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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!, by
+Jasper W. Rogers
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!
+       As to the Wretchedness of the Irish Peasantry, and the Means for their Regeneration
+
+
+Author: Jasper W. Rogers
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 25, 2008  [eBook #25170]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF
+ENGLAND!***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+[Illustration: University of London]
+
+ Presented by
+ the Worshipful Company
+ of Goldsmiths.
+ 1903.
+
+
+                                  FACTS
+
+                                 FOR THE
+
+                        KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND!
+
+                                  AS TO
+
+                            THE WRETCHEDNESS
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+                            IRISH PEASANTRY,
+
+                                   AND
+
+                    THE MEANS FOR THEIR REGENERATION.
+
+
+                        BY JASPER W. ROGERS, C.E.
+
+
+ This Edition (500 copies bound), has been presented by the Author, as a
+ donation;--to be sold at the Ladies Bazaar, for relief of the famine in
+ Ireland, and distress in Scotland.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 LONDON:
+                       JAMES RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY.
+                                  1847.
+
+
+
+
+FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+In my twentieth year my first visit was made to London--how long since
+need not be said, lest I make discoveries. I arrived at the "Swan with
+_two_ necks," in Lad Lane, to the imminent peril of my own _one_, on
+entering the yard of that then famous hostelry, the gate of which barely
+allowed admission to the coach itself--and first set foot on London
+ground, midst the bustle of some half-dozen coaches, either preparing
+for exit, or discharging their loads of passengers and parcels.
+
+Four "insides" were turned out, and eight "outsides" turned in--I,
+amongst the unfortunates of the latter class, taking possession of the
+nearest point I could to the coffee-room fire. It is to be recollected
+that in those days one had but _four_ chances in his favour, against
+perhaps forty applicants for the interior of the mail--and he who was
+driven in winter, by necessity of time, to the top of a coach in
+Liverpool, and from thence to Lad Lane, and found himself in the
+coffee-room there unfrozen, might be well contented. So felt I,
+then,--and doubly so now, as I think of the dangers of flood, and road,
+and neck, which I encountered in a twenty-six hours' journey, exposed to
+the "pelting of the pitiless storm,"--for it snowed half the way.
+
+Dinner discussed, and its etceteras having been partaken, in full
+consciousness of the comforts which surrounded me, contrasted with the
+discomforts, &c. from which I had escaped,--I sank into an agreeable
+reverie; and during a vision,--I must not call it a doze,--composed of
+port wine and walnuts--the invigorating beams of Wallsend coal--an
+occasional fancied jolt of the coach--the three mouthfuls of dinner, by
+the name, I had gotten at Oxford--and the escape of my one neck, when,
+goose as I was, I presented it where two seemed to be an essential by
+the sign of the habitation and the dangers of the gate,--I was aroused
+by a crash, something like the noise of the machine which accompanies
+the falling of an avalanche or a castle, or some such direful affair at
+"Astley's;" and starting up, I thought,--had the coach upset? but, much
+to my gratification, found myself a safe "inside." Still came crash
+after crash, until I thought it high time to see as well as hear. "What
+on earth is the matter?" said I to the first waiter I met, as I
+descended from the coffee-room, and got to the door of the "tap," or
+room for accommodation of the lower grade of persons frequenting the
+establishment. "Oh! sir," said he, "it is two dreadful Irishmen
+fighting: one has broken a table on the other's head; the other smashed
+a chair." I stopped short, and well do I recollect that the blood
+rushed to my face as I turned away; I confess, too, that while
+returning to the coffee-room, when the waiter followed and asked, should
+he bring tea, I "cockneyfied" my accent as much as possible, in the hope
+that he should not know I was an Irishman:--such was my shame for my
+country at the moment.
+
+Many minutes, however, had not elapsed until I felt shame another
+way--namely, that I should for a moment deny the land which gave me
+birth;--and I at once determined to ascertain the facts and particulars
+of the outrage. Down I went, therefore, again, and entering the
+tap-room, found that in truth a table had been broken, and a chair too,
+not to speak at all of the heads; but, on further investigation, it
+appeared that the table, being weak in constitution, sunk under the
+weight of one of the belligerents, who jumped upon it to assail the
+other with advantage,--and that the chair had been smashed by coming in
+contact with the table; the gentleman on the ground having thought it
+fair to use a chair in his defence when his enemy took to the larger
+piece of furniture:--hence the awful crash, crash--that awoke me from
+my--vision.
+
+So far well--but further inquiry brought forth further truths. It came
+out that one of the party had called the other "a beggarly bogtrotter,"
+for which he received in reply a blow upon his nose. Thus the row
+commenced; but better still, it appeared that _one_ of "the dreadful
+Irishmen" _was a Welshman_! and that it was _he_ who called poor Paddy
+"a bogtrotter."
+
+First then, said I to myself, the table was _not_ broken on the
+Irishman's head; it was smashed by the Welshman's _foot_--and it was
+_not_ "_two_ dreadful _Irishmen_," but _one_, who had been engaged in
+the fray, and he was insulted; therefore, at the most, ONLY ONE HALF OF
+THE STORY IS TRUE! _And in about that proportion have I since found
+almost all the stories and charges against the lower class of my unhappy
+countrymen_--and so will others too, who please to investigate facts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amongst my earliest introductions to "London Society" was "St. Giles's."
+Notwithstanding the warnings of my friends, as to the danger attendant
+even on a walk through its streets, I ventured a little farther; and who
+ever may have suffered there, I have not, except from witnessing the
+almost indescribable misery of its inhabitants. Throughout my entire
+search into its wretchedness, I never received even an uncivil answer
+but on one occasion, and I am the more desirous to state this fact,
+because, although "St. Giles" sounds to English ears as a spot
+_contaminated_ by the abode of Irish only, I found many and many an
+Englishman there, as wretched as my own wretched countrymen.
+
+In the instance I allude to, I had entered the first lobby in one of
+the houses of a most miserable street, where I saw a woman "rocking" in
+the manner the lower class of Irish express silent agony of feeling. Her
+body moved back and forward in that peculiar motion which told to my
+heart she was in misery; and entering the room in silent respect for her
+suffering, I forgot to knock or make any noise to attract attention. In
+a moment a figure darted from the side of a bed behind the door, and
+having caught up something as it passed between me and the entrance, he,
+for I then saw my assailant was a man, brandished the "miserable
+remains" of a kitchen poker before my face, and demanded, "_What did I
+want, and how da-ar I come there to throuble thim with my curosity?_"
+And what right had I to pry into their miseries, unless to relieve them?
+I confess my object in visiting St. Giles's then, had not arisen from so
+pure a motive, and I felt the justice of his demand--The miseries of the
+heart are sacred amongst the rich: why should they not be equally so
+amongst the poor? Nature has made original feeling alike in all; but the
+poor feel more deeply; for the rich suffer in heart midst countless
+luxuries and efforts from others to wean them from their sufferings,
+while the poor suffer midst numberless privations, and almost utter
+loneliness. Why then should I have "_throubled thim with my curosity_?"
+
+But I made my peace, with little effort too; and then, for the first
+time, saw a dead body lying on the bed from whence the man had come,
+"waking," in the Irish fashion of the lower orders. It was a child of
+about seven years old. Its last resting place on earth was dressed with
+flowers, and the mother's hand had evidently done the most within its
+feeble power to give honour to the dead. Rising, she with her apron
+rubbed the chair she had been sitting on, and placed it for me; thus
+offering, in her simple way, the double respect of tendering _her own_
+seat, and seeking to make it more fit for my reception by dusting it.
+
+I need not repeat all the tale of misery, the cause of their suffering
+then, was apparent. "She was their last Colleen--th' uther craturs wur
+at home with the Granny," and "_he_ had cum to thry his forthin in
+Inglind; _an' bad forthin it was_. But the Lord's will be done, fur the
+little darlint was happy, any how--an' sure they had more av thim at
+home--an' why should she be mopin' an' cryin' her eyes out for her
+Colleen, that was gone to God!"
+
+Thus the poor creature reasoned as she cried and blamed herself for
+crying; for miserable as she was, she evidently felt that she should be
+thankful for the other blessings that were left her. Do we all feel
+thus? Yet, at the moment that she did so, I believe there was not a
+morsel of food within reach of her means, and that her last penny had
+been spent to deck with flowers the death-bed of her child.
+
+It is needless for me to describe the general miseries of "St.
+Giles,"--now no more. Its wretched habitations have yielded their place
+to palaces; its dreaded locality lives but in recollection; and its
+inhabitants have gone forth--Whither? _Perhaps to greater wretchedness._
+Aye, almost surely! The misery of St. Giles's has ceased, mayhap to make
+misery double elsewhere; but, thank God! there no longer exists in
+London a special spot upon which the ban is placed of _Irish residence
+being tantamount to crime_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Years and years have since gone by, and many a time the story of "the
+_two_ dreadful Irishmen" has risen to my mind, as I have read paragraph
+after paragraph in the English papers, telling of some direful thing
+which had occurred and was wrapped in mystery, but concluding after the
+following fashion:--
+
+    "HIGHWAY ROBBERY--(_Particulars_). There is no clue whatever to
+    discover the parties who committed this atrocious act--but _two
+    Irish labourers who live in the neighbourhood are, it is supposed,
+    the delinquents_!"
+
+    "BURGLARY AT ---- (_Particulars_). The parties who committed this
+    robbery acted in the most daring manner. _The country is now filled
+    with Irish harvest labourers!_"
+
+    "FOOTPAD.--A daring attempt was made by a most desperate-looking man
+    to rob a farmer some days since--(_further particulars_) after a
+    great struggle he got off. _He is supposed to be an Irishman!_"
+
+    "MARLBOROUGH-STREET.--There is a class of persons now known, called
+    'Mouchers,' who go about in gangs, plundering the licensed
+    victuallers, eating-house and coffee-shop keepers, to an extent that
+    would be deemed impossible, did not the records of police courts
+    afford sufficient evidence of the fact. _The Mouchers are mostly of
+    the lower order of Irish._"--_London Morning Paper, 12th April,
+    1847._
+
+    "HORRIBLE MURDER--(_Particulars_). Every possible search has been
+    made for the murderers, but unfortunately without effect. However,
+    _it is positively known that four Irish harvesters passed through
+    the village the day before, and there cannot be a doubt the dreadful
+    deed was committed by them_!"
+
+Such are the kind of announcements seen frequently, particularly in
+provincial papers. In the latter case, the facts impressed themselves
+strongly upon my mind. A horrible murder had been committed, as well as
+I recollect, in Lancashire. The widow of a farmer, much beloved in the
+neighbourhood, and known to possess considerable property, was
+barbarously murdered in her bed at night, and her presses and strong box
+thoroughly rifled; nothing, however, having been taken but money, of
+which it was known she had received a considerable sum a few days
+previously. Much sensation was created by the fearful occurrence; and it
+was fully believed that "the four Irishmen" had committed the
+murder--why? _because they had been seen in the neighbourhood!_
+verifying most fully the adage, that "one man may steal a horse without
+being suspected, while another dare not look over the hedge." So it
+eventually turned out. A month elapsed; the four Irishmen could never be
+traced; but luckily the real murderer was. A labouring man offered a
+£20. note to be changed in a town some miles distant from the scene of
+the murder, and suspicion having arisen as to how he obtained it, he
+was taken up: eventually turning out to be the confidential farm servant
+of the unfortunate woman, still continuing to live unsuspected where the
+murder had been actually committed by himself; and he was subsequently
+executed.
+
+But did this clear "_the four Irishmen_" from the imputation, or
+retrieve the character of their class? Not an iota. The journalist who
+accused them was not the fool to proclaim his own injustice; and
+perhaps, even if he did, the refutation would never have met the same
+eye that read the condemnation. No; "the four Irishmen" continued as
+thoroughly guilty in the public mind as if twelve jurors on their oaths
+had declared them so. The editorial pen had signed the death warrant of
+_character_, if not of life, as it has done in many and many instances
+with just as much foundation.
+
+Poor, unhappy "Paddy" the labourer has had years and years of outcry to
+bear up against and suffer under, a thousand times more trying to him
+than that now raised against "Paddy" the Lord. The poor and lowly
+struggle single-handed and alone; the rich and high face the enemies of
+their order shoulder to shoulder, and as one. Poor fellow, he is like
+the cat in the kitchen: every head broken is as unquestionably laid to
+his charge, as every jug to pussy's. And he has another direful mark
+which stamps him at once; namely, that "profanation to ears polite,"
+_his brogue_! He possibly may not look ill to the eye--perhaps the
+reverse; his countenance may be honest and open, and his bearing manly,
+as he approaches an employer to seek for work; up to that point all goes
+well, perhaps; but once his mouth opens, the tale is told; instantly
+_Prejudice_ does her office, unknowingly almost, and unless actual need
+exist, Paddy may apply elsewhere, again and again to meet the same
+rebuff. Lancashire, Somersetshire, Yorkshire, may revel in their patois
+without raising a doubtful feeling or a smile, but the brogue of Ireland
+does the work at once, and the unhappy being from whom it issues slinks
+back into himself degraded, as he hears the certain laugh which answers
+his fewest words, and the almost certain refusal to admit him within the
+pale of his class in England. Hence St. Giles's as it was--the purlieu
+of Westminster, as it is--the Irish labourer's refuge in England, is
+often the lowest point, because he cannot be driven lower.
+
+And all this arises, not from ill will, but from long felt prejudice,
+and the repetition of stories and anecdotes and caricature of Irish
+character, which trifling circumstances have given rise to and upheld;
+and which, I grieve to say, is greatly due to the domiciled Irishmen in
+England, of the middle and better class. They sometimes forget their
+country, and in place of explaining away fallacies and making known
+facts which would have roused England long since to our aid, had they
+been fairly understood, _fear_ to tell truths which they deem to be
+unpalatable, while perhaps their own palates are being feasted on the
+good things of the party who declaims against their country: thus
+permitting the continued existence of prejudice and consequent
+estrangement.
+
+It is in no small degree amusing to observe the _attempt_ made, in
+addition, to disguise the fact that the delinquent I speak of (I had
+almost written renegade) is an Irishman. No wonder that he should
+attempt the disguise, for he must deeply feel his delinquency. In all
+cases such as this, the Cockney twang and occasional curtailment is
+assumed to overcome the _brogue_, but in vain. For the first half dozen
+words of each _paragraph_ in a conversation it gets on well enough, but
+the conclusion is sometimes exquisitely ridiculous.
+
+I had the _honour_ to meet at dinner recently, a person of this class,
+and a conversation having arisen on the subject, he said, "I aam
+pe-fectly ce-tain no one caaen know that I aam an I-ishman;" and the
+next instant, turning to a servant, he added, "Po-ta, if you _plaze_."
+When this thoroughly low-bred Irishism came out I could not help
+smiling, and caught at the same moment the eye of a lady opposite, who
+seemed greatly amused. In a few minutes after, she said, evidently for
+the purpose of having another trial of the Anglo-Irishman, "Pray, may I
+help you to a potato?"--the killing reply was, "Pon my hona' I neva'
+_ate_ pittatis at all at all."
+
+This was too much for the lady, as well as for myself; so we laughed
+together. The Irish _gentleman_, however, perfectly unconscious of the
+cause.
+
+Having subsequently mentioned the circumstance to an "Irishman in
+London," who does not fear to acknowledge his country, he said, "O! the
+feeling descends lower still--the better class of labourers attempt to
+speak so that they shall not be known." Continuing, he said, "A _porter_
+in our establishment, who is an Irishman, came to me the other day, and
+speaking very confidentially, whispered, 'Sure now, Misthur ----, you
+woudn't guiss be me taulk, thit I wus an Irishmin.'" "Certainly not,"
+said my friend, laughing, when the fellow replied, quite happily,
+"Whi-thin that's right any how."
+
+Who will excuse the man in a better grade who panders to prejudices, and
+not only forgets the country of his birth, but aids, _by consent_, to
+let her remain in misery? But must we not excuse the low and helpless,
+who are driven by such prejudices to keep themselves in existence by
+following the example of those above them? who, thus, have double sin to
+answer for; _their own_, and that which their dastardly conduct creates.
+Still, why should the unhappy labourer who feels that the tone of his
+voice keeps bread from his mouth, not wish it changed?
+
+"Move on," said a policeman to a poor Irishman, who was gazing with
+astonishment at a shop window in the Strand, his eyes and mouth open
+equally, with intensity of admiration. But Paddy neither heard nor
+moved. "Move on, Sir, I say," came in a voice of command delivered into
+his very ear. "_Arrah, ph-why?_" said the poor fellow, looking up with
+wonder, and still retaining his place. "_You must move on, you Irish
+vagabond_," now roared the policeman, "_and not stop the pathway_,"
+accompanying the "must" with a push of no very gentle nature. Paddy did
+move, for he could not help it; but as he turned away from the sight
+which was yielding him harmless enjoyment, to the forgetfulness of
+misery for the moment, and perhaps to create in him desires for better
+things, and give him greater energy to work and labour for them; he was
+rudely branded, with a mark of debasement, and I could see in the poor
+fellow's eye and gait, though _labourer_ he was, pride and degradation
+contending for the mastery; but the latter conquered, and he did "move
+on," almost admitting by the act that he _was_ "AN IRISH VAGABOND."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The position of the lower class of Irish in England is evidently not to
+be envied, but what is it in Ireland?
+
+In the paper annexed, on "_The Potato Truck System of Ireland_," will be
+found the ground-work of the misery of the peasantry. The whole
+recompense for their labour is the potato. If it fail, they starve. In
+summer's heat and winter's cold the potato is their only food; water
+their only drink. They hunger from labour and exertion--the potato
+satisfies their craving appetite. Sickness comes, and they thirst from
+fever--water quenches their burning desire. Nature overcomes disease,
+and they long for food to re-invigorate their frame. What get they?--the
+potato! The child sinks in weakness towards its grave. What holds it
+betwixt life and death?--the potato. It is the Alpha and Omega of their
+existence. A blessing granted by Providence to man, but made by man a
+curse to his fellow-beings. From what causes come the charges made, and
+made with truth, against the Irish peasant, of "_indolence_" and "_filth
+in and about their habitations_?"--One and all from that dreadful
+system, the "_potato truck_!"
+
+Tourists tell that "_the cabin of the Irish peasant must be approached
+through heaps of manure at either side, making it necessary to step over
+pool after pool, to reach the entrance_." This is no more than fact, but
+the cause should be told too.
