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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical Properties
+and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Dissertation on the Medical Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco
+
+Author: A. McAllister
+
+Editor: Moses Stuart
+
+Release Date: April 26, 2008 [EBook #25184]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOBACCO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A DISSERTATION
+ON THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF TOBACCO.
+
+BY A. McALLISTER, M. D.
+
+Improved and enlarged, with an Introductory Preface,
+
+BY MOSES STUART,
+_Asso. Prof. of Sac. Lit. in Andover Inst._
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A DISSERTATION ON THE
+MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND INJURIOUS EFFECT OF THE
+HABITUAL USE OF TOBACCO:
+
+
+READ, ACCORDING TO APPOINTMENT, BEFORE THE MEDICAL SOCIETY
+OF THE COUNTY OF ONEIDA, AT THEIR SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING,
+
+JANUARY 5, 1830.
+
+BY A. McALLISTER, M. D.
+
+Second Edition.
+Improved and enlarged, with an Introductory Preface,
+
+BY MOSES STUART,
+_Associate Professor of Sac. Lit. in the Theol. Inst. at Andover._
+
+
+BOSTON:
+PUBLISHED BY PEIRCE & PARKER,
+No. 9. Cornhill.
+
+NEW YORK:--H. C. SLEIGHT,
+Clinton Hall.
+
+1832.
+
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by PEIRCE &
+PARKER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
+
+PRESS OF PEIRCE & PARKER.
+No. 9, Cornhill.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The first edition of Dr. McAllister's Essay, was printed without any
+Appendix. Having myself been in the habit of using tobacco very
+moderately (usually but once in a day) from early life, I read the Essay
+as first printed with great interest. It appeared to me a sober,
+judicious, rational appeal to the understanding and judgment of the
+public, with respect to the subject of which it treats. A highly
+respected friend of mine desired me to give him my opinion of the Essay
+in writing. I consented to do this; and when I had done it, he judged it
+expedient to publish that opinion; to which I gave my consent. It was
+published in the _Journal of Humanity_; and for substance it was made up
+of an abridgement of Dr. McAllister's views, and some strictures on his
+style and method of treating the subject. In particular, a desire was
+expressed that Dr. McA. would discuss more fully some of the arguments
+employed in defence of using tobacco. This critique was sent to the
+author of the Essay; who in consequence of it expressed a willingness to
+revise his work, and make such additions as had been suggested. Some
+weeks since he transmitted to me a copy of the original edition, with a
+manuscript containing the Appendix to the present edition. At the same
+time he requested me to make any alterations in either part, which I
+might deem expedient. I have used this liberty so far as to change a few
+_technical_ words for popular and intelligible ones. In some of these
+cases, I have detracted from the _specific_ accuracy of the writer, as a
+medical man, for the sake of making his expressions more intelligible to
+the mass of readers. What he will thus lose, in his reputation for
+scientifical accuracy, he will gain by becoming more useful. A few other
+slight alterations and modifications have been made; but only such as I
+judged the worthy author would at once cheerfully admit. I have kept
+within the bounds of the liberty which he gave me; and I trust he will
+not be dissatisfied with what I have done.
+
+I command the serious perusal of the following Essay and Appendix to
+every man, who wishes to become well informed respecting the properties
+of tobacco. Whoever uses this substance as a luxury, is bound by a due
+regard to his own physical welfare to make himself acquainted with its
+properties and their influence. If any man can soberly peruse the
+following pages, without conviction that he is "playing with
+edge-tools," while he is indulging in the use of tobacco, I must confess
+his mind to be of a composition different from mine.
+
+One word as to _breaking off the habit_. The difficulty, I fully
+believe, is not much less than the breaking off from ardent spirits. But
+as to any danger to health in breaking off, the fear is idle; excepting
+in case of delicate habits, where small changes produce great effects;
+or in case of advanced years and inveterate habit, where the course of
+those fluids which are so much affected by tobacco, if suddenly and
+entirely changed, may give rise to serious inconvenience. My belief,
+however, is, _that there no case in which a judicious and proper course
+may not effect an entire weaning from the use of tobacco_. Most persons
+in good health, and all in younger life, may break off at once, without
+the least danger. Two or three days will overcome all difficulty. Those
+whom slight changes in regimen affect very much, may break off more
+gradually; and so of persons advanced in life. A good way of
+accomplishing this, is to procure some of the most detestable tobacco
+which can be found, and when appetite will not forego the use of it
+without an evil greater than to use it, then take it in such a quantity
+as will be sure to nauseate and prostrate. This will put the next dose
+farther off; and two or three doses thus administered, will so blunt the
+appetite, that quitting the practice will appear to be quite a moderate
+degree of self-denial. Those who never felt the appetite may laugh at
+such directions as these; but those who know its power, will at least
+think them worth some consideration.
+
+I do not place the use of tobacco in the same scale with that of ardent
+spirits. It does not make men maniacs and demons. But that it does
+undermine the health of thousands; that it creates a nervous
+irritability, and thus operates on the temper and moral character of
+men; that it often creates a thirst for spirituous liquors; that it
+allures to clubs, and grog-shops, and taverns, and thus helps to make
+idlers and spendthrifts; and finally, that it is a very serious and
+needless expense; are things which cannot be denied by any observing and
+considerate person. And if all this be true, how can the habitual use of
+tobacco, as a mere luxury, be defended by anyone who wishes well to his
+fellow-men, or has a proper regard to his own usefulness?
