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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/25167-0.txt b/25167-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff458b --- /dev/null +++ b/25167-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,657 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Si Ma Fa, by Rang-Ju Si Ma + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Si Ma Fa + +Author: Rang-Ju Si Ma + +Release Date: April 25, 2008 [EBook #25167] + +Language: Chinese + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SI MA FA *** + + + + +Produced by Yi-Shin Lu + + + + +司馬法 + +仁本第一 +天子之義第二 +定爵第三 +嚴位第四 +用眾第五 + + +〈仁本〉 + + + + 古者,以仁為本以義治之之為正。正不獲意則權。權出於戰,不出於中人, +是故:殺人安人,殺之可也;攻其國愛其民,攻之可也;以戰止戰,雖戰可也。 +故仁見親,義見說,智見恃,勇見身,信見信。內得愛焉,所以守也;外得威焉 +,所以戰也。 + + 戰道:不違時,不歷民病,所以愛吾民也。不加喪,不因凶,所以愛夫其民 +也;冬夏不興師,所以兼愛民也。故國雖大,好戰必亡;天下雖安,忘戰必危。 + + 天下既平,天子大愷,春蒐秋獮;諸侯春振旅,秋治兵。所以不忘戰也。 + + 古者:逐奔不過百步,縱綏不過三舍,是以明其禮也;不窮不能而哀憐傷病 +,是以明其義也;成列而皷,是以明其信也;爭義不爭利,是以明其義也;又能 +舍服,是以明其勇也;知終知始,是以明其智也。六德以時合教,以為民紀之道 +也。自古之政也。 + + 先王之治,順天之道;設地之宜;官民之德;而正名治物;立國辨職,以爵 +分祿。諸侯說懷,海外來服,獄弭而兵寢,聖德之治也。 + + 其次,賢王制禮樂法度,乃作五刑,興甲兵,以討不義。巡狩者方,會諸侯 +,考不同。其有失命亂常,背德逆天之時,而危有功之君,偏告于諸侯,彰明有 +罪。乃告于皇天上帝,日月星辰,禱于后土四海神祇,山川冢社,乃造于先王。 +然後冢宰徵師于諸侯曰:「某國為不道,征之。以某年月日,師至于某國會天子 +正刑。」 + + 冢宰與百官布令於軍曰:「入罪人之地,無暴神祇,無行田獵,無毀土功, +無燔牆屋,無伐林木,無取六畜、禾黍、器械。見其老幼,奉歸勿傷。雖遇壯者 +,不校勿敵。敵若傷之,醫藥歸之。」 + + 既誅有罪,王及諸侯修正其國,舉賢立明,正復厥職。 + + 王、霸之所以治諸侯者六:以土地形諸侯;以政令平諸侯;以禮信親諸侯; +以材力說諸侯;以謀人維諸侯;以兵革服諸侯。同患同利以合諸侯,比小事大以 +和諸侯。 + + 會之以發禁者九:憑弱犯寡則眚之;賊賢害民則伐之;暴內陵外則壇之;野 +荒民散則削之;負固不服則侵之;賊殺其親則正之;放弒其君則殘之;犯令陵政 +則杜之;外內亂、禽獸行,則滅之。 + + + + + +〈天子之義〉 + + + + 天子之義,必純取灋天地,而觀於先聖。士庶之義,必奉於父母,而正於君 +長。故雖有明君,士不先教,不可用也。 + + 古之教民:必立貴賤之倫經,使不相陵;德義不相踰;材技不相掩;勇力不 +相犯。故力同而意和也。 + + 古者,國容不入軍,軍容不入國,故德義不相踰。上貴不伐之士,不伐之士 +,上之器也。茍不伐則無求,無求則不爭,國中之聽,必得其情,軍旅之聽,必 +得其宜,故材技不相掩。從命為士上賞,犯命為士上戮,故勇力不相犯。 + + 既致教其民,然後謹選而使之。事極修則百官給矣。教極省則民興良矣。習 +貫成則民體俗矣。教化之至也。 + + 古者,逐奔不遠,縱緩不及。不遠則難誘,不及則難陷。以禮為固,以仁為 +勝。既勝之後,其教可復,是以君子貴之也。 + + 有虞氏戒於國中,欲民體其命也。夏后氏誓於軍中,欲民先成其慮也。殷誓 +於軍門之外,欲民先意以行事也。周將交刃而誓之,以致民志也。夏后氏正其德 +也,未用兵之刃。故其兵不雜。殷義也,始用兵之刃矣。周力也,盡用兵之刃矣 +。夏賞於朝,貴善也。殷戮於市,威不善也。周賞於朝,戮於市,勸君子,懼小 +人也。三王彰其德一也。 + + 兵不雜則不利,長兵以衛,短兵以守。太長則難犯,太短則不及。太輕則銳 +,銳則易亂。太重則鈍,鈍則不濟。 + + 戎車,夏后氏曰鉤車,先正也。殷曰寅車,先疾也。周曰元戎,先良也。 + + 旂,夏后氏玄首,人之執也。殷白,天之義也。周黃,地之道也。 + + 章,夏后氏以日月,尚明也。殷以虎,白戎也。周以龍,尚文也。 + + 師多務威則民詘,少威則民不勝。上使民不得其義,百姓不得其敘,技用不 +得其利,牛馬不得其任,有司陵之,此謂多威。多威則民詘。上不尊德而任詐慝 +,不尊道而任勇力,不貴用命而貴犯命,不貴善行而貴暴行,陵之有司,此謂少 +威。少威則民不勝。軍旅以舒為主,舒則民力足,雖交兵致刃,徒不趨,車不馳 +,逐奔不踰列,是以不亂。軍旅之固,不失行列之政,不絕人馬之力,遲速不過 +誡命。 + + 古者,國容不入軍,軍容不入國。軍容入國則民德廢,國容入軍則民德弱。 +故在國言文而語溫,在朝恭以遜,修己以待人,不召不至,不問不言,難進易退 +。在軍抗而立,在行遂而果,介者不拜,兵車不式,城上不趨,危事不齒。故禮 +與灋表裏也。文與武左右也。 + + 古者,賢王明民之德,盡民之善,故無廢德,無簡民,賞無所生,罰無所試 +。有虞氏不賞不罰而民可用,至德也。夏賞而不罰,至教也。殷罰而不賞,至威 +也。周以賞罰,德衰也。賞不踰時,欲民速得為善之利也。罰不遷列,欲民速覩 +為不善之害也。大捷不賞,上下皆不伐善。上苟不伐善,則不驕矣;下苟不伐善 +,必亡等矣。上下不伐善若此,讓之至也。大敗不誅,上下皆以不善在己。上苟 +以不善在己,必悔其過;下苟以不善在己,必遠其罪。上下分惡若此,讓之至也 +。 + + 古者戍兵三年不興,覩民之勞也。上下相報,若此,和之至也。 + 得意則愷歌,示喜也。偃伯靈臺,荅民之勞,示休也。 + + + +〈定爵〉 + + + + 凡戰:定爵位,著功罪,收遊士,申教詔,訊厥眾,求厥技,方慮極物,變 +嫌推疑,養力索巧,因心之動。 + + 凡戰:固眾,相利,治亂,進止,服正,成恥,約法,省罰。小罪乃殺;小 +罪勝,大罪因。 + + 順天,阜財,懌眾,利地,右兵,是謂五慮。