+
+From the detail of the truck-system, it will be seen that the
+unfortunate peasant is paid for his labour by land to cultivate the
+potatoes which sustain his existence, and these potatoes cannot be
+effectively grown without manure. His cabin is usually situate on some
+road-side, his potato-garden rarely with it, and the only spot he
+possesses, upon which he can collect manure to obtain food for himself
+and family throughout the year, is the little space reserved before his
+door. He has nothing else, it may be said, in the world, but that
+manure. It is that which is to yield sustenance to his family, and if he
+have it not, they starve. If put outside the precincts of his holding
+it is lost to him, and that which he collects scrap after scrap from the
+road side, or elsewhere--that upon which his life actually depends, is
+too precious to be risked beyond his care. Why should he be blamed then
+for the apparent "filth" which surrounds it? Whether is it his fault, or
+that of the system which has driven him to this degrading necessity? Not
+his, surely!
+
+Then he is described as to be seen "supporting his door-frame, and
+smoking his 'dhudeen,'[1] while he should be at work." It is true; but
+whence his seeming idleness? The truck system again! He is engaged by
+the year to some farmer, and is bound to do his work, for which he gets
+his potato land; but the farmer is not bound, as he should be, to give
+him continuous labour throughout the year. And many a day, and half-day,
+and quarter-day is cut off his year's labour, when the weather, or the
+farmer's absence, or his _mighty_ will and pleasure, may make him think
+it fit to stop the work. When this occurs, and it is sadly frequent, it
+is impossible that the poor labourer can either seek or find a half, or
+even a whole day's labour. He has no garden, or patch of ground upon
+which he might expend with profit his leisure, or his extra time; he has
+nothing to occupy him; nor can he make an occupation perhaps, for he has
+not the most trifling means to obtain even lime to whitewash his cabin.
+Then, if he do smoke his "dhudeen, leaning against his door-way," where
+so proper for him to be, as with his wife and children? And is the
+so-named "weed of peacefulness" sought for by the highest in the land as
+a soothing enjoyment; by those who have but to wish for and obtain every
+luxury and blessing that wealth can give--is the scanty use of the
+meanest portion of it, improper or slothful in him who knows no single
+blessing but his wife and family? But it cannot be fairly deemed so. The
+custom is universal, and the Irish peasant, declared by the Legislature
+it may be said, to endure more privation than the peasant of any other
+country in Europe, ought not to be set down as _slothful_, because, to
+soothe his care, he smokes his "dhudeen."
+
+Again, we are told by tourists of the fearful fact, that men, women,
+children, a cow, a horse, a pig, congregate together at night in one
+cabin; _one bed for all_! How dreadful the truth--for it is true to the
+letter. But we are not told the cause; on the contrary, subsequent
+commentary ascribes the fact, in no gentle terms, to the "slothful,
+filthy habits of the people." Yet, when such realities exist, it is not
+wonderful that they who so patiently bear, should be set down as the
+producers of their own misery--still they are not only not so, but they
+have no power to release themselves from the thraldom which sinks them
+day by day deeper in degradation.
+
+Once more I return to the truck system of the potato. If 4,000,000 of
+the people of Ireland have sustained life, and barely, on that root
+alone--many and many a day without even salt--how well may it be
+understood that they have not means to buy proper clothing. In fact,
+their only hope for this, is on "_the woman_," as they express, whose
+sole dependance has been on eggs from her few hens--knitting stockings,
+in some localities, in others, spinning. But the numerous calls for
+family necessities swallow up these little means; and it may with truth
+be said, that except a single blanket, or a coarse rug, there is rarely
+to be found any thing in their cabins as covering for the night. The
+clothes of all are clubbed together to do the office of the blanket and
+the counterpane. Then, think of the cabins they live in. In one county
+alone, Mayo, there are 31,084 composed of one apartment only, without
+glass windows, and without chimneys; and the door so frail and badly
+made, that every blast finds its way through it. The floors are _mud_,
+the beds straw or ferns strewed sometimes on stones raised above the
+ground. The father and mother sleep in the centre, the children at each
+side, and the pig and horse, or goat, as may be, at one end. How
+dreadful it is to contemplate that such should be a fact existing in a
+Christian country--and worse, that this most fearful reality, which
+arises from the people's helpless misery, should be made a charge of
+"filthy habit" in place of being urged as the ground-work for the
+perfect change of a system which could allow so crying an evil. It is a
+truth, that men, _women_ and children, pigs and cattle, lie in one
+bed!--but what causes it? Their hopeless, helpless, poverty. They have
+not a sufficiency of clothes to cover them at night in winter; _and if
+they did not bring in the pig and cattle to create warmth in their
+cabins, they must perish of cold_. This is the cause, and the only
+cause, and the true proof is, no tourist will pretend to tell you it
+occurs in summer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having now seen what the lower class of Irish endure, it may be well to
+look into their natural character, and ascertain what is the cause of
+that endurance--what are their virtues, and what their vices?
+
+That "endurance under privation, greater than that of any country in
+Europe," is the true characteristic of the peasantry, cannot be
+questioned, particularly after being declared by the high authority of
+the Devon Commission. That it is innate in their character, is evident.
+They believe that "whatever is, is best"--not as fatalists; for under
+the most severe suffering, you will hear them say, "Well, shure, it's a
+marcy 'twasn't worse any how." "Well, I'm shure, I might be contint,
+bekase it might be double as bad." And every sentence ends--"And God is
+good." They have also a certain natural _spring_ (lessening daily)
+which upholds them, and they _try_ to make the best of every thing as it
+comes.
+
+"Jack," said I, some years since, to a handy "hedge carpenter," in the
+county of Wexford, "why did you not come last night to do the job I
+wanted? It is done now, and you have lost it." "Whi-thin, that's my
+misforthin any how--an be-dad 'twas a double misforthin too, for I wus
+dooin nothin else thin devartin meeself." "_Diverting_ yourself," said
+I, "and not minding your business?" "Bee-dad it's too thru; but I'll
+tell your hanur how it happened. I wus workin fur the last three days
+fur my lan'lady, which av coorse goes agin the rint; and whin I cum home
+yisterday evenin, throth, barrin I tuck the bit from the woman and
+childre, sorra a taste I could get--so sis I, Biddy jewel, I'm mighty
+sick intirely, an I cant ate any thing. Well, she coxed me--but I
+didn't. So afther sittin a while, I bethought me that there wus to be a
+piper at the Crass-roads, an I was thin gettin morthul hungery; so sis I
+t'meeself _I'll go dance the hunger off_--and so I did:--an that wus the
+way I wus divartin meeself." Now, I have no doubt, that many an Irishman
+has _danced_ the thought of hunger away as well as Jack. But the
+following incident will prove that the innate feeling of the people is
+to make the best of their miseries.
+
+It was, I think, in the winter of 1840, a fortnight of most severe
+weather set in at Dublin. I had suffered in London from "Murphy's
+coldest day" in 1838, and thought it was in reality the coldest I had
+ever felt; but 1840 would have won the prize if left to his Majesty of
+Russia to decide the question. In addition to a black frost, there came
+with it a biting, piercing, easterly wind, which seemed to freeze and
+wither every thing it came upon. Pending this infliction (for I confess
+I suffered under sciatica as well as the easterly wind), I left home
+rather early one morning, muffled in two coats, a cloak, muffler, "bosom
+friend," worsted wrists, and woolsey gloves; and yet as I closed the
+door, I half repented that I had faced the blast.
+
+Not twenty yards from my dwelling, I overtook a little creature, a boy
+of about eight or nine years old, dressed in--of all the cold things in
+the world--a _hard_ corduroy habiliment, intended to have fitted closely
+to him; but his wretched, frozen-up form, seemed to have retreated from
+the dress, and sunk within itself. I believe he had not another stitch
+upon him. His little hands were buried into his pockets, almost up to
+the elbows, seeking some warmth from his body; and he crept on before
+me, one of the most miserable pictures of wretchedness my eye ever
+rested on.
+
+As I contemplated him, I could not but contrast my own blessings with
+his misery. I had doubted whether I should leave the comforts of my
+home, although invigorated by wholesome, perhaps luxurious food, and I
+was clothed to _excess_; while the being before me, likely had not
+tasted food that day, and was _barely covered_. Such were my thoughts;
+and I had just said to myself, we know not, or at least, appreciate not,
+a tithe of the blessings we possess, when that little creature read me a
+lesson I shall recollect for my life. He shewed me that _he_ could bear
+up against his ills, and make light of them too.
+
+At the moment I speak of, I saw one hand slowly drawn from his pocket,
+and in effort to relieve it from its torpor, he twisted and turned it
+until it seemed to have life again. Next came forth the other hand, and
+it underwent the same operation, until both appeared to possess some
+power. Then he shrugged up one shoulder and the other, seeking to bring
+life there also; and at length flinging his arms two or three times
+round, he gave a jump off the ground, and exclaimed in an accent half
+pain, half joy, "_Hurrah! for the could mornins!_"--and away he went
+scampering up the street before me, keeping up the life within him by
+that innate natural power of endurance I have described, evidently with
+a determination to make the best of his suffering, and not sink under
+misfortune. What a noble trait of character--but how little appreciated!
+
+With such a ground-work to act upon, what might not these people be
+made? and that they have intellect of almost a superior order, cannot be
+questioned. Their ready replies alone prove it; and their usual success
+any where but in their own country, tells it truly. Some years ago I
+stood talking to an English gentleman on particular business at a ferry
+slip in Dublin, waiting for the boat. A boy, also waiting for it,
+several times came up to shew some books he had for sale, and really
+annoyed my friend by importunity, who suddenly turned round and
+exclaimed, "Get away, you scamp, or I shall give you a kick that will
+send you across the river." In an instant the reply came--"_Whi-thin
+thank yur hanur fur thit same--fur 'twill just save me a ha-pinny._"
+They are quick to a degree--and have great activity and capability for
+labour and effort, _if but fed_, which may be seen by every Englishman
+who looks and thinks. The coal-whippers of the Thames, the hod-men, or
+mason's labourers of London, the paver's labourers, and such like,
+almost all are Irishmen. But they must be fed, or they cannot labour as
+they do here. Treat them kindly, confide in them, and be it for good or
+evil; I mean to reward or punish, _never break a promise_, and you may
+do as you please with them. My own experience is extensive; but one who
+is now no more, my nearest relative, had forty years of trial, and he
+accomplished by Irish hands alone, in the midst of the outbreak of '97
+and '98, as Inspector-General of the Light-houses of Ireland, the
+building of a work, which perhaps more than rivals the far-famed
+Eddystone,--namely, the South Rock Light-house three miles from the
+land, on the north-east coast of Ireland,--every stone of which was laid
+by Irish workmen. And to the honour of the people be it spoken, when
+the rebellion broke out it was known that a large stock of blasting
+powder and lead lay at the works on the shore; yet not a single ounce of
+one or the other was taken. It was known, too, that their employer was
+then engaged in the command of a yeomanry brigade, formed for the
+defence of the east side of Dublin; still his _lead_ and _powder_ lay
+safely in the north of Ireland. But more extraordinary still, after the
+battle of Ballinahinch, where the rebels were routed, his yacht was
+taken by a party of them to make their escape to England; and lest any
+ill should befall it, when they arrived at Whitehaven they drew lots for
+three to deliver it up to the collector of the port, and state to whom
+it belonged. They were immediately arrested, as indeed they must have
+expected, and with great difficulty were their lives afterwards saved.
+
+I could relate several similar instances which occurred to others; but I
+shall only state one more, as occurring to a defenceless woman. My
+maternal grandmother occupied at the time of that rebellion the castle
+of Dungulph, in the county Wexford, the family residence. It was an old
+stronghold regularly fortified and surrounded by a moat, with a
+drawbridge; and when she left it to take refuge in the fort of
+Duncannon, with the other gentry of the county, it was immediately taken
+possession of by a force of rebels from the county Kilkenny, as a most
+valuable place of defence, &c. They remained in possession for about a
+fortnight, and during that time killed twenty of the sheep found in the
+demesne. At the expiration of the period, the rebels of the
+neighbourhood, who had been in the interim engaged at the battle of
+Ross, returned, forced the others to leave the castle, and when my
+relative came back to her residence, she found that twenty sheep had
+been brought from another part of the country, and placed with her own
+in the demesne; which on being traced by their marks, were discovered to
+belong to a county Kilkenny grazier, the county from whence the rebel
+party had come; thus the sheep were brought from the same place the
+rebels had come from,--it was supposed, as an act of retaliation. I
+should add, too, that while these occurrences took place, the heir to
+the property was engaged in the defence of Ross, where many of his own
+tenantry were slain or wounded, as rebels, by the military under his
+command.
+
+Naturally the mind of the Irish peasant is good, honourable, and
+grateful--but it has been deteriorated by miseries and neglect; and is
+being so, more and more daily _at home_; while, when they go abroad they
+seem to inherit all their original good qualities.
+
+It is a fact too, known to all who know them, that when they settle in
+England as labourers, they almost invariably share their earnings with
+their relations at home. The remittances from London alone to Ireland
+amount to many thousands yearly. There is no possible means of
+ascertaining the sum; but I know numerous instances myself, and it may
+be judged of from the facts which appear in the following statements,
+recently published in the _Times_ and _Morning Chronicle_, shewing the
+amount which comes yearly from America.
+
+    "A curious fact is presented in a letter from a correspondent at New
+    York, showing that it is not to England alone that the Irish
+    proprietors are largely indebted for the support of their poor. It
+    has generally been understood that the Irish emigrants to the United
+    States have always remitted very fully of their hard earnings to
+    their relatives at home, but most persons will be surprised to hear
+    the extent of this liberality. 'A few days since,' says our
+    correspondent, 'I called upon the different houses in New York who
+    are in the daily practice of giving small drafts on Ireland, from
+    five dollars upwards, and requested from them an accurate statement
+    of the amount they had thus remitted for Irish labourers, male and
+    female, within the last sixty days, and also for the entire year
+    1846. Here is the result--"Total amount received in New York from
+    Irish labourers, male and female, during the months of November and
+    December, 1846, 175,000 dollars, or 35,000_l._ sterling; ditto, for
+    the year 1846, 808,000 dollars, or 161,600_l._ sterling."' These
+    remittances are understood to average 3_l._ to 4_l._ each draft, and
+    they are sent to all parts of Ireland, and by every packet. 'From
+    year to year,' our correspondent adds, 'they go on increasing with
+    the increase of emigration, and they prove most conclusively that
+    when Irishmen are afforded the opportunity of making and saving
+    money, they are industrious and thrifty. I wish these facts could be
+    given to the world to show the rich what the poor have done for
+    suffering Ireland, and especially that the Irish landlords might be
+    made aware of what their former tenants are doing for their present
+    ones. I can affirm on my own responsibility that the amount stated
+    is not exaggerated, and also that from Boston, Philadelphia,
+    Baltimore, and New Orleans, similar remittances are made, though
+    not to the same amount.' With regard to the feeling in America upon
+    the calamity under which the Irish people are at present suffering,
+    the same writer observes: 'Collections are being made for their
+    relief, but the distress is so general that our benevolent men have
+    been almost afraid to attempt anything; they think the British
+    Government and Irish landowners alone competent to the
+    task.'"--_Times, 3rd of Feb. 1847._
+
+    "AMERICAN SYMPATHY.--We do not think we can better express the
+    sympathy which is now so universally felt in the United States, for
+    the sufferings of the people of this country, than by stating that
+    _immediately after the news brought by the Cambria had been
+    promulgated, 1,500 passages were paid for by residents in New York,
+    into the house of George Sherlock and Company, for the transmission
+    of their friends in Ireland to the land of plenty_. Through the same
+    house, by the last packet, there have arrived remittances to the
+    amount of 1,300_l._, in sums varying from 2_l._ to 10_l._"--_Dublin
+    Evening Post._--_Morning Chronicle, 5th of April, 1847._
+
+As to the vices[2] of the Irish peasant, a few years since they might
+have been set down as three--whiskey drinking, cupidity, and
+combination. The first exists no longer, and if we seek for proof of
+good intention and desires in the people, this gives it forcibly. Having
+food of but one kind, and that possessing no stimulating power, nor
+capability of imparting grateful warmth, such as the "brose" of the
+Scotch, or the soup of the continental peasant; and the climate being
+cold and humid to excess, they _naturally_, it may be said, used the
+only stimulant they could obtain. And if we think how anxiously _we_
+seek such, under the influence of wet and cold, (we, who have all
+comforts and all varieties and luxuries of food)--can it be wondered
+that the Irish peasant, who working for the day in a winter's mist, his
+clothes saturated through, and none to change when he returned to his
+wretched cabin, should have been tempted to take this stimulating
+poison? But, by the gentle guidance of one good and great man, they have
+been led from the evil, receiving no substitute for what they
+relinquished; getting nothing in return, they gave up their only luxury
+at his bidding. What may not be done with such a people?
+
+But the peasant has two vices which still continue--cupidity and desire
+for combination. Strange that amongst all the evils laid to his charge
+the first has been passed over. It exists to a great extent, and in
+place of being reckless as to money, he too eagerly grasps at it when
+the opportunity offers; hence the combinations which have at different
+times occurred in the accomplishment of public and also private works.
+He mars his object by his ignorance. This has arisen principally from
+the unfortunate frequency of public undertakings, caused by famines or
+distress. In any such case he took it, to use his own expression, as a
+"good luck," and sought by any means to make the most of it while it
+lasted. Then, in private works, when he imagined a necessity existed for
+their accomplishment, he sought to make the most by demanding higher
+wages, and forcing the well-inclined to join in the demand. It is a fact
+that he suffers under _natural cupidity_, and its evils have been
+increased by the circumstances named, the effects of which will require
+care to overcome, if his regeneration be attempted; and, perhaps, under
+all circumstances, it cannot be wondered at. The opportunity to obtain
+money for his labour so rarely occurred, that when it did he could not
+resist the temptation of getting as much as possible to provide against
+the day which he knew would soon come again, when he would be left to
+the potato alone; and on this point he will require to be led and taught
+as in other things. But the Irish peasant is, in fact, now in that
+position which it is fearful to contemplate. From the nature of his food
+alone he has been long retrograding in physical capability, and, of
+course, energy of mind. It is impossible that beings living entirely
+upon one description of food, no matter what it be, can exist in
+strength and healthfulness. But if the food be of that nature which,
+used as the potato is, tends to produce evil from the _quantity_
+necessary to be consumed, in order to give to the body bare nourishment
+to uphold existence, it must be evident that the very _quantity_ alone
+will produce listlessness and want of energy, while the system itself
+receives scarcely enough to uphold its vital powers.
+
+My own memory (and I am not so old as to count half centuries) shows an
+evident change in the general physical appearance and capacity of the
+peasant labourer. He is not the same, even within twenty years; and to
+those who recollect fifty, the alteration must be painfully great.