+
+I have been in the use of it for thirty-five years; but I confess myself
+unable, on any ground, to defend or to excuse the practice. The wants
+which are altogether artificial, are such as duty calls us to avoid. The
+indulgence of them can in no way promote our good or our real comfort.
+
+I commend, therefore, the following sheets to the public: hoping that
+all, and especially the young, will read and well consider the
+suggestions they offer.
+
+  M. STUART.
+  Andover, Jan. 10, 1832.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY OF ONEIDA.
+
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+We have accidentally seen the manuscript copy of an address pronounced
+lately before your society, by Dr. McAllister. The research on which it
+is founded, and its perspicuity and arrangement, entitle it to a form
+more permanent than manuscript. But if the results are true, which it
+attempts to substantiate, they present imperious considerations for the
+publication of the address.
+
+We are not disposed to contract the circle of enjoyment; but if mischief
+crouches under the covert of any pleasure, propriety requires a
+notification to the unwary. Even should experience warrant the
+conclusion that habit enables us to use tobacco with physical impunity,
+(a conclusion Dr. McAllister powerfully controverts,) we must concede,
+that its use is disgusting to persons not infected with the habit.
+
+Civilization is composed of innumerable acts of self-denial; while the
+gratification of appetites, regardless of others, is the strongest
+feature of barbarism. We see then, even as a dictate of refinement, that
+the use of tobacco should be abandoned; and it has been abandoned by all
+the polite circles of Europe.
+
+But tobacco possesses that strong characteristic of a bad habit; it
+seldom leaves its votaries the liberty of abandonment. All which the
+address can effect, is an admonition to youth, over whom tobacco has not
+yet acquired its bad supremacy. As parents, then, anxious to see our
+children uncontaminated by disgustful practices; as citizens, emulous
+that our country shall not be surpassed in refinement by the nations of
+Europe, we are solicitous that the address of Dr. McAllister should be
+published, and in a pamphlet form, under the authority of your society.
+
+We are aware that this request involves a departure from your general
+disposition of the periodical addresses of your members, but we beg to
+suggest that the general interest of the present production renders a
+departure from your usual course not invidious, but a duty which we
+humbly think you owe to philanthropy. In support of our opinion, we take
+the liberty of enclosing you a letter from a distinguished
+fellow-citizen in Albany, who also accidentally saw the address: and we
+are, Gentlemen,
+
+  With very great respect, your ob't serv'ts,
+
+    A. B. JOHNSON,
+    D. C. LANSING,
+    HIRAM DENIO,
+    R. R. LANSING,
+    EDM'D A. WETMORE,
+    WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
+    SAM'L D. DAKIN.
+
+  UTICA, Feb. 27, 1830.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lydius Street, Albany,              }
+Friday Evening, January 22d, 1830.  }
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I have just completed an attentive perusal of the manuscript _discourse
+on tobacco_, which you handed to me this afternoon; and I really feel
+obliged to the author for the interest and instruction which it has
+afforded me. I am sincerely of opinion that the respectable society
+before whom it was delivered, owe it to themselves, to the public, and
+to the author, (if they have not already done so,) to request its
+publication. And, favorably as it leads me to think of the author's
+intellectual and professional endowments, he must be still more
+distinguished for his _modesty_, if he declines a compliance with such a
+request. He has treated a highly important subject, in a clear,
+forcible, and striking manner; and the public are deeply concerned in
+knowing what he has said of it. I will only add, that in point of
+literary execution, it is, in my judgment, most decidedly respectable,
+and would in that respect reflect no discredit upon any medical
+gentleman in this state.
+
+  Very respectfully and truly yours, &c. &c.
+
+    A. CONKLING.
+
+  R. R. Lansing, Esq.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    At a meeting of the Medical Society of the County of Oneida, on the
+    5th of March, 1830, a communication was received, signed by a number
+    of highly respectable gentlemen from this and other counties of this
+    state, on the subject of a dissertation delivered before this
+    society, at their late semi-annual meeting, by Dr. McAllister, "on
+    the properties and effects of tobacco." The communication was
+    referred to a committee.
+
+The committee reported, "That although dissertations so delivered became
+the properly of the society, yet believing as we do, that the subject is
+one of great importance, and the dissertation highly meritorious, and as
+we have not funds to defray the expense of publication, we will
+cheerfully relinquish our claim thereto in favor of our correspondents,
+and cordially unite with them in the desire which they have expressed to
+us, 'that the dissertation be published in a pamphlet form,' for their
+gratification and the benefit of the public."
+
+Resolved, That the above report be accepted, and that a copy of the
+proceedings be delivered to the gentlemen who presented the
+communication.