順天奉時,阜財因敵,懌眾勉 +若,利地守隘險阻,右兵弓矢禦,殳矛守,戈戟助。凡五兵五當,長以衛短,短 +以救長,迭戰則久,皆戰則強。見物與侔,是謂兩之。 + + 主固勉若,視敵而舉。將心心也,眾心心也,馬牛車兵佚飽力也。教惟豫, +戰惟節。將軍身也,卒支也,伍指拇也。 + + 凡戰,智也,鬬,勇也,陳,巧也。用其所欲,行其所能,廢其不欲不能, +於敵反是。 + + 凡戰,有天,有財,有善。時日不遷,龜勝微行,是謂有天。眾有,有因生 +美,是謂有財。人習陳利,極物以豫,是謂有善。人勉及任,是謂樂人。大軍以 +固,多力以煩,堪物簡治,見物應卒,是謂行豫。輕車輕徒,弓矢固禦,是謂大 +軍。密,靜,多內力,是謂固陳。因是進退,是謂多力。上暇人教,是謂煩陳。 +然有以職,是謂堪物。因是辨物,是謂簡治。 + + 稱眾,因地,因敵,令陳。攻,戰,守,進,退,止,前後序,車徒因,是 +為戰參。不服,不信,不和,怠,疑,厭,懾,枝柱,詘,頓,肆,崩,緩,是 +謂戰患。驕驕,懾懾,吟曠,虞懼,事悔,是謂毀折。大小,堅柔,參伍,眾寡 +,凡兩,是謂戰權。 + + 凡戰:間遠,觀邇,因時,因財,貴信,惡疑。作兵義,作事時,使人惠。 +見敵,靜,見亂,暇,見危難,無忘其眾。居國惠以信,在軍廣以武,刃上果以 +敏。居國和,在軍灋,刃上察。居國見好,在軍見方,刃上見信。 + + 凡陳:行惟疏,戰惟密,兵惟雜。人教厚,靜乃治,威利章。相守義,則人 +勉,慮多成,則人服。時中服,厥次治。物既章,目乃明。慮既定,心乃強。進 +退無疑,見敵無謀。聽誅,無誰其名,無變其旗。 + + 凡事,善則長,因古則行,誓作章,人乃強,滅厲祥。滅厲之道:一曰義, +被之以信,臨之以強,成基,一天下之形,人莫不說,是謂兼用其人;一曰權, +成其溢,奪其好,我自其外,使自其內。 + + 一曰人;二曰正;三曰辭;四曰巧;五曰火;六曰水;七曰兵,是謂七政。 +榮,利,恥,死,是謂四守。容色積威,不過改意,凡此道也。唯仁有親,有仁 +無信,反敗厥身。人人,正正,辭辭,火火。 + + 凡戰之道,既作其氣,因發其政,假之以色,道之以辭,因懼而戒,因欲而 +事,蹈敵制地,以職命之,是謂戰灋。 + + 凡人之形,由眾之求,試以名行,必善行之。若行不行,身以將之,若行而 +行,因使勿忘,三乃成章。人生之宜謂之灋。 + + 凡治亂之道:一曰仁;二曰信;三曰直;四曰一;五曰義;六曰變;七曰尊 +。立法:一曰受;二曰灋;三曰立;四曰疾;五曰御其服;六曰等其色;七曰百 +官無淫服。凡軍,使灋在己曰專,與下畏法曰法。軍無小聽,戰無小利,日成行 +微,曰道。 + + 凡戰正不行則事專,不服則法,不相信則一。若怠則動之,若疑則變之,若 +人不信上,則行其不復。自古之政也。 + + + + +〈嚴位〉 + + + + 凡戰之道:位欲嚴;政欲栗;力欲窕;氣欲閑;心欲一。 + 凡戰之道:等道義;立卒伍;定行列;正縱橫;察名實。立進俯;坐進跪。 +畏則密;危則坐。遠者視之則不畏,邇者勿視則不散。位下,左右下,甲坐,誓 +徐行之。位逮徒甲,籌以輕重,振馬譟徒甲,畏亦密之。跪坐坐伏,則膝行而寬 +誓之。起譟鼓而進,則以鐸止之。御枚誓糗,坐膝行而推之,執戮禁顧,譟以先 +之。若畏太甚,則勿戮殺,示以顏色,告之以所生,循省其職。 + + 凡三軍人戒分日,人禁不息,不可以分食,方其疑惑,可師可服。 + 凡戰:以力久;以氣勝;以固久;以危勝。本心固,新氣勝,以甲固,以兵 +勝。 + + 凡車以密固,徒以坐固,甲以重固,兵以輕勝。