ivory enters largely into commerce, being brought by "middle men" from
+the distant interior.
+
+
+Indian Corn or Maize, Peas, Beans, Ginger, Pepper, Arrowroot, &c
+
+Indian corn, the finest in the world (usually white), is here raised in
+the greatest quantities, we having frequently passed through hundreds of
+acres in unbroken tracts of cultivated land, which is beginning to enter
+into foreign commerce; Guinea corn in great abundance--an excellent
+article for horses, spoken of in another place; also peas, such as are
+raised for horse and cattle feed in Canada and other parts of America;
+white beans in great quantities, as well as those of all colors;
+black-eye peas; horse beans; in fact, all of the pulse vegetables; also
+ginger, arrowroot, red pepper in pods (the cayenne of commerce), and
+black pepper, all of which are articles of commerce; indigo; they also
+produce salt, and pea-nuts.
+
+
+Kitchen Vegetables
+
+Yams, cassaba, sweet potatoes, onions, cucumbers, and many other
+culinary roots and vegetables; and I am certain that beets, parsnips,
+and carrots, which we did not see under cultivation, could be
+successfully raised, if desired. Cabbage grows freely in all parts of
+Africa, if planted in the right season.
+
+
+Potatoes, None
+
+Whether or not the common potato of America and Europe can be propagated
+here has not been tested, but such is the excellence of the yam, that
+served up in the same manner, there is little or no difference between
+them and potatoes; and I am certain that when well cooked, "mashed" and
+seasoned, the best judge could not tell them from good potatoes. I mean
+good yams, because they differ in quality like potatoes.
+
+
+Manufactories Iron, Brass, Glass
+
+Crockeryware is manufactured very extensively, of almost every
+conceivable size and kind of vessel, for various purposes. Some of them
+are quite handsome, and all nearly of the ancient oriental mould. The
+largest earthen vessels I ever saw are made by these people, some of
+them being large enough for small cisterns. Iron implements for
+agricultural and military, as well as other domestic purposes, are made
+by them in every large city. They make excellent razors, which shave
+quite well, as also other steel-bladed knives, which prove that they
+have the art of tempering iron. Brass as well as glass ornaments and
+trinkets are made in considerable quantities.
+
+
+Inhabitants
+
+The people are of fine physical structure and anatomical conformation,
+well and regularly featured; not varying more in this particular from
+the best specimen of their own race than the Caucasian or Anglo-Saxon
+from that of theirs. They are very polite--their language abounding in
+vowels, and consequently euphonious and agreeable--affable, sociable,
+and tractable, seeking information with readiness, and evincing
+willingness to be taught. They are shrewd, intelligent, and industrious,
+with high conceptions of the Supreme Being, only using their images
+generally as mediators. "So soon," said an intelligent missionary, "as
+you can convince them that there is a mediator to whom you _may talk,
+but cannot see_, just so soon can you make Christians of them"; their
+idea being that God is too great to be directly approached; therefore
+there must be a mediator to whom they must talk that they can see, when
+God will listen and answer if pleased.
+
+
+How Received by Them
+
+After my arrival at Abbeokuta, not going out for two days, they
+expecting me through information from Mr. Campbell, the third day the
+Chief Atambala called upon me, inviting me in turn to call and see him.
+In a few days after, the king had a popular religious festival in the
+great public space, where there were assembled many chiefs and elders;
+but, on our approach, the old king sent his messenger to escort us to
+the porch of the piazza upon which he was seated, eagerly grasping me by
+the hand, bidding me welcome to Abbeokuta and his court; telling me,
+pointing to Mr. Campbell, that he was acquainted with him, and had heard
+of me through him.
+
+
+Native Estimate of Civilized Educated Men
+
+In December, a meeting of the native cotton-traders, chiefs, and others,
+was held at the residence of the great chief Ogubonna concerning the
+price of cotton. On the meeting assembling, and finding that we were not
+present, the chief at once despatched a messenger, requesting our
+immediate attendance, as "we knew how things ought to be done." On going
+down, we found a large assemblage waiting, among whom were Messrs.
+Samuel and Josiah Crowther, H. Robbing, J. C. During, F. Rebeiro, and C.
+W. Faulkner, civilized native gentlemen; also Mr. J. G. Hughes, an
+English gentleman. By a motion from myself, seconded by J. Crowther, the
+chief Ogubonna was chosen chairman, and, upon a motion by Mr. Campbell,
+seconded by J. G. Hughes, Mr. Robbing was chosen vice-chairman. The
+meeting went off well, we making many suggestions during the
+proceedings, which were always received with approbation.
+
+The following from the native minister, being his own writing and
+composition, will explain itself:
+
+     ABBEOKUTA, Igbore, 23rd Dec., 1857
+
+     M. R. DELANY, Esq.:
+
+     DEAR SIR--A meeting of the Wesleyan Missionary Society will be held
+     at the Wesleyan Chapel, on Monday next, the 26th instant, at ten
+     o'clock, A.M., precisely. You are sincerely and respectfully
+     solicited to be the Chairman on the occasion.
+
+     The object of the Meeting is to offer Thanksgiving to Almighty God
+     for the past years' success; and to pray for an outpouring of the
+     Holy Spirit's influence upon the Church, for a further success, &c.
+
+     Collection will be made at the close of the above.
+
+     Yours respectfully and affectionately,
+     EDWD. BICKERSTETH
+     Wesleyan Minister
+
+     P.S. An early answer will be much obliged.
+
+I replied in the affirmative to this kind invitation (the copy of reply
+is now mislaid), when, at the appointed time, a crowded house was
+assembled.
+
+
+Influence of Civilization--Native Demonstration
+
+In a simple and comprehensive address made to them (being interpreted by
+the minister as I proceeded), such was the effect that it not only
+produced their unanimous applause, but aroused Mr. During (a native
+civilized merchant, who had never before spoken in public) to his feet,
+who approved of what I had said, with such an appeal of native
+eloquence, that when he ceased, sixty bags of cowries (£54 or $270,
+estimating them at 18s, or $4.50 a bag; the then current value of
+cowries) were paid down on the spot, to aid the spread of civilization
+through the gospel and education. Many, very many were the thanks given
+me that day by these, my native kinsmen and women. Several other
+gentlemen, among them Surgeon Samuel Crowther, the Pastor, Mr. Rebeiro,
+and Mr. Campbell my colleague, also addressed them.
+
+
+Official Transactions
+
+Many had been the social, friendly, and official interchanges between us
+and the king and chiefs during our stay in Abbeokuta, when, on the
+twenty-seventh, the day after the missionary meeting, the following
+document was duly executed, with the express understanding that no
+heterogeneous nor promiscuous "masses" or companies, but select and
+intelligent people of high moral as well as religious character were to
+be induced to go out. And I am sure that every good and upright person
+in that region, whether native or foreign missionary, would exceedingly
+regret to see a reckless set of religion-spurning, God-defying persons
+sent there--especially by disinterested white societies in America,
+which interferingly came forward in a measure which was originated
+solely by ourselves (and that, too, but a few of us), as our only hope
+for the regeneration of our race from the curse and corrupting
+influences of our white American oppressors.
+
+
+     TREATY
+
+     This Treaty, made between His Majesty, OKUKENU, Alake; SOMOYE,
+     Ibashorun; SOKENU, OGUBONNA, and ATAMBALA, Chiefs and Balaguns, of
+     Abbeokuta, on the first part; and MARTIN ROBISON DELANY, and ROBERT
+     CAMPBELL, of the Niger Valley Exploring Party, Commissioners from
+     the African race, of the United States and the Canadas in America,
+     on the second part, covenants:
+
+     ART. 1. That the King and Chiefs on their part, agree to grant and
+     assign unto the said Commissioners, on behalf of the African race
+     in America, the right and privilege of settling in common with the
+     Egba people, on any part of the territory belonging to Abbeokuta,
+     not otherwise occupied.
+
+     ART. 2. That all matters, requiring legal investigation among the
+     settlers, be left to themselves, to be disposed of according to
+     their own custom.
+
+     ART. 3. That the Commissioners, on their part, also agree that the
+     settlers shall bring with them, as an equivalent for the privileges
+     above accorded, Intelligence, Education, a Knowledge of the Arts
+     and Sciences, Agriculture, and other Mechanical and Industrial
+     Occupations, which they shall put into immediate operation, by
+     improving the lands, and in other useful vocations.
+
+     ART. 4. That the laws of the Egba people shall be strictly
+     respected by the settlers; and, in all matters in which both
+     parties are concerned, an equal number of commissioners, mutually
+     agreed upon, shall be appointed, who shall have power to settle
+     such matters.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     As a pledge of our faith, and the sincerity of our hearts, we each
+     of us hereunto affix our hand and seal this Twenty-seventh day of
+     December, ANNO DOMINI, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-nine.
+
+     His Mark, + OKUKENU, Alake
+     His Mark, + SOMOYE, Ibashorum
+     His Mark, + SOKENU, Balagun
+     His Mark, + OGUBONNA, Balagun
+     His Mark, + ATAMBALA, Balagun
+     His Mark, + OGUSEYE, Anaba
+     His Mark, + NGTABO, Balagun, O.S.O.
+     His Mark, + OGUDEMU, Ageoko
+     M. R. DELANY
+     ROBERT CAMPBELL
+
+     Witness--SAMUEL CROWTHER, Jun.
+     Attest--SAMUEL CROWTHER, Sen.
+
+
+
+Executive Council, and Ratification of the Treaty
+
+On the next evening, the 28th, the king, with the executive council of
+chiefs and elders, met at the palace in Ake, when the treaty was
+ratified by an unanimous approval. Such general satisfaction ran through
+the council, that the great chief, his highness Ogubonna, mounting his
+horse, then at midnight, hastened to the residence of the Surgeon
+Crowther, aroused his father the missionary and author, and hastily
+informed him of the action of the council.
+
+
+Native Confidence; Hopes in Educated Blacks; Princess Tinuba
+
+On our return from the interior, having previously made the acquaintance
+of, and had several interviews with, and visits to and from the Princess
+Tinuba, being a called upon by her, I informed her that during our tour
+I learned that she had supplied the chief of Ijaye with the means and
+implements for carrying on the war, which that chief was then waging
+against Oyo and Ibaddan.
+
+I had previous to that, obtained her fullest confidence as an adviser, a
+person of integrity, a friend of my race and of Africa. She had
+previously expressed to a friend of mine, that she had more hope of a
+regeneration of Africa through me than ever before. She had promised to
+place the entire management of her extensive business in my hands, as
+much advantage was taken of her by foreigners. She has attached to her
+immediate household about sixty persons, and keeps constantly employed
+about three hundred and sixty persons bringing her in palm-oil and
+ivory. She had come with a private retinue of six or seven persons, her
+secretary, a man and several maid-servants, to counsel and give me a
+written statement of what she desired me to do. Having conversed for
+some time, after receiving my admonition concerning the part which I had
+learned she had taken with Arie of Ijaye, she sat some time after,
+positively negativing the accusation, when, bidding me farewell, and
+saying that she would "_send_ me a letter," retired. In the course of
+the afternoon, her secretary, "Charles B. Jones," a native, came to the
+house, and presenting his mistress's compliments, with her final adieu,
+handed me a written paper, from which I take the following extracts,
+simply to show the general feeling and frankness of these people, as
+well as the hopes and confidence they have in our going there:
+
+
+   DR. MARTIN R. DELANEY: Abbeokuta, April 3rd, 1860
+
+   SIR--This is to certify you, that it is with a willing mind I come to
+   you for help: and I trust you will do according to your promise.... I
+   return you my sincere gratitude for your kind information gave me while
+   at your house, and can assure you that all what you heard is false
+   respecting my sending guns and powder to Arie, the Chief of Ijaye.... I
+   beg to say, you must not forget to find the Clerk who will stop at Lagos
+   to ship my cargo ... and make agreement with him before you send him
+   here.... I need not say much more about the affairs, as you yourself
+   have known my statements. With hopes that you are well, I am, dear Sir,
+
+   Your humble servant,
+
+   TINUBA
+
+   P.S. You must not forget to send the two gauge-rods. I beg you ...
+   Yours, &c.,--TINUBA
+
+   Per Charles B. Jones.
+
+I have preferred to give these extracts just as they were written,
+without correcting the composition in any way.
+
+
+Royal Deference to Black Men
+
+The liberality which is here accorded to the people of Abbeokuta may be
+also accorded to most other places. The king of Illorin sat in his court
+exposed to our view, because, he said, we were "his people"; a privilege
+which he never allowed "a strange white man," who was never permitted to
+look upon his royal black face publicly. He also sent with us an escort
+of a horseman and five footmen, with sword and spear, as a guard of
+honor, sending us cowries to pay the expenses. The king of Oyo paid us
+distinguished honors through his great Arie Kufu, calling me a relative,
+and sending the chief to inquire after our health. On my leaving Oyo
+finally, he sent with me a very large escort, at the head of whom was
+his commander-in-chief Kufu, as a guard of honor, and three native
+gentlemen, high in rank, as my special carriers. These gentle men
+complained to the missioners, Mr. and Mrs. Hinderer at Ibaddan, that I
+was quite mistaken as to their true social position at home. To this I
+plead guilty, as they were quite right.
+
+
+Domestic Animals; Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Muscovy, Turkeys Swine;
+Common, Guinea
+
+Chickens (and eggs plentifully) the sweetest and tenderest, ducks and
+turkeys; also Guinea fowls, as well as the fine Muscovy, are abundant.
+
+The swine consist of two distinct classes; the common, descended from
+the wild--a long, lean, gaunt, long-eared, long-nosed, sharp-featured,
+hungry-looking brute, like the American hog; and the Guinea, a
+short-legged, heavy-bodied, short-nosed, short-eared, fat-jawed,
+full-headed, jolly-looking animal, closely resembling the Berkshire of
+English breeding.
+
+
+Goats, Sheep
+
+The goats are the most beautiful, shiny, plump, active, saucy creatures,
+the mutton being most excellent flesh; and the sheep, though hairy
+instead of woolly, in every other particular are like other sheep, and
+the mutton frequently equaling English mutton in flavor and sweetness. I
+suspect the common sheep of this country to be of another genus, as
+there are some very fine woolly sheep in the interior. We intend testing
+the woolly sheep when we get settled there.
+
+
+Cattle--Mandingo and Golah
+
+The cattle are of two classes, and merit particular attention. The
+windward or Mandingo, a tall, long-horned, beautiful animal, the type of
+the Herefordshire; and the leeward or Golah, a short-legged,
+short-horned, heavy-bodied, broad-backed ox, the exact conformation of
+the splendid English Durham beeves.
+
+
+Horses; Aku, Bornou
+
+The horses are of two distinct classes, and not only merit much
+attention here, but must be regarded as among the most surprising
+evidences (as well as the cattle and improved breed of swine) of the
+high degree of intelligence and heathen civilization attained by the
+people.
+
+
+Aku, or Yoruba Horse
+
+The Aku or Yoruba, is a small, well-built, generally sprightly animal,
+equal in size to the largest American-Indian pony. They are great
+travelers, and very enduring, and when broke to the shafts or traces
+will be excellent in harness as family hackneys.
+
+
+Bornou, or Soudan Horse
+
+The Bornou, a noble horse, from twelve to seventeen hands high, finely
+proportioned and symmetrically beautiful, and the type of the
+description of the sire of the great first English blood horse,
+Godolphin, is exceedingly high-spirited, and fleet in the race or chase.
+These noble animals abound in all this part of Africa; are bred in
+Bornou, where great attention is paid to the rearing of them, from
+whence they are taken by the Ishmaelitish traders, in exchange for their
+commodities, to Arabia; from thence they are sent to Europe as their own
+production; just as, a few years since, and probably up to the present
+day, mules were reared in great numbers in Mexico, purchased by Ohio and
+Kentucky muleteers, who sold them in the eastern and northern States of
+America, where for years the people supposed and really believed that
+they were bred in the western States, from whence they were purported to
+come. The fine Bornou, known as the Arabian horse, is a native of
+Africa, and raised in great numbers. Denham and Clapperton, as long ago
+as thirty-five or forty years, wrote, after visiting that part of
+Africa, "It is said that Bornou can muster fifteen thousand Shonaas in
+the field mounted. They are the greatest breeders of cattle in the
+country, and annually supply Soudan with from two to three thousand
+horses." These animals are used for riding, and well exercised, as the
+smallest boys are great riders, every day dashing at fearful speed along
+the roads and over the plains.
+
+
+Game; Quadrupeds
+
+Game is also very plentiful. Deer, antelopes, wild hogs, hedge hogs,
+porcupines, armadillos, squirrels, hares and rabbits, raccoons and
+opossums, are among the most common quadruped game.
+
+
+Wild Fowl
+
+Wild turkey, wild ducks of various kinds, wild pigeons, ocpara (a very
+fine quail, much larger, fatter and plumper than the American pheasant),
+and the wild Guinea fowl, are among the most common biped game.
+
+
+Markets, and Domestic Habits of the People
+
+The markets are also worthy of note, and by their regular establishment
+and arrangement indicate to a certain extent the self-governing element
+and organized condition of the people. Every town has its regular
+market-place or general bazaar, and everything to be had in the town
+may be found, in more or less quantities, in these market-places. In
+describing the large cities through which Mr. Campbell my colleague, and
+I passed, and those through which I passed alone (none of which were
+under seventy thousand of a population) there were numerous smaller
+places of various sizes, from very small villages of one hundred to two
+thousand inhabitants, which were not mentioned in the enumerated towns.
+Of these market-places I may mention that Illorin has five, the area of
+the largest comprising about ten acres, and the general market of
+Abbeokuta comprising more than twelve altogether, whilst that of Ijaye
+contains fully twenty acres or more, in which, like the markets
+generally, everything may be obtained. These markets are systematically
+regulated and orderly arranged, there being parts and places for
+everything, and "everything in their places," with officially appointed
+and excellent managing market-masters. The cattle department of the
+Abbeokuta and Ijaye markets, as well as Illorin are particularly
+attractive, there being as many as eight hundred sheep at one time in
+either of the two former, and horses and mules, as well as sheep and
+goats exhibited in the latter. When approaching the city of Ibaddan, I
+saw at a brook, where they had been let out of their cages or coops to
+drink and wash themselves, as many as three thousand pigeons and squabs
+going to the Ibaddan market.
+
+The following description of the Illorin market, extracted from "Bowen's
+Central Africa," is truthful as far as it goes, and will give a general
+idea of markets in the great cities of Africa:
+
+
+     The most attractive object next to the curious old town itself--and
+     it is always old--is the market.... Here the women sit and chat all
+     day, from early morn till nine o'clock at night, to sell their
+     various merchandise. Some of the sheds however, are occupied by
+     barbers, who shave people's heads and faces; and by leather
+     dressers, who make charms like Jewish phylacteries, and bridle
+     reins, shoes, sandals, &c.; and by dozens and scores of men, who
+     earn an honest living by dressing calabashes, and ornamenting them
+     with various neat engravings.[6] ... The principal market hour, and
+     proper time to see all the wonders, is in the evening.... As the
+     shades of evening deepen, if the weather allow the market to
+     continue and there is no moon, every woman lights her little lamp,
+     and presently the market presents, to the distant observer, the
+     beautiful appearance of innumerable stars.
+
+     The commodities sold in market are too tedious to mention, even if
+     all could be remembered. Besides home productions, there are
+     frequently imported articles from the four quarters of the globe.
+     Various kinds of meat, fowls, sheep, goats, dogs, rats, tortoises,
+     eggs, fish, snails, yams, Indian corn, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes,
+     sugar-cane, ground peas, onions, pepper, various vegetables,
+     palm-nuts, oil, tree-butter, seeds, fruits, firewood, cotton in the
+     seeds, spun cotton, domestic cloth, imported cloth, as calico,
+     shirting, velvets, &c., gun-powder, guns, flints, knives, swords,
+     paper, raw silk, Turkey-red thread, needles, ready-made clothing,
+     as trowsers, caps, breeches shirts without sleeves, baskets,
+     brooms, and no one knows what all.
+
+This description was given by Mr. Bowen in his (in many respects)
+admirable work, published in 1857, after a missionary residence and tour
+of seven years, from 1850 to the time of writing, among the people of
+whom he wrote.
+
+
+Native Houses and Cities
+
+The houses are built of unburnt clay which hardens in the sun, covered
+with a beautiful thatch-long, peculiar grass--exhibiting only the walls
+to the streets, the doors all opening inside of these walls, which are
+entered by a gate or large doorway; the streets generally irregular and
+narrow, but frequently agreeably relieved by wider ones, or large, open
+spaces or parks shaded with trees; all presenting a scene so romantic
+and antiquated in appearance, that you cannot resist the association
+with Babylon, Nineveh, Tyre, and Thebais. The buildings are heavy and
+substantial for their kind, many of which are very extensive. These
+towns and cities are all entrenched and walled; extending entirely
+around them; that of Abbeokuta with the new addition being twenty-seven
+miles, though the population is less by forty thousand than Ibaddan,
+which embraces about twenty-three miles.
+
+
+Conjugal and Filial Affection. Activity of Children
+
+Great affection exists between husband and wife, the women being mostly
+restricted to household work, trading, and gathering in the fields, and
+aiding in carrying, whilst the men principally do the digging, planting,
+chopping, and other hard work. The children are also passionately
+beloved by their parents, sometimes with too much indulgence. They are
+very active, and every day some of them of all sizes may be seen dashing
+along a road or over a plain at fearful speed on horseback. They are
+great vaulters and ankle-springers, and boys may frequently be seen to
+spring from the ground whirling twice--turning _two_ summersets--before
+lighting on their feet.
+
+
+Population of Monrovia and the State
+
+It may not be out of place here to add, that the population of the
+capital of Liberia is certainly not above three thousand, though they
+claim for it five thousand. And what has been said of the lack and
+seeming paucity of public improvement may be much extenuated when it is
+considered that the entire population of settlers only number at present
+some 15,000 souls; the native population being 250,000, or 300,000, as
+now incorporated.
+
+
+Canine and Feline
+
+As the enquiry has been frequently made of me as to "whether there are
+really dogs and cats in Africa," and if so, "whether they are like other
+dogs and cats"; and since a very intelligent American clergyman said to
+me that he had read it somewhere as a fact in natural history, that dogs
+in Africa could not bark; I simply here inform the curious enquirer,
+that there are dogs and cats plentifully in Africa, which "look like
+other dogs and cats," and assure them that the dogs bark, eat, and
+_bite_, just like "other dogs."
+
+
+Slavery
+
+A word about slavery. It is simply preposterous to talk about slavery,
+as that term is understood, either being legalized or existing in this
+part of Africa. It is nonsense. The system is a patriarchal one, there
+being no actual difference, socially, between the slave (called by their
+protector _son or daughter_) and the children of the person with whom
+they live. Such persons intermarry, and frequently become the heads of
+state: indeed, generally so, as I do not remember at present a king or
+chief with whom I became acquainted whose entire members of the
+household, from the lowest domestic to the highest official, did not
+sustain this relation to him, they calling him _baba_ or "father," and
+he treating them as children. And where this is not the case, it either
+arises from some innovation among them or those exceptional cases of
+despotism to be found in every country. Indeed, the term "slave" is
+unknown to them, only as it has been introduced among them by whites
+from Europe and America. So far from abject slavery, not even the old
+feudal system, as known to exist until comparatively recent in
+enlightened and Christian Europe, exists in this part of Africa.
+
+Criminals and prisoners of war are _legally sold_ into slavery among
+themselves, just as was the custom in almost every civilized country in
+the world till very lately, when nothing but advanced intelligence and
+progressive Christianity among the people put a stop to it. There is no
+place, however, but Illorin, a _bona fide_ Mohammedan kingdom, where we
+ever witnessed any exhibition of these facts.
+
+
+How Slaves Are Obtained
+
+Slaves are abducted by marauding, kidnapping, depraved natives, who,
+like the organized bands and gangs of robbers in Europe and America, go
+through the country thieving and stealing helpless women and children,
+and men who may be overpowered by numbers. Whole villages in this way
+sometimes fall victims to these human monsters, especially when the
+strong young men are out in the fields at work, the old of both sexes in
+such cases being put to death, whilst the young are hurried through
+some private way down to the slave factories usually kept by Europeans
+(generally Portuguese and Spaniards) and Americans, on some secluded
+part of the coast. And in no instances are the parents and relatives
+known to sell their own children or people into slavery, except, indeed,
+in cases of base depravity, and except such miserable despots as the
+kings of Dahomi and Ashantee; neither are the heads of countries known
+to sell their own people; but like the marauding kidnapper, obtain them
+by war on others.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] Lagos is an exception to this, the market commencing early in the
+day, and closing at night.
+
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+DISEASES OF THIS PART OF AFRICA, TREATMENT, HYGIENE, ALIMENT
+
+
+Diseases, Face of the Country, Spring Water
+
+The diseases in this part of Africa are still more simple than those of
+Liberia; and even the _native fever_, for known causes, generally is
+much less severe. In Liberia, and all that part of Africa, the entire
+country (except the cleared farms in the republic and the limited
+rice-fields of the natives) is a dense, heavy-wooded, _primitive_
+forest, rank with the growth and putrified vegetation of a thousand
+ages. But the entire Aku country, throughout the second plateau,
+presents a very different phase. Here, one is struck with the beautiful
+clear country which continually spreads out in every direction around;
+and (except the thickets or forests left as defences, ambuscades, and
+arbors of rest, rugged hilltops, and gullies), there is nothing but
+recent timber to be found growing on the lands. Timber in Africa is
+reproduced very speedily; hence may be found in some parts designedly
+left very heavy timber; but the greatest unbroken forest through which
+we passed at any one time, of this description, never exceeded, I think,
+ten miles. All the spring (shallow wells generally) and other living
+water, as perennial streams, is both good-tasted, and if the constant
+use of running stream water be a fair test, I would decide as wholesome.
+There are some good springs in Africa, and good water doubtless may
+everywhere be obtained by digging suitable wells.
+
+
+To Keep Water Cool. Kind of Vessels
+
+Drinking water in the tropics should always be kept in large vessels of
+crockery ware (usually termed "stone" and "earthen ware") and smaller
+bottle or decanter-shaped jugs or vessels for table convenience. If
+earthen or crockery ware cannot be obtained for table use, by all means
+use glass bottles--the more globular, or balloon-shaped, the better.
+
+
+Cool Water
+
+To make and keep water cool in any crockery or glass vessel, wrap around
+it a cloth or any kind, but especially _woolen_--flannel or blanket
+being the best--which keep simply _wet_, and the water in the vessel, by
+_evaporation_ from the _cloth_, can be made or kept almost ice cool.
+
+
+To Keep the Cloth Wet. Apparatus
+
+A most simple method by which the cloth may be kept wet, and evaporation
+thereby kept up, is to have a large vessel, with the water in for common
+use, so placed that a small vessel with water can be suspended over it
+in such a manner that a _drip_ can be kept constantly on the cloth. The
+cloth being first saturated, it will readily be seen that a very small
+drip is required to keep up the dampness. The drip may be arranged,
+where convenient, with a small _faucet_ so as to regulate the drop, or
+the more primitive method of a little _spiggot_ or _sharpened stick_ put
+into a hole made in the vessel, so regulated as to keep up a sufficient
+dripping to keep the cloth of sufficient dampness. Simple as this may
+appear to the reader, it is an important sanitary measure, besides
+adding greatly to the immediate comfort of the traveler or resident in
+those regions.
+
+
+Atmosphere
+
+The atmosphere in this region of the continent is much purer than that
+of Liberia and the region round about; and, although incorporated with
+odors, these are pleasant and seem familiar to the sense, and not
+obnoxious with the rich rank fragrance so sensibly experienced in that
+country. There is little, comparatively, of the decayed vegetation,
+which sends up malaria from the surface in Liberia; and the immense
+fields and plains of grass not under cultivation at the time, are burnt
+down during the dry season, thereby bringing to bear, though probably
+unawares to them, a sanitary process throughout that extensive country
+at least once every year.
+
+
+Kinds of Disease
+
+_Intermittent fever_, as described in section VI., page 280 on Liberia,
+though generally of a mild type, _diarrhoea_, _dysentery_ (neither of
+which is difficult to subdue by a little rational treatment),
+_opthalmia_, and _umbilical hernia_, and sometimes, but not frequently,
+_inguinal hernia_, are the principal diseases. The opthalmia I suspected
+as originating from taint, probably having been primarily carried from
+the coast, as it was not so frequently met with as to warrant the idea
+of its being either a contagion or the effects of poisonous sands or
+winds, as supposed to exist. The hernia is caused by the absence of
+proper _umbilical attention_ and _abdominal support_ to the child after
+_parturition_. Umbilical hernia is fearfully common all through Africa,
+I having frequently seen persons, especially females, with the hernial
+tumor as large as their own head, and those of little children fully as
+large as the head of an infant a month old.
+
+
+Guinea Worm
+
+A singular disease affects some persons, though I have never seen this
+upon a native, and believe it to be peculiar to the region round about
+Liberia. The person whose case I examined had formerly resided in
+Liberia, where, doubtless, the disease commenced, but for the last three
+years previously had resided at Ijaye, in the capacity of cook, for the
+American Baptist Missionaries, Revs. A. D. Phillips and J. R. Stone and
+lady, and then resided at Abbeokuta. This is a peculiar ulceration of
+the leg, immediately above the ankle-bone, where they say it usually
+commences; the edges of the ulcer, and the cuticle quite up to the edge,
+and all the surrounding parts, having a healthy appearance, as though a
+portion of the flesh had been recently torn out, leaving the cavity as
+it then was. The most peculiar feature of this singular disease is a
+_white fiber_, which, coming out from the integuments of the muscles of
+the leg above, hangs suspended in the cavity (ulcer) the lower end
+loose, and somewhat inclined to coil (and when _straightened_ out,
+resuming again the serpentine curves, of course from the _elasticity_
+with _motion_), is supposed to be a _worm_; hence its name--_Guinea
+worm_. The fibre seems in color and texture to be in a normal condition;
+indeed, there appear to be little or no pathological symptoms about the
+parts at all, except a slight appearance of _vermillion_ inflammation
+over the surface of the ulcer, which is more apparent sometimes than
+others.
+
+
+What Is Guinea Worm?
+
+I have examined closely this fibre, and from its appearance, color,
+size, and texture, especially as it is sensibly felt high up in the leg
+near the tuberosity of the tibia, when pulled by the dangling end, my
+own impression is that the so-called "Guinea worm" is nothing more than
+the _external saphenus_ or _communis tibiae_ (nerve) exposed in a
+peculiar manner, probably by a disease, which, by a curious pathological
+process, absorbs away the muscular parts, leaving the bare nerve
+detached at its lower extremity, suspended loose in this unnatural
+space. I have never seen but this one case of Guinea worm, but had
+frequent opportunities of examining it; indeed, the patient consulted me
+concerning it, and by the advice and consent of the very clever native
+gentleman, Samuel Crowther, Esq., who received his professional
+education at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
+London, insisted on my taking the case, which I declined, partly for the
+want of time to do justice to the patient, and aside from courtesy and
+equity to the surgeon who had the case in hand, mainly because I _knew
+nothing about it_--the best reason of all. The patient was an American
+quadroon, black nearly in complexion, of one-fourth white blood, from
+North Carolina. This, of course was a black quadroon.
+
+I should add, that the fiber at times entirely _disappears_ from the
+cavity (by _contraction_, of course), when again it is seen suspended as
+before. This is one reason why it is believed to be a _worm_, and
+supposed to _creep_ up and down in the flesh.
+
+
+Treatment of Diseases--Diarrhoea
+
+The treatment of fever in this part of Africa should be the same as that
+in Liberia, given on page 280. The best remedy which I have found for
+diarrhoea is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx]. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Syr.
+    Simp. [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts. Terebinth, [TN: symbol: dracm] j.;
+    Tinct. Opii., gtt. x. M. ft.
+
+Pulverized rhubarb, one drachm, (or one-eighth of an ounce); simple
+syrup, four ounces (or eight large tablespoonfuls); laudanum, ten drops;
+spirits of turpentine, one spoonful. Mix this well together to take.
+
+
+Dysentery
+
+For dysentery the recipe is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx]. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. Pulv. C. Catech. a. a.,
+    [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Syr. Simp. f. [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts.
+    Terebinth. Spis. Ammon. Arromat., a. a. f.
+    [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Tinct. Opii. gtt. x.M.ft.
+
+Pulverized rhubarb and pulverized gum catechu, each, one-eighth of an
+ounce; simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; spirits of turpentine
+and aromatic spirits of ammonia, of each one teaspoonful; laudanum, ten
+drops. Mix this well together to take. Of this take one teaspoonful (if
+very bad, a dessert spoonful) every three hours, or four times a day
+(always beginning at least one hour before breakfast), till the symptoms
+cease.
+
+
+Fever Antidote
+
+During the presence of febrile symptoms, in the absence of all diarrhoea
+and dysenteric symptoms, even when the person is not complaining, an
+excellent simple antidote to be taken at discretion, not oftener than
+once every hour during the day, is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx] Syr. Simp., [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts. Ammon.
+    Arromat. [TN: symbol: drachm] jss. M. ft.
+
+Simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; aromatic spirits of ammonia,
+one and a-half teaspoonfuls. Mix this well together. Take a teaspoonful
+of this preparation in a little cold water, or a glass of lemonade if
+preferred, and the condition of the bowels will admit, as often as
+thought advisable under the circumstances.
+
+I have thus thought proper to simplify this treatment, that it may be in
+the reach of every person going to the tropics, as I am certain that
+there has been a great deficiency in the treatment and discovery of
+remedies in diseases of that continent especially. These prescriptions,
+as compounded, are entirely new, originating with the writer, who has
+only to add that he is in hopes that they prove as advantageous and
+successful in other hands as they have been in his.
+
+
+Regimen
+
+Persons laboring under fever should eat moderately of such food as best
+agrees with their appetite; but frequently, if required or desired,
+that the system may be well supported. When there is _diarrhoea_ or
+_dysentery_ present, there should be no solid food taken, but the
+patient or ailing person should be confined strictly to a thin milk
+porridge of fine Guinea-corn flour, which is always obtainable in
+Africa, crumbled crackers or soda biscuits, light (leavened) wheat bread
+if to be had, or well-done rice boiled to a pulp. The soda-biscuit as a
+porridge with milk rather aggravates the bowels of most persons;
+therefore, whenever it is found to have this effect, its use should be
+immediately abandoned. In many instances, where there is either
+diarrhoea or dysentery present, without other prominent symptoms, I have
+found the mere use of cooked milk (merely "scalded," as women usually
+term it--being heated to the boiling point without permitting it to
+boil), taken as food alone, to be the only remedy required.
+
+
+Hygiene--Eating
+
+The laws of health should be particularly observed in going to Africa.
+In respect to eating, there need be no material change of food, but each
+individual observing those nourishments which best agree with him or
+her. When there is little inclination to eat, eat but little; and when
+there is none, eat nothing. I am certain that a large percentage of the
+mortality which occurs may be attributed to too free and too frequent
+indulgence in eating, as was the case with the Lewis family of five at
+Clay-Ashland, in Liberia--all of whom died from that cause; as well as
+others that might be mentioned.
+
+
+Coffee, Air, Fruits
+
+So soon as you have taken your bath and put your morning wrapper, even
+before dressing, you may eat one or more sweet oranges, then take a cup
+of coffee, creamed and sweetened, or not, to your taste. Make your
+toilet, and walk out and take the cool air, always taking your umbrella
+or parasol, because no foreigner, until by a long residence more or less
+acclimated, can expose himself with impunity to a tropical sun. If
+preferred coffee should always be taken with cream or milk and sugar,
+because it is then less irritating to the stomach. One of the symptoms
+of native fever is said to be _nervous irritability of the stomach_;
+hence, all exciting causes to irritation of that part should be avoided
+as much as possible. Such fruits as best agree with each individual
+should be most indulged in; indeed, all others for the time should be
+dispensed with; and when it can be done without any apparent risk to the
+person, a little fruit of some kind might be taken every day by each new
+comer. Except oranges, taken as directed above, all fruits should be
+eaten _after_, and _not_ before breakfast. The fruits of the country
+have been described in another place.
+
+
+Drinks
+
+Let your habits be strictly temperate, and for human nature's sake,
+abstain from the erroneous idea that some sort of malt or spirituous
+drink is necessary. This is not the case; and I am certain that much of
+the disease and dire mortality charged against Africa, as a "land of
+pestilence and death," should be charged against the Christian lands
+which produce and _send bad spirits_ to destroy those who go to Africa.
+Whenever wine, brandy, whisky, gin, rum, or pure alcohol are required
+as a medical remedy, no one will object to its use; but, in all cases in
+which they are used as a beverage in Africa, I have no hesitation in
+pronouncing them deleterious to the system. The best British porter and
+ale may, in convalescence from fever, be used to advantage as a tonic,
+because of the bitter and farinaceous substances they contain--not
+otherwise is it beneficial to the system in Africa. Water, lemonade,
+effervescent drinks--a teaspoonful of super-carbonate of soda, to a
+glass of lemonade--all may be drunk in common, when thirsty, with
+pleasure to the drinker as well as profit. Pure ginger-beer is very
+beneficial.
+
+
+Bathing
+
+Bathing should be strictly observed by every person at least once every
+day. Each family should be provided with a large sponge, or one for each
+room if not for each person, and free application of water to the entire
+person, from head to foot, should be made every morning.
+
+
+Early Rising--Breezes
+
+Every person should rise early in Africa, as the air is then coolest,
+freshest, and purest; besides the effect upon the senses, the sight and
+song of the numerous birds to be seen and heard, produce a healthful
+influence upon the mental and physical system. The land and sea-breezes
+blow regularly and constantly from half-past three o'clock P.M. till
+half-past ten o'clock A.M., when there is a cessation of about five
+hours till half-past three again.
+
+
+Never Sultry
+
+The evenings and mornings are always cool and pleasant, _never sultry_
+and oppressive with heat, as frequently in temperate climates during
+summer and autumn. This wise and beneficent arrangement of Divine
+Providence makes this country beautifully, in fact, delightfully
+pleasant; and I have no doubt but in a very few years, so soon as
+scientific black men, her own sons, who alone must be more interested in
+her development than any other take the matter in hand, and produce
+works upon the diseases, remedies, treatment, and sanitary measures of
+Africa, there will be no more contingency in going to Africa than any
+other known foreign country. I am certain, even now, that the native
+fever of Africa is not more trying upon the system, when properly
+treated, than the native fever of Canada, the Western and Southern
+States and Territories of the United States of America.
+
+
+Dress, Avoid Getting Wet
+
+Dress should be regulated according to the feeling, with sometimes more
+and sometimes less clothing. But I think it advisable that adults should
+wear flannel (thin) next to their person always when first going to
+Africa. It gradually absorbs the moisture, and retaining a proper degree
+of heat, thus prevents any sudden change of temperature from affecting
+the system. Avoid getting wet at first, and should this accidentally
+happen, take a thoroughly good bath, rub the skin dry, and put on dry
+clothes, and for two or three hours that day, keep out of the sun; but
+if at night, go to bed. But when it so happens that you are out from
+home and cannot change clothing, continue to exercise until the clothes
+dry on your person. It is the abstraction of heat from the system by
+evaporation of water from the clothing, which does the mischief in such
+cases. I have frequently been wet to saturation in Africa, and nothing
+ever occurred from it, by pursuing the course here laid down. Always
+sleep in clean clothes.
+
+
+Sanitary Measures
+
+I am sure I need inform no one, however ignorant, that all measures of
+cleanliness of person, places, and things about the residences,
+contribute largely to health in Africa, as in other countries.
+
+
+Ventilation of Houses
+
+All dwellings should be _freely ventilated_ during the _night_ as well
+as day, and it is a great mistake to suppose, as in Liberia (where every
+settler sleeps with every part of his house closely shut--doors,
+windows, and all) that it is deletereous to have the house ventilated
+during the evening, although they go out to night meetings, visit each
+other in the evening, and frequently sit on their porches and piazzas
+till a late hour in the night, conversing, without any injurious effects
+whatever. Dr. Roberts, and I think Dr. McGill and a few other gentlemen,
+informed me that their sleeping apartments were exceptions to the custom
+generally in Liberia. This stifling custom to save themselves does not
+prevail among the natives of Africa anywhere, nor among the foreigners
+anywhere in the Yoruba country, that I am aware of, and I am under the
+impression that it was the result of fear or precaution, not against the
+night air, but against the imaginary (and sometimes real) creeping
+things--as insects and reptiles--which might find their way into the
+houses at night.
+
+
+Test of Night Air
+
+While in Liberia, I have traversed rivers in an open boat at night,
+slept beyond the Kavalla Falls in open native houses, and at the
+residence of Rev. Alexander Crummel, Mount Vaughan, Cape Palmas, I slept
+every evening while there with both window and door as ventilators. The
+window was out and the door inside. In Abbeokuta, Ijaye, Oyo, and
+Ogbomoso, we slept every night with ventilated doors and windows, when
+we slept at all in a house. But in Illorin we always slept out of doors
+by preference, and only retired to repose in-doors (which were always
+open) when it was too cool to sleep out, as our bedding consisted only
+of a native mat on the ground, and a calico sheet spread over us. And I
+should here make acknowledgments to my young colleague, Mr. Campbell,
+for the use of his large Scotch shawl when I was unwell, and indeed
+almost during our entire travel--it being to me a great accommodation, a
+comfort and convenience which I did not possess.
+
+
+Test of Exposure
+
+I have started two and three hours before daybreak, laying on my bed in
+an open canoe, ascending the Ogun river, at different times during the
+six days' journey up to Abbeokuta; Mr. Campbell and myself have
+frequently slept out in open courts and public market-places, without
+shed or piazza covering; and when journeying from Oyo to Ibaddan, for
+three successive evenings I lay in the midst of a wilderness or forest,
+on a single native mat without covering, the entire night; and many
+times during our travels we arose at midnight to commence our journey,
+and neither of us ever experienced any serious inconvenience from it.
+
+
+Improved Window and Door Ventilation
+
+That houses in Africa may be properly ventilated during the night
+without annoyance, or, what is equally as bad, if not worse, the
+continual fear and imagination of the approach of venomous insects,
+creeping things, and reptiles, the residents should adapt them to the
+place and circumstances, without that rigid imitation of European and
+American order of building. Every house should be well ventilated with
+windows on opposite sides of the rooms, when and wherever this is
+practicable, and the same may be said of doors. And where the room will
+not admit of opposite windows, or windows at least on two sides of a
+room, whether opposite or otherwise, a chimney or ventilating flue
+should be constructed on the opposite side to the window--which window
+should always be to the windward, so as to have a continual draught or
+current of fresh air. Persons, however, should always avoid sitting in a
+_draught_, though a free circulation of air should be allowed in each
+room of every house.
+
+Instead of window-sashes with glass, as in common use, I would suggest
+that the windows have a sash of four, or but two (if preferred) panels,
+to each window (two upper and two lower, or one upper and one lower--or
+one lower and two upper, which would make a neat and handsome window),
+each panel or space for panes being neatly constructed with a
+sieve-work, such as is now used as screens during summer season in the
+lower part of parlor windows. To prevent too great oxydization or too
+rapid decay of so delicate a structure as the wire must be, it should be
+made of brass, copper, or some composition which would not readily
+corrode. Inside or outside doors of the same material, made to close and
+open like the Venetian jalousies now in use in civilized countries,
+would be found very convenient, and add much to the comfort and health
+of dwellings as a sanitary measure. The frames of the panels or sashes
+should be constructed of maple, cherry, walnut, or mahogany, according
+to the means of the builder and elegance of the building--as these
+articles seasoned are not only more neat and durable, but, from their
+solidity, are less liable to warp or shrink. This would afford such a
+beautiful and safe protection to every dwelling against the intrusion of
+all and every living thing, even the smallest insect--while a full and
+free circulation of fresh air would be allowed--that a residence in
+Africa would become attractive and desirable, instead of, as now (from
+imagination), objectionable.
+
+
+Sanitary Effects of Ants--Termites, and Drivers
+
+A word about ants in Africa--so much talked of, and so much
+dreaded--will legitimately be in place here, regarding them as a
+sanitary means, provided by Divine Providence. The _termites_, bug-a-bug
+or white double ant, shaped like two ovals somewhat flattened, joined
+together by a cylinder somewhat smaller in the middle, with a head at
+one end of one of the ovals, is an herbivorous insect, and much abused
+as the reputed destroyers of books, papers, and all linen or muslin
+clothing. They feed mainly on such vegetable matter as is most subject
+to decay--as soft wood, and many other such, when void of vitality--and
+there is living herbage upon which they feed, and thereby prove a
+blessing to a country with a superabundance of rank vegetable matter. It
+is often asserted that they destroy whole buildings, yet I have never
+seen a person who knew of such a disaster by them, although they may
+attack and do as much mischief in such cases at times as the wood-worms
+of America; and, in regard to clothing, though doubtless there have been
+instances of their attack upon and destruction of clothing, yet I will
+venture to assert that there is no one piece of clothing attacked and
+destroyed by these creatures, to ten thousand by the moths which get
+into the factories and houses in civilized countries, where woolen goods
+are kept. In all my travels in Africa, I never had anything attacked by
+the termite; but during my stay of seven months in Great Britain, I had
+a suit of woolen clothes completely eaten up by moths in Liverpool.
+
+
+Drivers
+
+Drivers, as every person already knows, are black ants, whose reputation
+is as bad for attacking living animals, and even human beings, as the
+termites' for attacking clothing. This creature, like its white cousin,
+is also an instrument in the hands of Providence as a sanitary means,
+and to the reverse of the other is carnivorous, feeding upon all flesh
+whether fresh or putrified. Like the white, for the purpose of
+destroying the superabundance of vegetable, certainly these black ants
+were designed by Providence to destroy the excess of animal life which
+in the nature of things would be brought forth, with little or no
+destruction without them; and although much is said about their
+attacking persons, I will venture the opinion that there is not one of
+these attacks a person to every ten thousand musquitoes in America, as
+it is only by chance, and _not by search after it_, that drivers attack
+persons.
+
+
+How They Travel
+
+They usually go in search of food in narrow rows, say from half an inch
+to a hand's breadth, as swiftly as a running stream of water, and may in
+their search enter a house in their course--if nothing attract them
+around it--when, in such cases, they spread over the floor, walls, and
+ceiling; and finding no insect or creeping thing to destroy, they gather
+again on the floor, and leave the premises in the regular order in which
+they entered. Should they encounter a person when on these excursions,
+though in bed, does he but lie still and not disturb them, the
+good-hearted negro insects will even pass over the person without harm
+or molestation; but, if disturbed, they will retaliate by a sting as
+readily as a bee when the hive is disturbed, though their sting, so far
+from being either dangerous or severe, is simply like the severe sting
+of a musquito. An aged missionary gentleman, of twenty-five years'
+experience, informed me that an entire myriad (this term is given to a
+multitude of drivers, as their number can never be less than ten
+thousand--and I am sure that I have seen as many millions together)
+passed over him one night in bed, without one stinging him. Indeed, both
+the black and white ants are quite harmless as to personal injury, and
+very beneficial in a sanitary point.
+
+
+How to Drive Them Out of the Houses
+
+There is much more in the imagination than the reality about these
+things; and one important fact I must not omit, that, however great the
+number of drivers, a simple _light set in the middle of the floor_ will
+clear the room of them in ten minutes. In this case they do not form in
+column, but go out in hasty confusion, each effecting as quick retreat
+and safe escape for himself as possible, forming their line of march
+outside of the house, where they meet from all quarters of their points
+of escape.
+
+
+How to Destroy Them
+
+_Chloride of sodium_ or common salt (fine), slightly damped, will
+entirely destroy the termites; and _acetum_ or vinegar, or _acetic acid_
+either, will destroy or chase off the drivers. These means are simple,
+and within the reach of every person, but, aside from this, both classes
+or races of these creatures disappear before the approach of
+civilization. In a word, moths, mice, roaches, and musquitoes are much
+greater domestic annoyances, and certainly much more destructive in
+America and Europe than the bug-a-bug or driver is in Africa.
+
+
+Their Pugnacious and Martial Character
+
+I cannot endorse the statement from personal knowledge of the desperate
+hostility which the drivers manifest towards the termites, as given by
+Dr. Livingstone, who, calling them "black rascals," says "they stand
+deliberately and watch for the whites, which, on coming out of their
+holes, they instantly seize, putting them to death." Perhaps the whites
+were _kidnappers_, in which case they served the white _rascals_ right.
+Though I have never seen an encounter, it is nevertheless true, that the
+blacks do subdue the whites whenever they meet. In fact, they go, as do
+no other creatures known to natural science, in immense incalculable
+numbers--and I do not think that I exaggerate if I say that I have more
+than once seen more than six hogsheads of them traveling together, had
+they been measured--and along the entire line of march, stationed on
+each side of the columns, there are warriors or soldiers to guard them,
+who stand sentry, closely packed side by side with their heads towards
+the column, which passes on as rapidly as a flowing stream of water. I
+have traced a column for more than a mile, whose greatest breadth was
+more than a yard, and the least not less than a foot. It is
+inconceivable the distance these creatures travel in a short time.
+Should anything disturb the lines, the soldiers sally out a few feet in
+pursuit of the cause, quickly returning to their post when meeting no
+foe. The guards are much larger than the common drivers, being about the
+length of a barley-corn, and armed with a pair of curved horns, like
+those of the large American black beetle, called "pinching bug." There
+are no bed-bugs here.
+
+
+Cesspools
+
+One important fact, never referred to by travellers as such, is that the
+health of large towns in Africa will certainly be improved by the
+erection of _cesspools_, whereas now they have none. With the exception
+of the residences of missionaries and other civilized people, there is
+no such thing in Africa. Every family, as in civilized countries, should
+have such conveniences. Our senses are great and good faculties--seeing,
+hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling--God has so created them, and
+designed them for such purposes; therefore, they should neither be
+perverted nor marred when this can be avoided. Hence, we should
+beautify, when required and make pleasing to the sight; modify and make
+pleasant to the hearing; _cleanse_ and _purify_ to make _agreeable_ to
+the smelling; improve and make good to the taste; and never violate the
+feelings whenever any or all of these are at our will or control.
+
+
+Wild Beasts and Reptiles
+
+A single remark about these. The wild beasts are driven back before the
+march of civilization, I having seen none, save one leopard; and but
+four serpents during my entire travels, one three and a half feet long
+(a water snake); one fourteen inches long; and another ten inches long;
+the two last being killed by natives--and a tame one around the neck of
+a charmer at Oyo. During the time I never saw a centipede, and but two
+tarantulas.
+
+
+
+
+X MISSIONARY INFLUENCE
+
+
+To deny or overlook the fact, the all-important fact, that the
+missionary influence had done much good in Africa, would be simply to do
+injustice, a gross injustice to a good cause.
+
+
+Protestant Missionaries
+
+The advent of the Protestant Missionaries into Africa, has doubtless
+been effective of much good, though it may reasonably be expected that
+many have had their short comings. By Protestant, I mean all other
+Christian denominations than the Roman Catholic. I would not be regarded
+either a bigot or partialist so far as the rights of humanity are
+concerned, but facts are tenable in all cases, and whilst I readily
+admit that a Protestant monarch granted the first letters-patent to
+steal Africans from their homes to be enslaved by a Protestant people,
+and subsequently a _bona-fide_ Protestant nation has been among the most
+cruel oppressors of the African race, my numerous friends among whom are
+many Roman Catholics--black as well as white--must bear the test of
+truth, as I shall apply it in the case of the Missionaries, as my object
+in visiting my fatherland, was to enquire into and learn every fact,
+which should have a bearing on this, the grandest prospect for the
+regeneration of a people, that ever was presented in the history of the
+world.
+
+
+Influence of Roman Catholic Religion in Favor of Slavery
+
+In my entire travels in Africa, either alone or after meeting with Mr.
+Campbell at Abbeokuta, I have neither seen nor heard of any Roman
+Catholic Missionaries; but the most surprising and startling fact is,
+that every slave-trading point on the coast at present (which ports are
+mainly situated South and East) where the traffic is carried on, are
+either Roman Catholic trading-ports, or native agencies protected by
+Roman Catholics; as Canot, formerly at Grand Cape Mount, Pedro Blanco,
+and Domingo at Wydah in Dahomi. And still more, it is a remarkable and
+very suggestive reality that at all of those places where the Jesuits or
+Roman Catholic Missionaries once were stationed, the slave-trade is not
+only still carried on in its worst form as far as practicable, but
+slaves are held in Africa by these white foreigners at the old
+Portuguese settlements along the Southern and Eastern coasts, of Loango
+and Mozambique for instance; and although some three years have elapsed
+since the King of Portugal proclaimed, or pretended to proclaim "Liberty
+to all the people throughout his dominions," yet I will venture an
+opinion, that not one in every hundred of native Africans thus held in
+bondage on their own soil, are aware of any such "Proclamation." Dr.
+Livingstone tells us that he came across many ruins of Roman Catholic
+Missionary Stations in his travels--especially those in Loando de St.
+Paul, a city of some eighteen or twenty thousand of a population--all
+deserted, and the buildings appropriated to other uses, as
+store-houses, and the like. Does not this seem as though slavery were
+the legitimate successor of Roman Catholicism, or slave-traders and
+holders of the Roman Catholic religion and Missionaries? It certainly
+has that appearance to me; and a fact still more glaring is, that the
+only professing Christian government which in the light of the present
+period of human elevation and national reform, has attempted such a
+thing, is that of Roman Catholic Spain, (still persisting in holding
+Cuba for the wealth accruing from African Slaves stolen from their
+native land) which recently expelled every Protestant Missionary from
+the African Island of Fernando Po, that they might command it unmolested
+by Christian influence, as an export mart for the African Slave-Trade.
+To these facts I call the attention of the Christian world, that no one
+may murmur when the day of retribution in Africa comes--which come it
+must--and is fast hastening, when slave-traders must flee.
+
+
+Influence of Protestant Religion against Slavery, and in Favor of
+Civilization
+
+Wherever the Protestant Missionaries are found, or have been, there are
+visible evidences of a purer and higher civilization, by the high
+estimate set upon the Christian religion by the natives, the deference
+paid to the missionaries themselves, and the idea which generally
+obtains among them, that all missionaries are opposed to slavery, and
+the faith they have in the moral integrity of these militant ambassadors
+of the Living God. Wherever there are missionaries, there are schools
+both Sabbath and secular, and the arts and sciences, and manners and
+customs, more or less of civilized life, are imparted. I have not as yet
+visited a missionary station in any part of Africa, where there were
+not some, and frequently many natives, both adult and children, who
+could speak, read, and write English, as well as read their own
+language; as all of them, whether Episcopalian, Wesleyan, Baptist, or
+Presbyterian, in the Yoruba country, have Crowther's editions of
+religious and secular books in the schools and churches, and all have
+native agents, interpreters, teachers (assistants) and catechists or
+readers in the mission. These facts prove indisputably great progress;
+and I here take much pleasure in recording them in testimony of those
+faithful laborers in that distant vineyard of our heavenly Father in my
+fatherland. Both male and female missionaries, all seemed much devoted
+to their work, and anxiously desirous of doing more. Indeed, the very
+fact of there being as many native missionaries as there are now to be
+found holding responsible positions, as elders, deacons, preachers, and
+priests, among whom there are many finely educated, and several of them
+authors of works, not only in their own but the English language, as
+Revs. Crowther, King, Taylor, and Samuel Crowther, Esq., surgeon, all
+show that there is an advancement for these people beyond the point to
+which missionary duty can carry them.
+
+
+Kindness of Missionaries and Personal Acknowledgments
+
+I am indebted to the Missionaries generally, wherever met with, whether
+in Liberia or Central Africa, for their uniform kindness and
+hospitality, among whom may be named: Rev. J. M. Harden and excellent
+wife, (a refined highly educated native Ibo lady at Lagos), Revs. H.
+Townsend, C. H. Gollmer, J. King, E. Bickersteth and ladies in
+Abbeokuta; A. D. Phillips, J. A. Stone and lady, Ijaye; T. A. Reid, and
+Mr. Mekin, Oyo; and Rev. D. Hinderer and lady; Ibaddan. I am indebted to
+the Baptist Missionaries for the use of their Mission House and
+furniture during our residence at Abbeokuta: Rev. John Roberts and lady,
+Miss Killpatrick, Reverend Bishop Burns and lady, Rev. Mr. Tyler, Rev.
+Mr. Gipson, Rev. Edward W. Blyden and others, Rev. Mr. Hoffman and lady,
+and Rev. Mr. Messenger and lady, all of Liberia, I am indebted for marks
+of personal kindness and attention when indisposed among them, and my
+kind friends, the Reverend Alexander Crumell and lady, whose guest I was
+during several weeks near the Cape, and who spared no pains to render my
+stay not only a comfortable, but a desirable one.
+
+
+Hints to Those to Whom They Apply
+
+I would suggest for the benefit of missionaries in general, and those to
+whom it applies in particular, that there are other measures and ways by
+which civilization may be imparted than preaching and praying--temporal
+as well as spiritual means. If all persons who settle among the natives
+would, as far as it is in their power and comes within their province
+induce, by making it a rule of their house or family, every native
+servant to sit on a stool or chair; eat at a table instead of on the
+ground; eat with a knife and fork (or _begin_ with a spoon) instead of
+with their fingers; eat in the house instead of going out in the yard,
+garden, or somewhere else under a tree or shed; and sleep on a bed,
+instead of on a bare mat on the ground; and have them to wear some sort
+of a garment to cover the entire person above the knees, should it be
+but a single shirt or chemise, instead of a loose native cloth thrown
+around them, to be dropped at pleasure, at any moment exposing the
+entire upper part of the person--or as in Liberia, where that part of
+the person is entirely uncovered--I am certain that it would go far
+toward impressing them with some of the habits of civilized life, as
+being adapted to them as well as the "white man," whom they so
+faithfully serve with a will. I know that some may say, this is
+difficult to do. It certainly could not have been with those who never
+tried it. Let each henceforth resolve for himself like the son of Nun,
+"As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord."
+
+
+Changing Names
+
+I would also suggest that I cannot see the utility of the custom on the
+part of Missionaries in _changing_ the names of native children, and
+even adults, so soon as they go into their families to live, as though
+their own were not good enough for them. These native names are
+generally much more significant, and euphonious than the Saxon, Gaelic,
+or Celtic. Thus, Adenigi means, "Crowns have their shadow." This was the
+name of a servant boy of ours, whose father was a native cotton trader,
+it is to be hoped that this custom among Missionaries and other
+Christian settlers, of changing the names of the natives, will be
+stopped, thereby relieving them of the impression, that to embrace the
+Christian faith, implies a loss of name, and so far loss of identity.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+WHAT AFRICA NOW REQUIRES
+
+
+What Missionary Labor Has Done
+
+From the foregoing, it is very evident that missionary duty has reached
+its _ultimatum_. By this, I mean that the native has received all that
+the missionary was sent to teach, and is now really ready for more than
+he can or may receive. He sees and knows that the white man, who first
+carried him the Gospel, which he has learned to a great extent to
+believe a reality, is of an entirely different race to himself; and has
+learned to look upon everything which he has, knows and does, which has
+not yet been imparted to him (especially when he is told by the
+missionaries, which frequently must be the case, to relieve themselves
+of the endless teasing enquiries which persons in their position are
+subject to concerning all and every temporal and secular matter, law,
+government, commerce, military, and other matters foreign to the
+teachings of the gospel; that these things he is not sent to teach, but
+simply the gospel) as peculiarly adapted and belonging to the white man.
+Of course, there are exceptions to this. Hence, having reached what he
+conceives to be the _maximum_ of the black man's or African's
+attainments, there must be a re-action in some direction, and if not
+progressive it will be retrogressive.
+
+
+How It Was Done
+
+The missionary has informed him that the white man's country is great.
+He builds and resides in great houses; lives in great towns and cities,
+with great churches and palaver-houses (public and legislative halls);
+rides in great carriages; manufactures great and beautiful things; has
+great ships, which go to sea, to all parts of the world, instead of
+little canoes such as he has paddling up and down the rivers and on the
+coast; that the wisdom, power, strength, courage, and wealth of the
+white man and his country are as much greater than him and his, as the
+big ships are larger and stronger than the little frail canoes; all of
+which he is made sensible of, either by the exhibition of pictures or
+the reality.
+
+
+The Result, If Not Timely Aided by Legitimate Means
+
+He at once comes to a stand. "Of what use is the white man's religion
+and 'book knowledge' to me, since it does not give me the knowledge and
+wisdom nor the wealth and power of the white man, as all these things
+belong only to him? Our young men and women learn their book, and talk
+on paper (write), and talk to God like white man (worship), but God no
+hear 'em like He hear white man! Dis religion no use to black man." And
+so the African _reasonably_ reasons when he sees that despite his having
+yielded up old-established customs, the laws of his fathers, and almost
+his entire social authority, and the rule of his household to the care
+and guardianship of the missionary, for the sake of acquiring his
+knowledge and power--when, after having learned all that his children
+can, he is doomed to see them sink right back into their old habits,
+the country continue in the same condition, without the beautiful
+improvements of the white man--and if a change take place at all, he is
+doomed to witness what he never expected to see and dies
+regretting--himself and people entangled in the meshes of the government
+of a people foreign in kith, kin, and sympathy, when he and his are
+entirely shoved aside and compelled to take subordinate and inferior
+positions, if not, indeed, reduced to menialism and bondage. I am
+justified in asserting that this state of things has brought missionary
+efforts to their _maximum_ and native progress to a pause.
+
+
+Missionary Aid, Christianity and Law or Government Must Harmonize, to Be
+Effective of Good
+
+Religion has done its work, and now requires temporal and secular aid to
+give it another impulse. The improved arts of civilized life must now be
+brought to bear, and go hand in hand in aid of the missionary efforts
+which are purely religious in character and teaching. I would not have
+the standard of religion lowered a single stratum of the common breeze
+of heaven. No, let it rather be raised, if, indeed, higher it can be.
+Christianity certainly is the most advanced civilization that man ever
+attained to, and wherever propagated in its purity, to be effective, law
+and government must be brought in harmony with it--otherwise it becomes
+corrupted, and a corresponding degeneracy ensues, placing its votaries
+even in a worse condition than the primitive. This was exemplified by
+the Author of our faith, who, so soon as he began to teach, commenced by
+admonishing the people to a modification of their laws--or rather
+himself to condemn them. But it is very evident that the social must
+keep pace with the religious, and the political with the social
+relations of society, to carry out the great measures of the higher
+civilization.
+
+
+Like Seeks Like
+
+Of what avail, then, is advanced intelligence to the African without
+improved social relations--acquirements and refinement without an
+opportunity of a practical application of them--society in which they
+are appreciated? It requires not the most astute reformer and political
+philosopher to see.
+
+
+Natives Desire Higher Social Relations
+
+The native sees at once that all the higher social relations are the
+legitimate result and requirements of a higher intelligence, and
+naturally enough expects, that when he has attained it, to enjoy the
+same privileges and blessings. But how sadly mistaken--what dire
+disappointment!
+
+
+Native Doubts Respecting the Eventual Good Effects of Missionary Labor
+
+The habits, manners, and customs of his people, and the social relations
+all around him are the same; improvements of towns, cities, roads, and
+methods of travel are the same; implements of husbandry and industry are
+the same; the methods of conveyance and price of produce (with
+comparative trifling variation) are the same. All seem dark and gloomy
+for the future, and he has his doubts and fears as to whether or not he
+has committed a fatal error in leaving his native social relations for
+those of foreigners whom he cannot hope to emulate, and who, he thinks,
+will not assimilate themselves to him.
+
+
+The Proper Element as Progressive Missionary Agencies
+
+It is clear, then, that essential to the success of civilization, is the
+establishment of all those social relations and organizations, without
+which enlightened communities cannot exist. To be successful, these must
+be carried out by proper agencies, and these agencies must be a _new
+element_ introduced into their midst, possessing all the attainments,
+socially and politically, morally and religiously, adequate to so
+important an end. This element must be _homogenous_ in all the _natural_
+characteristics, claims, sentiments, and sympathies the _descendants of
+Africa_ being the only element that can effect it. To this end, then, a
+part of the most enlightened of that race in America design to carry out
+these most desirable measures by the establishment of social and
+industrial settlements among them, in order at once to introduce, in an
+effective manner, all the well-regulated pursuits of civilized life.
+
+
+Precaution against Error in the First Steps
+
+That no mis-step be taken and fatal error committed at the commencement,
+we have determined that the persons to compose this new element to be
+introduced into Africa, shall be well and most carefully selected in
+regard to moral integrity, intelligence, acquired attainments, fitness,
+adaptation, and as far as practicable, religious sentiments and
+professions. We are serious in this; and so far as we are concerned as
+an individual, it shall be restricted to the letter, and we will most
+strenuously oppose and set our face against any attempt from any quarter
+to infringe upon this arrangement and design. Africa is our fatherland
+and we its legitimate descendants, and we will never agree nor consent
+to see this the first voluntary step that has ever been taken for her
+regeneration by her own descendants--blasted by a disinterested or
+renegade set, whose only object might be in the one case to get rid of a
+portion of the colored population, and in the other, make money, though
+it be done upon the destruction of every hope entertained and measure
+introduced for the accomplishment of this great and prospectively
+glorious undertaking. We cannot and will not permit or agree that the
+result of years of labor and anxiety shall be blasted at one reckless
+blow, by those who have never spent a day in the cause of our race, or
+know nothing about our wants and requirements. The descendants of Africa
+in North America will doubtless, by the census of 1860, reach five
+millions; those of Africa may number two hundred millions. I have
+outgrown, long since, the boundaries of North America, and with them
+have also outgrown the boundaries of their claims. I, therefore, cannot
+consent to sacrifice the prospects of two hundred millions, that a
+fraction of five millions may be benefitted, especially since the
+measures adopted for the many must necessarily benefit the few.
+
+
+National Character Essential to the Successful Regeneration of Africa
+
+Africa, to become regenerated, must have a national character, and her
+position among the existing nations of the earth will depend mainly upon
+the high standard she may gain compared with them in all her relations,
+morally, religiously, socially, politically, and commercially.
+
+I have determined to leave to my children the inheritance of a country,
+the possession of territorial domain, the blessings of a national
+education, and the indisputable right of self-government; that they may
+not succeed to the servility and degradation bequeathed to us by our
+fathers. If we have not been born to fortunes, we should impart the
+seeds which shall germinate and give birth to fortunes for them.
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+TO DIRECT LEGITIMATE COMMERCE
+
+
+First Steps in Political Economy
+
+As the first great national step in political economy, the selection and
+security of a location to direct and command commerce legitimately
+carried on, as an export and import metropolis, is essentially
+necessary. The facilities for a metropolis should be adequate--a rich,
+fertile, and productive country surrounding it, with some great staple
+(which the world requires as a commodity) of exportation. A convenient
+harbor as an outlet and inlet, and natural facilities for improvement,
+are among the necessary requirements for such a location.
+
+
+The Basis of a Great Nation--National Wealth
+
+The basis of great nationality depends upon three elementary principles:
+first, territory; second, population; third, a great staple production
+either natural or artificial, or both, as a permanent source of wealth;
+and Africa comprises these to an almost unlimited extent. The continent
+is five thousand miles from Cape Bon (north) to the Cape of Good Hope
+(south), and four thousand at its greatest breadth, from Cape Guardifui
+(east) to Cape de Verde (west), with an average breadth of two thousand
+five hundred miles, any three thousand of which within the tropics north
+and south, including the entire longitude, will produce the staple
+cotton, also sugar cane, coffee, rice, and all the tropical staples,
+with two hundred millions of _natives_ as an industrial element to work
+this immense domain. The world is challenged to produce the semblance of
+a parallel to this. It has no rival in fact.
+
+
+Advantageous Location
+
+Lagos, at the mouth of the Ogun river in the Bight of Benin, Gulf of
+Guinea, 6 deg. 31 min. west coast of Africa, 120 miles north-west of the
+Nun (one of the mouths of the great river Niger) is the place of our
+location. This was once the greatest slave-trading post on the west
+coast of Africa, and in possession of the Portuguese--the slavers
+entering Ako Bay, at the mouth of the Ogun river, lying quite inland,
+covered behind the island till a favorable opportunity ensued to escape
+with their cargoes of human beings for America. Wydah, the great
+slave-port of Dahomi, is but 70 or 80 miles west of Lagos. This city is
+most favorably located at the mouth of a river which during eight months
+in the year is a great thoroughfare for native produce, which is now
+brought down and carried up by native canoes and boats, and quite
+navigable up to Aro the port of Abbeokuta, a distance of eighty or a
+hundred miles, for light-draught steamers, such as at no distant day we
+shall have there. Ako Bay is an arm of the gulf, extending quite inland
+for three and a half miles, where it spreads out into a great sea,
+extending north ten to fifteen miles, taking a curve east and south,
+passing on in a narrow strip for two or three hundred miles, till it
+joins the Niger at the mouth of the Nun. It is the real harbor of Lagos,
+and navigable for light-draught vessels, as the Baltimore clippers and
+all other such slavers, formerly put into it; and Her Majesty's
+war-steamer Medusa has been in, and H. M.'s cruiser Brun lies
+continually in the bay opposite the Consulate.
+
+
+Metropolis
+
+This is the great outlet of the rich valley of the Niger by land, and
+the only point of the ocean upon which the intelligent and advanced
+Yorubas are settled. The commerce of this part is very great, being now
+estimated at ten million pounds sterling. Besides all the rich products,
+as enumerated in another section, palm oil[7] and ivory are among the
+great staple products of this rich country. But as every nation, to be
+potent must have some great source of wealth--which if not natural must
+be artificial--so Africa has that without which the workshops of Great
+Britain would become deserted, and the general commerce of the world
+materially reduced; and Lagos must not only become the outlet and point
+at which all this commodity must centre, but the great metropolis of
+this quarter of the world.
+
+
+Trade of Lagos
+
+The trade of this port now amounts to more than two millions of pounds
+sterling, or ten millions of dollars, there having been at times as many
+as sixty vessels in the roadstead.
+
+The merchants and business men of Lagos are principally native black
+gentlemen, there being but ten white houses in the place--English,
+German, French, Portuguese, and Sardinian--and all of the clerks are
+native blacks.
+
+
+Harbor Improvements
+
+Buoys in the roadstead, lighthouses (two) and wharf improvements at the
+city in the bay, with steam-tugs or tenders to tow vessels over the Ogun
+bar-mouth or inlet, are all that we require to make Lagos a desirable
+seaport, with one of the safest harbors in the world for light-draught
+vessels.
+
+The fish in these waters are very fine, and Ako is one of the finest
+natural oyster bays in the world. The shell-fish are generally of good
+size, frequently large, and finely flavored.
+
+
+Religious and Philanthropic means
+
+As a religious means, such a position must most largely contribute, by
+not only giving security to the Missionary cause, but by the actual
+infusion of a religious social element permanently among the natives of
+the country; and as a philanthropic, by a permanent check to the
+slave-trade, and also by its reflex influence on American slavery--not
+only thus far cutting off the supply, but, also by superseding slavery
+in the growth and supply of those articles which comprise its great
+staple and source of wealth--thereby tendering slave labor _unprofitable
+and worthless_, as the succeeding section will show.
+
+
+Stopping the Slave Trade
+
+As to the possibility of putting a stop to the slave-trade, I have only
+to say, that we do not leave America and go to Africa to be passive
+spectators of such a policy as traffic in the flesh and blood of our
+kindred, nor any other species of the human race--more we might
+say--that we will not live there and permit it. "_Self-preservation_ is
+the first law of nature," and we go to Africa to be _self-sustaining_;
+otherwise we have no business there, or anywhere else, in my opinion. We
+will bide our time; _but the Slave-trade shall not continue!_
+
+
+Means of Doing It
+
+Another important point of attention: that is, the slave-trade ceases in
+Africa, wherever enlightened Christian civilization gains an influence.
+And as to the strength and power necessary, we have only to add, that
+Liberia, with a coast frontier of seven hundred miles, and a sparse
+population, which at the present only numbers fifteen thousand settlers,
+has been effective in putting a stop to that infamous traffic along her
+entire coast. And I here record with pleasure, and state what I know to
+be the fact, and but simple justice to as noble-hearted antagonists to
+slavery as live, that the Liberians are uncompromising in their
+opposition to oppression and the enslavement of their race, or any other
+part of the human family. I speak of them as a nation or people and
+ignore entirely their Iscariots, if any there be. What they have
+accomplished with less means, we, by the help of Providence, may
+reasonably expect to effect with more--what they did with little, we may
+do with much. And I speak with confidence when I assert, that if we in
+this new position but do and act as we are fondly looked to and
+expected--as I most fondly hope and pray God that, by a prudent,
+discretionate and well-directed course, dependant upon Him, we may, nay,
+I am certain we will do--I am sure that there is nothing that may be
+required to aid in the prosecution and accomplishment of this important
+and long-desired end, that may not be obtained from the greatest and
+most potent Christian people and nation that ever graced the world.
+There is no aid that might be wanted, which may not be obtained through
+a responsible, just, and equitable negotiation.
+
+
+Subsidizing the King of Dahomi
+
+There is some talk by Christians and philanthropists in Great Britain of
+subsidizing the King of Dahomi. I hope for the sake of humanity, our
+race, and the cause of progressive civilization, this most injurious
+measure of compensation for wrong, never will be resorted to nor
+attempted.