+
+  C. B. COVENTRY, Sec'y pro. tem.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In consenting to the publication of the following pages, the author
+yielded to the request of gentlemen whose opinions he did not feel at
+liberty to disregard; he therefore hopes to avoid the imputation of
+vanity, with which he might have been charged, had he obtruded himself
+on the attention of the public, unsolicited. That the habitual use of
+tobacco is a wide spread, and spreading evil, will be acknowledged by
+all. This has been felt for years by the most enlightened members of the
+Faculty. That it causes many diseases, particularly visceral
+obstructions, and renders many others exceedingly difficult to cure, is
+demonstrated in the daily experience of every practitioner. The
+conviction that this habit was constantly extending by the advice and
+example of physicians, first induced the author to undertake the
+discussion of this subject before the respectable Society to which he
+has the honor to belong. Whether the attempt has been successful, the
+public will judge. That it is imperfect, will not be denied; but it is
+believed to have claims as a candid statement of facts.
+
+To literary distinction the author makes no pretentions; he therefore
+craves the indulgence of the learned, as they can best appreciate the
+labor of writing well. He has chosen a free, popular style, believing
+that the best calculated to do good; and to render it still more
+familiar, at the suggestion of some friends, the technical terms have
+been mostly expunged. Aware that affectation consists no less in
+studiously avoiding, than in unnecessarily using technical language, the
+author submitted to this, in the hope of being better understood by
+persons out of the Profession. His medical brethren will, therefore,
+know how to excuse him, for attempting to make this essay more plain,
+though it should be at the expense of technical accuracy.
+
+Should the prevalence of the practice, be a fair index to public
+sentiment, the author is aware that he wars against a fearful odds. But
+many who use this noxious weed, without hesitation acknowledge its
+deleterious effects, and urge in extenuation the inveteracy of habit.
+
+One consideration had considerable influence to induce the author to
+consent to the publication of this paper--the hope that it might aid in
+putting away the evil of intemperance, by pointing out one grand source
+of that desolating scourge. When public attention shall be fully
+awakened to this subject, innumerable instances will be found, where
+drunkenness has followed as the legitimate consequence of using tobacco.
+
+Should that hope be fulfilled--should it be found that the labor of the
+author has exerted any salutary influence, in restraining young men from
+falling into those habits which are inevitably followed by much physical
+suffering, if not by absolute ruin, such a result would be to him an
+ample compensation.
+
+UTICA, MAY, 1830.
+
+
+
+
+DISSERTATION.
+
+
+MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN:
+
+The confidence of an enlightened community has assigned to you, as
+guardians of the dearest interests of society, an elevated and highly
+responsible rank among those who labor to promote the great cause of
+human happiness. Your influence in the medical councils of this great
+and flourishing State, gives a lasting effect to your deliberations, and
+stamps a value on those productions which you are pleased to approve.
+While the opinions of other men are often exhibited and forgotten with
+the occasion which gave them birth, those of the physician continue not
+unfrequently to affect at least the physical welfare of the world, after
+his "dust has returned to the earth as it was, and his spirit has gone
+to God who gave it." In view of this momentous truth, an humble attempt
+will now be made, in discharge of the duty assigned me, to examine the
+cause of some of the "ills which flesh is heir to."
+
+I regard this principle as an axiom, that whatever conduces to augment
+the sum of human happiness, must be an object of solicitude to the
+conscientious and intelligent physician. He will be anxious that his
+fellow citizens should be sober, peaceable, and virtuous; that they
+should be industrious, frugal, and prosperous. Whatever will produce
+such results should receive the decided approbation of every benevolent
+member of the Faculty. It follows, of course, that whatever has an
+opposite tendency should meet his frown. Pursuing this principle, you
+have condemned the use of ardent spirits, unless sickness demands their
+application as a medicine.
+
+The physical evils resulting from intemperance were eloquently exhibited
+in the address, presented by your committee, during the last year. That
+address, with its accompanying resolutions, now exerts a beneficial
+influence through a widely extended community. We are cheered by the
+kind wishes and prayers of the friends of good order, in our efforts to
+destroy that vice which has not only "walked" through our country "in
+darkness," but "wasted at noon-day." But while we exult in the triumph
+of correct principles on _this_ subject, do not other vicious
+indulgences demand our attention? Should we slumber over the mischiefs
+resulting from such indulgences, while the public look to us as pioneers
+who should trace out the pathway to health and happiness, and demand
+from us both precepts and examples of sobriety and virtue?
+Unfortunately, in all our attempts to abolish practices prejudicial to
+the best interests of man, we are compelled, in the outset, to encounter
+our own inveterate habits--habits which rise up in mutiny against
+reformation, and with clamorous note forbid us to proceed. Are we so
+fortunate as to be free from their influence ourselves, we look around
+and see our friends bound in chains, from which we should rejoice to
+deliver them; but we fear, perhaps, to make an experiment which may
+rouse their passions, rather than convince their understandings.
+
+Who can count the multitudes yearly consigned to the tomb, by the
+indulgence of a fastidious and unnatural appetite? Headaches,
+flatulencies, cholics, dyspepsias, palsies, apoplexies, and death,
+pursue the Epicurean train, as ravens follow the march of an armed host,
+to prey on those who fall in the "battle of the warrior, with their
+garments rolled in blood." The truth of this statement will not be
+questioned. Yet where is the physician, possessing sufficient moral
+courage to raise his voice against the system of modern cookery? Should
+it be thought, that, as medical men have given no more encouragement to
+that system than any other class in society, they are not bound to use
+any extraordinary exertions to produce a change; still a wide field is
+left open to benevolent action in reference to those things, the
+influence of which is injurious to mankind.