人有勝心,惟敵之視;人有 +畏心,惟畏之視。兩心交定,兩利若一,兩為之職,惟權視之。 + + 凡戰:以輕行輕則危;以重行重則無功;以輕行重則敗;以重行輕則戰。故 +戰相為輕重。舍謹甲兵,行陣行列,戰謹進止。 + + 凡戰:敬則慊;率則服。上煩輕,上暇重。奏鼓輕,舒鼓重。服膚輕,服美 +重。 + + 凡馬車堅,甲兵利,輕乃重。上同無獲;上專多死;上生多疑;上死不勝。 + + 凡人:死愛,死怒,死威,死義,死利。 + + 凡戰之道:教約人輕死;道約人死正。 + + 凡戰:若勝若否,若天若人。 + + 凡戰:三軍之戒,無過三日;一卒之警,無過分日;一人之禁,無過皆息。 + + 凡大善用本,其次用末,執略守微,本末唯權,戰也。 + + 凡勝:三軍一人勝。 + + 凡鼓:鼓旌旗,鼓車,鼓馬,鼓徒,鼓兵,鼓首,鼓足,鼓兼齊。 + + 凡戰:既固勿重,重進勿盡,凡盡危。 + + 凡戰:非陳之難,使人可陳難;非使可陳難,使人可用難;非知之難,行之 +難。人方有性,性州異,教成俗,俗州異,道化俗。 + + 凡眾寡,既勝若否。兵不告利,甲不告堅,車不告固,馬不告良,眾不自多 +,未獲道。 + + 凡戰:勝則與眾分善;若將復戰,則重賞罰;若使不勝,取過在己;復戰則 +誓以居前,無復先術。勝否勿反,是謂正則。 + + 凡民:以仁救;以義戰;以智决;以勇鬬;以信專;以利勸;以功勝。故心 +中仁,行中義,堪物智也,堪大勇也,堪久信也。讓以和,人自洽。自子以不循 +,爭賢以為,人說其心,效其力。 + + 凡戰:擊其微靜,避其強靜;擊其倦勞,避其閑窕;擊其大懼,避其小懼。 +自古之政也。 + + + + +〈用眾〉 + + + + 凡戰之道:用寡固,用眾治。寡利煩,眾利正。用眾進止,用寡進退。眾以 +合寡,則遠裹而闕之。若分而迭擊,寡以待眾。若眾疑之,則自用之。擅利,則 +釋旗,迎而反之。敵若眾則相聚而受裹。敵若寡,若畏,則避之開之。 + + 凡戰:背風;背高;右高;左險;歷沛;歷圯;兼舍環龜。 + + 凡戰:設而觀其作;視敵而舉;待則循而勿鼓,待眾之作;攻則屯而伺之。 + + 凡戰:眾寡以觀其變;進退以觀其固;危而觀其懼;靜而觀其怠;動而觀其 +疑;襲而觀其治。擊其疑;加其卒;致其屈;襲其規;因其不避;阻其圖;奪其 +慮;乘其懼。 + + 凡從奔,勿息。敵人或止不路,則慮之。 + + 凡近敵都必有進路,退,必有返慮。 + + 凡戰:先則弊,後則懾,息則怠,不息亦弊,息久亦反其懾。書親絕,是謂 +絕顧之慮。選良次兵,是謂益人之強。棄任節食,是謂開人之意。自古之政也。 + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Si Ma Fa, by Rang-Ju Si Ma + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SI MA FA *** + +***** This file should be named 25167-0.txt or 25167-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/1/6/25167/ + +Produced by Yi-Shin Lu + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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