+
+To make such an offering just at a time when we are about to establish a
+policy of self-regeneration in Africa, which may, by example and
+precept, effectually check forever the nefarious system, and reform the
+character of these people, would be to offer inducements to that monster
+to continue, and a license to other petty chiefs to commence the traffic
+in human beings, to get a reward of subsidy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Nine-tenths of all the Palm Oil of commerce goes from this point.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+COTTON STAPLE
+
+
+Natural Elements to Produce Cotton
+
+Cotton grows profusely in all this part of Africa, and is not only
+produced naturally, but extensively cultivated throughout the Yoruba
+country. The soil, climate, and the people are the three natural
+elements combined to produce this indispensible commodity, and with
+these three natural agencies, no other part of the world can compete.
+
+
+Africans the Only Reliable Producers
+
+In India there is a difficulty and great expense and outlay of capital
+required to obtain it. In Australia it is an experiment; and though it
+may eventually be obtained, it must also involve an immense outlay of
+capital, and a long time before an adequate supply can be had, as it
+must be admitted, however reluctantly by those desirous it should be
+otherwise, that the African, as has been justly said by a Manchester
+merchant, has in all ages, in all parts of the world, been sought to
+raise cotton wherever it has been produced.
+
+
+Serious Contingencies and Uncertainty in American Cotton Supply
+
+In America there are several serious contingencies which must always
+render a supply of cotton from that quarter problematical and doubtful,
+and always expensive and subject to sudden, unexpected and unjust
+advances in prices. In the first place, the land is purchased at large
+prices; secondly, the people to work it; thirdly, the expense of
+supporting the people, with the contingencies of sickness and death;
+fourthly, the uncertainty of climate and contingencies of frost, and a
+backward season and consequent late or unmatured crop; fifthly,
+insubordination on the part of the slaves, which is not improbable at
+any time; sixthly, suspension of friendly relations between the United
+States and Great Britain; and lastly, a rupture between the American
+States themselves, which I think no one will be disposed now to consider
+impossible. All, or any of these circumstances combined, render it
+impossible for America to compete with Africa in the growth and sale of
+cotton, for the following reasons:
+
+
+Superior Advantages of Africa over All Other Countries in the Production
+of Cotton
+
+Firstly, landed tenure in Africa is free, the occupant selecting as much
+as he can cultivate, holding it so long as he uses it, but cannot convey
+it to another; secondly, the people all being free, can be hired at a
+price less than the _interest_ of the capital invested in land and
+people to work it--they finding their own food, which is the custom of
+the country; thirdly, there are no contingencies of frost or irregular
+weather to mar or blight the crop; and fourthly, we have two regular
+crops a year, or rather one continuous crop, as while the trees are full
+of pods of ripe cotton, they are at the same time blooming with fresh
+flowers. And African cotton is planted only every seven years, whilst
+the American is replanted every season. Lastly, the average product per
+acre on the best Mississippi and Louisiana cotton plantations in
+America, is three hundred and fifty pounds; the average per acre in
+Africa, a hundred per cent more, or seven hundred pounds. As the African
+soil produces two crops a year to one in America, then we in Africa
+produce fourteen hundred pounds to three hundred and fifty in America;
+the cost of labor a hand being one dollar or four shillings a day to
+produce it; whilst in Africa at present it is nine hundred per cent
+less, being only ten cents or five pence a day for adult labor. At this
+price the native lives better on the abundance of produce in the
+country, and has more money left at the end of a week than the European
+or free American laborer at one dollar a day.
+
+Cotton, as before stated, is the great commodity of the world, entering
+intimately into, being incorporated with almost every kind of fabric of
+wearing apparel. All kinds of woollen goods--cloths, flannels, alpacas,
+merinoes, and even silks, linen, nankin, ginghams, calicoes, muslins,
+cordages, ship-sails, carpeting, hats, hose, gloves, threads, waddings,
+paddings, tickings, every description of book and newspaper, writing
+paper, candle wicks, and what not, all depend upon the article cotton.
+
+
+Importance of the African Race in the Social and Political Relations of
+the World
+
+By this it will be seen and admitted that the African occupies a much
+more important place in the social and political element of the world
+than that which has heretofore been assigned him--holding the balance of
+commercial power, the source of the wealth of nations in his hands. This
+is indisputably true--undeniable, that cotton cannot be produced without
+negro labor and skill in raising it.
+
+
+The African Race Sustains Great Britain
+
+Great Britain alone has directly engaged in the manufacture of pure
+fabrics from the raw material, five millions of persons; two-thirds more
+of the population depend upon this commodity indirectly for a
+livelihood. The population (I include in this calculation Ireland) being
+estimated at 30,000,000, we have then 25,000,000 of people, or
+five-sixths of the population of this great nation, depending upon the
+article cotton alone for subsistence, and the black man is the producer
+of the raw material, and the source from whence it comes. What an
+important fact to impart to the heretofore despised and under-rated
+negro race, to say nothing of all the other great nations of Europe, as
+France, for instance, with her extensive manufactures of muslin
+delaines--which simply mean _cotton and wool_--more or less engaged in
+the manufacture and consumption of cotton.
+
+
+The Negro Race Sustains the Whites--Able to Sustain Themselves
+
+If the negro race--as slaves--can produce cotton as an _exotic_ in
+foreign climes to enrich white men who oppress them, they can, they
+must, they will, they shall, produce it as an _indigene_ in their
+own-loved native Africa to enrich themselves, and regenerate their race;
+if a faithful reliance upon the beneficence and promise of God, and an
+humble submission to his will, as the feeble instruments in his hands
+through which the work is commenced, shall be available to this end.
+
+
+Home Trade
+
+The Liberians must as a policy as much as possible patronise home
+manufactured, and home produced articles. Instead of using foreign, they
+should prefer their own sugar, molasses, and coffee, which is equal to
+that produced in any other country, and if not, it is the only way to
+encourage the farmers and manufacturers to improve them. The coffee of
+Liberia, is equal to any in the world, and I have drunk some of the
+native article, superior in strength and flavor to Java or Mocca, and I
+rather solicit competition in judgment of the article of coffee. And
+singular as it may appear, they are even supplied from abroad with
+spices and condiments, although their own country as also all Africa, is
+prolific in the production of all other articles, as allspice, ginger,
+pepper black and red, mustard and everything else.
+
+
+Coast Trade
+
+They must also turn their attention to supplying the Coast settlements
+with sugar and molasses, and everything else of their own production
+which may be in demand. Lagos and the Missionary stations in the
+interior, now consume much of these articles, the greater part of
+which--sugar and molasses--are imported from England and America. This
+trade they might secure in a short time without successful competition,
+because many of the Liberia merchants now own vessels, and the firm of
+Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, own a fine little coasting steamer, and soon
+they will be able to undersell the foreigners; whilst at present their
+trade of these articles in America is a mere _favor_ through the
+benevolence of some good hearted gentlemen, personal _friends_ of
+theirs, who receive and dispose of them--sugar and molasses--at a price
+much above the market value, to encourage them. This can only last while
+these friends continue, when it must then cease. To succeed as a state
+or nation, we must become self-reliant, and thereby able to create our
+own ways and means; and a trade created _in_ Africa _by_ civilized
+Africans, would be a national rock of "everlasting ages."
+
+
+Domestic Trade, Corn Meal, Guinea Corn and Yam Flour
+
+The domestic trade among the natives in the interior of our part of
+Africa--Yoruba--is very great. Corn meal, Guinea corn flour very fine,
+and a fine flour made of yams is plentiful in every market, and cooked
+food can always be had in great abundance from the women at refreshment
+stands kept in every town and along the highway every few miles when
+traveling.
+
+
+Candy
+
+Molasses candy or "taffy," is carried about and sold by young girls,
+made from the syrup of sugar cane, which does not differ in appearance
+and flavor from that of civilized countries.
+
+
+Soap
+
+Hard and soft soap are for sale in every market for domestic uses, made
+from lye by percolation or dripping of water through ashes in large
+earthen vessels or "hoppers."
+
+
+Coloring and Dying. Making Indigo
+
+Coloring and dying is carried on very generally, every woman seeming to
+understand it as almost a domestic necessity; also the manufacturing of
+indigo, the favorite and most common color of the country. Red comes
+next to this which is mostly obtained of camwood, another domestic
+employment of the women. Yellow is the next favorite color. Hence, blue,
+red, and yellow may be designated as the colors of Yoruba or Central
+Africa.
+
+
+Weaving and Cloth Manufacturing; Leather
+
+The manufactory of cotton cloth is carried on quite extensively among
+them; and in a ride of an hour through the city of Illorin we counted
+one hundred and fifty-seven looms in operation in several different
+establishments. Beautiful and excellent leather is also manufactured,
+from which is made sandals, shoes, boots, bridles, saddles,
+harness-caparisons for horses, and other ornaments and uses. They all
+wear clothes of their own manufacture. The inhabitants of Abbeokuta are
+called Egbas, and those of all the other parts of Yoruba are called
+Yorubas--all speaking the Egba language.
+
+
+A Fixed Policy for the Blacks, as a Fundamental Necessity
+
+Our policy must be--and I hazard nothing in promulging it; nay, without
+this design and feeling, there would be a great deficiency of
+self-respect, pride of race, and love of country, and we might never
+expect to challenge the respect of nations--_Africa for the African race
+and black men to rule them_. By black men I mean, men of African descent
+who claim an identity with the race.
+
+
+Internal Medium of Communication. Navigable Rivers
+
+So contrary to old geographical notions, Africa abounds with handsome
+navigable rivers, which during six or eight months in the year, would
+carry steamers suitably built. Of such are the Gallinos, St. Paul, Junk,
+and Kavalla of Liberia; the Ogun, Ossa, the great Niger and others of
+and contiguous to Yoruba; the Gambia, Senegambia, Orange, Zambisi and
+others of other parts. The Kavalla is a beautiful stream which for one
+hundred miles is scarcely inferior to the Hudson of New York, in any
+particular; and all of them equal the rivers of the Southern States of
+America generally which pour out by steamers the rich wealth of the
+planting States into the Mississippi. With such prospects as these; with
+such a people as the Yorubas and other of the best type, as a
+constituent industrial, social, and political element upon which to
+establish a national edifice, what is there to prevent success? Nothing
+in the world.
+
+
+Native Government
+
+The Governments in this part are generally Patriarchial, the Kings being
+elective from ancient Royal families by the Council of Elders, which
+consists of men chosen for life by the people, for their age, wisdom,
+experience, and service among them. They are a deliberative body, and
+all cases of great importance; of state, life and death, must be brought
+before them. The King as well as either of themselves, is subject to
+trial and punishment for misdemeanor in office, before the Council of
+Elders.
+
+Lagos is the place of the family residence of that excellent gentleman,
+Aji, or the Rev. Samuel Crowther, the native Missionary; and also his
+son-in-law Rev. T. B. Macaulay, who has an excellent school, assisted by
+his wife an educated native lady.
+
+"Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her
+hands unto God."--Ps. lxviii. 31. With the fullest reliance upon this
+blessed promise, I humbly go forward in--I may repeat--the grandest
+prospect for the regeneration of a people that ever was presented in the
+history of the world. The disease has long since been known; we have
+found and shall apply the remedy. I am indebted to Rev. H. H. Garnet, an
+eminent black clergyman and scholar, for the construction, that "soon,"
+in the Scriptural passage quoted, "has reference to the period ensuing
+_from the time of beginning_." With faith in the promise, and hope from
+this version, surely there is nothing to doubt or fear.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+SUCCESS IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+
+Departure from Africa and Arrival in England
+
+Mr. Campbell and myself left Lagos on the 10th of April, per the British
+Royal Mail steam-ship Athenian, commander Lowrie, arriving in Liverpool
+May 12th, and in London on the 16th, having spent four days in the
+former place.
+
+
+First Meeting
+
+On Thursday, the 17th, by a note of invitation, we met a number of
+noblemen and gentlemen, interested in the progress of African
+Regeneration, in the parlour of Dr. Hodgkin, F.R.G.S., among whom were
+the Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Chairman; Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Hon.
+Mr. Ashley, brother of the Earl of Shaftesbury; Colonel Walker; Charles
+Buxton, Esq., M.P.; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, A.B.; Rev. Samuel Minton,
+M.A.; Dr. Hodgkin, and others. By request of the noble chairman, I made
+a statement of our Mission to Africa, imparting to the first of their
+knowledge, our true position as independent of all other societies and
+organizations then in existence. Mr. Campbell also made some remarks.
+
+
+Origin of the African Aid Society
+
+Many subsequent meetings were held in various places, private and
+public, several of which were presided over by the Lord Alfred S.
+Churchill and Rt. Hon. Lord Calthorpe, at which I and Mr. Campbell both
+spoke; when in June an invitation was received by each of us from the
+"Committee of the National Club," to attend a "Company," on "Wednesday
+evening, June 27th, 1860, when information will be given on the
+Condition and Prospects of the African Race." The invitation (being the
+same as sent to all other persons) went on to state that, "Among others,
+Dr. Delany, of Canada West, and R. Campbell Esq., of Philadelphia,
+gentlemen of color, lately returned from an exploring tour in Central
+Africa, will take part in the proceedings."
+
+This was the first great effective move in aid of our cause, though all
+other previous meetings were preliminary to it. At this, as at previous
+meetings, a full and thorough statement was made of our mission, several
+gentlemen taking part in the discussion.
+
+Subsequently the following note was received--Mr. Campbell receiving a
+similar one--with the accompanying circular, referred to as the
+"enclosed paper":--
+
+
+     African Aid Society, 7, Adams Street, Strand, W.C.,
+
+     July 14th, 1860
+
+     DEAR SIR--The Provisional Committee of the above-named Society will
+     feel obliged if you will kindly attend a meeting to be held at the
+     Caledonian Hotel, Robert Street, Adelphi Terrace, on Thursday next,
+     July 19th, to consider the enclosed paper, and to decide on a
+     further course of action. Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., will take
+     the chair at half-past two o'clock.
+
+     I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+
+     Dr. Delany.              WILLIAM CARDWELL, Hon. Sec.
+
+
+At a meeting held at 7, Adams Street, on July 6th, 1860 (arising out of
+the proceedings of a _soiree_, which took place at the National Club, on
+the 27th of the previous month, when the subject of the "Condition and
+Prospects of the African Race" was discussed) present, Lord Alfred
+Churchill, M.P. in the chair; Lord Calthorpe; Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart;
+Joseph Ferguson, Esq., late M.P. for Carlisle; Rev. Mesac Thomas,
+Secretary of the Colonial Church and School Society; Rev. J. Davis; Rev.
+Samuel Minton, Minister of Percy Chapel; J. Lyons Macleod, Esq., late H.
+B. M.'s Consul at Mozambique; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, Claylands Chapel;
+and Rev. W Cardall, the following resolutions were unanimously passed:--
+
+     I. That it is desirable to form a Society, to be designated the
+     'African Aid Society.' II. That the noblemen now present be a
+     Provisional Committee of such Society, with power to add to their
+     number; and that Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., be requested to be
+     Chairman. III. That Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart., J. Lyons Macleod,
+     Esq., the Rev. S. Minton, and the Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, be a
+     Sub-Committee to prepare a draft statement of the proposed objects
+     of the Society, and rules for its government.
+
+At a subsequent meeting of the Committee, on a report of the
+Sub-Committee, the statement of objects and rules was adopted, which is
+given above.
+
+
+What Black Men Want
+
+The contents of this paper had been fully and fairly discussed at a
+previous meeting to which myself and colleague were honored with an
+invitation, when I then and there, fully, openly, and candidly stated to
+the noblemen and gentlemen present what was desired and what we did not;
+that we desired to be dealt with as men, and not children. That we did
+not desire gratuities as such in the apportioning of their
+benevolence--nothing eleemosynary but means _loaned_ to our people upon
+their _personal obligations, to be paid in produce or otherwise_. That
+we did not approve of _restriction_ as to _where_ such persons went (so
+that it was to some country where the population was mainly colored, as
+that was our policy) letting each choose and decide _for himself_, that
+which was _best for him_.
+
+
+Primary Objects of the African Aid Society
+
+To these sentiments the noblemen and gentlemen all cordially and
+heartily agreed, establishing their society, as we understand it,
+expressly to aid the _voluntary_ emigration of colored people from
+America in general, and our movement as originated by colored people in
+particular. Indeed I here now say, as I did then and there, that I would
+give nothing for it, were it not a self-reliant project originating with
+ourselves. The following completes the doings of the gentlemen in
+London. I should have remarked, that at many of these meetings,
+especially that at White Hall on the 27th day of June, and that of the
+19th July, and the preliminary ones above referred to, the respected
+president of our Council, Wm. Howard Day, Esq., M.A., was present. For
+some of the important preliminary meetings, he and Rev. D'Arcy Irvine
+kindly made arrangements.
+
+
+
+
+AFRICAN AID SOCIETY
+
+7,[8] ADAMS STREET, STRAND, W. C., LONDON
+
+
+PRESIDENT
+
+VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+  *The Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe.
+
+  The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of Sierra Leone.
+
+
+  COUNCIL
+
+  *The Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., F.R.G.S., Chairman of the Executive
+  Committee
+
+  Ashley, Hon. Wm., St. James's Palace.
+
+  Bagnall, Thomas, Esq., J.P., Great Barr, near Birmingham
+
+  Brown, Rev. J. Baldwin, B.A., 150, Albany Street.
+
+  Dunlop, Hy., Esq., Craigton, Glasgow.
+
+  *Eardley, Sir C. E., Bart., F.R.G.S., Bedwell Park.
+
+  Ferguson, Joseph, Esq., late P.M. for Carlisle.
+
+  *Seymour, H. Danby, Esq., M.P., F.R.G.S.
+
+  Bullock, Edward, Esq., Handsworth, near Birmingham
+
+  *Cardall, Rev. Wm., M.A., Sec., of the Evangelical Alliance.
+
+  Clegg, Thomas, Esq., Manchester.
+
+  *Davis, Rev. James, Sec. of the Evangelical Alliance.
+
+  Shaw, Dr. Norton, Sec. of the Royal Geographical Society.
+
+  Snopp, Rev. C. B., Perry Bar, near Birmingham.
+
+  Fowler, R. N., Esq., F.R.G.S., 50, Cornhill.
+
+  La Trobe, C. J., Esq., F.R.G.S., late Governor of Victoria.
+
+  La Trobe, Rev. P., Sec. of the Moravian Missions.
+
+  Lecke, Rear Admiral Sir H. J., K.C.B., M.P.
+
+  *M'Arthur, Wm., Esq., Brixton-rise
+
+  Macleod, J. Lyons, Esq., F.R.G.S. late H.B.M.'s Consul at Mozambique
+  Society.
+
+  *Minton, Rev. Samuel, M.A., Minister of Percy Chapel
+
+  Richardson, Jonathan, Esq., M.P.
+
+  Sykes. Col. W.H. r.i'., Vice President of the Royal Geographical
+  Society.
+
+  *Thomas, Rev. Mesac, M.A., Sec. of the Colonial Church and School
+  Society.
+
+  Thompson, Geo., Esq., Drixton.
+
+  Tidman, Rev. Dr., Sec. Of the London Missionary Society.
+
+  Trestrail, Rev. Fred., Sec. of the Baptist Missionary Society.
+
+  Wingfield, R. W., Esq., J.P., Birmingham.
+
+  William Cardall and J. Lyons Macleod, _Hon. Secretaries_
+
+  Those marked thus (*) constitute the Executive Committee.
+
+
+STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND RULES
+
+I. That the name of the Society be the "African Aid Society."
+
+II. That its chief objects shall be to develop the material resources of
+Africa, Madagascar, and the adjacent Islands; and to promote the
+Christian civilization of the African races; as by these means the
+Society believes that the annihilation of the Slave Trade will
+ultimately be accomplished.
+
+III. That for the attainment of these objects it will strive to employ
+the following and other suitable means:--
+
+     1. Encourage the production of cotton, silk, indigo, sugar, palm
+     oil, &c., by the introduction of skilled labor, African or
+     European, into those parts of the earth which are inhabited by the
+     African race.
+
+     2. Assist, by loans or otherwise, Africans willing to emigrate from
+     Canada and other parts to our West Indian Colonies, Liberia, Natal,
+     and Africa generally, or to any countries that may offer a suitable
+     field of labor.
+
+     3. Form Industrial Missions in harmony, where practicable, with the
+     agency already established for the extension of Christianity in
+     Africa.
+
+     4. Supply (as occasion may require) suitable Mechanical and
+     Agricultural Implements for the use of the same.
+
+     5. Procure samples of every kind of native produce, for the purpose
+     of submitting the same to the mercantile and manufacturing
+     communities of this country, with a view to the promotion of
+     legitimate commerce.
+
+     6. Encourage and assist exploring expeditions into the interior of
+     Africa and Madagascar.
+
+IV. That Subscribers of not less than Half a Guinea annually be Members
+of this Society, during the continuance of their subscriptions; that the
+subscriptions be payable in advance, and be considered due at the
+commencement of each year; that Donors of Ten Guineas and Collectors of
+Twenty Guineas be Life Members.
+
+V. That the management of the Society be vested in a Patron,
+Vice-Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, and a Council consisting of
+not less than Twenty Members.
+
+VI. That a general Meeting of the Members of the Society be held in
+London in the spring of each year, when the financial statement shall be
+presented, and the Council elected for the year ensuing, who shall
+appoint an Executive Committee to conduct the business of the Society.
+
+VII. That the Honorary and Corresponding Members may be nominated by the
+Council.
+
+VIII. That any funded property of the Society be invested in the names
+of three Trustees, to be chosen by the Council, and that all orders for
+payments on account of the Society be signed by two Members of the
+Executive Committee and the Secretary.
+
+IX. That the accounts of the Society be audited annually by a
+professional auditor, to be chosen by the General Meeting.
+
+X. That the Council shall have power to appoint such officers and
+assistants as they shall deem necessary for the efficient conduct of the
+affairs of the Society, subject to the approval of the next Annual
+Meeting.
+
+XI. That the Council shall have power to convene Special General
+Meetings of the Members of the Society when necessary.
+
+XII. That no alteration shall be effected in the constitution of the
+Society, except at the Annual Meeting, or at a Special General Meeting
+convened for the purpose on the requisition of Twenty Members.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+In furtherance of the objects of this Society, the Executive Committee,
+with the generous aid of friends to this movement, have already assisted
+Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell (two colored gentlemen from America)
+with funds to enable them to continue their labors and to lay before the
+colored people of America the reports of the Pioneer Exploration
+Expedition into Abbeokuta, in West Africa, from which they have lately
+returned.
+
+A correspondence has already been opened with Jamaica, Lagos in West
+Africa, Natal, the United States of America, and "The Fugitive-Aid
+Society"--which for the last _ten years_ has been receiving and
+instructing fugitive Africans in agricultural and other pursuits on the
+Elgin settlement--at Buxton, Canada West.
+
+The assistance of all friends to Christianity, Freedom, and lawful
+Commerce, as opposed to the Slave Trade and Slavery, is earnestly
+solicited.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"COTTON IS KING! IN AMERICA"
+"COTTON IS BREAD! IN ENGLAND"
+
+The free colored people of America are said to be looking forward to
+their ultimate removal from the United States, and are anxiously seeking
+for locations suitable for their final settlement in Africa or other
+intertropical regions; where they may obtain that freedom which is the
+inherent right of man, and by their industry acquire adequate
+independence.
+
+The African Aid Society has been formed to assist this movement, and to
+annihilate the slave trade, by encouraging the development of the
+resources of those countries inhabited by the African races generally,
+as well as to cause African free labor to supersede African slavery and
+degradation.
+
+In Canada West no less than 45,000 colored persons, flying from slavery,
+have now taken refuge; willing to meet the rigors of the climate, so
+that they are assured of personal freedom under the aegis of the British
+flag. From the enactments lately made in some States of the Union, for
+the purpose of compelling all the free people of color either to leave
+the country or to be again reduced to a state of slavery, a considerable
+addition will, no doubt, shortly be made to the number of those who have
+already found their way to Canada; while, from physical causes, Canada
+can be looked upon by the colored only as a "CITY OF REFUGE."
+
+Great Britain has for half a century been employing physical force for
+the suppression of the slave trade, which after the expenditure of
+upwards of forty millions sterling, and the noble sacrifice of the lives
+of some of the best and bravest of her sons, still exists. It is but
+just to state that the exportation of slaves from Africa has been
+reduced from 150,000 to 50,000 per annum, by the persevering effort of
+those who are opposed to a traffic disgraceful to Christianity.
+
+Is the ultimate object of those who are opposed to this traffic its
+suppression or its annihilation? The annihilation of the slave trade and
+slavery in Africa was unquestionably the aim of the philanthropists who
+originated this great movement.
+
+The experience of half a century has proved that physical force cannot
+destroy the traffic while there is a demand for slave labor. Diplomacy
+must be baffled in its well-intentioned efforts to oppose this traffic
+while the profits for carrying each slave from the continent of Africa
+to the island of Cuba amount to the enormous return of fourteen hundred
+percent.
+
+It is a well-attested fact, that the same quality of cotton may be
+obtained from Africa for twenty millions of money for which Great
+Britain pays the slaveholders in America thirty millions per annum. If
+cotton can be sold in the Liverpool market at anything less than 4-3/4d.
+per lb., the slaveholders in America will cease to grow what, under
+altered circumstances, would be unprofitable. Cotton of middling quality
+(which is in the greatest demand) may be obtained in West and Eastern
+Africa at 4d. per lb.; and, already, cotton from Western Africa
+(Liberia) has been sent to Liverpool, there re-shipped, and sold at
+Boston, in the United States, at a less cost than cotton of a similar
+quality could be supplied from the Southern States of the Union.
+
+The Executive Committee feel assured that the peaceful means adopted by
+this society for the Christian civilization of the African races require
+only the advocacy of _Christian Ministers_ and the _Press_ generally to
+be responded to by the people of Great Britain.
+
+The horrors of the slave trade, as perpetrated on the continent of
+Africa and during the middle passage, can only be put an end to by the
+establishment of a lawful and a lucrative, a powerful and a permanent,
+trade between this country and Africa; which will have the effect of
+destroying the slave trade, spreading the Gospel of Christ, and
+civilizing the African races. For this purpose the support of the
+mercantile class is earnestly solicited for a movement which--commenced
+by the colored people of America flying from oppression--bids fair to
+open new cotton fields for the supply of British industry, and new
+markets for our commerce, realizing the sublime promise of Scripture,
+"Cast thy bread upon the waters, and after many days it shall return
+unto thee."
+
+Alarmists point to the sparks in the cotton fields of America, while
+thoughtful men reflect that the commercial prosperity of this great
+country hangs upon a thread of cotton, which a blight of the plant, an
+insurrection among the slaves, an untimely frost, or an increased demand
+in the Northern States of the Union, might destroy; bringing to
+Lancashire first, and then to the whole kingdom, a return of the Irish
+famine of 1847, which reduced the population of that portion of the
+kingdom from eight to six millions.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Southern States of the American Union are following the example of
+the infatuated Louis the Fourteenth of France. As he drove into exile
+thousands of his subjects engaged in manufactures and trade, who sought
+refuge in England and laid the foundation of our manufacturing
+supremacy, so are the Slave States now driving from their confines
+thousands of freed colored men. Where are the exiles to go? The Free
+States are too crowded, and Canada too cold for them. Can we not offer
+them an asylum in Jamaica and other colonies? They are the cream, the
+best of their race; for it is by long-continued industry and economy
+that they have been enabled to purchase their freedom, and joyfully will
+they seize the hand of deliverance which Great Britain holds out to
+them. We only want additional labor; give us that, and we shall very
+soon cultivate our own cotton.--_Slavery Doomed._
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FUGITIVE-AID SOCIETY IN CANADA
+
+At a meeting held in the Town Hall, Manchester, on the 8th of August
+inst., the following remarks were made by Thomas Clegg, Esq., who
+presided on the occasion.
+
+The Chairman said that they held but one opinion as to the horrors and
+evils of slavery; and he thought that most of them believed that one of
+the great benefits which would result from Africans trained in Canada
+being sent to Africa, would be that they could there, for the advantage
+of themselves and their country, grow cotton, sugar, and fifty other
+articles, which we much needed. During his first year's operations in
+getting cotton from Africa, all his efforts only purchased 235 lbs.; but
+in 1858, he got 219,615 lbs.; and he saw from one of the London papers
+of the previous day, that not less than 3,447 bales, or 417,087 lbs.,
+were received from the West Coast during 1860. This rapid increase, in
+the early history of the movement, showed that Africa was the place that
+could grow cotton, and that Africans were the men who ought to grow it.
+(Hear, hear.) There was no part of Africa, of which he had heard, where
+cotton did not grow wild; there was no part of the world, except India,
+perhaps, in which cotton was cultivated, where it was not sought to
+obtain Africans as cultivators. Wild African cotton was worth from 1-1/2
+d. to 2-1/4 d. a pound more than the wild produce of India; cultivated
+cotton from the West Coast was worth, on an average, as much as New
+Orleans possibly could be. (Hear, hear.) He would undertake that good
+African cotton could be laid down free in Liverpool at 4-1/4 d. per
+pound; that it should be equal to New Orleans; and at this moment such
+cotton was worth probably 6-1/4 d. per pound. (Hear, hear.) He looked
+upon this question as affecting not only the success of missions, but as
+affecting also the eternal welfare of the Africans and the temporal
+welfare of our people.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEATHEN AND SLAVE-TRADE HORRORS
+
+At Lagos, communication between the town and the shipping had been
+suspended for ten days, in consequence of the high surf at the entrance
+of the river and along the beach, and great difficulty was experienced
+in getting off the mails. The war in the interior, between the chiefs of
+Ibadan and Ijaye, continued with unabated fury; the former district is
+said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, and the latter 50,000. Abbeokuta
+had taken side with Ijaye, but at the last battle, which took place on
+the 5th of June, his people are reported to have suffered severely. The
+King of Dahomey was about to make an immense sacrifice of human life to
+the memory of the late King, his father. The _West African Herald_, of
+the 13th ult., referring to this intention, says: His Majesty Badahung,
+King of Dahomey, is about to make the 'Grand Custom' in honor of the
+late King Gezo. Determined to surpass all former monarchs in the
+magnitude of the ceremonies to be performed on this occasion, Badahung
+has made the most extensive preparations for the celebration of the
+Grand Custom. A great pit has been dug which is to contain human blood
+enough to float a canoe. Two thousand persons will be sacrificed on this
+occasion. The expedition to Abbeokuta is postponed, but the King has
+sent his army to make some excursions at the expense of some weaker
+tribes, and has succeeded in capturing many unfortunate creatures. The
+young people among these prisoners will be sold into slavery, and the
+old persons will be killed at the Grand Custom. Would to God this might
+meet the eyes of some of those philanthropic Englishmen who have some
+feeling for Africa! Oh! for some man of eloquence and influence to point
+out to the people of England the comparative uselessness of their
+expensive squadron out here, and the enormous benefits that must result
+to this country, and ultimately to England herself, morally and
+materially, if she would extend her establishments on this coast! Take
+away two-thirds of your squadron, and spend one-half its cost in
+creating more stations on shore, and greatly strengthening your old
+stations.--_The Times_, August 13, 1860.
+
+The following extract from the _Times_, August 11, 1860, shows that
+noble hearts across the Atlantic are ready to respond to our call:--
+
+
+     A NOBLE LADY--Miss Cornelia Barbour, a daughter of the Hon. James
+     Barbour, of Virginia, formerly Governor of that State, and a Member
+     of President J. Q. Adams' Cabinet, has resolved to emancipate her
+     numerous slaves, and locate them in a Free State, where they can
+     enjoy liberty and (if they will) acquire property.--_New York
+     Tribune._
+
+    _Contributions to the Funds of this Society may be paid to the
+    Chairman, the Hon. Secretary, or to the Society's account at the
+    London and Westminster Bank, I, St. James's square. P.O. Orders to
+    be made payable to the Honorary Secretaries at
+    Charing-cross._--AUGUST, 1860.
+
+The subjoined paper has been issued by the African Aid Society, London,
+England, which I give for the benefit of those desirous of going out
+under its auspices, as it will be seen that the Society is determined on
+guarding well against aiding such persons as are objectionable to us,
+and likely to be detrimental to our scheme:
+
+
+     AFRICAN AID SOCIETY
+
+     PAPER FOR INTENDING SETTLERS IN AFRICA
+
+     1. Are you desirous to leave ---- and go to the Land of your
+     Forefathers. 2. Name. 3. Age. 4. Married or Single. 5. What
+     Children (state ages:) Boys ----, aged years; ---- Girls ----, aged
+     years. 6. How many of these will you take with you? 7. Of what
+     church are you a member? 8. How long have you been so? 9. Can you
+     read and write? 10. Will you strive to spread the truths of the
+     Gospel among the natives? 11. What work are you now doing? 12. What
+     other work can you do well? 13. Have you worked on a plantation?
+     14. What did you do there? 15. Will you, in the event of the
+     African Aid Society sending you and your family to Africa, repay to
+     it the sum of ---- Dollars, as part of the cost of your passage and
+     settlement there, ---- as soon as possible, that the same money may
+     assist others to go there also?
+
+     N.B.--It is expected that persons desiring to settle in Africa,
+     under the auspices of this society, should obtain Certificates from
+     their Minister, and if possible from their Employer, or other
+     competent person, as to their respectability, habits, and
+     character. These certificates should be attached to this paper.
+
+I have every confidence in the sincerity of the Christian gentlemen who
+compose the African Aid Society, and for the information of those who
+are unacquainted with the names of those noblemen and gentlemen, would
+state that the Lord Alfred Churchill is the learned Oriental traveler
+and Christian philanthropist, brother to His Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough and son-in-law of Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Right Hon. Lord
+Calthorpe is the great Christian nobleman who does so much for Churches
+in Great Britain, and member of Her Majesty's Privy Council; Sir Culling
+Eardley Eardley is the great promoter of the Evangelical Alliance;
+George Thompson, Esq., is the distinguished traveler and faithful friend
+of the slave, known in America as a Garrisonian Abolitionist; and J.
+Lyons Macleod, Esq., the indefatigable British Consul who so
+praiseworthily exerted himself, and brought the whole of his official
+power to bear against the slave-trade on the Mozambique Channel. There
+are other gentlemen of great distinction, whose positions are not
+explained in the council list, and a want of knowledge prevents my
+explaining.
+
+Before leaving England for Scotland, I received while at Brighton, the
+following letter, which indicates somewhat the importance of our
+project, and shows, in a measure, the superiority of the people in our
+part of Africa, and what may be expected of them compared with some in
+other parts; and how the Portuguese influence has ruined them. I may
+add, that the writer, Mr. Clarence, is a gentleman of respectability,
+brother-in-law to Edmund Fry, Esq., the distinguished Secretary of the
+London Peace Society. Mr. Clarence has resided in that part of Africa
+for twenty-five years, and was then on a visit to his relatives:
+
+     DR. DELANEY: Brighton, August 28, 1860
+
+     MY DEAR SIR--I am sorry that I am obliged to leave Brighton before
+     you deliver your lectures, and as we may not meet again, I thought
+     I would write you a few lines just to revive the subject that was
+     passing our minds yesterday. I cannot but think, if it were
+     practicable for a few thousands, or even hundreds, of your West
+     Coast men to come round to the East Coast, that is, to Port Natal,
+     an immense amount of good would be derived therefrom; not only in
+     assisting to abolish the barbarous customs of our natives in
+     showing them that labor is honorable for man, but that the English
+     population would appreciate their services and that they would be
+     able to get good wages. What we want is constant and reliable
+     laborers; not those who come by fits and starts, just to work for a
+     month and then be off. They must select their masters, and then
+     make an engagement for twelve months; or it might be after a month
+     on approval. Good laborers could get fifteen shillings per month,
+     and as their services increased in value they would get twenty
+     shillings, and their allowance of food, which is always abundant.
+
+     I have thought that some might work their passage down to the Cape
+     of Good Hope in some of Her Majesty's Men-of-War, and from there
+     they might work their passage in some of the coasting vessels that
+     are continually plying backwards and forwards. My farm is only five
+     miles from the Port. Should any ever come from your
+     representations, direct them to me, and should I not require them
+     myself I will give them such information as may lead them to find
+     good masters. I have always said that Natal is the key to the
+     civilization of South Africa; but, however, there are sometimes two
+     keys to a door, and yours on the West, though a little north of the
+     Line, may be the other; and, by God's blessing, I trust that the
+     nations of the East and West may, before long, meet in Central
+     Africa, not in hostile array, as African nations always have done,
+     but in the bonds of Christian fellowship. Wishing you every success
+     in your enterprize.
+
+     Believe me, dear Sir, yours most sincerely,
+                                    RALPH CLARENCE
+
+     NOTE--Mr. Clarence is requesting to be sent some of our industrious
+     natives from Western Africa, as he informed me that those in the
+     East think it disreputable to work. The term "master" is simply
+     English; it means employer. The "fifteen" and "twenty" referred to,
+     means shillings sterling.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Now 8 Adolphi Terrace, Strand.
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN SCOTLAND
+
+
+Commercial Relations
+
+I have only to add, as a finality of my doings and mission in Great
+Britain, that in Scotland I fully succeeded in establishing commercial
+relations for traffic in all kinds of native African produce, especially
+cotton, which businesses are to be done directly and immediately between
+us and them, without the intervention or agencies of any society or
+association whatever. The only agencies in the case are to be the
+producers, sellers, and buyers--the Scottish house dealing with us as
+men, and not children. These arrangements are made to facilitate, and
+give us the assurance of the best encouragement to prosecute vigorously
+commercial enterprises--especially, as before stated, the cotton
+culture--the great source of wealth to any people and all civilized
+nations.
+
+
+Business Integrity
+
+The British people have the fullest confidence in our integrity to carry
+out these enterprises successfully, and now only await our advent there,
+and commencement to do anything necessary we may desire, or that the
+circumstances justify. Each individual is regarded as a man in these new
+relations, and, as such, expected to make his own contracts according
+to business custom, discharging in like manner his individual
+obligations. It must here be expressly understood that there are to be
+nothing but _business relations_ between us, their entire confidence and
+dependence being in the self-reliant, independent transactions of black
+men themselves. We are expected, and will be looked for, to create our
+own ways and means among ourselves as other men do.
+
+
+Public Endorsement
+
+As an earnest of the estimate set upon our adventure, I subjoin the
+names of a number of the leading commercial British journals--the two
+first being English, and all the others Scottish, in the midst of
+manufacturing districts, and all speaking favorably of the project:
+
+The Leeds Mercury, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, the Glasgow Herald,
+the Glasgow Examiner, the Scottish Guardian, the North British Daily
+Mail, the Glasgow Morning Journal, the Mercantile Advertiser, and
+others. (For absence of these notices, see author's prefatory note.)
+
+     FROM THE DAILY CHRONICLE
+
+     _Newcastle-on-Tyne, Monday, September 17th, 1860_
+
+     DANGER AND SAFETY.-- ... The cotton of the United States affords
+     employment to upwards of three millions of people in England, and a
+     famine of cotton would be far worse than a famine of bread; the
+     deficiency of the latter could be supplied; but the destruction of
+     the cotton crop in America would be an evil of unparalleled
+     magnitude, and against which we have no present protection....
+     From the district of Lagos on the Gold coast, near the kingdom of
+     Dahomey, there comes amongst us Dr. Delany with promises of a
+     deeply interesting exposition of the prospects of Africa, and the
+     probabilities of the civilization and elevation of the black races.
+     He is a _bona fide_ descendant of one of the elite families of
+     Central Africa, a highly educated gentleman, whose presence at the
+     International Statistical Congress was noticed by Lord Brougham,
+     and whose remarks in the sanitary section of the Congress upon
+     epidemics were characterized by a great knowledge of the topic
+     combined with genuine modesty. He is a physician of African blood,
+     educated in America, who has revisited the lands of his ancestry,
+     and proposes a most reasonable and feasible plan to destroy the
+     slave trade, by creating a _cordon_, or fringe of native
+     civilization, through which the kidnappers could not penetrate from
+     without, and through which no slaves could be transported from
+     within. Dr. Delany is one of the Commissioners sent out by the
+     convention of the colored people of Canada and the United States.
+     He has recently returned from the Yoruba country, adjoining the
+     territory of the King of Dahomey, and desires to elicit a favorable
+     consideration for the African Aid Society. His explorations have
+     been productive of the most promising results, his fellow blacks
+     having everywhere received him with distinguished honors. His
+     anecdotes are interesting, and his lectures are illustrated by
+     specimens of native produce and manufactures highly curious. Of his
+     lectures at Brighton and other places we have read lengthy reports,
+     which represent the influence these addresses have produced, and
+     which speak in eulogistic terms of Dr. Delany's matter and manner.
+     The subject is one of vast importance to England, and we trust that
+     we may witness ere long a proper appreciation of it.
+
+
+     FROM THE GLASGOW HERALD
+
+     All this betokens a considerable degree of intelligence. The towns
+     had their market-places; in one of these, that of Ijaye Dr. Delany
+     saw many thousands of persons assembled, and carrying on a busy
+     traffic. What a field might thus, in the course of time, be opened
+     for European commerce.
+
+
+     FROM THE LEEDS MERCURY (ENGLAND)
+
+     _Published by E. Baines, Esq., M.P., and Sons, December 8th, 1860_
+
+     ELEVATION OF THE COLORED RACE, AND OPENING OUT OF THE RESOURCES OF
+     AFRICA.--An important movement for opening out the resources of a
+     vast portion of the continent of Africa has been made by some of
+     the most intelligent colored people of the United States and
+     Canada. Having formed a society with this object in view, among
+     others, Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell were commissioned to go
+     out and explore a considerable portion of Western Africa, near to
+     the mouths of the Niger, and not far from the equator. A report of
+     this expedition is in progress by Dr. Delany, who is himself so
+     fully convinced of the advantages which the rich resources of that
+     part of Africa offer, that he has concluded to remove his family
+     there immediately. A meeting of the Leeds Anti-Slavery Committee
+     was held on Wednesday night, Wm. Scholefield, Esq., in the chair,
+     when valuable information was communicated by Dr. Delany and
+     William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., from Canada, who is connected with
+     this movement. The following summary of their remarks will be
+     found of deep interest:--
+
+     Wm. Howard Day, M.A., having been called upon, pointed out the
+     necessity for an active anti-slavery organization in this country,
+     as was so well expressed by the Chairman, to keep the heart of the
+     English people warm upon the subject of human bondage.... By the
+     production of cotton slavery began to be a power. So that as the
+     cotton interest increased the testimony of the Church decreased.
+     Cotton now is three-fifths of the production of the South. So that
+     the Hon. Amasa Walker, formerly Republican Secretary of State for
+     the State of Massachusetts, at the meeting held in London, August
+     1, 1859, and presided over by Lord Brougham, really expressed the
+     whole truth when he said--"While cotton is fourteen cents per pound
+     slavery will never end." Now we propose to break the back of this
+     monopoly in America by raising in Africa--in the African's own
+     home--as well as in the West Indies, cotton of the same quality as
+     the American, and at a cheaper rate. It had been demonstrated by
+     Mr. Clegg, of Manchester, that cotton of superior quality could be
+     laid down at Liverpool cheaper from Africa than America. We have
+     sent my friend, Dr. Delany, to see what Africa is, and he will tell
+     you the results--so very favorable--of his exploration. Then we
+     feel that we have in Canada the colored men to pioneer the way--men
+     reared among the cotton of the United States, and who have found an
+     asylum among us. The bone and sinew is in Africa--we wish to give
+     it direction. We wish thereby to save to England millions of pounds
+     by the difference in price between the two cottons; we wish to ward
+     off the blow to England which must be felt by four millions of
+     people interested in the article to be produced if an untimely
+     frost or an insurrection should take place--and, above all, to lift
+     up Africa by means of her own children. After speaking of the
+     organization among the colored people, which sent out Dr. Delany
+     and of which Mr. Day is president, he said one of the means to
+     secure these ends was the establishment of a press upon a proper
+     footing in Canada among the fugitive slaves; and to collect for
+     that is now his especial work. It would aid powerfully, it was
+     hoped, in another way. Already American prejudice has rolled in
+     upon the borders of Canada--so that schoolhouse doors are closed in
+     the faces of colored children, and colored men denied a place upon
+     juries merely because of their color. It was with difficulty that
+     last year even in Canada they were able to secure the freedom of a
+     kidnapped little boy who was being dragged through the province to
+     be sold in the slave-mart of St. Louis. In view of all these
+     points, hastily presented, he asked the good will and active aid of
+     all the friends of liberty.
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, whose name has become so celebrated in connection
+     with the Statistical Congress, was invited to state what he had
+     contemplated in going to Africa, and if he would kindly do so, what
+     he had discovered there. Dr. Delany first dwelt upon the
+     expectation which had been raised in his mind when a young man, and
+     in the minds of the colored people of the United States, by the
+     beginning of the anti-slavery work there by William Lloyd Garrison
+     and his coadjutors. They had found, however, that all the
+     anti-slavery people were not of the stamp of Mr. Garrison, who, he
+     was proud to say, believed in giving to colored men just the same
+     rights and privileges as to others, and that Mr. Garrison's idea
+     had not, by the professed friends of the black man, been reduced to
+     practice. And finding that self-reliance was the best dependence,
+     he and others had struck out a path for themselves. After speaking
+     of the convention of colored people, which he and others called in
+     1854, to consider this subject of self-help, and of the general
+     organization which began then, and in which Mr. Day succeeded him
+     as president, he said he went to Africa to find a locality suitable
+     for a select emigration of colored people; if possible, a large
+     cotton-growing region, and with a situation accessible by
+     civilization. All this he had found, with, in addition, a
+     well-disposed and industrious people. The facts which Dr. Delany
+     grouped together as to the climate and soil; as to productions and
+     trade; as to the readiness of the people to take hold of these
+     higher ideas; and as to the anxiety of the people to have him and
+     his party return, were new and thrilling. An interesting
+     conversation ensued on the points brought forward, and the
+     following minute, moved by Mr. Wilson Armistead, and seconded by
+     the Rev. Dr. Brewer, was unanimously passed:--
+
+     That the thanks of this meeting be tendered to Dr. Delany and Wm.
+     Howard Day, Esq., for the valuable information received from them,
+     with an ardent desire that their plans for the elevation of their
+     race may be crowned with success, and it is the opinion of this
+     meeting that they be made materially to hasten the extinction of
+     the slave-trade and slavery.
+
+
+Character of Commercial Relations
+
+The commercial relations entered into in Scotland are with the first
+business men in the United Kingdom, among whom are Henry Dunlop, Esq.,
+Ex-Lord Provost of Glasgow, one of the largest proprietors in Scotland;
+Andrew Stevenson, Esq., one of the greatest cotton dealers; and Messrs.
+Crum, Graham & Co., 111 Virginia Place, Glasgow, one of the heaviest
+firms in that part of the old world, which is the house with which I
+have negotiated for an immediate, active and practical prosecution of
+our enterprise, and whose agency in Europe for any or all of our
+produce, may be fully relied on. I speak from personal acquaintance
+with these extensively-known, high-standing gentlemen.
+
+
+Reliable Arrangements
+
+One of the most important parts of such an adventure as this, is to have
+reliable Foreign Agencies, and these have been fully secured; as whilst
+these gentlemen, as should all business men, deal with us only on
+business terms, yet they have entered into the matter as much as
+Christians and philanthropists, to see truth and right prevail whereby
+humanity may be elevated, as for anything else; because they are already
+wealthy, and had they been seeking after wealth, they certainly could
+and would have sought some more certainly immediate means.
+
+I left Scotland December 3rd, and sailed from Liverpool the 13th via
+Londonderry, arriving at Portland the 25th, the epoch of the Christian
+Era, and in Chatham the 29th.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+THE TIME TO GO TO AFRICA
+
+
+Caution against Danger
+
+The best time for going to Africa is during "the rainy season," which
+commences about the middle or last of April, ending near or about the
+first of November. By going during this period, it will be observed that
+you have no sudden transition from cold to heat, as would be the case
+did you leave in cold weather for that country. But the most favorable
+time to avoid the _heavy surf_ at Lagos, is from the first of October to
+the first of April, when the surges in the roadstead are comparatively
+small and not imminently dangerous. And I here advise and caution all
+persons intending to land there, not to venture over the heavy-rolling
+surf of the bar in one of those native canoes.
+
+
+Safety in Landing
+
+Yet persons can land with safety at any season of the year; but for this
+there must be a proper boat. Any person going there at present ought not
+to land if the surf is high, without _Captain Davies' large sail-boat_,
+which is as safe as a tug, and rides the sea like a swan. Send him word
+to send his _largest boat at the best hour for landing_. The Captain is
+a native merchant, and most obliging gentleman.
+
+
+A Tender
+
+So soon as we get a Tender (called in America, steam-tug and tow-boat),
+which will be one of the first things done so soon as we get to Lagos,
+landing will be as safe at any and all times there as in the harbor at
+New York or Liverpool. For the information of many intelligent persons
+who are not aware of it, I would state that a pilot or tender has to
+take vessels into both of these great seaports on account of shoal
+water.[9]
+
+
+Rainy Season
+
+The rainy season usually thought by foreigners to be "wet, muddy, and
+disagreeable weather," so far from this, is the most agreeable season of
+the year. Instead of steady rains for several days incessantly, as is
+common during "rainy weather" in the temperate zones, there is seldom or
+never rain during a whole day. But every day to a certainty during this
+season it rains, sometimes by showers at intervals, and sometimes a
+heavy rain for one, two, or three hours at a time--but seldom so long as
+three hours--when it clears up beautifully, leaving an almost cloudless
+sky. The rains usually come up very suddenly, and as quickly cease when
+done.
+
+
+Drizzling Rain, Sudden Showers
+
+There is seldom or never such a thing in this part of Africa as a
+"drizzling" or mizzling rain, all suddenly coming on and as suddenly
+passing off; and should one be out and see indications of an approaching
+rain, they must hurry to a near shelter, so suddenly does the shower
+come on.
+
+
+Tornadoes
+
+Tornadoes are sudden gusts or violent storms of wind and rain, which are
+more or less feared, but which may always be known from other storms on
+their approach, by the blackness of the clouds above, with the _segment
+of a circle of lighter cloud_ just beneath the dark, and above the
+horizon.
+
+
+Summer
+
+The entire _wet_ season may be justly termed the _summer_ instead of
+"winter," as the old writers have it; and it is observable that at the
+commencement of Spring in the temperate zones (March) vegetation starts
+forth in Africa with renewed vigor.
+
+
+Winter
+
+_Winter_ is during the _dry_ season, and not the "wet," for the above
+reason; and it is also worthy of remark, that during autumn in the
+temperate zone (from October to the last of November) the foliage in
+Africa begins to fade and fall from the trees in large quantities.
+
+
+Harmattans
+
+It is during this season that the _harmattans_ prevail, (from two to
+three weeks in December) which consist of a _dry cold_ and _not_ a "dry
+hot" wind as we have been taught; when furniture and wooden-ware _dries_
+and _cracks_ for want of moisture, and the thermometer frequently rates
+as low as 54 deg. Fahr. in the evening and early in the morning; when
+blankets on the bed will not be out of place, and an evening and morning
+fire may add to your comfort.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] I have received information from London, that an iron steam Tender
+has already been sent out to Lagos by an English house.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS
+
+
+Native Mariners
+
+It may not be generally known as a fact, which is of no little
+importance in the industrial economy of Africa, that vessels of every
+class, of all foreign nations, are manned and managed by native
+Africans, so soon as they enter African waters.
+
+The Krumen are the watermen or marines generally of Africa, going in
+companies of greater or less numbers, with one in the lead called
+"headman," who, hiring all the others, makes contracts with a vessel,
+which is met outside of the roadsteads or harbors, to supply a certain
+number of men to manage it during her coasting voyage. They usually
+bring with them the recommendations of all the commanders whose vessels
+they have managed on the coast. These are generally carried in the hat
+to prevent getting wet, and sometimes in calabashes, stopped up like a
+bottle, or in a tin can or case, (when such can be obtained,) suspended
+by a string like a great square medal around the neck.
+
+So expert have these people become in marine affairs, that, with the
+exception of navigation, a vessel at sea might be managed entirely by
+many of those companies of Krumen. Everything that is to be done as the
+common work of seamen, is done by them during their engagement on the
+coasting vessels. The agility with which they scale the shrouds and
+rigging, mounting frequently to the very pinnacle of the main-mast head,
+or going out to the extreme end of the yard arms, is truly surprising.
+In these feats, they are far more dextrous than the white civilians.
+
+
+The Fever--Stages Of
+
+In cases of real intermittent fever--fever and ague or chills and
+fever--there are usually three distinct stages when the attack comes
+on--on what is usually termed _fever day_: the _cold_ or shivering
+stage, the _hot_ or burning stage, succeeded by the _sweating_.
+
+_Cold Stage_
+
+So soon as there are symptoms of a chill, a cup of quite hot ginger or
+cinnamon tea--not too strong--may be taken, the person keeping out of
+the sun, and, if inclined, going to bed and covering warmly. He should
+always undress, putting on a night-shirt or gown, for the convenience of
+changing when required. A hot cup of tea, of any kind, is better than
+nothing, when neither cinnamon nor ginger is convenient.
+
+_Kneading or Friction-Bath. Hot Stage_
+
+During the hot stage, the person must be kept as cool as possible, and
+when the fever is at its height--and, indeed, it is well to commence
+long before this--the entire person, from head to foot, should be
+continually bathed by a free application of cold water, used
+_plentifully_ and _frequently changed_ during the application, with a
+large sponge, napkin, or cloth of some kind.
+
+_Lime-Bath_
+
+An excellent addition to the water is the juice of limes or lemons, and
+_less_ of the first (lime) than the last is required, because of the
+superior strength of the one to the other.
+
+_Soda_
+
+Soda may also be used in the bath as an adjuvant to the water--not with
+the lime juice, of course, because they would effervesce or disagree.
+When lime or lemon juice is used, care should be taken, in the use of
+it, that it be not too strong: say, use two lemons, or one and a half
+limes if large, to a pail of water--as it will produce irritation on all
+of the tender parts of the person, and even over the general surface. A
+lime bath once or twice a week, in the absence of all fever, is said to
+be an excellent hygeian or prophylactic treatment. But, by all means,
+don't neglect the cold water application during the hot stage.
+
+_Sweating Stage_
+
+So soon as the sweating commences, the patient must have sufficient
+covering to prevent taking cold, which is then very readily done, in
+consequence of the general relaxation of the system and open state of
+the pores. When the sweating ceases, the shirt or gown must be
+immediately taken off, the entire person sponged off in clear lukewarm
+or air-cold water, fresh clean clothes put on, the sheets and wet
+bed-clothes removed by clean ones supplying their places; and in no case
+must a person ever be permitted to keep on the same clothes after the
+sweating stage, as the _virus_ or fever-poison is expelled through the
+medium of the sweat and pores, and consequently absorbed by the
+clothing. The clothes should be changed _every day_, whether there be
+perspiration or not.
+
+_All the stages_
+
+Either of these symptoms is to be treated as advised, independently of
+the other in the order of arrangement.
+
+
+Fatigue-Clothes--Caution
+
+Persons should be careful not to sleep in sweaty clothes, especially
+those in which they have traveled; and they should be cautious not to
+sleep in the same clothes worn on any day, as before but slightly
+alluded to. Clean, unsoiled night-clothes should be put on every
+evening, and those which may be worn again should be well aired and
+sunned during the day.
+
+
+Colonization--an Error in Philanthropy
+
+The Colonization Society has committed a great error in its
+philanthropic arrangements of providing for _six months' passiveness_
+after going to Africa. The _provisions, for those who require them_, I
+do not object to, but the _passiveness_ is fatally injurious.
+
+
+Activity Conducive to Health
+
+Instead of going to Africa and quietly sitting down in utter idleness,
+in anticipation _waiting in anxious expectation for the fever to
+come_--in which cases the person becomes much more susceptible--did they
+go directly about some active employment, to keep both mind and body
+properly exercised, I am certain that there would not be one-fourth of
+the mortality that there is even now, which is comparatively little.
+
+
+Evidences of the Fact
+
+This will account for the reason that, among the numerous travelers and
+explorers who visit such countries, there is so much less, nay, so
+seldom any mortality from disease, compared with the missionaries, whose
+lives are rather easy and inactive, except the really energetic ones,
+who generally are they who survive. And I have the testimony of my
+friends Professor Crummell of Liberia College, late of Mount Vaughn High
+School, a most industrious, persevering gentleman, and W. Spencer
+Anderson, Esq., the largest sugar and coffee grower in Liberia, also a
+most energetic industrious gentleman--who corroborate my opinion on this
+important subject. Indeed, the people generally seem to have been long
+conscious of this fact, since among them they have an adage: "The _more_
+work, the _less_ fever." But no one should infer that it meant that they
+should exercise without regard to care and judgment, with all the
+precautions and observations on health laid down in the preceding pages.
+I return of course, to Africa, with my family.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES EDITORIAL BOARD
+
+
+  Norm R. Allen Jr.
+  Molefi Kete Asante
+  Toyin Falola
+
+  CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES
+
+  THE CONDITION, ELEVATION,
+  EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY
+  OF THE COLORED PEOPLE
+  OF THE UNITED STATES
+  _and_ OFFICIAL REPORT
+  OF THE NIGER VALLEY
+  EXPLORING PARTY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Martin R. Delany
+
+  WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+
+  Toyin Falola
+
+
+  Humanity
+  Books
+
+  an imprint of Prometheus Books
+  59 John Glenn Drive, Amherst, New York 14228-2197
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY
+EXPLORING PARTY ***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 22118-8.txt or 22118-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/1/1/22118
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/22118-8.zip b/22118-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1da7dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-8.zip
diff --git a/22118-h.zip b/22118-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db13299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-h.zip
diff --git a/22118-h/22118-h.htm b/22118-h/22118-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68ed462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-h/22118-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,5708 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party , by Martin Robinson Delany</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;}
+
+    div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */
+    div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */
+
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+    .bl       {border-left: solid 2px;}
+    .bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+    .br       {border-right: solid 2px;}
+    .bbox     {border: solid 2px;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+   .left   {float: left; text-align: left;}
+   .right  {float: right; text-align: right;}
+
+    span.outdent {text-align: left; margin-left: -1em;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    hr.full { width: 100%;
+              margin-top: 3em;
+              margin-bottom: 0em;
+              margin-left: auto;
+              margin-right: auto;
+              height: 4px;
+              border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */
+              border-style: solid;
+              border-color: #000000;
+              clear: both; }
+    pre      {font-size: 85%;}
+
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring
+Party , by Martin Robinson Delany</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party </p>
+<p>Author: Martin Robinson Delany</p>
+<p>Release Date: July 22, 2007  [eBook #22118]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY ***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Suzanne Shell, Janet Blenkinship,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY<br />EXPLORING PARTY</h1>
+
+<h4>by</h4>
+
+<h2>Martin R Delany</h2>
+
+<h3>Published 1861</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a><i>Contents</i></h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'>Section I. Political Movements</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section II. Succeeding Conventions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_234'>234</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Section III. History of the Project</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_236'>236</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section IV. Arrival and Reception in Liberia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section V. Liberia&mdash;Climate, Soil, Productions, etc.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_263'>263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section VI. Diseases&mdash;Cause&mdash;Remedy</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Section VII. The Interior&mdash;Yoruba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_284'>284</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section VIII. Topography, Climate, etc.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section IX. Diseases of This Part of Africa, Treatment, Hygiene, Aliment</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section X. Missionary Influence</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section XI. What Africa Now Requires</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_338'>338</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Section XII. To Direct Legitimate Commerce</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_345'>345</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section XIII. Cotton Staple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_351'>351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Section XIV. Success in Great Britain</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section XV. Commercial Relations in Scotland</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_379'>379</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Section XVI. The Time to Go to Africa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_387'>387</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Section XVII. Concluding Suggestions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_391'>391</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h3>POLITICAL MOVEMENTS</h3>
+
+
+<p>On or about the latter part of July, 1853, the following document was
+sent on, and shortly appeared in the columns of "<span class="smcap">Frederick Douglass'
+Paper</span>," Rochester, N.Y., and the "<span class="smcap">Aliened American</span>," published and
+edited by William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.,
+which continued in those papers every issue, until the meeting of the
+Convention:</p>
+
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Call For A National Emigration<br />
+Convention Of Colored Men</span><br />
+<i>To be held in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 24th, 25th, and<br />
+26th of August, 1854</i><br />
+</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Men and Brethren</span>: The time has fully come when we, as an oppressed
+people, should do something effectively, and use those means
+adequate to the attainment of the great and long desired end&mdash;do
+something to meet the actual demands of the present and prospective
+necessities of the rising generation of our people in this country.
+To do this, we must occupy a position of entire <i>equality</i>, of
+<i>unrestricted</i> rights, composing in fact, an acknowledged
+<i>necessary</i> part of the <i>ruling element</i> of society in which we
+live. The policy <i>necessary</i> to the <i>preservation</i> of this
+<i>element</i> must be <i>in our favor</i>, if ever we expect the enjoyment,
+freedom, sovereignty, and equality of rights anywhere. For this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>purpose, and to this end, then, all colored men in favor of
+Emigration out of the United States, and <i>opposed</i> to the American
+Colonization scheme of leaving the Western Hemisphere, are
+requested to meet in <span class="smcap">Cleveland, Ohio, Tuesday</span>, the 24th day of
+<span class="smcap">August</span>, 1854, in a great <span class="smcap">National Convention</span>, then and there to
+consider and decide upon the great and important subject of
+Emigration from the United States.</p>
+
+<p>No person will be admitted to a seat in the Convention, who would
+introduce the subject of Emigration to the Eastern
+Hemisphere&mdash;either to Asia, Africa, or Europe&mdash;as our object and
+determination are to consider our claims to the West Indies,
+Central and South America, and the Canadas. This restriction has no
+reference to <i>personal</i> preference, or <i>individual</i> enterprise; but
+to the great question of national claims to come before the
+Convention.</p>
+
+<p>All persons coming to the Convention must bring credentials
+properly authenticated, or bring verbal assurance to the Committee
+on Credentials&mdash;appointed for the purpose&mdash;of their fidelity to the
+measures and objects set forth in this call, as the Convention is
+specifically by and for the friends of Emigration, and none
+others&mdash;and no opposition to them will be entertained.</p>
+
+<p>The question is not whether our condition can be bettered by
+emigration, but whether it can be made worse. If not, then, there
+is no part of the wide spread universe, where our social and
+political condition are not better than here in our native country,
+and nowhere in the world as here, proscribed on account of color.</p>
+
+<p>We are friends to, and ever will stand shoulder to shoulder by our
+brethren, and all our friends in all good measures adopted by them
+for the bettering of our condition in this country, and surrender
+no rights but with our last breath; but as the subject of
+Emigration is of vital importance, and has ever been shunned by all
+delegated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> assemblages of our people as heretofore met, we cannot
+longer delay, and will not be farther baffled; and deny the right
+of our most sanguine friend or dearest brother, to prevent an
+intelligent inquiry into, and the carrying out of these measures,
+when this can be done, to our entire advantage, as we propose to
+show in Convention&mdash;as the West Indies, Central and South
+America&mdash;the majority of which are peopled our brethren, or those
+identified with us in race, and what is more, <i>destiny</i>, on this
+continent&mdash;all stand with open arms and yearning hearts,
+importuning us in the name of suffering humanity to come&mdash;to make
+common cause, and share one common fate on the continent.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention will meet without fail at the time fixed for
+assembling, as none but those favorable to Emigration are
+admissible; therefore no other gathering may prevent it. The number
+of delegates will not be restricted&mdash;except in the town where the
+Convention may be held&mdash;and there the number will be decided by the
+Convention when assembled, that they may not too far exceed the
+other delegations.</p>
+
+<p>The time and place fixed for holding the Conventions are ample;
+affording sufficient time, and a leisure season generally&mdash;and as
+Cleveland is now the centre of all directions&mdash;a good and favorable
+opportunity to all who desire to attend. Therefore, it may
+reasonably be the greatest gathering of the colored people ever
+before assembled in a Convention in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Colonizationists are advised, that no favors will be shown to them
+or their expatriating scheme, as we have no sympathy with the
+enemies of our race.</p>
+
+<p>All colored men, East, West, North, and South, favorable to the
+measures set forth in this Call will send in their names
+(post-paid) to <span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span>, or <span class="smcap">Rev. Wm. Webb</span>, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+that there may be arranged and attached to the Call, <i>five</i> names
+from each State.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We must make an issue, create an event, and establish a position
+<i>for ourselves</i>. It is glorious to think of, but far more glorious
+to carry out.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Wm. Webb, M. R. Delany, H. G. Webb, Thos. A. Brown, John
+Jones, R. L. Hawkins, Samuel Venerable, John Williams, A. F.
+Hawkins, S. W. Sanders, Jefferson Miller</span>, <i>Pittsburgh, Pa.</i>; <span class="smcap">Rev.
+A. R. Green, P. L. Jackson, J. H. Mahoney, G. Harper, Jonathan
+Green, H. A. Jackson, E. R. Parker, Samuel Bruce</span>, <i>Allegheny City</i>;
+<span class="smcap">J. J. Gould Bias, M.D., Rev. M. M. Clark, A. M. Sumner, Johnson
+Woodlin</span>, <i>Philadelphia</i>; <span class="smcap">James M. Whitfield, John N. Still, Stanley
+Matthews</span>, <i>New York</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>This Call was readily responded to by the addition of names from
+other States, which appeared in subsequent issues.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>At the Convention, which according to the Call sat in Cleveland
+successively on Thursday, 24th, Friday, 25th, and Saturday, 26th of
+August, 1854, the following States were represented: Rhode Island,
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana,
+Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia, and the
+Canadas; the great body consisting of nearly sixteen hundred
+persons. <span class="smcap">W. H. Day</span>, Esq., editor of the <i>Aliened American</i>, entered
+the Convention, and the Chairman invited him forward, offering him
+the privileges of the Convention, stating that wherever colored
+people were, William Howard Day was free&mdash;whether or not he
+altogether agreed in sentiment on minor points; and the Convention
+unanimously concurred in the invitation given.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Day subsequently proffered to the Convention any books or
+documents at his command for the use of that body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following permanent Institution was established:</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Organization of the National Board of Commissioners</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Central Commissioners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span>,
+President; <span class="smcap">Wm. Webb</span>, Vice-President; <span class="smcap">Thos. A. Brown</span>, Treasurer;
+<span class="smcap">Edw. R. Parker</span>, Auditor; <span class="smcap">Chas. W. Nighten</span>, Secretary; <span class="smcap">Professor M.
+H. Freeman, A.M.</span>, Special For. Sec.; <span class="smcap">Samuel Venerable, Alfred H.
+Johns, Samuel Bruce, Parker Sorrell</span>.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Departments</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Committee on Domestic Relations.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Samuel Bruce</span>, Chairman; <span class="smcap">Samuel
+Venerable, Charles W. Nighten.</span> <i>Financial Relations.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thomas A.
+Brown</span>, Chairman; <span class="smcap">Parker Sorrell, Alfred H. Johns.</span> <i>Foreign
+Relations.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rev. Wm. Webb</span>, Chairman; <span class="smcap">M. R. Delany, Edw. R. Parker.</span>
+<i>Special Foreign Secretary.</i> <span class="smcap">Prof. Martin H. Freeman, A. M.</span> <i>State
+Commissioners.</i>&mdash;<i>Massachusetts</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wm. C. Nell</span>, <i>Boston</i>; <span class="smcap">C. L.
+Remond</span>, Salem. <i>New York, Buffalo.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">James M. Whitfield, J.
+Theodore Holly.</span> <i>Ohio, Cincinnati.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Augustus R. Green, Phillip
+Tolivar</span>, Jun. <i>Michigan, Detroit.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">William C. Munroe, William
+Lambert.</span> <i>Kentucky, Louisville.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Conaway Barbour, James H. Gipson.</span>
+<i>Missouri, St. Louis.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rev. Rich'd Anderson, Rev. Jordan Brown.</span>
+<i>Virginia, Richmond.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Richard Henderson, John E. Ferguson.</span>
+<i>Tennessee, Nashville.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Elder Peter A. H. Lowry, Charles Barratt.</span>
+<i>Louisiana, New Orleans.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Jordan B. Noble, Rev. John Garrow.</span>
+<i>California, San Francisco.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Henry M. Collins, Orange Lewis.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h3>SUCCEEDING CONVENTIONS</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Second Convention, pursuant to a call, was held in Cleveland,
+in August, 1856, when some modification and amendments were made in
+the Constitution, and some changes in the officers of the Board;
+but the president was unanimously re-elected, and continued in
+office until the close of the of the Third Convention, which met
+pursuant to a call in the town of Chatham, Canada West, in August,
+1858, when, resigning his position in the Board, the following
+officers succeeded to the</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENERAL BOARD OF<br />
+COMMISSIONERS</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="GENERAL BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Central Commissioners&mdash;Chatham, Canada</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">William Howard Day</span>, President</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Matison F. Bailey</span>, Vice-President</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">George Wash. Brodie</span>, Secretary</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">James Madison Bell</span>, Treasurer</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Alfred Whipper</span>, Auditor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Martin R. Delany</span>, Foreign Secretary</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The names only of the Central Commissioners are here given,
+the others being re-elected as chosen in 1856, at Cleveland.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Other Members</span></h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Other Members">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Abram D. Shadd</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. Henry Harris</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Isaac D. Shadd</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>At an Executive Council Meeting of the Board, September 1st, 1858,
+the following resolution, as taken from the Minutes, was adopted:
+That Dr. Martin R. Delany, of Chatham, Kent Country, Canada West,
+be a Commissioner to explore in Africa, with full power to choose
+his own colleagues.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORY OF THE PROJECT</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the winter of 1831-32, being then but a youth, I formed the
+design of going to Africa, the land of my ancestry; when in the
+succeeding winter of 1832-33, having then fully commenced to study,
+I entered into a solemn promise with the Rev. Molliston Madison
+Clark, then a student in Jefferson College, at Cannonsburg,
+Washington County, Pennsylvania, being but seventeen miles from
+Pittsburgh, where I resided (his vacations being spent in the
+latter place), to complete an education, and go on an independent
+and voluntary mission&mdash;to travel in Africa&mdash;I as a physician and he
+as a clergyman, for which he was then preparing.</p>
+
+<p>During these vacations of about seven weeks each, Mr. Clark was of
+great advantage to me in my studies, he being then a man of
+probably thirty years of age, or more, and in his senior year (I
+think) at college.</p>
+
+<p>This design I never abandoned, although in common with my race in
+America, I espoused the cause, and contended for our political and
+moral elevation on equality with the whites, believing then, as I
+do now, that merit alone should be the test of individual claims in
+the body politic. This cause I never have nor will abandon;
+believing that no man should hesitate or put off any duty for
+another time or place, but "act, act in the <i>living present</i>, act,"
+<i>now</i> or <i>then</i>. This has been the rule of my life, and I hope ever
+shall be.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1850, I had fully matured a plan for an adventure, and to a
+number of select intelligent gentlemen (of African descent, of
+course) fully committed myself in favor of it. They all agreed that
+the scheme was good; and although neither of them entered
+personally into it, all fully sanctioned it, bidding me God-speed
+in my new adventure, as a powerful handmaid to their efforts in
+contending for our rights in America.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In 1854, at the great Emigration Convention in Cleveland, my paper,
+read and adopted as a "Report on the Political Destiny of the
+Colored Race on the American Continent," set forth fully my views
+on the advantages of Emigration.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Although the Call itself strictly prohibits the introduction of the
+question of emigration from the American Continent or Western
+Hemisphere, the qualification which directly follows&mdash;"This
+restriction has no reference to <i>personal</i> preference, or
+<i>individual</i> enterprise"&mdash;may readily be understood. It was a mere
+policy on the part of the authors of those documents, to confine
+their scheme to America (including the West Indies), whilst they
+were the leading advocates of the regeneration of Africa, lest they
+compromised themselves and their people to the avowed enemies of
+the race.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Convention (at Cleveland, 1854), in its Secret Sessions made,
+Africa, with its rich, inexhaustible productions, and great
+facilities for checking the abominable Slave Trade, its most
+important point of dependence, though each individual was left to
+take the direction which in his judgment best suited him. Though
+our great gun was leveled, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> first shell thrown at the
+American Continent, driving a slaveholding faction into despair,
+and a political confusion from which they have been utterly unable
+to extricate themselves, but become more and more complicated every
+year, <i>Africa was held in reserve, until by the help of an All-wise
+Providence we could effect what has just been accomplished with
+signal success</i>&mdash;a work which the most sanguine friend of the cause
+believed would require at least the half of a century.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious, and not less singular historical fact, that a
+leading political journal, and the first newspaper which nominated
+Mr. James Buchanan, many years ago, for the Presidency of the
+United States; and at a time whilst he was yet at the court of St.
+James (1854), as Envoy Extraordinary, this paper was strongly
+urging his claims as such, thus expresses itself, which gives a
+fair idea of the political pro-slavery press generally, especially
+in Pennsylvania, Mr. Buchanan's native State. I intended to give
+the article entire, as alarm will be seen even at the commencement;
+but pressure for space will prevent my quoting but a few sentences.