+
+A little thought will shew it could not be otherwise. The potato, eaten
+in the way it is, simply boiled, and as I have again and again pointed
+out, _without aught else with it but salt!_ and not even that sometimes,
+contains but little more than _two pounds weight_ of that description of
+nutriment (gluten, or animal matter) which is essential to uphold
+strength, in fact to re-create bone and muscle in the system, for every
+_hundred pounds weight_, the unfortunate being condemned to live upon it
+solely, is obliged to gorge himself with, in order to sustain his animal
+powers.
+
+The average quantity of potatoes an adult peasant labourer consumes in
+the day is about ten pounds--his meal being usually a quarter of a stone
+each at breakfast, dinner, and supper; thus he receives into his system
+every twenty-four hours, about 3 ounces of that which is essential to
+give him power to perform his functions of labour. In other words, he
+eats in that time but 3 ounces of the representative of _meat_. What
+would the railroad "Navvy" of England say--what the farm labourer--if
+either was doled out 3 ounces of beef or mutton per day to work upon?
+and if he seemed _listless_ and unenergetic, was then taunted with the
+name of "_indolent, reckless, good-for-naught_." Still, my unhappy
+countrymen have received this quantum of food, with submission for ages;
+and with it received those degrading appellations, as a fitting reward
+for their "_endurance_."
+
+Now, medical research has fully established that the quantum of animal
+matter, be it obtained from vegetable or else, actually necessary to be
+taken into the system merely to reproduce the bone and muscle worn away
+by the general labourer in his day's work, is 5 ounces! It cannot
+therefore be doubted, that the Irish labourer, _in Ireland_, is and has
+been deteriorated in physical capability, and consequently, mental
+energy, by want of proper nutrition.
+
+Such has been his position for ages; and my firm belief is, that his
+sufferings would not have been so long borne, but for the hope which
+has been, from time to time, kept alive in him. Alas, how delusively!
+In "Emancipation"--he was taught to see deliverance from his
+miseries--mayhap, remission of his rent. In "Repeal"--"plenty of work
+and plenty of money; and the cattle kept at home, and the pigs to be
+eaten by himself, in place of by _the Saxon_."
+
+Unhappy designation, and unhappy delusion, which have held the countries
+asunder, in place of being one and the same in all things. But he has
+lived upon that hope, until now, when it has vanished from him for ever.
+And with his hope, the food that kept life barely in him has gone too.
+He is bereft of all that holds existence and soul together, and sees
+nought before him, even if he do live, but ceaseless struggle and
+ceaseless misery. Can such a being aid himself? No more can he, than the
+invalid, weakened and powerless from sickness. Aid must be given him by
+those who have strength and knowledge, or he will sink, if not into
+death, to that which will be worse,--_hopeless, helpless degradation_.
+
+And will Ireland then be "the right arm of England?" No; she will be the
+blot upon her noble scutcheon--mayhap the "millstone" to sink her in
+that ocean over which she now so proudly and gloriously rules.
+
+It has been proved that above 4,000,000 of the peasantry of Ireland live
+upon the potato, which they receive as payment for their labour--about,
+or nearly _one half_ of the population of the country, and from whom
+should, and now does spring its almost entire wealth. Their hands, with
+God's permission and will, produce the means to feed themselves; to feed
+the remaining half of the population, and to give to England many
+millions' worth yearly; which supports the aristocracy of Ireland, and
+pays the taxes to the nation. Humanity and justice, then, are not the
+only claims upon us; self-interest, nay, self-preservation demand, that
+they who yield us food and comfort, should have ample food and comfort
+themselves--that they who aid to clothe us should have at least
+sufficient covering to protect them from the rigour and humidity of the
+climate in which they labour--that they should have houses fitted for
+the inhabitants of a civilized country, not wigwams worse than those of
+the savage--that they should be taught and led and fostered till they
+understand and can practise at home the arts of proper industry--to give
+not only blessings to themselves but the nation at large. Then would
+Ireland be in truth "England's right arm;" but more, she would have her
+heart, which now lies open, yearning to receive and give affection. I
+know my country and its feelings well--I mean _its people's feelings_;
+and there exists not elsewhere more genuine gratitude than in its heart.
+Causes and circumstances already explained have encased it in icy doubt
+towards England; but now England has proved her heartfelt pity; not
+alone her money, but the kind and high and noble-minded have risked
+their lives to distribute food and help and covering to the wretched
+beings as they lingered between life and death. And I know the people
+not, if I may not vouch, as a man and Christian, that every mouthful
+given (not through public works), every comfort yielded, every gentle
+and kind and consoling word uttered, is indelibly impressed upon their
+feelings, and will live there. Seize, then, the opportunity to
+amalgamate as one, Ireland with England's people. Fear not the idle
+stories of the past; look but upon the present, and think of the
+glorious future which the guidance and help of England may accomplish.
+England has laboured for, and won her glories by her labour. Teach
+Ireland, and she will win glories too--not for herself alone, but for
+the general weal. Lead her kindly now, and she will rush to your
+foremost ranks in the hour of danger--not _pray_ for that hour, that it
+may give her chance of rescue from her misery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shall I conclude, and rest in hope of general sympathy? No; although it
+has magnificently proved itself.
+
+History gives some thousand facts to shew that man is led to good by
+woman; deprived of her gentle guidance towards that good, he usually
+sinks to evil. Unchecked by the example of her patience, gentleness, and
+faith, he often revels in thoughtless wantonness,--while, resting under
+the beaming influence of her love and sympathy, he melts and is moulded
+into a form approaching her own. Happily for Great Britain, this
+peaceful, blissful influence sheds its beams over almost all men's
+destinies, hence its public virtues, its private happiness; and hence
+the cause of my present appeal _to the Ladies of Great Britain_!
+
+Pardon me, fair Ladies! if I approach you on that which may be deemed "a
+matter of business;" but I am not of those who consider woman's mind
+unfitted for the toils and difficulties of life and only made for its
+pleasures--far the reverse. Nor shall I yet approach you under the sweet
+incense of flattery, said to be a _cloud_ which gives to you a grateful
+odour--I believe it not. Nor shall I, to tell you of the prowess of man
+in his deeds of arms; nor of his glories midst the slain or dying; for,
+thanks to God! the heart of an Englishwoman shudders at the thought. Man
+shall not be my theme. I come to tell you of the ills and sufferings of
+unhappy _Women_!--beings like to yourselves, in gentle and good
+feelings, though poor--like to yourselves in love and affection, though
+wretched--Woman, in truth, kind, affectionate, and good; blessings to
+their own--Woman in all things, but in that which is her due and right
+in Great Britain--_care and respect for her sex and virtues_. Those
+whose cause I plead are blessed with as pure and spotless bosoms as your
+own--though one may be cased in russet or in rags, the other enshrouded
+in lace--and they die, not through the horrors of war, or of plague, but
+of starvation and of cold.
+
+In my description of the cottage of the general peasantry, you will have
+seen, and I doubt not recollect the fact, that upon some 2,000,000 of
+your sex in Ireland is entailed the degradation of passing the hours of
+her rest with the family, all in one resting-place, and getting warmth
+by being forced "to herd with the beast of the field." Think of this
+indignity and say shall it longer exist?
+
+To you is due the final accomplishment of one of the noblest acts of
+England--the abolition of West Indian slavery. The battle was commenced
+by man, and fought manfully; but without your aid he could not have
+conquered as he did. Your generous voices cheered him on, and he became
+invincible. And so will it ever be in Great Britain. O! give but the
+same aid now, and you will accomplish at least an equal good.
+
+If of the aristocracy, tell to those whose halls you adorn, that the
+peasant _woman_ of Ireland can only obtain warmth enough to save her
+from perishing, and give her sleep, by herding with her pig! Say, _Woman
+sleeps thus!_ and ask, _should it be?_ Mayhap when Woman in her
+loveliness and power thus pleads for Woman in her misery and poverty,
+the chord may be struck which will proclaim the _sin_, and produce its
+abolishment.
+
+If the mansion of the wealthy be guided or blessed by thy residence,
+proclaim the fearful fact, and whispering ask, "For what does God give
+wealth?" The answer may not come at first, or for a time; but whisper
+again--and 'tis said that angels' whispers fill the air with charity and
+love. So, perhaps, will thine--and wealth may at thy bidding aid to
+rescue Woman from such degradation.
+
+If the middle class (from which England's greatness springs), claims
+thee as its own, tell to all around the truth which tells of Britain's
+shame--_that the Irishwoman is forced to herd with cattle_! Plead, and
+say--Am I not a woman, and is she not my sister? And by degrees thy
+pleadings will strike man's heart, for the thought will come upon
+him--"Oh! that one I love should fall to such a lot," and his voice will
+join thine in truthfulness and charity, to win others to the task of
+rooting out the evil.
+
+If thou art poor, I need not plead. The poor feel for the poor, and
+spare even somewhat from their poverty. Their hearts can tell the pangs
+of poverty, and pity fills them with love and charity and regret that
+poverty makes them powerless. But still thou hast a _voice_. Raise it,
+and cry shame on those who may, yet will not save the nation from the
+stain of this deep indignity to _woman_!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And how, you may ask, is this to be done? Most simply. Ireland possesses
+wealth in soil--in fuel--in minerals--in fisheries--in water-power--in
+short, in all things fitted to be developed by the great and wonderful
+business capability, knowledge, and capital of England; but the latter
+has feared without just reason--has been acted upon by groundless
+prejudices and dreads, so as to prevent that business intercourse and
+mercantile enterprise, for which Ireland offers such beneficial opening;
+and she has been left to herself, to anarchy, misrule, and neglect,
+until she has sunk into pauperism. In a word, let England but embark a
+just portion of her enterprise and capital, and talent in Ireland, in
+place of _seeking_ for opportunity to do so abroad. In doing this, she
+will employ the people in useful occupations highly profitable, and in
+proportion as such be done will Ireland's poverty vanish, and Great
+Britain's wealth increase. _Ask for this;--and that the peasant labourer
+shall be paid in money, not potatoes. And if you ask from your heart,
+you will succeed._
+
+Then, fair pleaders for my countrywomen!--then your labours may
+cease--for even those who possess _your_ affections do not, nor cannot,
+value them more highly; nor those who hold you in their hearts do not
+love more truly, than the peasant of Ireland. Your labours may
+cease--for it will then be his labour of love to guard and protect his
+own from insult and indignity. And as you rest after your glorious
+victory, your pillow mayhap will not even crease by the pressure of the
+fair cheek upon it, so light and so sweet will be the sleep to follow so
+kind and good a work.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Short tobacco-pipe.
+
+[2] See Comparative Statement of the Crimes of England and Ireland, in
+"_The Appeal for the Irish Peasantry_."
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Dialect
+    spellings have been retained. Punctuation has been standardised. The
+    following significant amendments have been made to the original text:
+
+      Page 17, added 'that' to 'When this occurs ... it is impossible
+        _that_ the poor labourer can ...'
+
+      Page 39, removed additional 'you' from 'And if you ask from your
+        heart, you _you_ will succeed.'
+
+
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!, by Jasper W. Rogers</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
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+<body>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!, by
+Jasper W. Rogers</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!</p>
+<p>       As to the Wretchedness of the Irish Peasantry, and the Means for their Regeneration</p>
+<p>Author: Jasper W. Rogers</p>
+<p>Release Date: April 25, 2008  [eBook #25170]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND!***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/001.png" width="237" height="300" alt="University of London" title="" /></div>
+
+<p class="pb2">Presented by<br />
+<span class="fl">the Worshipful Company<br /></span>
+<span class="fl">of Goldsmiths.<br /></span>
+1903.</p>
+
+<hr class="maj" />
+
+<h1 class="pb1">
+<span class="fls">FACTS</span><br />
+<span class="fs">FOR THE</span><br />
+KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND!<br />
+<span class="fs">AS TO</span><br />
+<span class="fxl">THE WRETCHEDNESS</span><br />
+<span class="fs">OF THE</span><br />
+<span class="fxl">IRISH PEASANTRY,</span><br />
+<span class="fs">AND</span><br />
+<span class="fl">THE MEANS FOR THEIR REGENERATION.</span></h1>
+
+<h2>BY JASPER W. ROGERS, C.E.</h2>
+
+<div class="bk1">This Edition (500 copies bound), has been presented by the Author, as a
+donation;&mdash;to be sold at the Ladies Bazaar, for relief of the famine in
+Ireland, and distress in Scotland.</div>
+
+<p class="pb1">LONDON:<br />
+JAMES RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY.<br />
+1847.</p>
+
+<hr class="maj" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="pb1">FACTS<br />
+<span class="fs">FOR THE</span><br />
+KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> my twentieth year my first visit was made
+to London&mdash;how long since need not be said, lest I
+make discoveries. I arrived at the "Swan with
+<i>two</i> necks," in Lad Lane, to the imminent peril of
+my own <i>one</i>, on entering the yard of that then
+famous hostelry, the gate of which barely allowed
+admission to the coach itself&mdash;and first set foot
+on London ground, midst the bustle of some half-dozen
+coaches, either preparing for exit, or discharging
+their loads of passengers and parcels.</p>
+
+<p>Four "insides" were turned out, and eight "outsides"
+turned in&mdash;I, amongst the unfortunates of
+the latter class, taking possession of the nearest point
+I could to the coffee-room fire. It is to be recollected
+that in those days one had but <i>four</i> chances in his
+favour, against perhaps forty applicants for the interior
+of the mail&mdash;and he who was driven in winter,
+by necessity of time, to the top of a coach in Liverpool,
+and from thence to Lad Lane, and found
+himself in the coffee-room there unfrozen, might be
+well contented. So felt I, then,&mdash;and doubly so
+now, as I think of the dangers of flood, and road,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+and neck, which I encountered in a twenty-six
+hours' journey, exposed to the "pelting of the
+pitiless storm,"&mdash;for it snowed half the way.</p>
+
+<p>Dinner discussed, and its etceteras having been
+partaken, in full consciousness of the comforts
+which surrounded me, contrasted with the discomforts,
+&amp;c. from which I had escaped,&mdash;I sank into
+an agreeable reverie; and during a vision,&mdash;I must
+not call it a doze,&mdash;composed of port wine and walnuts&mdash;the
+invigorating beams of Wallsend coal&mdash;an
+occasional fancied jolt of the coach&mdash;the three
+mouthfuls of dinner, by the name, I had gotten at
+Oxford&mdash;and the escape of my one neck, when, goose
+as I was, I presented it where two seemed to be an
+essential by the sign of the habitation and the dangers
+of the gate,&mdash;I was aroused by a crash, something
+like the noise of the machine which accompanies
+the falling of an avalanche or a castle, or some
+such direful affair at "Astley's;" and starting up,
+I thought,&mdash;had the coach upset? but, much to my
+gratification, found myself a safe "inside." Still
+came crash after crash, until I thought it high time
+to see as well as hear. "What on earth is the matter?"
+said I to the first waiter I met, as I descended
+from the coffee-room, and got to the door of the
+"tap," or room for accommodation of the lower
+grade of persons frequenting the establishment.
+"Oh! sir," said he, "it is two dreadful Irishmen
+fighting: one has broken a table on the other's
+head; the other smashed a chair." I stopped
+short, and well do I recollect that the blood rushed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+to my face as I turned away; I confess, too, that
+while returning to the coffee-room, when the waiter
+followed and asked, should he bring tea, I "cockneyfied"
+my accent as much as possible, in the
+hope that he should not know I was an Irishman:&mdash;such
+was my shame for my country at the
+moment.</p>
+
+<p>Many minutes, however, had not elapsed until I
+felt shame another way&mdash;namely, that I should for
+a moment deny the land which gave me birth;&mdash;and
+I at once determined to ascertain the facts and
+particulars of the outrage. Down I went, therefore,
+again, and entering the tap-room, found that
+in truth a table had been broken, and a chair too,
+not to speak at all of the heads; but, on further
+investigation, it appeared that the table, being weak
+in constitution, sunk under the weight of one of the
+belligerents, who jumped upon it to assail the other
+with advantage,&mdash;and that the chair had been
+smashed by coming in contact with the table; the
+gentleman on the ground having thought it fair to
+use a chair in his defence when his enemy took to
+the larger piece of furniture:&mdash;hence the awful
+crash, crash&mdash;that awoke me from my&mdash;vision.</p>
+
+<p>So far well&mdash;but further inquiry brought forth
+further truths. It came out that one of the party
+had called the other "a beggarly bogtrotter," for
+which he received in reply a blow upon his nose.
+Thus the row commenced; but better still, it
+appeared that <i>one</i> of "the dreadful Irishmen" <i>was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+a Welshman</i>! and that it was <i>he</i> who called poor
+Paddy "a bogtrotter."</p>
+
+<p>First then, said I to myself, the table was <i>not</i>
+broken on the Irishman's head; it was smashed by
+the Welshman's <i>foot</i>&mdash;and it was <i>not</i> "<i>two</i> dreadful
+<i>Irishmen</i>," but <i>one</i>, who had been engaged in the
+fray, and he was insulted; therefore, at the most,
+<span class="smcapl">ONLY ONE HALF OF THE STORY IS TRUE</span>! <i>And in
+about that proportion have I since found almost all
+the stories and charges against the lower class of my
+unhappy countrymen</i>&mdash;and so will others too, who
+please to investigate facts.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Amongst my earliest introductions to "London
+Society" was "St. Giles's." Notwithstanding the
+warnings of my friends, as to the danger attendant
+even on a walk through its streets, I ventured a
+little farther; and who ever may have suffered
+there, I have not, except from witnessing the almost
+indescribable misery of its inhabitants. Throughout
+my entire search into its wretchedness, I never
+received even an uncivil answer but on one occasion,
+and I am the more desirous to state this fact,
+because, although "St. Giles" sounds to English
+ears as a spot <i>contaminated</i> by the abode of Irish
+only, I found many and many an Englishman
+there, as wretched as my own wretched countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>In the instance I allude to, I had entered the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+first lobby in one of the houses of a most miserable
+street, where I saw a woman "rocking" in the
+manner the lower class of Irish express silent agony
+of feeling. Her body moved back and forward in
+that peculiar motion which told to my heart she
+was in misery; and entering the room in silent
+respect for her suffering, I forgot to knock or make
+any noise to attract attention. In a moment a
+figure darted from the side of a bed behind the
+door, and having caught up something as it passed
+between me and the entrance, he, for I then saw
+my assailant was a man, brandished the "miserable
+remains" of a kitchen poker before my face,
+and demanded, "<i>What did I want, and how da-ar
+I come there to throuble thim with my curosity?</i>"
+And what right had I to pry into their miseries,
+unless to relieve them? I confess my object in
+visiting St. Giles's then, had not arisen from so
+pure a motive, and I felt the justice of his demand&mdash;The
+miseries of the heart are sacred amongst the
+rich: why should they not be equally so amongst
+the poor? Nature has made original feeling
+alike in all; but the poor feel more deeply; for
+the rich suffer in heart midst countless luxuries and
+efforts from others to wean them from their sufferings,
+while the poor suffer midst numberless privations,
+and almost utter loneliness. Why then should
+I have "<i>throubled thim with my curosity</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>But I made my peace, with little effort too; and
+then, for the first time, saw a dead body lying on
+the bed from whence the man had come, "waking,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+in the Irish fashion of the lower orders. It was a
+child of about seven years old. Its last resting place on
+earth was dressed with flowers, and the mother's
+hand had evidently done the most within its feeble
+power to give honour to the dead. Rising, she
+with her apron rubbed the chair she had been
+sitting on, and placed it for me; thus offering,
+in her simple way, the double respect of tendering
+<i>her own</i> seat, and seeking to make it more fit for
+my reception by dusting it.</p>
+
+<p>I need not repeat all the tale of misery, the cause
+of their suffering then, was apparent. "She was
+their last Colleen&mdash;th' uther craturs wur at home
+with the Granny," and "<i>he</i> had cum to thry his
+forthin in Inglind; <i>an' bad forthin it was</i>. But
+the Lord's will be done, fur the little darlint was
+happy, any how&mdash;an' sure they had more av thim
+at home&mdash;an' why should she be mopin' an'
+cryin' her eyes out for her Colleen, that was gone
+to God!"</p>
+
+<p>Thus the poor creature reasoned as she cried and
+blamed herself for crying; for miserable as she
+was, she evidently felt that she should be thankful
+for the other blessings that were left her. Do we
+all feel thus? Yet, at the moment that she did so,
+I believe there was not a morsel of food within
+reach of her means, and that her last penny had
+been spent to deck with flowers the death-bed of
+her child.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless for me to describe the general
+miseries of "St. Giles,"&mdash;now no more. Its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+wretched habitations have yielded their place to
+palaces; its dreaded locality lives but in recollection;
+and its inhabitants have gone forth&mdash;Whither?