+
+Gentlemen--there is a baneful habit, diffused, like the atmosphere,
+through all classes, and affecting all the ramifications of society. And
+this habit owes much of its prevalence to the advice and example of
+respectable physicians. We indulge the hope, from the great increase of
+medical knowledge, that the time will soon arrive, when persons disposed
+to vicious indulgence will be unable to entrench themselves behind our
+professional advice. I am aware that I tread on dangerous ground, in
+attempting to investigate the propriety of a practice which has been
+introduced and approved by a large portion of the members of this
+respectable Society. You may start at the suggestion, and regard it as
+unworthy of your notice. Let me hope, however, that you will suspend
+your opinions, while I endeavor to present the _natural history,
+chemical composition_, and _medical properties_ of one of our most
+deadly narcotics--the _Tabaci Folia_, _Nicotiana Tabacum_, i. e.
+tobacco. If in the prosecution of this inquiry, we shall be able to
+discover the great and injurious effects which the use of this poisonous
+plant produces on the constitution, I shall be excused, if I urge this
+subject on your consideration with more than ordinary importunity.
+
+
+I. NATURAL HISTORY.
+
+"This plant was unknown in Europe until after the discovery of America
+by the Spaniards, and was first carried to England by Sir Francis Drake,
+A. D. 1560. The natives of this continent call it _petun_; those of the
+islands, _yoli_. The Spaniards, who gave it the name of _tobacco_, took
+that name from Tabaco, a province in Yucatan, where they first found it,
+and first learned its use. Some contend that it derives its name from
+Tobago, one of the Caribbee Islands, discovered by Columbus, in
+1498."[A] It received the name _tobacco_ from Hernandez de Toledo, who
+first sent it to Spain and Portugal.
+
+The botanic description of this plant may be found in most works on the
+science of botany: and therefore I shall not detain you with it at this
+time. The plant, while growing exhibits a very beautiful appearance, but
+is so extremely nauseous, that in all the variety of insects, only one
+is found to feed upon it. This is a worm "_sui generis_," the mode of
+its propagation being entirely unknown; and from its being the only
+living creature (man excepted) that will devour this plant,[B] it is
+called "_tobacco worm_."
+
+    [Footnote A: See Rees' Cyclopedia.]
+
+    [Footnote B: Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.]
+
+
+II. SENSIBLE QUALITIES.
+
+It is of a yellowish green color; it has a strong, narcotic, and
+foetid odor, with a bitter and extremely acrid taste.
+
+
+III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
+
+"Mucilage, albumen, or gluten, extractive, a bitter principle, an
+essential oil, nitrate of potass, which occasions its deflagration,
+muriate of potass, and a peculiar proximate principle, upon which the
+virtues of the plant are supposed to depend, and which has therefore
+been named _Nicotin_. This peculiar principle is considered by some, as
+approaching the essential oil in its properties. It is colorless, has an
+acrid taste, and the peculiar smell of tobacco; and occasions violent
+sneezing. With alcohol and water it forms a colorless solution, from
+which it is precipitated by a tincture of galls. Tobacco yields its
+active matter to water and proof spirit, but most perfectly to the
+latter; long boiling weakens its powers. A most powerful oil may be
+obtained by distillation, and separating it from the surface of the
+water on which it floats."
+
+
+IV. MEDICAL PROPERTIES.
+
+These are considered to be those of a powerful _narcotic_,
+_antispasmodic_, _emetic_, _cathartic_, _sudorific_, and _diuretic_.
+
+"As a _narcotic_, it is endued with the most energetic, poisonous
+properties, producing, when administered even in small doses, severe
+nausea and vomiting, cold sweats, universal tremors, with extreme
+muscular debility." From its exerting a peculiar action on the nervous
+system, as ascertained by the well directed experiments of Mr. Brodie,
+it powerfully controls the action of the heart and arteries, producing
+invariably a weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symptoms of
+approaching death. And so different is its operation from that of other
+narcotics, that it actually operates with more destructive efficacy,
+when used by way of injection, than when applied either to the skin, or
+when taken into the stomach.
+
+From what has been said of its narcotic powers, you, Gentlemen, will
+readily infer its virtue as an article of _medicine_. If we wish, at any
+time, to prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden and awful
+manner, we have but to administer a dose of tobacco, and our object is
+accomplished. Hence its use in obstinate constipation, in cholic, in the
+iliac passion, and in stranguary.
+
+As it is conceded that its efficacy as an _antispasmodic_ depends upon
+its power to prostrate every vestige of tone and elasticity in the
+muscular fibre, prudence would dictate that it should be used with the
+utmost circumspection, when the system had been previously exhausted by
+the disease, or by the antecedent method of cure. Melancholy instances
+are on record, of the fatal effects of this medicine when administered
+without this caution, both as an internal remedy, and as an external
+application in cutaneous diseases. Two instances will suffice.