+It is from the Pittsburgh <i>Daily Morning Post</i>, Wednesday, October
+18th, 1854:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">A Grand Scheme for the Colored Race</span></h4>
+
+<p>In August last, a National Convention of colored people was held at
+Cleveland, Ohio. It was composed of delegates from most of the
+States. It was called the 'National Emigration Convention,' and its
+objects were to consider the political destinies of the black race;
+and recommend a plan of Emigration to countries where they can
+enjoy political liberty, and form nations 'free and independent.'</p>
+
+<p>The Committee then proceeds to mark out a grand scheme by which the
+Negro race may be regenerated, and formed into free, intelligent,
+and prosperous nations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> The West India Islands, Central America,
+and all the Northern and middle portions of South America,
+including the whole of Brazil, are designated as the regions
+desired; and that can be obtained as the seat of Negro civilization
+and empire. These regions and islands together are represented as
+containing twenty-four and a half millions of population; but
+one-seventh of which, some three and a half millions, are whites of
+pure European extraction; and the remainder, nearly twenty-one
+millions, are colored people of African and Indian origin. This
+immense preponderance of the colored races in those regions, it is
+supposed, will enable them, with the aid of Emigration from the
+United States, to take possession of all those countries and
+islands, and become the ruling race in the empires to be formed out
+of those wide and fruitful realms. The Committee expresses full
+confidence in the practicability of this great undertaking; and
+that nothing is wanting to its success at no distant day but
+unanimity of sentiment and action among the masses of the colored
+people. The climate of those regions is represented as entirely
+congenial to the colored race, while to the European races it is
+enervating and destructive; and this fact, added to the present
+immense superiority of numbers on the part of the negroes, is
+relied on as a sure guarantee of the success of the great
+enterprise; and that their race could forever maintain the
+possession and control of those regions.</p>
+
+<p>Other great events, it is supposed, will follow in the train of
+this mighty movement. With the West India Islands, and Central and
+South America, composing free negro nations, slavery in the United
+States would, they suppose, soon be at an end. The facility of
+escape, the near neighborhood of friends and aid, it is urged,
+would rapidly drain off from the Southern States all the most
+intelligent, robust, and bold of their slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. M. R. Delany, of Pittsburgh, was the chairman of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> the committee
+that made this report to the convention. It was, of course,
+adopted.</p>
+
+<p>If Dr. D. drafted this report, it certainly does him much credit
+for learning and ability; and cannot fail to establish for him a
+reputation for vigor and brilliancy of imagination never yet
+surpassed. It is a vast conception of impossible birth. The
+Committee seem to have entirely overlooked the strength of the
+'powers on earth' that would oppose the Africanization of more than
+half the Western Hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p>We have no motive in noticing this gorgeous dream of 'the
+Committee,' except to show its fallacy&mdash;its impracticability, in
+fact, its absurdity. No sensible man, whatever his color, should be
+for a moment deceived by such impracticable theories.</p>
+
+<p>On the African coast already exists a thriving and prosperous
+Republic. It is the native home of the African race; and there he
+can enjoy the dignity of manhood, the rights of citizenship, and
+all the advantages of civilization and freedom. Every colored man
+in this country will be welcomed there as a free citizen; and there
+he can not only prosper, and secure his own comfort and happiness,
+but become a teacher and benefactor of his kindred races; and
+become an agent in carrying civilization and Christianity to a
+benighted continent. That any one will be turned aside from so
+noble a mission by the delusive dream of conquest and empire in the
+Western Hemisphere is an absurdity too monstrous and mischievous to
+be believed. Yet 'the Committee's Report' was accepted, and
+adopted, and endorsed by a 'National Convention;' and is published
+and sent forth to the world.</p></div>
+
+<p>In July, 1855, Rev. James Theodore Holly, an accomplished black
+gentleman, now rector of St. Luke's Church, New Haven, Connecticut,
+U.S., was commissioned to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Hayti, where he
+was received at court with much attention, interchanging many official
+notes during a month's residence there, with favorable inducements to
+laborers to settle.</p>
+
+<p>During the interval from the first convention, 1854 to 1858, as
+President of the Council, I was actively engaged corresponding in every
+direction, among which were several States of Central and South America,
+as well as Jamaica and Cuba; the Rev. J. T. Holly, who, during two years
+of the time, filled the office of Foreign Secretary, contributing no
+small share in its accomplishment.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the convention of 1856, from which I was absent by
+sickness, I commenced a general correspondence with individuals,
+imparting to each the basis of my adventure to Africa to obtain
+intelligent colleagues. During this time (the Spring of 1857), "Bowen's
+Central Africa" was published, giving an interesting and intelligent
+account of that extensive portion of Africa known on the large
+missionary map of that continent as Yoruba. Still more encouraged to
+carry out my scheme at this juncture, Livingstone's great work on Africa
+made its appearance, which seemed to have stimulated the
+Africo-Americans in many directions, among others, those of Wisconsin,
+from whom Mr. Jonathan J. Myers, a very respectable grocer, was
+delegated as their Chairman to counsel me on the subject. In the several
+councils held between Mr. Myers and myself, it was agreed and understood
+that I was to embody their cause and interests in my mission to Africa,
+they accepting of the policy of my scheme.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, I made vigorous efforts to accomplish my design, and for
+this purpose, among others, endeavored to obtain goods in Philadelphia
+to embark for Loando de St. Paul, the Portuguese colony in Loango, South
+Africa, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> the prospect seemed fair for a good trade in beeswax and
+ivory, though Lagos, West Central Africa, was my choice and destination.
+Robert Douglass, Esq., artist, an accomplished literary gentleman
+(landscape, portrait painter, and photographer) of Philadelphia with
+whom I was in correspondence, sent me the following note:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. M. R. Delany:&mdash;</span><span style="margin-left: 10em;"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, June 17, 1858</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;I think very highly of the intended Expedition to the
+'Valley of the Niger.' I would be pleased to accompany it
+professionally, if I were to receive a proper outfit and salary.
+Dr. Wilson declines; but Mr. Robert Campbell, of the 'Institute for
+Colored Youth,' a very accomplished Chemist, &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c., says he
+will gladly accompany the Expedition, if a proper support for his
+family in his absence were assured. Rev. William Douglass, in
+conversation with me, has expressed very favorable views. Hoping
+you may be very successful, I remain in expectation of receiving
+more detailed accounts of the plan, its prospects and progress,</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Your friend and well-wisher,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Douglass</span></p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>661, N. Thirteenth St., Phil.</i></span></p><br />
+</div>
+
+<p>Up to this time, I had never before known or heard of Mr. Campbell, who
+is a West India gentleman, native bred in Jamaica, but the
+recommendation of Mr. Douglass, an old acquaintance and gentleman of
+unsullied integrity, accompanied as it was by the following note from
+Dr. Wilson, also an accomplished gentleman of equal integrity, a
+physician, surgeon, and chemist, who, being selected by me as Surgeon
+and Naturalist of the party, also recommended Mr. Campbell in a detached
+note which has been mislaid, was sufficient at the time:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Delany:&mdash;</span><span style="margin-left: 10em;"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, June 7th, 1858</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;I received your note of May 25th, through the kindness of
+R. Douglass, Jr., and can truly say, I am highly gratified to learn
+of so laudable an enterprise and expedition; and would be happy and
+proud to be numbered with the noble hearts and brilliant minds,
+identified with it. Yet, whilst I acknowledge (and feel myself
+flattered by) the honor conferred upon me in being selected for so
+important and honorable position, I regret to inform you, that it
+will be wholly out of my power to accept.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Very respectfully,<br />
+<span class="smcap">James H. Wilson</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>838, Lombard Street.</i></span>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>I have been the more induced to give the letters of Mr. Douglass and Dr.
+Wilson in favor of Mr. Campbell, because some of my friends were
+disposed to think that I "went out of the way to make choice of an
+entire stranger, unknown to us, instead of old and tried acquaintances,"
+as they were pleased to express it. I had but one object in view&mdash;the
+Moral, Social, and Political Elevation of Ourselves, and the
+Regeneration of Africa, for which I desired, as a <i>preference</i>, and
+indeed the only <i>adequate</i> and <i>essential</i> means by which it is to be
+accomplished, men of African descent, properly qualified and of pure and
+fixed principles. These I endeavored to select by corresponding only
+with such of my acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p>At the Council which appointed me Commissioner to Africa, having
+presented the names of Messrs. Douglass and Campbell, asking that they
+also might be chosen; at a subsequent meeting the following action took
+place:</p>
+
+<p>Whereas, Dr. Martin R. Delany, Commissioner to Africa, having presented
+the names of Messrs. Robert Douglas and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> Robert Campbell of
+Philadelphia, Pa., U.S., requesting that they be appointed
+Commissioners, the Board having made him Chief Commissioner with full
+power to appoint his own Assistants, do hereby sanction the appointment
+of these gentlemen as Assistant Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>A paper was then laid before the Council, presenting the name and scheme
+of the party, which was received and adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Amos Aray, surgeon, a highly intelligent gentleman, and Mr. James W.
+Purnell, also an intelligent young gentleman, bred to mercantile
+pursuits, having subsequently sent in their names and received
+appointments by the Chief Commissioner, the following document was made
+out:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">African Commission</span></h4>
+
+<p>The President and Officers of the General Board of Commissioners,
+viz: William H. Day, A.M., President; Matison F. Bailey,
+Vice-President; George W. Brodie, Secretary; James Madison Bell,
+Treasurer; Alfred Whipper, Auditor; Dr. Martin R. Delany, Special
+Foreign Secretary; Abram D. Shadd, James Henry Harris, and Isaac D.
+Shadd, the Executive Council in behalf of the organization for the
+promotion of the political and other interests of the Colored
+Inhabitants of North America, particularly the United States and
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>To all, unto whom these letters may come, greeting: The said
+General Board of Commissioners, in Executive Council assembled,
+have this day chosen, and by these presents do hereby appoint and
+authorize Dr. Martin Robison Delany, of Chatham, County of Kent,
+Province of Canada, Chief Commissioner; and Robert Douglass, Esq.,
+Artist, and Prof. Robert Campbell, Naturalist, both of
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America, to
+be Assistant Commissioners; Amos Aray, Surgeon; and James W
+Purnell, Secretary and Commercial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> Reporter, both of Kent County,
+Canada West, of a Scientific Corps, to be known by the name of</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Niger Valley Exploring Party</span></h4>
+
+<p>The object of this Expedition is to make a Topographical, Geological and
+Geographical Examination of the Valley of the River Niger, in Africa,
+and an inquiry into the state and condition of the people of that
+Valley, and other parts of Africa, together with such other scientific
+inquiries as may by them be deemed expedient, for the purposes of
+science and for general information; and without any reference to, and
+with the Board being entirely opposed to any Emigration there as such.
+Provided, however, that nothing in this Instrument be so construed as to
+interfere with the right of the Commissioners to negotiate in their own
+behalf, or that of any other parties, or organization for territory.</p>
+
+<p>The Chief-Commissioner is hereby authorized to add one or more competent
+Commissioners to their number; it being agreed and understood that this
+organization is, and is to be exempted from the pecuniary responsibility
+of sending out this Expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Dated at the Office of the Executive Council, Chatham, county of Kent,
+Province of Canada, this Thirtieth day of August, in the year of our
+Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-eight.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+By the President,<br />
+<span class="smcap">William Howard Day</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Isaac D. Shadd</span>, Vice-President<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br />
+<span class="smcap">George W. Brodie</span>, Secretary
+</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So soon as these names with their destined mission were officially
+published, there arose at once from mistaken persons (<i>white</i>) in
+Philadelphia, a torrent of opposition, who presuming to know more about
+us (the blacks) and our own business than we did ourselves, went even so
+far as to speak to one of our party, and tell him that we were <i>not
+ready</i> for any such <i>important</i> undertaking, nor could be in <i>three
+years yet to come</i>! Of course, as necessary to sustain this, it was
+followed up with a dissertation on the <i>disqualification</i> of the Chief
+of the Party, mentally and physically, <i>external</i> appearances and all.
+So effectually was this opposition prosecuted, that colored people in
+many directions in the United States and the Canadas, were not only
+affected by it, but a "Party" of three had already been chosen and
+appointed to supersede us! Even without any knowledge on my part, claims
+were made in England in behalf of the "Niger Valley Exploring Party,"
+solely through the instrumentality of these Philadelphians.</p>
+
+<p>Such were the effects of this, that our preparatory progress was not
+only seriously retarded (I having to spend eight months in New York city
+to counteract the influence, where six weeks only would have been
+required), but three years originally intended to be spent in exploring
+had to be reduced to one, and the number of Commissioners from five to
+two, thereby depriving Mr. Robert Douglass from going, an old friend and
+most excellent gentleman, whose life, as well as that of his father
+before him, had been spent in efforts, not only of self-elevation, but
+the elevation also of his people. Many years ago, the accomplished
+articles of "Robert Douglass, Jun," to the <i>United States Gazette</i>, and
+other public journals, forced those negro-hating periodicals to respect
+at least the writer, if not his race. Dr. Aray, also an excellent
+gentleman who had given up business to join the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> party, was doomed to
+disappointment. And of Mr. Jas. W. Purnell&mdash;who met me in New York two
+weeks after my arrival, and through the whole eight months of adversity
+and doubtful progress, stood by me, performing the duty of Secretary,
+writing in every direction, copying, and from dictation for hours at a
+time&mdash;I cannot say too much. For a young gentleman inexperienced in such
+matters, he has no superior; and for integrity, true heartedness, and
+trustworthiness, in my estimation, he has few if any rivals. To his
+great and good uncle, under whom he was brought up, much of his
+character is to be credited.</p>
+
+<p>As an expression of the feelings of the most intelligent emigrationists
+with whom I corresponded generally in America, I give below two extracts
+from letters of Professor Freeman. The Professor is now as he then was,
+the Principal of Avery College.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author"><span class="smcap">Alleghany City</span>, April 14, 1858</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>&mdash;Your letter of condolence was duly received, for
+which we tender you our warmest thanks.</p>
+
+<p>I have read Bowen's work, and shall to-day purchase Livingstone's.
+I am more and more convinced that Africa is the country to which
+all colored men who wish to attain the full stature of manhood, and
+bring up their children to be men and not creeping things, should
+turn their steps; and I feel more and more every day, that I made a
+great mistake in not going there, when I was untrammelled by family
+ties, and had the opportunity.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Respectfully yours,<br />
+M. H. Freeman
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Again the Professor says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I see that Emigration has broken out in the East, and that &mdash;&mdash; can
+notice one now without scoffing at,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> which he could not in 1854.
+Well, people can grow wondrously wise in four years. But it will
+take several more <i>Olympiads</i> to bring the leaders among us up to
+the old Cleveland Platform of 1854.</p>
+
+<p>All the fault of that movement was this, that it was at least one
+generation ahead of the colored heads of our people. We may, if we
+please, refuse to emigrate, and crouch like spaniels, to lick the
+hand that beats us; but children's children at the farthest, will
+have outgrown such pitiful meanness, and will dare to do all that
+others have dared and done for the sake of freedom and
+independence. Then all this cowardly cant about the unhealthy
+climate, the voracious beasts, and venomous reptiles of Africa,
+will be at a discount, instead of passing current as now for wisdom
+and prudence.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Campbell, who finally agreed voluntarily to be one of the "Niger
+Valley Exploring Party," spent some time with us in New York and some
+time in Philadelphia, but finally, in consequence of the doubtful
+prospects of my success, left, it would seem, at the suggestion and with
+the advice and recommendation of parties in Philadelphia, disconnected
+with and unknown to me, from whom he received letters of introduction
+for England. In justice to myself and party as organized, as well as the
+great cause and people whom I represent, I here simply remark, that this
+was no arrangement of mine nor our party, as such at the time; and
+whatever of success the visit was attended with, and benefit thereby
+accrued mutually to us in Africa, I as frankly decline any authority in
+the matter and credit to myself, as I should had the result proved what
+it might have done otherwise. I am only willing to claim that which is
+legitimately mine, and be responsible for my own doings<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> whether good or
+bad; but this act the integrity of the Party was forced to acknowledge,
+as the following circular published in England will show:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<h4>EXPEDITION TO AFRICA <span class="smcap">To Promote the Cultivation of Cotton and Other
+Products of Slave-Labor by Emigrants from America</span></h4>
+
+<p>A party, consisting of Martin R. Delany, M.D., Robert Campbell, J.
+W. Purnell, Robert Douglass, and Amos Aray, M.D., (the last two
+subsequently omitted) has been commissioned by a Convention of
+Colored Persons, held at Chatham, C.W., to proceed to Africa, and
+select a location for the establishment of an Industrial Colony.</p>
+
+<p>While such an enterprise is of importance in the Evangelization and
+Civilization of Africa, and in affording an asylum in which the
+oppressed descendants of that country may find the means of
+developing their mental and moral faculties unimpeded by unjust
+restrictions, it is regarded as of still greater importance in
+facilitating the production of those staples, particularly Cotton,
+which now are supplied to the world chiefly by Slave Labor. The
+effect of this would be to lessen the profits of Slavery, to render
+in time the slave a burden to his owner, and thus furnish an
+irresistible motive to Emancipation. Africa possesses resources
+which, properly developed, must doubtless render her eventually a
+great, if not the greatest, producer of all the products of Slave
+Labor. And how would all good men rejoice to see the blow which
+shall effectually prostrate the giant Slavery, struck by the Black
+Man's arm! It is necessary, however, that civilized influences be
+diffused in her midst or, at least, that facilities for rendering
+available her products, be supplied equal to the demand for them.</p>
+
+<p>It is the purpose of the party to proceed to Lagos,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> thence through
+Abbeokuta to Rabba, on the Niger, about 350 miles from the coast;
+to study the Agricultural and Commercial facilities of the country,
+and the disposition of the Natives towards strangers as settlers;
+also to negotiate for the grant or purchase of land, and to
+ascertain the conditions on which we might be protected in the
+usages of civilized life.</p>
+
+<p>These objects being accomplished, the party will return and report
+the result of their labors, when a considerable number of
+intelligent and enterprising persons from the United States and
+Canada, many of them intimately acquainted with the production of
+Cotton, and its preparation for market, will be prepared to
+emigrate.</p>
+
+<p>Towards defraying the expenses of this undertaking, &pound;500 has been
+subscribed in America. This amount has been expended in providing
+for the families of two of the party in their absence; in paying
+the passage of Martin R. Delany and J. W. Purnell to Africa, direct
+from America, and providing them a few articles of outfit; in
+defraying the current expenses of the party since the 1st December
+ult., while engaged in soliciting subscriptions and otherwise
+forwarding the objects of the Expedition; and in providing the
+Subscriber with the means of coming hither.</p>
+
+<p>It is desired to raise in this country, in time to enable the
+Subscriber to depart for Africa in June by the steamer from
+Liverpool, an additional sum of &pound;250, with which to provide other
+articles of outfit, and goods for trading with the natives for the
+means of subsistence, as well as to provide for other necessary and
+contingent expenses.</p>
+
+<p>The Subscriber will take the liberty of calling upon you
+personally, at an early day, to solicit your aid in this
+enterprise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 2em;">Manchester,</span> May 13th, 1859 <span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 10em;">Robert Campbell</span></p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Grant, for charity's sake, that it was done with the best of motives, it
+was flagrantly and fatally at variance with every principle of
+intelligent&mdash;to say nothing of enlightened&mdash;organizations among
+civilized men, and in perfect harmony with that mischievous interference
+by which the enemies of our race have ever sought to sow discord among
+us, to prove a natural contempt for the Negro and repugnance to his
+leadership, then taunt us with incapacity for self-government. These
+flambeaus and rockets directed with unerring precision, taking effect in
+the very centre of our magazine, did not cause, in those for whom it was
+intended, a falter nor a wince in their course, but steadily and
+determinedly they pressed their way to the completion of their object
+under prosecution. In this design the enemy was thwarted.</p>
+
+<p>I drop every reflection and feeling of unpleasantness towards my young
+brother Campbell, who, being a West Indian, probably did not understand
+those <i>white Americans</i>, and formed his opinion of American <i>blacks</i> and
+their capacity to "lead," from the estimate they set upon them. I owe it
+to posterity, the destiny of my race, the great adventure into which I
+am embarked and the position I sustain to it, to make this record with
+all Christian (or <i>African</i>, if you please) forgiveness, against this
+most glaring and determined act of theirs to blast the negro's prospects
+in this his first effort in the Christian Era, to work out his own moral
+and political salvation, by the regeneration of his Fatherland, through
+the medium of a self-projected scheme; and thereby take the credit to
+themselves. It was too great an undertaking for negroes to have the
+credit of, and therefore they <i>must</i> go <i>under</i> the auspices of some
+white American Christians. To be black, it would seem, was necessarily
+to be "ungodly"; and to be white was necessarily to be "godly," or
+Christian, in the estimation of some.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With a grateful heart, I here as freely record as an equal duty I owe to
+posterity, my unfeigned thanks to all those gentlemen who took an active
+part and in any way aided the mission on my behalf, either from the
+pulpit, by the contribution of books, stationery, charts, instruments,
+or otherwise, especially those who made each the <i>one hundred dollar
+contribution</i>, and the two in New York, through whose instrumentality
+and influence these were obtained. Those disinterested and voluntary
+acts of kindness I never shall forget whilst reason occupies her throne,
+and would here willingly record their names, had I their consent to do
+so.</p>
+
+<p>I sailed from New York May 24th, in the fine <i>barque Mendi</i>&mdash;Captain
+M'Intyre&mdash;vessel and cargo owned by Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, three
+enterprising colored gentlemen of Monrovia, Liberia, all formerly of New
+York, U.S. In the name of the General Board of Commissioners for the
+promotion of the political and other interest of the colored people of
+the United States and the Canadas, by self-exertion, I thank them.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot close this section without expressing my obligations to Captain
+M'Intyre for his personal kindness to me; and also to his first officer,
+Captain Vernon Locke, (himself a ship-master, who took the position of
+first officer for the voyage, and who had been, for the last three or
+four years, collecting scientific information by astronomical,
+meteorological, and other observations, for Lieutenant Maury, Director
+of the Observatory at Washington, D.C., U.S.,) I am greatly indebted for
+many acts of kindness in facilitating my microscopic and other
+examinations and inquiries, during the voyage. Concerning the <i>nautilus
+and whale</i>, I learned more through this accomplished seaman than I had
+ever learned before. The first by examination of the mollusca, which
+were frequently caught by Captain L. for my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> accommodation&mdash;and of the
+latter, by oral information received from him (who had been a great
+whaler) on frequently observing those huge monsters during the
+voyage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h3>ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION IN LIBERIA</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Arrival in Africa</h4>
+
+<p>Saturday, July 10th.&mdash;I landed on the beach at Grand Cape Mount,
+Robertsport, in company with Messrs. the Hon. John D. Johnson, Joseph
+Turpin, Dr. Dunbar, and Ellis A. Potter, amid the joyous acclamations of
+the numerous natives who stood along the beautiful shore, and a number
+of Liberians, among whom was Reverend Samuel Williams, who gave us a
+hearty reception. Here we passed through the town (over the side of the
+hill), returning to the vessel after night.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Monrovia</h4>
+
+<p>Monday, July 12th.&mdash;The roadstead of Monrovia was made about noon, when
+I, in company with B. E. Castendyk, Esq., a young German gentleman
+traveling for pleasure, took lodgings at Widow Moore's, the residence of
+Rev. John Seys, the United States consular agent, and commissioner for
+recaptured Africans.</p>
+
+<p>On the day after my arrival, the following correspondence took place:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="author">Residence of the United States Consular Agent<br />Monrovia, Liberia,
+July 12th, 1859</p>
+
+<p>To His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Liberia:
+<span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;By a Convention of Colored People of the United States and the
+Canadas, Martin R. Delany, Robert Douglass, Robert Campbell, Amos
+Aray, and James W. Purnell, were appointed as Commissioners under
+the name of the 'Niger Valley Exploring Party,' to make an
+Exploration through different parts of Africa.</p>
+
+<p>I have arrived, Sir, near your Government, and expect soon to meet
+other members of the party. Any aid, orally, documentary, or in the
+person of an Official Commissioner, which you may please to give to
+facilitate the mission in Liberia will be gratefully and highly
+appreciated. I ask the favor of an interview with your Excellency,
+either privately or in Cabinet Council, or with any other gentlemen
+that the occasion may suggest, at such time as may be designated.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy, Sir, of the opportunity of giving your Excellency
+assurance of my most distinguished consideration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. R. Delany </span></p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>His Excellency, President Benson.</p>
+<p class="author">Government House, Monrovia,
+July 13, 1859</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+the 12th instant, conveying to me the information of your
+appointment (in connection with colleagues expected soon to
+arrive), by a Convention of the colored people of the United States
+and the Canadas, 'Commissioners,' under the name of 'The Niger
+Valley Exploring Party'; and of your arrival near this Government.
+You have also been pleased to signify, that you will duly
+appreciate any aid, oral, documentary or in the form of an official
+Commissioner this Government may feel disposed to afford you, in
+facilitation of the enterprise.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In reply, I have to express my deep regret, that the receipt of
+your very interesting note is on the very eve of my leaving this
+city on an official visit to the leeward counties, which will, for
+the present, deprive me of the pleasure I had anticipated of an
+interview with you on the very interesting and highly important
+objects of your mission.</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. John N. Lewis, Secretary of State, with whom I will
+converse on the subject matter of your note before leaving, will be
+pleased to grant you an audience; and will, with pleasure, meet
+your wishes, so far as he can consistently.</p>
+
+<p>Please be reassured of the deep interest I feel in your very
+laudable enterprise; and that, if it were not for very important
+despatches received last week from the county of Maryland, which
+make it absolutely necessary that I should delay no time in
+reaching there, I would defer my departure a couple of days for the
+express purpose of consultation with you in person.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+I have the honor to be most respectfully,<br />
+Your very obedient servant,</p>
+<p>To M. R. Delany, Esq., &amp;c.   <span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 10em;">Stephen A. Benson</span>
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author">Monrovia, July 13, 1859</p>
+
+ <p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin R. Delany, Esq.:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;The undersigned, citizens of the city of Monrovia, having
+long heard of you and your efforts in the United States to elevate
+our down-trodden race, though those efforts were not infrequently
+directed against Liberia, are glad to welcome you, in behalf of the
+community to these shores; recognizing, as they do in you, an
+ardent and devoted lover of the African race, and an industrious
+agent in promoting their interests. And they take this opportunity
+of expressing to you their most cordial sympathy with the
+enterprise which has brought you to these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> shores, sincerely
+praying that your endeavors may be crowned with complete success.</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned, further, in the name and behalf of the members of
+this community, respectfully request that you would favor the
+citizens with a lecture to-morrow evening, or on any other evening
+you may choose to appoint, at half-past seven o'clock, on any
+subject you may be pleased to select.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving your reply notices will be issued accordingly.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%"cellspacing="0" summary="The undersigned">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">B. P. Yates</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">H. W. Dennis</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">D. B. Warner</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Urias A. McGill</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Saml. F. McGill</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">H. A. Johnson</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">B. V. R. James</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Edw. W. Blyden</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Saml. Matthews</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author">Residence of the United States Consular Agent,<br />Monrovia, July
+13th, 1859</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>&mdash;Your note of to-day has been received, for the honor of
+which I thank you, and beg to say that numerous engagements prevent
+me from complying with your request on to-morrow evening.</p>
+
+<p>You are mistaken, gentlemen, in supposing that I have ever spoken
+directly 'against Liberia,' as wherever I have been I have always
+acknowledged a unity of interests in our race wherever located; and
+any seeming opposition to Liberia could only be constructively
+such, for which I am not responsible.</p>
+
+<p>Should it be your pleasure, I will do myself the honor serving you
+on Monday evening next, or any other evening during the week, by a
+discourse on the 'Political Destiny of the African Race,' and
+assure you of the pleasure with which I have the honor to be,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Your most obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Col. B. P. Yates; Hon. D. B. Warner; S. F. McGill, M.D.; Hon. B. V.
+R. James; Rev. Saml. Matthews; Urias McGill, Esq.; Rev. Edw. W.
+Blyden; H. W. Dennis, Esq.; H. A. Johnson, Esq., District Attorney.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. R. Delany, Esq.:</span> <span style="margin-left: 10em;">Monrovia, July 14, 1859</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;We have the honor to acknowledge your note of to-day in reply
+to an invitation of yesterday from us requesting that you would
+favor us, with many others, with an address on to-morrow evening,
+or at any other time agreeable to yourself. Having signified to us
+that next Monday evening you would be pleased to comply with the
+request, we tender you our thanks and will be happy to listen to a
+discourse on the 'Political destiny of the African Race.'</p>
+
+<p>We have the honor to be, very respectfully, &amp;c., yours,</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">B. V. R. James<br />
+Saml. Matthews</span><br />
+And others
+</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>Reception</h4>
+
+<p>On Monday evening, the 19th of July, having addressed a crowded audience
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, Ex-Governor McGill in the chair, T.
+M. Chester, Esq., Secretary; Ex-President Roberts rose and in a short
+speech, in the name of the Liberians, welcomed me to Africa. By a vote
+of thanks and request to continue the discourse on a subse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>quent
+evening, this request was complied with on the following Tuesday
+evening.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. M. R. Delany,</span> <span style="margin-left: 10em;">Monrovia, July 28, 1859</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;The undersigned citizens of Monrovia having been much
+edified by listening to two very interesting lectures delivered by
+you in the Methodist church, avail themselves of this method to
+express their appreciation of the same, and to respectfully request
+that you will favor the community with a popular lecture on
+'Physiology' on Friday evening, the 29th inst.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="The undersigned citizens">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Henry J. Roberts</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Saml. F. McGill</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">B. P. Yates</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Henry W. Dennis</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Edwd. W. Blyden</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>Public Lecture</h4>
+
+<p>The reply to this polite invitation of Doctors Roberts and McGill, and
+others, having been mislaid, I simply remark here that the request was
+complied with on the evening of August 3d, in the Methodist Church, to a
+crowded house of the most intelligent citizens of Monrovia, of both
+sexes and all ages.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+Departure from Monrovia.<br />
+Coasting, Cape Palmas<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of August 5th, I left Monrovia in the bark Mendi,
+stopping at Junk, Little Bassa, Grand Bassa mouth of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> St. John's River,
+Sinou, arriving at Cape Palmas Sabbath noon, August 20th.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Missionary Greeting</h4>
+
+<p>Half an hour after my arrival, I was called upon by the Rev. Mr.
+Hoffman, Principal of the Female Orphan Asylum, at the residence of John
+Marshall, Esq., whose hospitality I was then receiving, and in the name
+of the white Missionaries welcomed to that part of Liberia. Before Mr.
+Hoffman left I was honored by a visit also from Rev. Alexander Crummell,
+Principal of Mount Vaughan High School, where, after partaking of the
+hospitality of Mr. Marshall during that day and evening, I took up my
+residence during a month's stay in this part of Liberia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Correspondence</h4>
+
+<p>Having taken the <i>acclimating fever</i> on the 5th of the month, the day I
+left Monrovia, and besides regularly a dessert spoonful of a solution of
+the sulphate of <i>quinia</i> three times a day, and the night of my arrival
+two eight grain doses of Dover's Powder, the reference to "the state of
+my health" in the following correspondence, will be understood:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Dr. M. R. Delany:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;We, the undersigned citizens of the county of Maryland,
+Liberia, beg to tender you a heartfelt welcome to our neighborhood,
+and to assure you of our warmest interest in the important mission
+which has called you to the coast of Africa. Perhaps you will
+con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>sent, should your health permit, to favor us with a public
+interview before you leave. We would be most happy to hear your
+views concerning the interest of our race in general, and of your
+mission in particular. Moreover, by so doing, you will afford us an
+opportunity of paying you that respect which your reputation,
+talents, and noble mission command, and which it is our sincere
+desire to pay you.</p>
+
+<p>If Thursday or Friday will suit your convenience it will be
+agreeable to us; but we leave the character of the meeting to be
+designated by yourself.</p>
+
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aug. 23,1859</span></p>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="The undersigned">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Alex Crummel</span></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">D. R. Fletcher</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Thos. Fuller</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">B. J. Drayton</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Richd. W. Knight</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. T. Gibson</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">John Marshall</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. H. Harmon</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Giles Elem</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">S. B. D'Lyon</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">T. S. Dent</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">L. R. Hamilton</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. Wood</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Benjamin Cook</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. W Williams</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">H. W. Moulton</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wm. W. Pearce</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ansburn Tubman</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. A. Gray</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">James M. Moulton</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jas. Adams</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">N. Jackson, Jun.</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. W. Cooper</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jno. E. Moulton</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p class="author">
+Mount Vaughan, near Harper, Cape Palmas<br />
+August 27th, 1859
+</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen&mdash;Your note of the 23rd inst., requesting me, should my
+health permit, to appear before the citizens of your county, is
+before me, and for the sentiments therein expressed I thank you
+most kindly.</p>
+
+<p>As I have reason to believe that I am now convalescent from my
+second attack of native fever, should my health continue to improve
+I shall start on an exploration for the head of Kavalla river on
+Monday next ensuing, to return on Friday evening.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Should it be your pleasure, gentlemen, and my health will permit, I
+will meet you on Monday, the 5th of September, the place and hour
+to be hereafter named according to circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>I assure you of the pleasure, Gentlemen, with which I have the
+honor to be,</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Your most obedient servant,<br />
+<span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="outdent">Gen. Wood; Judge Drayton; Rev. Alex. Crummell; John<br />
+Marshall, Esq.; Hon. J. T. Gibson; C. H. Harmon,<br />
+Esq.; J. W. Cooper, Esq.; Dr. Fletcher; Giles Elem,<br />
+Esq.; Jas. M. Moulton, Esq.; Benjamin Cook, Esq.; S.<br />
+B. D'Lyon, M.D., and others, Committee, &amp;c., &amp;c.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>Reception Meeting at Palmas</h4>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 14th this request was complied with in the
+Methodist Church at Latrobe, an out-village of Harper, by addressing a
+crowded assemblage of both sexes and all ages of the most respectable
+people of the Cape, on the part of whom I was most cordially welcomed by
+Rev. Alexander Crummell.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h3>LIBERIA&mdash;CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, ETC.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Territory, Climate</h4>
+
+<p>Liberia extends from a point north of Grand Cape Mount, about 7 deg. 30
+min. north lat., on sea shore, northeasterly to the western extremity of
+the most southern range of the Kong Mountains, lat. 4 deg. 30 min. The
+climate is generally salubrious, and quite moderate. But it is
+frequently somewhat oppressive, though mild and genial, and the high
+hills and mountain ranges sometimes enervating to strangers or
+foreigners from temperate climates, in consequence of the "air being
+freighted with <i>fragrance</i>" from the <i>flowers</i> and <i>aroma</i> of the
+exuberant, rich, rank growth of vegetable matter, as trees, shrubbery,
+and other herbage.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Temperature</h4>
+
+<p>The temperature is seldom or never great, the average being 85 deg.
+Fahr.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> This, it will be perceived, is but 5 deg. above<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> <i>summer</i>
+temperature in the temperate <i>zone</i> of America, according to
+Fahrenheit's scale.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Comparative Temperature Bees</h4>
+
+<p>It is worthy of observation that, by a natural law, we are enabled to
+compare the temperature in many parts of Africa satisfactorily with that
+of some other countries. There are parts of India, and also Central and
+South America, where it is said that <i>bees</i> cannot propagate, in
+consequence of their inability to build their cells because of the heat,
+the cera or wax melting in their hive or habitation. While in Africa
+such is not the case, there being no part known to civilized travelers
+where bees are not seen ever busy on every blossom, gathering their
+store, leaving laden with the rich delicacies of the blooming flowers;
+and Doctor Livingstone not only speaks most frequently of the profusion
+of honey in the extensive country through which he traveled, but says
+that, while near the coast in Loango, he encountered many persons laden
+with "tons of <i>beeswax</i>" carried on their heads exposed to the sun, on
+their way to the trading posts. And during our stay at Abbeokuta, Mr.
+Campbell my colleague, had two swarms of bees; the first taken by him
+when in <i>transitu</i> (swarmed) and hived, which bred a new swarm in the
+hive at the Mission House where we resided.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Soil, Stone, Minerals, Productions</h4>
+
+<p>The soil is very rich, which, like that of other parts of Africa through
+which I traveled, rates from a sandy loam to a rich alluvial, resting on
+strata of granite, limestone, and quartz with a large percentage of
+mica, profusely incorporated with iron, and doubtless other rich
+minerals not yet discovered. Palm oil and camwood are abundant,
+comprising the principal articles of native products for exportation; a
+good deal of ivory from the interior through the Golah country, but not
+so much as formerly; palm nuts, which principally go to France; ginger,
+arrowroot, pepper, coffee, sugar and molasses, to which three latter
+articles (as well as pepper, ginger and arrowroot,) the industrious
+citizens of Liberia have, during the last six years, turned their
+attention.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Domestic Animals, Fowls, Goats, Sheep, Swine, Cattle</h4>
+
+<p>The stock consists of fowls of various kinds&mdash;as chickens, ducks, common
+and Muscovy; Guinea fowls in abundance; turkeys, and on one farm&mdash;the
+<i>Gaudilla farm</i> of William Spencer Anderson, Esq., sugar planter, on the
+St. Paul River&mdash;geese. Neither are the cows so small as supposed to be
+from the general account given of them by travelers. Those which are
+common to, and natives of this part of Africa, which I shall classify as
+the <i>Bassa</i> (pronounced <i>Bassaw</i>) cattle, are handsome and well-built,
+comparing favorably in size (though neither so long-legged nor
+long-bodied) with the small cattle in the interior counties of
+Pennsylvania, U.S., where no attention is paid scientifically to the
+breeding of cattle; though the Liberia or Bassa are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> much the heaviest,
+and handsomely made like the <i>Golah</i>, or <i>Fulatah</i>, hereafter to be
+described, resembling the Durham cattle of England in form. Also swine,
+goats, and sheep are plentiful.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Horses, None. Why?</h4>
+
+<p>I saw but one horse in Liberia, and that on the Gaudilla farm of Mr.
+Anderson; and though, as the Liberians themselves informed me, they have
+been taken there by the Mandingo and Golah traders, they never lived.
+And why&mdash;if they live in other parts of Africa, on the western coast,
+which they do, even near the <i>Mangrove swamps</i>, as will hereafter be
+shown&mdash;do they not live in Liberia, the civilized settlements of which
+as yet, except on the St. Paul and at Careysburg, are confined to the
+coast? There are certainly causes for this, which I will proceed to
+show.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Horse Feed, Pasturage, Hay</h4>
+
+<p>In the first place, horses, like all other animals, must have feed
+naturally adapted to their sustenance. This consists mainly of grass,
+herbage, and grains, especially the latter when the animal is
+domesticated. Secondly, adequate shelter from sun and weather, as in the
+wild state by instinct they obtain these necessary comforts for
+themselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>No Cultivated Farms&mdash;No Shelter for Horses</h4>
+
+<p>Up to the time, then, when the Liberians ceased the experiment of
+keeping horses, they had not commenced in any extensive manner to
+cultivate farms, consequently did not produce either maize (Indian
+corn), Guinea corn (an excellent article for horses in Africa,
+resembling the American broom corn both in the stock, blade, and grain,
+the latter being larger and browner than those of the broom corn, and
+more nutritious than oats); peas, nor any other grain upon which those
+animals are fed, and the great, heavy, rich, rank, pseudo reed-grass of
+the country was totally unfit for them, there being no grass suited
+either for pasturage or hay. Again, I was informed by intelligent,
+respectable Liberians, that to their knowledge there never had been a
+stable or proper shelter prepared for a horse, but that they had, in one
+or more instances, known horses to be kept standing in the sun the
+entire day, and in the open air and weather during the entire night,
+while their owners had them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>No Horses; Why, and Why Not</h4>
+
+<p>It is very evident from this, that horses could not live in Liberia, and
+since the <i>tsetse</i> fly introduced to the notice of the scientific world
+recently by Doctor Livingstone the African Explorer, has never been seen
+nor heard of in this part of the continent, nor any other insect that
+tormented them, those must have been the prime causes of fatality to
+these noble and most useful domestic creatures. I have been thus
+explicit in justice to Liberia, even in opposition to the opinion of
+some very intelligent and highly qualified gen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>tlemen in that country
+(among whom is my excellent friend, Doctor Roberts, I think,) because I
+believe that horses can live there as well as in other parts of Africa,
+when fairly and scientifically inquired into and tested. Proper feed and
+care, I have no doubt, will verify my opinion; and should I but be
+instrumental, by calling the attention of my brethren in Liberia to
+these facts, in causing them <i>successfully</i> to test the matter, it will
+be but another evidence of the fact, that the black race should take
+their affairs in their own hands, instead of placing them in the hands
+of others.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Exploration. Farms, Sugar, Coffee</h4>
+
+<p>My explorations in Liberia extended to every civilized settlement in the
+Republic except Careysburg, and much beyond these limits up the Kavalla
+River. There is much improvement recently up the St. Paul River, by the
+opening up of fine, and in some cases, extensive farms of coffee and
+sugar; also producing rice, ginger, arrowroot, and pepper, many of which
+have erected upon them handsome and well-constructed dwellings; also
+sugar mills and machinery for the manufacture of sugar and molasses,
+which articles manufactured, compare favorably with the best produced in
+other countries. There has, as yet, been no improvement introduced in
+the hulling and drying of coffee, there being probably not enough
+produced to induce the introduction of machinery. I am informed that
+there have also been commenced several good farms on the Junk River,
+which district, farther than the settlement at the mouth, I did not
+visit. The people are willing and anxious for improvement, and on
+introducing to many of the farmers the utility of cutting off the centre
+of each young coffee-tree so soon as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> it grew above the reach of a man
+of ordinary height, I had the satisfaction of seeing them immediately
+commence the execution of the work. The branches of the tree spread, in
+proportion to the checking of the height; hence, instead of eight feet
+apart, as some of the farmers have done, the trees should be planted at
+least twenty feet apart, thus leaving ample space between for the
+spreading of the branches. The tree should never be permitted to grow
+too high to admit of the berry being picked from the ground, or at least
+from a stand which may be stepped upon without climbing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Schools</h4>
+
+<p>The schools are generally good, every settlement being amply
+accommodated with them; and in Monrovia and at Cape Palmas the classics
+are being rigidly prosecuted.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>Churches Missionaries</h4>
+
+<p>Churches are many and commodious, of every Christian
+denomination&mdash;except, I believe, the Roman Catholic. The Missionaries
+seem to be doing a good work, there being many earnest and faithful
+laborers among them of both sexes, black and white, and many native
+catechists and teachers, as well as some few preachers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Business, Professions, Theology, Medicine, Law</h4>
+
+<p>The principal business carried on in Liberia is that of trading in
+native and foreign produce, the greater part being at the Capital. The
+greater part of merchants here are Liberians; but there are also three
+white houses&mdash;two German and one American. And along the coast there are
+a number of native trading-posts, the proprietors of which are white
+foreigners, with black agents. Many of the Liberian Clergy of all
+denominations are well educated gentlemen; and the Medical Profession is
+well represented by highly accomplished Physicians; but of all the
+professions, the Law is the most poorly represented&mdash;there being, as I
+learnt when there, but one young gentlemen at the bar who had been bred
+to the profession; and not a Judge on the bench who was learned in the
+law. This I do not mention in disparagement of the gentlemen who fill
+those honorable positions of presiding over the legal investigations of
+their country, as many&mdash;indeed, I believe the majority of them&mdash;are
+clergymen, who from necessity have accepted those positions, and fill
+their own legitimate callings with credit. I sincerely hope that the day
+is not far distant when Liberia will have her learned counsellors and
+jurists&mdash;dispensing law, disseminating legal opinions, and framing
+digests as well as other countries, for the benefit of nations.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Council</h4>
+
+<p>At Grand Bassa I held a Council with some of the most eminent Liberians,
+among whom were several members of the National Legislature&mdash;the
+venerable Judge Hanson in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> the chair. Several able speeches were
+made&mdash;the objects of my mission and policy approved; and I shall never
+forget the profound sensation produced at that ever-memorable Council,
+and one of the most happy hours of my life. When the honored old judge
+and sage, sanctioning my adventure, declared that, rather than it should
+fail, he would join it himself, and with emotion rose to his feet; the
+effect was inexpressible, each person being as motionless as a statue.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Public Affairs, Municipal and Public Improvements</h4>
+
+<p>The laws of Liberia seem to be well constructed, and framed to suit the
+wants of the people, and their public affairs are quite well and
+creditably conducted. But there is a great deficiency in public
+improvements, and, as I learned&mdash;and facts from actual observation
+verified until comparatively recent&mdash;also in public spirit. There are no
+public buildings of note, or respectable architectural designs; no
+harbor improvements, except a lighthouse each on the beautiful summit
+rock-peaks of Cape Messurado and Cape Palmas&mdash;not even a buoy to
+indicate the shoal; no pier, except a little one at Palmas; nor an
+attempt at a respectable wharfage for canoes and lighters (the large
+keels owned by every trading vessel, home and foreign, which touches
+there.) And, with the exception of a handsome wagon-road, three and a
+half miles out from Harper, Cape Palmas, beyond Mount Vaughan, there is
+not a public or municipal road in all Liberia. Neither have I seen a
+town which has a paved street in it, although the facilities for paving
+in almost all the towns are very great, owing to the large quantities of
+stone everywhere to be had.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>The Capital No City</h4>
+
+<p>And what is surprising, Monrovia, although the capital, has not a city
+municipality to give it respectability as such; hence, there is neither
+mayor nor council (city council I mean) to give character to any public
+occasion, but His Excellency the President, the Chief Executive of the
+nation, must always be dragged down from his reserved and elevated
+position, and made as common as a common policeman to head every little
+petty affair among the people. The town was once, by the wisdom of some
+legislators, chartered into a city, and Dr. T. F. M'Gill (ex-governor)
+chosen mayor, who, by his high intelligence and fitness for the office,
+had commenced the most useful and commendable improvements; but the
+wisdom of other legislators, after a year's duration, in consequence of
+the heavy expenses incurred to "make Monrovia, where big folks lived, a
+fine place," repealed the act, degrading their Capital to a town. That
+is the same as declaring that a court shall not have a judge&mdash;the nation
+a President or Executive, or there shall be no head at all; hence, to
+reduce the judge to the grade of a lawyer, the lawyer to that of the
+clerk of the court, the President of the nation to that of the county
+magistrate, and the county magistrate to that of a constable. How much
+respect would a people be entitled to who would act thus? They must
+understand that nothing is greater than its head, and the people of a
+nation cannot rise above the level of the head of their nation any more
+than the body of the individual in its natural position can be raised
+above the head. It is just so with a town population. A villager is a
+villager, a citizen is a citizen, and a metropolitan is a
+metropolitan&mdash;each of which is always expected to have a standing
+commensurate with his opportunities.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Self-Reliance, Ways and Means</h4>
+
+<p>One word as a suggestion in political economy to the young politician of
+Liberia: Always bear in mind, that the fundamental principle of every
+nation is <i>self-reliance</i>, with the <i>ability to create their own ways
+and means</i>: without this, there is no capacity for <i>self-government</i>. In
+this short review of public affairs, it is done neither to disparage nor
+under-rate the gentlemen of Liberia with whom, from the acquaintance I
+have made with them in the great stride for black nationality, I can
+make common cause, and hesitate not to regard them, in unison with
+ourselves, a noble band of brothers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Executive Munificence</h4>
+
+<p>There has been much progress made in the various industrial vocations
+within a few years past by the munificence of President Benson, aided by
+the wisdom of the Legislature, through the agency of a national
+agricultural fair, with liberal premiums on samples exhibited in a
+spacious receptacle prepared each season for the purpose, in the Public
+Square in front of the President's mansion, called Palm Palace. Like his
+predecessor President Roberts, in pressing the claims of his country
+before the nations of Europe, President Benson has spared no authority
+which he possessed in developing the agricultural resources of his
+country. Every man has his <i>forte</i>, and in his turn probably becomes a
+<i>necessity</i> for the time being, according to his faculty. Consequently
+my opinion is, that the <i>forte</i> and mission of President Roberts for the
+time being were the establishment of a Nationality, and that of
+President Benson the development of its resources, especially the
+agricultural. Neither of these gen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>tlemen, therefore, might be
+under-rated, as each may have been the instrument which God in his
+wisdom appointed to a certain work.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Official and Personal Favors</h4>
+
+<p>To John Moore, Esq., Government Surveyor; the Hon. B. P. Yates,
+ex-Vice-President of the Republic; Hon. John Seys, U.S. Agent for
+Re-captured Africans, and Consular Agent, I am much indebted for acts of
+kindness in facilitating my Explorations in Liberia. The Hon. Mr. Seys
+and Mr. Moore, for personally accompanying me up the St. Paul River; and
+Colonel Yates, for the loan of his fine canvas-covered boat for my use.
+Also to Dr. Henry J. Roberts, for remedies and medicines for my own use;
+Dr. Thomas F. M'Gill, for offering to make advances on articles of
+merchandise which I took out on trade to bear expenses, much beyond the
+market price; and to those excellent gentlemen, Messrs. Johnson, Turpin,
+and Dunbar, also for large advances made above market price in cash for
+my commodity, as well as other favors, especially on the part of Mr.
+Johnson, who, having for years been a resident in Monrovia, did
+everything to advance my mission and make my duty an agreeable one.</p>
+
+<p>To the Rev. Alexander Crummell, who accompanied me up the Kavalla, above
+the Falls, making my task an easy one; to Drs. Fletcher and D'Lyon, who
+rendered me professional aid, and also to our excellent, faithful, and
+reliable guide, Spear Mehia is, a native civilized Christian Prince, the
+son of the old friend of the missionaries, Nmehia, the deceased King of
+Kavalla, I here make acknowledgments. And I cannot close this section
+without an acknowledgment that, wherever I went, the people of the
+country generally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> did everything to make me happy&mdash;Esquire Wright at
+Junk, Dr. Smith at Grand Bassa, and the Hon. Mr. Priest at Sinou whose
+guest I was, all here will receive my thanks for their aid in
+facilitating my mission.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Settlement and Sites of Towns</h4>
+
+<p>I conclude this section by remarking, that Monrovia is one of the
+handsomest and most eligible sites for a city that I ever saw, and only
+lacks the population and will of the people to make it a most beautiful
+place; and how much it is to be regretted that the charter was repealed,
+and Mayor M'Gill and the City Council cut off in the beginning of the
+first steps towards a national pride, which was to have a Capital City
+in reality as well as name.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> How unsightly to a stranger, as he steps
+from the boat at the mouth of Stockton Creek, on the Messurado River, is
+the rude and rugged steep, leading by simple pathways in true native
+style, from the warehouses up to the town, which, if improved as it
+might and should be, would be one of the most pleasing as well as
+attractive approaches to any city in the world. Not even is there a
+respectable public market-house or market space in town. But wisdom
+decreed it otherwise, and for the present it must be so. "Wisdom" in
+this case "hath" <i>not</i> "built her house" neither "hath she hewn out" the
+stone "pillars" leading from the beach.</p>
+
+<p>Another good site for a city is Edina, on the northeast<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> side of the St.
+John River, opposite Buchanan, Grand Bassa, which doubtless in time
+Buchanan will include. This is also a handsome place, from the gradually
+rising elevation. Edina is the residence of that great-hearted, good old
+gentleman, Judge Hanson. Junk, Little Bassa, and Sinou, are also good,
+but each of these are low, and consequently not so imposing.</p>
+
+<p>Next to Monrovia is Cape Palmas for beauty of location and scenery, and
+a stranger will more readily be pleased at first sight with Harper than
+the Capital. A beautiful city will in time occupy the extensive Cape for
+several miles back, including Mount Vaughan and the country around; and
+it may be remarked, that this place presents greater evidences of public
+improvement than any town in Liberia, and the only place in the country
+which has a regular wagon road with ox-teams running upon it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Buildings</h4>
+
+<p>The private buildings in Liberia are generally good and substantial, and
+especially those of Monrovia, built of brick. Many of them are handsome
+and quite extensive mansions, the warehouses mostly being built of
+stone. The wooden houses generally are well-built frames, and
+"weather-boarded," and not, as some romancers and wonder-vendors would
+have it, being either log, bamboo, or mud huts. To take the settlers
+generally, there cannot be much fault found with their style of living,
+except perhaps in some instances, rather a little too much extravagance.
+Caldwell, Clay-Ashland, and Millsburg on the St. Paul, are pleasant and
+prospectively promising villages, and deserve a notice in this place.
+Clay-Ashland is the residence of Judge Moore, to whom I am indebted for
+personal favors and much useful informa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>tion when examining the land
+over his extensive sugar and coffee farms. And to my excellent friend
+Dr. Daniel Laing, of the same place, for similar acts of courtesy and
+kindness, I am much indebted.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Public Meeting</h4>
+
+<p>I addressed the citizens in a very long political meeting in the
+Methodist church, on the evening of my visit there.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI_DISEASES_CAUSEmdashREMEDY" id="VI_DISEASES_CAUSEmdashREMEDY"></a>VI DISEASES&mdash;CAUSE&mdash;REMEDY</h2>
+
+
+<h4>First Symptoms</h4>
+
+<p>The first sight and impressions of the coast of Africa are always
+inspiring, producing the most pleasant emotions. These pleasing
+sensations continue for several days, more or less, until they gradually
+merge into feelings of almost intense excitement, not only mentally, but
+the entire physical system share largely in it, so that it might be
+termed a hilarity of feeling almost akin to approaching intoxication; or
+as I imagine, like the sensation produced by the beverage of champagne
+wine. Never having enjoyed the taste for it, I cannot say from
+experience.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Second Stage of Symptoms</h4>
+
+<p>The first symptoms are succeeded by a relaxity of feelings, in which
+there is a disposition to stretch, gape, and yawn, with fatigue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Third Stage of Symptoms</h4>
+
+<p>The second may or may not be succeeded by actual febrile attacks, with
+nausea, chills, or violent headache; but whether or not such symptoms
+ensue, there is one most remarkable, as almost (and I think quite) a
+necessary affection, attendant upon the acclimation at this incipient
+stage: <i>a feeling of regret that you left your native country for a
+strange one; an almost frantic desire to see friends and nativity; a
+despondency and loss of the hope of ever seeing those you love at home
+again</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These feelings, of course, must be resisted, and <i>regarded as a mere
+morbid affection of the mind</i> at the time, arising from an approaching
+disease, which is not necessarily serious, and may soon pass off; which
+is really the case.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Its Effects</h4>
+
+<p>It is generally while laboring under this last-described symptom, that
+persons send from Africa such despairing accounts of their
+disappointments and sufferings, with horrible feelings of dread for the
+worst to come.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Recovery</h4>
+
+<p>When an entire recovery takes place, the love of the country is most
+ardent and abiding. I have given the symptoms <i>first</i>, to make a proper
+impression first.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Diseases</h4>
+
+<p>I have thought it proper to give a section in my Report entirely to the
+diseases of Liberia, which are the same as those in other parts of
+Africa, with their complication with diseases carried from America by
+the settlers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Diseases, Peculiar Character in Liberia</h4>
+
+<p>The native diseases are mainly the native fever, which is nothing but
+the <i>intermittent fever</i> of America, known in different parts as <i>ague</i>,
+<i>chills and fever</i>, <i>fever and ague</i>, with its varied forms of
+<i>bilious</i>, <i>intermittent</i>, <i>remittent</i>, <i>continued</i>, and its worst form
+of <i>inflammatory</i> when it most generally assumes the <i>congestive</i> type
+of the American Southern States. In this condition, the typhoid symptoms
+with <i>coma</i>, give unmistakable evidence of the character of the malady.
+The native fever which is common to all parts of Africa, in Liberia
+while to my judgment not necessarily fatal (and in by far the greater
+percentage of cases in the hands of an intelligent, skilful physician,
+quite manageable), is generally much worse in its character there than
+in the Yoruba country, where I have been. The symptoms appear to be much
+more aggravated and the patient to suffer more intensely.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Causes</i></h4>
+
+<p>The density and rankness of the vegetable growth, the saturation of the
+air continually with fragrance, and other <i>miasma</i>, and the <i>malaria</i>
+from the mangrove swamps, I assign<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> as the cause of difference in the
+character of the same disease in different parts of the continent. The
+habits also of the settlers, have much to do with the character of the
+disease. A free indulgence in improper food and drink, which doubtless
+is the case in many instances, are exciting causes to take the malady,
+and aggravating when suffering under it.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Complication</i></h4>
+
+<p>There are several other diseases that might be named, which I reserve
+for a section on another part of Africa, and confine my remarks simply
+to the complication of the native with foreign. All <i>scorbutic</i>,
+<i>scrofulous</i>, or <i>syphilitic</i> persons, where the affection has not been
+fully suppressed, may become easy victims to the fever in Liberia, or
+lingering sufferers from <i>ulcers</i>, <i>acute rheumatism</i>, or
+<i>elephantiasis</i>&mdash;a frightful enlargement of the limbs. <i>Ulcerated
+opthalmia</i> is another horrible type, that disease in such chronically
+affected persons may assume. But any chronic affection&mdash;especially lung,
+liver, kidney, and rheumatic&mdash;when not too deeply seated, may, by
+favorable acclimation, become eliminated, and the ailing person entirely
+recover from the disease.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Remedies, Natural and Artificial</i></h4>
+
+<p>The natural remedy for the permanent decrease of the native fever, is
+the clearing up and cultivation of the land, which will be for some time
+yet to come, tardy; as emigration to Liberia is very slow, and the
+natives very unlike those of Yoruba&mdash;cultivate little or nothing but
+rice, cassaba, and yams, and these in comparative small patches, so that
+there is very little need for clearing off the forest. Neither have they
+in this part of Africa any large towns of substantial houses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> all of
+which would necessitate a great deal of clearing; but instead, they
+consist of small clusters of reed or bamboo huts in a circle, always in
+the densest of the forest, which can scarcely ever be seen (except they
+be situated on a high hill) until you are right upon them. The clearing
+away of the mangrove swamps&mdash;which is practicable&mdash;will add greatly to
+the sanitary condition of Liberia; but this also will take time, as it
+must be the work of a general improvement in the country, brought about
+by populating and civilizing progress.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Treatment</i></h4>
+
+<p>The treatment of the native fever must be active and prudential. But the
+remedies are simple and easily obtained, being such as may be had at any
+well-kept apothecary's shop. The <i>sulphate of quinia</i>, in moderate
+doses, three or four times a day, with the usual attention to the
+febrile changes, gentle <i>aperients</i>, <i>effervescent</i> and <i>acidulous</i>
+drinks, taking care to prevent acridness in the stomach. In my advice to
+persons going to Africa, I shall speak more pointedly of the domestic or
+social customs to be avoided.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Locality</h4>
+
+<p>I observed that all elevated places, as Monrovia and Freetown, subject
+to severe visitations of disease, are situated near mangrove swamps;
+consequently, from the <i>rising</i> of the <i>malaria</i>, they are much more
+unhealthy than those in low plains, such as Lagos and many other places,
+<i>above</i> which the <i>miasma</i> generally rises for the most part passing off
+harmlessly.</p>
+
+<p>I left Cape Palmas, Liberia, on Thursday, 2 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> the 15<span class="smcap">th<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></span> of Sept., on
+the British Royal Mail African steamer, "Armenian," Captain Walker, to
+whom and his officers, I make acknowledgments for acts of kindness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VII_THE_INTERIOR_YORUBA" id="VII_THE_INTERIOR_YORUBA"></a>VII THE INTERIOR&mdash;YORUBA</h2>
+
+
+<h4>Coasting. Cape Coast Castle, Bight of Benin</h4>
+
+<p>Thursday, the 20th of September, about noon, after stopping at
+Cape-Coast Castle for twelve hours, on the Coast of Benin, the steamer
+made her moorings in the roadstead, Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea, off
+Lagos. I disembarked, going ashore with the mail-boat managed by
+natives; from whence, by the politeness of the gentlemanly young clerk
+(a native gentleman) of Captain Davies', a native merchant, I was taken
+in a sail-boat, also manned by natives, up the bay, and landed at the
+British Consulate; whence I was met by Mr. Carew, the native agent of
+the Rev. J. M. Harden, a most excellent man, Missionary, and conducted
+to the Baptist Mission House.</p>
+
+<p>After a stay of five weeks, visiting almost everything and place worthy
+of note, being called upon by many of the most noted persons, among whom
+were several chiefs, having several interviews with the authorities, and
+meeting the most active, intelligent, Christian young men, in several of
+their associated gatherings, I was waited on by the messenger of the
+king; when after several interchanges of "words" between us, the
+following instrument of writing was "duly executed, signed, sealed, and
+delivered," I, and Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> Harden being present, and witnessing the
+measurement of the land, according to the present custom in that place:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Title Deed</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Dr. M. R. Delany</span></p>
+
+<p class="author">Lagos, October 25th, 1859
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Know all Men by these Presents</i>:</p>
+
+<p>That I DOCEMO, King of Lagos and the Territories thereunto
+belonging, have this day granted, assigned, and made over, unto
+Doctor Martin R. Delany, for his use and the use of his Heirs and
+Assigns forever, All that Piece of Ground, situated on the South of
+the Premises and Ground occupied by Fernando, in the field at Okai
+Po, Po, measuring as follows, Three Hundred and Thirty Feet square.</p>
+
+<p>Witness my Stamp hereunto affixed, and the Day and Year above
+written.</p>
+
+
+<p class="author">
+<i>KING</i><br />
+DOCEMO<br />
+<span class="smcap">of Lagos.</span>
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">British Consulate</span>,<br />
+Lagos, October 28th, 1859<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I CERTIFY that the Circular Stamp, as above, with <span class="smcap">King</span> DOCEMO, of
+<span class="smcap">Lagos</span> in the centre, is the Official Stamp of Docemo, King of
+Lagos, and is used by him as his signature to all Letters, Deeds,
+and Documents.</p>
+
+<p>
+{<span class="smcap">Seal</span>}</p>
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Edwd. F. Lodder</span>
+<br />
+<i>Acting Consul</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>The Deed of Land above, granted to Doctor Martin R. Delany, by King
+Docemo of Lagos, has this 18th day of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> October, 1859, been
+registered in the Registry Book of the British Consulate, and
+numbered.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">John P. Boyle</span>, <i>Clerk</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 30th of October, I left Lagos, proceeding <i>via</i> Ogun river, to
+Abbeokuta, which I reached on Saturday, the 5th of November.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Explorations. Abbeokuta</h4>
+
+<p>Here I met for the first time with my colleague and Assistant
+Commissioner, Mr. Robert Campbell, from whom, at Lagos, I found a letter
+waiting for my arrival in the hands of Acting Consul, Lieut. Edward F.
+Lodder, of Her Majesty's war vessel "Brun," which continually lies in
+the harbor, directly opposite and near to the Consulate. Consul Campbell
+(since deceased), had paid an official visit to England, and Lieut.
+Lodder was supplying his place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Towns from Abbeokuta</h4>
+
+<p>From Abbeokuta, population 110,000, we proceeded to Ijaye, population
+78,000, reckoned by the white missionaries and officers of the Niger
+Expedition of Her Majesty's service, who passed through once, at 80,000;
+Oyo, population, 75,000; Ogbomoso, population 70,000; Illorin,
+population 120,000; returning back, <i>via</i> Ogbomoso to Oyo: when by
+arrangement, Mr. Campbell leaving me at Oyo, returned to Abbeokuta by a
+new route through Isen and Biolorin-Pellu, small places: whence I, a
+week later, also by another strange route, returned, passing through
+Iwo, population 75,000; and Ibaddan, population 150,000 an immense city,
+the estimated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> number of inhabitants by the Civil Corps who passed
+through, being 250,000. It will be seen that I have made a liberal
+deduction of two-fifths, or 100,000 from this estimate; still, the
+population is immense and the city extensive, the walls embracing an
+outline of at least twenty-three miles.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Return to Lagos</h4>
+
+<p>From Abbeokuta, the water being very low, it was thought advisable that
+Mr. Campbell take charge of all our luggage, and proceed by way of the
+Ogun to Lagos, (he having disposed of his horse at Abbeokuta) whilst I,
+on horseback, with William Johnson our cook, the only servant we
+retained&mdash;a civilized native&mdash;as guide and attendant, proceeded by land,
+both reaching Lagos three days after, in the same hour of the same day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIII_TOPOGRAPHY_CLIMATE_ETC" id="VIII_TOPOGRAPHY_CLIMATE_ETC"></a>VIII TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, ETC.</h2>
+
+
+<h4>Topography, Climate</h4>
+
+<p>The whole face of the country extending through the Aku region or
+Yoruba, as it is laid down on the large missionary map of Africa, is
+most beautifully diversified with plains, hills, dales, mountains, and
+valleys, interlined with numerous streams, some of which are merely
+temporary or great drains; whilst the greater part are perennial, and
+more or less irrigating the whole year, supplying well the numerous
+stocks of cattle and horses with which that country is so well
+everywhere provided. The climate is most delightful.</p>
+
+
+<h4>First Plateau and Second Plateau, or Table Lands</h4>
+
+<p>The first plateau or low land from Lagos, extends about thirty-five or
+forty miles interiorly, with but occasionally, small rugged or rocky
+elevations breaking the surface, when it almost abruptly rises into
+elevated lands, undulating and frequently craggy, broken often by deep
+declivities of glens and dales.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Soil</h4>
+
+<p>The soil of the first plateau, for ten or fifteen miles, is moist and
+sandy, more or less, gradually incorporating with a dark rich earth,
+which, extending quite through the second plateau, continually varies in
+quality, consistence, and color, from a sandy loam and clay-red iron
+pyrite appearance to a potter's-clay, and rich alluvial color and
+quality, the whole being exceedingly fertile and productive; as no
+district through which we traveled was without cultivation more or less,
+and that always in a high degree, whatever the extent of ground under
+cultivation or the produce cultivated.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Stone Formation</h4>
+
+<p>The stone formation throughout these regions consist of primitive
+dark-gray granite, quartz, and conglomerates, with, occasionally, strata
+of felspar and mica, which are found mainly in the beautiful mountain
+regions (which are detailed extensions of the great mountains of Kong),
+having in these sections always beautiful gaps or passes of delightful
+valleys.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Minerals, Iron, Copper, Zinc</h4>
+
+<p>The minerals consist of iron in the greatest abundance, which at present
+is smelted by the natives from the clay, and every town of any note or
+size has not only its blacksmiths' shops, but the largest all have iron
+smelting works. At Ijaye there is quite an extensive and interesting
+establishment of the kind. And, as they manufacture <i>brass</i>, there must
+be also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> zinc and copper found there&mdash;indications of the last-named
+metal being often seen by the color of certain little water surfaces.
+The stone formation bears the usual indications of aqueous and igneous
+deposits, but more of the former than the latter.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Productions Timber</h4>
+
+<p>The timber is numerous, and for the following classification I am
+indebted to my learned friend the Rev. Alexander Crummell, Episcopal
+missionary and Principal of the Mount Vaughn High School at Cape Palmas:
+Teak, ebony, lignum vitae, mahogany, brimstone, rosewood, walnut,
+hickory, oak, cedar, unevah, and mangrove.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Medical Productions</h4>
+
+<p>Gum Yoruba (the same as gum Arabic), acacia or senna, castor oil, croton
+oil, rhubarb root, colomba-root, ipecacuanha, quasia, nux-vomica,
+cubebs, tobacco, and many others.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Fruits</h4>
+
+<p>All the fruits common to the tropics are found in these regions; in
+fact, so redundant is Africa with these productions, that she combines
+the whole within herself; that is, there are some fruits found in the
+tropical parts of Asia, South America, the Asiatic and West India
+Islands, common or peculiar to one which may not be found in the other,
+but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> all of which, it may safely be said, can be found in Africa.
+Pineapples the most delicious in flavor and taste conceivable oranges
+the same, bananas the finest, plantains equally so, mangrove plums (a
+peculiar but delightful and wholesome fruit, said by the natives to be a
+<i>febrifuge</i>), guavas, and "soursops," a delightful <i>febrifuge</i> of pure
+<i>citric acid</i>, without the least acridness, as well as a hundred others
+which I cannot now name. The papaw or tree-melon also grows very finely
+here, and is a very useful and wholesome fruit. When green, "stewed and
+mashed," and well-flavored with the usual culinary spices, it cannot be
+distinguished from the best green apple-sauce&mdash;for which reason it makes
+excellent pies. When fully ripe, it cannot be told from the finest
+muskmelon or cantelope.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Agricultural Products</h4>
+
+<p>The Agricultural labor of this part of Africa is certainly very great,
+and merits the attention of every intelligent inquirer; from the simple
+fact that, so far as it exhibits the industry of the inhabitants, it
+shows the means which may be depended upon for a development of the
+commercial resources of the country.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Palm Oil</h4>
+
+<p>Palm oil is produced in great abundance, as a staple commodity among
+themselves, as well as for exportation since the common light for houses
+consists of palm oil burnt in native manufactured lamps, some
+constructed of iron and others of earthenware. The oil of the nut is the
+most general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> in use among the natives, both for light and cooking,
+because it is the richest, being the most unctuous. This use of the
+nut-oil is certainly an antiquated custom among the people of this
+region, whilst those contiguous to Liberia have recently learned that
+the kernels could be put to commercial use, by the discovery or rather
+practical application by Mr. Herron, of Grand Bassa, Liberia, and
+subsequent demand by the French traders. The fact that the Yorubas
+generally produce their charcoal from the hull of the palm nut, is an
+evidence of the long-continued and abundant use of the latter article
+for the manufacture of oil. They have regular establishments for the
+manufacture of the palm oil, with vats and apparatus (simple though they
+be), places and persons for each process: as bruising the fruit from the
+nut, boiling, carrying the pulp to a vat, where it is pressed and washed
+to extract the oil; one to skim it off from the top of the
+liquid&mdash;another to carry off the fiber of the pulp or bruised fruit,
+which fiber is also appropriated to kindling and other uses. There is no
+such method of extracting the oil, as the mistaken idea so frequently
+reported by African traders from Europe and America, that the natives
+bruise the nut with stones in holes made in the ground, thereby losing a
+large percentage of the oil. Even among the crudest they know better
+than this, and many use shallow troughs, made of wood in some parts of
+Africa, as the Grebo, Golah, and some other peoples on the western
+coast, adjacent to Liberia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Palm Trees Cultivated. Camwood. Ivory</h4>
+
+<p>All through the Yoruba country the palm tree is cultivated, being
+regularly trimmed and pruned, and never cut down in clearing a farm,
+except when from age the tree has ceased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> to bear, or is of the male
+species, when it is cut down for the wine, which is the sap, extracted
+from the trunk, in a horizontal position, by boring a hole near the top
+and catching it in a vessel, when it is drunk either before, during, or
+after fermentation.</p>
+
+<p>Camwood is also very plentiful, but owing to its great weight and the
+inconvenience at present of transportation, it does not enter
+extensively into the commerce of these parts, except as dyestuffs in the
+native markets. Gum elastic or India rubber is plentiful.</p>
+
+<p>Ivory enters largely into commerce, being brought by "middle men" from
+the distant interior.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Indian Corn or Maize, Peas, Beans, Ginger, Pepper, Arrowroot, &amp;c</h4>
+
+<p>Indian corn, the finest in the world (usually white), is here raised in
+the greatest quantities, we having frequently passed through hundreds of
+acres in unbroken tracts of cultivated land, which is beginning to enter
+into foreign commerce; Guinea corn in great abundance&mdash;an excellent
+article for horses, spoken of in another place; also peas, such as are
+raised for horse and cattle feed in Canada and other parts of America;
+white beans in great quantities, as well as those of all colors;
+black-eye peas; horse beans; in fact, all of the pulse vegetables; also
+ginger, arrowroot, red pepper in pods (the cayenne of commerce), and
+black pepper, all of which are articles of commerce; indigo; they also
+produce salt, and pea-nuts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Kitchen Vegetables</h4>
+
+<p>Yams, cassaba, sweet potatoes, onions, cucumbers, and many other
+culinary roots and vegetables; and I am certain that beets, parsnips,
+and carrots, which we did not see under cultivation, could be
+successfully raised, if desired. Cabbage grows freely in all parts of
+Africa, if planted in the right season.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Potatoes, None</h4>
+
+<p>Whether or not the common potato of America and Europe can be propagated
+here has not been tested, but such is the excellence of the yam, that
+served up in the same manner, there is little or no difference between
+them and potatoes; and I am certain that when well cooked, "mashed" and
+seasoned, the best judge could not tell them from good potatoes. I mean
+good yams, because they differ in quality like potatoes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Manufactories Iron, Brass, Glass</h4>
+
+<p>Crockeryware is manufactured very extensively, of almost every
+conceivable size and kind of vessel, for various purposes. Some of them
+are quite handsome, and all nearly of the ancient oriental mould. The
+largest earthen vessels I ever saw are made by these people, some of
+them being large enough for small cisterns. Iron implements for
+agricultural and military, as well as other domestic purposes, are made
+by them in every large city. They make excellent razors, which shave
+quite well, as also other steel-bladed knives, which prove that they
+have the art of tempering iron. Brass as well<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> as glass ornaments and
+trinkets are made in considerable quantities.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Inhabitants</h4>
+
+<p>The people are of fine physical structure and anatomical conformation,
+well and regularly featured; not varying more in this particular from
+the best specimen of their own race than the Caucasian or Anglo-Saxon
+from that of theirs. They are very polite&mdash;their language abounding in
+vowels, and consequently euphonious and agreeable&mdash;affable, sociable,
+and tractable, seeking information with readiness, and evincing
+willingness to be taught. They are shrewd, intelligent, and industrious,
+with high conceptions of the Supreme Being, only using their images
+generally as mediators. "So soon," said an intelligent missionary, "as
+you can convince them that there is a mediator to whom you <i>may talk,
+but cannot see</i>, just so soon can you make Christians of them"; their
+idea being that God is too great to be directly approached; therefore
+there must be a mediator to whom they must talk that they can see, when
+God will listen and answer if pleased.</p>
+
+
+<h4>How Received by Them</h4>
+
+<p>After my arrival at Abbeokuta, not going out for two days, they
+expecting me through information from Mr. Campbell, the third day the
+Chief Atambala called upon me, inviting me in turn to call and see him.