+<i>Perhaps to greater wretchedness.</i> Aye,
+almost surely! The misery of St. Giles's has
+ceased, mayhap to make misery double elsewhere;
+but, thank God! there no longer exists in London
+a special spot upon which the ban is placed of
+<i>Irish residence being tantamount to crime</i>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Years and years have since gone by, and many
+a time the story of "the <i>two</i> dreadful Irishmen" has
+risen to my mind, as I have read paragraph after
+paragraph in the English papers, telling of some
+direful thing which had occurred and was wrapped
+in mystery, but concluding after the following
+fashion:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Highway Robbery</span>&mdash;(<i>Particulars</i>). There is no clue
+whatever to discover the parties who committed this atrocious
+act&mdash;but <i>two Irish labourers who live in the neighbourhood are,
+it is supposed, the delinquents</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Burglary at</span> &mdash;&mdash; (<i>Particulars</i>). The parties who
+committed this robbery acted in the most daring manner. <i>The
+country is now filled with Irish harvest labourers!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Footpad</span>.&mdash;A daring attempt was made by a most
+desperate-looking man to rob a farmer some days since&mdash;(<i>further
+particulars</i>) after a great struggle he got off. <i>He is
+supposed to be an Irishman!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Marlborough-street</span>.&mdash;There is a class of persons now
+known, called 'Mouchers,' who go about in gangs, plundering
+the licensed victuallers, eating-house and coffee-shop
+keepers, to an extent that would be deemed impossible, did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+not the records of police courts afford sufficient evidence of the
+fact. <i>The Mouchers are mostly of the lower order of Irish.</i>"&mdash;<i>London
+Morning Paper, 12th April, 1847.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Horrible Murder</span>&mdash;(<i>Particulars</i>). Every possible search
+has been made for the murderers, but unfortunately without
+effect. However, <i>it is positively known that four Irish
+harvesters passed through the village the day before, and there
+cannot be a doubt the dreadful deed was committed by them</i>!"</p></div>
+
+<p>Such are the kind of announcements seen frequently,
+particularly in provincial papers. In the
+latter case, the facts impressed themselves strongly
+upon my mind. A horrible murder had been committed,
+as well as I recollect, in Lancashire. The
+widow of a farmer, much beloved in the neighbourhood,
+and known to possess considerable property,
+was barbarously murdered in her bed at night, and
+her presses and strong box thoroughly rifled;
+nothing, however, having been taken but money,
+of which it was known she had received a considerable
+sum a few days previously. Much sensation
+was created by the fearful occurrence; and it
+was fully believed that "the four Irishmen" had
+committed the murder&mdash;why? <i>because they had
+been seen in the neighbourhood!</i> verifying most fully
+the adage, that "one man may steal a horse without
+being suspected, while another dare not look over the
+hedge." So it eventually turned out. A month
+elapsed; the four Irishmen could never be traced;
+but luckily the real murderer was. A labouring
+man offered a &pound;20. note to be changed in a town
+some miles distant from the scene of the murder,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+and suspicion having arisen as to how he obtained
+it, he was taken up: eventually turning out to be
+the confidential farm servant of the unfortunate
+woman, still continuing to live unsuspected where
+the murder had been actually committed by himself;
+and he was subsequently executed.</p>
+
+<p>But did this clear "<i>the four Irishmen</i>" from the
+imputation, or retrieve the character of their class?
+Not an iota. The journalist who accused them
+was not the fool to proclaim his own injustice;
+and perhaps, even if he did, the refutation would
+never have met the same eye that read the condemnation.
+No; "the four Irishmen" continued as
+thoroughly guilty in the public mind as if twelve
+jurors on their oaths had declared them so. The
+editorial pen had signed the death warrant of
+<i>character</i>, if not of life, as it has done in many and
+many instances with just as much foundation.</p>
+
+<p>Poor, unhappy "Paddy" the labourer has had
+years and years of outcry to bear up against and
+suffer under, a thousand times more trying to him
+than that now raised against "Paddy" the Lord.
+The poor and lowly struggle single-handed and
+alone; the rich and high face the enemies of their
+order shoulder to shoulder, and as one. Poor fellow,
+he is like the cat in the kitchen: every head broken
+is as unquestionably laid to his charge, as every
+jug to pussy's. And he has another direful mark
+which stamps him at once; namely, that "profanation
+to ears polite," <i>his brogue</i>! He possibly may
+not look ill to the eye&mdash;perhaps the reverse; his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+countenance may be honest and open, and his
+bearing manly, as he approaches an employer to
+seek for work; up to that point all goes well,
+perhaps; but once his mouth opens, the tale is told;
+instantly <i>Prejudice</i> does her office, unknowingly
+almost, and unless actual need exist, Paddy may
+apply elsewhere, again and again to meet the same
+rebuff. Lancashire, Somersetshire, Yorkshire, may
+revel in their patois without raising a doubtful feeling
+or a smile, but the brogue of Ireland does the work
+at once, and the unhappy being from whom it issues
+slinks back into himself degraded, as he hears
+the certain laugh which answers his fewest words,
+and the almost certain refusal to admit him within
+the pale of his class in England. Hence St. Giles's
+as it was&mdash;the purlieu of Westminster, as it is&mdash;the
+Irish labourer's refuge in England, is often the
+lowest point, because he cannot be driven lower.</p>
+
+<p>And all this arises, not from ill will, but from
+long felt prejudice, and the repetition of stories and
+anecdotes and caricature of Irish character, which
+trifling circumstances have given rise to and upheld;
+and which, I grieve to say, is greatly due to the
+domiciled Irishmen in England, of the middle and
+better class. They sometimes forget their country,
+and in place of explaining away fallacies and
+making known facts which would have roused
+England long since to our aid, had they been fairly
+understood, <i>fear</i> to tell truths which they deem to
+be unpalatable, while perhaps their own palates
+are being feasted on the good things of the party<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+who declaims against their country: thus permitting
+the continued existence of prejudice and
+consequent estrangement.</p>
+
+<p>It is in no small degree amusing to observe the
+<i>attempt</i> made, in addition, to disguise the fact that
+the delinquent I speak of (I had almost written
+renegade) is an Irishman. No wonder that he
+should attempt the disguise, for he must deeply feel
+his delinquency. In all cases such as this, the
+Cockney twang and occasional curtailment is assumed
+to overcome the <i>brogue</i>, but in vain. For
+the first half dozen words of each <i>paragraph</i> in a
+conversation it gets on well enough, but the conclusion
+is sometimes exquisitely ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>I had the <i>honour</i> to meet at dinner recently, a
+person of this class, and a conversation having
+arisen on the subject, he said, "I aam pe-fectly
+ce-tain no one caaen know that I aam an I-ishman;"
+and the next instant, turning to a servant, he added,
+"Po-ta, if you <i>plaze</i>." When this thoroughly low-bred
+Irishism came out I could not help smiling,
+and caught at the same moment the eye of a lady
+opposite, who seemed greatly amused. In a few
+minutes after, she said, evidently for the purpose of
+having another trial of the Anglo-Irishman, "Pray,
+may I help you to a potato?"&mdash;the killing reply was,
+"Pon my hona' I neva' <i>ate</i> pittatis at all at all."</p>
+
+<p>This was too much for the lady, as well as for
+myself; so we laughed together. The Irish <i>gentleman</i>,
+however, perfectly unconscious of the cause.</p>
+
+<p>Having subsequently mentioned the circumstance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+to an "Irishman in London," who does not fear to
+acknowledge his country, he said, "O! the feeling
+descends lower still&mdash;the better class of labourers
+attempt to speak so that they shall not be known."
+Continuing, he said, "A <i>porter</i> in our establishment,
+who is an Irishman, came to me the other
+day, and speaking very confidentially, whispered,
+'Sure now, Misthur &mdash;&mdash;, you woudn't guiss be me
+taulk, thit I wus an Irishmin.'" "Certainly not,"
+said my friend, laughing, when the fellow replied,
+quite happily, "Whi-thin that's right any how."</p>
+
+<p>Who will excuse the man in a better grade who
+panders to prejudices, and not only forgets the
+country of his birth, but aids, <i>by consent</i>, to let her
+remain in misery? But must we not excuse the
+low and helpless, who are driven by such prejudices
+to keep themselves in existence by following the
+example of those above them? who, thus, have
+double sin to answer for; <i>their own</i>, and that which
+their dastardly conduct creates. Still, why should
+the unhappy labourer who feels that the tone of his
+voice keeps bread from his mouth, not wish it
+changed?</p>
+
+<p>"Move on," said a policeman to a poor Irishman,
+who was gazing with astonishment at a shop window
+in the Strand, his eyes and mouth open equally,
+with intensity of admiration. But Paddy neither
+heard nor moved. "Move on, Sir, I say," came
+in a voice of command delivered into his very ear.
+"<i>Arrah, ph-why?</i>" said the poor fellow, looking up
+with wonder, and still retaining his place. "<i>You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+must move on, you Irish vagabond</i>," now roared the
+policeman, "<i>and not stop the pathway</i>," accompanying
+the "must" with a push of no very gentle
+nature. Paddy did move, for he could not help it;
+but as he turned away from the sight which was
+yielding him harmless enjoyment, to the forgetfulness
+of misery for the moment, and perhaps to
+create in him desires for better things, and give him
+greater energy to work and labour for them; he
+was rudely branded, with a mark of debasement,
+and I could see in the poor fellow's eye and gait,
+though <i>labourer</i> he was, pride and degradation contending
+for the mastery; but the latter conquered,
+and he did "move on," almost admitting by the
+act that he <i>was</i> "AN IRISH VAGABOND."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The position of the lower class of Irish in England
+is evidently not to be envied, but what is it in
+Ireland?</p>
+
+<p>In the paper annexed, on "<i>The Potato Truck
+System of Ireland</i>," will be found the ground-work
+of the misery of the peasantry. The whole recompense
+for their labour is the potato. If it fail, they
+starve. In summer's heat and winter's cold the
+potato is their only food; water their only drink.
+They hunger from labour and exertion&mdash;the potato
+satisfies their craving appetite. Sickness comes,
+and they thirst from fever&mdash;water quenches their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+burning desire. Nature overcomes disease, and
+they long for food to re-invigorate their frame.
+What get they?&mdash;the potato! The child sinks in
+weakness towards its grave. What holds it betwixt
+life and death?&mdash;the potato. It is the Alpha and
+Omega of their existence. A blessing granted by
+Providence to man, but made by man a curse to
+his fellow-beings. From what causes come the
+charges made, and made with truth, against the
+Irish peasant, of "<i>indolence</i>" and "<i>filth in and
+about their habitations</i>?"&mdash;One and all from that
+dreadful system, the "<i>potato truck</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>Tourists tell that "<i>the cabin of the Irish peasant
+must be approached through heaps of manure at
+either side, making it necessary to step over pool
+after pool, to reach the entrance</i>." This is no more
+than fact, but the cause should be told too.</p>
+
+<p>From the detail of the truck-system, it will
+be seen that the unfortunate peasant is paid for his
+labour by land to cultivate the potatoes which
+sustain his existence, and these potatoes cannot
+be effectively grown without manure. His cabin
+is usually situate on some road-side, his potato-garden
+rarely with it, and the only spot he possesses,
+upon which he can collect manure to obtain
+food for himself and family throughout the
+year, is the little space reserved before his door.
+He has nothing else, it may be said, in the world,
+but that manure. It is that which is to yield sustenance
+to his family, and if he have it not, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+starve. If put outside the precincts of his holding
+it is lost to him, and that which he collects scrap
+after scrap from the road side, or elsewhere&mdash;that
+upon which his life actually depends, is too precious
+to be risked beyond his care. Why should he be
+blamed then for the apparent "filth" which surrounds
+it? Whether is it his fault, or that of the
+system which has driven him to this degrading
+necessity? Not his, surely!</p>
+
+<p>Then he is described as to be seen "supporting
+his door-frame, and smoking his 'dhudeen,'<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> while
+he should be at work." It is true; but whence
+his seeming idleness? The truck system again!
+He is engaged by the year to some farmer, and is
+bound to do his work, for which he gets his potato
+land; but the farmer is not bound, as he should be,
+to give him continuous labour throughout the year.
+And many a day, and half-day, and quarter-day is
+cut off his year's labour, when the weather, or the
+farmer's absence, or his <i>mighty</i> will and pleasure,
+may make him think it fit to stop the work.
+When this occurs, and it is sadly frequent, it is impossible that
+the poor labourer can either seek or find a
+half, or even a whole day's labour. He has no
+garden, or patch of ground upon which he might
+expend with profit his leisure, or his extra time;
+he has nothing to occupy him; nor can he make
+an occupation perhaps, for he has not the most trifling
+means to obtain even lime to whitewash his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+cabin. Then, if he do smoke his "dhudeen,
+leaning against his door-way," where so proper for
+him to be, as with his wife and children? And is
+the so-named "weed of peacefulness" sought for by
+the highest in the land as a soothing enjoyment; by
+those who have but to wish for and obtain every
+luxury and blessing that wealth can give&mdash;is the
+scanty use of the meanest portion of it, improper
+or slothful in him who knows no single blessing
+but his wife and family? But it cannot be fairly
+deemed so. The custom is universal, and the Irish
+peasant, declared by the Legislature it may be said,
+to endure more privation than the peasant of any
+other country in Europe, ought not to be set down
+as <i>slothful</i>, because, to soothe his care, he smokes
+his "dhudeen."</p>
+
+<p>Again, we are told by tourists of the fearful fact,
+that men, women, children, a cow, a horse, a
+pig, congregate together at night in one cabin; <i>one
+bed for all</i>! How dreadful the truth&mdash;for it is true
+to the letter. But we are not told the cause; on the
+contrary, subsequent commentary ascribes the fact,
+in no gentle terms, to the "slothful, filthy habits
+of the people." Yet, when such realities exist,
+it is not wonderful that they who so patiently bear,
+should be set down as the producers of their own
+misery&mdash;still they are not only not so, but they
+have no power to release themselves from the
+thraldom which sinks them day by day deeper in
+degradation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Once more I return to the truck system of the
+potato. If 4,000,000 of the people of Ireland have
+sustained life, and barely, on that root alone&mdash;many
+and many a day without even salt&mdash;how well may
+it be understood that they have not means to buy
+proper clothing. In fact, their only hope for this,
+is on "<i>the woman</i>," as they express, whose sole
+dependance has been on eggs from her few hens&mdash;knitting
+stockings, in some localities, in others,
+spinning. But the numerous calls for family
+necessities swallow up these little means; and it
+may with truth be said, that except a single
+blanket, or a coarse rug, there is rarely to be found
+any thing in their cabins as covering for the night.
+The clothes of all are clubbed together to do the
+office of the blanket and the counterpane. Then,
+think of the cabins they live in. In one county
+alone, Mayo, there are 31,084 composed of one
+apartment only, without glass windows, and without
+chimneys; and the door so frail and badly made,
+that every blast finds its way through it. The
+floors are <i>mud</i>, the beds straw or ferns strewed sometimes
+on stones raised above the ground. The
+father and mother sleep in the centre, the children
+at each side, and the pig and horse, or goat, as
+may be, at one end. How dreadful it is to contemplate
+that such should be a fact existing in
+a Christian country&mdash;and worse, that this most
+fearful reality, which arises from the people's
+helpless misery, should be made a charge of "filthy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+habit" in place of being urged as the ground-work
+for the perfect change of a system which could allow
+so crying an evil. It is a truth, that men, <i>women</i>
+and children, pigs and cattle, lie in one bed!&mdash;but
+what causes it? Their hopeless, helpless, poverty.
+They have not a sufficiency of clothes to cover
+them at night in winter; <i>and if they did not bring
+in the pig and cattle to create warmth in their
+cabins, they must perish of cold</i>. This is the
+cause, and the only cause, and the true proof is,
+no tourist will pretend to tell you it occurs in
+summer.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Having now seen what the lower class of Irish
+endure, it may be well to look into their natural
+character, and ascertain what is the cause of that
+endurance&mdash;what are their virtues, and what their
+vices?</p>
+
+<p>That "endurance under privation, greater than
+that of any country in Europe," is the true characteristic
+of the peasantry, cannot be questioned,
+particularly after being declared by the high authority
+of the Devon Commission. That it is
+innate in their character, is evident. They believe
+that "whatever is, is best"&mdash;not as fatalists;
+for under the most severe suffering, you will hear
+them say, "Well, shure, it's a marcy 'twasn't
+worse any how." "Well, I'm shure, I might
+be contint, bekase it might be double as bad."