+
+"A medical practitioner," says Paris, "after repeated trials to reduce a
+strangulated hernia, injected an infusion of tobacco, and shortly after
+sent the patient in a carriage to the Westminster Hospital, for the
+purpose of undergoing the operation; but the unfortunate man arrived
+only a few minutes before he expired."
+
+"I knew a woman," says the same learned author, "who applied to the
+heads of three of her children, afflicted with scald-head, an ointment
+composed of snuff and butter; but what was the poor woman's surprise, to
+find them immediately seized with vertigo, violent vomiting, fainting,
+and convulsions."
+
+We next come to its effects as an _emetic_. "As such," says Professor
+Chapman, "tobacco claims our attention. Cullen and many others opposed
+its use, on account of the harshness of its operation. Certainly it
+exceeds all others in the promptness, violence, and permanence of its
+impressions. But these very qualities, unpleasant as they are, enhance
+its value in many cases."
+
+"Tobacco seems especially to be adapted to the evacuation of some
+poisons; and it has this advantage, that it acts with equal certainty
+and expedition, when applied to the region of the stomach in the form of
+a poultice, as when internally administered." Professor Barton says, he
+had recourse to an application of the moistened leaves of this plant to
+the region of the stomach, with complete success, to expel an inordinate
+quantity of laudanum, in a case where the most active emetics, in the
+largest doses, were resorted to in vain. But most poisons, particularly
+the corrosive, are attended with so much exhaustion, that it would seem
+perilous to administer tobacco, lest by its own depressing effects, the
+powers of vitality might be irrecoverably extinguished. In many
+instances, however, it appears that it may be administered in small
+doses with safety and advantage.
+
+We are informed by a respectable writer, that while at the Cape of Good
+Hope, he had a number of Hottentots, with intermittent fever, under his
+care. Having few medicines, he resorted to tobacco, and found six grains
+of snuff as effectual in exciting vomiting, as two of Tartar emetic.
+
+By many it is preferred in minute doses, as a nauseating medicine. Thus
+administered, it has succeeded in subduing some of the most violent
+symptoms of the most furious cases of mania; and where it cannot be
+given by the mouth, from the obstinacy of the patient, it may with equal
+benefit be applied in the form of a poultice.
+
+As a _cathartic_, tobacco is entitled to notice. "Some physicians have
+been in the habit of prescribing this powerful substance not only for
+the more dangerous cases of incarcerated hernia, but in all cases of
+obstinate constipation, from whatever cause produced. To relieve these
+painful diseases, it has been usually given in the form of a clyster,
+regulating the dose to the age, circumstances, and strength of the
+patient; and it is affirmed to have proved, in many instances, very
+effectual, and to possess the confidence of practitioners."
+
+I was informed by a learned and ingenious friend, that, having an
+obstinate case of ascaris lumbricoides in his own family, after repeated
+unsuccessful efforts to dislodge the worms, he at last had recourse to
+this potent remedy, a poultice of which he applied to the region of the
+stomach. The worms were almost instantaneously expelled, but with very
+alarming symptoms, and a complete prostration of the patient. From these
+circumstances, we should be led to conclude, that its efficacy as a
+vermifuge defends either upon its narcotic properties, or upon its
+sudden and powerful effect as a cathartic.
+
+Its effects as a _sternutatory_, i. e. as exciting to sneeze, are known
+to all. If applied to the nostrils, in the form of a powder or snuff, it
+produces violent and repeated sneezing, with a slight degree of vertigo.
+The violent agitation produced in this way, together with a copious
+discharge from the nostrils, often relieves catarrh, headache, and
+incipient opthalmia or inflammation of the eyes. But habit soon blunts
+the sensibility of the organs, and much positive injury follows the
+habitual use of snuff. It has been a popular remedy in many places for
+the cure of scald-head, psora, and most other cutaneous eruptions. It
+has also been applied for cleansing ulcers, and for the removal of
+indolent tumors. But the dreadful effects produced by it when absorbed
+into the system, have induced most medical men to abandon it altogether,
+and prescribe a more safe application.
+
+Though it is said, by Dr. Brailsford, to be a _sudorific_ of
+considerable efficacy, I am in possession of no facts which go to
+support such a conclusion, unless indeed it be the fact, that it in an
+eminent degree brings on that cold perspiration of which we have spoken,
+and which is, in many instances, the immediate precursor of death.
+
+But of all others, its _diuretic_ properties have been the most lauded.
+Dr. Fowler was the first to bring them extensively into notice. In
+dropsy, dysury, gravel, and nephritis calculosa or inflammation of the
+kidneys, the infusion and tincture were given by him with astonishing
+success. In spasmodic asthma, the same distinguished physician found it
+to afford relief.
+
+Mr. Earle, a surgeon of some eminence, has more recently treated several
+inveterate cases of retention of urine on the same plan and with similar
+effects, and adds his testimony to its efficacy in tetanus, trismus, and
+other spasmodic affections. Of its power to relieve spasm there can be
+no doubt. What has been related of its sedative qualities, is abundantly
+sufficient to establish that fact. Cramps, convulsions, and even the
+vital principle itself, give way before the exhibition of this deadly
+narcotic. Hence, to its power of prostrating the muscular energy, it
+owes its efficacy in preventing retention of urine.