+In a few days after, the king had a popular religious festival in the
+great public space, where there were assembled many chiefs and elders;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+but, on our approach, the old king sent his messenger to escort us to
+the porch of the piazza upon which he was seated, eagerly grasping me by
+the hand, bidding me welcome to Abbeokuta and his court; telling me,
+pointing to Mr. Campbell, that he was acquainted with him, and had heard
+of me through him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Estimate of Civilized Educated Men</h4>
+
+<p>In December, a meeting of the native cotton-traders, chiefs, and others,
+was held at the residence of the great chief Ogubonna concerning the
+price of cotton. On the meeting assembling, and finding that we were not
+present, the chief at once despatched a messenger, requesting our
+immediate attendance, as "we knew how things ought to be done." On going
+down, we found a large assemblage waiting, among whom were Messrs.
+Samuel and Josiah Crowther, H. Robbing, J. C. During, F. Rebeiro, and C.
+W. Faulkner, civilized native gentlemen; also Mr. J. G. Hughes, an
+English gentleman. By a motion from myself, seconded by J. Crowther, the
+chief Ogubonna was chosen chairman, and, upon a motion by Mr. Campbell,
+seconded by J. G. Hughes, Mr. Robbing was chosen vice-chairman. The
+meeting went off well, we making many suggestions during the
+proceedings, which were always received with approbation.</p>
+
+<p>The following from the native minister, being his own writing and
+composition, will explain itself:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author"><span class="smcap">Abbeokuta</span>, Igbore, 23rd Dec., 1857</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span>, Esq.:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;A meeting of the Wesleyan Missionary Society will be held
+at the Wesleyan Chapel, on Monday next, the 26th instant, at ten
+o'clock, <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, precisely. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> are sincerely and respectfully
+solicited to be the Chairman on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the Meeting is to offer Thanksgiving to Almighty God
+for the past years' success; and to pray for an outpouring of the
+Holy Spirit's influence upon the Church, for a further success, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Collection will be made at the close of the above.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Yours respectfully and affectionately,</p>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Edwd. Bickersteth</span><br />
+Wesleyan Minister
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S. An early answer will be much obliged.</p></div>
+
+<p>I replied in the affirmative to this kind invitation (the copy of reply
+is now mislaid), when, at the appointed time, a crowded house was
+assembled.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Influence of Civilization&mdash;Native Demonstration</h4>
+
+<p>In a simple and comprehensive address made to them (being interpreted by
+the minister as I proceeded), such was the effect that it not only
+produced their unanimous applause, but aroused Mr. During (a native
+civilized merchant, who had never before spoken in public) to his feet,
+who approved of what I had said, with such an appeal of native
+eloquence, that when he ceased, sixty bags of cowries (&pound;54 or $270,
+estimating them at 18s, or $4.50 a bag; the then current value of
+cowries) were paid down on the spot, to aid the spread of civilization
+through the gospel and education. Many, very many were the thanks given
+me that day by these, my native kinsmen and women. Several other
+gentlemen, among them Surgeon Samuel Crowther, the Pastor, Mr. Rebeiro,
+and Mr. Campbell my colleague, also addressed them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Official Transactions</h4>
+
+<p>Many had been the social, friendly, and official interchanges between us
+and the king and chiefs during our stay in Abbeokuta, when, on the
+twenty-seventh, the day after the missionary meeting, the following
+document was duly executed, with the express understanding that no
+heterogeneous nor promiscuous "masses" or companies, but select and
+intelligent people of high moral as well as religious character were to
+be induced to go out. And I am sure that every good and upright person
+in that region, whether native or foreign missionary, would exceedingly
+regret to see a reckless set of religion-spurning, God-defying persons
+sent there&mdash;especially by disinterested white societies in America,
+which interferingly came forward in a measure which was originated
+solely by ourselves (and that, too, but a few of us), as our only hope
+for the regeneration of our race from the curse and corrupting
+influences of our white American oppressors.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Treaty</span></h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This Treaty, made between His Majesty, <span class="smcap">Okukenu</span>, Alake; <span class="smcap">Somoye</span>,
+Ibashorun; <span class="smcap">Sokenu</span>, <span class="smcap">Ogubonna</span>, and <span class="smcap">Atambala</span>, Chiefs and Balaguns, of
+Abbeokuta, on the first part; and <span class="smcap">Martin Robison Delany</span>, and <span class="smcap">Robert
+Campbell</span>, of the Niger Valley Exploring Party, Commissioners from
+the African race, of the United States and the Canadas in America,
+on the second part, covenants:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 1. That the King and Chiefs on their part, agree to grant and
+assign unto the said Commissioners, on behalf of the African race
+in America, the right and privilege of settling in common with the
+Egba people, on any part of the territory belonging to Abbeokuta,
+not otherwise occupied.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 2. That all matters, requiring legal investigation among the
+settlers, be left to themselves, to be disposed of according to
+their own custom.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 3. That the Commissioners, on their part, also agree that the
+settlers shall bring with them, as an equivalent for the privileges
+above accorded, Intelligence, Education, a Knowledge of the Arts
+and Sciences, Agriculture, and other Mechanical and Industrial
+Occupations, which they shall put into immediate operation, by
+improving the lands, and in other useful vocations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art</span>. 4. That the laws of the Egba people shall be strictly
+respected by the settlers; and, in all matters in which both
+parties are concerned, an equal number of commissioners, mutually
+agreed upon, shall be appointed, who shall have power to settle
+such matters.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>As a pledge of our faith, and the sincerity of our hearts, we each
+of us hereunto affix our hand and seal this Twenty-seventh day of
+December, <span class="smcap">Anno Domini</span>, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-nine.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="we each
+of us hereunto affix our hand and seal">
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Okukenu</span>, Alake</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Somoye</span>, Ibashorum</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Sokenu</span>, Balagun</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Ogubonna</span>, Balagun</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Atambala</span>, Balagun</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Oguseye</span>, Anaba</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Ngtabo</span>, Balagun, O.S.O.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Mark, + <span class="smcap">Ogudemu</span>, Ageoko</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">M. R. Delany</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">ROBERT Campbell</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Witness&mdash;<span class="smcap">Samuel Crowther</span>, Jun.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Attest&mdash;<span class="smcap">Samuel Crowther</span>, Sen.</span><br />
+</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Executive Council, and Ratification of the Treaty</h4>
+
+<p>On the next evening, the 28th, the king, with the executive council of
+chiefs and elders, met at the palace in Ake, when the treaty was
+ratified by an unanimous approval. Such general satisfaction ran through
+the council, that the great chief, his highness Ogubonna, mounting his
+horse, then at midnight, hastened to the residence of the Surgeon
+Crowther, aroused his father the missionary and author, and hastily
+informed him of the action of the council.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Confidence; Hopes in Educated Blacks; Princess Tinuba</h4>
+
+<p>On our return from the interior, having previously made the acquaintance
+of, and had several interviews with, and visits to and from the Princess
+Tinuba, being a called upon by her, I informed her that during our tour
+I learned that she had supplied the chief of Ijaye with the means and
+implements for carrying on the war, which that chief was then waging
+against Oyo and Ibaddan.</p>
+
+<p>I had previous to that, obtained her fullest confidence as an adviser, a
+person of integrity, a friend of my race and of Africa. She had
+previously expressed to a friend of mine, that she had more hope of a
+regeneration of Africa through me than ever before. She had promised to
+place the entire management of her extensive business in my hands, as
+much advantage was taken of her by foreigners. She has attached to her
+immediate household about sixty persons, and keeps constantly employed
+about three hundred and sixty persons bringing her in palm-oil and
+ivory. She had come with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> private retinue of six or seven persons, her
+secretary, a man and several maid-servants, to counsel and give me a
+written statement of what she desired me to do. Having conversed for
+some time, after receiving my admonition concerning the part which I had
+learned she had taken with Arie of Ijaye, she sat some time after,
+positively negativing the accusation, when, bidding me farewell, and
+saying that she would "<i>send</i> me a letter," retired. In the course of
+the afternoon, her secretary, "Charles B. Jones," a native, came to the
+house, and presenting his mistress's compliments, with her final adieu,
+handed me a written paper, from which I take the following extracts,
+simply to show the general feeling and frankness of these people, as
+well as the hopes and confidence they have in our going there:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<blockquote><p>
+<span class="smcap">Dr. Martin R. Delaney</span>: <span style="margin-left: 10em;">Abbeokuta, April 3rd, 1860</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;This is to certify you, that it is with a willing mind I come to
+you for help: and I trust you will do according to your promise.... I
+return you my sincere gratitude for your kind information gave me while
+at your house, and can assure you that all what you heard is false
+respecting my sending guns and powder to Arie, the Chief of Ijaye.... I
+beg to say, you must not forget to find the Clerk who will stop at Lagos
+to ship my cargo ... and make agreement with him before you send him
+here.... I need not say much more about the affairs, as you yourself
+have known my statements. With hopes that you are well, I am, dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Your humble servant,
+<span class="smcap">Tinuba</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S. You must not forget to send the two gauge-rods. I beg you ...
+Yours, &amp;c.,&mdash;<span class="smcap">Tinuba</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Per Charles B. Jones.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have preferred to give these extracts just as they were written,
+without correcting the composition in any way.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Royal Deference to Black Men</h4>
+
+<p>The liberality which is here accorded to the people of Abbeokuta may be
+also accorded to most other places. The king of Illorin sat in his court
+exposed to our view, because, he said, we were "his people"; a privilege
+which he never allowed "a strange white man," who was never permitted to
+look upon his royal black face publicly. He also sent with us an escort
+of a horseman and five footmen, with sword and spear, as a guard of
+honor, sending us cowries to pay the expenses. The king of Oyo paid us
+distinguished honors through his great Arie Kufu, calling me a relative,
+and sending the chief to inquire after our health. On my leaving Oyo
+finally, he sent with me a very large escort, at the head of whom was
+his commander-in-chief Kufu, as a guard of honor, and three native
+gentlemen, high in rank, as my special carriers. These gentle men
+complained to the missioners, Mr. and Mrs. Hinderer at Ibaddan, that I
+was quite mistaken as to their true social position at home. To this I
+plead guilty, as they were quite right.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Domestic Animals; Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Muscovy, Turkeys Swine;
+Common, Guinea</h4>
+
+<p>Chickens (and eggs plentifully) the sweetest and tenderest, ducks and
+turkeys; also Guinea fowls, as well as the fine Muscovy, are abundant.</p>
+
+<p>The swine consist of two distinct classes; the common,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> descended from
+the wild&mdash;a long, lean, gaunt, long-eared, long-nosed, sharp-featured,
+hungry-looking brute, like the American hog; and the Guinea, a
+short-legged, heavy-bodied, short-nosed, short-eared, fat-jawed,
+full-headed, jolly-looking animal, closely resembling the Berkshire of
+English breeding.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Goats, Sheep</h4>
+
+<p>The goats are the most beautiful, shiny, plump, active, saucy creatures,
+the mutton being most excellent flesh; and the sheep, though hairy
+instead of woolly, in every other particular are like other sheep, and
+the mutton frequently equaling English mutton in flavor and sweetness. I
+suspect the common sheep of this country to be of another genus, as
+there are some very fine woolly sheep in the interior. We intend testing
+the woolly sheep when we get settled there.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Cattle&mdash;Mandingo and Golah</h4>
+
+<p>The cattle are of two classes, and merit particular attention. The
+windward or Mandingo, a tall, long-horned, beautiful animal, the type of
+the Herefordshire; and the leeward or Golah, a short-legged,
+short-horned, heavy-bodied, broad-backed ox, the exact conformation of
+the splendid English Durham beeves.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Horses; Aku, Bornou</h4>
+
+<p>The horses are of two distinct classes, and not only merit much
+attention here, but must be regarded as among the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> most surprising
+evidences (as well as the cattle and improved breed of swine) of the
+high degree of intelligence and heathen civilization attained by the
+people.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Aku, or Yoruba Horse</h4>
+
+<p>The Aku or Yoruba, is a small, well-built, generally sprightly animal,
+equal in size to the largest American-Indian pony. They are great
+travelers, and very enduring, and when broke to the shafts or traces
+will be excellent in harness as family hackneys.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Bornou, or Soudan Horse</h4>
+
+<p>The Bornou, a noble horse, from twelve to seventeen hands high, finely
+proportioned and symmetrically beautiful, and the type of the
+description of the sire of the great first English blood horse,
+Godolphin, is exceedingly high-spirited, and fleet in the race or chase.
+These noble animals abound in all this part of Africa; are bred in
+Bornou, where great attention is paid to the rearing of them, from
+whence they are taken by the Ishmaelitish traders, in exchange for their
+commodities, to Arabia; from thence they are sent to Europe as their own
+production; just as, a few years since, and probably up to the present
+day, mules were reared in great numbers in Mexico, purchased by Ohio and
+Kentucky muleteers, who sold them in the eastern and northern States of
+America, where for years the people supposed and really believed that
+they were bred in the western States, from whence they were purported to
+come. The fine Bornou, known as the Arabian horse, is a native of
+Africa, and raised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> in great numbers. Denham and Clapperton, as long ago
+as thirty-five or forty years, wrote, after visiting that part of
+Africa, "It is said that Bornou can muster fifteen thousand Shonaas in
+the field mounted. They are the greatest breeders of cattle in the
+country, and annually supply Soudan with from two to three thousand
+horses." These animals are used for riding, and well exercised, as the
+smallest boys are great riders, every day dashing at fearful speed along
+the roads and over the plains.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Game; Quadrupeds</h4>
+
+<p>Game is also very plentiful. Deer, antelopes, wild hogs, hedge hogs,
+porcupines, armadillos, squirrels, hares and rabbits, raccoons and
+opossums, are among the most common quadruped game.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Wild Fowl</h4>
+
+<p>Wild turkey, wild ducks of various kinds, wild pigeons, ocpara (a very
+fine quail, much larger, fatter and plumper than the American pheasant),
+and the wild Guinea fowl, are among the most common biped game.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Markets, and Domestic Habits of the People</h4>
+
+<p>The markets are also worthy of note, and by their regular establishment
+and arrangement indicate to a certain extent the self-governing element
+and organized condition of the people. Every town has its regular
+market-place or general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> bazaar, and everything to be had in the town
+may be found, in more or less quantities, in these market-places. In
+describing the large cities through which Mr. Campbell my colleague, and
+I passed, and those through which I passed alone (none of which were
+under seventy thousand of a population) there were numerous smaller
+places of various sizes, from very small villages of one hundred to two
+thousand inhabitants, which were not mentioned in the enumerated towns.
+Of these market-places I may mention that Illorin has five, the area of
+the largest comprising about ten acres, and the general market of
+Abbeokuta comprising more than twelve altogether, whilst that of Ijaye
+contains fully twenty acres or more, in which, like the markets
+generally, everything may be obtained. These markets are systematically
+regulated and orderly arranged, there being parts and places for
+everything, and "everything in their places," with officially appointed
+and excellent managing market-masters. The cattle department of the
+Abbeokuta and Ijaye markets, as well as Illorin are particularly
+attractive, there being as many as eight hundred sheep at one time in
+either of the two former, and horses and mules, as well as sheep and
+goats exhibited in the latter. When approaching the city of Ibaddan, I
+saw at a brook, where they had been let out of their cages or coops to
+drink and wash themselves, as many as three thousand pigeons and squabs
+going to the Ibaddan market.</p>
+
+<p>The following description of the Illorin market, extracted from "Bowen's
+Central Africa," is truthful as far as it goes, and will give a general
+idea of markets in the great cities of Africa:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The most attractive object next to the curious old town itself&mdash;and
+it is always old&mdash;is the market.... Here the women sit and chat all
+day, from early morn till nine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> o'clock at night, to sell their
+various merchandise. Some of the sheds however, are occupied by
+barbers, who shave people's heads and faces; and by leather
+dressers, who make charms like Jewish phylacteries, and bridle
+reins, shoes, sandals, &amp;c.; and by dozens and scores of men, who
+earn an honest living by dressing calabashes, and ornamenting them
+with various neat engravings.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> ... The principal market hour, and
+proper time to see all the wonders, is in the evening.... As the
+shades of evening deepen, if the weather allow the market to
+continue and there is no moon, every woman lights her little lamp,
+and presently the market presents, to the distant observer, the
+beautiful appearance of innumerable stars.</p>
+
+<p>The commodities sold in market are too tedious to mention, even if
+all could be remembered. Besides home productions, there are
+frequently imported articles from the four quarters of the globe.
+Various kinds of meat, fowls, sheep, goats, dogs, rats, tortoises,
+eggs, fish, snails, yams, Indian corn, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes,
+sugar-cane, ground peas, onions, pepper, various vegetables,
+palm-nuts, oil, tree-butter, seeds, fruits, firewood, cotton in the
+seeds, spun cotton, domestic cloth, imported cloth, as calico,
+shirting, velvets, &amp;c., gun-powder, guns, flints, knives, swords,
+paper, raw silk, Turkey-red thread, needles, ready-made clothing,
+as trowsers, caps, breeches shirts without sleeves, baskets,
+brooms, and no one knows what all.</p></div>
+
+<p>This description was given by Mr. Bowen in his (in many respects)
+admirable work, published in 1857, after a missionary residence and tour
+of seven years, from 1850 to the time of writing, among the people of
+whom he wrote.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Houses and Cities</h4>
+
+<p>The houses are built of unburnt clay which hardens in the sun, covered
+with a beautiful thatch-long, peculiar grass&mdash;exhibiting only the walls
+to the streets, the doors all opening inside of these walls, which are
+entered by a gate or large doorway; the streets generally irregular and
+narrow, but frequently agreeably relieved by wider ones, or large, open
+spaces or parks shaded with trees; all presenting a scene so romantic
+and antiquated in appearance, that you cannot resist the association
+with Babylon, Nineveh, Tyre, and Thebais. The buildings are heavy and
+substantial for their kind, many of which are very extensive. These
+towns and cities are all entrenched and walled; extending entirely
+around them; that of Abbeokuta with the new addition being twenty-seven
+miles, though the population is less by forty thousand than Ibaddan,
+which embraces about twenty-three miles.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Conjugal and Filial Affection. Activity of Children</h4>
+
+<p>Great affection exists between husband and wife, the women being mostly
+restricted to household work, trading, and gathering in the fields, and
+aiding in carrying, whilst the men principally do the digging, planting,
+chopping, and other hard work. The children are also passionately
+beloved by their parents, sometimes with too much indulgence. They are
+very active, and every day some of them of all sizes may be seen dashing
+along a road or over a plain at fearful speed on horseback. They are
+great vaulters and ankle-springers, and boys may frequently be seen to
+spring from the ground whirling twice&mdash;turning <i>two</i> summersets&mdash;before
+lighting on their feet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Population of Monrovia and the State</h4>
+
+<p>It may not be out of place here to add, that the population of the
+capital of Liberia is certainly not above three thousand, though they
+claim for it five thousand. And what has been said of the lack and
+seeming paucity of public improvement may be much extenuated when it is
+considered that the entire population of settlers only number at present
+some 15,000 souls; the native population being 250,000, or 300,000, as
+now incorporated.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Canine and Feline</h4>
+
+<p>As the enquiry has been frequently made of me as to "whether there are
+really dogs and cats in Africa," and if so, "whether they are like other
+dogs and cats"; and since a very intelligent American clergyman said to
+me that he had read it somewhere as a fact in natural history, that dogs
+in Africa could not bark; I simply here inform the curious enquirer,
+that there are dogs and cats plentifully in Africa, which "look like
+other dogs and cats," and assure them that the dogs bark, eat, and
+<i>bite</i>, just like "other dogs."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Slavery</h4>
+
+<p>A word about slavery. It is simply preposterous to talk about slavery,
+as that term is understood, either being legalized or existing in this
+part of Africa. It is nonsense. The system is a patriarchal one, there
+being no actual difference, socially, between the slave (called by their
+protector <i>son or daughter</i>) and the children of the person with whom
+they live. Such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> persons intermarry, and frequently become the heads of
+state: indeed, generally so, as I do not remember at present a king or
+chief with whom I became acquainted whose entire members of the
+household, from the lowest domestic to the highest official, did not
+sustain this relation to him, they calling him <i>baba</i> or "father," and
+he treating them as children. And where this is not the case, it either
+arises from some innovation among them or those exceptional cases of
+despotism to be found in every country. Indeed, the term "slave" is
+unknown to them, only as it has been introduced among them by whites
+from Europe and America. So far from abject slavery, not even the old
+feudal system, as known to exist until comparatively recent in
+enlightened and Christian Europe, exists in this part of Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Criminals and prisoners of war are <i>legally sold</i> into slavery among
+themselves, just as was the custom in almost every civilized country in
+the world till very lately, when nothing but advanced intelligence and
+progressive Christianity among the people put a stop to it. There is no
+place, however, but Illorin, a <i>bona fide</i> Mohammedan kingdom, where we
+ever witnessed any exhibition of these facts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>How Slaves Are Obtained</h4>
+
+<p>Slaves are abducted by marauding, kidnapping, depraved natives, who,
+like the organized bands and gangs of robbers in Europe and America, go
+through the country thieving and stealing helpless women and children,
+and men who may be overpowered by numbers. Whole villages in this way
+sometimes fall victims to these human monsters, especially when the
+strong young men are out in the fields at work, the old of both sexes in
+such cases being put to death, whilst<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> the young are hurried through
+some private way down to the slave factories usually kept by Europeans
+(generally Portuguese and Spaniards) and Americans, on some secluded
+part of the coast. And in no instances are the parents and relatives
+known to sell their own children or people into slavery, except, indeed,
+in cases of base depravity, and except such miserable despots as the
+kings of Dahomi and Ashantee; neither are the heads of countries known
+to sell their own people; but like the marauding kidnapper, obtain them
+by war on others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+
+<h3>DISEASES OF THIS PART OF AFRICA, TREATMENT, HYGIENE, ALIMENT</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Diseases, Face of the Country, Spring Water</h4>
+
+<p>The diseases in this part of Africa are still more simple than those of
+Liberia; and even the <i>native fever</i>, for known causes, generally is
+much less severe. In Liberia, and all that part of Africa, the entire
+country (except the cleared farms in the republic and the limited
+rice-fields of the natives) is a dense, heavy-wooded, <i>primitive</i>
+forest, rank with the growth and putrified vegetation of a thousand
+ages. But the entire Aku country, throughout the second plateau,
+presents a very different phase. Here, one is struck with the beautiful
+clear country which continually spreads out in every direction around;
+and (except the thickets or forests left as defences, ambuscades, and
+arbors of rest, rugged hilltops, and gullies), there is nothing but
+recent timber to be found growing on the lands. Timber in Africa is
+reproduced very speedily; hence may be found in some parts designedly
+left very heavy timber; but the greatest unbroken forest through which
+we passed at any one time, of this description, never exceeded, I think,
+ten miles. All the spring (shallow wells generally) and other living
+water, as perennial streams, is both good-tasted, and if the constant
+use of running stream water be a fair test, I would decide as wholesome.
+There are some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> good springs in Africa, and good water doubtless may
+everywhere be obtained by digging suitable wells.</p>
+
+
+<h4>To Keep Water Cool. Kind of Vessels</h4>
+
+<p>Drinking water in the tropics should always be kept in large vessels of
+crockery ware (usually termed "stone" and "earthen ware") and smaller
+bottle or decanter-shaped jugs or vessels for table convenience. If
+earthen or crockery ware cannot be obtained for table use, by all means
+use glass bottles&mdash;the more globular, or balloon-shaped, the better.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Cool Water</h4>
+
+<p>To make and keep water cool in any crockery or glass vessel, wrap around
+it a cloth or any kind, but especially <i>woolen</i>&mdash;flannel or blanket
+being the best&mdash;which keep simply <i>wet</i>, and the water in the vessel, by
+<i>evaporation</i> from the <i>cloth</i>, can be made or kept almost ice cool.</p>
+
+
+<h4>To Keep the Cloth Wet. Apparatus</h4>
+
+<p>A most simple method by which the cloth may be kept wet, and evaporation
+thereby kept up, is to have a large vessel, with the water in for common
+use, so placed that a small vessel with water can be suspended over it
+in such a manner that a <i>drip</i> can be kept constantly on the cloth. The
+cloth being first saturated, it will readily be seen that a very small
+drip is required to keep up the dampness. The drip may be arranged,
+where convenient, with a small <i>faucet</i> so as to reg<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>ulate the drop, or
+the more primitive method of a little <i>spiggot</i> or <i>sharpened stick</i> put
+into a hole made in the vessel, so regulated as to keep up a sufficient
+dripping to keep the cloth of sufficient dampness. Simple as this may
+appear to the reader, it is an important sanitary measure, besides
+adding greatly to the immediate comfort of the traveler or resident in
+those regions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Atmosphere</h4>
+
+<p>The atmosphere in this region of the continent is much purer than that
+of Liberia and the region round about; and, although incorporated with
+odors, these are pleasant and seem familiar to the sense, and not
+obnoxious with the rich rank fragrance so sensibly experienced in that
+country. There is little, comparatively, of the decayed vegetation,
+which sends up malaria from the surface in Liberia; and the immense
+fields and plains of grass not under cultivation at the time, are burnt
+down during the dry season, thereby bringing to bear, though probably
+unawares to them, a sanitary process throughout that extensive country
+at least once every year.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Kinds of Disease</h4>
+
+<p><i>Intermittent fever</i>, as described in section <span class="smcap">vi</span>., page 280 on Liberia,
+though generally of a mild type, <i>diarrhoea</i>, <i>dysentery</i> (neither of
+which is difficult to subdue by a little rational treatment),
+<i>opthalmia</i>, and <i>umbilical hernia</i>, and sometimes, but not frequently,
+<i>inguinal hernia</i>, are the principal diseases. The opthalmia I suspected
+as originating from taint, probably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> having been primarily carried from
+the coast, as it was not so frequently met with as to warrant the idea
+of its being either a contagion or the effects of poisonous sands or
+winds, as supposed to exist. The hernia is caused by the absence of
+proper <i>umbilical attention</i> and <i>abdominal support</i> to the child after
+<i>parturition</i>. Umbilical hernia is fearfully common all through Africa,
+I having frequently seen persons, especially females, with the hernial
+tumor as large as their own head, and those of little children fully as
+large as the head of an infant a month old.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Guinea Worm</h4>
+
+<p>A singular disease affects some persons, though I have never seen this
+upon a native, and believe it to be peculiar to the region round about
+Liberia. The person whose case I examined had formerly resided in
+Liberia, where, doubtless, the disease commenced, but for the last three
+years previously had resided at Ijaye, in the capacity of cook, for the
+American Baptist Missionaries, Revs. A. D. Phillips and J. R. Stone and
+lady, and then resided at Abbeokuta. This is a peculiar ulceration of
+the leg, immediately above the ankle-bone, where they say it usually
+commences; the edges of the ulcer, and the cuticle quite up to the edge,
+and all the surrounding parts, having a healthy appearance, as though a
+portion of the flesh had been recently torn out, leaving the cavity as
+it then was. The most peculiar feature of this singular disease is a
+<i>white fiber</i>, which, coming out from the integuments of the muscles of
+the leg above, hangs suspended in the cavity (ulcer) the lower end
+loose, and somewhat inclined to coil (and when <i>straightened</i> out,
+resuming again the serpentine curves, of course from the <i>elasticity</i>
+with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> <i>motion</i>), is supposed to be a <i>worm</i>; hence its name&mdash;<i>Guinea
+worm</i>. The fibre seems in color and texture to be in a normal condition;
+indeed, there appear to be little or no pathological symptoms about the
+parts at all, except a slight appearance of <i>vermillion</i> inflammation
+over the surface of the ulcer, which is more apparent sometimes than
+others.</p>
+
+
+<h4>What Is Guinea Worm?</h4>
+
+<p>I have examined closely this fibre, and from its appearance, color,
+size, and texture, especially as it is sensibly felt high up in the leg
+near the tuberosity of the tibia, when pulled by the dangling end, my
+own impression is that the so-called "Guinea worm" is nothing more than
+the <i>external saphenus</i> or <i>communis tibiae</i> (nerve) exposed in a
+peculiar manner, probably by a disease, which, by a curious pathological
+process, absorbs away the muscular parts, leaving the bare nerve
+detached at its lower extremity, suspended loose in this unnatural
+space. I have never seen but this one case of Guinea worm, but had
+frequent opportunities of examining it; indeed, the patient consulted me
+concerning it, and by the advice and consent of the very clever native
+gentleman, Samuel Crowther, Esq., who received his professional
+education at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
+London, insisted on my taking the case, which I declined, partly for the
+want of time to do justice to the patient, and aside from courtesy and
+equity to the surgeon who had the case in hand, mainly because I <i>knew
+nothing about it</i>&mdash;the best reason of all. The patient was an American
+quadroon, black nearly in complexion, of one-fourth white blood, from
+North Carolina. This, of course was a black quadroon.</p>
+
+<p>I should add, that the fiber at times entirely <i>disappears</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> from the
+cavity (by <i>contraction</i>, of course), when again it is seen suspended as
+before. This is one reason why it is believed to be a <i>worm</i>, and
+supposed to <i>creep</i> up and down in the flesh.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Treatment of Diseases&mdash;Diarrhoea</h4>
+
+<p>The treatment of fever in this part of Africa should be the same as that
+in Liberia, given on page 280. The best remedy which I have found for
+diarrhoea is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+&#8478;. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. &#658;j.; Syr. Simp. &#8485;
+ jv.; Spts.<br />
+Terebinth, &#658;j.; Tinct. Opii., gtt. x. M. ft.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Pulverized rhubarb, one drachm, (or one-eighth of an ounce); simple
+syrup, four ounces (or eight large tablespoonfuls); laudanum, ten drops;
+spirits of turpentine, one spoonful. Mix this well together to take.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Dysentery</h4>
+
+<p>For dysentery the recipe is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+&#8478;. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. Pulv. C. Catech. a. a., &#658;j.;<br />
+Syr. Simp. f. &#8485;jv.; Spts. Terebinth. Spis.<br />
+Ammon. Arromat., a. a. f.&#658;j.; Tinct. Opii. gtt. x.M.ft.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Pulverized rhubarb and pulverized gum catechu, each, one-eighth of an
+ounce; simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; spirits of turpentine
+and aromatic spirits of ammonia, of each one teaspoonful; laudanum, ten
+drops. Mix this well together to take. Of this take one teaspoonful (if
+very bad, a dessert spoonful) every three hours, or four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> times a day
+(always beginning at least one hour before breakfast), till the symptoms
+cease.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Fever Antidote</h4>
+
+<p>During the presence of febrile symptoms, in the absence of all diarrhoea
+and dysenteric symptoms, even when the person is not complaining, an
+excellent simple antidote to be taken at discretion, not oftener than
+once every hour during the day, is:</p>
+
+<p>
+&#8478; Syr. Simp., &#8485;jv.; Spts. Ammon. Arromat. &#658;jss. M. ft.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; aromatic spirits of ammonia,
+one and a-half teaspoonfuls. Mix this well together. Take a teaspoonful
+of this preparation in a little cold water, or a glass of lemonade if
+preferred, and the condition of the bowels will admit, as often as
+thought advisable under the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>I have thus thought proper to simplify this treatment, that it may be in
+the reach of every person going to the tropics, as I am certain that
+there has been a great deficiency in the treatment and discovery of
+remedies in diseases of that continent especially. These prescriptions,
+as compounded, are entirely new, originating with the writer, who has
+only to add that he is in hopes that they prove as advantageous and
+successful in other hands as they have been in his.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Regimen</h4>
+
+<p>Persons laboring under fever should eat moderately of such food as best
+agrees with their appetite; but frequently, if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> required or desired,
+that the system may be well supported. When there is <i>diarrhoea</i> or
+<i>dysentery</i> present, there should be no solid food taken, but the
+patient or ailing person should be confined strictly to a thin milk
+porridge of fine Guinea-corn flour, which is always obtainable in
+Africa, crumbled crackers or soda biscuits, light (leavened) wheat bread
+if to be had, or well-done rice boiled to a pulp. The soda-biscuit as a
+porridge with milk rather aggravates the bowels of most persons;
+therefore, whenever it is found to have this effect, its use should be
+immediately abandoned. In many instances, where there is either
+diarrhoea or dysentery present, without other prominent symptoms, I have
+found the mere use of cooked milk (merely "scalded," as women usually
+term it&mdash;being heated to the boiling point without permitting it to
+boil), taken as food alone, to be the only remedy required.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hygiene&mdash;Eating</h4>
+
+<p>The laws of health should be particularly observed in going to Africa.
+In respect to eating, there need be no material change of food, but each
+individual observing those nourishments which best agree with him or
+her. When there is little inclination to eat, eat but little; and when
+there is none, eat nothing. I am certain that a large percentage of the
+mortality which occurs may be attributed to too free and too frequent
+indulgence in eating, as was the case with the Lewis family of five at
+Clay-Ashland, in Liberia&mdash;all of whom died from that cause; as well as
+others that might be mentioned.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Coffee, Air, Fruits</h4>
+
+<p>So soon as you have taken your bath and put your morning wrapper, even
+before dressing, you may eat one or more sweet oranges, then take a cup
+of coffee, creamed and sweetened, or not, to your taste. Make your
+toilet, and walk out and take the cool air, always taking your umbrella
+or parasol, because no foreigner, until by a long residence more or less
+acclimated, can expose himself with impunity to a tropical sun. If
+preferred coffee should always be taken with cream or milk and sugar,
+because it is then less irritating to the stomach. One of the symptoms
+of native fever is said to be <i>nervous irritability of the stomach</i>;
+hence, all exciting causes to irritation of that part should be avoided
+as much as possible. Such fruits as best agree with each individual
+should be most indulged in; indeed, all others for the time should be
+dispensed with; and when it can be done without any apparent risk to the
+person, a little fruit of some kind might be taken every day by each new
+comer. Except oranges, taken as directed above, all fruits should be
+eaten <i>after</i>, and <i>not</i> before breakfast. The fruits of the country
+have been described in another place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Drinks</h4>
+
+<p>Let your habits be strictly temperate, and for human nature's sake,
+abstain from the erroneous idea that some sort of malt or spirituous
+drink is necessary. This is not the case; and I am certain that much of
+the disease and dire mortality charged against Africa, as a "land of
+pestilence and death," should be charged against the Christian lands
+which produce and <i>send bad spirits</i> to destroy those who go to Africa.
+Whenever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> wine, brandy, whisky, gin, rum, or pure alcohol are required
+as a medical remedy, no one will object to its use; but, in all cases in
+which they are used as a beverage in Africa, I have no hesitation in
+pronouncing them deleterious to the system. The best British porter and
+ale may, in convalescence from fever, be used to advantage as a tonic,
+because of the bitter and farinaceous substances they contain&mdash;not
+otherwise is it beneficial to the system in Africa. Water, lemonade,
+effervescent drinks&mdash;a teaspoonful of super-carbonate of soda, to a
+glass of lemonade&mdash;all may be drunk in common, when thirsty, with
+pleasure to the drinker as well as profit. Pure ginger-beer is very
+beneficial.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Bathing</h4>
+
+<p>Bathing should be strictly observed by every person at least once every
+day. Each family should be provided with a large sponge, or one for each
+room if not for each person, and free application of water to the entire
+person, from head to foot, should be made every morning.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Early Rising&mdash;Breezes</h4>
+
+<p>Every person should rise early in Africa, as the air is then coolest,
+freshest, and purest; besides the effect upon the senses, the sight and
+song of the numerous birds to be seen and heard, produce a healthful
+influence upon the mental and physical system. The land and sea-breezes
+blow regularly and constantly from half-past three o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> till
+half-past ten o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, when there is a cessation of about five
+hours till half-past three again.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Never Sultry</h4>
+
+<p>The evenings and mornings are always cool and pleasant, <i>never sultry</i>
+and oppressive with heat, as frequently in temperate climates during
+summer and autumn. This wise and beneficent arrangement of Divine
+Providence makes this country beautifully, in fact, delightfully
+pleasant; and I have no doubt but in a very few years, so soon as
+scientific black men, her own sons, who alone must be more interested in
+her development than any other take the matter in hand, and produce
+works upon the diseases, remedies, treatment, and sanitary measures of
+Africa, there will be no more contingency in going to Africa than any
+other known foreign country. I am certain, even now, that the native
+fever of Africa is not more trying upon the system, when properly
+treated, than the native fever of Canada, the Western and Southern
+States and Territories of the United States of America.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Dress, Avoid Getting Wet</h4>
+
+<p>Dress should be regulated according to the feeling, with sometimes more
+and sometimes less clothing. But I think it advisable that adults should
+wear flannel (thin) next to their person always when first going to
+Africa. It gradually absorbs the moisture, and retaining a proper degree
+of heat, thus prevents any sudden change of temperature from affecting
+the system. Avoid getting wet at first, and should this accidentally
+happen, take a thoroughly good bath, rub the skin dry, and put on dry
+clothes, and for two or three hours that day, keep out of the sun; but
+if at night, go to bed. But when it so happens that you are out from
+home and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> cannot change clothing, continue to exercise until the clothes
+dry on your person. It is the abstraction of heat from the system by
+evaporation of water from the clothing, which does the mischief in such
+cases. I have frequently been wet to saturation in Africa, and nothing
+ever occurred from it, by pursuing the course here laid down. Always
+sleep in clean clothes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Sanitary Measures</h4>
+
+<p>I am sure I need inform no one, however ignorant, that all measures of
+cleanliness of person, places, and things about the residences,
+contribute largely to health in Africa, as in other countries.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Ventilation of Houses</h4>
+
+<p>All dwellings should be <i>freely ventilated</i> during the <i>night</i> as well
+as day, and it is a great mistake to suppose, as in Liberia (where every
+settler sleeps with every part of his house closely shut&mdash;doors,
+windows, and all) that it is deletereous to have the house ventilated
+during the evening, although they go out to night meetings, visit each
+other in the evening, and frequently sit on their porches and piazzas
+till a late hour in the night, conversing, without any injurious effects
+whatever. Dr. Roberts, and I think Dr. McGill and a few other gentlemen,
+informed me that their sleeping apartments were exceptions to the custom
+generally in Liberia. This stifling custom to save themselves does not
+prevail among the natives of Africa anywhere, nor among the foreigners
+anywhere in the Yoruba country, that I am aware of,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> and I am under the
+impression that it was the result of fear or precaution, not against the
+night air, but against the imaginary (and sometimes real) creeping
+things&mdash;as insects and reptiles&mdash;which might find their way into the
+houses at night.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Test of Night Air</h4>
+
+<p>While in Liberia, I have traversed rivers in an open boat at night,
+slept beyond the Kavalla Falls in open native houses, and at the
+residence of Rev. Alexander Crummel, Mount Vaughan, Cape Palmas, I slept
+every evening while there with both window and door as ventilators. The
+window was out and the door inside. In Abbeokuta, Ijaye, Oyo, and
+Ogbomoso, we slept every night with ventilated doors and windows, when
+we slept at all in a house. But in Illorin we always slept out of doors
+by preference, and only retired to repose in-doors (which were always
+open) when it was too cool to sleep out, as our bedding consisted only
+of a native mat on the ground, and a calico sheet spread over us. And I
+should here make acknowledgments to my young colleague, Mr. Campbell,
+for the use of his large Scotch shawl when I was unwell, and indeed
+almost during our entire travel&mdash;it being to me a great accommodation, a
+comfort and convenience which I did not possess.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Test of Exposure</h4>
+
+<p>I have started two and three hours before daybreak, laying on my bed in
+an open canoe, ascending the Ogun river, at different times during the
+six days' journey up to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> Abbeokuta; Mr. Campbell and myself have
+frequently slept out in open courts and public market-places, without
+shed or piazza covering; and when journeying from Oyo to Ibaddan, for
+three successive evenings I lay in the midst of a wilderness or forest,
+on a single native mat without covering, the entire night; and many
+times during our travels we arose at midnight to commence our journey,
+and neither of us ever experienced any serious inconvenience from it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Improved Window and Door Ventilation</h4>
+
+<p>That houses in Africa may be properly ventilated during the night
+without annoyance, or, what is equally as bad, if not worse, the
+continual fear and imagination of the approach of venomous insects,
+creeping things, and reptiles, the residents should adapt them to the
+place and circumstances, without that rigid imitation of European and
+American order of building. Every house should be well ventilated with
+windows on opposite sides of the rooms, when and wherever this is
+practicable, and the same may be said of doors. And where the room will
+not admit of opposite windows, or windows at least on two sides of a
+room, whether opposite or otherwise, a chimney or ventilating flue
+should be constructed on the opposite side to the window&mdash;which window
+should always be to the windward, so as to have a continual draught or
+current of fresh air. Persons, however, should always avoid sitting in a
+<i>draught</i>, though a free circulation of air should be allowed in each
+room of every house.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of window-sashes with glass, as in common use, I would suggest
+that the windows have a sash of four, or but two (if preferred) panels,
+to each window (two upper and two lower, or one upper and one lower&mdash;or
+one lower and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> two upper, which would make a neat and handsome window),
+each panel or space for panes being neatly constructed with a
+sieve-work, such as is now used as screens during summer season in the
+lower part of parlor windows. To prevent too great oxydization or too
+rapid decay of so delicate a structure as the wire must be, it should be
+made of brass, copper, or some composition which would not readily
+corrode. Inside or outside doors of the same material, made to close and
+open like the Venetian jalousies now in use in civilized countries,
+would be found very convenient, and add much to the comfort and health
+of dwellings as a sanitary measure. The frames of the panels or sashes
+should be constructed of maple, cherry, walnut, or mahogany, according
+to the means of the builder and elegance of the building&mdash;as these
+articles seasoned are not only more neat and durable, but, from their
+solidity, are less liable to warp or shrink. This would afford such a
+beautiful and safe protection to every dwelling against the intrusion of
+all and every living thing, even the smallest insect&mdash;while a full and
+free circulation of fresh air would be allowed&mdash;that a residence in
+Africa would become attractive and desirable, instead of, as now (from
+imagination), objectionable.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Sanitary Effects of Ants&mdash;Termites, and Drivers</h4>
+
+<p>A word about ants in Africa&mdash;so much talked of, and so much
+dreaded&mdash;will legitimately be in place here, regarding them as a
+sanitary means, provided by Divine Providence. The <i>termites</i>, bug-a-bug
+or white double ant, shaped like two ovals somewhat flattened, joined
+together by a cylinder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> somewhat smaller in the middle, with a head at
+one end of one of the ovals, is an herbivorous insect, and much abused
+as the reputed destroyers of books, papers, and all linen or muslin
+clothing. They feed mainly on such vegetable matter as is most subject
+to decay&mdash;as soft wood, and many other such, when void of vitality&mdash;and
+there is living herbage upon which they feed, and thereby prove a
+blessing to a country with a superabundance of rank vegetable matter. It
+is often asserted that they destroy whole buildings, yet I have never
+seen a person who knew of such a disaster by them, although they may
+attack and do as much mischief in such cases at times as the wood-worms
+of America; and, in regard to clothing, though doubtless there have been
+instances of their attack upon and destruction of clothing, yet I will
+venture to assert that there is no one piece of clothing attacked and
+destroyed by these creatures, to ten thousand by the moths which get
+into the factories and houses in civilized countries, where woolen goods
+are kept. In all my travels in Africa, I never had anything attacked by
+the termite; but during my stay of seven months in Great Britain, I had
+a suit of woolen clothes completely eaten up by moths in Liverpool.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Drivers</h4>
+
+<p>Drivers, as every person already knows, are black ants, whose reputation
+is as bad for attacking living animals, and even human beings, as the
+termites' for attacking clothing. This creature, like its white cousin,
+is also an instrument in the hands of Providence as a sanitary means,
+and to the reverse of the other is carnivorous, feeding upon all flesh
+whether fresh or putrified. Like the white, for the purpose of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+destroying the superabundance of vegetable, certainly these black ants
+were designed by Providence to destroy the excess of animal life which
+in the nature of things would be brought forth, with little or no
+destruction without them; and although much is said about their
+attacking persons, I will venture the opinion that there is not one of
+these attacks a person to every ten thousand musquitoes in America, as
+it is only by chance, and <i>not by search after it</i>, that drivers attack
+persons.</p>
+
+
+<h4>How They Travel</h4>
+
+<p>They usually go in search of food in narrow rows, say from half an inch
+to a hand's breadth, as swiftly as a running stream of water, and may in
+their search enter a house in their course&mdash;if nothing attract them
+around it&mdash;when, in such cases, they spread over the floor, walls, and
+ceiling; and finding no insect or creeping thing to destroy, they gather
+again on the floor, and leave the premises in the regular order in which
+they entered. Should they encounter a person when on these excursions,
+though in bed, does he but lie still and not disturb them, the
+good-hearted negro insects will even pass over the person without harm
+or molestation; but, if disturbed, they will retaliate by a sting as
+readily as a bee when the hive is disturbed, though their sting, so far
+from being either dangerous or severe, is simply like the severe sting
+of a musquito. An aged missionary gentleman, of twenty-five years'
+experience, informed me that an entire myriad (this term is given to a
+multitude of drivers, as their number can never be less than ten
+thousand&mdash;and I am sure that I have seen as many millions together)
+passed over him one night in bed, without one stinging him. Indeed, both
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> black and white ants are quite harmless as to personal injury, and
+very beneficial in a sanitary point.</p>
+
+
+<h4>How to Drive Them Out of the Houses</h4>
+
+<p>There is much more in the imagination than the reality about these
+things; and one important fact I must not omit, that, however great the
+number of drivers, a simple <i>light set in the middle of the floor</i> will
+clear the room of them in ten minutes. In this case they do not form in
+column, but go out in hasty confusion, each effecting as quick retreat
+and safe escape for himself as possible, forming their line of march
+outside of the house, where they meet from all quarters of their points
+of escape.</p>
+
+
+<h4>How to Destroy Them</h4>
+
+<p><i>Chloride of sodium</i> or common salt (fine), slightly damped, will
+entirely destroy the termites; and <i>acetum</i> or vinegar, or <i>acetic acid</i>
+either, will destroy or chase off the drivers. These means are simple,
+and within the reach of every person, but, aside from this, both classes
+or races of these creatures disappear before the approach of
+civilization. In a word, moths, mice, roaches, and musquitoes are much
+greater domestic annoyances, and certainly much more destructive in
+America and Europe than the bug-a-bug or driver is in Africa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Their Pugnacious and Martial Character</h4>
+
+<p>I cannot endorse the statement from personal knowledge of the desperate
+hostility which the drivers manifest towards the termites, as given by
+Dr. Livingstone, who, calling them "black rascals," says "they stand
+deliberately and watch for the whites, which, on coming out of their
+holes, they instantly seize, putting them to death." Perhaps the whites
+were <i>kidnappers</i>, in which case they served the white <i>rascals</i> right.
+Though I have never seen an encounter, it is nevertheless true, that the
+blacks do subdue the whites whenever they meet. In fact, they go, as do
+no other creatures known to natural science, in immense incalculable
+numbers&mdash;and I do not think that I exaggerate if I say that I have more
+than once seen more than six hogsheads of them traveling together, had
+they been measured&mdash;and along the entire line of march, stationed on
+each side of the columns, there are warriors or soldiers to guard them,
+who stand sentry, closely packed side by side with their heads towards
+the column, which passes on as rapidly as a flowing stream of water. I
+have traced a column for more than a mile, whose greatest breadth was
+more than a yard, and the least not less than a foot. It is
+inconceivable the distance these creatures travel in a short time.
+Should anything disturb the lines, the soldiers sally out a few feet in
+pursuit of the cause, quickly returning to their post when meeting no
+foe. The guards are much larger than the common drivers, being about the
+length of a barley-corn, and armed with a pair of curved horns, like
+those of the large American black beetle, called "pinching bug." There
+are no bed-bugs here.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Cesspools</h4>
+
+<p>One important fact, never referred to by travellers as such, is that the
+health of large towns in Africa will certainly be improved by the
+erection of <i>cesspools</i>, whereas now they have none. With the exception
+of the residences of missionaries and other civilized people, there is
+no such thing in Africa. Every family, as in civilized countries, should
+have such conveniences. Our senses are great and good faculties&mdash;seeing,
+hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling&mdash;God has so created them, and
+designed them for such purposes; therefore, they should neither be
+perverted nor marred when this can be avoided. Hence, we should
+beautify, when required and make pleasing to the sight; modify and make
+pleasant to the hearing; <i>cleanse</i> and <i>purify</i> to make <i>agreeable</i> to
+the smelling; improve and make good to the taste; and never violate the
+feelings whenever any or all of these are at our will or control.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Wild Beasts and Reptiles</h4>
+
+<p>A single remark about these. The wild beasts are driven back before the
+march of civilization, I having seen none, save one leopard; and but
+four serpents during my entire travels, one three and a half feet long
+(a water snake); one fourteen inches long; and another ten inches long;
+the two last being killed by natives&mdash;and a tame one around the neck of
+a charmer at Oyo. During the time I never saw a centipede, and but two
+tarantulas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="X_MISSIONARY_INFLUENCE" id="X_MISSIONARY_INFLUENCE"></a>X MISSIONARY INFLUENCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>To deny or overlook the fact, the all-important fact, that the
+missionary influence had done much good in Africa, would be simply to do
+injustice, a gross injustice to a good cause.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Protestant Missionaries</h4>
+
+<p>The advent of the Protestant Missionaries into Africa, has doubtless
+been effective of much good, though it may reasonably be expected that
+many have had their short comings. By Protestant, I mean all other
+Christian denominations than the Roman Catholic. I would not be regarded
+either a bigot or partialist so far as the rights of humanity are
+concerned, but facts are tenable in all cases, and whilst I readily
+admit that a Protestant monarch granted the first letters-patent to
+steal Africans from their homes to be enslaved by a Protestant people,
+and subsequently a <i>bona-fide</i> Protestant nation has been among the most
+cruel oppressors of the African race, my numerous friends among whom are
+many Roman Catholics&mdash;black as well as white&mdash;must bear the test of
+truth, as I shall apply it in the case of the Missionaries, as my object
+in visiting my fatherland, was to enquire into and learn every fact,
+which should have a bearing on this,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> the grandest prospect for the
+regeneration of a people, that ever was presented in the history of the
+world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Influence of Roman Catholic Religion in Favor of Slavery</h4>
+
+<p>In my entire travels in Africa, either alone or after meeting with Mr.
+Campbell at Abbeokuta, I have neither seen nor heard of any Roman
+Catholic Missionaries; but the most surprising and startling fact is,
+that every slave-trading point on the coast at present (which ports are
+mainly situated South and East) where the traffic is carried on, are
+either Roman Catholic trading-ports, or native agencies protected by
+Roman Catholics; as Canot, formerly at Grand Cape Mount, Pedro Blanco,
+and Domingo at Wydah in Dahomi. And still more, it is a remarkable and
+very suggestive reality that at all of those places where the Jesuits or
+Roman Catholic Missionaries once were stationed, the slave-trade is not
+only still carried on in its worst form as far as practicable, but
+slaves are held in Africa by these white foreigners at the old
+Portuguese settlements along the Southern and Eastern coasts, of Loango
+and Mozambique for instance; and although some three years have elapsed
+since the King of Portugal proclaimed, or pretended to proclaim "Liberty
+to all the people throughout his dominions," yet I will venture an
+opinion, that not one in every hundred of native Africans thus held in
+bondage on their own soil, are aware of any such "Proclamation." Dr.
+Livingstone tells us that he came across many ruins of Roman Catholic
+Missionary Stations in his travels&mdash;especially those in Loando de St.
+Paul, a city of some eighteen or twenty thousand of a population&mdash;all
+deserted, and the buildings appropriated to other uses, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+store-houses, and the like. Does not this seem as though slavery were
+the legitimate successor of Roman Catholicism, or slave-traders and
+holders of the Roman Catholic religion and Missionaries? It certainly
+has that appearance to me; and a fact still more glaring is, that the
+only professing Christian government which in the light of the present
+period of human elevation and national reform, has attempted such a
+thing, is that of Roman Catholic Spain, (still persisting in holding
+Cuba for the wealth accruing from African Slaves stolen from their
+native land) which recently expelled every Protestant Missionary from
+the African Island of Fernando Po, that they might command it unmolested
+by Christian influence, as an export mart for the African Slave-Trade.
+To these facts I call the attention of the Christian world, that no one
+may murmur when the day of retribution in Africa comes&mdash;which come it
+must&mdash;and is fast hastening, when slave-traders must flee.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Influence of Protestant Religion against Slavery, and in Favor of
+Civilization</h4>
+
+<p>Wherever the Protestant Missionaries are found, or have been, there are
+visible evidences of a purer and higher civilization, by the high
+estimate set upon the Christian religion by the natives, the deference
+paid to the missionaries themselves, and the idea which generally
+obtains among them, that all missionaries are opposed to slavery, and
+the faith they have in the moral integrity of these militant ambassadors
+of the Living God. Wherever there are missionaries, there are schools
+both Sabbath and secular, and the arts and sciences, and manners and
+customs, more or less of civilized life, are imparted. I have not as yet
+visited a missionary station in any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> part of Africa, where there were
+not some, and frequently many natives, both adult and children, who
+could speak, read, and write English, as well as read their own
+language; as all of them, whether Episcopalian, Wesleyan, Baptist, or
+Presbyterian, in the Yoruba country, have Crowther's editions of
+religious and secular books in the schools and churches, and all have
+native agents, interpreters, teachers (assistants) and catechists or
+readers in the mission. These facts prove indisputably great progress;
+and I here take much pleasure in recording them in testimony of those
+faithful laborers in that distant vineyard of our heavenly Father in my
+fatherland. Both male and female missionaries, all seemed much devoted
+to their work, and anxiously desirous of doing more. Indeed, the very
+fact of there being as many native missionaries as there are now to be
+found holding responsible positions, as elders, deacons, preachers, and
+priests, among whom there are many finely educated, and several of them
+authors of works, not only in their own but the English language, as
+Revs. Crowther, King, Taylor, and Samuel Crowther, Esq., surgeon, all
+show that there is an advancement for these people beyond the point to
+which missionary duty can carry them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Kindness of Missionaries and Personal Acknowledgments</h4>
+
+<p>I am indebted to the Missionaries generally, wherever met with, whether
+in Liberia or Central Africa, for their uniform kindness and
+hospitality, among whom may be named: Rev. J. M. Harden and excellent
+wife, (a refined highly educated native Ibo lady at Lagos), Revs. H.
+Townsend, C. H. Gollmer, J. King, E. Bickersteth and ladies in
+Abbeokuta; A.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> D. Phillips, J. A. Stone and lady, Ijaye; T. A. Reid, and
+Mr. Mekin, Oyo; and Rev. D. Hinderer and lady; Ibaddan. I am indebted to
+the Baptist Missionaries for the use of their Mission House and
+furniture during our residence at Abbeokuta: Rev. John Roberts and lady,
+Miss Killpatrick, Reverend Bishop Burns and lady, Rev. Mr. Tyler, Rev.
+Mr. Gipson, Rev. Edward W. Blyden and others, Rev. Mr. Hoffman and lady,
+and Rev. Mr. Messenger and lady, all of Liberia, I am indebted for marks
+of personal kindness and attention when indisposed among them, and my
+kind friends, the Reverend Alexander Crumell and lady, whose guest I was
+during several weeks near the Cape, and who spared no pains to render my
+stay not only a comfortable, but a desirable one.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hints to Those to Whom They Apply</h4>
+
+<p>I would suggest for the benefit of missionaries in general, and those to
+whom it applies in particular, that there are other measures and ways by
+which civilization may be imparted than preaching and praying&mdash;temporal
+as well as spiritual means. If all persons who settle among the natives
+would, as far as it is in their power and comes within their province
+induce, by making it a rule of their house or family, every native
+servant to sit on a stool or chair; eat at a table instead of on the
+ground; eat with a knife and fork (or <i>begin</i> with a spoon) instead of
+with their fingers; eat in the house instead of going out in the yard,
+garden, or somewhere else under a tree or shed; and sleep on a bed,
+instead of on a bare mat on the ground; and have them to wear some sort
+of a garment to cover the entire person above the knees, should it be
+but a single shirt or chemise, instead of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> loose native cloth thrown
+around them, to be dropped at pleasure, at any moment exposing the
+entire upper part of the person&mdash;or as in Liberia, where that part of
+the person is entirely uncovered&mdash;I am certain that it would go far
+toward impressing them with some of the habits of civilized life, as
+being adapted to them as well as the "white man," whom they so
+faithfully serve with a will. I know that some may say, this is
+difficult to do. It certainly could not have been with those who never
+tried it. Let each henceforth resolve for himself like the son of Nun,
+"As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Changing Names</h4>
+
+<p>I would also suggest that I cannot see the utility of the custom on the
+part of Missionaries in <i>changing</i> the names of native children, and
+even adults, so soon as they go into their families to live, as though
+their own were not good enough for them. These native names are
+generally much more significant, and euphonious than the Saxon, Gaelic,
+or Celtic. Thus, Adenigi means, "Crowns have their shadow." This was the
+name of a servant boy of ours, whose father was a native cotton trader,
+it is to be hoped that this custom among Missionaries and other
+Christian settlers, of changing the names of the natives, will be
+stopped, thereby relieving them of the impression, that to embrace the
+Christian faith, implies a loss of name, and so far loss of identity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2>
+
+<h3>WHAT AFRICA NOW REQUIRES</h3>
+
+
+<h4>What Missionary Labor Has Done</h4>
+
+<p>From the foregoing, it is very evident that missionary duty has reached
+its <i>ultimatum</i>. By this, I mean that the native has received all that
+the missionary was sent to teach, and is now really ready for more than
+he can or may receive. He sees and knows that the white man, who first
+carried him the Gospel, which he has learned to a great extent to
+believe a reality, is of an entirely different race to himself; and has
+learned to look upon everything which he has, knows and does, which has
+not yet been imparted to him (especially when he is told by the
+missionaries, which frequently must be the case, to relieve themselves
+of the endless teasing enquiries which persons in their position are
+subject to concerning all and every temporal and secular matter, law,
+government, commerce, military, and other matters foreign to the
+teachings of the gospel; that these things he is not sent to teach, but
+simply the gospel) as peculiarly adapted and belonging to the white man.
+Of course, there are exceptions to this. Hence, having reached what he
+conceives to be the <i>maximum</i> of the black man's or African's
+attainments, there must be a re-action in some direction, and if not
+progressive it will be retrogressive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>How It Was Done</h4>
+
+<p>The missionary has informed him that the white man's country is great.
+He builds and resides in great houses; lives in great towns and cities,
+with great churches and palaver-houses (public and legislative halls);
+rides in great carriages; manufactures great and beautiful things; has
+great ships, which go to sea, to all parts of the world, instead of
+little canoes such as he has paddling up and down the rivers and on the
+coast; that the wisdom, power, strength, courage, and wealth of the
+white man and his country are as much greater than him and his, as the
+big ships are larger and stronger than the little frail canoes; all of
+which he is made sensible of, either by the exhibition of pictures or
+the reality.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Result, If Not Timely Aided by Legitimate Means</h4>
+
+<p>He at once comes to a stand. "Of what use is the white man's religion
+and 'book knowledge' to me, since it does not give me the knowledge and
+wisdom nor the wealth and power of the white man, as all these things
+belong only to him? Our young men and women learn their book, and talk
+on paper (write), and talk to God like white man (worship), but God no
+hear 'em like He hear white man! Dis religion no use to black man." And
+so the African <i>reasonably</i> reasons when he sees that despite his having
+yielded up old-established customs, the laws of his fathers, and almost
+his entire social authority, and the rule of his household to the care
+and guardianship of the missionary, for the sake of acquiring his
+knowledge and power&mdash;when, after having learned all that his children
+can, he is doomed to see them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> sink right back into their old habits,
+the country continue in the same condition, without the beautiful
+improvements of the white man&mdash;and if a change take place at all, he is
+doomed to witness what he never expected to see and dies
+regretting&mdash;himself and people entangled in the meshes of the government
+of a people foreign in kith, kin, and sympathy, when he and his are
+entirely shoved aside and compelled to take subordinate and inferior
+positions, if not, indeed, reduced to menialism and bondage. I am
+justified in asserting that this state of things has brought missionary
+efforts to their <i>maximum</i> and native progress to a pause.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Missionary Aid, Christianity and Law or Government Must Harmonize, to Be
+Effective of Good</h4>
+
+<p>Religion has done its work, and now requires temporal and secular aid to
+give it another impulse. The improved arts of civilized life must now be
+brought to bear, and go hand in hand in aid of the missionary efforts
+which are purely religious in character and teaching. I would not have
+the standard of religion lowered a single stratum of the common breeze
+of heaven. No, let it rather be raised, if, indeed, higher it can be.
+Christianity certainly is the most advanced civilization that man ever
+attained to, and wherever propagated in its purity, to be effective, law
+and government must be brought in harmony with it&mdash;otherwise it becomes
+corrupted, and a corresponding degeneracy ensues, placing its votaries
+even in a worse condition than the primitive. This was exemplified by
+the Author of our faith, who, so soon as he began to teach, commenced by
+admonishing the people to a modification of their laws&mdash;or rather
+himself to con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>demn them. But it is very evident that the social must
+keep pace with the religious, and the political with the social
+relations of society, to carry out the great measures of the higher
+civilization.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Like Seeks Like</h4>
+
+<p>Of what avail, then, is advanced intelligence to the African without
+improved social relations&mdash;acquirements and refinement without an
+opportunity of a practical application of them&mdash;society in which they
+are appreciated? It requires not the most astute reformer and political
+philosopher to see.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Natives Desire Higher Social Relations</h4>
+
+<p>The native sees at once that all the higher social relations are the
+legitimate result and requirements of a higher intelligence, and
+naturally enough expects, that when he has attained it, to enjoy the
+same privileges and blessings. But how sadly mistaken&mdash;what dire
+disappointment!</p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Doubts Respecting the Eventual Good Effects of Missionary Labor</h4>
+
+<p>The habits, manners, and customs of his people, and the social relations
+all around him are the same; improvements of towns, cities, roads, and
+methods of travel are the same; implements of husbandry and industry are
+the same; the methods of conveyance and price of produce (with
+com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>parative trifling variation) are the same. All seem dark and gloomy
+for the future, and he has his doubts and fears as to whether or not he
+has committed a fatal error in leaving his native social relations for
+those of foreigners whom he cannot hope to emulate, and who, he thinks,
+will not assimilate themselves to him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Proper Element as Progressive Missionary Agencies</h4>
+
+<p>It is clear, then, that essential to the success of civilization, is the
+establishment of all those social relations and organizations, without
+which enlightened communities cannot exist. To be successful, these must
+be carried out by proper agencies, and these agencies must be a <i>new
+element</i> introduced into their midst, possessing all the attainments,
+socially and politically, morally and religiously, adequate to so
+important an end. This element must be <i>homogenous</i> in all the <i>natural</i>
+characteristics, claims, sentiments, and sympathies the <i>descendants of
+Africa</i> being the only element that can effect it. To this end, then, a
+part of the most enlightened of that race in America design to carry out
+these most desirable measures by the establishment of social and
+industrial settlements among them, in order at once to introduce, in an
+effective manner, all the well-regulated pursuits of civilized life.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Precaution against Error in the First Steps</h4>
+
+<p>That no mis-step be taken and fatal error committed at the commencement,
+we have determined that the persons to compose this new element to be
+introduced into Africa,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> shall be well and most carefully selected in
+regard to moral integrity, intelligence, acquired attainments, fitness,
+adaptation, and as far as practicable, religious sentiments and
+professions. We are serious in this; and so far as we are concerned as
+an individual, it shall be restricted to the letter, and we will most
+strenuously oppose and set our face against any attempt from any quarter
+to infringe upon this arrangement and design. Africa is our fatherland
+and we its legitimate descendants, and we will never agree nor consent
+to see this the first voluntary step that has ever been taken for her
+regeneration by her own descendants&mdash;blasted by a disinterested or
+renegade set, whose only object might be in the one case to get rid of a
+portion of the colored population, and in the other, make money, though
+it be done upon the destruction of every hope entertained and measure
+introduced for the accomplishment of this great and prospectively
+glorious undertaking. We cannot and will not permit or agree that the
+result of years of labor and anxiety shall be blasted at one reckless
+blow, by those who have never spent a day in the cause of our race, or
+know nothing about our wants and requirements. The descendants of Africa
+in North America will doubtless, by the census of 1860, reach five
+millions; those of Africa may number two hundred millions. I have
+outgrown, long since, the boundaries of North America, and with them
+have also outgrown the boundaries of their claims. I, therefore, cannot
+consent to sacrifice the prospects of two hundred millions, that a
+fraction of five millions may be benefitted, especially since the
+measures adopted for the many must necessarily benefit the few.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>National Character Essential to the Successful Regeneration of Africa</h4>
+
+<p>Africa, to become regenerated, must have a national character, and her
+position among the existing nations of the earth will depend mainly upon
+the high standard she may gain compared with them in all her relations,
+morally, religiously, socially, politically, and commercially.</p>
+
+<p>I have determined to leave to my children the inheritance of a country,
+the possession of territorial domain, the blessings of a national
+education, and the indisputable right of self-government; that they may
+not succeed to the servility and degradation bequeathed to us by our
+fathers. If we have not been born to fortunes, we should impart the
+seeds which shall germinate and give birth to fortunes for them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2>
+
+<h3>TO DIRECT LEGITIMATE COMMERCE</h3>
+
+
+<h4>First Steps in Political Economy</h4>
+
+<p>As the first great national step in political economy, the selection and
+security of a location to direct and command commerce legitimately
+carried on, as an export and import metropolis, is essentially
+necessary. The facilities for a metropolis should be adequate&mdash;a rich,
+fertile, and productive country surrounding it, with some great staple
+(which the world requires as a commodity) of exportation. A convenient
+harbor as an outlet and inlet, and natural facilities for improvement,
+are among the necessary requirements for such a location.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Basis of a Great Nation&mdash;National Wealth</h4>
+
+<p>The basis of great nationality depends upon three elementary principles:
+first, territory; second, population; third, a great staple production
+either natural or artificial, or both, as a permanent source of wealth;
+and Africa comprises these to an almost unlimited extent. The continent
+is five thousand miles from Cape Bon (north) to the Cape of Good Hope
+(south), and four thousand at its greatest breadth, from Cape<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Guardifui
+(east) to Cape de Verde (west), with an average breadth of two thousand
+five hundred miles, any three thousand of which within the tropics north
+and south, including the entire longitude, will produce the staple
+cotton, also sugar cane, coffee, rice, and all the tropical staples,
+with two hundred millions of <i>natives</i> as an industrial element to work
+this immense domain. The world is challenged to produce the semblance of
+a parallel to this. It has no rival in fact.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Advantageous Location</h4>
+
+<p>Lagos, at the mouth of the Ogun river in the Bight of Benin, Gulf of
+Guinea, 6 deg. 31 min. west coast of Africa, 120 miles north-west of the
+Nun (one of the mouths of the great river Niger) is the place of our
+location. This was once the greatest slave-trading post on the west
+coast of Africa, and in possession of the Portuguese&mdash;the slavers
+entering Ako Bay, at the mouth of the Ogun river, lying quite inland,
+covered behind the island till a favorable opportunity ensued to escape
+with their cargoes of human beings for America. Wydah, the great
+slave-port of Dahomi, is but 70 or 80 miles west of Lagos. This city is
+most favorably located at the mouth of a river which during eight months
+in the year is a great thoroughfare for native produce, which is now
+brought down and carried up by native canoes and boats, and quite
+navigable up to Aro the port of Abbeokuta, a distance of eighty or a
+hundred miles, for light-draught steamers, such as at no distant day we
+shall have there. Ako Bay is an arm of the gulf, extending quite inland
+for three and a half miles, where it spreads out into a great sea,
+extending north ten to fifteen miles, taking a curve east and south,
+passing on in a narrow strip for two or three hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> miles, till it
+joins the Niger at the mouth of the Nun. It is the real harbor of Lagos,
+and navigable for light-draught vessels, as the Baltimore clippers and
+all other such slavers, formerly put into it; and Her Majesty's
+war-steamer Medusa has been in, and H. M.'s cruiser Brun lies
+continually in the bay opposite the Consulate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Metropolis</h4>
+
+<p>This is the great outlet of the rich valley of the Niger by land, and
+the only point of the ocean upon which the intelligent and advanced
+Yorubas are settled. The commerce of this part is very great, being now
+estimated at ten million pounds sterling. Besides all the rich products,
+as enumerated in another section, palm oil<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and ivory are among the
+great staple products of this rich country. But as every nation, to be
+potent must have some great source of wealth&mdash;which if not natural must
+be artificial&mdash;so Africa has that without which the workshops of Great
+Britain would become deserted, and the general commerce of the world
+materially reduced; and Lagos must not only become the outlet and point
+at which all this commodity must centre, but the great metropolis of
+this quarter of the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Trade of Lagos</h4>
+
+<p>The trade of this port now amounts to more than two millions of pounds
+sterling, or ten millions of dollars, there having been at times as many
+as sixty vessels in the roadstead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The merchants and business men of Lagos are principally native black
+gentlemen, there being but ten white houses in the place&mdash;English,
+German, French, Portuguese, and Sardinian&mdash;and all of the clerks are
+native blacks.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Harbor Improvements</h4>
+
+<p>Buoys in the roadstead, lighthouses (two) and wharf improvements at the
+city in the bay, with steam-tugs or tenders to tow vessels over the Ogun
+bar-mouth or inlet, are all that we require to make Lagos a desirable
+seaport, with one of the safest harbors in the world for light-draught
+vessels.</p>
+
+<p>The fish in these waters are very fine, and Ako is one of the finest
+natural oyster bays in the world. The shell-fish are generally of good
+size, frequently large, and finely flavored.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Religious and Philanthropic means</h4>
+
+<p>As a religious means, such a position must most largely contribute, by
+not only giving security to the Missionary cause, but by the actual
+infusion of a religious social element permanently among the natives of
+the country; and as a philanthropic, by a permanent check to the
+slave-trade, and also by its reflex influence on American slavery&mdash;not
+only thus far cutting off the supply, but, also by superseding slavery
+in the growth and supply of those articles which comprise its great
+staple and source of wealth&mdash;thereby tendering slave labor <i>unprofitable
+and worthless</i>, as the succeeding section will show.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Stopping the Slave Trade</h4>
+
+<p>As to the possibility of putting a stop to the slave-trade, I have only
+to say, that we do not leave America and go to Africa to be passive
+spectators of such a policy as traffic in the flesh and blood of our
+kindred, nor any other species of the human race&mdash;more we might
+say&mdash;that we will not live there and permit it. "<i>Self-preservation</i> is
+the first law of nature," and we go to Africa to be <i>self-sustaining</i>;
+otherwise we have no business there, or anywhere else, in my opinion. We
+will bide our time; <i>but the Slave-trade shall not continue!</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>Means of Doing It</h4>
+
+<p>Another important point of attention: that is, the slave-trade ceases in
+Africa, wherever enlightened Christian civilization gains an influence.
+And as to the strength and power necessary, we have only to add, that
+Liberia, with a coast frontier of seven hundred miles, and a sparse
+population, which at the present only numbers fifteen thousand settlers,
+has been effective in putting a stop to that infamous traffic along her
+entire coast. And I here record with pleasure, and state what I know to
+be the fact, and but simple justice to as noble-hearted antagonists to
+slavery as live, that the Liberians are uncompromising in their
+opposition to oppression and the enslavement of their race, or any other
+part of the human family. I speak of them as a nation or people and
+ignore entirely their Iscariots, if any there be. What they have
+accomplished with less means, we, by the help of Providence, may
+reasonably expect to effect with more&mdash;what they did with little, we may
+do with much. And I speak with confidence when I assert, that if we in
+this new position but do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> and act as we are fondly looked to and
+expected&mdash;as I most fondly hope and pray God that, by a prudent,
+discretionate and well-directed course, dependant upon Him, we may, nay,
+I am certain we will do&mdash;I am sure that there is nothing that may be
+required to aid in the prosecution and accomplishment of this important
+and long-desired end, that may not be obtained from the greatest and
+most potent Christian people and nation that ever graced the world.