+And every sentence ends&mdash;"And God is good."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+They have also a certain natural <i>spring</i> (lessening
+daily) which upholds them, and they <i>try</i> to make
+the best of every thing as it comes.</p>
+
+<p>"Jack," said I, some years since, to a handy
+"hedge carpenter," in the county of Wexford,
+"why did you not come last night to do the job
+I wanted? It is done now, and you have lost it."
+"Whi-thin, that's my misforthin any how&mdash;an
+be-dad 'twas a double misforthin too, for I wus
+dooin nothin else thin devartin meeself." "<i>Diverting</i>
+yourself," said I, "and not minding your
+business?" "Bee-dad it's too thru; but I'll
+tell your hanur how it happened. I wus workin
+fur the last three days fur my lan'lady, which av
+coorse goes agin the rint; and whin I cum home
+yisterday evenin, throth, barrin I tuck the bit
+from the woman and childre, sorra a taste I could
+get&mdash;so sis I, Biddy jewel, I'm mighty sick intirely,
+an I cant ate any thing. Well, she coxed
+me&mdash;but I didn't. So afther sittin a while, I
+bethought me that there wus to be a piper at the
+Crass-roads, an I was thin gettin morthul hungery;
+so sis I t'meeself <i>I'll go dance the hunger
+off</i>&mdash;and so I did:&mdash;an that wus the way I
+wus divartin meeself." Now, I have no doubt,
+that many an Irishman has <i>danced</i> the thought of
+hunger away as well as Jack. But the following
+incident will prove that the innate feeling of the
+people is to make the best of their miseries.</p>
+
+<p>It was, I think, in the winter of 1840, a fortnight
+of most severe weather set in at Dublin. I had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+suffered in London from "Murphy's coldest day"
+in 1838, and thought it was in reality the coldest
+I had ever felt; but 1840 would have won the
+prize if left to his Majesty of Russia to decide the
+question. In addition to a black frost, there came
+with it a biting, piercing, easterly wind, which
+seemed to freeze and wither every thing it came
+upon. Pending this infliction (for I confess I
+suffered under sciatica as well as the easterly wind),
+I left home rather early one morning, muffled in
+two coats, a cloak, muffler, "bosom friend," worsted
+wrists, and woolsey gloves; and yet as I closed the
+door, I half repented that I had faced the blast.</p>
+
+<p>Not twenty yards from my dwelling, I overtook
+a little creature, a boy of about eight or nine years
+old, dressed in&mdash;of all the cold things in the world&mdash;a
+<i>hard</i> corduroy habiliment, intended to have
+fitted closely to him; but his wretched, frozen-up
+form, seemed to have retreated from the dress, and
+sunk within itself. I believe he had not another
+stitch upon him. His little hands were buried into
+his pockets, almost up to the elbows, seeking
+some warmth from his body; and he crept on
+before me, one of the most miserable pictures of
+wretchedness my eye ever rested on.</p>
+
+<p>As I contemplated him, I could not but contrast
+my own blessings with his misery. I had
+doubted whether I should leave the comforts of my
+home, although invigorated by wholesome, perhaps
+luxurious food, and I was clothed to <i>excess</i>; while the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+being before me, likely had not tasted food that
+day, and was <i>barely covered</i>. Such were my
+thoughts; and I had just said to myself, we know
+not, or at least, appreciate not, a tithe of the
+blessings we possess, when that little creature read
+me a lesson I shall recollect for my life. He
+shewed me that <i>he</i> could bear up against his ills,
+and make light of them too.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment I speak of, I saw one hand slowly
+drawn from his pocket, and in effort to relieve
+it from its torpor, he twisted and turned it
+until it seemed to have life again. Next came forth
+the other hand, and it underwent the same operation,
+until both appeared to possess some power.
+Then he shrugged up one shoulder and the other,
+seeking to bring life there also; and at length
+flinging his arms two or three times round, he gave
+a jump off the ground, and exclaimed in an accent
+half pain, half joy, "<i>Hurrah! for the could mornins!</i>"&mdash;and
+away he went scampering up the street
+before me, keeping up the life within him by that
+innate natural power of endurance I have described,
+evidently with a determination to make the best
+of his suffering, and not sink under misfortune.
+What a noble trait of character&mdash;but how little
+appreciated!</p>
+
+<p>With such a ground-work to act upon, what
+might not these people be made? and that they
+have intellect of almost a superior order, cannot be
+questioned. Their ready replies alone prove it; and
+their usual success any where but in their own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+country, tells it truly. Some years ago I stood
+talking to an English gentleman on particular business
+at a ferry slip in Dublin, waiting for the boat.
+A boy, also waiting for it, several times came up
+to shew some books he had for sale, and really
+annoyed my friend by importunity, who suddenly
+turned round and exclaimed, "Get away, you
+scamp, or I shall give you a kick that will send
+you across the river." In an instant the reply
+came&mdash;"<i>Whi-thin thank yur hanur fur thit same&mdash;fur
+'twill just save me a ha-pinny.</i>" They are quick
+to a degree&mdash;and have great activity and capability
+for labour and effort, <i>if but fed</i>, which may be seen
+by every Englishman who looks and thinks. The
+coal-whippers of the Thames, the hod-men, or mason's
+labourers of London, the paver's labourers,
+and such like, almost all are Irishmen. But they
+must be fed, or they cannot labour as they do
+here. Treat them kindly, confide in them, and be
+it for good or evil; I mean to reward or punish,
+<i>never break a promise</i>, and you may do as you
+please with them. My own experience is extensive;
+but one who is now no more, my nearest
+relative, had forty years of trial, and he accomplished
+by Irish hands alone, in the midst of the
+outbreak of '97 and '98, as Inspector-General of the
+Light-houses of Ireland, the building of a work,
+which perhaps more than rivals the far-famed
+Eddystone,&mdash;namely, the South Rock Light-house
+three miles from the land, on the north-east coast
+of Ireland,&mdash;every stone of which was laid by Irish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+workmen. And to the honour of the people be it
+spoken, when the rebellion broke out it was known
+that a large stock of blasting powder and lead lay
+at the works on the shore; yet not a single ounce
+of one or the other was taken. It was known,
+too, that their employer was then engaged in the
+command of a yeomanry brigade, formed for the
+defence of the east side of Dublin; still his <i>lead</i> and
+<i>powder</i> lay safely in the north of Ireland. But more
+extraordinary still, after the battle of Ballinahinch,
+where the rebels were routed, his yacht was taken
+by a party of them to make their escape to England;
+and lest any ill should befall it, when they
+arrived at Whitehaven they drew lots for three to
+deliver it up to the collector of the port, and state
+to whom it belonged. They were immediately
+arrested, as indeed they must have expected, and
+with great difficulty were their lives afterwards
+saved.</p>
+
+<p>I could relate several similar instances which occurred
+to others; but I shall only state one more, as
+occurring to a defenceless woman. My maternal
+grandmother occupied at the time of that rebellion
+the castle of Dungulph, in the county Wexford, the
+family residence. It was an old stronghold regularly
+fortified and surrounded by a moat, with a drawbridge;
+and when she left it to take refuge in the fort
+of Duncannon, with the other gentry of the county,
+it was immediately taken possession of by a force of
+rebels from the county Kilkenny, as a most valuable
+place of defence, &amp;c. They remained in possession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+for about a fortnight, and during that time
+killed twenty of the sheep found in the demesne.
+At the expiration of the period, the rebels of the
+neighbourhood, who had been in the interim engaged
+at the battle of Ross, returned, forced the
+others to leave the castle, and when my relative
+came back to her residence, she found that twenty
+sheep had been brought from another part of the
+country, and placed with her own in the demesne;
+which on being traced by their marks, were discovered
+to belong to a county Kilkenny grazier,
+the county from whence the rebel party had come;
+thus the sheep were brought from the same place
+the rebels had come from,&mdash;it was supposed, as an
+act of retaliation. I should add, too, that while
+these occurrences took place, the heir to the property
+was engaged in the defence of Ross, where
+many of his own tenantry were slain or wounded, as
+rebels, by the military under his command.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally the mind of the Irish peasant is
+good, honourable, and grateful&mdash;but it has been
+deteriorated by miseries and neglect; and is being
+so, more and more daily <i>at home</i>; while, when they
+go abroad they seem to inherit all their original
+good qualities.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact too, known to all who know them,
+that when they settle in England as labourers,
+they almost invariably share their earnings with
+their relations at home. The remittances from
+London alone to Ireland amount to many thousands
+yearly. There is no possible means of ascertaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+the sum; but I know numerous instances
+myself, and it may be judged of from the facts
+which appear in the following statements, recently
+published in the <i>Times</i> and <i>Morning Chronicle</i>,
+shewing the amount which comes yearly from
+America.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A curious fact is presented in a letter from a correspondent at
+New York, showing that it is not to England alone that the
+Irish proprietors are largely indebted for the support of their
+poor. It has generally been understood that the Irish emigrants
+to the United States have always remitted very fully of their
+hard earnings to their relatives at home, but most persons will
+be surprised to hear the extent of this liberality. 'A few days
+since,' says our correspondent, 'I called upon the different
+houses in New York who are in the daily practice of giving small
+drafts on Ireland, from five dollars upwards, and requested from
+them an accurate statement of the amount they had thus remitted
+for Irish labourers, male and female, within the last sixty days,
+and also for the entire year 1846. Here is the result&mdash;"Total
+amount received in New York from Irish labourers, male and
+female, during the months of November and December, 1846,
+175,000 dollars, or 35,000<i>l.</i> sterling; ditto, for the year 1846,
+808,000 dollars, or 161,600<i>l.</i> sterling."' These remittances are
+understood to average 3<i>l.</i> to 4<i>l.</i> each draft, and they are sent to
+all parts of Ireland, and by every packet. 'From year to year,'
+our correspondent adds, 'they go on increasing with the increase
+of emigration, and they prove most conclusively that when Irishmen
+are afforded the opportunity of making and saving money,
+they are industrious and thrifty. I wish these facts could be
+given to the world to show the rich what the poor have done for
+suffering Ireland, and especially that the Irish landlords might
+be made aware of what their former tenants are doing for their
+present ones. I can affirm on my own responsibility that the
+amount stated is not exaggerated, and also that from Boston,
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans, similar remittances<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+are made, though not to the same amount.' With regard to the
+feeling in America upon the calamity under which the Irish
+people are at present suffering, the same writer observes: 'Collections
+are being made for their relief, but the distress is so
+general that our benevolent men have been almost afraid to
+attempt anything; they think the British Government and Irish
+landowners alone competent to the task.'"&mdash;<i>Times, 3rd of
+Feb. 1847.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">American Sympathy.</span>&mdash;We do not think we can better express
+the sympathy which is now so universally felt in the United
+States, for the sufferings of the people of this country, than by
+stating that <i>immediately after the news brought by the Cambria
+had been promulgated, 1,500 passages were paid for by residents
+in New York, into the house of George Sherlock and Company,
+for the transmission of their friends in Ireland to the land of
+plenty</i>. Through the same house, by the last packet, there have
+arrived remittances to the amount of 1,300<i>l.</i>, in sums varying
+from 2<i>l.</i> to 10<i>l.</i>"&mdash;<i>Dublin Evening Post.</i>&mdash;<i>Morning Chronicle,
+5th of April, 1847.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>As to the vices<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> of the Irish peasant, a few years
+since they might have been set down as three&mdash;whiskey
+drinking, cupidity, and combination. The
+first exists no longer, and if we seek for proof of good
+intention and desires in the people, this gives it
+forcibly. Having food of but one kind, and that
+possessing no stimulating power, nor capability of
+imparting grateful warmth, such as the "brose" of
+the Scotch, or the soup of the continental peasant;
+and the climate being cold and humid to excess, they
+<i>naturally</i>, it may be said, used the only stimulant
+they could obtain. And if we think how anxiously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+<i>we</i> seek such, under the influence of wet and cold,
+(we, who have all comforts and all varieties and
+luxuries of food)&mdash;can it be wondered that the Irish
+peasant, who working for the day in a winter's
+mist, his clothes saturated through, and none to
+change when he returned to his wretched cabin,
+should have been tempted to take this stimulating
+poison? But, by the gentle guidance of one good
+and great man, they have been led from the evil,
+receiving no substitute for what they relinquished;
+getting nothing in return, they gave up their only
+luxury at his bidding. What may not be done with
+such a people?</p>
+
+<p>But the peasant has two vices which still continue&mdash;cupidity
+and desire for combination. Strange
+that amongst all the evils laid to his charge the
+first has been passed over. It exists to a great
+extent, and in place of being reckless as to money,
+he too eagerly grasps at it when the opportunity
+offers; hence the combinations which have at different
+times occurred in the accomplishment of
+public and also private works. He mars his object
+by his ignorance. This has arisen principally from
+the unfortunate frequency of public undertakings,
+caused by famines or distress. In any such case he
+took it, to use his own expression, as a "good luck,"
+and sought by any means to make the most of it
+while it lasted. Then, in private works, when
+he imagined a necessity existed for their accomplishment,
+he sought to make the most by demanding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+higher wages, and forcing the well-inclined to
+join in the demand. It is a fact that he suffers
+under <i>natural cupidity</i>, and its evils have been
+increased by the circumstances named, the effects
+of which will require care to overcome, if his
+regeneration be attempted; and, perhaps, under
+all circumstances, it cannot be wondered at. The
+opportunity to obtain money for his labour so
+rarely occurred, that when it did he could not
+resist the temptation of getting as much as possible
+to provide against the day which he knew would
+soon come again, when he would be left to the
+potato alone; and on this point he will require to be
+led and taught as in other things. But the Irish
+peasant is, in fact, now in that position which it
+is fearful to contemplate. From the nature of
+his food alone he has been long retrograding in physical
+capability, and, of course, energy of mind. It
+is impossible that beings living entirely upon one
+description of food, no matter what it be, can exist
+in strength and healthfulness. But if the food be
+of that nature which, used as the potato is, tends to
+produce evil from the <i>quantity</i> necessary to be consumed,
+in order to give to the body bare nourishment
+to uphold existence, it must be evident that
+the very <i>quantity</i> alone will produce listlessness and
+want of energy, while the system itself receives
+scarcely enough to uphold its vital powers.</p>
+
+<p>My own memory (and I am not so old as to count
+half centuries) shows an evident change in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+general physical appearance and capacity of the
+peasant labourer. He is not the same, even within
+twenty years; and to those who recollect fifty, the
+alteration must be painfully great.</p>
+
+<p>A little thought will shew it could not be otherwise.
+The potato, eaten in the way it is, simply
+boiled, and as I have again and again pointed out,
+<i>without aught else with it but salt!</i> and not even that
+sometimes, contains but little more than <i>two pounds
+weight</i> of that description of nutriment (gluten, or
+animal matter) which is essential to uphold strength,
+in fact to re-create bone and muscle in the system,
+for every <i>hundred pounds weight</i>, the unfortunate
+being condemned to live upon it solely, is obliged
+to gorge himself with, in order to sustain his animal
+powers.</p>
+
+<p>The average quantity of potatoes an adult peasant
+labourer consumes in the day is about ten pounds&mdash;his
+meal being usually a quarter of a stone each at
+breakfast, dinner, and supper; thus he receives
+into his system every twenty-four hours, about 3
+ounces of that which is essential to give him power
+to perform his functions of labour. In other
+words, he eats in that time but 3 ounces of the representative
+of <i>meat</i>. What would the railroad
+"Navvy" of England say&mdash;what the farm labourer&mdash;if
+either was doled out 3 ounces of beef or
+mutton per day to work upon? and if he seemed
+<i>listless</i> and unenergetic, was then taunted with the
+name of "<i>indolent, reckless, good-for-naught</i>."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+Still, my unhappy countrymen have received this
+quantum of food, with submission for ages; and
+with it received those degrading appellations, as a
+fitting reward for their "<i>endurance</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Now, medical research has fully established that
+the quantum of animal matter, be it obtained from
+vegetable or else, actually necessary to be taken
+into the system merely to reproduce the bone
+and muscle worn away by the general labourer
+in his day's work, is 5 ounces! It cannot therefore
+be doubted, that the Irish labourer, <i>in Ireland</i>, is
+and has been deteriorated in physical capability,
+and consequently, mental energy, by want of
+proper nutrition.</p>
+
+<p>Such has been his position for ages; and my
+firm belief is, that his sufferings would not have
+been so long borne, but for the hope which has
+been, from time to time, kept alive in him. Alas,
+how delusively! In "Emancipation"&mdash;he was
+taught to see deliverance from his miseries&mdash;mayhap,
+remission of his rent. In "Repeal"&mdash;"plenty
+of work and plenty of money; and the cattle
+kept at home, and the pigs to be eaten by himself,
+in place of by <i>the Saxon</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Unhappy designation, and unhappy delusion,
+which have held the countries asunder, in place of
+being one and the same in all things. But he has
+lived upon that hope, until now, when it has
+vanished from him for ever. And with his hope,
+the food that kept life barely in him has gone too.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+He is bereft of all that holds existence and soul
+together, and sees nought before him, even if he do
+live, but ceaseless struggle and ceaseless misery.
+Can such a being aid himself? No more can he,
+than the invalid, weakened and powerless from
+sickness. Aid must be given him by those who
+have strength and knowledge, or he will sink, if
+not into death, to that which will be worse,&mdash;<i>hopeless,
+helpless degradation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And will Ireland then be "the right arm of England?"