+
+We have now gone through with an examination of the medicinal properties
+of tobacco, and have arrived at the following conclusion, viz. that few
+substances are capable of exerting effects so sudden and destructive, as
+this poisonous plant. Prick the skin of mouse with a needle, the point
+of which has been dipped in its essential oil, and immediately it swells
+and dies. Introduce a piece of common "twist," as large as a kidney
+bean, into the mouth of a robust man, unaccustomed to this weed, and
+soon he is affected with fainting, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and loss
+of vision. At length the surface becomes deadly pale, the cold sweat
+gathers thick upon his brow, the pulse flutters or ceases to beat, a
+universal tremor comes on, with slight spasms and _other_ symptoms of
+dissolution. As an emetic, few articles can compare with it for the
+promptness and efficiency of its operation; at the same time there are
+none which produce such universal debility. As a cathartic, it produces
+immediate and copious evacuations, with great prostration of strength;
+but its dose can with difficulty be regulated.
+
+If such be a fair statement of its effects on the human system; if it
+requires all the skill of the most experienced practitioner to guard
+against those sudden depressions which uniformly follow its use, when
+administered with the utmost circumspection; and if, with all this
+caution, its operation is still followed by the most alarming, and even
+fatal consequences--what shall we say of those who habitually subject
+their constitutions to the destructive influence of this worse than
+"Bohan Upas?"
+
+To an individual unacquainted with the fact, it would seem incredible
+that a weed, possessed of properties so poisonous, should ever have been
+sought as an article of luxury. Yet it has not only been sought, but
+even credulity startles at the extent to which it has been used. "Like
+opium, it calms the agitations of our corporeal frame, and soothes the
+anxieties and distresses of the mind." Its powers are felt and its
+fascinations acknowledged, by all the intermediate grades of society,
+from the sot who wallows in the mire of your streets, to the clergyman
+who stands forth a pattern of moral excellence, and who ministers at the
+altar of God. For it the Arab will traverse, unwearied, his burning
+deserts; and the Icelander risk his life amidst perpetual snows. Its
+charms are experienced alike, by the savage who roams the wilds of an
+American forest, and the courtier who rolls in luxury and prescribes
+rules of refinement to the civilized world; by the miscreant who wrings
+from the cold hand of charity the pittance that sustains his life, and
+the monarch who sways his sceptre over half the globe; by him who is
+bent with woes and years, and him whose cheek is covered yet with
+boyhood's down. Hence we might conclude it capable of giving strength to
+the weary, vivacity to the stupid, and wisdom to men void of
+understanding; capable of soothing the sorrows of the afflicted, of
+healing the wounds of the spirit, and assuaging the anguish of a broken
+heart. But how it fulfils these desirable indications, will be our next
+business to inquire.
+
+Tobacco, as a luxury, has been used for the two last centuries over all
+the civilized, and the greater portion of the uncivilized world. The
+modes have been _snuffing_, _smoking_, and _chewing_. Its effects, when
+habitually used in each of these modes, will now be examined. As far as
+my observations extend, few, if any, of all the devotees to this
+stupefying substance, ever resort to its use without some supposed
+necessity; and often, alas _too often_, by the advice of physicians.
+
+The benefit to be derived from the exhibition of a medicine in the cure
+of disease, should not alone induce us to prescribe it, without due
+regard to the injury which may result to the constitution. Had this rule
+been observed relative to the subject under consideration, I apprehend
+the use of this baneful drug would have been less extensive.
+
+Snuff has been prescribed for a variety of complaints, among which are
+headache, catarrh, and some species of opthalmia, and no doubt sometimes
+with very good effect; as I have, in a very few instances, witnessed.
+But the fact seems to have been overlooked, that its only power to
+relieve these complaints arises from the copious discharge of mucus from
+the nostrils, during the violent paroxysm of sneezing which invariably
+attends its first application; and that its salutary influence ceases,
+whenever these peculiar effects cease to accompany its exhibition. Hence
+in all cases where it is continued an indefinite time, or until the
+schneiderian membrane loses its sensibility, it not only fails of its
+medicinal effect, but actually becomes pernicious; aggravating the very
+disease it was intended to cure. It not only does this, but goes on
+committing great ravages on the whole nervous system, superinducing
+hypocondria, tremors, and premature decay of all the intellectual
+powers. A thickening of the voice, is also the unavoidable result of
+habitual snuff-taking. This disagreeable consequence is produced, either
+by partially filling up the nasal avenues, or by destroying the
+sensibility of the parts. Be that as it may, we would say of the change,
+in the forcible language of Cowper: "O! it is fulsome, and offends me
+more than the nasal twang, heard at conventicle from the pent nostril,
+spectacle bestrid."
+
+It also occasions loss of appetite, frequent sickness at the stomach,
+with many other disagreeable symptoms. A case in point, is related by
+Dr. Cullen, of a woman who had been in the habit for twenty years. At
+length she found on taking a pinch before dinner, she had no appetite.