+There is no aid that might be wanted, which may not be obtained through
+a responsible, just, and equitable negotiation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Subsidizing the King of Dahomi</h4>
+
+<p>There is some talk by Christians and philanthropists in Great Britain of
+subsidizing the King of Dahomi. I hope for the sake of humanity, our
+race, and the cause of progressive civilization, this most injurious
+measure of compensation for wrong, never will be resorted to nor
+attempted.</p>
+
+<p>To make such an offering just at a time when we are about to establish a
+policy of self-regeneration in Africa, which may, by example and
+precept, effectually check forever the nefarious system, and reform the
+character of these people, would be to offer inducements to that monster
+to continue, and a license to other petty chiefs to commence the traffic
+in human beings, to get a reward of subsidy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>COTTON STAPLE</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Natural Elements to Produce Cotton</h4>
+
+<p>Cotton grows profusely in all this part of Africa, and is not only
+produced naturally, but extensively cultivated throughout the Yoruba
+country. The soil, climate, and the people are the three natural
+elements combined to produce this indispensible commodity, and with
+these three natural agencies, no other part of the world can compete.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Africans the Only Reliable Producers</h4>
+
+<p>In India there is a difficulty and great expense and outlay of capital
+required to obtain it. In Australia it is an experiment; and though it
+may eventually be obtained, it must also involve an immense outlay of
+capital, and a long time before an adequate supply can be had, as it
+must be admitted, however reluctantly by those desirous it should be
+otherwise, that the African, as has been justly said by a Manchester
+merchant, has in all ages, in all parts of the world, been sought to
+raise cotton wherever it has been produced.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Serious Contingencies and Uncertainty in American Cotton Supply</h4>
+
+<p>In America there are several serious contingencies which must always
+render a supply of cotton from that quarter problematical and doubtful,
+and always expensive and subject to sudden, unexpected and unjust
+advances in prices. In the first place, the land is purchased at large
+prices; secondly, the people to work it; thirdly, the expense of
+supporting the people, with the contingencies of sickness and death;
+fourthly, the uncertainty of climate and contingencies of frost, and a
+backward season and consequent late or unmatured crop; fifthly,
+insubordination on the part of the slaves, which is not improbable at
+any time; sixthly, suspension of friendly relations between the United
+States and Great Britain; and lastly, a rupture between the American
+States themselves, which I think no one will be disposed now to consider
+impossible. All, or any of these circumstances combined, render it
+impossible for America to compete with Africa in the growth and sale of
+cotton, for the following reasons:</p>
+
+
+<h4>Superior Advantages of Africa over All Other Countries in the Production
+of Cotton</h4>
+
+<p>Firstly, landed tenure in Africa is free, the occupant selecting as much
+as he can cultivate, holding it so long as he uses it, but cannot convey
+it to another; secondly, the people all being free, can be hired at a
+price less than the <i>interest</i> of the capital invested in land and
+people to work it&mdash;they finding their own food, which is the custom of
+the country; thirdly, there are no contingencies of frost or irregular
+weather to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> mar or blight the crop; and fourthly, we have two regular
+crops a year, or rather one continuous crop, as while the trees are full
+of pods of ripe cotton, they are at the same time blooming with fresh
+flowers. And African cotton is planted only every seven years, whilst
+the American is replanted every season. Lastly, the average product per
+acre on the best Mississippi and Louisiana cotton plantations in
+America, is three hundred and fifty pounds; the average per acre in
+Africa, a hundred per cent more, or seven hundred pounds. As the African
+soil produces two crops a year to one in America, then we in Africa
+produce fourteen hundred pounds to three hundred and fifty in America;
+the cost of labor a hand being one dollar or four shillings a day to
+produce it; whilst in Africa at present it is nine hundred per cent
+less, being only ten cents or five pence a day for adult labor. At this
+price the native lives better on the abundance of produce in the
+country, and has more money left at the end of a week than the European
+or free American laborer at one dollar a day.</p>
+
+<p>Cotton, as before stated, is the great commodity of the world, entering
+intimately into, being incorporated with almost every kind of fabric of
+wearing apparel. All kinds of woollen goods&mdash;cloths, flannels, alpacas,
+merinoes, and even silks, linen, nankin, ginghams, calicoes, muslins,
+cordages, ship-sails, carpeting, hats, hose, gloves, threads, waddings,
+paddings, tickings, every description of book and newspaper, writing
+paper, candle wicks, and what not, all depend upon the article cotton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Importance of the African Race in the Social and Political Relations of
+the World</h4>
+
+<p>By this it will be seen and admitted that the African occupies a much
+more important place in the social and political element of the world
+than that which has heretofore been assigned him&mdash;holding the balance of
+commercial power, the source of the wealth of nations in his hands. This
+is indisputably true&mdash;undeniable, that cotton cannot be produced without
+negro labor and skill in raising it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The African Race Sustains Great Britain</h4>
+
+<p>Great Britain alone has directly engaged in the manufacture of pure
+fabrics from the raw material, five millions of persons; two-thirds more
+of the population depend upon this commodity indirectly for a
+livelihood. The population (I include in this calculation Ireland) being
+estimated at 30,000,000, we have then 25,000,000 of people, or
+five-sixths of the population of this great nation, depending upon the
+article cotton alone for subsistence, and the black man is the producer
+of the raw material, and the source from whence it comes. What an
+important fact to impart to the heretofore despised and under-rated
+negro race, to say nothing of all the other great nations of Europe, as
+France, for instance, with her extensive manufactures of muslin
+delaines&mdash;which simply mean <i>cotton and wool</i>&mdash;more or less engaged in
+the manufacture and consumption of cotton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>The Negro Race Sustains the Whites&mdash;Able to Sustain Themselves</h4>
+
+<p>If the negro race&mdash;as slaves&mdash;can produce cotton as an <i>exotic</i> in
+foreign climes to enrich white men who oppress them, they can, they
+must, they will, they shall, produce it as an <i>indigene</i> in their
+own-loved native Africa to enrich themselves, and regenerate their race;
+if a faithful reliance upon the beneficence and promise of God, and an
+humble submission to his will, as the feeble instruments in his hands
+through which the work is commenced, shall be available to this end.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Home Trade</h4>
+
+<p>The Liberians must as a policy as much as possible patronise home
+manufactured, and home produced articles. Instead of using foreign, they
+should prefer their own sugar, molasses, and coffee, which is equal to
+that produced in any other country, and if not, it is the only way to
+encourage the farmers and manufacturers to improve them. The coffee of
+Liberia, is equal to any in the world, and I have drunk some of the
+native article, superior in strength and flavor to Java or Mocca, and I
+rather solicit competition in judgment of the article of coffee. And
+singular as it may appear, they are even supplied from abroad with
+spices and condiments, although their own country as also all Africa, is
+prolific in the production of all other articles, as allspice, ginger,
+pepper black and red, mustard and everything else.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Coast Trade</h4>
+
+<p>They must also turn their attention to supplying the Coast settlements
+with sugar and molasses, and everything else of their own production
+which may be in demand. Lagos and the Missionary stations in the
+interior, now consume much of these articles, the greater part of
+which&mdash;sugar and molasses&mdash;are imported from England and America. This
+trade they might secure in a short time without successful competition,
+because many of the Liberia merchants now own vessels, and the firm of
+Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, own a fine little coasting steamer, and soon
+they will be able to undersell the foreigners; whilst at present their
+trade of these articles in America is a mere <i>favor</i> through the
+benevolence of some good hearted gentlemen, personal <i>friends</i> of
+theirs, who receive and dispose of them&mdash;sugar and molasses&mdash;at a price
+much above the market value, to encourage them. This can only last while
+these friends continue, when it must then cease. To succeed as a state
+or nation, we must become self-reliant, and thereby able to create our
+own ways and means; and a trade created <i>in</i> Africa <i>by</i> civilized
+Africans, would be a national rock of "everlasting ages."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Domestic Trade, Corn Meal, Guinea Corn and Yam Flour</h4>
+
+<p>The domestic trade among the natives in the interior of our part of
+Africa&mdash;Yoruba&mdash;is very great. Corn meal, Guinea corn flour very fine,
+and a fine flour made of yams is plentiful in every market, and cooked
+food can always be had in great abundance from the women at refreshment
+stands kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> in every town and along the highway every few miles when
+traveling.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Candy</h4>
+
+<p>Molasses candy or "taffy," is carried about and sold by young girls,
+made from the syrup of sugar cane, which does not differ in appearance
+and flavor from that of civilized countries.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Soap</h4>
+
+<p>Hard and soft soap are for sale in every market for domestic uses, made
+from lye by percolation or dripping of water through ashes in large
+earthen vessels or "hoppers."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Coloring and Dying. Making Indigo</h4>
+
+<p>Coloring and dying is carried on very generally, every woman seeming to
+understand it as almost a domestic necessity; also the manufacturing of
+indigo, the favorite and most common color of the country. Red comes
+next to this which is mostly obtained of camwood, another domestic
+employment of the women. Yellow is the next favorite color. Hence, blue,
+red, and yellow may be designated as the colors of Yoruba or Central
+Africa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Weaving and Cloth Manufacturing; Leather</h4>
+
+<p>The manufactory of cotton cloth is carried on quite extensively among
+them; and in a ride of an hour through the city of Illorin we counted
+one hundred and fifty-seven looms in operation in several different
+establishments. Beautiful and excellent leather is also manufactured,
+from which is made sandals, shoes, boots, bridles, saddles,
+harness-caparisons for horses, and other ornaments and uses. They all
+wear clothes of their own manufacture. The inhabitants of Abbeokuta are
+called Egbas, and those of all the other parts of Yoruba are called
+Yorubas&mdash;all speaking the Egba language.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A Fixed Policy for the Blacks, as a Fundamental Necessity</h4>
+
+<p>Our policy must be&mdash;and I hazard nothing in promulging it; nay, without
+this design and feeling, there would be a great deficiency of
+self-respect, pride of race, and love of country, and we might never
+expect to challenge the respect of nations&mdash;<i>Africa for the African race
+and black men to rule them</i>. By black men I mean, men of African descent
+who claim an identity with the race.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Internal Medium of Communication. Navigable Rivers</h4>
+
+<p>So contrary to old geographical notions, Africa abounds with handsome
+navigable rivers, which during six or eight months in the year, would
+carry steamers suitably built. Of such are the Gallinos, St. Paul, Junk,
+and Kavalla of Liberia;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> the Ogun, Ossa, the great Niger and others of
+and contiguous to Yoruba; the Gambia, Senegambia, Orange, Zambisi and
+others of other parts. The Kavalla is a beautiful stream which for one
+hundred miles is scarcely inferior to the Hudson of New York, in any
+particular; and all of them equal the rivers of the Southern States of
+America generally which pour out by steamers the rich wealth of the
+planting States into the Mississippi. With such prospects as these; with
+such a people as the Yorubas and other of the best type, as a
+constituent industrial, social, and political element upon which to
+establish a national edifice, what is there to prevent success? Nothing
+in the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Native Government</h4>
+
+<p>The Governments in this part are generally Patriarchial, the Kings being
+elective from ancient Royal families by the Council of Elders, which
+consists of men chosen for life by the people, for their age, wisdom,
+experience, and service among them. They are a deliberative body, and
+all cases of great importance; of state, life and death, must be brought
+before them. The King as well as either of themselves, is subject to
+trial and punishment for misdemeanor in office, before the Council of
+Elders.</p>
+
+<p>Lagos is the place of the family residence of that excellent gentleman,
+Aji, or the Rev. Samuel Crowther, the native Missionary; and also his
+son-in-law Rev. T. B. Macaulay, who has an excellent school, assisted by
+his wife an educated native lady.</p>
+
+<p>"Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her
+hands unto God."&mdash;Ps. lxviii. 31. With the fullest reliance upon this
+blessed promise, I humbly go for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>ward in&mdash;I may repeat&mdash;the grandest
+prospect for the regeneration of a people that ever was presented in the
+history of the world. The disease has long since been known; we have
+found and shall apply the remedy. I am indebted to Rev. H. H. Garnet, an
+eminent black clergyman and scholar, for the construction, that "soon,"
+in the Scriptural passage quoted, "has reference to the period ensuing
+<i>from the time of beginning</i>." With faith in the promise, and hope from
+this version, surely there is nothing to doubt or fear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>SUCCESS IN GREAT BRITAIN</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Departure from Africa and Arrival in England</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Campbell and myself left Lagos on the 10th of April, per the British
+Royal Mail steam-ship Athenian, commander Lowrie, arriving in Liverpool
+May 12th, and in London on the 16th, having spent four days in the
+former place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>First Meeting</h4>
+
+<p>On Thursday, the 17th, by a note of invitation, we met a number of
+noblemen and gentlemen, interested in the progress of African
+Regeneration, in the parlour of Dr. Hodgkin, F.R.G.S., among whom were
+the Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Chairman; Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Hon.
+Mr. Ashley, brother of the Earl of Shaftesbury; Colonel Walker; Charles
+Buxton, Esq., M.P.; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, A.B.; Rev. Samuel Minton,
+M.A.; Dr. Hodgkin, and others. By request of the noble chairman, I made
+a statement of our Mission to Africa, imparting to the first of their
+knowledge, our true position as independent of all other societies and
+organizations then in existence. Mr. Campbell also made some remarks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Origin of the African Aid Society</h4>
+
+<p>Many subsequent meetings were held in various places, private and
+public, several of which were presided over by the Lord Alfred S.
+Churchill and Rt. Hon. Lord Calthorpe, at which I and Mr. Campbell both
+spoke; when in June an invitation was received by each of us from the
+"Committee of the National Club," to attend a "Company," on "Wednesday
+evening, June 27th, 1860, when information will be given on the
+Condition and Prospects of the African Race." The invitation (being the
+same as sent to all other persons) went on to state that, "Among others,
+Dr. Delany, of Canada West, and R. Campbell Esq., of Philadelphia,
+gentlemen of color, lately returned from an exploring tour in Central
+Africa, will take part in the proceedings."</p>
+
+<p>This was the first great effective move in aid of our cause, though all
+other previous meetings were preliminary to it. At this, as at previous
+meetings, a full and thorough statement was made of our mission, several
+gentlemen taking part in the discussion.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently the following note was received&mdash;Mr. Campbell receiving a
+similar one&mdash;with the accompanying circular, referred to as the
+"enclosed paper":&mdash;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">African Aid Society, 7, Adams Street, Strand, W.C.,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">July 14th, 1860</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;The Provisional Committee of the above-named Society will
+feel obliged if you will kindly attend a meeting to be held at the
+Caledonian Hotel, Robert Street, Adelphi Terrace, on Thursday next,
+July 19th, to consider the enclosed paper, and to decide on a
+further course of action. Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., will take
+the chair at half-past two o'clock.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Dr. Delany.</span>       <span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 14em;">William Cardwell</span>, Hon. Sec.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>At a meeting held at 7, Adams Street, on July 6th, 1860 (arising out of
+the proceedings of a <i>soiree</i>, which took place at the National Club, on
+the 27th of the previous month, when the subject of the "Condition and
+Prospects of the African Race" was discussed) present, Lord Alfred
+Churchill, M.P. in the chair; Lord Calthorpe; Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart;
+Joseph Ferguson, Esq., late M.P. for Carlisle; Rev. Mesac Thomas,
+Secretary of the Colonial Church and School Society; Rev. J. Davis; Rev.
+Samuel Minton, Minister of Percy Chapel; J. Lyons Macleod, Esq., late H.
+B. M.'s Consul at Mozambique; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, Claylands Chapel;
+and Rev. W Cardall, the following resolutions were unanimously passed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I. That it is desirable to form a Society, to be designated the
+'African Aid Society.' II. That the noblemen now present be a
+Provisional Committee of such Society, with power to add to their
+number; and that Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., be requested to be
+Chairman. III. That Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart., J. Lyons Macleod,
+Esq., the Rev. S. Minton, and the Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, be a
+Sub-Committee to prepare a draft statement of the proposed objects
+of the Society, and rules for its government.</p></div>
+
+<p>At a subsequent meeting of the Committee, on a report of the
+Sub-Committee, the statement of objects and rules was adopted, which is
+given above.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>What Black Men Want</h4>
+
+<p>The contents of this paper had been fully and fairly discussed at a
+previous meeting to which myself and colleague were honored with an
+invitation, when I then and there, fully, openly, and candidly stated to
+the noblemen and gentlemen present what was desired and what we did not;
+that we desired to be dealt with as men, and not children. That we did
+not desire gratuities as such in the apportioning of their
+benevolence&mdash;nothing eleemosynary but means <i>loaned</i> to our people upon
+their <i>personal obligations, to be paid in produce or otherwise</i>. That
+we did not approve of <i>restriction</i> as to <i>where</i> such persons went (so
+that it was to some country where the population was mainly colored, as
+that was our policy) letting each choose and decide <i>for himself</i>, that
+which was <i>best for him</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Primary Objects of the African Aid Society</h4>
+
+<p>To these sentiments the noblemen and gentlemen all cordially and
+heartily agreed, establishing their society, as we understand it,
+expressly to aid the <i>voluntary</i> emigration of colored people from
+America in general, and our movement as originated by colored people in
+particular. Indeed I here now say, as I did then and there, that I would
+give nothing for it, were it not a self-reliant project originating with
+ourselves. The following completes the doings of the gentlemen in
+London. I should have remarked, that at many of these meetings,
+especially that at White Hall on the 27th day of June, and that of the
+19th July, and the preliminary ones above referred to, the respected
+president of our Council, Wm. Howard Day, Esq., M.A., was present. For
+some of the important preliminary meetings, he and Rev. D'Arcy Irvine
+kindly made arrangements.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AFRICAN_AID_SOCIETY" id="AFRICAN_AID_SOCIETY"></a>AFRICAN AID SOCIETY</h2>
+
+<h4>7,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> ADAMS STREET, STRAND, W. C., LONDON</h4>
+
+
+<h3>PRESIDENT</h3>
+
+<h3>VICE-PRESIDENTS</h3>
+
+<p>*The Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe.</p>
+
+<p>The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COUNCIL</h3>
+
+<p>*The Lord Alfred Churchill, <span class="smcap">m.p., f.r.g.s.</span>, Chairman of the Executive
+Committee</p>
+
+<p>Ashley, Hon. Wm., St. James's Palace.</p>
+
+<p>Bagnall, Thomas, Esq., <span class="smcap">j.p.</span>, Great Barr, near Birmingham</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Rev. J. Baldwin, <span class="smcap">b.a.</span>, 150, Albany Street.</p>
+
+<p>Dunlop, Hy., Esq., Craigton, Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>*Eardley, Sir C. E., Bart., <span class="smcap">f.r.g.s.</span>, Bedwell Park.</p>
+
+<p>Ferguson, Joseph, Esq., late <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> for Carlisle.</p>
+
+<p>*Seymour, H. Danby, Esq., <span class="smcap">m.p., f.r.g.s.</span></p>
+
+<p>Bullock, Edward, Esq., Handsworth, near Birmingham</p>
+
+<p>*Cardall, Rev. Wm., <span class="smcap">m.a.</span>, Sec., of the Evangelical Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>Clegg, Thomas, Esq., Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>*Davis, Rev. James, Sec. of the Evangelical Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>Shaw, Dr. Norton, Sec. of the Royal Geographical Society.</p>
+
+<p>Snopp, Rev. C. B., Perry Bar, near Birmingham.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Fowler, R. N., Esq., <span class="smcap">f.r.g.s.</span>, 50, Cornhill.</p>
+
+<p>La Trobe, C. J., Esq., <span class="smcap">f.r.g.s.</span>, late Governor of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>La Trobe, Rev. P., Sec. of the Moravian Missions.</p>
+
+<p>Lecke, Rear Admiral Sir H. J., <span class="smcap">k.c.b.</span>, <span class="smcap">m.p.</span></p>
+
+<p>*M'Arthur, Wm., Esq., Brixton-rise</p>
+
+<p>Macleod, J. Lyons, Esq., <span class="smcap">f.r.g.s.</span> late <span class="smcap">h.b.m.</span>'s Consul at Mozambique
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>*Minton, Rev. Samuel, <span class="smcap">m.a.</span>, Minister of Percy Chapel</p>
+
+<p>Richardson, Jonathan, Esq., <span class="smcap">m.p.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sykes. Col. W.H. r.i'., Vice President of the Royal Geographical
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>*Thomas, Rev. Mesac, <span class="smcap">m.a.</span>, Sec. of the Colonial Church and School
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>Thompson, Geo., Esq., Drixton.</p>
+
+<p>Tidman, Rev. Dr., Sec. Of the London Missionary Society.</p>
+
+<p>Trestrail, Rev. Fred., Sec. of the Baptist Missionary Society.</p>
+
+<p>Wingfield, R. W., Esq., <span class="smcap">j.p.</span>, Birmingham.</p>
+
+<p>William Cardall and J. Lyons Macleod, <i>Hon. Secretaries</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Those marked thus (*) constitute the Executive Committee.</b></p>
+
+
+<h4>STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND RULES</h4>
+
+<p>I. That the name of the Society be the "African Aid Society."</p>
+
+<p>II. That its chief objects shall be to develop the material resources of
+Africa, Madagascar, and the adjacent Islands; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> to promote the
+Christian civilization of the African races; as by these means the
+Society believes that the annihilation of the Slave Trade will
+ultimately be accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>III. That for the attainment of these objects it will strive to employ
+the following and other suitable means:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Encourage the production of cotton, silk, indigo, sugar, palm
+oil, &amp;c., by the introduction of skilled labor, African or
+European, into those parts of the earth which are inhabited by the
+African race.</p>
+
+<p>2. Assist, by loans or otherwise, Africans willing to emigrate from
+Canada and other parts to our West Indian Colonies, Liberia, Natal,
+and Africa generally, or to any countries that may offer a suitable
+field of labor.</p>
+
+<p>3. Form Industrial Missions in harmony, where practicable, with the
+agency already established for the extension of Christianity in
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p>4. Supply (as occasion may require) suitable Mechanical and
+Agricultural Implements for the use of the same.</p>
+
+<p>5. Procure samples of every kind of native produce, for the purpose
+of submitting the same to the mercantile and manufacturing
+communities of this country, with a view to the promotion of
+legitimate commerce.</p>
+
+<p>6. Encourage and assist exploring expeditions into the interior of
+Africa and Madagascar.</p></div>
+
+<p>IV. That Subscribers of not less than Half a Guinea annually be Members
+of this Society, during the continuance of their subscriptions; that the
+subscriptions be payable in advance, and be considered due at the
+commencement of each year; that Donors of Ten Guineas and Collectors of
+Twenty Guineas be Life Members.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>V. That the management of the Society be vested in a Patron,
+Vice-Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, and a Council consisting of
+not less than Twenty Members.</p>
+
+<p>VI. That a general Meeting of the Members of the Society be held in
+London in the spring of each year, when the financial statement shall be
+presented, and the Council elected for the year ensuing, who shall
+appoint an Executive Committee to conduct the business of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>VII. That the Honorary and Corresponding Members may be nominated by the
+Council.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. That any funded property of the Society be invested in the names
+of three Trustees, to be chosen by the Council, and that all orders for
+payments on account of the Society be signed by two Members of the
+Executive Committee and the Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>IX. That the accounts of the Society be audited annually by a
+professional auditor, to be chosen by the General Meeting.</p>
+
+<p>X. That the Council shall have power to appoint such officers and
+assistants as they shall deem necessary for the efficient conduct of the
+affairs of the Society, subject to the approval of the next Annual
+Meeting.</p>
+
+<p>XI. That the Council shall have power to convene Special General
+Meetings of the Members of the Society when necessary.</p>
+
+<p>XII. That no alteration shall be effected in the con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>stitution of the
+Society, except at the Annual Meeting, or at a Special General Meeting
+convened for the purpose on the requisition of Twenty Members.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In furtherance of the objects of this Society, the Executive Committee,
+with the generous aid of friends to this movement, have already assisted
+Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell (two colored gentlemen from America)
+with funds to enable them to continue their labors and to lay before the
+colored people of America the reports of the Pioneer Exploration
+Expedition into Abbeokuta, in West Africa, from which they have lately
+returned.</p>
+
+<p>A correspondence has already been opened with Jamaica, Lagos in West
+Africa, Natal, the United States of America, and "The Fugitive-Aid
+Society"&mdash;which for the last <i>ten years</i> has been receiving and
+instructing fugitive Africans in agricultural and other pursuits on the
+Elgin settlement&mdash;at Buxton, Canada West.</p>
+
+<p>The assistance of all friends to Christianity, Freedom, and lawful
+Commerce, as opposed to the Slave Trade and Slavery, is earnestly
+solicited.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<h3>
+"<span class="smcap">Cotton Is KING! In America</span>"<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Cotton Is BREAD! In England</span>"<br />
+</h3>
+
+<p>The free colored people of America are said to be looking forward to
+their ultimate removal from the United States, and are anxiously seeking
+for locations suitable for their final settlement in Africa or other
+intertropical regions; where they may obtain that freedom which is the
+inherent right of man, and by their industry acquire adequate
+independence.</p>
+
+<p>The African Aid Society has been formed to assist this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> movement, and to
+annihilate the slave trade, by encouraging the development of the
+resources of those countries inhabited by the African races generally,
+as well as to cause African free labor to supersede African slavery and
+degradation.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada West no less than 45,000 colored persons, flying from slavery,
+have now taken refuge; willing to meet the rigors of the climate, so
+that they are assured of personal freedom under the aegis of the British
+flag. From the enactments lately made in some States of the Union, for
+the purpose of compelling all the free people of color either to leave
+the country or to be again reduced to a state of slavery, a considerable
+addition will, no doubt, shortly be made to the number of those who have
+already found their way to Canada; while, from physical causes, Canada
+can be looked upon by the colored only as a "<span class="smcap">City of Refuge</span>."</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain has for half a century been employing physical force for
+the suppression of the slave trade, which after the expenditure of
+upwards of forty millions sterling, and the noble sacrifice of the lives
+of some of the best and bravest of her sons, still exists. It is but
+just to state that the exportation of slaves from Africa has been
+reduced from 150,000 to 50,000 per annum, by the persevering effort of
+those who are opposed to a traffic disgraceful to Christianity.</p>
+
+<p>Is the ultimate object of those who are opposed to this traffic its
+suppression or its annihilation? The annihilation of the slave trade and
+slavery in Africa was unquestionably the aim of the philanthropists who
+originated this great movement.</p>
+
+<p>The experience of half a century has proved that physical force cannot
+destroy the traffic while there is a demand for slave labor. Diplomacy
+must be baffled in its well-intentioned efforts to oppose this traffic
+while the profits for carrying each slave from the continent of Africa
+to the island of Cuba amount to the enormous return of fourteen hundred
+percent.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is a well-attested fact, that the same quality of cotton may be
+obtained from Africa for twenty millions of money for which Great
+Britain pays the slaveholders in America thirty millions per annum. If
+cotton can be sold in the Liverpool market at anything less than 4&frac34;d.
+per lb., the slaveholders in America will cease to grow what, under
+altered circumstances, would be unprofitable. Cotton of middling quality
+(which is in the greatest demand) may be obtained in West and Eastern
+Africa at 4d. per lb.; and, already, cotton from Western Africa
+(Liberia) has been sent to Liverpool, there re-shipped, and sold at
+Boston, in the United States, at a less cost than cotton of a similar
+quality could be supplied from the Southern States of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The Executive Committee feel assured that the peaceful means adopted by
+this society for the Christian civilization of the African races require
+only the advocacy of <i>Christian Ministers</i> and the <i>Press</i> generally to
+be responded to by the people of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The horrors of the slave trade, as perpetrated on the continent of
+Africa and during the middle passage, can only be put an end to by the
+establishment of a lawful and a lucrative, a powerful and a permanent,
+trade between this country and Africa; which will have the effect of
+destroying the slave trade, spreading the Gospel of Christ, and
+civilizing the African races. For this purpose the support of the
+mercantile class is earnestly solicited for a movement which&mdash;commenced
+by the colored people of America flying from oppression&mdash;bids fair to
+open new cotton fields for the supply of British industry, and new
+markets for our commerce, realizing the sublime promise of Scripture,
+"Cast thy bread upon the waters, and after many days it shall return
+unto thee."</p>
+
+<p>Alarmists point to the sparks in the cotton fields of America, while
+thoughtful men reflect that the commercial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> prosperity of this great
+country hangs upon a thread of cotton, which a blight of the plant, an
+insurrection among the slaves, an untimely frost, or an increased demand
+in the Northern States of the Union, might destroy; bringing to
+Lancashire first, and then to the whole kingdom, a return of the Irish
+famine of 1847, which reduced the population of that portion of the
+kingdom from eight to six millions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Southern States of the American Union are following the example of
+the infatuated Louis the Fourteenth of France. As he drove into exile
+thousands of his subjects engaged in manufactures and trade, who sought
+refuge in England and laid the foundation of our manufacturing
+supremacy, so are the Slave States now driving from their confines
+thousands of freed colored men. Where are the exiles to go? The Free
+States are too crowded, and Canada too cold for them. Can we not offer
+them an asylum in Jamaica and other colonies? They are the cream, the
+best of their race; for it is by long-continued industry and economy
+that they have been enabled to purchase their freedom, and joyfully will
+they seize the hand of deliverance which Great Britain holds out to
+them. We only want additional labor; give us that, and we shall very
+soon cultivate our own cotton.&mdash;<i>Slavery Doomed.</i></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Fugitive-Aid Society in Canada</span></h4>
+
+<p>At a meeting held in the Town Hall, Manchester, on the 8th of August
+inst., the following remarks were made by Thomas Clegg, Esq., who
+presided on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman said that they held but one opinion as to the horrors and
+evils of slavery; and he thought that most of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> them believed that one of
+the great benefits which would result from Africans trained in Canada
+being sent to Africa, would be that they could there, for the advantage
+of themselves and their country, grow cotton, sugar, and fifty other
+articles, which we much needed. During his first year's operations in
+getting cotton from Africa, all his efforts only purchased 235 lbs.; but
+in 1858, he got 219,615 lbs.; and he saw from one of the London papers
+of the previous day, that not less than 3,447 bales, or 417,087 lbs.,
+were received from the West Coast during 1860. This rapid increase, in
+the early history of the movement, showed that Africa was the place that
+could grow cotton, and that Africans were the men who ought to grow it.
+(Hear, hear.) There was no part of Africa, of which he had heard, where
+cotton did not grow wild; there was no part of the world, except India,
+perhaps, in which cotton was cultivated, where it was not sought to
+obtain Africans as cultivators. Wild African cotton was worth from 1&frac12;d.
+to 2&frac14;d. a pound more than the wild produce of India; cultivated
+cotton from the West Coast was worth, on an average, as much as New
+Orleans possibly could be. (Hear, hear.) He would undertake that good
+African cotton could be laid down free in Liverpool at 4&frac14;d. per
+pound; that it should be equal to New Orleans; and at this moment such
+cotton was worth probably 6&frac14;d. per pound. (Hear, hear.) He looked
+upon this question as affecting not only the success of missions, but as
+affecting also the eternal welfare of the Africans and the temporal
+welfare of our people.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Heathen and Slave-Trade Horrors</span></h4>
+
+<p>At Lagos, communication between the town and the shipping had been
+suspended for ten days, in consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> of the high surf at the entrance
+of the river and along the beach, and great difficulty was experienced
+in getting off the mails. The war in the interior, between the chiefs of
+Ibadan and Ijaye, continued with unabated fury; the former district is
+said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, and the latter 50,000. Abbeokuta
+had taken side with Ijaye, but at the last battle, which took place on
+the 5th of June, his people are reported to have suffered severely. The
+King of Dahomey was about to make an immense sacrifice of human life to
+the memory of the late King, his father. The <i>West African Herald</i>, of
+the 13th ult., referring to this intention, says: His Majesty Badahung,
+King of Dahomey, is about to make the 'Grand Custom' in honor of the
+late King Gezo. Determined to surpass all former monarchs in the
+magnitude of the ceremonies to be performed on this occasion, Badahung
+has made the most extensive preparations for the celebration of the
+Grand Custom. A great pit has been dug which is to contain human blood
+enough to float a canoe. Two thousand persons will be sacrificed on this
+occasion. The expedition to Abbeokuta is postponed, but the King has
+sent his army to make some excursions at the expense of some weaker
+tribes, and has succeeded in capturing many unfortunate creatures. The
+young people among these prisoners will be sold into slavery, and the
+old persons will be killed at the Grand Custom. Would to God this might
+meet the eyes of some of those philanthropic Englishmen who have some
+feeling for Africa! Oh! for some man of eloquence and influence to point
+out to the people of England the comparative uselessness of their
+expensive squadron out here, and the enormous benefits that must result
+to this country, and ultimately to England herself, morally and
+materially, if she would extend her establishments on this coast! Take
+away two-thirds of your squadron, and spend one-half its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> cost in
+creating more stations on shore, and greatly strengthening your old
+stations.&mdash;<i>The Times</i>, August 13, 1860.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from the <i>Times</i>, August 11, 1860, shows that
+noble hearts across the Atlantic are ready to respond to our call:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Noble Lady</span>&mdash;Miss Cornelia Barbour, a daughter of the Hon. James
+Barbour, of Virginia, formerly Governor of that State, and a Member
+of President J. Q. Adams' Cabinet, has resolved to emancipate her
+numerous slaves, and locate them in a Free State, where they can
+enjoy liberty and (if they will) acquire property.&mdash;<i>New York
+Tribune.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#9755; <i>Contributions to the Funds of this Society
+may be paid to the Chairman, the Hon. Secretary, or to the
+Society's account at the London and Westminster Bank, I, St.
+James's square. P.O. Orders to be made payable to the Honorary
+Secretaries at Charing-cross.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">August</span>, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<p>The subjoined paper has been issued by the African Aid Society, London,
+England, which I give for the benefit of those desirous of going out
+under its auspices, as it will be seen that the Society is determined on
+guarding well against aiding such persons as are objectionable to us,
+and likely to be detrimental to our scheme:</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h3>AFRICAN AID SOCIETY</h3>
+
+<h3>PAPER FOR INTENDING SETTLERS IN AFRICA</h3>
+
+<p>1. Are you desirous to leave &mdash;&mdash; and go to the Land of your
+Forefathers. 2. Name. 3. Age. 4. Married or Single. 5. What
+Children (state ages:) Boys &mdash;&mdash;, aged years; &mdash;&mdash; Girls &mdash;&mdash;, aged
+years. 6. How many of these will you take with you? 7. Of what
+church are you a member? 8. How long have you been so? 9. Can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> you
+read and write? 10. Will you strive to spread the truths of the
+Gospel among the natives? 11. What work are you now doing? 12. What
+other work can you do well? 13. Have you worked on a plantation?
+14. What did you do there? 15. Will you, in the event of the
+African Aid Society sending you and your family to Africa, repay to
+it the sum of &mdash;&mdash; Dollars, as part of the cost of your passage and
+settlement there, &mdash;&mdash; as soon as possible, that the same money may
+assist others to go there also?</p>
+
+<p>N.B.&mdash;It is expected that persons desiring to settle in Africa,
+under the auspices of this society, should obtain Certificates from
+their Minister, and if possible from their Employer, or other
+competent person, as to their respectability, habits, and
+character. These certificates should be attached to this paper.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have every confidence in the sincerity of the Christian gentlemen who
+compose the African Aid Society, and for the information of those who
+are unacquainted with the names of those noblemen and gentlemen, would
+state that the Lord Alfred Churchill is the learned Oriental traveler
+and Christian philanthropist, brother to His Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough and son-in-law of Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Right Hon. Lord
+Calthorpe is the great Christian nobleman who does so much for Churches
+in Great Britain, and member of Her Majesty's Privy Council; Sir Culling
+Eardley Eardley is the great promoter of the Evangelical Alliance;
+George Thompson, Esq., is the distinguished traveler and faithful friend
+of the slave, known in America as a Garrisonian Abolitionist; and J.
+Lyons Macleod, Esq., the indefatigable British Consul who so
+praiseworthily exerted himself, and brought the whole of his official
+power to bear against the slave-trade on the Mozambique Channel. There
+are other gentlemen of great distinc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>tion, whose positions are not
+explained in the council list, and a want of knowledge prevents my
+explaining.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving England for Scotland, I received while at Brighton, the
+following letter, which indicates somewhat the importance of our
+project, and shows, in a measure, the superiority of the people in our
+part of Africa, and what may be expected of them compared with some in
+other parts; and how the Portuguese influence has ruined them. I may
+add, that the writer, Mr. Clarence, is a gentleman of respectability,
+brother-in-law to Edmund Fry, Esq., the distinguished Secretary of the
+London Peace Society. Mr. Clarence has resided in that part of Africa
+for twenty-five years, and was then on a visit to his relatives:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. Delaney:</span> <span style="margin-left: 14em;">Brighton, August 28, 1860</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>&mdash;I am sorry that I am obliged to leave Brighton before
+you deliver your lectures, and as we may not meet again, I thought
+I would write you a few lines just to revive the subject that was
+passing our minds yesterday. I cannot but think, if it were
+practicable for a few thousands, or even hundreds, of your West
+Coast men to come round to the East Coast, that is, to Port Natal,
+an immense amount of good would be derived therefrom; not only in
+assisting to abolish the barbarous customs of our natives in
+showing them that labor is honorable for man, but that the English
+population would appreciate their services and that they would be
+able to get good wages. What we want is constant and reliable
+laborers; not those who come by fits and starts, just to work for a
+month and then be off. They must select their masters, and then
+make an engagement for twelve months; or it might be after a month
+on approval. Good laborers could get fifteen shillings per month,
+and as their services increased in value they would get twenty
+shillings, and their allowance of food, which is always abundant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have thought that some might work their passage down to the Cape
+of Good Hope in some of Her Majesty's Men-of-War, and from there
+they might work their passage in some of the coasting vessels that
+are continually plying backwards and forwards. My farm is only five
+miles from the Port. Should any ever come from your
+representations, direct them to me, and should I not require them
+myself I will give them such information as may lead them to find
+good masters. I have always said that Natal is the key to the
+civilization of South Africa; but, however, there are sometimes two
+keys to a door, and yours on the West, though a little north of the
+Line, may be the other; and, by God's blessing, I trust that the
+nations of the East and West may, before long, meet in Central
+Africa, not in hostile array, as African nations always have done,
+but in the bonds of Christian fellowship. Wishing you every success
+in your enterprize.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Believe me, dear Sir, yours most sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Ralph Clarence</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>&mdash;Mr. Clarence is requesting to be sent some of our industrious
+natives from Western Africa, as he informed me that those in the
+East think it disreputable to work. The term "master" is simply
+English; it means employer. The "fifteen" and "twenty" referred to,
+means shillings sterling.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV</h2>
+
+<h3>COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN SCOTLAND</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Commercial Relations</h4>
+
+<p>I have only to add, as a finality of my doings and mission in Great
+Britain, that in Scotland I fully succeeded in establishing commercial
+relations for traffic in all kinds of native African produce, especially
+cotton, which businesses are to be done directly and immediately between
+us and them, without the intervention or agencies of any society or
+association whatever. The only agencies in the case are to be the
+producers, sellers, and buyers&mdash;the Scottish house dealing with us as
+men, and not children. These arrangements are made to facilitate, and
+give us the assurance of the best encouragement to prosecute vigorously
+commercial enterprises&mdash;especially, as before stated, the cotton
+culture&mdash;the great source of wealth to any people and all civilized
+nations.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Business Integrity</h4>
+
+<p>The British people have the fullest confidence in our integrity to carry
+out these enterprises successfully, and now only await our advent there,
+and commencement to do anything necessary we may desire, or that the
+circumstances justify. Each individual is regarded as a man in these new
+rela<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>tions, and, as such, expected to make his own contracts according
+to business custom, discharging in like manner his individual
+obligations. It must here be expressly understood that there are to be
+nothing but <i>business relations</i> between us, their entire confidence and
+dependence being in the self-reliant, independent transactions of black
+men themselves. We are expected, and will be looked for, to create our
+own ways and means among ourselves as other men do.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Public Endorsement</h4>
+
+<p>As an earnest of the estimate set upon our adventure, I subjoin the
+names of a number of the leading commercial British journals&mdash;the two
+first being English, and all the others Scottish, in the midst of
+manufacturing districts, and all speaking favorably of the project:</p>
+
+<p>The Leeds Mercury, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, the Glasgow Herald,
+the Glasgow Examiner, the Scottish Guardian, the North British Daily
+Mail, the Glasgow Morning Journal, the Mercantile Advertiser, and
+others. (For absence of these notices, see author's prefatory note.)</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">From the Daily Chronicle</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Newcastle-on-Tyne, Monday, September 17th, 1860</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Danger and Safety.</span>&mdash; ... The cotton of the United States affords
+employment to upwards of three millions of people in England, and a
+famine of cotton would be far worse than a famine of bread; the
+deficiency of the latter could be supplied; but the destruction of
+the cotton crop in America would be an evil of unparalleled
+magnitude, and against which we have no present pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>tection....
+From the district of Lagos on the Gold coast, near the kingdom of
+Dahomey, there comes amongst us Dr. Delany with promises of a
+deeply interesting exposition of the prospects of Africa, and the
+probabilities of the civilization and elevation of the black races.
+He is a <i>bona fide</i> descendant of one of the elite families of
+Central Africa, a highly educated gentleman, whose presence at the
+International Statistical Congress was noticed by Lord Brougham,
+and whose remarks in the sanitary section of the Congress upon
+epidemics were characterized by a great knowledge of the topic
+combined with genuine modesty. He is a physician of African blood,
+educated in America, who has revisited the lands of his ancestry,
+and proposes a most reasonable and feasible plan to destroy the
+slave trade, by creating a <i>cordon</i>, or fringe of native
+civilization, through which the kidnappers could not penetrate from
+without, and through which no slaves could be transported from
+within. Dr. Delany is one of the Commissioners sent out by the
+convention of the colored people of Canada and the United States.
+He has recently returned from the Yoruba country, adjoining the
+territory of the King of Dahomey, and desires to elicit a favorable
+consideration for the African Aid Society. His explorations have
+been productive of the most promising results, his fellow blacks
+having everywhere received him with distinguished honors. His
+anecdotes are interesting, and his lectures are illustrated by
+specimens of native produce and manufactures highly curious. Of his
+lectures at Brighton and other places we have read lengthy reports,
+which represent the influence these addresses have produced, and
+which speak in eulogistic terms of Dr. Delany's matter and manner.
+The subject is one of vast importance to England, and we trust that
+we may witness ere long a proper appreciation of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">From the Glasgow Herald</span></h4>
+
+<p>All this betokens a considerable degree of intelligence. The towns
+had their market-places; in one of these, that of Ijaye Dr. Delany
+saw many thousands of persons assembled, and carrying on a busy
+traffic. What a field might thus, in the course of time, be opened
+for European commerce.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">From the Leeds Mercury (England)</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Published by E. Baines, Esq., M.P., and Sons, December 8th, 1860</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elevation Of The Colored Race, And Opening Out Of The Resources Of
+Africa.</span>&mdash;An important movement for opening out the resources of a
+vast portion of the continent of Africa has been made by some of
+the most intelligent colored people of the United States and
+Canada. Having formed a society with this object in view, among
+others, Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell were commissioned to go
+out and explore a considerable portion of Western Africa, near to
+the mouths of the Niger, and not far from the equator. A report of
+this expedition is in progress by Dr. Delany, who is himself so
+fully convinced of the advantages which the rich resources of that
+part of Africa offer, that he has concluded to remove his family
+there immediately. A meeting of the Leeds Anti-Slavery Committee
+was held on Wednesday night, Wm. Scholefield, Esq., in the chair,
+when valuable information was communicated by Dr. Delany and
+William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., from Canada, who is connected with
+this movement.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> The following summary of their remarks will be
+found of deep interest:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Wm. Howard Day, M.A., having been called upon, pointed out the
+necessity for an active anti-slavery organization in this country,
+as was so well expressed by the Chairman, to keep the heart of the
+English people warm upon the subject of human bondage.... By the
+production of cotton slavery began to be a power. So that as the
+cotton interest increased the testimony of the Church decreased.
+Cotton now is three-fifths of the production of the South. So that
+the Hon. Amasa Walker, formerly Republican Secretary of State for
+the State of Massachusetts, at the meeting held in London, August
+1, 1859, and presided over by Lord Brougham, really expressed the
+whole truth when he said&mdash;"While cotton is fourteen cents per pound
+slavery will never end." Now we propose to break the back of this
+monopoly in America by raising in Africa&mdash;in the African's own
+home&mdash;as well as in the West Indies, cotton of the same quality as
+the American, and at a cheaper rate. It had been demonstrated by
+Mr. Clegg, of Manchester, that cotton of superior quality could be
+laid down at Liverpool cheaper from Africa than America. We have
+sent my friend, Dr. Delany, to see what Africa is, and he will tell
+you the results&mdash;so very favorable&mdash;of his exploration. Then we
+feel that we have in Canada the colored men to pioneer the way&mdash;men
+reared among the cotton of the United States, and who have found an
+asylum among us. The bone and sinew is in Africa&mdash;we wish to give
+it direction. We wish thereby to save to England millions of pounds
+by the difference in price between the two cottons; we wish to ward
+off the blow to England which must be felt by four millions of
+people interested in the article to be produced if an untimely
+frost or an insurrection should take place&mdash;and, above all, to lift
+up Africa by means of her own children. After speaking of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>
+organization among the colored people, which sent out Dr. Delany
+and of which Mr. Day is president, he said one of the means to
+secure these ends was the establishment of a press upon a proper
+footing in Canada among the fugitive slaves; and to collect for
+that is now his especial work. It would aid powerfully, it was
+hoped, in another way. Already American prejudice has rolled in
+upon the borders of Canada&mdash;so that schoolhouse doors are closed in
+the faces of colored children, and colored men denied a place upon
+juries merely because of their color. It was with difficulty that
+last year even in Canada they were able to secure the freedom of a
+kidnapped little boy who was being dragged through the province to
+be sold in the slave-mart of St. Louis. In view of all these
+points, hastily presented, he asked the good will and active aid of
+all the friends of liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. M. R. Delany, whose name has become so celebrated in connection
+with the Statistical Congress, was invited to state what he had
+contemplated in going to Africa, and if he would kindly do so, what
+he had discovered there. Dr. Delany first dwelt upon the
+expectation which had been raised in his mind when a young man, and
+in the minds of the colored people of the United States, by the
+beginning of the anti-slavery work there by William Lloyd Garrison
+and his coadjutors. They had found, however, that all the
+anti-slavery people were not of the stamp of Mr. Garrison, who, he
+was proud to say, believed in giving to colored men just the same
+rights and privileges as to others, and that Mr. Garrison's idea
+had not, by the professed friends of the black man, been reduced to
+practice. And finding that self-reliance was the best dependence,
+he and others had struck out a path for themselves. After speaking
+of the convention of colored people, which he and others called in
+1854, to consider this subject of self-help, and of the general
+organization which began then, and in which Mr. Day succeeded him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>
+as president, he said he went to Africa to find a locality suitable
+for a select emigration of colored people; if possible, a large
+cotton-growing region, and with a situation accessible by
+civilization. All this he had found, with, in addition, a
+well-disposed and industrious people. The facts which Dr. Delany
+grouped together as to the climate and soil; as to productions and
+trade; as to the readiness of the people to take hold of these
+higher ideas; and as to the anxiety of the people to have him and
+his party return, were new and thrilling. An interesting
+conversation ensued on the points brought forward, and the
+following minute, moved by Mr. Wilson Armistead, and seconded by
+the Rev. Dr. Brewer, was unanimously passed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>That the thanks of this meeting be tendered to Dr. Delany and Wm.
+Howard Day, Esq., for the valuable information received from them,
+with an ardent desire that their plans for the elevation of their
+race may be crowned with success, and it is the opinion of this
+meeting that they be made materially to hasten the extinction of
+the slave-trade and slavery.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>Character of Commercial Relations</h4>
+
+<p>The commercial relations entered into in Scotland are with the first
+business men in the United Kingdom, among whom are Henry Dunlop, Esq.,
+Ex-Lord Provost of Glasgow, one of the largest proprietors in Scotland;
+Andrew Stevenson, Esq., one of the greatest cotton dealers; and Messrs.
+Crum, Graham &amp; Co., 111 Virginia Place, Glasgow, one of the heaviest
+firms in that part of the old world, which is the house with which I
+have negotiated for an immediate, active and practical prosecution of
+our enterprise, and whose agency in Europe for any or all of our
+produce, may be fully relied on.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> I speak from personal acquaintance
+with these extensively-known, high-standing gentlemen.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Reliable Arrangements</h4>
+
+<p>One of the most important parts of such an adventure as this, is to have
+reliable Foreign Agencies, and these have been fully secured; as whilst
+these gentlemen, as should all business men, deal with us only on
+business terms, yet they have entered into the matter as much as
+Christians and philanthropists, to see truth and right prevail whereby
+humanity may be elevated, as for anything else; because they are already
+wealthy, and had they been seeking after wealth, they certainly could
+and would have sought some more certainly immediate means.</p>
+
+<p>I left Scotland December 3rd, and sailed from Liverpool the 13th via
+Londonderry, arriving at Portland the 25th, the epoch of the Christian
+Era, and in Chatham the 29th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE TIME TO GO TO AFRICA</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Caution against Danger</h4>
+
+<p>The best time for going to Africa is during "the rainy season," which
+commences about the middle or last of April, ending near or about the
+first of November. By going during this period, it will be observed that
+you have no sudden transition from cold to heat, as would be the case
+did you leave in cold weather for that country. But the most favorable
+time to avoid the <i>heavy surf</i> at Lagos, is from the first of October to
+the first of April, when the surges in the roadstead are comparatively
+small and not imminently dangerous. And I here advise and caution all
+persons intending to land there, not to venture over the heavy-rolling
+surf of the bar in one of those native canoes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Safety in Landing</h4>
+
+<p>Yet persons can land with safety at any season of the year; but for this
+there must be a proper boat. Any person going there at present ought not
+to land if the surf is high, without <i>Captain Davies' large sail-boat</i>,
+which is as safe as a tug, and rides the sea like a swan. Send him word
+to send his <i>largest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> boat at the best hour for landing</i>. The Captain is
+a native merchant, and most obliging gentleman.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A Tender</h4>
+
+<p>So soon as we get a Tender (called in America, steam-tug and tow-boat),
+which will be one of the first things done so soon as we get to Lagos,
+landing will be as safe at any and all times there as in the harbor at
+New York or Liverpool. For the information of many intelligent persons
+who are not aware of it, I would state that a pilot or tender has to
+take vessels into both of these great seaports on account of shoal
+water.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>Rainy Season</h4>
+
+<p>The rainy season usually thought by foreigners to be "wet, muddy, and
+disagreeable weather," so far from this, is the most agreeable season of
+the year. Instead of steady rains for several days incessantly, as is
+common during "rainy weather" in the temperate zones, there is seldom or
+never rain during a whole day. But every day to a certainty during this
+season it rains, sometimes by showers at intervals, and sometimes a
+heavy rain for one, two, or three hours at a time&mdash;but seldom so long as
+three hours&mdash;when it clears up beautifully, leaving an almost cloudless
+sky. The rains usually come up very suddenly, and as quickly cease when
+done.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Drizzling Rain, Sudden Showers</h4>
+
+<p>There is seldom or never such a thing in this part of Africa as a
+"drizzling" or mizzling rain, all suddenly coming on and as suddenly
+passing off; and should one be out and see indications of an approaching
+rain, they must hurry to a near shelter, so suddenly does the shower
+come on.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Tornadoes</h4>
+
+<p>Tornadoes are sudden gusts or violent storms of wind and rain, which are
+more or less feared, but which may always be known from other storms on
+their approach, by the blackness of the clouds above, with the <i>segment
+of a circle of lighter cloud</i> just beneath the dark, and above the
+horizon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Summer</h4>
+
+<p>The entire <i>wet</i> season may be justly termed the <i>summer</i> instead of
+"winter," as the old writers have it; and it is observable that at the
+commencement of Spring in the temperate zones (March) vegetation starts
+forth in Africa with renewed vigor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Winter</h4>
+
+<p><i>Winter</i> is during the <i>dry</i> season, and not the "wet," for the above
+reason; and it is also worthy of remark, that during autumn in the
+temperate zone (from October to the last of November) the foliage in
+Africa begins to fade and fall from the trees in large quantities.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Harmattans</h4>
+
+<p>It is during this season that the <i>harmattans</i> prevail, (from two to
+three weeks in December) which consist of a <i>dry cold</i> and <i>not</i> a "dry
+hot" wind as we have been taught; when furniture and wooden-ware <i>dries</i>
+and <i>cracks</i> for want of moisture, and the thermometer frequently rates
+as low as 54 deg. Fahr. in the evening and early in the morning; when
+blankets on the bed will not be out of place, and an evening and morning
+fire may add to your comfort.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVII" id="XVII"></a>XVII</h2>
+
+<h3>CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS</h3>
+
+
+<h4>Native Mariners</h4>
+
+<p>It may not be generally known as a fact, which is of no little
+importance in the industrial economy of Africa, that vessels of every
+class, of all foreign nations, are manned and managed by native
+Africans, so soon as they enter African waters.</p>
+
+<p>The Krumen are the watermen or marines generally of Africa, going in
+companies of greater or less numbers, with one in the lead called
+"headman," who, hiring all the others, makes contracts with a vessel,
+which is met outside of the roadsteads or harbors, to supply a certain
+number of men to manage it during her coasting voyage. They usually
+bring with them the recommendations of all the commanders whose vessels
+they have managed on the coast. These are generally carried in the hat
+to prevent getting wet, and sometimes in calabashes, stopped up like a
+bottle, or in a tin can or case, (when such can be obtained,) suspended
+by a string like a great square medal around the neck.</p>
+
+<p>So expert have these people become in marine affairs, that, with the
+exception of navigation, a vessel at sea might be managed entirely by
+many of those companies of Krumen. Everything that is to be done as the
+common work of seamen, is done by them during their engagement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> on the
+coasting vessels. The agility with which they scale the shrouds and
+rigging, mounting frequently to the very pinnacle of the main-mast head,
+or going out to the extreme end of the yard arms, is truly surprising.
+In these feats, they are far more dextrous than the white civilians.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Fever&mdash;Stages Of</h4>
+
+<p>In cases of real intermittent fever&mdash;fever and ague or chills and
+fever&mdash;there are usually three distinct stages when the attack comes
+on&mdash;on what is usually termed <i>fever day</i>: the <i>cold</i> or shivering
+stage, the <i>hot</i> or burning stage, succeeded by the <i>sweating</i>.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Cold Stage</i></h4>
+
+<p>So soon as there are symptoms of a chill, a cup of quite hot ginger or
+cinnamon tea&mdash;not too strong&mdash;may be taken, the person keeping out of
+the sun, and, if inclined, going to bed and covering warmly. He should
+always undress, putting on a night-shirt or gown, for the convenience of
+changing when required. A hot cup of tea, of any kind, is better than
+nothing, when neither cinnamon nor ginger is convenient.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Kneading or Friction-Bath. Hot Stage</i></h4>
+
+<p>During the hot stage, the person must be kept as cool as possible, and
+when the fever is at its height&mdash;and, indeed, it is well to commence
+long before this&mdash;the entire person, from head to foot, should be
+continually bathed by a free application of cold water, used
+<i>plentifully</i> and <i>frequently changed</i> during the application, with a
+large sponge, napkin, or cloth of some kind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><i>Lime-Bath</i></h4>
+
+<p>An excellent addition to the water is the juice of limes or lemons, and
+<i>less</i> of the first (lime) than the last is required, because of the
+superior strength of the one to the other.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Soda</i></h4>
+
+<p>Soda may also be used in the bath as an adjuvant to the water&mdash;not with
+the lime juice, of course, because they would effervesce or disagree.
+When lime or lemon juice is used, care should be taken, in the use of
+it, that it be not too strong: say, use two lemons, or one and a half
+limes if large, to a pail of water&mdash;as it will produce irritation on all
+of the tender parts of the person, and even over the general surface. A
+lime bath once or twice a week, in the absence of all fever, is said to
+be an excellent hygeian or prophylactic treatment. But, by all means,
+don't neglect the cold water application during the hot stage.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Sweating Stage</i></h4>
+
+<p>So soon as the sweating commences, the patient must have sufficient
+covering to prevent taking cold, which is then very readily done, in
+consequence of the general relaxation of the system and open state of
+the pores. When the sweating ceases, the shirt or gown must be
+immediately taken off, the entire person sponged off in clear lukewarm
+or air-cold water, fresh clean clothes put on, the sheets and wet
+bed-clothes removed by clean ones supplying their places; and in no case
+must a person ever be permitted to keep on the same clothes after the
+sweating stage, as the <i>virus</i> or fever-poison is expelled through the
+medium of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> sweat and pores, and consequently absorbed by the
+clothing. The clothes should be changed <i>every day</i>, whether there be
+perspiration or not.</p>
+
+<h4><i>All the stages</i></h4>
+
+<p>Either of these symptoms is to be treated as advised, independently of
+the other in the order of arrangement.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Fatigue-Clothes&mdash;Caution</h4>
+
+<p>Persons should be careful not to sleep in sweaty clothes, especially
+those in which they have traveled; and they should be cautious not to
+sleep in the same clothes worn on any day, as before but slightly
+alluded to. Clean, unsoiled night-clothes should be put on every
+evening, and those which may be worn again should be well aired and
+sunned during the day.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Colonization&mdash;an Error in Philanthropy</h4>
+
+<p>The Colonization Society has committed a great error in its
+philanthropic arrangements of providing for <i>six months' passiveness</i>
+after going to Africa. The <i>provisions, for those who require them</i>, I
+do not object to, but the <i>passiveness</i> is fatally injurious.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Activity Conducive to Health</h4>
+
+<p>Instead of going to Africa and quietly sitting down in utter idleness,
+in anticipation <i>waiting in anxious expectation for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> fever to
+come</i>&mdash;in which cases the person becomes much more susceptible&mdash;did they
+go directly about some active employment, to keep both mind and body
+properly exercised, I am certain that there would not be one-fourth of
+the mortality that there is even now, which is comparatively little.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Evidences of the Fact</h4>
+
+<p>This will account for the reason that, among the numerous travelers and
+explorers who visit such countries, there is so much less, nay, so
+seldom any mortality from disease, compared with the missionaries, whose
+lives are rather easy and inactive, except the really energetic ones,
+who generally are they who survive. And I have the testimony of my
+friends Professor Crummell of Liberia College, late of Mount Vaughn High
+School, a most industrious, persevering gentleman, and W. Spencer
+Anderson, Esq., the largest sugar and coffee grower in Liberia, also a
+most energetic industrious gentleman&mdash;who corroborate my opinion on this
+important subject. Indeed, the people generally seem to have been long
+conscious of this fact, since among them they have an adage: "The <i>more</i>
+work, the <i>less</i> fever." But no one should infer that it meant that they
+should exercise without regard to care and judgment, with all the
+precautions and observations on health laid down in the preceding pages.
+I return of course, to Africa, with my family.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Shadd was elected Vice-President in the place of Mr.
+Bailey, who left the Province for New Caledonia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> On the 16th day of June, lat. 35 deg. 35 min., long. 38
+deg. 39 min., a very large school (the largest Captain Locke said that
+he had ever seen or read of), probably <i>five hundred</i>, of sperm whales
+made their appearance in the segment of a circle to windward and leeward
+of the vessel about noon, continuing in sight, blowing and spouting,
+filling the air with spray for a long time, to our amusement and
+delight. The captain said, though an old whaler, he had never known of
+sperm whales in that latitude before; and from the immense number, and
+as they were frequently seen as we approached Africa many times on
+different days afterwards, that he thought a new whaling point had been
+discovered. Other whales were also seen frequently in these
+latitudes&mdash;lazy, shy, "old bulls," which floated with their huge backs
+and part of their heads out of water, so as to expose their eyes, when
+they would suddenly disappear and as quickly appear again; but the great
+quantity of <i>squid spawn</i>, the peculiar <i>mollusca</i> upon which the sperm
+whale feeds, made it ominous, according to the opinion of Captain Locke,
+that a great new sperm whale fishery had been discovered, the spawn
+being seen during several days' sail before and after observing the
+great school.
+</p><p>
+<span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;I should not close this part of my report without stating that,
+during the year 1858, Mr. Myers wrote to the Royal Geographical Society,
+London; Thomas Clegg, Esq., Manchester; Dr. Livingstone, and perhaps
+others, all over <i>my name</i> as secretary and himself chairman. The
+letters referred to were written (without my knowledge) by a son of Mr.
+Myers; and I only mention the fact here because I am unwilling to claim
+the honor of the authorship of correspondence carried on through a lad
+of sixteen years of age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This day, August 2, 1861, while revising this Report, the
+thermometer Fahr. stands in the most favorable shade in the town of
+Chatham, Kent county, C. W., 96 deg. (98 is the general test of this
+day) and in the sun 113&mdash;being one degree above <i>fever heat</i>. A fact to
+which my attention was called by an intelligent Liberian&mdash;and which
+science may hereafter account for&mdash;that the nearer the approach to the
+equator, the more moderate is the heat. Has the sun the same effect upon
+the general bulk of the earth that it has upon particular locations&mdash;the
+greater the elevation the cooler&mdash;or is it because of the superior
+velocity of this part, that a <i>current</i> is kept up by its passage
+through the <i>atmosphere</i> surrounding it? It is a settled fact that the
+earth is "elevated at the equator and depressed at the poles," and hills
+are cool, while valleys and plains are hot, because of their peculiar
+property of attracting and reflecting heat.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The "Liberia College" has been fully established since my
+visit there, by the erection of a fine stone edifice, and the choice of
+the Hon. Ex-President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President and Professor of
+Jurisprudence and International Law; Rev. Alexander Crummell, A.B.,
+Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and English Literature;
+Rev. Edward Welmot Blydon, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages and
+Literature. This is a grand stride in the march of African Regeneration
+and Negro Nationality.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> I am happy to learn by advices recently received from
+Liberia, that Monrovia has again been created and organized a City
+Municipality, ex-Judge James Mayor; and I should have named in
+connection with the public spirit of Liberia, three newspapers&mdash;the
+<i>Liberia Herald</i>, <i>Star of Liberia</i>, and <i>Christian Advocate</i>&mdash;the last,
+a religious journal, under the auspices of that excellent Christian
+gentleman, Bishop Burns the Methodist Missionary-Bishop of Liberia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Lagos is an exception to this, the market commencing early
+in the day, and closing at night.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Nine-tenths of all the Palm Oil of commerce goes from this
+point.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Now 8 Adolphi Terrace, Strand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> I have received information from London, that an iron steam
+Tender has already been sent out to Lagos by an English house.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLASSICS_in_BLACK_STUDIES_EDITORIAL_BOARD" id="CLASSICS_in_BLACK_STUDIES_EDITORIAL_BOARD"></a>CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES EDITORIAL BOARD</h2>
+
+
+<h4>Norm R. Allen Jr.</h4>
+
+<h4>Molefi Kete Asante</h4>
+
+<h4>Toyin Falola</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE CONDITION, ELEVATION,<br />
+EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY<br />
+OF THE COLORED PEOPLE<br />
+OF THE UNITED STATES<br />
+<i>and</i> OFFICIAL REPORT<br />
+OF THE NIGER VALLEY<br />
+EXPLORING PARTY<br />
+</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>Martin R. Delany</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY</p>
+
+<h3>Toyin Falola</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+Humanity<br />
+Books<br />
+<br />
+an imprint of Prometheus Books<br />
+59 John Glenn Drive, Amherst, New York 14228-2197<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY ***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 22118-h.txt or 22118-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/1/1/22118">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/1/1/22118</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
+<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.</p>
+
+
+
+<pre>
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a>
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a>
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a>
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/22118-page-images/f028.png b/22118-page-images/f028.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f155b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/f028.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/f029.png b/22118-page-images/f029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67fed68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/f029.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p229.png b/22118-page-images/p229.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e8475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p229.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p230.png b/22118-page-images/p230.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa992a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p230.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p231.png b/22118-page-images/p231.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2693fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p231.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p232.png b/22118-page-images/p232.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..baf8147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p232.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p233.png b/22118-page-images/p233.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f47c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p233.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p234.png b/22118-page-images/p234.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b091961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p234.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p235.png b/22118-page-images/p235.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc58544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p235.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p236.png b/22118-page-images/p236.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28aff82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p236.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p237.png b/22118-page-images/p237.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6abb537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p237.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p238.png b/22118-page-images/p238.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d954c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p238.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p239.png b/22118-page-images/p239.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..207a3e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p239.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p240.png b/22118-page-images/p240.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fa3509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p240.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p241.png b/22118-page-images/p241.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..251deef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p241.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p242.png b/22118-page-images/p242.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad138d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p242.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p243.png b/22118-page-images/p243.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbc9ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p243.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p244.png b/22118-page-images/p244.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e422ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p244.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p245.png b/22118-page-images/p245.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13c1358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p245.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p246.png b/22118-page-images/p246.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e78a135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p246.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p247.png b/22118-page-images/p247.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..635c3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p247.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p248.png b/22118-page-images/p248.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df3aa11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p248.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p249.png b/22118-page-images/p249.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3138eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p249.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p250.png b/22118-page-images/p250.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db226c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p250.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p251.png b/22118-page-images/p251.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f4287a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p251.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p252.png b/22118-page-images/p252.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e68e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p252.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p253.png b/22118-page-images/p253.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7919a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p253.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p254.png b/22118-page-images/p254.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..590b29d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p254.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p255.png b/22118-page-images/p255.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a46ae61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p255.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p256.png b/22118-page-images/p256.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcb5ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p256.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p257.png b/22118-page-images/p257.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..def9ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p257.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p258.png b/22118-page-images/p258.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8b178c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p258.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p259.png b/22118-page-images/p259.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25bac5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p259.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p260.png b/22118-page-images/p260.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a8bdd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p260.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p261.png b/22118-page-images/p261.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41ed136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p261.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p262.png b/22118-page-images/p262.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e36325c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p262.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p263.png b/22118-page-images/p263.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df9df3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p263.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p264.png b/22118-page-images/p264.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..688dafd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p264.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p265.png b/22118-page-images/p265.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f6f0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p265.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p266.png b/22118-page-images/p266.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..372c596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p266.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p267.png b/22118-page-images/p267.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb8dc1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p267.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p268.png b/22118-page-images/p268.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d43e056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p268.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p269.png b/22118-page-images/p269.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8952d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p269.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p270.png b/22118-page-images/p270.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29232bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p270.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p271.png b/22118-page-images/p271.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f711748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p271.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p272.png b/22118-page-images/p272.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53fa885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p272.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p273.png b/22118-page-images/p273.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..085fe04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p273.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p274.png b/22118-page-images/p274.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bcd305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p274.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p275.png b/22118-page-images/p275.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e88a14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p275.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p276.png b/22118-page-images/p276.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b82813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p276.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p277.png b/22118-page-images/p277.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4c4afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p277.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p278.png b/22118-page-images/p278.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2b098d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p278.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p279.png b/22118-page-images/p279.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89a653e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p279.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p280.png b/22118-page-images/p280.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd712fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p280.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p281.png b/22118-page-images/p281.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d13430e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p281.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p282.png b/22118-page-images/p282.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15e47d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p282.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p283.png b/22118-page-images/p283.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa7ada2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p283.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p284.png b/22118-page-images/p284.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9312cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p284.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p285.png b/22118-page-images/p285.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06342b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p285.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p286.png b/22118-page-images/p286.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77f3aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p286.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p287.png b/22118-page-images/p287.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c94c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p287.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p288.png b/22118-page-images/p288.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a95cccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p288.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p289.png b/22118-page-images/p289.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..013a005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p289.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p290.png b/22118-page-images/p290.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75c0c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p290.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p291.png b/22118-page-images/p291.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..211ebbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p291.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p292.png b/22118-page-images/p292.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f946db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p292.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p293.png b/22118-page-images/p293.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a34d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p293.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p294.png b/22118-page-images/p294.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc19ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p294.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p295.png b/22118-page-images/p295.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcb535f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p295.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p296.png b/22118-page-images/p296.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7ced19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p296.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p297.png b/22118-page-images/p297.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73fef3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p297.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p298.png b/22118-page-images/p298.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ead6745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p298.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p299.png b/22118-page-images/p299.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e19602d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p299.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p300.png b/22118-page-images/p300.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cd6509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p300.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p301.png b/22118-page-images/p301.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd4b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p301.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p302.png b/22118-page-images/p302.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e3760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p302.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p303.png b/22118-page-images/p303.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a94ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p303.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p304.png b/22118-page-images/p304.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d02304e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p304.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p305.png b/22118-page-images/p305.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05b04c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p305.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p306.png b/22118-page-images/p306.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..676ec0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p306.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p307.png b/22118-page-images/p307.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96a9e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p307.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p308.png b/22118-page-images/p308.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0287478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p308.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p309.png b/22118-page-images/p309.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df469ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p309.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p310.png b/22118-page-images/p310.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5aa96df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p310.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p311.png b/22118-page-images/p311.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9b5c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p311.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p312.png b/22118-page-images/p312.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9888438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p312.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p313.png b/22118-page-images/p313.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4aa6e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p313.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p314.png b/22118-page-images/p314.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b107359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p314.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p315.png b/22118-page-images/p315.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cacac94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p315.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p316.png b/22118-page-images/p316.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc0b5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p316.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p317.png b/22118-page-images/p317.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abeca1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p317.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p318.png b/22118-page-images/p318.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed1c4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p318.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p319.png b/22118-page-images/p319.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bcfecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p319.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p320.png b/22118-page-images/p320.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1473c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p320.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p321.png b/22118-page-images/p321.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..123f1fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p321.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p322.png b/22118-page-images/p322.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b51743a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p322.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p323.png b/22118-page-images/p323.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3761b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p323.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p324.png b/22118-page-images/p324.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ac7817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p324.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p325.png b/22118-page-images/p325.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d24f545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p325.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p326.png b/22118-page-images/p326.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54cb2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p326.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p327.png b/22118-page-images/p327.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2562f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p327.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p328.png b/22118-page-images/p328.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3541902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p328.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p329.png b/22118-page-images/p329.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8691754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p329.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p330.png b/22118-page-images/p330.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b56e1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p330.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p331.png b/22118-page-images/p331.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac9e1ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p331.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p332.png b/22118-page-images/p332.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1da1c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p332.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p333.png b/22118-page-images/p333.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65b7540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p333.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p334.png b/22118-page-images/p334.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13f3edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p334.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p335.png b/22118-page-images/p335.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c2f97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p335.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p336.png b/22118-page-images/p336.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a04e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p336.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p337.png b/22118-page-images/p337.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f016053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p337.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p338.png b/22118-page-images/p338.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71d2b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p338.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p339.png b/22118-page-images/p339.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e63748a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p339.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p340.png b/22118-page-images/p340.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ede80a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p340.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p341.png b/22118-page-images/p341.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a38ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p341.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p342.png b/22118-page-images/p342.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19f8fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p342.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p343.png b/22118-page-images/p343.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13e5d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p343.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p344.png b/22118-page-images/p344.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e393a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p344.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p345.png b/22118-page-images/p345.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f05ffc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p345.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p346.png b/22118-page-images/p346.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cc281f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p346.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p347.png b/22118-page-images/p347.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd5f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p347.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p348.png b/22118-page-images/p348.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58e7f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p348.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p349.png b/22118-page-images/p349.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..561d346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p349.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p350.png b/22118-page-images/p350.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cae3e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p350.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p351.png b/22118-page-images/p351.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd15151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p351.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p352.png b/22118-page-images/p352.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbcae66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p352.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p353.png b/22118-page-images/p353.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d98de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p353.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p354.png b/22118-page-images/p354.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9b9256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p354.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p355.png b/22118-page-images/p355.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e70b6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p355.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p356.png b/22118-page-images/p356.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8cbd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p356.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p357.png b/22118-page-images/p357.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..369feb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p357.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p358.png b/22118-page-images/p358.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..098dbf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p358.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p359.png b/22118-page-images/p359.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..420b1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p359.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p360.png b/22118-page-images/p360.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..796445c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p360.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p361.png b/22118-page-images/p361.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33af4bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p361.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p362.png b/22118-page-images/p362.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6534396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p362.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p363.png b/22118-page-images/p363.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57b30e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p363.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p364.png b/22118-page-images/p364.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..803a033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p364.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p365.png b/22118-page-images/p365.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7a7e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p365.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p366.png b/22118-page-images/p366.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3a31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p366.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p367.png b/22118-page-images/p367.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c75ffe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p367.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p368.png b/22118-page-images/p368.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fa9a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p368.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p369.png b/22118-page-images/p369.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a1813d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p369.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p370.png b/22118-page-images/p370.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac93955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p370.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p371.png b/22118-page-images/p371.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caf6d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p371.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p372.png b/22118-page-images/p372.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98fb39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p372.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p373.png b/22118-page-images/p373.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7240f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p373.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p374.png b/22118-page-images/p374.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..458d3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p374.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p375.png b/22118-page-images/p375.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..248578f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p375.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p376.png b/22118-page-images/p376.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..970edd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p376.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p377.png b/22118-page-images/p377.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d21625f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p377.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p378.png b/22118-page-images/p378.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23695f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p378.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p379.png b/22118-page-images/p379.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31e220f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p379.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p380.png b/22118-page-images/p380.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2888df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p380.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p381.png b/22118-page-images/p381.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b0dd28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p381.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p382.png b/22118-page-images/p382.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d2c1ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p382.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p383.png b/22118-page-images/p383.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85e8f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p383.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p384.png b/22118-page-images/p384.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f651bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p384.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p385.png b/22118-page-images/p385.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf0ce3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p385.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p386.png b/22118-page-images/p386.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4efb00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p386.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p387.png b/22118-page-images/p387.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23df480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p387.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p388.png b/22118-page-images/p388.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ee62e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p388.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p389.png b/22118-page-images/p389.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aa3f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p389.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p390.png b/22118-page-images/p390.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9c74e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p390.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p391.png b/22118-page-images/p391.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8038cbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p391.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p392.png b/22118-page-images/p392.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0751dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p392.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p393.png b/22118-page-images/p393.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59937f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p393.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p394.png b/22118-page-images/p394.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1494ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p394.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p395.png b/22118-page-images/p395.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8e3de1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p395.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p396.png b/22118-page-images/p396.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a5e03b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p396.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p397.png b/22118-page-images/p397.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d068f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p397.png
diff --git a/22118-page-images/p398.png b/22118-page-images/p398.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f580c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118-page-images/p398.png
diff --git a/22118.txt b/22118.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f5a945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5495 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring
+Party , by Martin Robinson Delany
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party 
+
+
+Author: Martin Robinson Delany
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 22, 2007  [eBook #22118]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER
+VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY ***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Suzanne Shell, Janet Blenkinship, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY
+
+by
+
+MARTIN R DELANY
+
+Published 1861
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_Contents_
+
+
+  Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party
+
+
+    Section I. Political Movements                                    229
+
+   Section II. Succeeding Conventions                                 234
+
+  Section III. History of the Project                                 236
+
+   Section IV. Arrival and Reception in Liberia                       254
+
+    Section V. Liberia--Climate, Soil,
+               Productions, etc.                                      263
+
+   Section VI. Diseases--Cause--Remedy                                278
+
+  Section VII. The Interior--Yoruba                                   284
+
+ Section VIII. Topography, Climate, etc.                              288
+
+   Section IX. Diseases of This Part of Africa,
+               Treatment, Hygiene, Aliment                            312
+
+    Section X. Missionary Influence                                   332
+
+   Section XI. What Africa Now Requires                               338
+
+  Section XII. To Direct Legitimate Commerce                          345
+
+ Section XIII. Cotton Staple                                          351
+
+  Section XIV. Success in Great Britain                               361
+
+   Section XV. Commercial Relations in Scotland                       379
+
+  Section XVI. The Time to Go to Africa                               387
+
+ Section XVII. Concluding Suggestions                                 391
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
+
+
+On or about the latter part of July, 1853, the following document was
+sent on, and shortly appeared in the columns of "FREDERICK DOUGLASS'
+PAPER," Rochester, N.Y., and the "ALIENED AMERICAN," published and
+edited by William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.,
+which continued in those papers every issue, until the meeting of the
+Convention:
+
+CALL FOR A NATIONAL EMIGRATION
+CONVENTION OF COLORED MEN
+_To be held in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 24th, 25th, and
+26th of August, 1854_
+
+     MEN AND BRETHREN: The time has fully come when we, as an oppressed
+     people, should do something effectively, and use those means
+     adequate to the attainment of the great and long desired end--do
+     something to meet the actual demands of the present and prospective
+     necessities of the rising generation of our people in this country.