+No; she will be the blot upon her noble
+scutcheon&mdash;mayhap the "millstone" to sink her in
+that ocean over which she now so proudly and
+gloriously rules.</p>
+
+<p>It has been proved that above 4,000,000 of the
+peasantry of Ireland live upon the potato, which
+they receive as payment for their labour&mdash;about, or
+nearly <i>one half</i> of the population of the country, and
+from whom should, and now does spring its almost
+entire wealth. Their hands, with God's permission
+and will, produce the means to feed themselves;
+to feed the remaining half of the population, and to
+give to England many millions' worth yearly;
+which supports the aristocracy of Ireland, and pays
+the taxes to the nation. Humanity and justice, then,
+are not the only claims upon us; self-interest, nay, self-preservation
+demand, that they who yield us food
+and comfort, should have ample food and comfort
+themselves&mdash;that they who aid to clothe us should
+have at least sufficient covering to protect them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+from the rigour and humidity of the climate in
+which they labour&mdash;that they should have houses
+fitted for the inhabitants of a civilized country, not
+wigwams worse than those of the savage&mdash;that they
+should be taught and led and fostered till they understand
+and can practise at home the arts of proper industry&mdash;to
+give not only blessings to themselves but
+the nation at large. Then would Ireland be in truth
+"England's right arm;" but more, she would have
+her heart, which now lies open, yearning to receive
+and give affection. I know my country and its
+feelings well&mdash;I mean <i>its people's feelings</i>; and there
+exists not elsewhere more genuine gratitude than in its
+heart. Causes and circumstances already explained
+have encased it in icy doubt towards England; but
+now England has proved her heartfelt pity; not
+alone her money, but the kind and high and noble-minded
+have risked their lives to distribute food
+and help and covering to the wretched beings as
+they lingered between life and death. And I know
+the people not, if I may not vouch, as a man
+and Christian, that every mouthful given (not
+through public works), every comfort yielded,
+every gentle and kind and consoling word
+uttered, is indelibly impressed upon their feelings,
+and will live there. Seize, then, the opportunity
+to amalgamate as one, Ireland with England's
+people. Fear not the idle stories of the past; look
+but upon the present, and think of the glorious
+future which the guidance and help of England<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+may accomplish. England has laboured for, and
+won her glories by her labour. Teach Ireland, and
+she will win glories too&mdash;not for herself alone, but
+for the general weal. Lead her kindly now, and
+she will rush to your foremost ranks in the hour of
+danger&mdash;not <i>pray</i> for that hour, that it may give
+her chance of rescue from her misery.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Shall I conclude, and rest in hope of general
+sympathy? No; although it has magnificently
+proved itself.</p>
+
+<p>History gives some thousand facts to shew that
+man is led to good by woman; deprived of her
+gentle guidance towards that good, he usually sinks
+to evil. Unchecked by the example of her patience,
+gentleness, and faith, he often revels in thoughtless
+wantonness,&mdash;while, resting under the beaming
+influence of her love and sympathy, he melts and
+is moulded into a form approaching her own.
+Happily for Great Britain, this peaceful, blissful
+influence sheds its beams over almost all men's destinies,
+hence its public virtues, its private happiness;
+and hence the cause of my present appeal
+<i>to the Ladies of Great Britain</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Pardon me, fair Ladies! if I approach you on that
+which may be deemed "a matter of business;" but
+I am not of those who consider woman's mind unfitted
+for the toils and difficulties of life and only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+made for its pleasures&mdash;far the reverse. Nor shall
+I yet approach you under the sweet incense of
+flattery, said to be a <i>cloud</i> which gives to you a
+grateful odour&mdash;I believe it not. Nor shall I, to
+tell you of the prowess of man in his deeds of arms;
+nor of his glories midst the slain or dying; for,
+thanks to God! the heart of an Englishwoman shudders
+at the thought. Man shall not be my theme.
+I come to tell you of the ills and sufferings of unhappy
+<i>Women</i>!&mdash;beings like to yourselves, in gentle
+and good feelings, though poor&mdash;like to yourselves
+in love and affection, though wretched&mdash;Woman,
+in truth, kind, affectionate, and good; blessings to
+their own&mdash;Woman in all things, but in that which
+is her due and right in Great Britain&mdash;<i>care and
+respect for her sex and virtues</i>. Those whose cause
+I plead are blessed with as pure and spotless bosoms
+as your own&mdash;though one may be cased in russet
+or in rags, the other enshrouded in lace&mdash;and they
+die, not through the horrors of war, or of
+plague, but of starvation and of cold.</p>
+
+<p>In my description of the cottage of the general
+peasantry, you will have seen, and I doubt not recollect
+the fact, that upon some 2,000,000 of your sex
+in Ireland is entailed the degradation of passing the
+hours of her rest with the family, all in one resting-place,
+and getting warmth by being forced "to
+herd with the beast of the field." Think of this
+indignity and say shall it longer exist?</p>
+
+<p>To you is due the final accomplishment of one of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+the noblest acts of England&mdash;the abolition of West
+Indian slavery. The battle was commenced by man,
+and fought manfully; but without your aid he
+could not have conquered as he did. Your generous
+voices cheered him on, and he became invincible.
+And so will it ever be in Great Britain. O!
+give but the same aid now, and you will accomplish
+at least an equal good.</p>
+
+<p>If of the aristocracy, tell to those whose halls you
+adorn, that the peasant <i>woman</i> of Ireland can only
+obtain warmth enough to save her from perishing,
+and give her sleep, by herding with her pig! Say,
+<i>Woman sleeps thus!</i> and ask, <i>should it be?</i> Mayhap
+when Woman in her loveliness and power thus
+pleads for Woman in her misery and poverty, the
+chord may be struck which will proclaim the <i>sin</i>,
+and produce its abolishment.</p>
+
+<p>If the mansion of the wealthy be guided or
+blessed by thy residence, proclaim the fearful fact,
+and whispering ask, "For what does God give
+wealth?" The answer may not come at first, or
+for a time; but whisper again&mdash;and 'tis said that
+angels' whispers fill the air with charity and love.
+So, perhaps, will thine&mdash;and wealth may at thy
+bidding aid to rescue Woman from such degradation.</p>
+
+<p>If the middle class (from which England's greatness
+springs), claims thee as its own, tell to all
+around the truth which tells of Britain's shame&mdash;<i>that
+the Irishwoman is forced to herd with cattle</i>!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+Plead, and say&mdash;Am I not a woman, and is she
+not my sister? And by degrees thy pleadings will
+strike man's heart, for the thought will come upon
+him&mdash;"Oh! that one I love should fall to such a
+lot," and his voice will join thine in truthfulness
+and charity, to win others to the task of rooting
+out the evil.</p>
+
+<p>If thou art poor, I need not plead. The poor
+feel for the poor, and spare even somewhat from
+their poverty. Their hearts can tell the pangs of
+poverty, and pity fills them with love and charity
+and regret that poverty makes them powerless.
+But still thou hast a <i>voice</i>. Raise it, and cry
+shame on those who may, yet will not save the
+nation from the stain of this deep indignity to
+<i>woman</i>!</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>And how, you may ask, is this to be done? Most
+simply. Ireland possesses wealth in soil&mdash;in fuel&mdash;in
+minerals&mdash;in fisheries&mdash;in water-power&mdash;in short, in
+all things fitted to be developed by the great and wonderful
+business capability, knowledge, and capital of
+England; but the latter has feared without just
+reason&mdash;has been acted upon by groundless prejudices
+and dreads, so as to prevent that business
+intercourse and mercantile enterprise, for which
+Ireland offers such beneficial opening; and she has
+been left to herself, to anarchy, misrule, and neglect,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+until she has sunk into pauperism. In a
+word, let England but embark a just portion of
+her enterprise and capital, and talent in Ireland,
+in place of <i>seeking</i> for opportunity to do so abroad.
+In doing this, she will employ the people in useful
+occupations highly profitable, and in proportion as
+such be done will Ireland's poverty vanish, and
+Great Britain's wealth increase. <i>Ask for this;&mdash;and
+that the peasant labourer shall be paid in money,
+not potatoes. And if you ask from your heart, you
+will succeed.</i></p>
+
+<p>Then, fair pleaders for my countrywomen!&mdash;then
+your labours may cease&mdash;for even those who possess
+<i>your</i> affections do not, nor cannot, value them
+more highly; nor those who hold you in their
+hearts do not love more truly, than the peasant
+of Ireland. Your labours may cease&mdash;for it will
+then be his labour of love to guard and protect
+his own from insult and indignity. And as you
+rest after your glorious victory, your pillow
+mayhap will not even crease by the pressure of the
+fair cheek upon it, so light and so sweet will be
+the sleep to follow so kind and good a work.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Short tobacco-pipe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See Comparative Statement of the Crimes of England and
+Ireland, in "<i>The Appeal for the Irish Peasantry</i>."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="trn"><p><b>Transcriber's Note:</b>
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Dialect spellings have been retained.
+Punctuation has been standardised.
+The following significant amendments have been made to the original text:</p>
+
+<p class="amd">Page <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, added 'that' to 'When this occurs ... it is impossible <i>that</i>
+the poor labourer can ...'</p>
+
+<p class="amd">Page <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, removed additional 'you' from 'And if you ask from your
+heart, you <i>you</i> will succeed.'</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!, by
+Jasper W. Rogers
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England!
+       As to the Wretchedness of the Irish Peasantry, and the Means for their Regeneration
+
+
+Author: Jasper W. Rogers
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 25, 2008  [eBook #25170]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF
+ENGLAND!***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+[Illustration: University of London]
+
+ Presented by
+ the Worshipful Company
+ of Goldsmiths.
+ 1903.
+
+
+                                  FACTS
+
+                                 FOR THE
+
+                        KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND!
+
+                                  AS TO
+
+                            THE WRETCHEDNESS
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+                            IRISH PEASANTRY,
+
+                                   AND
+
+                    THE MEANS FOR THEIR REGENERATION.
+
+
+                        BY JASPER W. ROGERS, C.E.
+
+
+ This Edition (500 copies bound), has been presented by the Author, as a
+ donation;--to be sold at the Ladies Bazaar, for relief of the famine in
+ Ireland, and distress in Scotland.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 LONDON:
+                       JAMES RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY.
+                                  1847.
+
+
+
+
+FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+In my twentieth year my first visit was made to London--how long since
+need not be said, lest I make discoveries. I arrived at the "Swan with
+_two_ necks," in Lad Lane, to the imminent peril of my own _one_, on
+entering the yard of that then famous hostelry, the gate of which barely
+allowed admission to the coach itself--and first set foot on London
+ground, midst the bustle of some half-dozen coaches, either preparing
+for exit, or discharging their loads of passengers and parcels.
+
+Four "insides" were turned out, and eight "outsides" turned in--I,
+amongst the unfortunates of the latter class, taking possession of the
+nearest point I could to the coffee-room fire. It is to be recollected
+that in those days one had but _four_ chances in his favour, against
+perhaps forty applicants for the interior of the mail--and he who was
+driven in winter, by necessity of time, to the top of a coach in
+Liverpool, and from thence to Lad Lane, and found himself in the
+coffee-room there unfrozen, might be well contented. So felt I,
+then,--and doubly so now, as I think of the dangers of flood, and road,
+and neck, which I encountered in a twenty-six hours' journey, exposed to
+the "pelting of the pitiless storm,"--for it snowed half the way.
+
+Dinner discussed, and its etceteras having been partaken, in full
+consciousness of the comforts which surrounded me, contrasted with the
+discomforts, &c. from which I had escaped,--I sank into an agreeable
+reverie; and during a vision,--I must not call it a doze,--composed of
+port wine and walnuts--the invigorating beams of Wallsend coal--an
+occasional fancied jolt of the coach--the three mouthfuls of dinner, by
+the name, I had gotten at Oxford--and the escape of my one neck, when,
+goose as I was, I presented it where two seemed to be an essential by
+the sign of the habitation and the dangers of the gate,--I was aroused
+by a crash, something like the noise of the machine which accompanies
+the falling of an avalanche or a castle, or some such direful affair at
+"Astley's;" and starting up, I thought,--had the coach upset? but, much
+to my gratification, found myself a safe "inside." Still came crash
+after crash, until I thought it high time to see as well as hear. "What
+on earth is the matter?" said I to the first waiter I met, as I
+descended from the coffee-room, and got to the door of the "tap," or
+room for accommodation of the lower grade of persons frequenting the
+establishment. "Oh! sir," said he, "it is two dreadful Irishmen
+fighting: one has broken a table on the other's head; the other smashed
+a chair." I stopped short, and well do I recollect that the blood
+rushed to my face as I turned away; I confess, too, that while
+returning to the coffee-room, when the waiter followed and asked, should
+he bring tea, I "cockneyfied" my accent as much as possible, in the hope
+that he should not know I was an Irishman:--such was my shame for my
+country at the moment.
+
+Many minutes, however, had not elapsed until I felt shame another
+way--namely, that I should for a moment deny the land which gave me
+birth;--and I at once determined to ascertain the facts and particulars
+of the outrage. Down I went, therefore, again, and entering the
+tap-room, found that in truth a table had been broken, and a chair too,
+not to speak at all of the heads; but, on further investigation, it
+appeared that the table, being weak in constitution, sunk under the
+weight of one of the belligerents, who jumped upon it to assail the
+other with advantage,--and that the chair had been smashed by coming in
+contact with the table; the gentleman on the ground having thought it
+fair to use a chair in his defence when his enemy took to the larger
+piece of furniture:--hence the awful crash, crash--that awoke me from
+my--vision.
+
+So far well--but further inquiry brought forth further truths. It came
+out that one of the party had called the other "a beggarly bogtrotter,"
+for which he received in reply a blow upon his nose. Thus the row
+commenced; but better still, it appeared that _one_ of "the dreadful
+Irishmen" _was a Welshman_! and that it was _he_ who called poor Paddy
+"a bogtrotter."
+
+First then, said I to myself, the table was _not_ broken on the
+Irishman's head; it was smashed by the Welshman's _foot_--and it was
+_not_ "_two_ dreadful _Irishmen_," but _one_, who had been engaged in
+the fray, and he was insulted; therefore, at the most, ONLY ONE HALF OF
+THE STORY IS TRUE! _And in about that proportion have I since found
+almost all the stories and charges against the lower class of my unhappy
+countrymen_--and so will others too, who please to investigate facts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amongst my earliest introductions to "London Society" was "St. Giles's."
+Notwithstanding the warnings of my friends, as to the danger attendant
+even on a walk through its streets, I ventured a little farther; and who
+ever may have suffered there, I have not, except from witnessing the
+almost indescribable misery of its inhabitants. Throughout my entire
+search into its wretchedness, I never received even an uncivil answer
+but on one occasion, and I am the more desirous to state this fact,
+because, although "St. Giles" sounds to English ears as a spot
+_contaminated_ by the abode of Irish only, I found many and many an
+Englishman there, as wretched as my own wretched countrymen.
+
+In the instance I allude to, I had entered the first lobby in one of
+the houses of a most miserable street, where I saw a woman "rocking" in
+the manner the lower class of Irish express silent agony of feeling. Her
+body moved back and forward in that peculiar motion which told to my
+heart she was in misery; and entering the room in silent respect for her
+suffering, I forgot to knock or make any noise to attract attention. In
+a moment a figure darted from the side of a bed behind the door, and
+having caught up something as it passed between me and the entrance, he,
+for I then saw my assailant was a man, brandished the "miserable
+remains" of a kitchen poker before my face, and demanded, "_What did I
+want, and how da-ar I come there to throuble thim with my curosity?_"
+And what right had I to pry into their miseries, unless to relieve them?
+I confess my object in visiting St. Giles's then, had not arisen from so
+pure a motive, and I felt the justice of his demand--The miseries of the
+heart are sacred amongst the rich: why should they not be equally so
+amongst the poor? Nature has made original feeling alike in all; but the
+poor feel more deeply; for the rich suffer in heart midst countless
+luxuries and efforts from others to wean them from their sufferings,
+while the poor suffer midst numberless privations, and almost utter
+loneliness. Why then should I have "_throubled thim with my curosity_?"
+
+But I made my peace, with little effort too; and then, for the first
+time, saw a dead body lying on the bed from whence the man had come,
+"waking," in the Irish fashion of the lower orders. It was a child of
+about seven years old. Its last resting place on earth was dressed with
+flowers, and the mother's hand had evidently done the most within its
+feeble power to give honour to the dead. Rising, she with her apron
+rubbed the chair she had been sitting on, and placed it for me; thus
+offering, in her simple way, the double respect of tendering _her own_
+seat, and seeking to make it more fit for my reception by dusting it.
+
+I need not repeat all the tale of misery, the cause of their suffering
+then, was apparent. "She was their last Colleen--th' uther craturs wur
+at home with the Granny," and "_he_ had cum to thry his forthin in
+Inglind; _an' bad forthin it was_. But the Lord's will be done, fur the
+little darlint was happy, any how--an' sure they had more av thim at
+home--an' why should she be mopin' an' cryin' her eyes out for her
+Colleen, that was gone to God!"
+
+Thus the poor creature reasoned as she cried and blamed herself for
+crying; for miserable as she was, she evidently felt that she should be
+thankful for the other blessings that were left her. Do we all feel
+thus? Yet, at the moment that she did so, I believe there was not a
+morsel of food within reach of her means, and that her last penny had
+been spent to deck with flowers the death-bed of her child.
+
+It is needless for me to describe the general miseries of "St.
+Giles,"--now no more. Its wretched habitations have yielded their place
+to palaces; its dreaded locality lives but in recollection; and its
+inhabitants have gone forth--Whither? _Perhaps to greater wretchedness._
+Aye, almost surely! The misery of St. Giles's has ceased, mayhap to make
+misery double elsewhere; but, thank God! there no longer exists in
+London a special spot upon which the ban is placed of _Irish residence
+being tantamount to crime_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Years and years have since gone by, and many a time the story of "the
+_two_ dreadful Irishmen" has risen to my mind, as I have read paragraph
+after paragraph in the English papers, telling of some direful thing
+which had occurred and was wrapped in mystery, but concluding after the
+following fashion:--
+
+    "HIGHWAY ROBBERY--(_Particulars_). There is no clue whatever to
+    discover the parties who committed this atrocious act--but _two
+    Irish labourers who live in the neighbourhood are, it is supposed,
+    the delinquents_!"
+
+    "BURGLARY AT ---- (_Particulars_). The parties who committed this
+    robbery acted in the most daring manner. _The country is now filled
+    with Irish harvest labourers!_"
+
+    "FOOTPAD.--A daring attempt was made by a most desperate-looking man
+    to rob a farmer some days since--(_further particulars_) after a
+    great struggle he got off. _He is supposed to be an Irishman!_"
+
+    "MARLBOROUGH-STREET.--There is a class of persons now known, called
+    'Mouchers,' who go about in gangs, plundering the licensed
+    victuallers, eating-house and coffee-shop keepers, to an extent that
+    would be deemed impossible, did not the records of police courts
+    afford sufficient evidence of the fact. _The Mouchers are mostly of
+    the lower order of Irish._"--_London Morning Paper, 12th April,
+    1847._
+
+    "HORRIBLE MURDER--(_Particulars_). Every possible search has been
+    made for the murderers, but unfortunately without effect. However,
+    _it is positively known that four Irish harvesters passed through
+    the village the day before, and there cannot be a doubt the dreadful
+    deed was committed by them_!"
+
+Such are the kind of announcements seen frequently, particularly in
+provincial papers. In the latter case, the facts impressed themselves
+strongly upon my mind. A horrible murder had been committed, as well as
+I recollect, in Lancashire. The widow of a farmer, much beloved in the
+neighbourhood, and known to possess considerable property, was
+barbarously murdered in her bed at night, and her presses and strong box
+thoroughly rifled; nothing, however, having been taken but money, of
+which it was known she had received a considerable sum a few days
+previously. Much sensation was created by the fearful occurrence; and it
+was fully believed that "the four Irishmen" had committed the
+murder--why? _because they had been seen in the neighbourhood!_
+verifying most fully the adage, that "one man may steal a horse without
+being suspected, while another dare not look over the hedge." So it
+eventually turned out. A month elapsed; the four Irishmen could never be
+traced; but luckily the real murderer was. A labouring man offered a
+L20. note to be changed in a town some miles distant from the scene of
+the murder, and suspicion having arisen as to how he obtained it, he
+was taken up: eventually turning out to be the confidential farm servant
+of the unfortunate woman, still continuing to live unsuspected where the
+murder had been actually committed by himself; and he was subsequently
+executed.