+This having frequently occurred, she was induced to postpone her pinch
+till after dinner, when she ate her meal with her accustomed relish, and
+went on snuff-taking in the afternoon without inconvenience.
+
+Another instance is related by the same author, of the injurious effects
+of this habit. A lady, who had been accustomed to take snuff freely, was
+seized with a severe pain in her stomach, which continued unabated
+notwithstanding many remedies were applied; until accidentally her snuff
+was omitted for a few days, when the pain was found to subside, and did
+not return until she again had recourse to her snuff. Then, to her utter
+astonishment, it immediately came with all its former severity, and
+would yield to no treatment without a relinquishment of the snuff-box,
+which (strange to tell) the woman laid aside, and recovered her health.
+
+Most persons in the constant habit of taking snuff, are led on
+insensibly, until they consume enormous quantities. But as they are
+accustomed both to its stimulant and narcotic effects, they are not
+aware of the pernicious consequences. In the midst of interesting
+conversation, they frequently transcend the bounds assigned them by
+habit, and the consequence is, sickness, faintness, and trembling, with
+some vertigo and confusion of head. During this paroxysm of snuffing,
+particles of the powdered tobacco are carried back into the fauces, and
+thence into the stomach; which occasions not only sickness at the time,
+but is long after followed with dyspepsia and other symptoms of
+disordered abdominal viscera.
+
+The second mode of habitually using this drug, is _smoking_. This, too,
+has been prescribed by reputable members of the faculty. And for what
+purpose has this disgusting practice been recommended? "For weakness of
+the stomach," to be sure. Persons who have a craving appetite, and
+consume more food, particularly at dinner, than their stomach will
+readily digest, experience considerable uneasiness for some time after
+eating. The mouth and fauces sympathize with the overloaded organ, and
+an increased quantity of fluid is poured from the mucous follicles and
+salivary glands, to aid in the process of digestion. Under these
+accumulating difficulties, the man calls on the "_Doctor_," who very
+wisely imagines these symptoms are sufficient evidence that he has a
+"weak and watery stomach," and the pipe and cigar are recommended to
+carry off the superabundant humors, which still are unable to assimilate
+the enormous load with which, from time to time, the stomach is crowded.
+But as the application of the burnt oil of tobacco to the mouth and
+fauces, from its stimulant and narcotic qualities, benumbs the senses
+and renders the individual less conscious of his distress, he takes it
+for granted that he is materially relieved, and knows not, poor man,
+that it is all delusion. Thus, instead of taking the only rational
+method, that of adapting the quantity of food to the powers of
+digestion, he pursues a course which continues to weaken the organs of
+digestion and assimilation, and at length plunges him into all the
+accumulated horrors of dyspepsia, with a complete prostration of the
+nervous system.
+
+But it has been said, that smoking will cure the tooth-ache; and we
+should have recourse to any means for the removal of so painful a
+disease. That it will, as a powerful sedative, lessen the pain, and
+sometimes even altogether remove tooth-ache, is probably true; but why
+continue the practice after the occasion has ceased? Opium and calomel,
+judiciously administered, will relieve _cholera morbus_; but whoever
+thought of making them an article of diet, because from their
+application he had experienced relief in that dangerous complaint? Or
+whoever dreamed of using them constantly, lest he might again be
+attacked with it? Would not prudence dictate to lay them aside, that
+they might not lose their influence on the system, and consequently
+their medicinal virtues?
+
+But smoking sometimes diminishes the secretions of the mouth, producing
+dryness and thirst, instead of moisture; still it is used with the same
+perseverance as in the former case, and to obviate the same difficulty,
+an overburdened stomach. And such is the united influence of its
+stimulant and narcotic qualities, that the _thirst it occasions is not
+to be allayed by ordinary drinks, but wine, ale, and brandy must be
+taken, to satisfy this unnatural demand_. Hence, smoking has, in many
+instances, been the sad precursor to the whiskey-jug and brandy-bottle,
+which together have plunged their unfortunate victims into the lowest
+depths of wretchedness and woe.
+
+I am well acquainted with a man in a neighboring county, whose
+intellectual endowments would do honor to any station, and who has
+accumulated a handsome estate; but whose habits, of late, give unerring
+premonition to his friends of a mournful result. This man informed me
+that it was the fatal thirst occasioned by smoking his cigar, in
+fashionable society, that had brought him into his present wretched and
+miserable condition. Without any desire for ardent spirit, he first
+sipped a little gin and water, to allay the disagreeable sensations
+brought on by smoking, as water was altogether too insipid to answer the
+purpose. Thus he went on from year to year, increasing his stimulus from
+one degree to another, until he lost all control over himself; and now
+he stands as a beacon, warning others to avoid the same road to
+destruction.
+
+Smoking has been prescribed for spasmodic asthma, and undoubtedly with
+some success; and the manner in which it affords relief in this
+distressing disease has been pointed out, when speaking of the narcotic
+and antispasmodic effects of this drug. But suppose it capable of
+relieving the paroxysm, when administered to a person unaccustomed to
+its deadly stimulus, it will by no means be followed by the same happy
+effect, when once its use becomes habitual.