+     To do this, we must occupy a position of entire _equality_, of
+     _unrestricted_ rights, composing in fact, an acknowledged
+     _necessary_ part of the _ruling element_ of society in which we
+     live. The policy _necessary_ to the _preservation_ of this
+     _element_ must be _in our favor_, if ever we expect the enjoyment,
+     freedom, sovereignty, and equality of rights anywhere. For this
+     purpose, and to this end, then, all colored men in favor of
+     Emigration out of the United States, and _opposed_ to the American
+     Colonization scheme of leaving the Western Hemisphere, are
+     requested to meet in CLEVELAND, OHIO, TUESDAY, the 24th day of
+     AUGUST, 1854, in a great NATIONAL CONVENTION, then and there to
+     consider and decide upon the great and important subject of
+     Emigration from the United States.
+
+     No person will be admitted to a seat in the Convention, who would
+     introduce the subject of Emigration to the Eastern
+     Hemisphere--either to Asia, Africa, or Europe--as our object and
+     determination are to consider our claims to the West Indies,
+     Central and South America, and the Canadas. This restriction has no
+     reference to _personal_ preference, or _individual_ enterprise; but
+     to the great question of national claims to come before the
+     Convention.
+
+     All persons coming to the Convention must bring credentials
+     properly authenticated, or bring verbal assurance to the Committee
+     on Credentials--appointed for the purpose--of their fidelity to the
+     measures and objects set forth in this call, as the Convention is
+     specifically by and for the friends of Emigration, and none
+     others--and no opposition to them will be entertained.
+
+     The question is not whether our condition can be bettered by
+     emigration, but whether it can be made worse. If not, then, there
+     is no part of the wide spread universe, where our social and
+     political condition are not better than here in our native country,
+     and nowhere in the world as here, proscribed on account of color.
+
+     We are friends to, and ever will stand shoulder to shoulder by our
+     brethren, and all our friends in all good measures adopted by them
+     for the bettering of our condition in this country, and surrender
+     no rights but with our last breath; but as the subject of
+     Emigration is of vital importance, and has ever been shunned by all
+     delegated assemblages of our people as heretofore met, we cannot
+     longer delay, and will not be farther baffled; and deny the right
+     of our most sanguine friend or dearest brother, to prevent an
+     intelligent inquiry into, and the carrying out of these measures,
+     when this can be done, to our entire advantage, as we propose to
+     show in Convention--as the West Indies, Central and South
+     America--the majority of which are peopled our brethren, or those
+     identified with us in race, and what is more, _destiny_, on this
+     continent--all stand with open arms and yearning hearts,
+     importuning us in the name of suffering humanity to come--to make
+     common cause, and share one common fate on the continent.
+
+     The Convention will meet without fail at the time fixed for
+     assembling, as none but those favorable to Emigration are
+     admissible; therefore no other gathering may prevent it. The number
+     of delegates will not be restricted--except in the town where the
+     Convention may be held--and there the number will be decided by the
+     Convention when assembled, that they may not too far exceed the
+     other delegations.
+
+     The time and place fixed for holding the Conventions are ample;
+     affording sufficient time, and a leisure season generally--and as
+     Cleveland is now the centre of all directions--a good and favorable
+     opportunity to all who desire to attend. Therefore, it may
+     reasonably be the greatest gathering of the colored people ever
+     before assembled in a Convention in the United States.
+
+     Colonizationists are advised, that no favors will be shown to them
+     or their expatriating scheme, as we have no sympathy with the
+     enemies of our race.
+
+     All colored men, East, West, North, and South, favorable to the
+     measures set forth in this Call will send in their names
+     (post-paid) to M. R. DELANY, or REV. WM. WEBB, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+     that there may be arranged and attached to the Call, _five_ names
+     from each State.
+
+     We must make an issue, create an event, and establish a position
+     _for ourselves_. It is glorious to think of, but far more glorious
+     to carry out.
+
+     REV. WM. WEBB, M. R. DELANY, H. G. WEBB, THOS. A. BROWN, JOHN
+     JONES, R. L. HAWKINS, SAMUEL VENERABLE, JOHN WILLIAMS, A. F.
+     HAWKINS, S. W. SANDERS, JEFFERSON MILLER, _Pittsburgh, Pa._; REV.
+     A. R. GREEN, P. L. JACKSON, J. H. MAHONEY, G. HARPER, JONATHAN
+     GREEN, H. A. JACKSON, E. R. PARKER, SAMUEL BRUCE, _Allegheny City_;
+     J. J. GOULD BIAS, M.D., REV. M. M. CLARK, A. M. SUMNER, JOHNSON
+     WOODLIN, _Philadelphia_; JAMES M. WHITFIELD, JOHN N. STILL, STANLEY
+     MATTHEWS, _New York_.
+
+     This Call was readily responded to by the addition of names from
+     other States, which appeared in subsequent issues.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     At the Convention, which according to the Call sat in Cleveland
+     successively on Thursday, 24th, Friday, 25th, and Saturday, 26th of
+     August, 1854, the following States were represented: Rhode Island,
+     New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana,
+     Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia, and the
+     Canadas; the great body consisting of nearly sixteen hundred
+     persons. W. H. DAY, Esq., editor of the _Aliened American_, entered
+     the Convention, and the Chairman invited him forward, offering him
+     the privileges of the Convention, stating that wherever colored
+     people were, William Howard Day was free--whether or not he
+     altogether agreed in sentiment on minor points; and the Convention
+     unanimously concurred in the invitation given.
+
+     Mr. Day subsequently proffered to the Convention any books or
+     documents at his command for the use of that body.
+
+     The following permanent Institution was established:
+
+     ORGANIZATION OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
+
+     _Central Commissioners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania_--M. R. DELANY,
+     President; WM. WEBB, Vice-President; THOS. A. BROWN, Treasurer;
+     EDW. R. PARKER, Auditor; CHAS. W. NIGHTEN, Secretary; PROFESSOR M.
+     H. FREEMAN, A.M., Special For. Sec.; SAMUEL VENERABLE, ALFRED H.
+     JOHNS, SAMUEL BRUCE, PARKER SORRELL.
+
+     DEPARTMENTS
+
+     _Committee on Domestic Relations._--SAMUEL BRUCE, Chairman; SAMUEL
+     VENERABLE, CHARLES W. NIGHTEN. _Financial Relations._--THOMAS A.
+     BROWN, Chairman; PARKER SORRELL, ALFRED H. JOHNS. _Foreign
+     Relations._--REV. WM. WEBB, Chairman; M. R. DELANY, EDW. R. PARKER.
+     _Special Foreign Secretary._ PROF. MARTIN H. FREEMAN, A. M. _State
+     Commissioners._--_Massachusetts_--WM. C. NELL, _Boston_; C. L.
+     REMOND, Salem. _New York, Buffalo._--JAMES M. WHITFIELD, J.
+     THEODORE HOLLY. _Ohio, Cincinnati._--AUGUSTUS R. GREEN, PHILLIP
+     TOLIVAR, Jun. _Michigan, Detroit._--WILLIAM C. MUNROE, WILLIAM
+     LAMBERT. _Kentucky, Louisville._--CONAWAY BARBOUR, JAMES H. GIPSON.
+     _Missouri, St. Louis._--REV. RICH'D ANDERSON, REV. JORDAN BROWN.
+     _Virginia, Richmond._--RICHARD HENDERSON, JOHN E. FERGUSON.
+     _Tennessee, Nashville._--ELDER PETER A. H. LOWRY, CHARLES BARRATT.
+     _Louisiana, New Orleans._--JORDAN B. NOBLE, REV. JOHN GARROW.
+     _California, San Francisco._--HENRY M. COLLINS, ORANGE LEWIS.
+
+
+
+
+     II
+
+     SUCCEEDING CONVENTIONS
+
+
+     The Second Convention, pursuant to a call, was held in Cleveland,
+     in August, 1856, when some modification and amendments were made in
+     the Constitution, and some changes in the officers of the Board;
+     but the president was unanimously re-elected, and continued in
+     office until the close of the of the Third Convention, which met
+     pursuant to a call in the town of Chatham, Canada West, in August,
+     1858, when, resigning his position in the Board, the following
+     officers succeeded to the
+
+     GENERAL BOARD OF
+     COMMISSIONERS
+
+     CENTRAL COMMISSIONERS--CHATHAM, CANADA
+     WILLIAM HOWARD DAY, President
+     MATISON F. BAILEY, Vice-President
+     GEORGE WASH. BRODIE, Secretary
+     JAMES MADISON BELL, Treasurer
+     ALFRED WHIPPER, Auditor
+     MARTIN R. DELANY, Foreign Secretary
+
+     NOTE.--The names only of the Central Commissioners are here given,
+     the others being re-elected as chosen in 1856, at Cleveland.
+
+     OTHER MEMBERS
+
+     ABRAM D. SHADD
+     J. HENRY HARRIS
+     ISAAC D. SHADD
+
+     At an Executive Council Meeting of the Board, September 1st, 1858,
+     the following resolution, as taken from the Minutes, was adopted:
+     That Dr. Martin R. Delany, of Chatham, Kent Country, Canada West,
+     be a Commissioner to explore in Africa, with full power to choose
+     his own colleagues.
+
+
+
+
+     III
+
+     HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
+
+
+     In the winter of 1831-32, being then but a youth, I formed the
+     design of going to Africa, the land of my ancestry; when in the
+     succeeding winter of 1832-33, having then fully commenced to study,
+     I entered into a solemn promise with the Rev. Molliston Madison
+     Clark, then a student in Jefferson College, at Cannonsburg,
+     Washington County, Pennsylvania, being but seventeen miles from
+     Pittsburgh, where I resided (his vacations being spent in the
+     latter place), to complete an education, and go on an independent
+     and voluntary mission--to travel in Africa--I as a physician and he
+     as a clergyman, for which he was then preparing.
+
+     During these vacations of about seven weeks each, Mr. Clark was of
+     great advantage to me in my studies, he being then a man of
+     probably thirty years of age, or more, and in his senior year (I
+     think) at college.
+
+     This design I never abandoned, although in common with my race in
+     America, I espoused the cause, and contended for our political and
+     moral elevation on equality with the whites, believing then, as I
+     do now, that merit alone should be the test of individual claims in
+     the body politic. This cause I never have nor will abandon;
+     believing that no man should hesitate or put off any duty for
+     another time or place, but "act, act in the _living present_, act,"
+     _now_ or _then_. This has been the rule of my life, and I hope ever
+     shall be.
+
+     In 1850, I had fully matured a plan for an adventure, and to a
+     number of select intelligent gentlemen (of African descent, of
+     course) fully committed myself in favor of it. They all agreed that
+     the scheme was good; and although neither of them entered
+     personally into it, all fully sanctioned it, bidding me God-speed
+     in my new adventure, as a powerful handmaid to their efforts in
+     contending for our rights in America.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     In 1854, at the great Emigration Convention in Cleveland, my paper,
+     read and adopted as a "Report on the Political Destiny of the
+     Colored Race on the American Continent," set forth fully my views
+     on the advantages of Emigration.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Although the Call itself strictly prohibits the introduction of the
+     question of emigration from the American Continent or Western
+     Hemisphere, the qualification which directly follows--"This
+     restriction has no reference to _personal_ preference, or
+     _individual_ enterprise"--may readily be understood. It was a mere
+     policy on the part of the authors of those documents, to confine
+     their scheme to America (including the West Indies), whilst they
+     were the leading advocates of the regeneration of Africa, lest they
+     compromised themselves and their people to the avowed enemies of
+     the race.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     The Convention (at Cleveland, 1854), in its Secret Sessions made,
+     Africa, with its rich, inexhaustible productions, and great
+     facilities for checking the abominable Slave Trade, its most
+     important point of dependence, though each individual was left to
+     take the direction which in his judgment best suited him. Though
+     our great gun was leveled, and the first shell thrown at the
+     American Continent, driving a slaveholding faction into despair,
+     and a political confusion from which they have been utterly unable
+     to extricate themselves, but become more and more complicated every
+     year, _Africa was held in reserve, until by the help of an All-wise
+     Providence we could effect what has just been accomplished with
+     signal success_--a work which the most sanguine friend of the cause
+     believed would require at least the half of a century.
+
+     It is a curious, and not less singular historical fact, that a
+     leading political journal, and the first newspaper which nominated
+     Mr. James Buchanan, many years ago, for the Presidency of the
+     United States; and at a time whilst he was yet at the court of St.
+     James (1854), as Envoy Extraordinary, this paper was strongly
+     urging his claims as such, thus expresses itself, which gives a
+     fair idea of the political pro-slavery press generally, especially
+     in Pennsylvania, Mr. Buchanan's native State. I intended to give
+     the article entire, as alarm will be seen even at the commencement;
+     but pressure for space will prevent my quoting but a few sentences.
+     It is from the Pittsburgh _Daily Morning Post_, Wednesday, October
+     18th, 1854:
+
+
+     A GRAND SCHEME FOR THE COLORED RACE
+
+     In August last, a National Convention of colored people was held at
+     Cleveland, Ohio. It was composed of delegates from most of the
+     States. It was called the 'National Emigration Convention,' and its
+     objects were to consider the political destinies of the black race;
+     and recommend a plan of Emigration to countries where they can
+     enjoy political liberty, and form nations 'free and independent.'
+
+     The Committee then proceeds to mark out a grand scheme by which the
+     Negro race may be regenerated, and formed into free, intelligent,
+     and prosperous nations. The West India Islands, Central America,
+     and all the Northern and middle portions of South America,
+     including the whole of Brazil, are designated as the regions
+     desired; and that can be obtained as the seat of Negro civilization
+     and empire. These regions and islands together are represented as
+     containing twenty-four and a half millions of population; but
+     one-seventh of which, some three and a half millions, are whites of
+     pure European extraction; and the remainder, nearly twenty-one
+     millions, are colored people of African and Indian origin. This
+     immense preponderance of the colored races in those regions, it is
+     supposed, will enable them, with the aid of Emigration from the
+     United States, to take possession of all those countries and
+     islands, and become the ruling race in the empires to be formed out
+     of those wide and fruitful realms. The Committee expresses full
+     confidence in the practicability of this great undertaking; and
+     that nothing is wanting to its success at no distant day but
+     unanimity of sentiment and action among the masses of the colored
+     people. The climate of those regions is represented as entirely
+     congenial to the colored race, while to the European races it is
+     enervating and destructive; and this fact, added to the present
+     immense superiority of numbers on the part of the negroes, is
+     relied on as a sure guarantee of the success of the great
+     enterprise; and that their race could forever maintain the
+     possession and control of those regions.
+
+     Other great events, it is supposed, will follow in the train of
+     this mighty movement. With the West India Islands, and Central and
+     South America, composing free negro nations, slavery in the United
+     States would, they suppose, soon be at an end. The facility of
+     escape, the near neighborhood of friends and aid, it is urged,
+     would rapidly drain off from the Southern States all the most
+     intelligent, robust, and bold of their slaves.
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, of Pittsburgh, was the chairman of the committee
+     that made this report to the convention. It was, of course,
+     adopted.
+
+     If Dr. D. drafted this report, it certainly does him much credit
+     for learning and ability; and cannot fail to establish for him a
+     reputation for vigor and brilliancy of imagination never yet
+     surpassed. It is a vast conception of impossible birth. The
+     Committee seem to have entirely overlooked the strength of the
+     'powers on earth' that would oppose the Africanization of more than
+     half the Western Hemisphere.
+
+     We have no motive in noticing this gorgeous dream of 'the
+     Committee,' except to show its fallacy--its impracticability, in
+     fact, its absurdity. No sensible man, whatever his color, should be
+     for a moment deceived by such impracticable theories.
+
+     On the African coast already exists a thriving and prosperous
+     Republic. It is the native home of the African race; and there he
+     can enjoy the dignity of manhood, the rights of citizenship, and
+     all the advantages of civilization and freedom. Every colored man
+     in this country will be welcomed there as a free citizen; and there
+     he can not only prosper, and secure his own comfort and happiness,
+     but become a teacher and benefactor of his kindred races; and
+     become an agent in carrying civilization and Christianity to a
+     benighted continent. That any one will be turned aside from so
+     noble a mission by the delusive dream of conquest and empire in the
+     Western Hemisphere is an absurdity too monstrous and mischievous to
+     be believed. Yet 'the Committee's Report' was accepted, and
+     adopted, and endorsed by a 'National Convention;' and is published
+     and sent forth to the world.
+
+In July, 1855, Rev. James Theodore Holly, an accomplished black
+gentleman, now rector of St. Luke's Church, New Haven, Connecticut,
+U.S., was commissioned to Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Hayti, where he
+was received at court with much attention, interchanging many official
+notes during a month's residence there, with favorable inducements to
+laborers to settle.
+
+During the interval from the first convention, 1854 to 1858, as
+President of the Council, I was actively engaged corresponding in every
+direction, among which were several States of Central and South America,
+as well as Jamaica and Cuba; the Rev. J. T. Holly, who, during two years
+of the time, filled the office of Foreign Secretary, contributing no
+small share in its accomplishment.
+
+Immediately after the convention of 1856, from which I was absent by
+sickness, I commenced a general correspondence with individuals,
+imparting to each the basis of my adventure to Africa to obtain
+intelligent colleagues. During this time (the Spring of 1857), "Bowen's
+Central Africa" was published, giving an interesting and intelligent
+account of that extensive portion of Africa known on the large
+missionary map of that continent as Yoruba. Still more encouraged to
+carry out my scheme at this juncture, Livingstone's great work on Africa
+made its appearance, which seemed to have stimulated the
+Africo-Americans in many directions, among others, those of Wisconsin,
+from whom Mr. Jonathan J. Myers, a very respectable grocer, was
+delegated as their Chairman to counsel me on the subject. In the several
+councils held between Mr. Myers and myself, it was agreed and understood
+that I was to embody their cause and interests in my mission to Africa,
+they accepting of the policy of my scheme.
+
+At this time, I made vigorous efforts to accomplish my design, and for
+this purpose, among others, endeavored to obtain goods in Philadelphia
+to embark for Loando de St. Paul, the Portuguese colony in Loango, South
+Africa, where the prospect seemed fair for a good trade in beeswax and
+ivory, though Lagos, West Central Africa, was my choice and destination.
+Robert Douglass, Esq., artist, an accomplished literary gentleman
+(landscape, portrait painter, and photographer) of Philadelphia with
+whom I was in correspondence, sent me the following note:
+
+
+     MR. M. R. DELANY:--PHILADELPHIA, June 17, 1858
+
+     DEAR SIR--I think very highly of the intended Expedition to the
+     'Valley of the Niger.' I would be pleased to accompany it
+     professionally, if I were to receive a proper outfit and salary.
+     Dr. Wilson declines; but Mr. Robert Campbell, of the 'Institute for
+     Colored Youth,' a very accomplished Chemist, &c., &c., &c., says he
+     will gladly accompany the Expedition, if a proper support for his
+     family in his absence were assured. Rev. William Douglass, in
+     conversation with me, has expressed very favorable views. Hoping
+     you may be very successful, I remain in expectation of receiving
+     more detailed accounts of the plan, its prospects and progress,
+
+     Your friend and well-wisher,
+                    ROBERT DOUGLASS
+
+     _661, N. Thirteenth St., Phil._
+
+
+Up to this time, I had never before known or heard of Mr. Campbell, who
+is a West India gentleman, native bred in Jamaica, but the
+recommendation of Mr. Douglass, an old acquaintance and gentleman of
+unsullied integrity, accompanied as it was by the following note from
+Dr. Wilson, also an accomplished gentleman of equal integrity, a
+physician, surgeon, and chemist, who, being selected by me as Surgeon
+and Naturalist of the party, also recommended Mr. Campbell in a detached
+note which has been mislaid, was sufficient at the time:
+
+
+     DR. DELANY:--PHILADELPHIA, June 7th, 1858
+
+     DEAR SIR--I received your note of May 25th, through the kindness of
+     R. Douglass, Jr., and can truly say, I am highly gratified to learn
+     of so laudable an enterprise and expedition; and would be happy and
+     proud to be numbered with the noble hearts and brilliant minds,
+     identified with it. Yet, whilst I acknowledge (and feel myself
+     flattered by) the honor conferred upon me in being selected for so
+     important and honorable position, I regret to inform you, that it
+     will be wholly out of my power to accept.
+
+     Very respectfully,
+          JAMES H. WILSON
+
+     _838, Lombard Street._
+
+
+I have been the more induced to give the letters of Mr. Douglass and Dr.
+Wilson in favor of Mr. Campbell, because some of my friends were
+disposed to think that I "went out of the way to make choice of an
+entire stranger, unknown to us, instead of old and tried acquaintances,"
+as they were pleased to express it. I had but one object in view--the
+Moral, Social, and Political Elevation of Ourselves, and the
+Regeneration of Africa, for which I desired, as a _preference_, and
+indeed the only _adequate_ and _essential_ means by which it is to be
+accomplished, men of African descent, properly qualified and of pure and
+fixed principles. These I endeavored to select by corresponding only
+with such of my acquaintances.
+
+At the Council which appointed me Commissioner to Africa, having
+presented the names of Messrs. Douglass and Campbell, asking that they
+also might be chosen; at a subsequent meeting the following action took
+place:
+
+Whereas, Dr. Martin R. Delany, Commissioner to Africa, having presented
+the names of Messrs. Robert Douglas and Robert Campbell of
+Philadelphia, Pa., U.S., requesting that they be appointed
+Commissioners, the Board having made him Chief Commissioner with full
+power to appoint his own Assistants, do hereby sanction the appointment
+of these gentlemen as Assistant Commissioners.
+
+A paper was then laid before the Council, presenting the name and scheme
+of the party, which was received and adopted.
+
+Dr. Amos Aray, surgeon, a highly intelligent gentleman, and Mr. James W.
+Purnell, also an intelligent young gentleman, bred to mercantile
+pursuits, having subsequently sent in their names and received
+appointments by the Chief Commissioner, the following document was made
+out:
+
+
+     AFRICAN COMMISSION
+
+     The President and Officers of the General Board of Commissioners,
+     viz: William H. Day, A.M., President; Matison F. Bailey,
+     Vice-President; George W. Brodie, Secretary; James Madison Bell,
+     Treasurer; Alfred Whipper, Auditor; Dr. Martin R. Delany, Special
+     Foreign Secretary; Abram D. Shadd, James Henry Harris, and Isaac D.
+     Shadd, the Executive Council in behalf of the organization for the
+     promotion of the political and other interests of the Colored
+     Inhabitants of North America, particularly the United States and
+     Canada.
+
+     To all, unto whom these letters may come, greeting: The said
+     General Board of Commissioners, in Executive Council assembled,
+     have this day chosen, and by these presents do hereby appoint and
+     authorize Dr. Martin Robison Delany, of Chatham, County of Kent,
+     Province of Canada, Chief Commissioner; and Robert Douglass, Esq.,
+     Artist, and Prof. Robert Campbell, Naturalist, both of
+     Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America, to
+     be Assistant Commissioners; Amos Aray, Surgeon; and James W
+     Purnell, Secretary and Commercial Reporter, both of Kent County,
+     Canada West, of a Scientific Corps, to be known by the name of
+
+     THE NIGER VALLEY EXPLORING PARTY
+
+    The object of this Expedition is to make a Topographical, Geological
+    and Geographical Examination of the Valley of the River Niger, in
+    Africa, and an inquiry into the state and condition of the people of
+    that Valley, and other parts of Africa, together with such other
+    scientific inquiries as may by them be deemed expedient, for the
+    purposes of science and for general information; and without any
+    reference to, and with the Board being entirely opposed to any
+    Emigration there as such. Provided, however, that nothing in this
+    Instrument be so construed as to interfere with the right of the
+    Commissioners to negotiate in their own behalf, or that of any other
+    parties, or organization for territory.
+
+    The Chief-Commissioner is hereby authorized to add one or more
+    competent Commissioners to their number; it being agreed and
+    understood that this organization is, and is to be exempted from the
+    pecuniary responsibility of sending out this Expedition.
+
+    Dated at the Office of the Executive Council, Chatham, county of
+    Kent, Province of Canada, this Thirtieth day of August, in the year
+    of our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-eight.
+
+    By the President,
+    WILLIAM HOWARD DAY
+    ISAAC D. SHADD, Vice-President[1]
+    GEORGE W. BRODIE, Secretary
+
+So soon as these names with their destined mission were officially
+published, there arose at once from mistaken persons (_white_) in
+Philadelphia, a torrent of opposition, who presuming to know more about
+us (the blacks) and our own business than we did ourselves, went even so
+far as to speak to one of our party, and tell him that we were _not
+ready_ for any such _important_ undertaking, nor could be in _three
+years yet to come_! Of course, as necessary to sustain this, it was
+followed up with a dissertation on the _disqualification_ of the Chief
+of the Party, mentally and physically, _external_ appearances and all.
+So effectually was this opposition prosecuted, that colored people in
+many directions in the United States and the Canadas, were not only
+affected by it, but a "Party" of three had already been chosen and
+appointed to supersede us! Even without any knowledge on my part, claims
+were made in England in behalf of the "Niger Valley Exploring Party,"
+solely through the instrumentality of these Philadelphians.
+
+Such were the effects of this, that our preparatory progress was not
+only seriously retarded (I having to spend eight months in New York city
+to counteract the influence, where six weeks only would have been
+required), but three years originally intended to be spent in exploring
+had to be reduced to one, and the number of Commissioners from five to
+two, thereby depriving Mr. Robert Douglass from going, an old friend and
+most excellent gentleman, whose life, as well as that of his father
+before him, had been spent in efforts, not only of self-elevation, but
+the elevation also of his people. Many years ago, the accomplished
+articles of "Robert Douglass, Jun," to the _United States Gazette_, and
+other public journals, forced those negro-hating periodicals to respect
+at least the writer, if not his race. Dr. Aray, also an excellent
+gentleman who had given up business to join the party, was doomed to
+disappointment. And of Mr. Jas. W. Purnell--who met me in New York two
+weeks after my arrival, and through the whole eight months of adversity
+and doubtful progress, stood by me, performing the duty of Secretary,
+writing in every direction, copying, and from dictation for hours at a
+time--I cannot say too much. For a young gentleman inexperienced in such
+matters, he has no superior; and for integrity, true heartedness, and
+trustworthiness, in my estimation, he has few if any rivals. To his
+great and good uncle, under whom he was brought up, much of his
+character is to be credited.
+
+As an expression of the feelings of the most intelligent emigrationists
+with whom I corresponded generally in America, I give below two extracts
+from letters of Professor Freeman. The Professor is now as he then was,
+the Principal of Avery College.
+
+
+     ALLEGHANY CITY, April 14, 1858
+
+     MY DEAR FRIEND--Your letter of condolence was duly received, for
+     which we tender you our warmest thanks.
+
+     I have read Bowen's work, and shall to-day purchase Livingstone's.
+     I am more and more convinced that Africa is the country to which
+     all colored men who wish to attain the full stature of manhood, and
+     bring up their children to be men and not creeping things, should
+     turn their steps; and I feel more and more every day, that I made a
+     great mistake in not going there, when I was untrammelled by family
+     ties, and had the opportunity.
+
+     Respectfully yours,
+              M. H. Freeman
+
+Again the Professor says:
+
+     I see that Emigration has broken out in the East, and that ---- can
+     notice one now without scoffing at, which he could not in 1854.
+     Well, people can grow wondrously wise in four years. But it will
+     take several more _Olympiads_ to bring the leaders among us up to
+     the old Cleveland Platform of 1854.
+
+     All the fault of that movement was this, that it was at least one
+     generation ahead of the colored heads of our people. We may, if we
+     please, refuse to emigrate, and crouch like spaniels, to lick the
+     hand that beats us; but children's children at the farthest, will
+     have outgrown such pitiful meanness, and will dare to do all that
+     others have dared and done for the sake of freedom and
+     independence. Then all this cowardly cant about the unhealthy
+     climate, the voracious beasts, and venomous reptiles of Africa,
+     will be at a discount, instead of passing current as now for wisdom
+     and prudence.
+
+Mr. Campbell, who finally agreed voluntarily to be one of the "Niger
+Valley Exploring Party," spent some time with us in New York and some
+time in Philadelphia, but finally, in consequence of the doubtful
+prospects of my success, left, it would seem, at the suggestion and with
+the advice and recommendation of parties in Philadelphia, disconnected
+with and unknown to me, from whom he received letters of introduction
+for England. In justice to myself and party as organized, as well as the
+great cause and people whom I represent, I here simply remark, that this
+was no arrangement of mine nor our party, as such at the time; and
+whatever of success the visit was attended with, and benefit thereby
+accrued mutually to us in Africa, I as frankly decline any authority in
+the matter and credit to myself, as I should had the result proved what
+it might have done otherwise. I am only willing to claim that which is
+legitimately mine, and be responsible for my own doings whether good or
+bad; but this act the integrity of the Party was forced to acknowledge,
+as the following circular published in England will show:
+
+
+     EXPEDITION TO AFRICA TO PROMOTE THE CULTIVATION OF COTTON AND OTHER
+     PRODUCTS OF SLAVE-LABOR BY EMIGRANTS FROM AMERICA
+
+     A party, consisting of Martin R. Delany, M.D., Robert Campbell, J.
+     W. Purnell, Robert Douglass, and Amos Aray, M.D., (the last two
+     subsequently omitted) has been commissioned by a Convention of
+     Colored Persons, held at Chatham, C.W., to proceed to Africa, and
+     select a location for the establishment of an Industrial Colony.
+
+     While such an enterprise is of importance in the Evangelization and
+     Civilization of Africa, and in affording an asylum in which the
+     oppressed descendants of that country may find the means of
+     developing their mental and moral faculties unimpeded by unjust
+     restrictions, it is regarded as of still greater importance in
+     facilitating the production of those staples, particularly Cotton,
+     which now are supplied to the world chiefly by Slave Labor. The
+     effect of this would be to lessen the profits of Slavery, to render
+     in time the slave a burden to his owner, and thus furnish an
+     irresistible motive to Emancipation. Africa possesses resources
+     which, properly developed, must doubtless render her eventually a
+     great, if not the greatest, producer of all the products of Slave
+     Labor. And how would all good men rejoice to see the blow which
+     shall effectually prostrate the giant Slavery, struck by the Black
+     Man's arm! It is necessary, however, that civilized influences be
+     diffused in her midst or, at least, that facilities for rendering
+     available her products, be supplied equal to the demand for them.
+
+     It is the purpose of the party to proceed to Lagos, thence through
+     Abbeokuta to Rabba, on the Niger, about 350 miles from the coast;
+     to study the Agricultural and Commercial facilities of the country,
+     and the disposition of the Natives towards strangers as settlers;
+     also to negotiate for the grant or purchase of land, and to
+     ascertain the conditions on which we might be protected in the
+     usages of civilized life.
+
+     These objects being accomplished, the party will return and report
+     the result of their labors, when a considerable number of
+     intelligent and enterprising persons from the United States and
+     Canada, many of them intimately acquainted with the production of
+     Cotton, and its preparation for market, will be prepared to
+     emigrate.
+
+     Towards defraying the expenses of this undertaking, L500 has been
+     subscribed in America. This amount has been expended in providing
+     for the families of two of the party in their absence; in paying
+     the passage of Martin R. Delany and J. W. Purnell to Africa, direct
+     from America, and providing them a few articles of outfit; in
+     defraying the current expenses of the party since the 1st December
+     ult., while engaged in soliciting subscriptions and otherwise
+     forwarding the objects of the Expedition; and in providing the
+     Subscriber with the means of coming hither.
+
+     It is desired to raise in this country, in time to enable the
+     Subscriber to depart for Africa in June by the steamer from
+     Liverpool, an additional sum of L250, with which to provide other
+     articles of outfit, and goods for trading with the natives for the
+     means of subsistence, as well as to provide for other necessary and
+     contingent expenses.
+
+     The Subscriber will take the liberty of calling upon you
+     personally, at an early day, to solicit your aid in this
+     enterprise.
+
+     MANCHESTER, May 13th, 1859 ROBERT CAMPBELL
+
+Grant, for charity's sake, that it was done with the best of motives, it
+was flagrantly and fatally at variance with every principle of
+intelligent--to say nothing of enlightened--organizations among
+civilized men, and in perfect harmony with that mischievous interference
+by which the enemies of our race have ever sought to sow discord among
+us, to prove a natural contempt for the Negro and repugnance to his
+leadership, then taunt us with incapacity for self-government. These
+flambeaus and rockets directed with unerring precision, taking effect in
+the very centre of our magazine, did not cause, in those for whom it was
+intended, a falter nor a wince in their course, but steadily and
+determinedly they pressed their way to the completion of their object
+under prosecution. In this design the enemy was thwarted.
+
+I drop every reflection and feeling of unpleasantness towards my young
+brother Campbell, who, being a West Indian, probably did not understand
+those _white Americans_, and formed his opinion of American _blacks_ and
+their capacity to "lead," from the estimate they set upon them. I owe it
+to posterity, the destiny of my race, the great adventure into which I
+am embarked and the position I sustain to it, to make this record with
+all Christian (or _African_, if you please) forgiveness, against this
+most glaring and determined act of theirs to blast the negro's prospects
+in this his first effort in the Christian Era, to work out his own moral
+and political salvation, by the regeneration of his Fatherland, through
+the medium of a self-projected scheme; and thereby take the credit to
+themselves. It was too great an undertaking for negroes to have the
+credit of, and therefore they _must_ go _under_ the auspices of some
+white American Christians. To be black, it would seem, was necessarily
+to be "ungodly"; and to be white was necessarily to be "godly," or
+Christian, in the estimation of some.
+
+With a grateful heart, I here as freely record as an equal duty I owe to
+posterity, my unfeigned thanks to all those gentlemen who took an active
+part and in any way aided the mission on my behalf, either from the
+pulpit, by the contribution of books, stationery, charts, instruments,
+or otherwise, especially those who made each the _one hundred dollar
+contribution_, and the two in New York, through whose instrumentality
+and influence these were obtained. Those disinterested and voluntary
+acts of kindness I never shall forget whilst reason occupies her throne,
+and would here willingly record their names, had I their consent to do
+so.
+
+I sailed from New York May 24th, in the fine _barque Mendi_--Captain
+M'Intyre--vessel and cargo owned by Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, three
+enterprising colored gentlemen of Monrovia, Liberia, all formerly of New
+York, U.S. In the name of the General Board of Commissioners for the
+promotion of the political and other interest of the colored people of
+the United States and the Canadas, by self-exertion, I thank them.
+
+I cannot close this section without expressing my obligations to Captain
+M'Intyre for his personal kindness to me; and also to his first officer,
+Captain Vernon Locke, (himself a ship-master, who took the position of
+first officer for the voyage, and who had been, for the last three or
+four years, collecting scientific information by astronomical,
+meteorological, and other observations, for Lieutenant Maury, Director
+of the Observatory at Washington, D.C., U.S.,) I am greatly indebted for
+many acts of kindness in facilitating my microscopic and other
+examinations and inquiries, during the voyage. Concerning the _nautilus
+and whale_, I learned more through this accomplished seaman than I had
+ever learned before. The first by examination of the mollusca, which
+were frequently caught by Captain L. for my accommodation--and of the
+latter, by oral information received from him (who had been a great
+whaler) on frequently observing those huge monsters during the
+voyage.[2]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr. Shadd was elected Vice-President in the place of Mr. Bailey, who
+left the Province for New Caledonia.
+
+[2] On the 16th day of June, lat. 35 deg. 35 min., long. 38 deg. 39
+min., a very large school (the largest Captain Locke said that he had
+ever seen or read of), probably _five hundred_, of sperm whales made
+their appearance in the segment of a circle to windward and leeward of
+the vessel about noon, continuing in sight, blowing and spouting,
+filling the air with spray for a long time, to our amusement and
+delight. The captain said, though an old whaler, he had never known of
+sperm whales in that latitude before; and from the immense number, and
+as they were frequently seen as we approached Africa many times on
+different days afterwards, that he thought a new whaling point had been
+discovered. Other whales were also seen frequently in these
+latitudes--lazy, shy, "old bulls," which floated with their huge backs
+and part of their heads out of water, so as to expose their eyes, when
+they would suddenly disappear and as quickly appear again; but the great
+quantity of _squid spawn_, the peculiar _mollusca_ upon which the sperm
+whale feeds, made it ominous, according to the opinion of Captain Locke,
+that a great new sperm whale fishery had been discovered, the spawn
+being seen during several days' sail before and after observing the
+great school.
+
+NOTE.--I should not close this part of my report without stating that,
+during the year 1858, Mr. Myers wrote to the Royal Geographical Society,
+London; Thomas Clegg, Esq., Manchester; Dr. Livingstone, and perhaps
+others, all over _my name_ as secretary and himself chairman. The
+letters referred to were written (without my knowledge) by a son of Mr.
+Myers; and I only mention the fact here because I am unwilling to claim
+the honor of the authorship of correspondence carried on through a lad
+of sixteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION IN LIBERIA
+
+
+Arrival in Africa
+
+Saturday, July 10th.--I landed on the beach at Grand Cape Mount,
+Robertsport, in company with Messrs. the Hon. John D. Johnson, Joseph
+Turpin, Dr. Dunbar, and Ellis A. Potter, amid the joyous acclamations of
+the numerous natives who stood along the beautiful shore, and a number
+of Liberians, among whom was Reverend Samuel Williams, who gave us a
+hearty reception. Here we passed through the town (over the side of the
+hill), returning to the vessel after night.
+
+
+Monrovia
+
+Monday, July 12th.--The roadstead of Monrovia was made about noon, when
+I, in company with B. E. Castendyk, Esq., a young German gentleman
+traveling for pleasure, took lodgings at Widow Moore's, the residence of
+Rev. John Seys, the United States consular agent, and commissioner for
+recaptured Africans.
+
+On the day after my arrival, the following correspondence took place:
+
+
+     Residence of the United States Consular Agent Monrovia, Liberia,
+     July 12th, 1859
+
+     To His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Liberia:
+     SIR--By a Convention of Colored People of the United States and the
+     Canadas, Martin R. Delany, Robert Douglass, Robert Campbell, Amos
+     Aray, and James W. Purnell, were appointed as Commissioners under
+     the name of the 'Niger Valley Exploring Party,' to make an
+     Exploration through different parts of Africa.
+
+     I have arrived, Sir, near your Government, and expect soon to meet
+     other members of the party. Any aid, orally, documentary, or in the
+     person of an Official Commissioner, which you may please to give to
+     facilitate the mission in Liberia will be gratefully and highly
+     appreciated. I ask the favor of an interview with your Excellency,
+     either privately or in Cabinet Council, or with any other gentlemen
+     that the occasion may suggest, at such time as may be designated.
+
+     I am happy, Sir, of the opportunity of giving your Excellency
+     assurance of my most distinguished consideration.
+
+     M. R. DELANY
+
+
+     His Excellency, President Benson. Government House, Monrovia,
+     July 13, 1859
+
+     SIR--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+     the 12th instant, conveying to me the information of your
+     appointment (in connection with colleagues expected soon to
+     arrive), by a Convention of the colored people of the United States
+     and the Canadas, 'Commissioners,' under the name of 'The Niger
+     Valley Exploring Party'; and of your arrival near this Government.
+     You have also been pleased to signify, that you will duly
+     appreciate any aid, oral, documentary or in the form of an official
+     Commissioner this Government may feel disposed to afford you, in
+     facilitation of the enterprise.
+
+     In reply, I have to express my deep regret, that the receipt of
+     your very interesting note is on the very eve of my leaving this
+     city on an official visit to the leeward counties, which will, for
+     the present, deprive me of the pleasure I had anticipated of an
+     interview with you on the very interesting and highly important
+     objects of your mission.
+
+     The Hon. John N. Lewis, Secretary of State, with whom I will
+     converse on the subject matter of your note before leaving, will be
+     pleased to grant you an audience; and will, with pleasure, meet
+     your wishes, so far as he can consistently.
+
+     Please be reassured of the deep interest I feel in your very
+     laudable enterprise; and that, if it were not for very important
+     despatches received last week from the county of Maryland, which
+     make it absolutely necessary that I should delay no time in
+     reaching there, I would defer my departure a couple of days for the
+     express purpose of consultation with you in person.
+
+     I have the honor to be most respectfully,
+                   Your very obedient servant,
+
+     To M. R. Delany, Esq., &c.   STEPHEN A. BENSON
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Monrovia, July 13, 1859 Martin R. Delany, Esq.:
+
+     DEAR SIR--The undersigned, citizens of the city of Monrovia, having
+     long heard of you and your efforts in the United States to elevate
+     our down-trodden race, though those efforts were not infrequently
+     directed against Liberia, are glad to welcome you, in behalf of the
+     community to these shores; recognizing, as they do in you, an
+     ardent and devoted lover of the African race, and an industrious
+     agent in promoting their interests. And they take this opportunity
+     of expressing to you their most cordial sympathy with the
+     enterprise which has brought you to these shores, sincerely
+     praying that your endeavors may be crowned with complete success.
+
+     The undersigned, further, in the name and behalf of the members of
+     this community, respectfully request that you would favor the
+     citizens with a lecture to-morrow evening, or on any other evening
+     you may choose to appoint, at half-past seven o'clock, on any
+     subject you may be pleased to select.
+
+     On receiving your reply notices will be issued accordingly.
+
+     B. P. YATES       H. W. DENNIS
+     D. B. WARNER      URIAS A. MCGILL
+     SAML. F. MCGILL    H. A. JOHNSON
+     B. V. R. JAMES    EDW. W. BLYDEN
+     SAML. MATTHEWS
+
+
+     Residence of the United States Consular Agent, Monrovia, July
+     13th, 1859
+
+     GENTLEMEN--Your note of to-day has been received, for the honor of
+     which I thank you, and beg to say that numerous engagements prevent
+     me from complying with your request on to-morrow evening.
+
+     You are mistaken, gentlemen, in supposing that I have ever spoken
+     directly 'against Liberia,' as wherever I have been I have always
+     acknowledged a unity of interests in our race wherever located; and
+     any seeming opposition to Liberia could only be constructively
+     such, for which I am not responsible.
+
+     Should it be your pleasure, I will do myself the honor serving you
+     on Monday evening next, or any other evening during the week, by a
+     discourse on the 'Political Destiny of the African Race,' and
+     assure you of the pleasure with which I have the honor to be,
+
+     Your most obedient servant,
+                    M. R. DELANY
+
+     Col. B. P. Yates; Hon. D. B. Warner; S. F. McGill, M.D.; Hon. B. V.
+     R. James; Rev. Saml. Matthews; Urias McGill, Esq.; Rev. Edw. W.
+     Blyden; H. W. Dennis, Esq.; H. A. Johnson, Esq., District Attorney.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     M. R. Delany, Esq.: Monrovia, July 14, 1859
+
+     SIR--We have the honor to acknowledge your note of to-day in reply
+     to an invitation of yesterday from us requesting that you would
+     favor us, with many others, with an address on to-morrow evening,
+     or at any other time agreeable to yourself. Having signified to us
+     that next Monday evening you would be pleased to comply with the
+     request, we tender you our thanks and will be happy to listen to a
+     discourse on the 'Political destiny of the African Race.'
+
+     We have the honor to be, very respectfully, &c., yours,
+
+     B. V. R. JAMES
+     SAML. MATTHEWS
+     And others
+
+
+Reception
+
+On Monday evening, the 19th of July, having addressed a crowded audience
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, Ex-Governor McGill in the chair, T.
+M. Chester, Esq., Secretary; Ex-President Roberts rose and in a short
+speech, in the name of the Liberians, welcomed me to Africa. By a vote
+of thanks and request to continue the discourse on a subsequent
+evening, this request was complied with on the following Tuesday
+evening.
+
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, Monrovia, July 28, 1859
+
+     DEAR SIR--The undersigned citizens of Monrovia having been much
+     edified by listening to two very interesting lectures delivered by
+     you in the Methodist church, avail themselves of this method to
+     express their appreciation of the same, and to respectfully request
+     that you will favor the community with a popular lecture on
+     'Physiology' on Friday evening, the 29th inst.
+
+     HENRY J. ROBERTS
+     SAML. F. MCGILL
+     B. P. YATES
+     HENRY W. DENNIS
+     EDWD. W. BLYDEN
+
+
+Public Lecture
+
+The reply to this polite invitation of Doctors Roberts and McGill, and
+others, having been mislaid, I simply remark here that the request was
+complied with on the evening of August 3d, in the Methodist Church, to a
+crowded house of the most intelligent citizens of Monrovia, of both
+sexes and all ages.
+
+
+Departure from Monrovia.
+Coasting, Cape Palmas
+
+On the evening of August 5th, I left Monrovia in the bark Mendi,
+stopping at Junk, Little Bassa, Grand Bassa mouth of St. John's River,
+Sinou, arriving at Cape Palmas Sabbath noon, August 20th.
+
+
+Missionary Greeting
+
+Half an hour after my arrival, I was called upon by the Rev. Mr.
+Hoffman, Principal of the Female Orphan Asylum, at the residence of John
+Marshall, Esq., whose hospitality I was then receiving, and in the name
+of the white Missionaries welcomed to that part of Liberia. Before Mr.
+Hoffman left I was honored by a visit also from Rev. Alexander Crummell,
+Principal of Mount Vaughan High School, where, after partaking of the
+hospitality of Mr. Marshall during that day and evening, I took up my
+residence during a month's stay in this part of Liberia.
+
+
+Correspondence
+
+Having taken the _acclimating fever_ on the 5th of the month, the day I
+left Monrovia, and besides regularly a dessert spoonful of a solution of
+the sulphate of _quinia_ three times a day, and the night of my arrival
+two eight grain doses of Dover's Powder, the reference to "the state of
+my health" in the following correspondence, will be understood:
+
+
+     To Dr. M. R. Delany:
+
+     DEAR SIR--We, the undersigned citizens of the county of Maryland,
+     Liberia, beg to tender you a heartfelt welcome to our neighborhood,
+     and to assure you of our warmest interest in the important mission
+     which has called you to the coast of Africa. Perhaps you will
+     consent, should your health permit, to favor us with a public
+     interview before you leave. We would be most happy to hear your
+     views concerning the interest of our race in general, and of your
+     mission in particular. Moreover, by so doing, you will afford us an
+     opportunity of paying you that respect which your reputation,
+     talents, and noble mission command, and which it is our sincere
+     desire to pay you.
+
+     If Thursday or Friday will suit your convenience it will be
+     agreeable to us; but we leave the character of the meeting to be
+     designated by yourself.
+
+     Aug. 23,1859
+     D. R. FLETCHER    THOS. FULLER
+     B. J. DRAYTON     RICHD. W. KNIGHT
+     J. T. GIBSON      JOHN MARSHALL
+     C. H. HARMON      GILES ELEM
+     S. B. D'LYON     T. S. DENT
+     L. R. HAMILTON    A. WOOD
+     BENJAMIN COOK     J. W WILLIAMS
+     H. W. MOULTON     WM. W. PEARCE
+     ANSBURN TUBMAN    R. A. GRAY
+     JAMES M. MOULTON  JAS. ADAMS
+     N. JACKSON, JUN.  J. W. COOPER
+     JNO. E. MOULTON
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Mount Vaughan, near Harper, Cape Palmas
+                           August 27th, 1859
+
+     Gentlemen--Your note of the 23rd inst., requesting me, should my
+     health permit, to appear before the citizens of your county, is
+     before me, and for the sentiments therein expressed I thank you
+     most kindly.
+
+     As I have reason to believe that I am now convalescent from my
+     second attack of native fever, should my health continue to improve
+     I shall start on an exploration for the head of Kavalla river on
+     Monday next ensuing, to return on Friday evening.
+
+     Should it be your pleasure, gentlemen, and my health will permit, I
+     will meet you on Monday, the 5th of September, the place and hour
+     to be hereafter named according to circumstances.
+
+     I assure you of the pleasure, Gentlemen, with which I have the
+     honor to be,
+
+     Your most obedient servant,
+                   M. R. DELANY
+
+     Gen. Wood; Judge Drayton; Rev. Alex. Crummell; John
+     Marshall, Esq.; Hon. J. T. Gibson; C. H. Harmon,
+     Esq.; J. W. Cooper, Esq.; Dr. Fletcher; Giles Elem,
+     Esq.; Jas. M. Moulton, Esq.; Benjamin Cook, Esq.; S.
+     B. D'Lyon, M.D., and others, Committee, &c., &c.
+
+
+Reception Meeting at Palmas
+
+On the evening of the 14th this request was complied with in the
+Methodist Church at Latrobe, an out-village of Harper, by addressing a
+crowded assemblage of both sexes and all ages of the most respectable
+people of the Cape, on the part of whom I was most cordially welcomed by
+Rev. Alexander Crummell.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+LIBERIA--CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, ETC.
+
+
+Territory, Climate
+
+Liberia extends from a point north of Grand Cape Mount, about 7 deg. 30
+min. north lat., on sea shore, northeasterly to the western extremity of
+the most southern range of the Kong Mountains, lat. 4 deg. 30 min. The
+climate is generally salubrious, and quite moderate. But it is
+frequently somewhat oppressive, though mild and genial, and the high
+hills and mountain ranges sometimes enervating to strangers or
+foreigners from temperate climates, in consequence of the "air being
+freighted with _fragrance_" from the _flowers_ and _aroma_ of the
+exuberant, rich, rank growth of vegetable matter, as trees, shrubbery,
+and other herbage.
+
+
+Temperature
+
+The temperature is seldom or never great, the average being 85 deg.
+Fahr.[5] This, it will be perceived, is but 5 deg. above _summer_
+temperature in the temperate _zone_ of America, according to
+Fahrenheit's scale.
+
+
+Comparative Temperature Bees
+
+It is worthy of observation that, by a natural law, we are enabled to
+compare the temperature in many parts of Africa satisfactorily with that
+of some other countries. There are parts of India, and also Central and
+South America, where it is said that _bees_ cannot propagate, in
+consequence of their inability to build their cells because of the heat,
+the cera or wax melting in their hive or habitation. While in Africa
+such is not the case, there being no part known to civilized travelers
+where bees are not seen ever busy on every blossom, gathering their
+store, leaving laden with the rich delicacies of the blooming flowers;
+and Doctor Livingstone not only speaks most frequently of the profusion
+of honey in the extensive country through which he traveled, but says
+that, while near the coast in Loango, he encountered many persons laden
+with "tons of _beeswax_" carried on their heads exposed to the sun, on
+their way to the trading posts. And during our stay at Abbeokuta, Mr.
+Campbell my colleague, had two swarms of bees; the first taken by him
+when in _transitu_ (swarmed) and hived, which bred a new swarm in the
+hive at the Mission House where we resided.
+
+
+Soil, Stone, Minerals, Productions
+
+The soil is very rich, which, like that of other parts of Africa through
+which I traveled, rates from a sandy loam to a rich alluvial, resting on
+strata of granite, limestone, and quartz with a large percentage of
+mica, profusely incorporated with iron, and doubtless other rich
+minerals not yet discovered. Palm oil and camwood are abundant,
+comprising the principal articles of native products for exportation; a
+good deal of ivory from the interior through the Golah country, but not
+so much as formerly; palm nuts, which principally go to France; ginger,
+arrowroot, pepper, coffee, sugar and molasses, to which three latter
+articles (as well as pepper, ginger and arrowroot,) the industrious
+citizens of Liberia have, during the last six years, turned their
+attention.
+
+
+Domestic Animals, Fowls, Goats, Sheep, Swine, Cattle
+
+The stock consists of fowls of various kinds--as chickens, ducks, common
+and Muscovy; Guinea fowls in abundance; turkeys, and on one farm--the
+_Gaudilla farm_ of William Spencer Anderson, Esq., sugar planter, on the
+St. Paul River--geese. Neither are the cows so small as supposed to be
+from the general account given of them by travelers. Those which are
+common to, and natives of this part of Africa, which I shall classify as
+the _Bassa_ (pronounced _Bassaw_) cattle, are handsome and well-built,
+comparing favorably in size (though neither so long-legged nor
+long-bodied) with the small cattle in the interior counties of
+Pennsylvania, U.S., where no attention is paid scientifically to the
+breeding of cattle; though the Liberia or Bassa are much the heaviest,
+and handsomely made like the _Golah_, or _Fulatah_, hereafter to be
+described, resembling the Durham cattle of England in form. Also swine,
+goats, and sheep are plentiful.
+
+
+Horses, None. Why?
+
+I saw but one horse in Liberia, and that on the Gaudilla farm of Mr.
+Anderson; and though, as the Liberians themselves informed me, they have
+been taken there by the Mandingo and Golah traders, they never lived.
+And why--if they live in other parts of Africa, on the western coast,
+which they do, even near the _Mangrove swamps_, as will hereafter be
+shown--do they not live in Liberia, the civilized settlements of which
+as yet, except on the St. Paul and at Careysburg, are confined to the
+coast? There are certainly causes for this, which I will proceed to
+show.
+
+
+Horse Feed, Pasturage, Hay
+
+In the first place, horses, like all other animals, must have feed
+naturally adapted to their sustenance. This consists mainly of grass,
+herbage, and grains, especially the latter when the animal is
+domesticated. Secondly, adequate shelter from sun and weather, as in the
+wild state by instinct they obtain these necessary comforts for
+themselves.
+
+
+No Cultivated Farms--No Shelter for Horses
+
+Up to the time, then, when the Liberians ceased the experiment of
+keeping horses, they had not commenced in any extensive manner to
+cultivate farms, consequently did not produce either maize (Indian
+corn), Guinea corn (an excellent article for horses in Africa,
+resembling the American broom corn both in the stock, blade, and grain,
+the latter being larger and browner than those of the broom corn, and
+more nutritious than oats); peas, nor any other grain upon which those
+animals are fed, and the great, heavy, rich, rank, pseudo reed-grass of
+the country was totally unfit for them, there being no grass suited
+either for pasturage or hay. Again, I was informed by intelligent,
+respectable Liberians, that to their knowledge there never had been a
+stable or proper shelter prepared for a horse, but that they had, in one
+or more instances, known horses to be kept standing in the sun the
+entire day, and in the open air and weather during the entire night,
+while their owners had them.
+
+
+No Horses; Why, and Why Not
+
+It is very evident from this, that horses could not live in Liberia, and
+since the _tsetse_ fly introduced to the notice of the scientific world
+recently by Doctor Livingstone the African Explorer, has never been seen
+nor heard of in this part of the continent, nor any other insect that
+tormented them, those must have been the prime causes of fatality to
+these noble and most useful domestic creatures. I have been thus
+explicit in justice to Liberia, even in opposition to the opinion of
+some very intelligent and highly qualified gentlemen in that country
+(among whom is my excellent friend, Doctor Roberts, I think,) because I
+believe that horses can live there as well as in other parts of Africa,
+when fairly and scientifically inquired into and tested. Proper feed and
+care, I have no doubt, will verify my opinion; and should I but be
+instrumental, by calling the attention of my brethren in Liberia to
+these facts, in causing them _successfully_ to test the matter, it will
+be but another evidence of the fact, that the black race should take
+their affairs in their own hands, instead of placing them in the hands
+of others.
+
+
+Exploration. Farms, Sugar, Coffee
+
+My explorations in Liberia extended to every civilized settlement in the
+Republic except Careysburg, and much beyond these limits up the Kavalla
+River. There is much improvement recently up the St. Paul River, by the
+opening up of fine, and in some cases, extensive farms of coffee and
+sugar; also producing rice, ginger, arrowroot, and pepper, many of which
+have erected upon them handsome and well-constructed dwellings; also
+sugar mills and machinery for the manufacture of sugar and molasses,
+which articles manufactured, compare favorably with the best produced in
+other countries. There has, as yet, been no improvement introduced in
+the hulling and drying of coffee, there being probably not enough
+produced to induce the introduction of machinery. I am informed that
+there have also been commenced several good farms on the Junk River,
+which district, farther than the settlement at the mouth, I did not
+visit. The people are willing and anxious for improvement, and on
+introducing to many of the farmers the utility of cutting off the centre
+of each young coffee-tree so soon as it grew above the reach of a man
+of ordinary height, I had the satisfaction of seeing them immediately
+commence the execution of the work. The branches of the tree spread, in
+proportion to the checking of the height; hence, instead of eight feet
+apart, as some of the farmers have done, the trees should be planted at
+least twenty feet apart, thus leaving ample space between for the
+spreading of the branches. The tree should never be permitted to grow
+too high to admit of the berry being picked from the ground, or at least
+from a stand which may be stepped upon without climbing.
+
+
+Schools
+
+The schools are generally good, every settlement being amply
+accommodated with them; and in Monrovia and at Cape Palmas the classics
+are being rigidly prosecuted.[4]
+
+
+Churches Missionaries
+
+Churches are many and commodious, of every Christian
+denomination--except, I believe, the Roman Catholic. The Missionaries
+seem to be doing a good work, there being many earnest and faithful
+laborers among them of both sexes, black and white, and many native
+catechists and teachers, as well as some few preachers.
+
+
+Business, Professions, Theology, Medicine, Law
+
+The principal business carried on in Liberia is that of trading in
+native and foreign produce, the greater part being at the Capital. The
+greater part of merchants here are Liberians; but there are also three
+white houses--two German and one American. And along the coast there are
+a number of native trading-posts, the proprietors of which are white
+foreigners, with black agents. Many of the Liberian Clergy of all
+denominations are well educated gentlemen; and the Medical Profession is
+well represented by highly accomplished Physicians; but of all the
+professions, the Law is the most poorly represented--there being, as I
+learnt when there, but one young gentlemen at the bar who had been bred
+to the profession; and not a Judge on the bench who was learned in the
+law. This I do not mention in disparagement of the gentlemen who fill
+those honorable positions of presiding over the legal investigations of
+their country, as many--indeed, I believe the majority of them--are
+clergymen, who from necessity have accepted those positions, and fill
+their own legitimate callings with credit. I sincerely hope that the day
+is not far distant when Liberia will have her learned counsellors and
+jurists--dispensing law, disseminating legal opinions, and framing
+digests as well as other countries, for the benefit of nations.
+
+
+Council
+
+At Grand Bassa I held a Council with some of the most eminent Liberians,
+among whom were several members of the National Legislature--the
+venerable Judge Hanson in the chair. Several able speeches were
+made--the objects of my mission and policy approved; and I shall never
+forget the profound sensation produced at that ever-memorable Council,
+and one of the most happy hours of my life. When the honored old judge
+and sage, sanctioning my adventure, declared that, rather than it should
+fail, he would join it himself, and with emotion rose to his feet; the
+effect was inexpressible, each person being as motionless as a statue.
+
+
+Public Affairs, Municipal and Public Improvements
+
+The laws of Liberia seem to be well constructed, and framed to suit the
+wants of the people, and their public affairs are quite well and
+creditably conducted. But there is a great deficiency in public
+improvements, and, as I learned--and facts from actual observation
+verified until comparatively recent--also in public spirit. There are no
+public buildings of note, or respectable architectural designs; no
+harbor improvements, except a lighthouse each on the beautiful summit
+rock-peaks of Cape Messurado and Cape Palmas--not even a buoy to
+indicate the shoal; no pier, except a little one at Palmas; nor an
+attempt at a respectable wharfage for canoes and lighters (the large
+keels owned by every trading vessel, home and foreign, which touches
+there.) And, with the exception of a handsome wagon-road, three and a
+half miles out from Harper, Cape Palmas, beyond Mount Vaughan, there is
+not a public or municipal road in all Liberia. Neither have I seen a
+town which has a paved street in it, although the facilities for paving
+in almost all the towns are very great, owing to the large quantities of
+stone everywhere to be had.
+
+
+The Capital No City
+
+And what is surprising, Monrovia, although the capital, has not a city
+municipality to give it respectability as such; hence, there is neither
+mayor nor council (city council I mean) to give character to any public
+occasion, but His Excellency the President, the Chief Executive of the
+nation, must always be dragged down from his reserved and elevated
+position, and made as common as a common policeman to head every little
+petty affair among the people. The town was once, by the wisdom of some
+legislators, chartered into a city, and Dr. T. F. M'Gill (ex-governor)
+chosen mayor, who, by his high intelligence and fitness for the office,
+had commenced the most useful and commendable improvements; but the
+wisdom of other legislators, after a year's duration, in consequence of
+the heavy expenses incurred to "make Monrovia, where big folks lived, a
+fine place," repealed the act, degrading their Capital to a town. That
+is the same as declaring that a court shall not have a judge--the nation
+a President or Executive, or there shall be no head at all; hence, to
+reduce the judge to the grade of a lawyer, the lawyer to that of the
+clerk of the court, the President of the nation to that of the county
+magistrate, and the county magistrate to that of a constable. How much
+respect would a people be entitled to who would act thus? They must
+understand that nothing is greater than its head, and the people of a
+nation cannot rise above the level of the head of their nation any more
+than the body of the individual in its natural position can be raised
+above the head. It is just so with a town population. A villager is a
+villager, a citizen is a citizen, and a metropolitan is a
+metropolitan--each of which is always expected to have a standing
+commensurate with his opportunities.
+
+
+Self-Reliance, Ways and Means
+
+One word as a suggestion in political economy to the young politician of
+Liberia: Always bear in mind, that the fundamental principle of every
+nation is _self-reliance_, with the _ability to create their own ways
+and means_: without this, there is no capacity for _self-government_. In
+this short review of public affairs, it is done neither to disparage nor
+under-rate the gentlemen of Liberia with whom, from the acquaintance I
+have made with them in the great stride for black nationality, I can
+make common cause, and hesitate not to regard them, in unison with
+ourselves, a noble band of brothers.
+
+
+Executive Munificence
+
+There has been much progress made in the various industrial vocations
+within a few years past by the munificence of President Benson, aided by
+the wisdom of the Legislature, through the agency of a national
+agricultural fair, with liberal premiums on samples exhibited in a
+spacious receptacle prepared each season for the purpose, in the Public
+Square in front of the President's mansion, called Palm Palace. Like his
+predecessor President Roberts, in pressing the claims of his country
+before the nations of Europe, President Benson has spared no authority
+which he possessed in developing the agricultural resources of his
+country. Every man has his _forte_, and in his turn probably becomes a
+_necessity_ for the time being, according to his faculty. Consequently
+my opinion is, that the _forte_ and mission of President Roberts for the
+time being were the establishment of a Nationality, and that of
+President Benson the development of its resources, especially the
+agricultural. Neither of these gentlemen, therefore, might be
+under-rated, as each may have been the instrument which God in his
+wisdom appointed to a certain work.
+
+
+Official and Personal Favors
+
+To John Moore, Esq., Government Surveyor; the Hon. B. P. Yates,
+ex-Vice-President of the Republic; Hon. John Seys, U.S. Agent for
+Re-captured Africans, and Consular Agent, I am much indebted for acts of
+kindness in facilitating my Explorations in Liberia. The Hon. Mr. Seys
+and Mr. Moore, for personally accompanying me up the St. Paul River; and
+Colonel Yates, for the loan of his fine canvas-covered boat for my use.
+Also to Dr. Henry J. Roberts, for remedies and medicines for my own use;
+Dr. Thomas F. M'Gill, for offering to make advances on articles of
+merchandise which I took out on trade to bear expenses, much beyond the
+market price; and to those excellent gentlemen, Messrs. Johnson, Turpin,
+and Dunbar, also for large advances made above market price in cash for
+my commodity, as well as other favors, especially on the part of Mr.
+Johnson, who, having for years been a resident in Monrovia, did
+everything to advance my mission and make my duty an agreeable one.
+
+To the Rev. Alexander Crummell, who accompanied me up the Kavalla, above
+the Falls, making my task an easy one; to Drs. Fletcher and D'Lyon, who
+rendered me professional aid, and also to our excellent, faithful, and
+reliable guide, Spear Mehia is, a native civilized Christian Prince, the
+son of the old friend of the missionaries, Nmehia, the deceased King of
+Kavalla, I here make acknowledgments. And I cannot close this section
+without an acknowledgment that, wherever I went, the people of the
+country generally did everything to make me happy--Esquire Wright at
+Junk, Dr. Smith at Grand Bassa, and the Hon. Mr. Priest at Sinou whose
+guest I was, all here will receive my thanks for their aid in
+facilitating my mission.
+
+
+Settlement and Sites of Towns
+
+I conclude this section by remarking, that Monrovia is one of the
+handsomest and most eligible sites for a city that I ever saw, and only
+lacks the population and will of the people to make it a most beautiful
+place; and how much it is to be regretted that the charter was repealed,
+and Mayor M'Gill and the City Council cut off in the beginning of the
+first steps towards a national pride, which was to have a Capital City
+in reality as well as name.[3] How unsightly to a stranger, as he steps
+from the boat at the mouth of Stockton Creek, on the Messurado River, is
+the rude and rugged steep, leading by simple pathways in true native
+style, from the warehouses up to the town, which, if improved as it
+might and should be, would be one of the most pleasing as well as
+attractive approaches to any city in the world. Not even is there a
+respectable public market-house or market space in town. But wisdom
+decreed it otherwise, and for the present it must be so. "Wisdom" in
+this case "hath" _not_ "built her house" neither "hath she hewn out" the
+stone "pillars" leading from the beach.
+
+Another good site for a city is Edina, on the northeast side of the St.
+John River, opposite Buchanan, Grand Bassa, which doubtless in time
+Buchanan will include. This is also a handsome place, from the gradually
+rising elevation. Edina is the residence of that great-hearted, good old
+gentleman, Judge Hanson. Junk, Little Bassa, and Sinou, are also good,
+but each of these are low, and consequently not so imposing.
+
+Next to Monrovia is Cape Palmas for beauty of location and scenery, and
+a stranger will more readily be pleased at first sight with Harper than
+the Capital. A beautiful city will in time occupy the extensive Cape for
+several miles back, including Mount Vaughan and the country around; and
+it may be remarked, that this place presents greater evidences of public
+improvement than any town in Liberia, and the only place in the country
+which has a regular wagon road with ox-teams running upon it.
+
+
+Buildings
+
+The private buildings in Liberia are generally good and substantial, and
+especially those of Monrovia, built of brick. Many of them are handsome
+and quite extensive mansions, the warehouses mostly being built of
+stone. The wooden houses generally are well-built frames, and
+"weather-boarded," and not, as some romancers and wonder-vendors would
+have it, being either log, bamboo, or mud huts. To take the settlers
+generally, there cannot be much fault found with their style of living,
+except perhaps in some instances, rather a little too much extravagance.
+Caldwell, Clay-Ashland, and Millsburg on the St. Paul, are pleasant and
+prospectively promising villages, and deserve a notice in this place.
+Clay-Ashland is the residence of Judge Moore, to whom I am indebted for
+personal favors and much useful information when examining the land
+over his extensive sugar and coffee farms. And to my excellent friend
+Dr. Daniel Laing, of the same place, for similar acts of courtesy and
+kindness, I am much indebted.
+
+
+Public Meeting
+
+I addressed the citizens in a very long political meeting in the
+Methodist church, on the evening of my visit there.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] This day, August 2, 1861, while revising this Report, the
+thermometer Fahr. stands in the most favorable shade in the town of
+Chatham, Kent county, C. W., 96 deg. (98 is the general test of this
+day) and in the sun 113--being one degree above _fever heat_. A fact to
+which my attention was called by an intelligent Liberian--and which
+science may hereafter account for--that the nearer the approach to the
+equator, the more moderate is the heat. Has the sun the same effect upon
+the general bulk of the earth that it has upon particular locations--the
+greater the elevation the cooler--or is it because of the superior
+velocity of this part, that a _current_ is kept up by its passage
+through the _atmosphere_ surrounding it? It is a settled fact that the
+earth is "elevated at the equator and depressed at the poles," and hills
+are cool, while valleys and plains are hot, because of their peculiar
+property of attracting and reflecting heat.
+
+[4] The "Liberia College" has been fully established since my visit
+there, by the erection of a fine stone edifice, and the choice of the
+Hon. Ex-President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President and Professor of
+Jurisprudence and International Law; Rev. Alexander Crummell, A.B.,
+Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and English Literature;
+Rev. Edward Welmot Blydon, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages and
+Literature. This is a grand stride in the march of African Regeneration
+and Negro Nationality.
+
+[5] I am happy to learn by advices recently received from Liberia, that
+Monrovia has again been created and organized a City Municipality,
+ex-Judge James Mayor; and I should have named in connection with the
+public spirit of Liberia, three newspapers--the _Liberia Herald_, _Star
+of Liberia_, and _Christian Advocate_--the last, a religious journal,
+under the auspices of that excellent Christian gentleman, Bishop Burns
+the Methodist Missionary-Bishop of Liberia.
+
+
+
+
+VI DISEASES--CAUSE--REMEDY
+
+
+First Symptoms
+
+The first sight and impressions of the coast of Africa are always
+inspiring, producing the most pleasant emotions. These pleasing
+sensations continue for several days, more or less, until they gradually
+merge into feelings of almost intense excitement, not only mentally, but
+the entire physical system share largely in it, so that it might be
+termed a hilarity of feeling almost akin to approaching intoxication; or
+as I imagine, like the sensation produced by the beverage of champagne
+wine. Never having enjoyed the taste for it, I cannot say from
+experience.
+
+
+Second Stage of Symptoms
+
+The first symptoms are succeeded by a relaxity of feelings, in which
+there is a disposition to stretch, gape, and yawn, with fatigue.
+
+
+Third Stage of Symptoms
+
+The second may or may not be succeeded by actual febrile attacks, with
+nausea, chills, or violent headache; but whether or not such symptoms
+ensue, there is one most remarkable, as almost (and I think quite) a
+necessary affection, attendant upon the acclimation at this incipient
+stage: _a feeling of regret that you left your native country for a
+strange one; an almost frantic desire to see friends and nativity; a
+despondency and loss of the hope of ever seeing those you love at home
+again_.
+
+These feelings, of course, must be resisted, and _regarded as a mere
+morbid affection of the mind_ at the time, arising from an approaching
+disease, which is not necessarily serious, and may soon pass off; which
+is really the case.
+
+
+Its Effects
+
+It is generally while laboring under this last-described symptom, that
+persons send from Africa such despairing accounts of their
+disappointments and sufferings, with horrible feelings of dread for the
+worst to come.
+
+
+Recovery
+
+When an entire recovery takes place, the love of the country is most
+ardent and abiding. I have given the symptoms _first_, to make a proper
+impression first.