+
+But did this clear "_the four Irishmen_" from the imputation, or
+retrieve the character of their class? Not an iota. The journalist who
+accused them was not the fool to proclaim his own injustice; and
+perhaps, even if he did, the refutation would never have met the same
+eye that read the condemnation. No; "the four Irishmen" continued as
+thoroughly guilty in the public mind as if twelve jurors on their oaths
+had declared them so. The editorial pen had signed the death warrant of
+_character_, if not of life, as it has done in many and many instances
+with just as much foundation.
+
+Poor, unhappy "Paddy" the labourer has had years and years of outcry to
+bear up against and suffer under, a thousand times more trying to him
+than that now raised against "Paddy" the Lord. The poor and lowly
+struggle single-handed and alone; the rich and high face the enemies of
+their order shoulder to shoulder, and as one. Poor fellow, he is like
+the cat in the kitchen: every head broken is as unquestionably laid to
+his charge, as every jug to pussy's. And he has another direful mark
+which stamps him at once; namely, that "profanation to ears polite,"
+_his brogue_! He possibly may not look ill to the eye--perhaps the
+reverse; his countenance may be honest and open, and his bearing manly,
+as he approaches an employer to seek for work; up to that point all goes
+well, perhaps; but once his mouth opens, the tale is told; instantly
+_Prejudice_ does her office, unknowingly almost, and unless actual need
+exist, Paddy may apply elsewhere, again and again to meet the same
+rebuff. Lancashire, Somersetshire, Yorkshire, may revel in their patois
+without raising a doubtful feeling or a smile, but the brogue of Ireland
+does the work at once, and the unhappy being from whom it issues slinks
+back into himself degraded, as he hears the certain laugh which answers
+his fewest words, and the almost certain refusal to admit him within the
+pale of his class in England. Hence St. Giles's as it was--the purlieu
+of Westminster, as it is--the Irish labourer's refuge in England, is
+often the lowest point, because he cannot be driven lower.
+
+And all this arises, not from ill will, but from long felt prejudice,
+and the repetition of stories and anecdotes and caricature of Irish
+character, which trifling circumstances have given rise to and upheld;
+and which, I grieve to say, is greatly due to the domiciled Irishmen in
+England, of the middle and better class. They sometimes forget their
+country, and in place of explaining away fallacies and making known
+facts which would have roused England long since to our aid, had they
+been fairly understood, _fear_ to tell truths which they deem to be
+unpalatable, while perhaps their own palates are being feasted on the
+good things of the party who declaims against their country: thus
+permitting the continued existence of prejudice and consequent
+estrangement.
+
+It is in no small degree amusing to observe the _attempt_ made, in
+addition, to disguise the fact that the delinquent I speak of (I had
+almost written renegade) is an Irishman. No wonder that he should
+attempt the disguise, for he must deeply feel his delinquency. In all
+cases such as this, the Cockney twang and occasional curtailment is
+assumed to overcome the _brogue_, but in vain. For the first half dozen
+words of each _paragraph_ in a conversation it gets on well enough, but
+the conclusion is sometimes exquisitely ridiculous.
+
+I had the _honour_ to meet at dinner recently, a person of this class,
+and a conversation having arisen on the subject, he said, "I aam
+pe-fectly ce-tain no one caaen know that I aam an I-ishman;" and the
+next instant, turning to a servant, he added, "Po-ta, if you _plaze_."
+When this thoroughly low-bred Irishism came out I could not help
+smiling, and caught at the same moment the eye of a lady opposite, who
+seemed greatly amused. In a few minutes after, she said, evidently for
+the purpose of having another trial of the Anglo-Irishman, "Pray, may I
+help you to a potato?"--the killing reply was, "Pon my hona' I neva'
+_ate_ pittatis at all at all."
+
+This was too much for the lady, as well as for myself; so we laughed
+together. The Irish _gentleman_, however, perfectly unconscious of the
+cause.
+
+Having subsequently mentioned the circumstance to an "Irishman in
+London," who does not fear to acknowledge his country, he said, "O! the
+feeling descends lower still--the better class of labourers attempt to
+speak so that they shall not be known." Continuing, he said, "A _porter_
+in our establishment, who is an Irishman, came to me the other day, and
+speaking very confidentially, whispered, 'Sure now, Misthur ----, you
+woudn't guiss be me taulk, thit I wus an Irishmin.'" "Certainly not,"
+said my friend, laughing, when the fellow replied, quite happily,
+"Whi-thin that's right any how."
+
+Who will excuse the man in a better grade who panders to prejudices, and
+not only forgets the country of his birth, but aids, _by consent_, to
+let her remain in misery? But must we not excuse the low and helpless,
+who are driven by such prejudices to keep themselves in existence by
+following the example of those above them? who, thus, have double sin to
+answer for; _their own_, and that which their dastardly conduct creates.
+Still, why should the unhappy labourer who feels that the tone of his
+voice keeps bread from his mouth, not wish it changed?
+
+"Move on," said a policeman to a poor Irishman, who was gazing with
+astonishment at a shop window in the Strand, his eyes and mouth open
+equally, with intensity of admiration. But Paddy neither heard nor
+moved. "Move on, Sir, I say," came in a voice of command delivered into
+his very ear. "_Arrah, ph-why?_" said the poor fellow, looking up with
+wonder, and still retaining his place. "_You must move on, you Irish
+vagabond_," now roared the policeman, "_and not stop the pathway_,"
+accompanying the "must" with a push of no very gentle nature. Paddy did
+move, for he could not help it; but as he turned away from the sight
+which was yielding him harmless enjoyment, to the forgetfulness of
+misery for the moment, and perhaps to create in him desires for better
+things, and give him greater energy to work and labour for them; he was
+rudely branded, with a mark of debasement, and I could see in the poor
+fellow's eye and gait, though _labourer_ he was, pride and degradation
+contending for the mastery; but the latter conquered, and he did "move
+on," almost admitting by the act that he _was_ "AN IRISH VAGABOND."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The position of the lower class of Irish in England is evidently not to
+be envied, but what is it in Ireland?
+
+In the paper annexed, on "_The Potato Truck System of Ireland_," will be
+found the ground-work of the misery of the peasantry. The whole
+recompense for their labour is the potato. If it fail, they starve. In
+summer's heat and winter's cold the potato is their only food; water
+their only drink. They hunger from labour and exertion--the potato
+satisfies their craving appetite. Sickness comes, and they thirst from
+fever--water quenches their burning desire. Nature overcomes disease,
+and they long for food to re-invigorate their frame. What get they?--the
+potato! The child sinks in weakness towards its grave. What holds it
+betwixt life and death?--the potato. It is the Alpha and Omega of their
+existence. A blessing granted by Providence to man, but made by man a
+curse to his fellow-beings. From what causes come the charges made, and
+made with truth, against the Irish peasant, of "_indolence_" and "_filth
+in and about their habitations_?"--One and all from that dreadful
+system, the "_potato truck_!"
+
+Tourists tell that "_the cabin of the Irish peasant must be approached
+through heaps of manure at either side, making it necessary to step over
+pool after pool, to reach the entrance_." This is no more than fact, but
+the cause should be told too.
+
+From the detail of the truck-system, it will be seen that the
+unfortunate peasant is paid for his labour by land to cultivate the
+potatoes which sustain his existence, and these potatoes cannot be
+effectively grown without manure. His cabin is usually situate on some
+road-side, his potato-garden rarely with it, and the only spot he
+possesses, upon which he can collect manure to obtain food for himself
+and family throughout the year, is the little space reserved before his
+door. He has nothing else, it may be said, in the world, but that
+manure. It is that which is to yield sustenance to his family, and if he
+have it not, they starve. If put outside the precincts of his holding
+it is lost to him, and that which he collects scrap after scrap from the
+road side, or elsewhere--that upon which his life actually depends, is
+too precious to be risked beyond his care. Why should he be blamed then
+for the apparent "filth" which surrounds it? Whether is it his fault, or
+that of the system which has driven him to this degrading necessity? Not
+his, surely!
+
+Then he is described as to be seen "supporting his door-frame, and
+smoking his 'dhudeen,'[1] while he should be at work." It is true; but
+whence his seeming idleness? The truck system again! He is engaged by
+the year to some farmer, and is bound to do his work, for which he gets
+his potato land; but the farmer is not bound, as he should be, to give
+him continuous labour throughout the year. And many a day, and half-day,
+and quarter-day is cut off his year's labour, when the weather, or the
+farmer's absence, or his _mighty_ will and pleasure, may make him think
+it fit to stop the work. When this occurs, and it is sadly frequent, it
+is impossible that the poor labourer can either seek or find a half, or
+even a whole day's labour. He has no garden, or patch of ground upon
+which he might expend with profit his leisure, or his extra time; he has
+nothing to occupy him; nor can he make an occupation perhaps, for he has
+not the most trifling means to obtain even lime to whitewash his cabin.
+Then, if he do smoke his "dhudeen, leaning against his door-way," where
+so proper for him to be, as with his wife and children? And is the
+so-named "weed of peacefulness" sought for by the highest in the land as
+a soothing enjoyment; by those who have but to wish for and obtain every
+luxury and blessing that wealth can give--is the scanty use of the
+meanest portion of it, improper or slothful in him who knows no single
+blessing but his wife and family? But it cannot be fairly deemed so. The
+custom is universal, and the Irish peasant, declared by the Legislature
+it may be said, to endure more privation than the peasant of any other
+country in Europe, ought not to be set down as _slothful_, because, to
+soothe his care, he smokes his "dhudeen."
+
+Again, we are told by tourists of the fearful fact, that men, women,
+children, a cow, a horse, a pig, congregate together at night in one
+cabin; _one bed for all_! How dreadful the truth--for it is true to the
+letter. But we are not told the cause; on the contrary, subsequent
+commentary ascribes the fact, in no gentle terms, to the "slothful,
+filthy habits of the people." Yet, when such realities exist, it is not
+wonderful that they who so patiently bear, should be set down as the
+producers of their own misery--still they are not only not so, but they
+have no power to release themselves from the thraldom which sinks them
+day by day deeper in degradation.
+
+Once more I return to the truck system of the potato. If 4,000,000 of
+the people of Ireland have sustained life, and barely, on that root
+alone--many and many a day without even salt--how well may it be
+understood that they have not means to buy proper clothing. In fact,
+their only hope for this, is on "_the woman_," as they express, whose
+sole dependance has been on eggs from her few hens--knitting stockings,
+in some localities, in others, spinning. But the numerous calls for
+family necessities swallow up these little means; and it may with truth
+be said, that except a single blanket, or a coarse rug, there is rarely
+to be found any thing in their cabins as covering for the night. The
+clothes of all are clubbed together to do the office of the blanket and
+the counterpane. Then, think of the cabins they live in. In one county
+alone, Mayo, there are 31,084 composed of one apartment only, without
+glass windows, and without chimneys; and the door so frail and badly
+made, that every blast finds its way through it. The floors are _mud_,
+the beds straw or ferns strewed sometimes on stones raised above the
+ground. The father and mother sleep in the centre, the children at each
+side, and the pig and horse, or goat, as may be, at one end. How
+dreadful it is to contemplate that such should be a fact existing in a
+Christian country--and worse, that this most fearful reality, which
+arises from the people's helpless misery, should be made a charge of
+"filthy habit" in place of being urged as the ground-work for the
+perfect change of a system which could allow so crying an evil. It is a
+truth, that men, _women_ and children, pigs and cattle, lie in one
+bed!--but what causes it? Their hopeless, helpless, poverty. They have
+not a sufficiency of clothes to cover them at night in winter; _and if
+they did not bring in the pig and cattle to create warmth in their
+cabins, they must perish of cold_. This is the cause, and the only
+cause, and the true proof is, no tourist will pretend to tell you it
+occurs in summer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having now seen what the lower class of Irish endure, it may be well to
+look into their natural character, and ascertain what is the cause of
+that endurance--what are their virtues, and what their vices?
+
+That "endurance under privation, greater than that of any country in
+Europe," is the true characteristic of the peasantry, cannot be
+questioned, particularly after being declared by the high authority of
+the Devon Commission. That it is innate in their character, is evident.
+They believe that "whatever is, is best"--not as fatalists; for under
+the most severe suffering, you will hear them say, "Well, shure, it's a
+marcy 'twasn't worse any how." "Well, I'm shure, I might be contint,
+bekase it might be double as bad." And every sentence ends--"And God is
+good." They have also a certain natural _spring_ (lessening daily)
+which upholds them, and they _try_ to make the best of every thing as it
+comes.
+
+"Jack," said I, some years since, to a handy "hedge carpenter," in the
+county of Wexford, "why did you not come last night to do the job I
+wanted? It is done now, and you have lost it." "Whi-thin, that's my
+misforthin any how--an be-dad 'twas a double misforthin too, for I wus
+dooin nothin else thin devartin meeself." "_Diverting_ yourself," said
+I, "and not minding your business?" "Bee-dad it's too thru; but I'll
+tell your hanur how it happened. I wus workin fur the last three days
+fur my lan'lady, which av coorse goes agin the rint; and whin I cum home
+yisterday evenin, throth, barrin I tuck the bit from the woman and
+childre, sorra a taste I could get--so sis I, Biddy jewel, I'm mighty
+sick intirely, an I cant ate any thing. Well, she coxed me--but I
+didn't. So afther sittin a while, I bethought me that there wus to be a
+piper at the Crass-roads, an I was thin gettin morthul hungery; so sis I
+t'meeself _I'll go dance the hunger off_--and so I did:--an that wus the
+way I wus divartin meeself." Now, I have no doubt, that many an Irishman
+has _danced_ the thought of hunger away as well as Jack. But the
+following incident will prove that the innate feeling of the people is
+to make the best of their miseries.
+
+It was, I think, in the winter of 1840, a fortnight of most severe
+weather set in at Dublin. I had suffered in London from "Murphy's
+coldest day" in 1838, and thought it was in reality the coldest I had
+ever felt; but 1840 would have won the prize if left to his Majesty of
+Russia to decide the question. In addition to a black frost, there came
+with it a biting, piercing, easterly wind, which seemed to freeze and
+wither every thing it came upon. Pending this infliction (for I confess
+I suffered under sciatica as well as the easterly wind), I left home
+rather early one morning, muffled in two coats, a cloak, muffler, "bosom
+friend," worsted wrists, and woolsey gloves; and yet as I closed the
+door, I half repented that I had faced the blast.
+
+Not twenty yards from my dwelling, I overtook a little creature, a boy
+of about eight or nine years old, dressed in--of all the cold things in
+the world--a _hard_ corduroy habiliment, intended to have fitted closely
+to him; but his wretched, frozen-up form, seemed to have retreated from
+the dress, and sunk within itself. I believe he had not another stitch
+upon him. His little hands were buried into his pockets, almost up to
+the elbows, seeking some warmth from his body; and he crept on before
+me, one of the most miserable pictures of wretchedness my eye ever
+rested on.
+
+As I contemplated him, I could not but contrast my own blessings with
+his misery. I had doubted whether I should leave the comforts of my
+home, although invigorated by wholesome, perhaps luxurious food, and I
+was clothed to _excess_; while the being before me, likely had not
+tasted food that day, and was _barely covered_. Such were my thoughts;
+and I had just said to myself, we know not, or at least, appreciate not,
+a tithe of the blessings we possess, when that little creature read me a
+lesson I shall recollect for my life. He shewed me that _he_ could bear
+up against his ills, and make light of them too.
+
+At the moment I speak of, I saw one hand slowly drawn from his pocket,
+and in effort to relieve it from its torpor, he twisted and turned it
+until it seemed to have life again. Next came forth the other hand, and
+it underwent the same operation, until both appeared to possess some
+power. Then he shrugged up one shoulder and the other, seeking to bring
+life there also; and at length flinging his arms two or three times
+round, he gave a jump off the ground, and exclaimed in an accent half
+pain, half joy, "_Hurrah! for the could mornins!_"--and away he went
+scampering up the street before me, keeping up the life within him by
+that innate natural power of endurance I have described, evidently with
+a determination to make the best of his suffering, and not sink under
+misfortune. What a noble trait of character--but how little appreciated!
+
+With such a ground-work to act upon, what might not these people be
+made? and that they have intellect of almost a superior order, cannot be
+questioned. Their ready replies alone prove it; and their usual success
+any where but in their own country, tells it truly. Some years ago I
+stood talking to an English gentleman on particular business at a ferry
+slip in Dublin, waiting for the boat. A boy, also waiting for it,
+several times came up to shew some books he had for sale, and really
+annoyed my friend by importunity, who suddenly turned round and
+exclaimed, "Get away, you scamp, or I shall give you a kick that will
+send you across the river." In an instant the reply came--"_Whi-thin
+thank yur hanur fur thit same--fur 'twill just save me a ha-pinny._"
+They are quick to a degree--and have great activity and capability for
+labour and effort, _if but fed_, which may be seen by every Englishman
+who looks and thinks. The coal-whippers of the Thames, the hod-men, or
+mason's labourers of London, the paver's labourers, and such like,
+almost all are Irishmen. But they must be fed, or they cannot labour as
+they do here. Treat them kindly, confide in them, and be it for good or
+evil; I mean to reward or punish, _never break a promise_, and you may
+do as you please with them. My own experience is extensive; but one who
+is now no more, my nearest relative, had forty years of trial, and he
+accomplished by Irish hands alone, in the midst of the outbreak of '97
+and '98, as Inspector-General of the Light-houses of Ireland, the
+building of a work, which perhaps more than rivals the far-famed
+Eddystone,--namely, the South Rock Light-house three miles from the
+land, on the north-east coast of Ireland,--every stone of which was laid
+by Irish workmen. And to the honour of the people be it spoken, when
+the rebellion broke out it was known that a large stock of blasting
+powder and lead lay at the works on the shore; yet not a single ounce of
+one or the other was taken. It was known, too, that their employer was
+then engaged in the command of a yeomanry brigade, formed for the
+defence of the east side of Dublin; still his _lead_ and _powder_ lay
+safely in the north of Ireland. But more extraordinary still, after the
+battle of Ballinahinch, where the rebels were routed, his yacht was
+taken by a party of them to make their escape to England; and lest any
+ill should befall it, when they arrived at Whitehaven they drew lots for
+three to deliver it up to the collector of the port, and state to whom
+it belonged. They were immediately arrested, as indeed they must have
+expected, and with great difficulty were their lives afterwards saved.
+
+I could relate several similar instances which occurred to others; but I
+shall only state one more, as occurring to a defenceless woman. My
+maternal grandmother occupied at the time of that rebellion the castle
+of Dungulph, in the county Wexford, the family residence. It was an old
+stronghold regularly fortified and surrounded by a moat, with a
+drawbridge; and when she left it to take refuge in the fort of
+Duncannon, with the other gentry of the county, it was immediately taken
+possession of by a force of rebels from the county Kilkenny, as a most
+valuable place of defence, &c. They remained in possession for about a
+fortnight, and during that time killed twenty of the sheep found in the
+demesne. At the expiration of the period, the rebels of the
+neighbourhood, who had been in the interim engaged at the battle of
+Ross, returned, forced the others to leave the castle, and when my
+relative came back to her residence, she found that twenty sheep had
+been brought from another part of the country, and placed with her own
+in the demesne; which on being traced by their marks, were discovered to
+belong to a county Kilkenny grazier, the county from whence the rebel
+party had come; thus the sheep were brought from the same place the
+rebels had come from,--it was supposed, as an act of retaliation. I
+should add, too, that while these occurrences took place, the heir to
+the property was engaged in the defence of Ross, where many of his own
+tenantry were slain or wounded, as rebels, by the military under his
+command.
+
+Naturally the mind of the Irish peasant is good, honourable, and
+grateful--but it has been deteriorated by miseries and neglect; and is
+being so, more and more daily _at home_; while, when they go abroad they
+seem to inherit all their original good qualities.
+
+It is a fact too, known to all who know them, that when they settle in
+England as labourers, they almost invariably share their earnings with
+their relations at home. The remittances from London alone to Ireland
+amount to many thousands yearly. There is no possible means of
+ascertaining the sum; but I know numerous instances myself, and it may
+be judged of from the facts which appear in the following statements,
+recently published in the _Times_ and _Morning Chronicle_, shewing the
+amount which comes yearly from America.
+
+    "A curious fact is presented in a letter from a correspondent at New
+    York, showing that it is not to England alone that the Irish
+    proprietors are largely indebted for the support of their poor. It
+    has generally been understood that the Irish emigrants to the United
+    States have always remitted very fully of their hard earnings to
+    their relatives at home, but most persons will be surprised to hear
+    the extent of this liberality. 'A few days since,' says our
+    correspondent, 'I called upon the different houses in New York who
+    are in the daily practice of giving small drafts on Ireland, from
+    five dollars upwards, and requested from them an accurate statement
+    of the amount they had thus remitted for Irish labourers, male and
+    female, within the last sixty days, and also for the entire year
+    1846. Here is the result--"Total amount received in New York from
+    Irish labourers, male and female, during the months of November and
+    December, 1846, 175,000 dollars, or 35,000_l._ sterling; ditto, for
+    the year 1846, 808,000 dollars, or 161,600_l._ sterling."' These
+    remittances are understood to average 3_l._ to 4_l._ each draft, and
+    they are sent to all parts of Ireland, and by every packet. 'From
+    year to year,' our correspondent adds, 'they go on increasing with
+    the increase of emigration, and they prove most conclusively that
+    when Irishmen are afforded the opportunity of making and saving
+    money, they are industrious and thrifty. I wish these facts could be
+    given to the world to show the rich what the poor have done for
+    suffering Ireland, and especially that the Irish landlords might be
+    made aware of what their former tenants are doing for their present
+    ones. I can affirm on my own responsibility that the amount stated
+    is not exaggerated, and also that from Boston, Philadelphia,
+    Baltimore, and New Orleans, similar remittances are made, though
+    not to the same amount.' With regard to the feeling in America upon
+    the calamity under which the Irish people are at present suffering,
+    the same writer observes: 'Collections are being made for their
+    relief, but the distress is so general that our benevolent men have
+    been almost afraid to attempt anything; they think the British
+    Government and Irish landowners alone competent to the
+    task.'"--_Times, 3rd of Feb. 1847._
+
+    "AMERICAN SYMPATHY.--We do not think we can better express the
+    sympathy which is now so universally felt in the United States, for
+    the sufferings of the people of this country, than by stating that
+    _immediately after the news brought by the Cambria had been
+    promulgated, 1,500 passages were paid for by residents in New York,
+    into the house of George Sherlock and Company, for the transmission
+    of their friends in Ireland to the land of plenty_. Through the same
+    house, by the last packet, there have arrived remittances to the
+    amount of 1,300_l._, in sums varying from 2_l._ to 10_l._"--_Dublin
+    Evening Post._--_Morning Chronicle, 5th of April, 1847._
+
+As to the vices[2] of the Irish peasant, a few years since they might
+have been set down as three--whiskey drinking, cupidity, and
+combination. The first exists no longer, and if we seek for proof of
+good intention and desires in the people, this gives it forcibly. Having
+food of but one kind, and that possessing no stimulating power, nor
+capability of imparting grateful warmth, such as the "brose" of the
+Scotch, or the soup of the continental peasant; and the climate being
+cold and humid to excess, they _naturally_, it may be said, used the
+only stimulant they could obtain. And if we think how anxiously _we_
+seek such, under the influence of wet and cold, (we, who have all
+comforts and all varieties and luxuries of food)--can it be wondered
+that the Irish peasant, who working for the day in a winter's mist, his
+clothes saturated through, and none to change when he returned to his
+wretched cabin, should have been tempted to take this stimulating
+poison? But, by the gentle guidance of one good and great man, they have
+been led from the evil, receiving no substitute for what they
+relinquished; getting nothing in return, they gave up their only luxury
+at his bidding. What may not be done with such a people?
+
+But the peasant has two vices which still continue--cupidity and desire
+for combination. Strange that amongst all the evils laid to his charge
+the first has been passed over. It exists to a great extent, and in
+place of being reckless as to money, he too eagerly grasps at it when
+the opportunity offers; hence the combinations which have at different
+times occurred in the accomplishment of public and also private works.
+He mars his object by his ignorance. This has arisen principally from
+the unfortunate frequency of public undertakings, caused by famines or
+distress. In any such case he took it, to use his own expression, as a
+"good luck," and sought by any means to make the most of it while it
+lasted. Then, in private works, when he imagined a necessity existed for
+their accomplishment, he sought to make the most by demanding higher
+wages, and forcing the well-inclined to join in the demand. It is a fact
+that he suffers under _natural cupidity_, and its evils have been
+increased by the circumstances named, the effects of which will require
+care to overcome, if his regeneration be attempted; and, perhaps, under
+all circumstances, it cannot be wondered at. The opportunity to obtain
+money for his labour so rarely occurred, that when it did he could not
+resist the temptation of getting as much as possible to provide against
+the day which he knew would soon come again, when he would be left to
+the potato alone; and on this point he will require to be led and taught
+as in other things. But the Irish peasant is, in fact, now in that
+position which it is fearful to contemplate. From the nature of his food
+alone he has been long retrograding in physical capability, and, of
+course, energy of mind. It is impossible that beings living entirely
+upon one description of food, no matter what it be, can exist in
+strength and healthfulness. But if the food be of that nature which,
+used as the potato is, tends to produce evil from the _quantity_
+necessary to be consumed, in order to give to the body bare nourishment
+to uphold existence, it must be evident that the very _quantity_ alone
+will produce listlessness and want of energy, while the system itself
+receives scarcely enough to uphold its vital powers.
+
+My own memory (and I am not so old as to count half centuries) shows an
+evident change in the general physical appearance and capacity of the
+peasant labourer. He is not the same, even within twenty years; and to
+those who recollect fifty, the alteration must be painfully great.
+
+A little thought will shew it could not be otherwise. The potato, eaten
+in the way it is, simply boiled, and as I have again and again pointed
+out, _without aught else with it but salt!_ and not even that sometimes,
+contains but little more than _two pounds weight_ of that description of
+nutriment (gluten, or animal matter) which is essential to uphold
+strength, in fact to re-create bone and muscle in the system, for every
+_hundred pounds weight_, the unfortunate being condemned to live upon it
+solely, is obliged to gorge himself with, in order to sustain his animal
+powers.
+
+The average quantity of potatoes an adult peasant labourer consumes in
+the day is about ten pounds--his meal being usually a quarter of a stone
+each at breakfast, dinner, and supper; thus he receives into his system
+every twenty-four hours, about 3 ounces of that which is essential to
+give him power to perform his functions of labour. In other words, he
+eats in that time but 3 ounces of the representative of _meat_. What
+would the railroad "Navvy" of England say--what the farm labourer--if
+either was doled out 3 ounces of beef or mutton per day to work upon?
+and if he seemed _listless_ and unenergetic, was then taunted with the
+name of "_indolent, reckless, good-for-naught_." Still, my unhappy
+countrymen have received this quantum of food, with submission for ages;
+and with it received those degrading appellations, as a fitting reward
+for their "_endurance_."
+
+Now, medical research has fully established that the quantum of animal
+matter, be it obtained from vegetable or else, actually necessary to be
+taken into the system merely to reproduce the bone and muscle worn away
+by the general labourer in his day's work, is 5 ounces! It cannot
+therefore be doubted, that the Irish labourer, _in Ireland_, is and has
+been deteriorated in physical capability, and consequently, mental
+energy, by want of proper nutrition.
+
+Such has been his position for ages; and my firm belief is, that his
+sufferings would not have been so long borne, but for the hope which
+has been, from time to time, kept alive in him. Alas, how delusively!
+In "Emancipation"--he was taught to see deliverance from his
+miseries--mayhap, remission of his rent. In "Repeal"--"plenty of work
+and plenty of money; and the cattle kept at home, and the pigs to be
+eaten by himself, in place of by _the Saxon_."
+
+Unhappy designation, and unhappy delusion, which have held the countries
+asunder, in place of being one and the same in all things. But he has
+lived upon that hope, until now, when it has vanished from him for ever.
+And with his hope, the food that kept life barely in him has gone too.
+He is bereft of all that holds existence and soul together, and sees
+nought before him, even if he do live, but ceaseless struggle and
+ceaseless misery. Can such a being aid himself? No more can he, than the
+invalid, weakened and powerless from sickness. Aid must be given him by
+those who have strength and knowledge, or he will sink, if not into
+death, to that which will be worse,--_hopeless, helpless degradation_.
+
+And will Ireland then be "the right arm of England?" No; she will be the
+blot upon her noble scutcheon--mayhap the "millstone" to sink her in
+that ocean over which she now so proudly and gloriously rules.
+
+It has been proved that above 4,000,000 of the peasantry of Ireland live
+upon the potato, which they receive as payment for their labour--about,
+or nearly _one half_ of the population of the country, and from whom
+should, and now does spring its almost entire wealth. Their hands, with
+God's permission and will, produce the means to feed themselves; to feed
+the remaining half of the population, and to give to England many
+millions' worth yearly; which supports the aristocracy of Ireland, and
+pays the taxes to the nation. Humanity and justice, then, are not the
+only claims upon us; self-interest, nay, self-preservation demand, that
+they who yield us food and comfort, should have ample food and comfort
+themselves--that they who aid to clothe us should have at least
+sufficient covering to protect them from the rigour and humidity of the
+climate in which they labour--that they should have houses fitted for
+the inhabitants of a civilized country, not wigwams worse than those of
+the savage--that they should be taught and led and fostered till they
+understand and can practise at home the arts of proper industry--to give
+not only blessings to themselves but the nation at large. Then would
+Ireland be in truth "England's right arm;" but more, she would have her
+heart, which now lies open, yearning to receive and give affection. I
+know my country and its feelings well--I mean _its people's feelings_;
+and there exists not elsewhere more genuine gratitude than in its heart.
+Causes and circumstances already explained have encased it in icy doubt
+towards England; but now England has proved her heartfelt pity; not
+alone her money, but the kind and high and noble-minded have risked
+their lives to distribute food and help and covering to the wretched
+beings as they lingered between life and death. And I know the people
+not, if I may not vouch, as a man and Christian, that every mouthful
+given (not through public works), every comfort yielded, every gentle
+and kind and consoling word uttered, is indelibly impressed upon their
+feelings, and will live there. Seize, then, the opportunity to
+amalgamate as one, Ireland with England's people. Fear not the idle
+stories of the past; look but upon the present, and think of the
+glorious future which the guidance and help of England may accomplish.
+England has laboured for, and won her glories by her labour. Teach
+Ireland, and she will win glories too--not for herself alone, but for
+the general weal. Lead her kindly now, and she will rush to your
+foremost ranks in the hour of danger--not _pray_ for that hour, that it
+may give her chance of rescue from her misery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shall I conclude, and rest in hope of general sympathy? No; although it
+has magnificently proved itself.
+
+History gives some thousand facts to shew that man is led to good by
+woman; deprived of her gentle guidance towards that good, he usually
+sinks to evil. Unchecked by the example of her patience, gentleness, and
+faith, he often revels in thoughtless wantonness,--while, resting under
+the beaming influence of her love and sympathy, he melts and is moulded
+into a form approaching her own. Happily for Great Britain, this
+peaceful, blissful influence sheds its beams over almost all men's
+destinies, hence its public virtues, its private happiness; and hence
+the cause of my present appeal _to the Ladies of Great Britain_!
+
+Pardon me, fair Ladies! if I approach you on that which may be deemed "a
+matter of business;" but I am not of those who consider woman's mind
+unfitted for the toils and difficulties of life and only made for its
+pleasures--far the reverse. Nor shall I yet approach you under the sweet
+incense of flattery, said to be a _cloud_ which gives to you a grateful
+odour--I believe it not. Nor shall I, to tell you of the prowess of man
+in his deeds of arms; nor of his glories midst the slain or dying; for,
+thanks to God! the heart of an Englishwoman shudders at the thought. Man
+shall not be my theme. I come to tell you of the ills and sufferings of
+unhappy _Women_!--beings like to yourselves, in gentle and good
+feelings, though poor--like to yourselves in love and affection, though
+wretched--Woman, in truth, kind, affectionate, and good; blessings to
+their own--Woman in all things, but in that which is her due and right
+in Great Britain--_care and respect for her sex and virtues_. Those
+whose cause I plead are blessed with as pure and spotless bosoms as your
+own--though one may be cased in russet or in rags, the other enshrouded
+in lace--and they die, not through the horrors of war, or of plague, but
+of starvation and of cold.
+
+In my description of the cottage of the general peasantry, you will have
+seen, and I doubt not recollect the fact, that upon some 2,000,000 of
+your sex in Ireland is entailed the degradation of passing the hours of
+her rest with the family, all in one resting-place, and getting warmth
+by being forced "to herd with the beast of the field." Think of this
+indignity and say shall it longer exist?
+
+To you is due the final accomplishment of one of the noblest acts of
+England--the abolition of West Indian slavery. The battle was commenced
+by man, and fought manfully; but without your aid he could not have
+conquered as he did. Your generous voices cheered him on, and he became
+invincible. And so will it ever be in Great Britain. O! give but the
+same aid now, and you will accomplish at least an equal good.
+
+If of the aristocracy, tell to those whose halls you adorn, that the
+peasant _woman_ of Ireland can only obtain warmth enough to save her
+from perishing, and give her sleep, by herding with her pig! Say, _Woman
+sleeps thus!_ and ask, _should it be?_ Mayhap when Woman in her
+loveliness and power thus pleads for Woman in her misery and poverty,
+the chord may be struck which will proclaim the _sin_, and produce its
+abolishment.
+
+If the mansion of the wealthy be guided or blessed by thy residence,
+proclaim the fearful fact, and whispering ask, "For what does God give
+wealth?" The answer may not come at first, or for a time; but whisper
+again--and 'tis said that angels' whispers fill the air with charity and
+love. So, perhaps, will thine--and wealth may at thy bidding aid to
+rescue Woman from such degradation.
+
+If the middle class (from which England's greatness springs), claims
+thee as its own, tell to all around the truth which tells of Britain's
+shame--_that the Irishwoman is forced to herd with cattle_! Plead, and
+say--Am I not a woman, and is she not my sister? And by degrees thy
+pleadings will strike man's heart, for the thought will come upon
+him--"Oh! that one I love should fall to such a lot," and his voice will
+join thine in truthfulness and charity, to win others to the task of
+rooting out the evil.
+
+If thou art poor, I need not plead. The poor feel for the poor, and
+spare even somewhat from their poverty. Their hearts can tell the pangs
+of poverty, and pity fills them with love and charity and regret that
+poverty makes them powerless. But still thou hast a _voice_. Raise it,
+and cry shame on those who may, yet will not save the nation from the
+stain of this deep indignity to _woman_!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And how, you may ask, is this to be done? Most simply. Ireland possesses
+wealth in soil--in fuel--in minerals--in fisheries--in water-power--in
+short, in all things fitted to be developed by the great and wonderful
+business capability, knowledge, and capital of England; but the latter
+has feared without just reason--has been acted upon by groundless
+prejudices and dreads, so as to prevent that business intercourse and
+mercantile enterprise, for which Ireland offers such beneficial opening;
+and she has been left to herself, to anarchy, misrule, and neglect,
+until she has sunk into pauperism. In a word, let England but embark a
+just portion of her enterprise and capital, and talent in Ireland, in
+place of _seeking_ for opportunity to do so abroad. In doing this, she
+will employ the people in useful occupations highly profitable, and in
+proportion as such be done will Ireland's poverty vanish, and Great
+Britain's wealth increase. _Ask for this;--and that the peasant labourer
+shall be paid in money, not potatoes. And if you ask from your heart,
+you will succeed._
+
+Then, fair pleaders for my countrywomen!--then your labours may
+cease--for even those who possess _your_ affections do not, nor cannot,
+value them more highly; nor those who hold you in their hearts do not
+love more truly, than the peasant of Ireland. Your labours may
+cease--for it will then be his labour of love to guard and protect his
+own from insult and indignity. And as you rest after your glorious
+victory, your pillow mayhap will not even crease by the pressure of the
+fair cheek upon it, so light and so sweet will be the sleep to follow so
+kind and good a work.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Short tobacco-pipe.
+
+[2] See Comparative Statement of the Crimes of England and Ireland, in
+"_The Appeal for the Irish Peasantry_."
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Dialect
+    spellings have been retained. Punctuation has been standardised. The
+    following significant amendments have been made to the original text:
+
+      Page 17, added 'that' to 'When this occurs ... it is impossible
+        _that_ the poor labourer can ...'
+
+      Page 39, removed additional 'you' from 'And if you ask from your
+        heart, you _you_ will succeed.'
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE KIND-HEARTED OF
+ENGLAND!***
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