+
+
+Diseases
+
+I have thought it proper to give a section in my Report entirely to the
+diseases of Liberia, which are the same as those in other parts of
+Africa, with their complication with diseases carried from America by
+the settlers.
+
+
+Native Diseases, Peculiar Character in Liberia
+
+The native diseases are mainly the native fever, which is nothing but
+the _intermittent fever_ of America, known in different parts as _ague_,
+_chills and fever_, _fever and ague_, with its varied forms of
+_bilious_, _intermittent_, _remittent_, _continued_, and its worst form
+of _inflammatory_ when it most generally assumes the _congestive_ type
+of the American Southern States. In this condition, the typhoid symptoms
+with _coma_, give unmistakable evidence of the character of the malady.
+The native fever which is common to all parts of Africa, in Liberia
+while to my judgment not necessarily fatal (and in by far the greater
+percentage of cases in the hands of an intelligent, skilful physician,
+quite manageable), is generally much worse in its character there than
+in the Yoruba country, where I have been. The symptoms appear to be much
+more aggravated and the patient to suffer more intensely.
+
+
+_Causes_
+
+The density and rankness of the vegetable growth, the saturation of the
+air continually with fragrance, and other _miasma_, and the _malaria_
+from the mangrove swamps, I assign as the cause of difference in the
+character of the same disease in different parts of the continent. The
+habits also of the settlers, have much to do with the character of the
+disease. A free indulgence in improper food and drink, which doubtless
+is the case in many instances, are exciting causes to take the malady,
+and aggravating when suffering under it.
+
+
+_Complication_
+
+There are several other diseases that might be named, which I reserve
+for a section on another part of Africa, and confine my remarks simply
+to the complication of the native with foreign. All _scorbutic_,
+_scrofulous_, or _syphilitic_ persons, where the affection has not been
+fully suppressed, may become easy victims to the fever in Liberia, or
+lingering sufferers from _ulcers_, _acute rheumatism_, or
+_elephantiasis_--a frightful enlargement of the limbs. _Ulcerated
+opthalmia_ is another horrible type, that disease in such chronically
+affected persons may assume. But any chronic affection--especially lung,
+liver, kidney, and rheumatic--when not too deeply seated, may, by
+favorable acclimation, become eliminated, and the ailing person entirely
+recover from the disease.
+
+
+_Remedies, Natural and Artificial_
+
+The natural remedy for the permanent decrease of the native fever, is
+the clearing up and cultivation of the land, which will be for some time
+yet to come, tardy; as emigration to Liberia is very slow, and the
+natives very unlike those of Yoruba--cultivate little or nothing but
+rice, cassaba, and yams, and these in comparative small patches, so that
+there is very little need for clearing off the forest. Neither have they
+in this part of Africa any large towns of substantial houses, all of
+which would necessitate a great deal of clearing; but instead, they
+consist of small clusters of reed or bamboo huts in a circle, always in
+the densest of the forest, which can scarcely ever be seen (except they
+be situated on a high hill) until you are right upon them. The clearing
+away of the mangrove swamps--which is practicable--will add greatly to
+the sanitary condition of Liberia; but this also will take time, as it
+must be the work of a general improvement in the country, brought about
+by populating and civilizing progress.
+
+
+_Treatment_
+
+The treatment of the native fever must be active and prudential. But the
+remedies are simple and easily obtained, being such as may be had at any
+well-kept apothecary's shop. The _sulphate of quinia_, in moderate
+doses, three or four times a day, with the usual attention to the
+febrile changes, gentle _aperients_, _effervescent_ and _acidulous_
+drinks, taking care to prevent acridness in the stomach. In my advice to
+persons going to Africa, I shall speak more pointedly of the domestic or
+social customs to be avoided.
+
+
+Locality
+
+I observed that all elevated places, as Monrovia and Freetown, subject
+to severe visitations of disease, are situated near mangrove swamps;
+consequently, from the _rising_ of the _malaria_, they are much more
+unhealthy than those in low plains, such as Lagos and many other places,
+_above_ which the _miasma_ generally rises for the most part passing off
+harmlessly.
+
+I left Cape Palmas, Liberia, on Thursday, 2 P.M. the 15TH of Sept., on
+the British Royal Mail African steamer, "Armenian," Captain Walker, to
+whom and his officers, I make acknowledgments for acts of kindness.
+
+
+
+
+VII THE INTERIOR--YORUBA
+
+
+Coasting. Cape Coast Castle, Bight of Benin
+
+Thursday, the 20th of September, about noon, after stopping at
+Cape-Coast Castle for twelve hours, on the Coast of Benin, the steamer
+made her moorings in the roadstead, Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea, off
+Lagos. I disembarked, going ashore with the mail-boat managed by
+natives; from whence, by the politeness of the gentlemanly young clerk
+(a native gentleman) of Captain Davies', a native merchant, I was taken
+in a sail-boat, also manned by natives, up the bay, and landed at the
+British Consulate; whence I was met by Mr. Carew, the native agent of
+the Rev. J. M. Harden, a most excellent man, Missionary, and conducted
+to the Baptist Mission House.
+
+After a stay of five weeks, visiting almost everything and place worthy
+of note, being called upon by many of the most noted persons, among whom
+were several chiefs, having several interviews with the authorities, and
+meeting the most active, intelligent, Christian young men, in several of
+their associated gatherings, I was waited on by the messenger of the
+king; when after several interchanges of "words" between us, the
+following instrument of writing was "duly executed, signed, sealed, and
+delivered," I, and Mr. Harden being present, and witnessing the
+measurement of the land, according to the present custom in that place:
+
+
+     TITLE DEED
+     DR. M. R. DELANY
+
+     Lagos, October 25th, 1859
+
+     _Know all Men by these Presents:_
+
+     That I DOCEMO, King of Lagos and the Territories thereunto
+     belonging, have this day granted, assigned, and made over, unto
+     Doctor Martin R. Delany, for his use and the use of his Heirs and
+     Assigns forever, All that Piece of Ground, situated on the South of
+     the Premises and Ground occupied by Fernando, in the field at Okai
+     Po, Po, measuring as follows, Three Hundred and Thirty Feet square.
+
+     Witness my Stamp hereunto affixed, and the Day and Year above
+     written.
+
+
+     _KING_
+     DOCEMO
+     OF LAGOS.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     BRITISH CONSULATE,
+     Lagos, October 28th, 1859
+
+     I CERTIFY that the Circular Stamp, as above, with KING DOCEMO, of
+     LAGOS in the centre, is the Official Stamp of Docemo, King of
+     Lagos, and is used by him as his signature to all Letters, Deeds,
+     and Documents.
+
+     {SEAL} EDWD. F. LODDER
+
+     _Acting Consul._
+
+     The Deed of Land above, granted to Doctor Martin R. Delany, by King
+     Docemo of Lagos, has this 18th day of October, 1859, been
+     registered in the Registry Book of the British Consulate, and
+     numbered.
+
+     JOHN P. BOYLE, _Clerk_
+
+On the 30th of October, I left Lagos, proceeding _via_ Ogun river, to
+Abbeokuta, which I reached on Saturday, the 5th of November.
+
+
+Explorations. Abbeokuta
+
+Here I met for the first time with my colleague and Assistant
+Commissioner, Mr. Robert Campbell, from whom, at Lagos, I found a letter
+waiting for my arrival in the hands of Acting Consul, Lieut. Edward F.
+Lodder, of Her Majesty's war vessel "Brun," which continually lies in
+the harbor, directly opposite and near to the Consulate. Consul Campbell
+(since deceased), had paid an official visit to England, and Lieut.
+Lodder was supplying his place.
+
+
+Towns from Abbeokuta
+
+From Abbeokuta, population 110,000, we proceeded to Ijaye, population
+78,000, reckoned by the white missionaries and officers of the Niger
+Expedition of Her Majesty's service, who passed through once, at 80,000;
+Oyo, population, 75,000; Ogbomoso, population 70,000; Illorin,
+population 120,000; returning back, _via_ Ogbomoso to Oyo: when by
+arrangement, Mr. Campbell leaving me at Oyo, returned to Abbeokuta by a
+new route through Isen and Biolorin-Pellu, small places: whence I, a
+week later, also by another strange route, returned, passing through
+Iwo, population 75,000; and Ibaddan, population 150,000 an immense city,
+the estimated number of inhabitants by the Civil Corps who passed
+through, being 250,000. It will be seen that I have made a liberal
+deduction of two-fifths, or 100,000 from this estimate; still, the
+population is immense and the city extensive, the walls embracing an
+outline of at least twenty-three miles.
+
+
+Return to Lagos
+
+From Abbeokuta, the water being very low, it was thought advisable that
+Mr. Campbell take charge of all our luggage, and proceed by way of the
+Ogun to Lagos, (he having disposed of his horse at Abbeokuta) whilst I,
+on horseback, with William Johnson our cook, the only servant we
+retained--a civilized native--as guide and attendant, proceeded by land,
+both reaching Lagos three days after, in the same hour of the same day.
+
+
+
+
+VIII TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, ETC.
+
+
+Topography, Climate
+
+The whole face of the country extending through the Aku region or
+Yoruba, as it is laid down on the large missionary map of Africa, is
+most beautifully diversified with plains, hills, dales, mountains, and
+valleys, interlined with numerous streams, some of which are merely
+temporary or great drains; whilst the greater part are perennial, and
+more or less irrigating the whole year, supplying well the numerous
+stocks of cattle and horses with which that country is so well
+everywhere provided. The climate is most delightful.
+
+
+First Plateau and Second Plateau, or Table Lands
+
+The first plateau or low land from Lagos, extends about thirty-five or
+forty miles interiorly, with but occasionally, small rugged or rocky
+elevations breaking the surface, when it almost abruptly rises into
+elevated lands, undulating and frequently craggy, broken often by deep
+declivities of glens and dales.
+
+
+Soil
+
+The soil of the first plateau, for ten or fifteen miles, is moist and
+sandy, more or less, gradually incorporating with a dark rich earth,
+which, extending quite through the second plateau, continually varies in
+quality, consistence, and color, from a sandy loam and clay-red iron
+pyrite appearance to a potter's-clay, and rich alluvial color and
+quality, the whole being exceedingly fertile and productive; as no
+district through which we traveled was without cultivation more or less,
+and that always in a high degree, whatever the extent of ground under
+cultivation or the produce cultivated.
+
+
+Stone Formation
+
+The stone formation throughout these regions consist of primitive
+dark-gray granite, quartz, and conglomerates, with, occasionally, strata
+of felspar and mica, which are found mainly in the beautiful mountain
+regions (which are detailed extensions of the great mountains of Kong),
+having in these sections always beautiful gaps or passes of delightful
+valleys.
+
+
+Minerals, Iron, Copper, Zinc
+
+The minerals consist of iron in the greatest abundance, which at present
+is smelted by the natives from the clay, and every town of any note or
+size has not only its blacksmiths' shops, but the largest all have iron
+smelting works. At Ijaye there is quite an extensive and interesting
+establishment of the kind. And, as they manufacture _brass_, there must
+be also zinc and copper found there--indications of the last-named
+metal being often seen by the color of certain little water surfaces.
+The stone formation bears the usual indications of aqueous and igneous
+deposits, but more of the former than the latter.
+
+
+Productions Timber
+
+The timber is numerous, and for the following classification I am
+indebted to my learned friend the Rev. Alexander Crummell, Episcopal
+missionary and Principal of the Mount Vaughn High School at Cape Palmas:
+Teak, ebony, lignum vitae, mahogany, brimstone, rosewood, walnut,
+hickory, oak, cedar, unevah, and mangrove.
+
+
+Medical Productions
+
+Gum Yoruba (the same as gum Arabic), acacia or senna, castor oil, croton
+oil, rhubarb root, colomba-root, ipecacuanha, quasia, nux-vomica,
+cubebs, tobacco, and many others.
+
+
+Fruits
+
+All the fruits common to the tropics are found in these regions; in
+fact, so redundant is Africa with these productions, that she combines
+the whole within herself; that is, there are some fruits found in the
+tropical parts of Asia, South America, the Asiatic and West India
+Islands, common or peculiar to one which may not be found in the other,
+but all of which, it may safely be said, can be found in Africa.
+Pineapples the most delicious in flavor and taste conceivable oranges
+the same, bananas the finest, plantains equally so, mangrove plums (a
+peculiar but delightful and wholesome fruit, said by the natives to be a
+_febrifuge_), guavas, and "soursops," a delightful _febrifuge_ of pure
+_citric acid_, without the least acridness, as well as a hundred others
+which I cannot now name. The papaw or tree-melon also grows very finely
+here, and is a very useful and wholesome fruit. When green, "stewed and
+mashed," and well-flavored with the usual culinary spices, it cannot be
+distinguished from the best green apple-sauce--for which reason it makes
+excellent pies. When fully ripe, it cannot be told from the finest
+muskmelon or cantelope.
+
+
+Agricultural Products
+
+The Agricultural labor of this part of Africa is certainly very great,
+and merits the attention of every intelligent inquirer; from the simple
+fact that, so far as it exhibits the industry of the inhabitants, it
+shows the means which may be depended upon for a development of the
+commercial resources of the country.
+
+
+Palm Oil
+
+Palm oil is produced in great abundance, as a staple commodity among
+themselves, as well as for exportation since the common light for houses
+consists of palm oil burnt in native manufactured lamps, some
+constructed of iron and others of earthenware. The oil of the nut is the
+most general in use among the natives, both for light and cooking,
+because it is the richest, being the most unctuous. This use of the
+nut-oil is certainly an antiquated custom among the people of this
+region, whilst those contiguous to Liberia have recently learned that
+the kernels could be put to commercial use, by the discovery or rather
+practical application by Mr. Herron, of Grand Bassa, Liberia, and
+subsequent demand by the French traders. The fact that the Yorubas
+generally produce their charcoal from the hull of the palm nut, is an
+evidence of the long-continued and abundant use of the latter article
+for the manufacture of oil. They have regular establishments for the
+manufacture of the palm oil, with vats and apparatus (simple though they
+be), places and persons for each process: as bruising the fruit from the
+nut, boiling, carrying the pulp to a vat, where it is pressed and washed
+to extract the oil; one to skim it off from the top of the
+liquid--another to carry off the fiber of the pulp or bruised fruit,
+which fiber is also appropriated to kindling and other uses. There is no
+such method of extracting the oil, as the mistaken idea so frequently
+reported by African traders from Europe and America, that the natives
+bruise the nut with stones in holes made in the ground, thereby losing a
+large percentage of the oil. Even among the crudest they know better
+than this, and many use shallow troughs, made of wood in some parts of
+Africa, as the Grebo, Golah, and some other peoples on the western
+coast, adjacent to Liberia.
+
+
+Palm Trees Cultivated. Camwood. Ivory
+
+All through the Yoruba country the palm tree is cultivated, being
+regularly trimmed and pruned, and never cut down in clearing a farm,
+except when from age the tree has ceased to bear, or is of the male
+species, when it is cut down for the wine, which is the sap, extracted
+from the trunk, in a horizontal position, by boring a hole near the top
+and catching it in a vessel, when it is drunk either before, during, or
+after fermentation.
+
+Camwood is also very plentiful, but owing to its great weight and the
+inconvenience at present of transportation, it does not enter
+extensively into the commerce of these parts, except as dyestuffs in the
+native markets. Gum elastic or India rubber is plentiful.
+
+Ivory enters largely into commerce, being brought by "middle men" from
+the distant interior.
+
+
+Indian Corn or Maize, Peas, Beans, Ginger, Pepper, Arrowroot, &c
+
+Indian corn, the finest in the world (usually white), is here raised in
+the greatest quantities, we having frequently passed through hundreds of
+acres in unbroken tracts of cultivated land, which is beginning to enter
+into foreign commerce; Guinea corn in great abundance--an excellent
+article for horses, spoken of in another place; also peas, such as are
+raised for horse and cattle feed in Canada and other parts of America;
+white beans in great quantities, as well as those of all colors;
+black-eye peas; horse beans; in fact, all of the pulse vegetables; also
+ginger, arrowroot, red pepper in pods (the cayenne of commerce), and
+black pepper, all of which are articles of commerce; indigo; they also
+produce salt, and pea-nuts.
+
+
+Kitchen Vegetables
+
+Yams, cassaba, sweet potatoes, onions, cucumbers, and many other
+culinary roots and vegetables; and I am certain that beets, parsnips,
+and carrots, which we did not see under cultivation, could be
+successfully raised, if desired. Cabbage grows freely in all parts of
+Africa, if planted in the right season.
+
+
+Potatoes, None
+
+Whether or not the common potato of America and Europe can be propagated
+here has not been tested, but such is the excellence of the yam, that
+served up in the same manner, there is little or no difference between
+them and potatoes; and I am certain that when well cooked, "mashed" and
+seasoned, the best judge could not tell them from good potatoes. I mean
+good yams, because they differ in quality like potatoes.
+
+
+Manufactories Iron, Brass, Glass
+
+Crockeryware is manufactured very extensively, of almost every
+conceivable size and kind of vessel, for various purposes. Some of them
+are quite handsome, and all nearly of the ancient oriental mould. The
+largest earthen vessels I ever saw are made by these people, some of
+them being large enough for small cisterns. Iron implements for
+agricultural and military, as well as other domestic purposes, are made
+by them in every large city. They make excellent razors, which shave
+quite well, as also other steel-bladed knives, which prove that they
+have the art of tempering iron. Brass as well as glass ornaments and
+trinkets are made in considerable quantities.
+
+
+Inhabitants
+
+The people are of fine physical structure and anatomical conformation,
+well and regularly featured; not varying more in this particular from
+the best specimen of their own race than the Caucasian or Anglo-Saxon
+from that of theirs. They are very polite--their language abounding in
+vowels, and consequently euphonious and agreeable--affable, sociable,
+and tractable, seeking information with readiness, and evincing
+willingness to be taught. They are shrewd, intelligent, and industrious,
+with high conceptions of the Supreme Being, only using their images
+generally as mediators. "So soon," said an intelligent missionary, "as
+you can convince them that there is a mediator to whom you _may talk,
+but cannot see_, just so soon can you make Christians of them"; their
+idea being that God is too great to be directly approached; therefore
+there must be a mediator to whom they must talk that they can see, when
+God will listen and answer if pleased.
+
+
+How Received by Them
+
+After my arrival at Abbeokuta, not going out for two days, they
+expecting me through information from Mr. Campbell, the third day the
+Chief Atambala called upon me, inviting me in turn to call and see him.
+In a few days after, the king had a popular religious festival in the
+great public space, where there were assembled many chiefs and elders;
+but, on our approach, the old king sent his messenger to escort us to
+the porch of the piazza upon which he was seated, eagerly grasping me by
+the hand, bidding me welcome to Abbeokuta and his court; telling me,
+pointing to Mr. Campbell, that he was acquainted with him, and had heard
+of me through him.
+
+
+Native Estimate of Civilized Educated Men
+
+In December, a meeting of the native cotton-traders, chiefs, and others,
+was held at the residence of the great chief Ogubonna concerning the
+price of cotton. On the meeting assembling, and finding that we were not
+present, the chief at once despatched a messenger, requesting our
+immediate attendance, as "we knew how things ought to be done." On going
+down, we found a large assemblage waiting, among whom were Messrs.
+Samuel and Josiah Crowther, H. Robbing, J. C. During, F. Rebeiro, and C.
+W. Faulkner, civilized native gentlemen; also Mr. J. G. Hughes, an
+English gentleman. By a motion from myself, seconded by J. Crowther, the
+chief Ogubonna was chosen chairman, and, upon a motion by Mr. Campbell,
+seconded by J. G. Hughes, Mr. Robbing was chosen vice-chairman. The
+meeting went off well, we making many suggestions during the
+proceedings, which were always received with approbation.
+
+The following from the native minister, being his own writing and
+composition, will explain itself:
+
+     ABBEOKUTA, Igbore, 23rd Dec., 1857
+
+     M. R. DELANY, Esq.:
+
+     DEAR SIR--A meeting of the Wesleyan Missionary Society will be held
+     at the Wesleyan Chapel, on Monday next, the 26th instant, at ten
+     o'clock, A.M., precisely. You are sincerely and respectfully
+     solicited to be the Chairman on the occasion.
+
+     The object of the Meeting is to offer Thanksgiving to Almighty God
+     for the past years' success; and to pray for an outpouring of the
+     Holy Spirit's influence upon the Church, for a further success, &c.
+
+     Collection will be made at the close of the above.
+
+     Yours respectfully and affectionately,
+     EDWD. BICKERSTETH
+     Wesleyan Minister
+
+     P.S. An early answer will be much obliged.
+
+I replied in the affirmative to this kind invitation (the copy of reply
+is now mislaid), when, at the appointed time, a crowded house was
+assembled.
+
+
+Influence of Civilization--Native Demonstration
+
+In a simple and comprehensive address made to them (being interpreted by
+the minister as I proceeded), such was the effect that it not only
+produced their unanimous applause, but aroused Mr. During (a native
+civilized merchant, who had never before spoken in public) to his feet,
+who approved of what I had said, with such an appeal of native
+eloquence, that when he ceased, sixty bags of cowries (L54 or $270,
+estimating them at 18s, or $4.50 a bag; the then current value of
+cowries) were paid down on the spot, to aid the spread of civilization
+through the gospel and education. Many, very many were the thanks given
+me that day by these, my native kinsmen and women. Several other
+gentlemen, among them Surgeon Samuel Crowther, the Pastor, Mr. Rebeiro,
+and Mr. Campbell my colleague, also addressed them.
+
+
+Official Transactions
+
+Many had been the social, friendly, and official interchanges between us
+and the king and chiefs during our stay in Abbeokuta, when, on the
+twenty-seventh, the day after the missionary meeting, the following
+document was duly executed, with the express understanding that no
+heterogeneous nor promiscuous "masses" or companies, but select and
+intelligent people of high moral as well as religious character were to
+be induced to go out. And I am sure that every good and upright person
+in that region, whether native or foreign missionary, would exceedingly
+regret to see a reckless set of religion-spurning, God-defying persons
+sent there--especially by disinterested white societies in America,
+which interferingly came forward in a measure which was originated
+solely by ourselves (and that, too, but a few of us), as our only hope
+for the regeneration of our race from the curse and corrupting
+influences of our white American oppressors.
+
+
+     TREATY
+
+     This Treaty, made between His Majesty, OKUKENU, Alake; SOMOYE,
+     Ibashorun; SOKENU, OGUBONNA, and ATAMBALA, Chiefs and Balaguns, of
+     Abbeokuta, on the first part; and MARTIN ROBISON DELANY, and ROBERT
+     CAMPBELL, of the Niger Valley Exploring Party, Commissioners from
+     the African race, of the United States and the Canadas in America,
+     on the second part, covenants:
+
+     ART. 1. That the King and Chiefs on their part, agree to grant and
+     assign unto the said Commissioners, on behalf of the African race
+     in America, the right and privilege of settling in common with the
+     Egba people, on any part of the territory belonging to Abbeokuta,
+     not otherwise occupied.
+
+     ART. 2. That all matters, requiring legal investigation among the
+     settlers, be left to themselves, to be disposed of according to
+     their own custom.
+
+     ART. 3. That the Commissioners, on their part, also agree that the
+     settlers shall bring with them, as an equivalent for the privileges
+     above accorded, Intelligence, Education, a Knowledge of the Arts
+     and Sciences, Agriculture, and other Mechanical and Industrial
+     Occupations, which they shall put into immediate operation, by
+     improving the lands, and in other useful vocations.
+
+     ART. 4. That the laws of the Egba people shall be strictly
+     respected by the settlers; and, in all matters in which both
+     parties are concerned, an equal number of commissioners, mutually
+     agreed upon, shall be appointed, who shall have power to settle
+     such matters.
+
+                 *       *       *       *       *
+
+     As a pledge of our faith, and the sincerity of our hearts, we each
+     of us hereunto affix our hand and seal this Twenty-seventh day of
+     December, ANNO DOMINI, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty-nine.
+
+     His Mark, + OKUKENU, Alake
+     His Mark, + SOMOYE, Ibashorum
+     His Mark, + SOKENU, Balagun
+     His Mark, + OGUBONNA, Balagun
+     His Mark, + ATAMBALA, Balagun
+     His Mark, + OGUSEYE, Anaba
+     His Mark, + NGTABO, Balagun, O.S.O.
+     His Mark, + OGUDEMU, Ageoko
+     M. R. DELANY
+     ROBERT CAMPBELL
+
+     Witness--SAMUEL CROWTHER, Jun.
+     Attest--SAMUEL CROWTHER, Sen.
+
+
+
+Executive Council, and Ratification of the Treaty
+
+On the next evening, the 28th, the king, with the executive council of
+chiefs and elders, met at the palace in Ake, when the treaty was
+ratified by an unanimous approval. Such general satisfaction ran through
+the council, that the great chief, his highness Ogubonna, mounting his
+horse, then at midnight, hastened to the residence of the Surgeon
+Crowther, aroused his father the missionary and author, and hastily
+informed him of the action of the council.
+
+
+Native Confidence; Hopes in Educated Blacks; Princess Tinuba
+
+On our return from the interior, having previously made the acquaintance
+of, and had several interviews with, and visits to and from the Princess
+Tinuba, being a called upon by her, I informed her that during our tour
+I learned that she had supplied the chief of Ijaye with the means and
+implements for carrying on the war, which that chief was then waging
+against Oyo and Ibaddan.
+
+I had previous to that, obtained her fullest confidence as an adviser, a
+person of integrity, a friend of my race and of Africa. She had
+previously expressed to a friend of mine, that she had more hope of a
+regeneration of Africa through me than ever before. She had promised to
+place the entire management of her extensive business in my hands, as
+much advantage was taken of her by foreigners. She has attached to her
+immediate household about sixty persons, and keeps constantly employed
+about three hundred and sixty persons bringing her in palm-oil and
+ivory. She had come with a private retinue of six or seven persons, her
+secretary, a man and several maid-servants, to counsel and give me a
+written statement of what she desired me to do. Having conversed for
+some time, after receiving my admonition concerning the part which I had
+learned she had taken with Arie of Ijaye, she sat some time after,
+positively negativing the accusation, when, bidding me farewell, and
+saying that she would "_send_ me a letter," retired. In the course of
+the afternoon, her secretary, "Charles B. Jones," a native, came to the
+house, and presenting his mistress's compliments, with her final adieu,
+handed me a written paper, from which I take the following extracts,
+simply to show the general feeling and frankness of these people, as
+well as the hopes and confidence they have in our going there:
+
+
+   DR. MARTIN R. DELANEY: Abbeokuta, April 3rd, 1860
+
+   SIR--This is to certify you, that it is with a willing mind I come to
+   you for help: and I trust you will do according to your promise.... I
+   return you my sincere gratitude for your kind information gave me while
+   at your house, and can assure you that all what you heard is false
+   respecting my sending guns and powder to Arie, the Chief of Ijaye.... I
+   beg to say, you must not forget to find the Clerk who will stop at Lagos
+   to ship my cargo ... and make agreement with him before you send him
+   here.... I need not say much more about the affairs, as you yourself
+   have known my statements. With hopes that you are well, I am, dear Sir,
+
+   Your humble servant,
+
+   TINUBA
+
+   P.S. You must not forget to send the two gauge-rods. I beg you ...
+   Yours, &c.,--TINUBA
+
+   Per Charles B. Jones.
+
+I have preferred to give these extracts just as they were written,
+without correcting the composition in any way.
+
+
+Royal Deference to Black Men
+
+The liberality which is here accorded to the people of Abbeokuta may be
+also accorded to most other places. The king of Illorin sat in his court
+exposed to our view, because, he said, we were "his people"; a privilege
+which he never allowed "a strange white man," who was never permitted to
+look upon his royal black face publicly. He also sent with us an escort
+of a horseman and five footmen, with sword and spear, as a guard of
+honor, sending us cowries to pay the expenses. The king of Oyo paid us
+distinguished honors through his great Arie Kufu, calling me a relative,
+and sending the chief to inquire after our health. On my leaving Oyo
+finally, he sent with me a very large escort, at the head of whom was
+his commander-in-chief Kufu, as a guard of honor, and three native
+gentlemen, high in rank, as my special carriers. These gentle men
+complained to the missioners, Mr. and Mrs. Hinderer at Ibaddan, that I
+was quite mistaken as to their true social position at home. To this I
+plead guilty, as they were quite right.
+
+
+Domestic Animals; Fowls, Chickens, Ducks, Muscovy, Turkeys Swine;
+Common, Guinea
+
+Chickens (and eggs plentifully) the sweetest and tenderest, ducks and
+turkeys; also Guinea fowls, as well as the fine Muscovy, are abundant.
+
+The swine consist of two distinct classes; the common, descended from
+the wild--a long, lean, gaunt, long-eared, long-nosed, sharp-featured,
+hungry-looking brute, like the American hog; and the Guinea, a
+short-legged, heavy-bodied, short-nosed, short-eared, fat-jawed,
+full-headed, jolly-looking animal, closely resembling the Berkshire of
+English breeding.
+
+
+Goats, Sheep
+
+The goats are the most beautiful, shiny, plump, active, saucy creatures,
+the mutton being most excellent flesh; and the sheep, though hairy
+instead of woolly, in every other particular are like other sheep, and
+the mutton frequently equaling English mutton in flavor and sweetness. I
+suspect the common sheep of this country to be of another genus, as
+there are some very fine woolly sheep in the interior. We intend testing
+the woolly sheep when we get settled there.
+
+
+Cattle--Mandingo and Golah
+
+The cattle are of two classes, and merit particular attention. The
+windward or Mandingo, a tall, long-horned, beautiful animal, the type of
+the Herefordshire; and the leeward or Golah, a short-legged,
+short-horned, heavy-bodied, broad-backed ox, the exact conformation of
+the splendid English Durham beeves.
+
+
+Horses; Aku, Bornou
+
+The horses are of two distinct classes, and not only merit much
+attention here, but must be regarded as among the most surprising
+evidences (as well as the cattle and improved breed of swine) of the
+high degree of intelligence and heathen civilization attained by the
+people.
+
+
+Aku, or Yoruba Horse
+
+The Aku or Yoruba, is a small, well-built, generally sprightly animal,
+equal in size to the largest American-Indian pony. They are great
+travelers, and very enduring, and when broke to the shafts or traces
+will be excellent in harness as family hackneys.
+
+
+Bornou, or Soudan Horse
+
+The Bornou, a noble horse, from twelve to seventeen hands high, finely
+proportioned and symmetrically beautiful, and the type of the
+description of the sire of the great first English blood horse,
+Godolphin, is exceedingly high-spirited, and fleet in the race or chase.
+These noble animals abound in all this part of Africa; are bred in
+Bornou, where great attention is paid to the rearing of them, from
+whence they are taken by the Ishmaelitish traders, in exchange for their
+commodities, to Arabia; from thence they are sent to Europe as their own
+production; just as, a few years since, and probably up to the present
+day, mules were reared in great numbers in Mexico, purchased by Ohio and
+Kentucky muleteers, who sold them in the eastern and northern States of
+America, where for years the people supposed and really believed that
+they were bred in the western States, from whence they were purported to
+come. The fine Bornou, known as the Arabian horse, is a native of
+Africa, and raised in great numbers. Denham and Clapperton, as long ago
+as thirty-five or forty years, wrote, after visiting that part of
+Africa, "It is said that Bornou can muster fifteen thousand Shonaas in
+the field mounted. They are the greatest breeders of cattle in the
+country, and annually supply Soudan with from two to three thousand
+horses." These animals are used for riding, and well exercised, as the
+smallest boys are great riders, every day dashing at fearful speed along
+the roads and over the plains.
+
+
+Game; Quadrupeds
+
+Game is also very plentiful. Deer, antelopes, wild hogs, hedge hogs,
+porcupines, armadillos, squirrels, hares and rabbits, raccoons and
+opossums, are among the most common quadruped game.
+
+
+Wild Fowl
+
+Wild turkey, wild ducks of various kinds, wild pigeons, ocpara (a very
+fine quail, much larger, fatter and plumper than the American pheasant),
+and the wild Guinea fowl, are among the most common biped game.
+
+
+Markets, and Domestic Habits of the People
+
+The markets are also worthy of note, and by their regular establishment
+and arrangement indicate to a certain extent the self-governing element
+and organized condition of the people. Every town has its regular
+market-place or general bazaar, and everything to be had in the town
+may be found, in more or less quantities, in these market-places. In
+describing the large cities through which Mr. Campbell my colleague, and
+I passed, and those through which I passed alone (none of which were
+under seventy thousand of a population) there were numerous smaller
+places of various sizes, from very small villages of one hundred to two
+thousand inhabitants, which were not mentioned in the enumerated towns.
+Of these market-places I may mention that Illorin has five, the area of
+the largest comprising about ten acres, and the general market of
+Abbeokuta comprising more than twelve altogether, whilst that of Ijaye
+contains fully twenty acres or more, in which, like the markets
+generally, everything may be obtained. These markets are systematically
+regulated and orderly arranged, there being parts and places for
+everything, and "everything in their places," with officially appointed
+and excellent managing market-masters. The cattle department of the
+Abbeokuta and Ijaye markets, as well as Illorin are particularly
+attractive, there being as many as eight hundred sheep at one time in
+either of the two former, and horses and mules, as well as sheep and
+goats exhibited in the latter. When approaching the city of Ibaddan, I
+saw at a brook, where they had been let out of their cages or coops to
+drink and wash themselves, as many as three thousand pigeons and squabs
+going to the Ibaddan market.
+
+The following description of the Illorin market, extracted from "Bowen's
+Central Africa," is truthful as far as it goes, and will give a general
+idea of markets in the great cities of Africa:
+
+
+     The most attractive object next to the curious old town itself--and
+     it is always old--is the market.... Here the women sit and chat all
+     day, from early morn till nine o'clock at night, to sell their
+     various merchandise. Some of the sheds however, are occupied by
+     barbers, who shave people's heads and faces; and by leather
+     dressers, who make charms like Jewish phylacteries, and bridle
+     reins, shoes, sandals, &c.; and by dozens and scores of men, who
+     earn an honest living by dressing calabashes, and ornamenting them
+     with various neat engravings.[6] ... The principal market hour, and
+     proper time to see all the wonders, is in the evening.... As the
+     shades of evening deepen, if the weather allow the market to
+     continue and there is no moon, every woman lights her little lamp,
+     and presently the market presents, to the distant observer, the
+     beautiful appearance of innumerable stars.
+
+     The commodities sold in market are too tedious to mention, even if
+     all could be remembered. Besides home productions, there are
+     frequently imported articles from the four quarters of the globe.
+     Various kinds of meat, fowls, sheep, goats, dogs, rats, tortoises,
+     eggs, fish, snails, yams, Indian corn, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes,
+     sugar-cane, ground peas, onions, pepper, various vegetables,
+     palm-nuts, oil, tree-butter, seeds, fruits, firewood, cotton in the
+     seeds, spun cotton, domestic cloth, imported cloth, as calico,
+     shirting, velvets, &c., gun-powder, guns, flints, knives, swords,
+     paper, raw silk, Turkey-red thread, needles, ready-made clothing,
+     as trowsers, caps, breeches shirts without sleeves, baskets,
+     brooms, and no one knows what all.
+
+This description was given by Mr. Bowen in his (in many respects)
+admirable work, published in 1857, after a missionary residence and tour
+of seven years, from 1850 to the time of writing, among the people of
+whom he wrote.
+
+
+Native Houses and Cities
+
+The houses are built of unburnt clay which hardens in the sun, covered
+with a beautiful thatch-long, peculiar grass--exhibiting only the walls
+to the streets, the doors all opening inside of these walls, which are
+entered by a gate or large doorway; the streets generally irregular and
+narrow, but frequently agreeably relieved by wider ones, or large, open
+spaces or parks shaded with trees; all presenting a scene so romantic
+and antiquated in appearance, that you cannot resist the association
+with Babylon, Nineveh, Tyre, and Thebais. The buildings are heavy and
+substantial for their kind, many of which are very extensive. These
+towns and cities are all entrenched and walled; extending entirely
+around them; that of Abbeokuta with the new addition being twenty-seven
+miles, though the population is less by forty thousand than Ibaddan,
+which embraces about twenty-three miles.
+
+
+Conjugal and Filial Affection. Activity of Children
+
+Great affection exists between husband and wife, the women being mostly
+restricted to household work, trading, and gathering in the fields, and
+aiding in carrying, whilst the men principally do the digging, planting,
+chopping, and other hard work. The children are also passionately
+beloved by their parents, sometimes with too much indulgence. They are
+very active, and every day some of them of all sizes may be seen dashing
+along a road or over a plain at fearful speed on horseback. They are
+great vaulters and ankle-springers, and boys may frequently be seen to
+spring from the ground whirling twice--turning _two_ summersets--before
+lighting on their feet.
+
+
+Population of Monrovia and the State
+
+It may not be out of place here to add, that the population of the
+capital of Liberia is certainly not above three thousand, though they
+claim for it five thousand. And what has been said of the lack and
+seeming paucity of public improvement may be much extenuated when it is
+considered that the entire population of settlers only number at present
+some 15,000 souls; the native population being 250,000, or 300,000, as
+now incorporated.
+
+
+Canine and Feline
+
+As the enquiry has been frequently made of me as to "whether there are
+really dogs and cats in Africa," and if so, "whether they are like other
+dogs and cats"; and since a very intelligent American clergyman said to
+me that he had read it somewhere as a fact in natural history, that dogs
+in Africa could not bark; I simply here inform the curious enquirer,
+that there are dogs and cats plentifully in Africa, which "look like
+other dogs and cats," and assure them that the dogs bark, eat, and
+_bite_, just like "other dogs."
+
+
+Slavery
+
+A word about slavery. It is simply preposterous to talk about slavery,
+as that term is understood, either being legalized or existing in this
+part of Africa. It is nonsense. The system is a patriarchal one, there
+being no actual difference, socially, between the slave (called by their
+protector _son or daughter_) and the children of the person with whom
+they live. Such persons intermarry, and frequently become the heads of
+state: indeed, generally so, as I do not remember at present a king or
+chief with whom I became acquainted whose entire members of the
+household, from the lowest domestic to the highest official, did not
+sustain this relation to him, they calling him _baba_ or "father," and
+he treating them as children. And where this is not the case, it either
+arises from some innovation among them or those exceptional cases of
+despotism to be found in every country. Indeed, the term "slave" is
+unknown to them, only as it has been introduced among them by whites
+from Europe and America. So far from abject slavery, not even the old
+feudal system, as known to exist until comparatively recent in
+enlightened and Christian Europe, exists in this part of Africa.
+
+Criminals and prisoners of war are _legally sold_ into slavery among
+themselves, just as was the custom in almost every civilized country in
+the world till very lately, when nothing but advanced intelligence and
+progressive Christianity among the people put a stop to it. There is no
+place, however, but Illorin, a _bona fide_ Mohammedan kingdom, where we
+ever witnessed any exhibition of these facts.
+
+
+How Slaves Are Obtained
+
+Slaves are abducted by marauding, kidnapping, depraved natives, who,
+like the organized bands and gangs of robbers in Europe and America, go
+through the country thieving and stealing helpless women and children,
+and men who may be overpowered by numbers. Whole villages in this way
+sometimes fall victims to these human monsters, especially when the
+strong young men are out in the fields at work, the old of both sexes in
+such cases being put to death, whilst the young are hurried through
+some private way down to the slave factories usually kept by Europeans
+(generally Portuguese and Spaniards) and Americans, on some secluded
+part of the coast. And in no instances are the parents and relatives
+known to sell their own children or people into slavery, except, indeed,
+in cases of base depravity, and except such miserable despots as the
+kings of Dahomi and Ashantee; neither are the heads of countries known
+to sell their own people; but like the marauding kidnapper, obtain them
+by war on others.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] Lagos is an exception to this, the market commencing early in the
+day, and closing at night.
+
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+DISEASES OF THIS PART OF AFRICA, TREATMENT, HYGIENE, ALIMENT
+
+
+Diseases, Face of the Country, Spring Water
+
+The diseases in this part of Africa are still more simple than those of
+Liberia; and even the _native fever_, for known causes, generally is
+much less severe. In Liberia, and all that part of Africa, the entire
+country (except the cleared farms in the republic and the limited
+rice-fields of the natives) is a dense, heavy-wooded, _primitive_
+forest, rank with the growth and putrified vegetation of a thousand
+ages. But the entire Aku country, throughout the second plateau,
+presents a very different phase. Here, one is struck with the beautiful
+clear country which continually spreads out in every direction around;
+and (except the thickets or forests left as defences, ambuscades, and
+arbors of rest, rugged hilltops, and gullies), there is nothing but
+recent timber to be found growing on the lands. Timber in Africa is
+reproduced very speedily; hence may be found in some parts designedly
+left very heavy timber; but the greatest unbroken forest through which
+we passed at any one time, of this description, never exceeded, I think,
+ten miles. All the spring (shallow wells generally) and other living
+water, as perennial streams, is both good-tasted, and if the constant
+use of running stream water be a fair test, I would decide as wholesome.
+There are some good springs in Africa, and good water doubtless may
+everywhere be obtained by digging suitable wells.
+
+
+To Keep Water Cool. Kind of Vessels
+
+Drinking water in the tropics should always be kept in large vessels of
+crockery ware (usually termed "stone" and "earthen ware") and smaller
+bottle or decanter-shaped jugs or vessels for table convenience. If
+earthen or crockery ware cannot be obtained for table use, by all means
+use glass bottles--the more globular, or balloon-shaped, the better.
+
+
+Cool Water
+
+To make and keep water cool in any crockery or glass vessel, wrap around
+it a cloth or any kind, but especially _woolen_--flannel or blanket
+being the best--which keep simply _wet_, and the water in the vessel, by
+_evaporation_ from the _cloth_, can be made or kept almost ice cool.
+
+
+To Keep the Cloth Wet. Apparatus
+
+A most simple method by which the cloth may be kept wet, and evaporation
+thereby kept up, is to have a large vessel, with the water in for common
+use, so placed that a small vessel with water can be suspended over it
+in such a manner that a _drip_ can be kept constantly on the cloth. The
+cloth being first saturated, it will readily be seen that a very small
+drip is required to keep up the dampness. The drip may be arranged,
+where convenient, with a small _faucet_ so as to regulate the drop, or
+the more primitive method of a little _spiggot_ or _sharpened stick_ put
+into a hole made in the vessel, so regulated as to keep up a sufficient
+dripping to keep the cloth of sufficient dampness. Simple as this may
+appear to the reader, it is an important sanitary measure, besides
+adding greatly to the immediate comfort of the traveler or resident in
+those regions.
+
+
+Atmosphere
+
+The atmosphere in this region of the continent is much purer than that
+of Liberia and the region round about; and, although incorporated with
+odors, these are pleasant and seem familiar to the sense, and not
+obnoxious with the rich rank fragrance so sensibly experienced in that
+country. There is little, comparatively, of the decayed vegetation,
+which sends up malaria from the surface in Liberia; and the immense
+fields and plains of grass not under cultivation at the time, are burnt
+down during the dry season, thereby bringing to bear, though probably
+unawares to them, a sanitary process throughout that extensive country
+at least once every year.
+
+
+Kinds of Disease
+
+_Intermittent fever_, as described in section VI., page 280 on Liberia,
+though generally of a mild type, _diarrhoea_, _dysentery_ (neither of
+which is difficult to subdue by a little rational treatment),
+_opthalmia_, and _umbilical hernia_, and sometimes, but not frequently,
+_inguinal hernia_, are the principal diseases. The opthalmia I suspected
+as originating from taint, probably having been primarily carried from
+the coast, as it was not so frequently met with as to warrant the idea
+of its being either a contagion or the effects of poisonous sands or
+winds, as supposed to exist. The hernia is caused by the absence of
+proper _umbilical attention_ and _abdominal support_ to the child after
+_parturition_. Umbilical hernia is fearfully common all through Africa,
+I having frequently seen persons, especially females, with the hernial
+tumor as large as their own head, and those of little children fully as
+large as the head of an infant a month old.
+
+
+Guinea Worm
+
+A singular disease affects some persons, though I have never seen this
+upon a native, and believe it to be peculiar to the region round about
+Liberia. The person whose case I examined had formerly resided in
+Liberia, where, doubtless, the disease commenced, but for the last three
+years previously had resided at Ijaye, in the capacity of cook, for the
+American Baptist Missionaries, Revs. A. D. Phillips and J. R. Stone and
+lady, and then resided at Abbeokuta. This is a peculiar ulceration of
+the leg, immediately above the ankle-bone, where they say it usually
+commences; the edges of the ulcer, and the cuticle quite up to the edge,
+and all the surrounding parts, having a healthy appearance, as though a
+portion of the flesh had been recently torn out, leaving the cavity as
+it then was. The most peculiar feature of this singular disease is a
+_white fiber_, which, coming out from the integuments of the muscles of
+the leg above, hangs suspended in the cavity (ulcer) the lower end
+loose, and somewhat inclined to coil (and when _straightened_ out,
+resuming again the serpentine curves, of course from the _elasticity_
+with _motion_), is supposed to be a _worm_; hence its name--_Guinea
+worm_. The fibre seems in color and texture to be in a normal condition;
+indeed, there appear to be little or no pathological symptoms about the
+parts at all, except a slight appearance of _vermillion_ inflammation
+over the surface of the ulcer, which is more apparent sometimes than
+others.
+
+
+What Is Guinea Worm?
+
+I have examined closely this fibre, and from its appearance, color,
+size, and texture, especially as it is sensibly felt high up in the leg
+near the tuberosity of the tibia, when pulled by the dangling end, my
+own impression is that the so-called "Guinea worm" is nothing more than
+the _external saphenus_ or _communis tibiae_ (nerve) exposed in a
+peculiar manner, probably by a disease, which, by a curious pathological
+process, absorbs away the muscular parts, leaving the bare nerve
+detached at its lower extremity, suspended loose in this unnatural
+space. I have never seen but this one case of Guinea worm, but had
+frequent opportunities of examining it; indeed, the patient consulted me
+concerning it, and by the advice and consent of the very clever native
+gentleman, Samuel Crowther, Esq., who received his professional
+education at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
+London, insisted on my taking the case, which I declined, partly for the
+want of time to do justice to the patient, and aside from courtesy and
+equity to the surgeon who had the case in hand, mainly because I _knew
+nothing about it_--the best reason of all. The patient was an American
+quadroon, black nearly in complexion, of one-fourth white blood, from
+North Carolina. This, of course was a black quadroon.
+
+I should add, that the fiber at times entirely _disappears_ from the
+cavity (by _contraction_, of course), when again it is seen suspended as
+before. This is one reason why it is believed to be a _worm_, and
+supposed to _creep_ up and down in the flesh.
+
+
+Treatment of Diseases--Diarrhoea
+
+The treatment of fever in this part of Africa should be the same as that
+in Liberia, given on page 280. The best remedy which I have found for
+diarrhoea is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx]. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Syr.
+    Simp. [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts. Terebinth, [TN: symbol: dracm] j.;
+    Tinct. Opii., gtt. x. M. ft.
+
+Pulverized rhubarb, one drachm, (or one-eighth of an ounce); simple
+syrup, four ounces (or eight large tablespoonfuls); laudanum, ten drops;
+spirits of turpentine, one spoonful. Mix this well together to take.
+
+
+Dysentery
+
+For dysentery the recipe is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx]. Pulv. Rad. Rhei. Pulv. C. Catech. a. a.,
+    [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Syr. Simp. f. [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts.
+    Terebinth. Spis. Ammon. Arromat., a. a. f.
+    [TN: symbol: drachm] j.; Tinct. Opii. gtt. x.M.ft.
+
+Pulverized rhubarb and pulverized gum catechu, each, one-eighth of an
+ounce; simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; spirits of turpentine
+and aromatic spirits of ammonia, of each one teaspoonful; laudanum, ten
+drops. Mix this well together to take. Of this take one teaspoonful (if
+very bad, a dessert spoonful) every three hours, or four times a day
+(always beginning at least one hour before breakfast), till the symptoms
+cease.
+
+
+Fever Antidote
+
+During the presence of febrile symptoms, in the absence of all diarrhoea
+and dysenteric symptoms, even when the person is not complaining, an
+excellent simple antidote to be taken at discretion, not oftener than
+once every hour during the day, is:
+
+    [TN: symbol: Rx] Syr. Simp., [TN: symbol: ounce] jv.; Spts. Ammon.
+    Arromat. [TN: symbol: drachm] jss. M. ft.
+
+Simple syrup, eight large tablespoonfuls; aromatic spirits of ammonia,
+one and a-half teaspoonfuls. Mix this well together. Take a teaspoonful
+of this preparation in a little cold water, or a glass of lemonade if
+preferred, and the condition of the bowels will admit, as often as
+thought advisable under the circumstances.
+
+I have thus thought proper to simplify this treatment, that it may be in
+the reach of every person going to the tropics, as I am certain that
+there has been a great deficiency in the treatment and discovery of
+remedies in diseases of that continent especially. These prescriptions,
+as compounded, are entirely new, originating with the writer, who has
+only to add that he is in hopes that they prove as advantageous and
+successful in other hands as they have been in his.
+
+
+Regimen
+
+Persons laboring under fever should eat moderately of such food as best
+agrees with their appetite; but frequently, if required or desired,
+that the system may be well supported. When there is _diarrhoea_ or
+_dysentery_ present, there should be no solid food taken, but the
+patient or ailing person should be confined strictly to a thin milk
+porridge of fine Guinea-corn flour, which is always obtainable in
+Africa, crumbled crackers or soda biscuits, light (leavened) wheat bread
+if to be had, or well-done rice boiled to a pulp. The soda-biscuit as a
+porridge with milk rather aggravates the bowels of most persons;
+therefore, whenever it is found to have this effect, its use should be
+immediately abandoned. In many instances, where there is either
+diarrhoea or dysentery present, without other prominent symptoms, I have
+found the mere use of cooked milk (merely "scalded," as women usually
+term it--being heated to the boiling point without permitting it to
+boil), taken as food alone, to be the only remedy required.
+
+
+Hygiene--Eating
+
+The laws of health should be particularly observed in going to Africa.
+In respect to eating, there need be no material change of food, but each
+individual observing those nourishments which best agree with him or
+her. When there is little inclination to eat, eat but little; and when
+there is none, eat nothing. I am certain that a large percentage of the
+mortality which occurs may be attributed to too free and too frequent
+indulgence in eating, as was the case with the Lewis family of five at
+Clay-Ashland, in Liberia--all of whom died from that cause; as well as
+others that might be mentioned.
+
+
+Coffee, Air, Fruits
+
+So soon as you have taken your bath and put your morning wrapper, even
+before dressing, you may eat one or more sweet oranges, then take a cup
+of coffee, creamed and sweetened, or not, to your taste. Make your
+toilet, and walk out and take the cool air, always taking your umbrella
+or parasol, because no foreigner, until by a long residence more or less
+acclimated, can expose himself with impunity to a tropical sun. If
+preferred coffee should always be taken with cream or milk and sugar,
+because it is then less irritating to the stomach. One of the symptoms
+of native fever is said to be _nervous irritability of the stomach_;
+hence, all exciting causes to irritation of that part should be avoided
+as much as possible. Such fruits as best agree with each individual
+should be most indulged in; indeed, all others for the time should be
+dispensed with; and when it can be done without any apparent risk to the
+person, a little fruit of some kind might be taken every day by each new
+comer. Except oranges, taken as directed above, all fruits should be
+eaten _after_, and _not_ before breakfast. The fruits of the country
+have been described in another place.
+
+
+Drinks
+
+Let your habits be strictly temperate, and for human nature's sake,
+abstain from the erroneous idea that some sort of malt or spirituous
+drink is necessary. This is not the case; and I am certain that much of
+the disease and dire mortality charged against Africa, as a "land of
+pestilence and death," should be charged against the Christian lands
+which produce and _send bad spirits_ to destroy those who go to Africa.
+Whenever wine, brandy, whisky, gin, rum, or pure alcohol are required
+as a medical remedy, no one will object to its use; but, in all cases in
+which they are used as a beverage in Africa, I have no hesitation in
+pronouncing them deleterious to the system. The best British porter and
+ale may, in convalescence from fever, be used to advantage as a tonic,
+because of the bitter and farinaceous substances they contain--not
+otherwise is it beneficial to the system in Africa. Water, lemonade,
+effervescent drinks--a teaspoonful of super-carbonate of soda, to a
+glass of lemonade--all may be drunk in common, when thirsty, with
+pleasure to the drinker as well as profit. Pure ginger-beer is very
+beneficial.
+
+
+Bathing
+
+Bathing should be strictly observed by every person at least once every
+day. Each family should be provided with a large sponge, or one for each
+room if not for each person, and free application of water to the entire
+person, from head to foot, should be made every morning.
+
+
+Early Rising--Breezes
+
+Every person should rise early in Africa, as the air is then coolest,
+freshest, and purest; besides the effect upon the senses, the sight and
+song of the numerous birds to be seen and heard, produce a healthful
+influence upon the mental and physical system. The land and sea-breezes
+blow regularly and constantly from half-past three o'clock P.M. till
+half-past ten o'clock A.M., when there is a cessation of about five
+hours till half-past three again.
+
+
+Never Sultry
+
+The evenings and mornings are always cool and pleasant, _never sultry_
+and oppressive with heat, as frequently in temperate climates during
+summer and autumn. This wise and beneficent arrangement of Divine
+Providence makes this country beautifully, in fact, delightfully
+pleasant; and I have no doubt but in a very few years, so soon as
+scientific black men, her own sons, who alone must be more interested in
+her development than any other take the matter in hand, and produce
+works upon the diseases, remedies, treatment, and sanitary measures of
+Africa, there will be no more contingency in going to Africa than any
+other known foreign country. I am certain, even now, that the native
+fever of Africa is not more trying upon the system, when properly
+treated, than the native fever of Canada, the Western and Southern
+States and Territories of the United States of America.
+
+
+Dress, Avoid Getting Wet
+
+Dress should be regulated according to the feeling, with sometimes more
+and sometimes less clothing. But I think it advisable that adults should
+wear flannel (thin) next to their person always when first going to
+Africa. It gradually absorbs the moisture, and retaining a proper degree
+of heat, thus prevents any sudden change of temperature from affecting
+the system. Avoid getting wet at first, and should this accidentally
+happen, take a thoroughly good bath, rub the skin dry, and put on dry
+clothes, and for two or three hours that day, keep out of the sun; but
+if at night, go to bed. But when it so happens that you are out from
+home and cannot change clothing, continue to exercise until the clothes
+dry on your person. It is the abstraction of heat from the system by
+evaporation of water from the clothing, which does the mischief in such
+cases. I have frequently been wet to saturation in Africa, and nothing
+ever occurred from it, by pursuing the course here laid down. Always
+sleep in clean clothes.
+
+
+Sanitary Measures
+
+I am sure I need inform no one, however ignorant, that all measures of
+cleanliness of person, places, and things about the residences,
+contribute largely to health in Africa, as in other countries.
+
+
+Ventilation of Houses
+
+All dwellings should be _freely ventilated_ during the _night_ as well
+as day, and it is a great mistake to suppose, as in Liberia (where every
+settler sleeps with every part of his house closely shut--doors,
+windows, and all) that it is deletereous to have the house ventilated
+during the evening, although they go out to night meetings, visit each
+other in the evening, and frequently sit on their porches and piazzas
+till a late hour in the night, conversing, without any injurious effects
+whatever. Dr. Roberts, and I think Dr. McGill and a few other gentlemen,
+informed me that their sleeping apartments were exceptions to the custom
+generally in Liberia. This stifling custom to save themselves does not
+prevail among the natives of Africa anywhere, nor among the foreigners
+anywhere in the Yoruba country, that I am aware of, and I am under the
+impression that it was the result of fear or precaution, not against the
+night air, but against the imaginary (and sometimes real) creeping
+things--as insects and reptiles--which might find their way into the
+houses at night.
+
+
+Test of Night Air
+
+While in Liberia, I have traversed rivers in an open boat at night,
+slept beyond the Kavalla Falls in open native houses, and at the
+residence of Rev. Alexander Crummel, Mount Vaughan, Cape Palmas, I slept
+every evening while there with both window and door as ventilators. The
+window was out and the door inside. In Abbeokuta, Ijaye, Oyo, and
+Ogbomoso, we slept every night with ventilated doors and windows, when
+we slept at all in a house. But in Illorin we always slept out of doors
+by preference, and only retired to repose in-doors (which were always
+open) when it was too cool to sleep out, as our bedding consisted only
+of a native mat on the ground, and a calico sheet spread over us. And I
+should here make acknowledgments to my young colleague, Mr. Campbell,
+for the use of his large Scotch shawl when I was unwell, and indeed
+almost during our entire travel--it being to me a great accommodation, a
+comfort and convenience which I did not possess.
+
+
+Test of Exposure
+
+I have started two and three hours before daybreak, laying on my bed in
+an open canoe, ascending the Ogun river, at different times during the
+six days' journey up to Abbeokuta; Mr. Campbell and myself have
+frequently slept out in open courts and public market-places, without
+shed or piazza covering; and when journeying from Oyo to Ibaddan, for
+three successive evenings I lay in the midst of a wilderness or forest,
+on a single native mat without covering, the entire night; and many
+times during our travels we arose at midnight to commence our journey,
+and neither of us ever experienced any serious inconvenience from it.
+
+
+Improved Window and Door Ventilation
+
+That houses in Africa may be properly ventilated during the night
+without annoyance, or, what is equally as bad, if not worse, the
+continual fear and imagination of the approach of venomous insects,
+creeping things, and reptiles, the residents should adapt them to the
+place and circumstances, without that rigid imitation of European and
+American order of building. Every house should be well ventilated with
+windows on opposite sides of the rooms, when and wherever this is
+practicable, and the same may be said of doors. And where the room will
+not admit of opposite windows, or windows at least on two sides of a
+room, whether opposite or otherwise, a chimney or ventilating flue
+should be constructed on the opposite side to the window--which window
+should always be to the windward, so as to have a continual draught or
+current of fresh air. Persons, however, should always avoid sitting in a
+_draught_, though a free circulation of air should be allowed in each
+room of every house.
+
+Instead of window-sashes with glass, as in common use, I would suggest
+that the windows have a sash of four, or but two (if preferred) panels,
+to each window (two upper and two lower, or one upper and one lower--or
+one lower and two upper, which would make a neat and handsome window),
+each panel or space for panes being neatly constructed with a
+sieve-work, such as is now used as screens during summer season in the
+lower part of parlor windows. To prevent too great oxydization or too
+rapid decay of so delicate a structure as the wire must be, it should be
+made of brass, copper, or some composition which would not readily
+corrode. Inside or outside doors of the same material, made to close and
+open like the Venetian jalousies now in use in civilized countries,
+would be found very convenient, and add much to the comfort and health
+of dwellings as a sanitary measure. The frames of the panels or sashes
+should be constructed of maple, cherry, walnut, or mahogany, according
+to the means of the builder and elegance of the building--as these
+articles seasoned are not only more neat and durable, but, from their
+solidity, are less liable to warp or shrink. This would afford such a
+beautiful and safe protection to every dwelling against the intrusion of
+all and every living thing, even the smallest insect--while a full and
+free circulation of fresh air would be allowed--that a residence in
+Africa would become attractive and desirable, instead of, as now (from
+imagination), objectionable.
+
+
+Sanitary Effects of Ants--Termites, and Drivers
+
+A word about ants in Africa--so much talked of, and so much
+dreaded--will legitimately be in place here, regarding them as a
+sanitary means, provided by Divine Providence. The _termites_, bug-a-bug
+or white double ant, shaped like two ovals somewhat flattened, joined
+together by a cylinder somewhat smaller in the middle, with a head at
+one end of one of the ovals, is an herbivorous insect, and much abused
+as the reputed destroyers of books, papers, and all linen or muslin
+clothing. They feed mainly on such vegetable matter as is most subject
+to decay--as soft wood, and many other such, when void of vitality--and
+there is living herbage upon which they feed, and thereby prove a
+blessing to a country with a superabundance of rank vegetable matter. It
+is often asserted that they destroy whole buildings, yet I have never
+seen a person who knew of such a disaster by them, although they may
+attack and do as much mischief in such cases at times as the wood-worms
+of America; and, in regard to clothing, though doubtless there have been
+instances of their attack upon and destruction of clothing, yet I will
+venture to assert that there is no one piece of clothing attacked and
+destroyed by these creatures, to ten thousand by the moths which get
+into the factories and houses in civilized countries, where woolen goods
+are kept. In all my travels in Africa, I never had anything attacked by
+the termite; but during my stay of seven months in Great Britain, I had
+a suit of woolen clothes completely eaten up by moths in Liverpool.
+
+
+Drivers
+
+Drivers, as every person already knows, are black ants, whose reputation
+is as bad for attacking living animals, and even human beings, as the
+termites' for attacking clothing. This creature, like its white cousin,
+is also an instrument in the hands of Providence as a sanitary means,
+and to the reverse of the other is carnivorous, feeding upon all flesh
+whether fresh or putrified. Like the white, for the purpose of
+destroying the superabundance of vegetable, certainly these black ants
+were designed by Providence to destroy the excess of animal life which
+in the nature of things would be brought forth, with little or no
+destruction without them; and although much is said about their
+attacking persons, I will venture the opinion that there is not one of
+these attacks a person to every ten thousand musquitoes in America, as
+it is only by chance, and _not by search after it_, that drivers attack
+persons.
+
+
+How They Travel
+
+They usually go in search of food in narrow rows, say from half an inch
+to a hand's breadth, as swiftly as a running stream of water, and may in
+their search enter a house in their course--if nothing attract them
+around it--when, in such cases, they spread over the floor, walls, and
+ceiling; and finding no insect or creeping thing to destroy, they gather
+again on the floor, and leave the premises in the regular order in which
+they entered. Should they encounter a person when on these excursions,
+though in bed, does he but lie still and not disturb them, the
+good-hearted negro insects will even pass over the person without harm
+or molestation; but, if disturbed, they will retaliate by a sting as
+readily as a bee when the hive is disturbed, though their sting, so far
+from being either dangerous or severe, is simply like the severe sting
+of a musquito. An aged missionary gentleman, of twenty-five years'
+experience, informed me that an entire myriad (this term is given to a
+multitude of drivers, as their number can never be less than ten
+thousand--and I am sure that I have seen as many millions together)
+passed over him one night in bed, without one stinging him. Indeed, both
+the black and white ants are quite harmless as to personal injury, and
+very beneficial in a sanitary point.
+
+
+How to Drive Them Out of the Houses
+
+There is much more in the imagination than the reality about these
+things; and one important fact I must not omit, that, however great the
+number of drivers, a simple _light set in the middle of the floor_ will
+clear the room of them in ten minutes. In this case they do not form in
+column, but go out in hasty confusion, each effecting as quick retreat
+and safe escape for himself as possible, forming their line of march
+outside of the house, where they meet from all quarters of their points
+of escape.
+
+
+How to Destroy Them
+
+_Chloride of sodium_ or common salt (fine), slightly damped, will
+entirely destroy the termites; and _acetum_ or vinegar, or _acetic acid_
+either, will destroy or chase off the drivers. These means are simple,
+and within the reach of every person, but, aside from this, both classes
+or races of these creatures disappear before the approach of
+civilization. In a word, moths, mice, roaches, and musquitoes are much
+greater domestic annoyances, and certainly much more destructive in
+America and Europe than the bug-a-bug or driver is in Africa.
+
+
+Their Pugnacious and Martial Character
+
+I cannot endorse the statement from personal knowledge of the desperate
+hostility which the drivers manifest towards the termites, as given by
+Dr. Livingstone, who, calling them "black rascals," says "they stand
+deliberately and watch for the whites, which, on coming out of their
+holes, they instantly seize, putting them to death." Perhaps the whites
+were _kidnappers_, in which case they served the white _rascals_ right.
+Though I have never seen an encounter, it is nevertheless true, that the
+blacks do subdue the whites whenever they meet. In fact, they go, as do
+no other creatures known to natural science, in immense incalculable
+numbers--and I do not think that I exaggerate if I say that I have more
+than once seen more than six hogsheads of them traveling together, had
+they been measured--and along the entire line of march, stationed on
+each side of the columns, there are warriors or soldiers to guard them,
+who stand sentry, closely packed side by side with their heads towards
+the column, which passes on as rapidly as a flowing stream of water. I
+have traced a column for more than a mile, whose greatest breadth was
+more than a yard, and the least not less than a foot. It is
+inconceivable the distance these creatures travel in a short time.
+Should anything disturb the lines, the soldiers sally out a few feet in
+pursuit of the cause, quickly returning to their post when meeting no
+foe. The guards are much larger than the common drivers, being about the
+length of a barley-corn, and armed with a pair of curved horns, like
+those of the large American black beetle, called "pinching bug." There
+are no bed-bugs here.
+
+
+Cesspools
+
+One important fact, never referred to by travellers as such, is that the
+health of large towns in Africa will certainly be improved by the
+erection of _cesspools_, whereas now they have none. With the exception
+of the residences of missionaries and other civilized people, there is
+no such thing in Africa. Every family, as in civilized countries, should
+have such conveniences. Our senses are great and good faculties--seeing,
+hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling--God has so created them, and
+designed them for such purposes; therefore, they should neither be
+perverted nor marred when this can be avoided. Hence, we should
+beautify, when required and make pleasing to the sight; modify and make
+pleasant to the hearing; _cleanse_ and _purify_ to make _agreeable_ to
+the smelling; improve and make good to the taste; and never violate the
+feelings whenever any or all of these are at our will or control.
+
+
+Wild Beasts and Reptiles
+
+A single remark about these. The wild beasts are driven back before the
+march of civilization, I having seen none, save one leopard; and but
+four serpents during my entire travels, one three and a half feet long
+(a water snake); one fourteen inches long; and another ten inches long;
+the two last being killed by natives--and a tame one around the neck of
+a charmer at Oyo. During the time I never saw a centipede, and but two
+tarantulas.
+
+
+
+
+X MISSIONARY INFLUENCE
+
+
+To deny or overlook the fact, the all-important fact, that the
+missionary influence had done much good in Africa, would be simply to do
+injustice, a gross injustice to a good cause.
+
+
+Protestant Missionaries
+
+The advent of the Protestant Missionaries into Africa, has doubtless
+been effective of much good, though it may reasonably be expected that
+many have had their short comings. By Protestant, I mean all other
+Christian denominations than the Roman Catholic. I would not be regarded
+either a bigot or partialist so far as the rights of humanity are
+concerned, but facts are tenable in all cases, and whilst I readily
+admit that a Protestant monarch granted the first letters-patent to
+steal Africans from their homes to be enslaved by a Protestant people,
+and subsequently a _bona-fide_ Protestant nation has been among the most
+cruel oppressors of the African race, my numerous friends among whom are
+many Roman Catholics--black as well as white--must bear the test of
+truth, as I shall apply it in the case of the Missionaries, as my object
+in visiting my fatherland, was to enquire into and learn every fact,
+which should have a bearing on this, the grandest prospect for the
+regeneration of a people, that ever was presented in the history of the
+world.
+
+
+Influence of Roman Catholic Religion in Favor of Slavery
+
+In my entire travels in Africa, either alone or after meeting with Mr.
+Campbell at Abbeokuta, I have neither seen nor heard of any Roman
+Catholic Missionaries; but the most surprising and startling fact is,
+that every slave-trading point on the coast at present (which ports are
+mainly situated South and East) where the traffic is carried on, are
+either Roman Catholic trading-ports, or native agencies protected by
+Roman Catholics; as Canot, formerly at Grand Cape Mount, Pedro Blanco,
+and Domingo at Wydah in Dahomi. And still more, it is a remarkable and
+very suggestive reality that at all of those places where the Jesuits or
+Roman Catholic Missionaries once were stationed, the slave-trade is not
+only still carried on in its worst form as far as practicable, but
+slaves are held in Africa by these white foreigners at the old
+Portuguese settlements along the Southern and Eastern coasts, of Loango
+and Mozambique for instance; and although some three years have elapsed
+since the King of Portugal proclaimed, or pretended to proclaim "Liberty
+to all the people throughout his dominions," yet I will venture an
+opinion, that not one in every hundred of native Africans thus held in
+bondage on their own soil, are aware of any such "Proclamation." Dr.
+Livingstone tells us that he came across many ruins of Roman Catholic
+Missionary Stations in his travels--especially those in Loando de St.
+Paul, a city of some eighteen or twenty thousand of a population--all
+deserted, and the buildings appropriated to other uses, as
+store-houses, and the like. Does not this seem as though slavery were
+the legitimate successor of Roman Catholicism, or slave-traders and
+holders of the Roman Catholic religion and Missionaries? It certainly
+has that appearance to me; and a fact still more glaring is, that the
+only professing Christian government which in the light of the present
+period of human elevation and national reform, has attempted such a
+thing, is that of Roman Catholic Spain, (still persisting in holding
+Cuba for the wealth accruing from African Slaves stolen from their
+native land) which recently expelled every Protestant Missionary from
+the African Island of Fernando Po, that they might command it unmolested
+by Christian influence, as an export mart for the African Slave-Trade.
+To these facts I call the attention of the Christian world, that no one
+may murmur when the day of retribution in Africa comes--which come it
+must--and is fast hastening, when slave-traders must flee.
+
+
+Influence of Protestant Religion against Slavery, and in Favor of
+Civilization
+
+Wherever the Protestant Missionaries are found, or have been, there are
+visible evidences of a purer and higher civilization, by the high
+estimate set upon the Christian religion by the natives, the deference
+paid to the missionaries themselves, and the idea which generally
+obtains among them, that all missionaries are opposed to slavery, and
+the faith they have in the moral integrity of these militant ambassadors
+of the Living God. Wherever there are missionaries, there are schools
+both Sabbath and secular, and the arts and sciences, and manners and
+customs, more or less of civilized life, are imparted. I have not as yet
+visited a missionary station in any part of Africa, where there were
+not some, and frequently many natives, both adult and children, who
+could speak, read, and write English, as well as read their own
+language; as all of them, whether Episcopalian, Wesleyan, Baptist, or
+Presbyterian, in the Yoruba country, have Crowther's editions of
+religious and secular books in the schools and churches, and all have
+native agents, interpreters, teachers (assistants) and catechists or
+readers in the mission. These facts prove indisputably great progress;
+and I here take much pleasure in recording them in testimony of those
+faithful laborers in that distant vineyard of our heavenly Father in my
+fatherland. Both male and female missionaries, all seemed much devoted
+to their work, and anxiously desirous of doing more. Indeed, the very
+fact of there being as many native missionaries as there are now to be
+found holding responsible positions, as elders, deacons, preachers, and
+priests, among whom there are many finely educated, and several of them
+authors of works, not only in their own but the English language, as
+Revs. Crowther, King, Taylor, and Samuel Crowther, Esq., surgeon, all
+show that there is an advancement for these people beyond the point to
+which missionary duty can carry them.
+
+
+Kindness of Missionaries and Personal Acknowledgments
+
+I am indebted to the Missionaries generally, wherever met with, whether
+in Liberia or Central Africa, for their uniform kindness and
+hospitality, among whom may be named: Rev. J. M. Harden and excellent
+wife, (a refined highly educated native Ibo lady at Lagos), Revs. H.
+Townsend, C. H. Gollmer, J. King, E. Bickersteth and ladies in
+Abbeokuta; A. D. Phillips, J. A. Stone and lady, Ijaye; T. A. Reid, and
+Mr. Mekin, Oyo; and Rev. D. Hinderer and lady; Ibaddan. I am indebted to
+the Baptist Missionaries for the use of their Mission House and
+furniture during our residence at Abbeokuta: Rev. John Roberts and lady,
+Miss Killpatrick, Reverend Bishop Burns and lady, Rev. Mr. Tyler, Rev.
+Mr. Gipson, Rev. Edward W. Blyden and others, Rev. Mr. Hoffman and lady,
+and Rev. Mr. Messenger and lady, all of Liberia, I am indebted for marks
+of personal kindness and attention when indisposed among them, and my
+kind friends, the Reverend Alexander Crumell and lady, whose guest I was
+during several weeks near the Cape, and who spared no pains to render my
+stay not only a comfortable, but a desirable one.
+
+
+Hints to Those to Whom They Apply
+
+I would suggest for the benefit of missionaries in general, and those to
+whom it applies in particular, that there are other measures and ways by
+which civilization may be imparted than preaching and praying--temporal
+as well as spiritual means. If all persons who settle among the natives
+would, as far as it is in their power and comes within their province
+induce, by making it a rule of their house or family, every native
+servant to sit on a stool or chair; eat at a table instead of on the
+ground; eat with a knife and fork (or _begin_ with a spoon) instead of
+with their fingers; eat in the house instead of going out in the yard,
+garden, or somewhere else under a tree or shed; and sleep on a bed,
+instead of on a bare mat on the ground; and have them to wear some sort
+of a garment to cover the entire person above the knees, should it be
+but a single shirt or chemise, instead of a loose native cloth thrown
+around them, to be dropped at pleasure, at any moment exposing the
+entire upper part of the person--or as in Liberia, where that part of
+the person is entirely uncovered--I am certain that it would go far
+toward impressing them with some of the habits of civilized life, as
+being adapted to them as well as the "white man," whom they so
+faithfully serve with a will. I know that some may say, this is
+difficult to do. It certainly could not have been with those who never
+tried it. Let each henceforth resolve for himself like the son of Nun,
+"As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord."
+
+
+Changing Names
+
+I would also suggest that I cannot see the utility of the custom on the
+part of Missionaries in _changing_ the names of native children, and
+even adults, so soon as they go into their families to live, as though
+their own were not good enough for them. These native names are
+generally much more significant, and euphonious than the Saxon, Gaelic,
+or Celtic. Thus, Adenigi means, "Crowns have their shadow." This was the
+name of a servant boy of ours, whose father was a native cotton trader,
+it is to be hoped that this custom among Missionaries and other
+Christian settlers, of changing the names of the natives, will be
+stopped, thereby relieving them of the impression, that to embrace the
+Christian faith, implies a loss of name, and so far loss of identity.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+WHAT AFRICA NOW REQUIRES
+
+
+What Missionary Labor Has Done
+
+From the foregoing, it is very evident that missionary duty has reached
+its _ultimatum_. By this, I mean that the native has received all that
+the missionary was sent to teach, and is now really ready for more than
+he can or may receive. He sees and knows that the white man, who first
+carried him the Gospel, which he has learned to a great extent to
+believe a reality, is of an entirely different race to himself; and has
+learned to look upon everything which he has, knows and does, which has
+not yet been imparted to him (especially when he is told by the
+missionaries, which frequently must be the case, to relieve themselves
+of the endless teasing enquiries which persons in their position are
+subject to concerning all and every temporal and secular matter, law,
+government, commerce, military, and other matters foreign to the
+teachings of the gospel; that these things he is not sent to teach, but
+simply the gospel) as peculiarly adapted and belonging to the white man.
+Of course, there are exceptions to this. Hence, having reached what he
+conceives to be the _maximum_ of the black man's or African's
+attainments, there must be a re-action in some direction, and if not
+progressive it will be retrogressive.
+
+
+How It Was Done
+
+The missionary has informed him that the white man's country is great.
+He builds and resides in great houses; lives in great towns and cities,
+with great churches and palaver-houses (public and legislative halls);
+rides in great carriages; manufactures great and beautiful things; has
+great ships, which go to sea, to all parts of the world, instead of
+little canoes such as he has paddling up and down the rivers and on the
+coast; that the wisdom, power, strength, courage, and wealth of the
+white man and his country are as much greater than him and his, as the
+big ships are larger and stronger than the little frail canoes; all of
+which he is made sensible of, either by the exhibition of pictures or
+the reality.
+
+
+The Result, If Not Timely Aided by Legitimate Means
+
+He at once comes to a stand. "Of what use is the white man's religion
+and 'book knowledge' to me, since it does not give me the knowledge and
+wisdom nor the wealth and power of the white man, as all these things
+belong only to him? Our young men and women learn their book, and talk
+on paper (write), and talk to God like white man (worship), but God no
+hear 'em like He hear white man! Dis religion no use to black man." And
+so the African _reasonably_ reasons when he sees that despite his having
+yielded up old-established customs, the laws of his fathers, and almost
+his entire social authority, and the rule of his household to the care
+and guardianship of the missionary, for the sake of acquiring his
+knowledge and power--when, after having learned all that his children
+can, he is doomed to see them sink right back into their old habits,
+the country continue in the same condition, without the beautiful
+improvements of the white man--and if a change take place at all, he is
+doomed to witness what he never expected to see and dies
+regretting--himself and people entangled in the meshes of the government
+of a people foreign in kith, kin, and sympathy, when he and his are
+entirely shoved aside and compelled to take subordinate and inferior
+positions, if not, indeed, reduced to menialism and bondage. I am
+justified in asserting that this state of things has brought missionary
+efforts to their _maximum_ and native progress to a pause.
+
+
+Missionary Aid, Christianity and Law or Government Must Harmonize, to Be
+Effective of Good
+
+Religion has done its work, and now requires temporal and secular aid to
+give it another impulse. The improved arts of civilized life must now be
+brought to bear, and go hand in hand in aid of the missionary efforts
+which are purely religious in character and teaching. I would not have
+the standard of religion lowered a single stratum of the common breeze
+of heaven. No, let it rather be raised, if, indeed, higher it can be.
+Christianity certainly is the most advanced civilization that man ever
+attained to, and wherever propagated in its purity, to be effective, law
+and government must be brought in harmony with it--otherwise it becomes
+corrupted, and a corresponding degeneracy ensues, placing its votaries
+even in a worse condition than the primitive. This was exemplified by
+the Author of our faith, who, so soon as he began to teach, commenced by
+admonishing the people to a modification of their laws--or rather
+himself to condemn them. But it is very evident that the social must
+keep pace with the religious, and the political with the social
+relations of society, to carry out the great measures of the higher
+civilization.
+
+
+Like Seeks Like
+
+Of what avail, then, is advanced intelligence to the African without
+improved social relations--acquirements and refinement without an
+opportunity of a practical application of them--society in which they
+are appreciated? It requires not the most astute reformer and political
+philosopher to see.
+
+
+Natives Desire Higher Social Relations
+
+The native sees at once that all the higher social relations are the
+legitimate result and requirements of a higher intelligence, and
+naturally enough expects, that when he has attained it, to enjoy the
+same privileges and blessings. But how sadly mistaken--what dire
+disappointment!
+
+
+Native Doubts Respecting the Eventual Good Effects of Missionary Labor
+
+The habits, manners, and customs of his people, and the social relations
+all around him are the same; improvements of towns, cities, roads, and
+methods of travel are the same; implements of husbandry and industry are
+the same; the methods of conveyance and price of produce (with
+comparative trifling variation) are the same. All seem dark and gloomy
+for the future, and he has his doubts and fears as to whether or not he
+has committed a fatal error in leaving his native social relations for
+those of foreigners whom he cannot hope to emulate, and who, he thinks,
+will not assimilate themselves to him.
+
+
+The Proper Element as Progressive Missionary Agencies
+
+It is clear, then, that essential to the success of civilization, is the
+establishment of all those social relations and organizations, without
+which enlightened communities cannot exist. To be successful, these must
+be carried out by proper agencies, and these agencies must be a _new
+element_ introduced into their midst, possessing all the attainments,
+socially and politically, morally and religiously, adequate to so
+important an end. This element must be _homogenous_ in all the _natural_
+characteristics, claims, sentiments, and sympathies the _descendants of
+Africa_ being the only element that can effect it. To this end, then, a
+part of the most enlightened of that race in America design to carry out
+these most desirable measures by the establishment of social and
+industrial settlements among them, in order at once to introduce, in an
+effective manner, all the well-regulated pursuits of civilized life.
+
+
+Precaution against Error in the First Steps
+
+That no mis-step be taken and fatal error committed at the commencement,
+we have determined that the persons to compose this new element to be
+introduced into Africa, shall be well and most carefully selected in
+regard to moral integrity, intelligence, acquired attainments, fitness,
+adaptation, and as far as practicable, religious sentiments and
+professions. We are serious in this; and so far as we are concerned as
+an individual, it shall be restricted to the letter, and we will most
+strenuously oppose and set our face against any attempt from any quarter
+to infringe upon this arrangement and design. Africa is our fatherland
+and we its legitimate descendants, and we will never agree nor consent
+to see this the first voluntary step that has ever been taken for her
+regeneration by her own descendants--blasted by a disinterested or
+renegade set, whose only object might be in the one case to get rid of a
+portion of the colored population, and in the other, make money, though
+it be done upon the destruction of every hope entertained and measure
+introduced for the accomplishment of this great and prospectively
+glorious undertaking. We cannot and will not permit or agree that the
+result of years of labor and anxiety shall be blasted at one reckless
+blow, by those who have never spent a day in the cause of our race, or
+know nothing about our wants and requirements. The descendants of Africa
+in North America will doubtless, by the census of 1860, reach five
+millions; those of Africa may number two hundred millions. I have
+outgrown, long since, the boundaries of North America, and with them
+have also outgrown the boundaries of their claims. I, therefore, cannot
+consent to sacrifice the prospects of two hundred millions, that a
+fraction of five millions may be benefitted, especially since the
+measures adopted for the many must necessarily benefit the few.
+
+
+National Character Essential to the Successful Regeneration of Africa
+
+Africa, to become regenerated, must have a national character, and her
+position among the existing nations of the earth will depend mainly upon
+the high standard she may gain compared with them in all her relations,
+morally, religiously, socially, politically, and commercially.
+
+I have determined to leave to my children the inheritance of a country,
+the possession of territorial domain, the blessings of a national
+education, and the indisputable right of self-government; that they may
+not succeed to the servility and degradation bequeathed to us by our
+fathers. If we have not been born to fortunes, we should impart the
+seeds which shall germinate and give birth to fortunes for them.
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+TO DIRECT LEGITIMATE COMMERCE
+
+
+First Steps in Political Economy
+
+As the first great national step in political economy, the selection and
+security of a location to direct and command commerce legitimately
+carried on, as an export and import metropolis, is essentially
+necessary. The facilities for a metropolis should be adequate--a rich,
+fertile, and productive country surrounding it, with some great staple
+(which the world requires as a commodity) of exportation. A convenient
+harbor as an outlet and inlet, and natural facilities for improvement,
+are among the necessary requirements for such a location.
+
+
+The Basis of a Great Nation--National Wealth
+
+The basis of great nationality depends upon three elementary principles:
+first, territory; second, population; third, a great staple production
+either natural or artificial, or both, as a permanent source of wealth;
+and Africa comprises these to an almost unlimited extent. The continent
+is five thousand miles from Cape Bon (north) to the Cape of Good Hope
+(south), and four thousand at its greatest breadth, from Cape Guardifui
+(east) to Cape de Verde (west), with an average breadth of two thousand
+five hundred miles, any three thousand of which within the tropics north
+and south, including the entire longitude, will produce the staple
+cotton, also sugar cane, coffee, rice, and all the tropical staples,
+with two hundred millions of _natives_ as an industrial element to work
+this immense domain. The world is challenged to produce the semblance of
+a parallel to this. It has no rival in fact.
+
+
+Advantageous Location
+
+Lagos, at the mouth of the Ogun river in the Bight of Benin, Gulf of
+Guinea, 6 deg. 31 min. west coast of Africa, 120 miles north-west of the
+Nun (one of the mouths of the great river Niger) is the place of our
+location. This was once the greatest slave-trading post on the west
+coast of Africa, and in possession of the Portuguese--the slavers
+entering Ako Bay, at the mouth of the Ogun river, lying quite inland,
+covered behind the island till a favorable opportunity ensued to escape
+with their cargoes of human beings for America. Wydah, the great
+slave-port of Dahomi, is but 70 or 80 miles west of Lagos. This city is
+most favorably located at the mouth of a river which during eight months
+in the year is a great thoroughfare for native produce, which is now
+brought down and carried up by native canoes and boats, and quite
+navigable up to Aro the port of Abbeokuta, a distance of eighty or a
+hundred miles, for light-draught steamers, such as at no distant day we
+shall have there. Ako Bay is an arm of the gulf, extending quite inland
+for three and a half miles, where it spreads out into a great sea,
+extending north ten to fifteen miles, taking a curve east and south,
+passing on in a narrow strip for two or three hundred miles, till it
+joins the Niger at the mouth of the Nun. It is the real harbor of Lagos,
+and navigable for light-draught vessels, as the Baltimore clippers and
+all other such slavers, formerly put into it; and Her Majesty's
+war-steamer Medusa has been in, and H. M.'s cruiser Brun lies
+continually in the bay opposite the Consulate.
+
+
+Metropolis
+
+This is the great outlet of the rich valley of the Niger by land, and
+the only point of the ocean upon which the intelligent and advanced
+Yorubas are settled. The commerce of this part is very great, being now
+estimated at ten million pounds sterling. Besides all the rich products,
+as enumerated in another section, palm oil[7] and ivory are among the
+great staple products of this rich country. But as every nation, to be
+potent must have some great source of wealth--which if not natural must
+be artificial--so Africa has that without which the workshops of Great
+Britain would become deserted, and the general commerce of the world
+materially reduced; and Lagos must not only become the outlet and point
+at which all this commodity must centre, but the great metropolis of
+this quarter of the world.
+
+
+Trade of Lagos
+
+The trade of this port now amounts to more than two millions of pounds
+sterling, or ten millions of dollars, there having been at times as many
+as sixty vessels in the roadstead.
+
+The merchants and business men of Lagos are principally native black
+gentlemen, there being but ten white houses in the place--English,
+German, French, Portuguese, and Sardinian--and all of the clerks are
+native blacks.
+
+
+Harbor Improvements
+
+Buoys in the roadstead, lighthouses (two) and wharf improvements at the
+city in the bay, with steam-tugs or tenders to tow vessels over the Ogun
+bar-mouth or inlet, are all that we require to make Lagos a desirable
+seaport, with one of the safest harbors in the world for light-draught
+vessels.
+
+The fish in these waters are very fine, and Ako is one of the finest
+natural oyster bays in the world. The shell-fish are generally of good
+size, frequently large, and finely flavored.
+
+
+Religious and Philanthropic means
+
+As a religious means, such a position must most largely contribute, by
+not only giving security to the Missionary cause, but by the actual
+infusion of a religious social element permanently among the natives of
+the country; and as a philanthropic, by a permanent check to the
+slave-trade, and also by its reflex influence on American slavery--not
+only thus far cutting off the supply, but, also by superseding slavery
+in the growth and supply of those articles which comprise its great
+staple and source of wealth--thereby tendering slave labor _unprofitable
+and worthless_, as the succeeding section will show.
+
+
+Stopping the Slave Trade
+
+As to the possibility of putting a stop to the slave-trade, I have only
+to say, that we do not leave America and go to Africa to be passive
+spectators of such a policy as traffic in the flesh and blood of our
+kindred, nor any other species of the human race--more we might
+say--that we will not live there and permit it. "_Self-preservation_ is
+the first law of nature," and we go to Africa to be _self-sustaining_;
+otherwise we have no business there, or anywhere else, in my opinion. We
+will bide our time; _but the Slave-trade shall not continue!_
+
+
+Means of Doing It
+
+Another important point of attention: that is, the slave-trade ceases in
+Africa, wherever enlightened Christian civilization gains an influence.
+And as to the strength and power necessary, we have only to add, that
+Liberia, with a coast frontier of seven hundred miles, and a sparse
+population, which at the present only numbers fifteen thousand settlers,
+has been effective in putting a stop to that infamous traffic along her
+entire coast. And I here record with pleasure, and state what I know to
+be the fact, and but simple justice to as noble-hearted antagonists to
+slavery as live, that the Liberians are uncompromising in their
+opposition to oppression and the enslavement of their race, or any other
+part of the human family. I speak of them as a nation or people and
+ignore entirely their Iscariots, if any there be. What they have
+accomplished with less means, we, by the help of Providence, may
+reasonably expect to effect with more--what they did with little, we may
+do with much. And I speak with confidence when I assert, that if we in
+this new position but do and act as we are fondly looked to and
+expected--as I most fondly hope and pray God that, by a prudent,
+discretionate and well-directed course, dependant upon Him, we may, nay,
+I am certain we will do--I am sure that there is nothing that may be
+required to aid in the prosecution and accomplishment of this important
+and long-desired end, that may not be obtained from the greatest and
+most potent Christian people and nation that ever graced the world.
+There is no aid that might be wanted, which may not be obtained through
+a responsible, just, and equitable negotiation.
+
+
+Subsidizing the King of Dahomi
+
+There is some talk by Christians and philanthropists in Great Britain of
+subsidizing the King of Dahomi. I hope for the sake of humanity, our
+race, and the cause of progressive civilization, this most injurious
+measure of compensation for wrong, never will be resorted to nor
+attempted.
+
+To make such an offering just at a time when we are about to establish a
+policy of self-regeneration in Africa, which may, by example and
+precept, effectually check forever the nefarious system, and reform the
+character of these people, would be to offer inducements to that monster
+to continue, and a license to other petty chiefs to commence the traffic
+in human beings, to get a reward of subsidy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Nine-tenths of all the Palm Oil of commerce goes from this point.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+COTTON STAPLE
+
+
+Natural Elements to Produce Cotton
+
+Cotton grows profusely in all this part of Africa, and is not only
+produced naturally, but extensively cultivated throughout the Yoruba
+country. The soil, climate, and the people are the three natural
+elements combined to produce this indispensible commodity, and with
+these three natural agencies, no other part of the world can compete.
+
+
+Africans the Only Reliable Producers
+
+In India there is a difficulty and great expense and outlay of capital
+required to obtain it. In Australia it is an experiment; and though it
+may eventually be obtained, it must also involve an immense outlay of
+capital, and a long time before an adequate supply can be had, as it
+must be admitted, however reluctantly by those desirous it should be
+otherwise, that the African, as has been justly said by a Manchester
+merchant, has in all ages, in all parts of the world, been sought to
+raise cotton wherever it has been produced.
+
+
+Serious Contingencies and Uncertainty in American Cotton Supply
+
+In America there are several serious contingencies which must always
+render a supply of cotton from that quarter problematical and doubtful,
+and always expensive and subject to sudden, unexpected and unjust
+advances in prices. In the first place, the land is purchased at large
+prices; secondly, the people to work it; thirdly, the expense of
+supporting the people, with the contingencies of sickness and death;
+fourthly, the uncertainty of climate and contingencies of frost, and a
+backward season and consequent late or unmatured crop; fifthly,
+insubordination on the part of the slaves, which is not improbable at
+any time; sixthly, suspension of friendly relations between the United
+States and Great Britain; and lastly, a rupture between the American
+States themselves, which I think no one will be disposed now to consider
+impossible. All, or any of these circumstances combined, render it
+impossible for America to compete with Africa in the growth and sale of
+cotton, for the following reasons:
+
+
+Superior Advantages of Africa over All Other Countries in the Production
+of Cotton
+
+Firstly, landed tenure in Africa is free, the occupant selecting as much
+as he can cultivate, holding it so long as he uses it, but cannot convey
+it to another; secondly, the people all being free, can be hired at a
+price less than the _interest_ of the capital invested in land and
+people to work it--they finding their own food, which is the custom of
+the country; thirdly, there are no contingencies of frost or irregular
+weather to mar or blight the crop; and fourthly, we have two regular
+crops a year, or rather one continuous crop, as while the trees are full
+of pods of ripe cotton, they are at the same time blooming with fresh
+flowers. And African cotton is planted only every seven years, whilst
+the American is replanted every season. Lastly, the average product per
+acre on the best Mississippi and Louisiana cotton plantations in
+America, is three hundred and fifty pounds; the average per acre in
+Africa, a hundred per cent more, or seven hundred pounds. As the African
+soil produces two crops a year to one in America, then we in Africa
+produce fourteen hundred pounds to three hundred and fifty in America;
+the cost of labor a hand being one dollar or four shillings a day to
+produce it; whilst in Africa at present it is nine hundred per cent
+less, being only ten cents or five pence a day for adult labor. At this
+price the native lives better on the abundance of produce in the
+country, and has more money left at the end of a week than the European
+or free American laborer at one dollar a day.
+
+Cotton, as before stated, is the great commodity of the world, entering
+intimately into, being incorporated with almost every kind of fabric of
+wearing apparel. All kinds of woollen goods--cloths, flannels, alpacas,
+merinoes, and even silks, linen, nankin, ginghams, calicoes, muslins,
+cordages, ship-sails, carpeting, hats, hose, gloves, threads, waddings,
+paddings, tickings, every description of book and newspaper, writing
+paper, candle wicks, and what not, all depend upon the article cotton.
+
+
+Importance of the African Race in the Social and Political Relations of
+the World
+
+By this it will be seen and admitted that the African occupies a much
+more important place in the social and political element of the world
+than that which has heretofore been assigned him--holding the balance of
+commercial power, the source of the wealth of nations in his hands. This
+is indisputably true--undeniable, that cotton cannot be produced without
+negro labor and skill in raising it.
+
+
+The African Race Sustains Great Britain
+
+Great Britain alone has directly engaged in the manufacture of pure
+fabrics from the raw material, five millions of persons; two-thirds more
+of the population depend upon this commodity indirectly for a
+livelihood. The population (I include in this calculation Ireland) being
+estimated at 30,000,000, we have then 25,000,000 of people, or
+five-sixths of the population of this great nation, depending upon the
+article cotton alone for subsistence, and the black man is the producer
+of the raw material, and the source from whence it comes. What an
+important fact to impart to the heretofore despised and under-rated
+negro race, to say nothing of all the other great nations of Europe, as
+France, for instance, with her extensive manufactures of muslin
+delaines--which simply mean _cotton and wool_--more or less engaged in
+the manufacture and consumption of cotton.
+
+
+The Negro Race Sustains the Whites--Able to Sustain Themselves
+
+If the negro race--as slaves--can produce cotton as an _exotic_ in
+foreign climes to enrich white men who oppress them, they can, they
+must, they will, they shall, produce it as an _indigene_ in their
+own-loved native Africa to enrich themselves, and regenerate their race;
+if a faithful reliance upon the beneficence and promise of God, and an
+humble submission to his will, as the feeble instruments in his hands
+through which the work is commenced, shall be available to this end.
+
+
+Home Trade
+
+The Liberians must as a policy as much as possible patronise home
+manufactured, and home produced articles. Instead of using foreign, they
+should prefer their own sugar, molasses, and coffee, which is equal to
+that produced in any other country, and if not, it is the only way to
+encourage the farmers and manufacturers to improve them. The coffee of
+Liberia, is equal to any in the world, and I have drunk some of the
+native article, superior in strength and flavor to Java or Mocca, and I
+rather solicit competition in judgment of the article of coffee. And
+singular as it may appear, they are even supplied from abroad with
+spices and condiments, although their own country as also all Africa, is
+prolific in the production of all other articles, as allspice, ginger,
+pepper black and red, mustard and everything else.
+
+
+Coast Trade
+
+They must also turn their attention to supplying the Coast settlements
+with sugar and molasses, and everything else of their own production
+which may be in demand. Lagos and the Missionary stations in the
+interior, now consume much of these articles, the greater part of
+which--sugar and molasses--are imported from England and America. This
+trade they might secure in a short time without successful competition,
+because many of the Liberia merchants now own vessels, and the firm of
+Johnson, Turpin and Dunbar, own a fine little coasting steamer, and soon
+they will be able to undersell the foreigners; whilst at present their
+trade of these articles in America is a mere _favor_ through the
+benevolence of some good hearted gentlemen, personal _friends_ of
+theirs, who receive and dispose of them--sugar and molasses--at a price
+much above the market value, to encourage them. This can only last while
+these friends continue, when it must then cease. To succeed as a state
+or nation, we must become self-reliant, and thereby able to create our
+own ways and means; and a trade created _in_ Africa _by_ civilized
+Africans, would be a national rock of "everlasting ages."
+
+
+Domestic Trade, Corn Meal, Guinea Corn and Yam Flour
+
+The domestic trade among the natives in the interior of our part of
+Africa--Yoruba--is very great. Corn meal, Guinea corn flour very fine,
+and a fine flour made of yams is plentiful in every market, and cooked
+food can always be had in great abundance from the women at refreshment
+stands kept in every town and along the highway every few miles when
+traveling.
+
+
+Candy
+
+Molasses candy or "taffy," is carried about and sold by young girls,
+made from the syrup of sugar cane, which does not differ in appearance
+and flavor from that of civilized countries.
+
+
+Soap
+
+Hard and soft soap are for sale in every market for domestic uses, made
+from lye by percolation or dripping of water through ashes in large
+earthen vessels or "hoppers."
+
+
+Coloring and Dying. Making Indigo
+
+Coloring and dying is carried on very generally, every woman seeming to
+understand it as almost a domestic necessity; also the manufacturing of
+indigo, the favorite and most common color of the country. Red comes
+next to this which is mostly obtained of camwood, another domestic
+employment of the women. Yellow is the next favorite color. Hence, blue,
+red, and yellow may be designated as the colors of Yoruba or Central
+Africa.
+
+
+Weaving and Cloth Manufacturing; Leather
+
+The manufactory of cotton cloth is carried on quite extensively among
+them; and in a ride of an hour through the city of Illorin we counted
+one hundred and fifty-seven looms in operation in several different
+establishments. Beautiful and excellent leather is also manufactured,
+from which is made sandals, shoes, boots, bridles, saddles,
+harness-caparisons for horses, and other ornaments and uses. They all
+wear clothes of their own manufacture. The inhabitants of Abbeokuta are
+called Egbas, and those of all the other parts of Yoruba are called
+Yorubas--all speaking the Egba language.
+
+
+A Fixed Policy for the Blacks, as a Fundamental Necessity
+
+Our policy must be--and I hazard nothing in promulging it; nay, without
+this design and feeling, there would be a great deficiency of
+self-respect, pride of race, and love of country, and we might never
+expect to challenge the respect of nations--_Africa for the African race
+and black men to rule them_. By black men I mean, men of African descent
+who claim an identity with the race.
+
+
+Internal Medium of Communication. Navigable Rivers
+
+So contrary to old geographical notions, Africa abounds with handsome
+navigable rivers, which during six or eight months in the year, would
+carry steamers suitably built. Of such are the Gallinos, St. Paul, Junk,
+and Kavalla of Liberia; the Ogun, Ossa, the great Niger and others of
+and contiguous to Yoruba; the Gambia, Senegambia, Orange, Zambisi and
+others of other parts. The Kavalla is a beautiful stream which for one
+hundred miles is scarcely inferior to the Hudson of New York, in any
+particular; and all of them equal the rivers of the Southern States of
+America generally which pour out by steamers the rich wealth of the
+planting States into the Mississippi. With such prospects as these; with
+such a people as the Yorubas and other of the best type, as a
+constituent industrial, social, and political element upon which to
+establish a national edifice, what is there to prevent success? Nothing
+in the world.
+
+
+Native Government
+
+The Governments in this part are generally Patriarchial, the Kings being
+elective from ancient Royal families by the Council of Elders, which
+consists of men chosen for life by the people, for their age, wisdom,
+experience, and service among them. They are a deliberative body, and
+all cases of great importance; of state, life and death, must be brought
+before them. The King as well as either of themselves, is subject to
+trial and punishment for misdemeanor in office, before the Council of
+Elders.
+
+Lagos is the place of the family residence of that excellent gentleman,
+Aji, or the Rev. Samuel Crowther, the native Missionary; and also his
+son-in-law Rev. T. B. Macaulay, who has an excellent school, assisted by
+his wife an educated native lady.
+
+"Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her
+hands unto God."--Ps. lxviii. 31. With the fullest reliance upon this
+blessed promise, I humbly go forward in--I may repeat--the grandest
+prospect for the regeneration of a people that ever was presented in the
+history of the world. The disease has long since been known; we have
+found and shall apply the remedy. I am indebted to Rev. H. H. Garnet, an
+eminent black clergyman and scholar, for the construction, that "soon,"
+in the Scriptural passage quoted, "has reference to the period ensuing
+_from the time of beginning_." With faith in the promise, and hope from
+this version, surely there is nothing to doubt or fear.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+SUCCESS IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+
+Departure from Africa and Arrival in England
+
+Mr. Campbell and myself left Lagos on the 10th of April, per the British
+Royal Mail steam-ship Athenian, commander Lowrie, arriving in Liverpool
+May 12th, and in London on the 16th, having spent four days in the
+former place.
+
+
+First Meeting
+
+On Thursday, the 17th, by a note of invitation, we met a number of
+noblemen and gentlemen, interested in the progress of African
+Regeneration, in the parlour of Dr. Hodgkin, F.R.G.S., among whom were
+the Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Chairman; Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Hon.
+Mr. Ashley, brother of the Earl of Shaftesbury; Colonel Walker; Charles
+Buxton, Esq., M.P.; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, A.B.; Rev. Samuel Minton,
+M.A.; Dr. Hodgkin, and others. By request of the noble chairman, I made
+a statement of our Mission to Africa, imparting to the first of their
+knowledge, our true position as independent of all other societies and
+organizations then in existence. Mr. Campbell also made some remarks.
+
+
+Origin of the African Aid Society
+
+Many subsequent meetings were held in various places, private and
+public, several of which were presided over by the Lord Alfred S.
+Churchill and Rt. Hon. Lord Calthorpe, at which I and Mr. Campbell both
+spoke; when in June an invitation was received by each of us from the
+"Committee of the National Club," to attend a "Company," on "Wednesday
+evening, June 27th, 1860, when information will be given on the
+Condition and Prospects of the African Race." The invitation (being the
+same as sent to all other persons) went on to state that, "Among others,
+Dr. Delany, of Canada West, and R. Campbell Esq., of Philadelphia,
+gentlemen of color, lately returned from an exploring tour in Central
+Africa, will take part in the proceedings."
+
+This was the first great effective move in aid of our cause, though all
+other previous meetings were preliminary to it. At this, as at previous
+meetings, a full and thorough statement was made of our mission, several
+gentlemen taking part in the discussion.
+
+Subsequently the following note was received--Mr. Campbell receiving a
+similar one--with the accompanying circular, referred to as the
+"enclosed paper":--
+
+
+     African Aid Society, 7, Adams Street, Strand, W.C.,
+
+     July 14th, 1860
+
+     DEAR SIR--The Provisional Committee of the above-named Society will
+     feel obliged if you will kindly attend a meeting to be held at the
+     Caledonian Hotel, Robert Street, Adelphi Terrace, on Thursday next,
+     July 19th, to consider the enclosed paper, and to decide on a
+     further course of action. Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., will take
+     the chair at half-past two o'clock.
+
+     I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+
+     Dr. Delany.              WILLIAM CARDWELL, Hon. Sec.
+
+
+At a meeting held at 7, Adams Street, on July 6th, 1860 (arising out of
+the proceedings of a _soiree_, which took place at the National Club, on
+the 27th of the previous month, when the subject of the "Condition and
+Prospects of the African Race" was discussed) present, Lord Alfred
+Churchill, M.P. in the chair; Lord Calthorpe; Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart;
+Joseph Ferguson, Esq., late M.P. for Carlisle; Rev. Mesac Thomas,
+Secretary of the Colonial Church and School Society; Rev. J. Davis; Rev.
+Samuel Minton, Minister of Percy Chapel; J. Lyons Macleod, Esq., late H.
+B. M.'s Consul at Mozambique; Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, Claylands Chapel;
+and Rev. W Cardall, the following resolutions were unanimously passed:--
+
+     I. That it is desirable to form a Society, to be designated the
+     'African Aid Society.' II. That the noblemen now present be a
+     Provisional Committee of such Society, with power to add to their
+     number; and that Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., be requested to be
+     Chairman. III. That Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart., J. Lyons Macleod,
+     Esq., the Rev. S. Minton, and the Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, be a
+     Sub-Committee to prepare a draft statement of the proposed objects
+     of the Society, and rules for its government.
+
+At a subsequent meeting of the Committee, on a report of the
+Sub-Committee, the statement of objects and rules was adopted, which is
+given above.
+
+
+What Black Men Want
+
+The contents of this paper had been fully and fairly discussed at a
+previous meeting to which myself and colleague were honored with an
+invitation, when I then and there, fully, openly, and candidly stated to
+the noblemen and gentlemen present what was desired and what we did not;
+that we desired to be dealt with as men, and not children. That we did
+not desire gratuities as such in the apportioning of their
+benevolence--nothing eleemosynary but means _loaned_ to our people upon
+their _personal obligations, to be paid in produce or otherwise_. That
+we did not approve of _restriction_ as to _where_ such persons went (so
+that it was to some country where the population was mainly colored, as
+that was our policy) letting each choose and decide _for himself_, that
+which was _best for him_.
+
+
+Primary Objects of the African Aid Society
+
+To these sentiments the noblemen and gentlemen all cordially and
+heartily agreed, establishing their society, as we understand it,
+expressly to aid the _voluntary_ emigration of colored people from
+America in general, and our movement as originated by colored people in
+particular. Indeed I here now say, as I did then and there, that I would
+give nothing for it, were it not a self-reliant project originating with
+ourselves. The following completes the doings of the gentlemen in
+London. I should have remarked, that at many of these meetings,
+especially that at White Hall on the 27th day of June, and that of the
+19th July, and the preliminary ones above referred to, the respected
+president of our Council, Wm. Howard Day, Esq., M.A., was present. For
+some of the important preliminary meetings, he and Rev. D'Arcy Irvine
+kindly made arrangements.
+
+
+
+
+AFRICAN AID SOCIETY
+
+7,[8] ADAMS STREET, STRAND, W. C., LONDON
+
+
+PRESIDENT
+
+VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+  *The Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe.
+
+  The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of Sierra Leone.
+
+
+  COUNCIL
+
+  *The Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., F.R.G.S., Chairman of the Executive
+  Committee
+
+  Ashley, Hon. Wm., St. James's Palace.
+
+  Bagnall, Thomas, Esq., J.P., Great Barr, near Birmingham
+
+  Brown, Rev. J. Baldwin, B.A., 150, Albany Street.
+
+  Dunlop, Hy., Esq., Craigton, Glasgow.
+
+  *Eardley, Sir C. E., Bart., F.R.G.S., Bedwell Park.
+
+  Ferguson, Joseph, Esq., late P.M. for Carlisle.
+
+  *Seymour, H. Danby, Esq., M.P., F.R.G.S.
+
+  Bullock, Edward, Esq., Handsworth, near Birmingham
+
+  *Cardall, Rev. Wm., M.A., Sec., of the Evangelical Alliance.
+
+  Clegg, Thomas, Esq., Manchester.
+
+  *Davis, Rev. James, Sec. of the Evangelical Alliance.
+
+  Shaw, Dr. Norton, Sec. of the Royal Geographical Society.
+
+  Snopp, Rev. C. B., Perry Bar, near Birmingham.
+
+  Fowler, R. N., Esq., F.R.G.S., 50, Cornhill.
+
+  La Trobe, C. J., Esq., F.R.G.S., late Governor of Victoria.
+
+  La Trobe, Rev. P., Sec. of the Moravian Missions.
+
+  Lecke, Rear Admiral Sir H. J., K.C.B., M.P.
+
+  *M'Arthur, Wm., Esq., Brixton-rise
+
+  Macleod, J. Lyons, Esq., F.R.G.S. late H.B.M.'s Consul at Mozambique
+  Society.
+
+  *Minton, Rev. Samuel, M.A., Minister of Percy Chapel
+
+  Richardson, Jonathan, Esq., M.P.
+
+  Sykes. Col. W.H. r.i'., Vice President of the Royal Geographical
+  Society.
+
+  *Thomas, Rev. Mesac, M.A., Sec. of the Colonial Church and School
+  Society.
+
+  Thompson, Geo., Esq., Drixton.
+
+  Tidman, Rev. Dr., Sec. Of the London Missionary Society.
+
+  Trestrail, Rev. Fred., Sec. of the Baptist Missionary Society.
+
+  Wingfield, R. W., Esq., J.P., Birmingham.
+
+  William Cardall and J. Lyons Macleod, _Hon. Secretaries_
+
+  Those marked thus (*) constitute the Executive Committee.
+
+
+STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND RULES
+
+I. That the name of the Society be the "African Aid Society."
+
+II. That its chief objects shall be to develop the material resources of
+Africa, Madagascar, and the adjacent Islands; and to promote the
+Christian civilization of the African races; as by these means the
+Society believes that the annihilation of the Slave Trade will
+ultimately be accomplished.
+
+III. That for the attainment of these objects it will strive to employ
+the following and other suitable means:--
+
+     1. Encourage the production of cotton, silk, indigo, sugar, palm
+     oil, &c., by the introduction of skilled labor, African or
+     European, into those parts of the earth which are inhabited by the
+     African race.
+
+     2. Assist, by loans or otherwise, Africans willing to emigrate from
+     Canada and other parts to our West Indian Colonies, Liberia, Natal,
+     and Africa generally, or to any countries that may offer a suitable
+     field of labor.
+
+     3. Form Industrial Missions in harmony, where practicable, with the
+     agency already established for the extension of Christianity in
+     Africa.
+
+     4. Supply (as occasion may require) suitable Mechanical and
+     Agricultural Implements for the use of the same.
+
+     5. Procure samples of every kind of native produce, for the purpose
+     of submitting the same to the mercantile and manufacturing
+     communities of this country, with a view to the promotion of
+     legitimate commerce.
+
+     6. Encourage and assist exploring expeditions into the interior of
+     Africa and Madagascar.
+
+IV. That Subscribers of not less than Half a Guinea annually be Members
+of this Society, during the continuance of their subscriptions; that the
+subscriptions be payable in advance, and be considered due at the
+commencement of each year; that Donors of Ten Guineas and Collectors of
+Twenty Guineas be Life Members.
+
+V. That the management of the Society be vested in a Patron,
+Vice-Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, and a Council consisting of
+not less than Twenty Members.
+
+VI. That a general Meeting of the Members of the Society be held in
+London in the spring of each year, when the financial statement shall be
+presented, and the Council elected for the year ensuing, who shall
+appoint an Executive Committee to conduct the business of the Society.
+
+VII. That the Honorary and Corresponding Members may be nominated by the
+Council.
+
+VIII. That any funded property of the Society be invested in the names
+of three Trustees, to be chosen by the Council, and that all orders for
+payments on account of the Society be signed by two Members of the
+Executive Committee and the Secretary.
+
+IX. That the accounts of the Society be audited annually by a
+professional auditor, to be chosen by the General Meeting.
+
+X. That the Council shall have power to appoint such officers and
+assistants as they shall deem necessary for the efficient conduct of the
+affairs of the Society, subject to the approval of the next Annual
+Meeting.
+
+XI. That the Council shall have power to convene Special General
+Meetings of the Members of the Society when necessary.
+
+XII. That no alteration shall be effected in the constitution of the
+Society, except at the Annual Meeting, or at a Special General Meeting
+convened for the purpose on the requisition of Twenty Members.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+In furtherance of the objects of this Society, the Executive Committee,
+with the generous aid of friends to this movement, have already assisted
+Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell (two colored gentlemen from America)
+with funds to enable them to continue their labors and to lay before the
+colored people of America the reports of the Pioneer Exploration
+Expedition into Abbeokuta, in West Africa, from which they have lately
+returned.
+
+A correspondence has already been opened with Jamaica, Lagos in West
+Africa, Natal, the United States of America, and "The Fugitive-Aid
+Society"--which for the last _ten years_ has been receiving and
+instructing fugitive Africans in agricultural and other pursuits on the
+Elgin settlement--at Buxton, Canada West.
+
+The assistance of all friends to Christianity, Freedom, and lawful
+Commerce, as opposed to the Slave Trade and Slavery, is earnestly
+solicited.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"COTTON IS KING! IN AMERICA"
+"COTTON IS BREAD! IN ENGLAND"
+
+The free colored people of America are said to be looking forward to
+their ultimate removal from the United States, and are anxiously seeking
+for locations suitable for their final settlement in Africa or other
+intertropical regions; where they may obtain that freedom which is the
+inherent right of man, and by their industry acquire adequate
+independence.
+
+The African Aid Society has been formed to assist this movement, and to
+annihilate the slave trade, by encouraging the development of the
+resources of those countries inhabited by the African races generally,
+as well as to cause African free labor to supersede African slavery and
+degradation.
+
+In Canada West no less than 45,000 colored persons, flying from slavery,
+have now taken refuge; willing to meet the rigors of the climate, so
+that they are assured of personal freedom under the aegis of the British
+flag. From the enactments lately made in some States of the Union, for
+the purpose of compelling all the free people of color either to leave
+the country or to be again reduced to a state of slavery, a considerable
+addition will, no doubt, shortly be made to the number of those who have
+already found their way to Canada; while, from physical causes, Canada
+can be looked upon by the colored only as a "CITY OF REFUGE."
+
+Great Britain has for half a century been employing physical force for
+the suppression of the slave trade, which after the expenditure of
+upwards of forty millions sterling, and the noble sacrifice of the lives
+of some of the best and bravest of her sons, still exists. It is but
+just to state that the exportation of slaves from Africa has been
+reduced from 150,000 to 50,000 per annum, by the persevering effort of
+those who are opposed to a traffic disgraceful to Christianity.
+
+Is the ultimate object of those who are opposed to this traffic its
+suppression or its annihilation? The annihilation of the slave trade and
+slavery in Africa was unquestionably the aim of the philanthropists who
+originated this great movement.
+
+The experience of half a century has proved that physical force cannot
+destroy the traffic while there is a demand for slave labor. Diplomacy
+must be baffled in its well-intentioned efforts to oppose this traffic
+while the profits for carrying each slave from the continent of Africa
+to the island of Cuba amount to the enormous return of fourteen hundred
+percent.
+
+It is a well-attested fact, that the same quality of cotton may be
+obtained from Africa for twenty millions of money for which Great
+Britain pays the slaveholders in America thirty millions per annum. If
+cotton can be sold in the Liverpool market at anything less than 4-3/4d.
+per lb., the slaveholders in America will cease to grow what, under
+altered circumstances, would be unprofitable. Cotton of middling quality
+(which is in the greatest demand) may be obtained in West and Eastern
+Africa at 4d. per lb.; and, already, cotton from Western Africa
+(Liberia) has been sent to Liverpool, there re-shipped, and sold at
+Boston, in the United States, at a less cost than cotton of a similar
+quality could be supplied from the Southern States of the Union.
+
+The Executive Committee feel assured that the peaceful means adopted by
+this society for the Christian civilization of the African races require
+only the advocacy of _Christian Ministers_ and the _Press_ generally to
+be responded to by the people of Great Britain.
+
+The horrors of the slave trade, as perpetrated on the continent of
+Africa and during the middle passage, can only be put an end to by the
+establishment of a lawful and a lucrative, a powerful and a permanent,
+trade between this country and Africa; which will have the effect of
+destroying the slave trade, spreading the Gospel of Christ, and
+civilizing the African races. For this purpose the support of the
+mercantile class is earnestly solicited for a movement which--commenced
+by the colored people of America flying from oppression--bids fair to
+open new cotton fields for the supply of British industry, and new
+markets for our commerce, realizing the sublime promise of Scripture,
+"Cast thy bread upon the waters, and after many days it shall return
+unto thee."
+
+Alarmists point to the sparks in the cotton fields of America, while
+thoughtful men reflect that the commercial prosperity of this great
+country hangs upon a thread of cotton, which a blight of the plant, an
+insurrection among the slaves, an untimely frost, or an increased demand
+in the Northern States of the Union, might destroy; bringing to
+Lancashire first, and then to the whole kingdom, a return of the Irish
+famine of 1847, which reduced the population of that portion of the
+kingdom from eight to six millions.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Southern States of the American Union are following the example of
+the infatuated Louis the Fourteenth of France. As he drove into exile
+thousands of his subjects engaged in manufactures and trade, who sought
+refuge in England and laid the foundation of our manufacturing
+supremacy, so are the Slave States now driving from their confines
+thousands of freed colored men. Where are the exiles to go? The Free
+States are too crowded, and Canada too cold for them. Can we not offer
+them an asylum in Jamaica and other colonies? They are the cream, the
+best of their race; for it is by long-continued industry and economy
+that they have been enabled to purchase their freedom, and joyfully will
+they seize the hand of deliverance which Great Britain holds out to
+them. We only want additional labor; give us that, and we shall very
+soon cultivate our own cotton.--_Slavery Doomed._
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FUGITIVE-AID SOCIETY IN CANADA
+
+At a meeting held in the Town Hall, Manchester, on the 8th of August
+inst., the following remarks were made by Thomas Clegg, Esq., who
+presided on the occasion.
+
+The Chairman said that they held but one opinion as to the horrors and
+evils of slavery; and he thought that most of them believed that one of
+the great benefits which would result from Africans trained in Canada
+being sent to Africa, would be that they could there, for the advantage
+of themselves and their country, grow cotton, sugar, and fifty other
+articles, which we much needed. During his first year's operations in
+getting cotton from Africa, all his efforts only purchased 235 lbs.; but
+in 1858, he got 219,615 lbs.; and he saw from one of the London papers
+of the previous day, that not less than 3,447 bales, or 417,087 lbs.,
+were received from the West Coast during 1860. This rapid increase, in
+the early history of the movement, showed that Africa was the place that
+could grow cotton, and that Africans were the men who ought to grow it.
+(Hear, hear.) There was no part of Africa, of which he had heard, where
+cotton did not grow wild; there was no part of the world, except India,
+perhaps, in which cotton was cultivated, where it was not sought to
+obtain Africans as cultivators. Wild African cotton was worth from 1-1/2
+d. to 2-1/4 d. a pound more than the wild produce of India; cultivated
+cotton from the West Coast was worth, on an average, as much as New
+Orleans possibly could be. (Hear, hear.) He would undertake that good
+African cotton could be laid down free in Liverpool at 4-1/4 d. per
+pound; that it should be equal to New Orleans; and at this moment such
+cotton was worth probably 6-1/4 d. per pound. (Hear, hear.) He looked
+upon this question as affecting not only the success of missions, but as
+affecting also the eternal welfare of the Africans and the temporal
+welfare of our people.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEATHEN AND SLAVE-TRADE HORRORS
+
+At Lagos, communication between the town and the shipping had been
+suspended for ten days, in consequence of the high surf at the entrance
+of the river and along the beach, and great difficulty was experienced
+in getting off the mails. The war in the interior, between the chiefs of
+Ibadan and Ijaye, continued with unabated fury; the former district is
+said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, and the latter 50,000. Abbeokuta
+had taken side with Ijaye, but at the last battle, which took place on
+the 5th of June, his people are reported to have suffered severely. The
+King of Dahomey was about to make an immense sacrifice of human life to
+the memory of the late King, his father. The _West African Herald_, of
+the 13th ult., referring to this intention, says: His Majesty Badahung,
+King of Dahomey, is about to make the 'Grand Custom' in honor of the
+late King Gezo. Determined to surpass all former monarchs in the
+magnitude of the ceremonies to be performed on this occasion, Badahung
+has made the most extensive preparations for the celebration of the
+Grand Custom. A great pit has been dug which is to contain human blood
+enough to float a canoe. Two thousand persons will be sacrificed on this
+occasion. The expedition to Abbeokuta is postponed, but the King has
+sent his army to make some excursions at the expense of some weaker
+tribes, and has succeeded in capturing many unfortunate creatures. The
+young people among these prisoners will be sold into slavery, and the
+old persons will be killed at the Grand Custom. Would to God this might
+meet the eyes of some of those philanthropic Englishmen who have some
+feeling for Africa! Oh! for some man of eloquence and influence to point
+out to the people of England the comparative uselessness of their
+expensive squadron out here, and the enormous benefits that must result
+to this country, and ultimately to England herself, morally and
+materially, if she would extend her establishments on this coast! Take
+away two-thirds of your squadron, and spend one-half its cost in
+creating more stations on shore, and greatly strengthening your old
+stations.--_The Times_, August 13, 1860.
+
+The following extract from the _Times_, August 11, 1860, shows that
+noble hearts across the Atlantic are ready to respond to our call:--
+
+
+     A NOBLE LADY--Miss Cornelia Barbour, a daughter of the Hon. James
+     Barbour, of Virginia, formerly Governor of that State, and a Member
+     of President J. Q. Adams' Cabinet, has resolved to emancipate her
+     numerous slaves, and locate them in a Free State, where they can
+     enjoy liberty and (if they will) acquire property.--_New York
+     Tribune._
+
+    _Contributions to the Funds of this Society may be paid to the
+    Chairman, the Hon. Secretary, or to the Society's account at the
+    London and Westminster Bank, I, St. James's square. P.O. Orders to
+    be made payable to the Honorary Secretaries at
+    Charing-cross._--AUGUST, 1860.
+
+The subjoined paper has been issued by the African Aid Society, London,
+England, which I give for the benefit of those desirous of going out
+under its auspices, as it will be seen that the Society is determined on
+guarding well against aiding such persons as are objectionable to us,
+and likely to be detrimental to our scheme:
+
+
+     AFRICAN AID SOCIETY
+
+     PAPER FOR INTENDING SETTLERS IN AFRICA
+
+     1. Are you desirous to leave ---- and go to the Land of your
+     Forefathers. 2. Name. 3. Age. 4. Married or Single. 5. What
+     Children (state ages:) Boys ----, aged years; ---- Girls ----, aged
+     years. 6. How many of these will you take with you? 7. Of what
+     church are you a member? 8. How long have you been so? 9. Can you
+     read and write? 10. Will you strive to spread the truths of the
+     Gospel among the natives? 11. What work are you now doing? 12. What
+     other work can you do well? 13. Have you worked on a plantation?
+     14. What did you do there? 15. Will you, in the event of the
+     African Aid Society sending you and your family to Africa, repay to
+     it the sum of ---- Dollars, as part of the cost of your passage and
+     settlement there, ---- as soon as possible, that the same money may
+     assist others to go there also?
+
+     N.B.--It is expected that persons desiring to settle in Africa,
+     under the auspices of this society, should obtain Certificates from
+     their Minister, and if possible from their Employer, or other
+     competent person, as to their respectability, habits, and
+     character. These certificates should be attached to this paper.
+
+I have every confidence in the sincerity of the Christian gentlemen who
+compose the African Aid Society, and for the information of those who
+are unacquainted with the names of those noblemen and gentlemen, would
+state that the Lord Alfred Churchill is the learned Oriental traveler
+and Christian philanthropist, brother to His Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough and son-in-law of Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe; Right Hon. Lord
+Calthorpe is the great Christian nobleman who does so much for Churches
+in Great Britain, and member of Her Majesty's Privy Council; Sir Culling
+Eardley Eardley is the great promoter of the Evangelical Alliance;
+George Thompson, Esq., is the distinguished traveler and faithful friend
+of the slave, known in America as a Garrisonian Abolitionist; and J.
+Lyons Macleod, Esq., the indefatigable British Consul who so
+praiseworthily exerted himself, and brought the whole of his official
+power to bear against the slave-trade on the Mozambique Channel. There
+are other gentlemen of great distinction, whose positions are not
+explained in the council list, and a want of knowledge prevents my
+explaining.
+
+Before leaving England for Scotland, I received while at Brighton, the
+following letter, which indicates somewhat the importance of our
+project, and shows, in a measure, the superiority of the people in our
+part of Africa, and what may be expected of them compared with some in
+other parts; and how the Portuguese influence has ruined them. I may
+add, that the writer, Mr. Clarence, is a gentleman of respectability,
+brother-in-law to Edmund Fry, Esq., the distinguished Secretary of the
+London Peace Society. Mr. Clarence has resided in that part of Africa
+for twenty-five years, and was then on a visit to his relatives:
+
+     DR. DELANEY: Brighton, August 28, 1860
+
+     MY DEAR SIR--I am sorry that I am obliged to leave Brighton before
+     you deliver your lectures, and as we may not meet again, I thought
+     I would write you a few lines just to revive the subject that was
+     passing our minds yesterday. I cannot but think, if it were
+     practicable for a few thousands, or even hundreds, of your West
+     Coast men to come round to the East Coast, that is, to Port Natal,
+     an immense amount of good would be derived therefrom; not only in
+     assisting to abolish the barbarous customs of our natives in
+     showing them that labor is honorable for man, but that the English
+     population would appreciate their services and that they would be
+     able to get good wages. What we want is constant and reliable
+     laborers; not those who come by fits and starts, just to work for a
+     month and then be off. They must select their masters, and then
+     make an engagement for twelve months; or it might be after a month
+     on approval. Good laborers could get fifteen shillings per month,
+     and as their services increased in value they would get twenty
+     shillings, and their allowance of food, which is always abundant.
+
+     I have thought that some might work their passage down to the Cape
+     of Good Hope in some of Her Majesty's Men-of-War, and from there
+     they might work their passage in some of the coasting vessels that
+     are continually plying backwards and forwards. My farm is only five
+     miles from the Port. Should any ever come from your
+     representations, direct them to me, and should I not require them
+     myself I will give them such information as may lead them to find
+     good masters. I have always said that Natal is the key to the
+     civilization of South Africa; but, however, there are sometimes two
+     keys to a door, and yours on the West, though a little north of the
+     Line, may be the other; and, by God's blessing, I trust that the
+     nations of the East and West may, before long, meet in Central
+     Africa, not in hostile array, as African nations always have done,
+     but in the bonds of Christian fellowship. Wishing you every success
+     in your enterprize.
+
+     Believe me, dear Sir, yours most sincerely,
+                                    RALPH CLARENCE
+
+     NOTE--Mr. Clarence is requesting to be sent some of our industrious
+     natives from Western Africa, as he informed me that those in the
+     East think it disreputable to work. The term "master" is simply
+     English; it means employer. The "fifteen" and "twenty" referred to,
+     means shillings sterling.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Now 8 Adolphi Terrace, Strand.
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN SCOTLAND
+
+
+Commercial Relations
+
+I have only to add, as a finality of my doings and mission in Great
+Britain, that in Scotland I fully succeeded in establishing commercial
+relations for traffic in all kinds of native African produce, especially
+cotton, which businesses are to be done directly and immediately between
+us and them, without the intervention or agencies of any society or
+association whatever. The only agencies in the case are to be the
+producers, sellers, and buyers--the Scottish house dealing with us as
+men, and not children. These arrangements are made to facilitate, and
+give us the assurance of the best encouragement to prosecute vigorously
+commercial enterprises--especially, as before stated, the cotton
+culture--the great source of wealth to any people and all civilized
+nations.
+
+
+Business Integrity
+
+The British people have the fullest confidence in our integrity to carry
+out these enterprises successfully, and now only await our advent there,
+and commencement to do anything necessary we may desire, or that the
+circumstances justify. Each individual is regarded as a man in these new
+relations, and, as such, expected to make his own contracts according
+to business custom, discharging in like manner his individual
+obligations. It must here be expressly understood that there are to be
+nothing but _business relations_ between us, their entire confidence and
+dependence being in the self-reliant, independent transactions of black
+men themselves. We are expected, and will be looked for, to create our
+own ways and means among ourselves as other men do.
+
+
+Public Endorsement
+
+As an earnest of the estimate set upon our adventure, I subjoin the
+names of a number of the leading commercial British journals--the two
+first being English, and all the others Scottish, in the midst of
+manufacturing districts, and all speaking favorably of the project:
+
+The Leeds Mercury, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, the Glasgow Herald,
+the Glasgow Examiner, the Scottish Guardian, the North British Daily
+Mail, the Glasgow Morning Journal, the Mercantile Advertiser, and
+others. (For absence of these notices, see author's prefatory note.)
+
+     FROM THE DAILY CHRONICLE
+
+     _Newcastle-on-Tyne, Monday, September 17th, 1860_
+
+     DANGER AND SAFETY.-- ... The cotton of the United States affords
+     employment to upwards of three millions of people in England, and a
+     famine of cotton would be far worse than a famine of bread; the
+     deficiency of the latter could be supplied; but the destruction of
+     the cotton crop in America would be an evil of unparalleled
+     magnitude, and against which we have no present protection....
+     From the district of Lagos on the Gold coast, near the kingdom of
+     Dahomey, there comes amongst us Dr. Delany with promises of a
+     deeply interesting exposition of the prospects of Africa, and the
+     probabilities of the civilization and elevation of the black races.
+     He is a _bona fide_ descendant of one of the elite families of
+     Central Africa, a highly educated gentleman, whose presence at the
+     International Statistical Congress was noticed by Lord Brougham,
+     and whose remarks in the sanitary section of the Congress upon
+     epidemics were characterized by a great knowledge of the topic
+     combined with genuine modesty. He is a physician of African blood,
+     educated in America, who has revisited the lands of his ancestry,
+     and proposes a most reasonable and feasible plan to destroy the
+     slave trade, by creating a _cordon_, or fringe of native
+     civilization, through which the kidnappers could not penetrate from
+     without, and through which no slaves could be transported from
+     within. Dr. Delany is one of the Commissioners sent out by the
+     convention of the colored people of Canada and the United States.
+     He has recently returned from the Yoruba country, adjoining the
+     territory of the King of Dahomey, and desires to elicit a favorable
+     consideration for the African Aid Society. His explorations have
+     been productive of the most promising results, his fellow blacks
+     having everywhere received him with distinguished honors. His
+     anecdotes are interesting, and his lectures are illustrated by
+     specimens of native produce and manufactures highly curious. Of his
+     lectures at Brighton and other places we have read lengthy reports,
+     which represent the influence these addresses have produced, and
+     which speak in eulogistic terms of Dr. Delany's matter and manner.
+     The subject is one of vast importance to England, and we trust that
+     we may witness ere long a proper appreciation of it.
+
+
+     FROM THE GLASGOW HERALD
+
+     All this betokens a considerable degree of intelligence. The towns
+     had their market-places; in one of these, that of Ijaye Dr. Delany
+     saw many thousands of persons assembled, and carrying on a busy
+     traffic. What a field might thus, in the course of time, be opened
+     for European commerce.
+
+
+     FROM THE LEEDS MERCURY (ENGLAND)
+
+     _Published by E. Baines, Esq., M.P., and Sons, December 8th, 1860_
+
+     ELEVATION OF THE COLORED RACE, AND OPENING OUT OF THE RESOURCES OF
+     AFRICA.--An important movement for opening out the resources of a
+     vast portion of the continent of Africa has been made by some of
+     the most intelligent colored people of the United States and
+     Canada. Having formed a society with this object in view, among
+     others, Dr. Delany and Professor Campbell were commissioned to go
+     out and explore a considerable portion of Western Africa, near to
+     the mouths of the Niger, and not far from the equator. A report of
+     this expedition is in progress by Dr. Delany, who is himself so
+     fully convinced of the advantages which the rich resources of that
+     part of Africa offer, that he has concluded to remove his family
+     there immediately. A meeting of the Leeds Anti-Slavery Committee
+     was held on Wednesday night, Wm. Scholefield, Esq., in the chair,
+     when valuable information was communicated by Dr. Delany and
+     William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., from Canada, who is connected with
+     this movement. The following summary of their remarks will be
+     found of deep interest:--
+
+     Wm. Howard Day, M.A., having been called upon, pointed out the
+     necessity for an active anti-slavery organization in this country,
+     as was so well expressed by the Chairman, to keep the heart of the
+     English people warm upon the subject of human bondage.... By the
+     production of cotton slavery began to be a power. So that as the
+     cotton interest increased the testimony of the Church decreased.
+     Cotton now is three-fifths of the production of the South. So that
+     the Hon. Amasa Walker, formerly Republican Secretary of State for
+     the State of Massachusetts, at the meeting held in London, August
+     1, 1859, and presided over by Lord Brougham, really expressed the
+     whole truth when he said--"While cotton is fourteen cents per pound
+     slavery will never end." Now we propose to break the back of this
+     monopoly in America by raising in Africa--in the African's own
+     home--as well as in the West Indies, cotton of the same quality as
+     the American, and at a cheaper rate. It had been demonstrated by
+     Mr. Clegg, of Manchester, that cotton of superior quality could be
+     laid down at Liverpool cheaper from Africa than America. We have
+     sent my friend, Dr. Delany, to see what Africa is, and he will tell
+     you the results--so very favorable--of his exploration. Then we
+     feel that we have in Canada the colored men to pioneer the way--men
+     reared among the cotton of the United States, and who have found an
+     asylum among us. The bone and sinew is in Africa--we wish to give
+     it direction. We wish thereby to save to England millions of pounds
+     by the difference in price between the two cottons; we wish to ward
+     off the blow to England which must be felt by four millions of
+     people interested in the article to be produced if an untimely
+     frost or an insurrection should take place--and, above all, to lift
+     up Africa by means of her own children. After speaking of the
+     organization among the colored people, which sent out Dr. Delany
+     and of which Mr. Day is president, he said one of the means to
+     secure these ends was the establishment of a press upon a proper
+     footing in Canada among the fugitive slaves; and to collect for
+     that is now his especial work. It would aid powerfully, it was
+     hoped, in another way. Already American prejudice has rolled in
+     upon the borders of Canada--so that schoolhouse doors are closed in
+     the faces of colored children, and colored men denied a place upon
+     juries merely because of their color. It was with difficulty that
+     last year even in Canada they were able to secure the freedom of a
+     kidnapped little boy who was being dragged through the province to
+     be sold in the slave-mart of St. Louis. In view of all these
+     points, hastily presented, he asked the good will and active aid of
+     all the friends of liberty.
+
+     Dr. M. R. Delany, whose name has become so celebrated in connection
+     with the Statistical Congress, was invited to state what he had
+     contemplated in going to Africa, and if he would kindly do so, what
+     he had discovered there. Dr. Delany first dwelt upon the
+     expectation which had been raised in his mind when a young man, and
+     in the minds of the colored people of the United States, by the
+     beginning of the anti-slavery work there by William Lloyd Garrison
+     and his coadjutors. They had found, however, that all the
+     anti-slavery people were not of the stamp of Mr. Garrison, who, he
+     was proud to say, believed in giving to colored men just the same
+     rights and privileges as to others, and that Mr. Garrison's idea
+     had not, by the professed friends of the black man, been reduced to
+     practice. And finding that self-reliance was the best dependence,
+     he and others had struck out a path for themselves. After speaking
+     of the convention of colored people, which he and others called in
+     1854, to consider this subject of self-help, and of the general
+     organization which began then, and in which Mr. Day succeeded him
+     as president, he said he went to Africa to find a locality suitable
+     for a select emigration of colored people; if possible, a large
+     cotton-growing region, and with a situation accessible by
+     civilization. All this he had found, with, in addition, a
+     well-disposed and industrious people. The facts which Dr. Delany
+     grouped together as to the climate and soil; as to productions and
+     trade; as to the readiness of the people to take hold of these
+     higher ideas; and as to the anxiety of the people to have him and
+     his party return, were new and thrilling. An interesting
+     conversation ensued on the points brought forward, and the
+     following minute, moved by Mr. Wilson Armistead, and seconded by
+     the Rev. Dr. Brewer, was unanimously passed:--
+
+     That the thanks of this meeting be tendered to Dr. Delany and Wm.
+     Howard Day, Esq., for the valuable information received from them,
+     with an ardent desire that their plans for the elevation of their
+     race may be crowned with success, and it is the opinion of this
+     meeting that they be made materially to hasten the extinction of
+     the slave-trade and slavery.
+
+
+Character of Commercial Relations
+
+The commercial relations entered into in Scotland are with the first
+business men in the United Kingdom, among whom are Henry Dunlop, Esq.,
+Ex-Lord Provost of Glasgow, one of the largest proprietors in Scotland;
+Andrew Stevenson, Esq., one of the greatest cotton dealers; and Messrs.
+Crum, Graham & Co., 111 Virginia Place, Glasgow, one of the heaviest
+firms in that part of the old world, which is the house with which I
+have negotiated for an immediate, active and practical prosecution of
+our enterprise, and whose agency in Europe for any or all of our
+produce, may be fully relied on. I speak from personal acquaintance
+with these extensively-known, high-standing gentlemen.
+
+
+Reliable Arrangements
+
+One of the most important parts of such an adventure as this, is to have
+reliable Foreign Agencies, and these have been fully secured; as whilst
+these gentlemen, as should all business men, deal with us only on
+business terms, yet they have entered into the matter as much as
+Christians and philanthropists, to see truth and right prevail whereby
+humanity may be elevated, as for anything else; because they are already
+wealthy, and had they been seeking after wealth, they certainly could
+and would have sought some more certainly immediate means.
+
+I left Scotland December 3rd, and sailed from Liverpool the 13th via
+Londonderry, arriving at Portland the 25th, the epoch of the Christian
+Era, and in Chatham the 29th.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+THE TIME TO GO TO AFRICA
+
+
+Caution against Danger
+
+The best time for going to Africa is during "the rainy season," which
+commences about the middle or last of April, ending near or about the
+first of November. By going during this period, it will be observed that
+you have no sudden transition from cold to heat, as would be the case
+did you leave in cold weather for that country. But the most favorable
+time to avoid the _heavy surf_ at Lagos, is from the first of October to
+the first of April, when the surges in the roadstead are comparatively
+small and not imminently dangerous. And I here advise and caution all
+persons intending to land there, not to venture over the heavy-rolling
+surf of the bar in one of those native canoes.
+
+
+Safety in Landing
+
+Yet persons can land with safety at any season of the year; but for this
+there must be a proper boat. Any person going there at present ought not
+to land if the surf is high, without _Captain Davies' large sail-boat_,
+which is as safe as a tug, and rides the sea like a swan. Send him word
+to send his _largest boat at the best hour for landing_. The Captain is
+a native merchant, and most obliging gentleman.
+
+
+A Tender
+
+So soon as we get a Tender (called in America, steam-tug and tow-boat),
+which will be one of the first things done so soon as we get to Lagos,
+landing will be as safe at any and all times there as in the harbor at
+New York or Liverpool. For the information of many intelligent persons
+who are not aware of it, I would state that a pilot or tender has to
+take vessels into both of these great seaports on account of shoal
+water.[9]
+
+
+Rainy Season
+
+The rainy season usually thought by foreigners to be "wet, muddy, and
+disagreeable weather," so far from this, is the most agreeable season of
+the year. Instead of steady rains for several days incessantly, as is
+common during "rainy weather" in the temperate zones, there is seldom or
+never rain during a whole day. But every day to a certainty during this
+season it rains, sometimes by showers at intervals, and sometimes a
+heavy rain for one, two, or three hours at a time--but seldom so long as
+three hours--when it clears up beautifully, leaving an almost cloudless
+sky. The rains usually come up very suddenly, and as quickly cease when
+done.
+
+
+Drizzling Rain, Sudden Showers
+
+There is seldom or never such a thing in this part of Africa as a
+"drizzling" or mizzling rain, all suddenly coming on and as suddenly
+passing off; and should one be out and see indications of an approaching
+rain, they must hurry to a near shelter, so suddenly does the shower
+come on.
+
+
+Tornadoes
+
+Tornadoes are sudden gusts or violent storms of wind and rain, which are
+more or less feared, but which may always be known from other storms on
+their approach, by the blackness of the clouds above, with the _segment
+of a circle of lighter cloud_ just beneath the dark, and above the
+horizon.
+
+
+Summer
+
+The entire _wet_ season may be justly termed the _summer_ instead of
+"winter," as the old writers have it; and it is observable that at the
+commencement of Spring in the temperate zones (March) vegetation starts
+forth in Africa with renewed vigor.
+
+
+Winter
+
+_Winter_ is during the _dry_ season, and not the "wet," for the above
+reason; and it is also worthy of remark, that during autumn in the
+temperate zone (from October to the last of November) the foliage in
+Africa begins to fade and fall from the trees in large quantities.
+
+
+Harmattans
+
+It is during this season that the _harmattans_ prevail, (from two to
+three weeks in December) which consist of a _dry cold_ and _not_ a "dry
+hot" wind as we have been taught; when furniture and wooden-ware _dries_
+and _cracks_ for want of moisture, and the thermometer frequently rates
+as low as 54 deg. Fahr. in the evening and early in the morning; when
+blankets on the bed will not be out of place, and an evening and morning
+fire may add to your comfort.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] I have received information from London, that an iron steam Tender
+has already been sent out to Lagos by an English house.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS
+
+
+Native Mariners
+
+It may not be generally known as a fact, which is of no little
+importance in the industrial economy of Africa, that vessels of every
+class, of all foreign nations, are manned and managed by native
+Africans, so soon as they enter African waters.
+
+The Krumen are the watermen or marines generally of Africa, going in
+companies of greater or less numbers, with one in the lead called
+"headman," who, hiring all the others, makes contracts with a vessel,
+which is met outside of the roadsteads or harbors, to supply a certain
+number of men to manage it during her coasting voyage. They usually
+bring with them the recommendations of all the commanders whose vessels
+they have managed on the coast. These are generally carried in the hat
+to prevent getting wet, and sometimes in calabashes, stopped up like a
+bottle, or in a tin can or case, (when such can be obtained,) suspended
+by a string like a great square medal around the neck.
+
+So expert have these people become in marine affairs, that, with the
+exception of navigation, a vessel at sea might be managed entirely by
+many of those companies of Krumen. Everything that is to be done as the
+common work of seamen, is done by them during their engagement on the
+coasting vessels. The agility with which they scale the shrouds and
+rigging, mounting frequently to the very pinnacle of the main-mast head,
+or going out to the extreme end of the yard arms, is truly surprising.
+In these feats, they are far more dextrous than the white civilians.
+
+
+The Fever--Stages Of
+
+In cases of real intermittent fever--fever and ague or chills and
+fever--there are usually three distinct stages when the attack comes
+on--on what is usually termed _fever day_: the _cold_ or shivering
+stage, the _hot_ or burning stage, succeeded by the _sweating_.
+
+_Cold Stage_
+
+So soon as there are symptoms of a chill, a cup of quite hot ginger or
+cinnamon tea--not too strong--may be taken, the person keeping out of
+the sun, and, if inclined, going to bed and covering warmly. He should
+always undress, putting on a night-shirt or gown, for the convenience of
+changing when required. A hot cup of tea, of any kind, is better than
+nothing, when neither cinnamon nor ginger is convenient.
+
+_Kneading or Friction-Bath. Hot Stage_
+
+During the hot stage, the person must be kept as cool as possible, and
+when the fever is at its height--and, indeed, it is well to commence
+long before this--the entire person, from head to foot, should be
+continually bathed by a free application of cold water, used
+_plentifully_ and _frequently changed_ during the application, with a
+large sponge, napkin, or cloth of some kind.
+
+_Lime-Bath_
+
+An excellent addition to the water is the juice of limes or lemons, and
+_less_ of the first (lime) than the last is required, because of the
+superior strength of the one to the other.
+
+_Soda_
+
+Soda may also be used in the bath as an adjuvant to the water--not with
+the lime juice, of course, because they would effervesce or disagree.
+When lime or lemon juice is used, care should be taken, in the use of
+it, that it be not too strong: say, use two lemons, or one and a half
+limes if large, to a pail of water--as it will produce irritation on all
+of the tender parts of the person, and even over the general surface. A
+lime bath once or twice a week, in the absence of all fever, is said to
+be an excellent hygeian or prophylactic treatment. But, by all means,
+don't neglect the cold water application during the hot stage.
+
+_Sweating Stage_
+
+So soon as the sweating commences, the patient must have sufficient
+covering to prevent taking cold, which is then very readily done, in
+consequence of the general relaxation of the system and open state of
+the pores. When the sweating ceases, the shirt or gown must be
+immediately taken off, the entire person sponged off in clear lukewarm
+or air-cold water, fresh clean clothes put on, the sheets and wet
+bed-clothes removed by clean ones supplying their places; and in no case
+must a person ever be permitted to keep on the same clothes after the
+sweating stage, as the _virus_ or fever-poison is expelled through the
+medium of the sweat and pores, and consequently absorbed by the
+clothing. The clothes should be changed _every day_, whether there be
+perspiration or not.
+
+_All the stages_
+
+Either of these symptoms is to be treated as advised, independently of
+the other in the order of arrangement.
+
+
+Fatigue-Clothes--Caution
+
+Persons should be careful not to sleep in sweaty clothes, especially
+those in which they have traveled; and they should be cautious not to
+sleep in the same clothes worn on any day, as before but slightly
+alluded to. Clean, unsoiled night-clothes should be put on every
+evening, and those which may be worn again should be well aired and
+sunned during the day.
+
+
+Colonization--an Error in Philanthropy
+
+The Colonization Society has committed a great error in its
+philanthropic arrangements of providing for _six months' passiveness_
+after going to Africa. The _provisions, for those who require them_, I
+do not object to, but the _passiveness_ is fatally injurious.
+
+
+Activity Conducive to Health
+
+Instead of going to Africa and quietly sitting down in utter idleness,
+in anticipation _waiting in anxious expectation for the fever to
+come_--in which cases the person becomes much more susceptible--did they
+go directly about some active employment, to keep both mind and body
+properly exercised, I am certain that there would not be one-fourth of
+the mortality that there is even now, which is comparatively little.
+
+
+Evidences of the Fact
+
+This will account for the reason that, among the numerous travelers and
+explorers who visit such countries, there is so much less, nay, so
+seldom any mortality from disease, compared with the missionaries, whose
+lives are rather easy and inactive, except the really energetic ones,
+who generally are they who survive. And I have the testimony of my
+friends Professor Crummell of Liberia College, late of Mount Vaughn High
+School, a most industrious, persevering gentleman, and W. Spencer
+Anderson, Esq., the largest sugar and coffee grower in Liberia, also a
+most energetic industrious gentleman--who corroborate my opinion on this
+important subject. Indeed, the people generally seem to have been long
+conscious of this fact, since among them they have an adage: "The _more_
+work, the _less_ fever." But no one should infer that it meant that they
+should exercise without regard to care and judgment, with all the
+precautions and observations on health laid down in the preceding pages.
+I return of course, to Africa, with my family.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES EDITORIAL BOARD
+
+
+  Norm R. Allen Jr.
+  Molefi Kete Asante
+  Toyin Falola
+
+  CLASSICS IN BLACK STUDIES
+
+  THE CONDITION, ELEVATION,
+  EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY
+  OF THE COLORED PEOPLE
+  OF THE UNITED STATES
+  _and_ OFFICIAL REPORT
+  OF THE NIGER VALLEY
+  EXPLORING PARTY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Martin R. Delany
+
+  WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+
+  Toyin Falola
+
+
+  Humanity
+  Books
+
+  an imprint of Prometheus Books
+  59 John Glenn Drive, Amherst, New York 14228-2197
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE NIGER VALLEY
+EXPLORING PARTY ***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 22118.txt or 22118.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/1/1/22118
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/22118.zip b/22118.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e168eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22118.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bff85f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #22118 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22118)