+
+But smoking has been the grand resort to secure the system from the
+influence of contagion; and perhaps no power ascribed to it, has ever
+been so universally acknowledged. But upon what series of experiments
+are these pretensions founded? From all the attention which I have
+bestowed on this investigation, I have been unable to discover any
+evidence of its utility in this respect, except what arose from the
+prejudices of the ignorant, or the obstinacy of those who are slaves to
+the practice of it. The bare assertion of Deimerbroek, "that it kept off
+the plague," without a single corroborative fact, would hardly be
+sufficient authority on which to establish a conclusion so important;
+especially when we have the united experience of Rivernus, Chemot, and
+Cullen, to prove the opposite of this position. Hence we conclude, that
+its properties in keeping off contagion, depend on its sedative powers,
+which it possesses in common with other narcotics, wine, brandy, and
+opium. As these lessen sensibility, and sometimes allay anxiety of the
+mind, it is not impossible that in a very few instances they may have
+prevented the exciting causes of disease from taking effect. But what
+are these few, when compared with the multitudes whose nervous systems
+have been destroyed by this pernicious habit, and thus exposed to all
+the horrors of malignant disease.
+
+Smoking also assuages the _tedium_ of life. Here is the grand secret.
+Man fears to be alone; and when left to his own solitary reflections, he
+dreads the result of self-examination. He flies for relief to his pipe,
+his cigar, his quid, or his bottle, with the vain hope of escaping from
+himself. To accomplish an object so desirable, he hesitates not to
+_stupify_ those noble faculties which he cannot hope to extinguish, and
+with which he has been endowed by the God of nature, for wise and
+benevolent purposes. And will you, gentlemen, by precept and example,
+longer sanction _such_ a course of conduct,--conduct so degrading to us
+as intelligent beings, and as conservators of the public health?
+
+The third mode of habitually using tobacco, is _chewing_. In this manner
+all its deadly powers are speedily manifest, in the commencement of the
+practice, as has been already shown. In this mode, too, its nauseous
+taste and stimulant property excite and keep up a profuse discharge from
+the mucous follicles and salivary glands. Probably to this circumstance
+alone, is owing the superior efficacy of this mode of using this drug in
+the cure of tooth-ache. But whether this enormous waste of the
+secretions of the mouth and fauces can be borne by the constitution with
+impunity, you, Gentlemen, are abundantly competent to judge.
+Physiologists agree that these secretions are intended to assist in
+preparing the aliments for deglutition, by rendering them sufficiently
+fluid, and afterwards, by their peculiar properties, to promote
+digestion and assimilation. The great increase of these just before and
+after eating, and the large quantities swallowed about that time, are
+unequivocal evidence of their importance to the digestive economy. Then
+what must be the state of that man's digestion, who, until seated at
+table, keeps his quid in his mouth, and immediately returns it thither,
+after rising from his meal? And when we reflect, that large quantities
+of saliva strongly impregnated with this poison, and even particles of
+the substance itself, are frequently swallowed, what, again I ask, is
+the probable condition of such a person's digestive organs?
+
+I know it may be said in reply, that such persons often consume large
+quantities of food, without experiencing any perceptible inconvenience;
+and I also know that they are often emaciated, notwithstanding the
+enormous portion of aliment they daily consume. Under these
+circumstances the emaciation arises, either from the profuse discharge
+of saliva, or an imperfect digestion, or the combined influence of both.
+Hence, when a man of a corpulent habit, with a keen appetite, who is
+unwilling to forego his wine and to use moderation in his roast beef,
+applies for professional advice to prevent corpulence, medical men very
+naturally and philosophically direct him, if he persists in his excess,
+to the use of tobacco, as a temporary relief, against the direful
+effects of his gluttony and intemperance.
+
+A clergyman of high standing informed me, that he acquired the habit of
+using tobacco in college, and had continued the practice for a number of
+years; but he found, by experience, his health materially impaired,
+being often affected with sickness, lassitude, and faintness. His
+muscles also became flabby and lost their tone, and his speaking was
+seriously interrupted by an elongation of the uvula. His brother, an
+intelligent physician, advised the discontinuance of his tobacco. He
+laid it aside. Nature, freed from its depressing influence, soon gave
+signs of returning vigor. His stomach resumed its wonted tone, his
+muscles acquired their former elasticity, and his speaking was no more
+annoyed by a relaxation of them.
+
+A respectable man of my acquaintance, about forty years of age, who
+commenced chewing tobacco at the age of eighteen, was for a long time
+annoyed by depression of spirits, which increased until it became a
+settled melancholy, with great emaciation, and the usual symptoms of
+that miserable disease. All attempts to relieve him proved unavailing,
+until he was persuaded to dispense with his quid. Immediately his
+spirits revived, his countenance lost its dejection, his flesh
+increased, and he soon regained his health. Another man, who used
+tobacco very sparingly, became affected with loss of appetite, sickness
+at stomach, emaciation, and melancholy. From a conviction that even the
+small quantity he chewed was the source of his trouble, he entirely left
+it off, and very soon recovered.
+
+I was once acquainted with a learned, respectable, and intelligent
+physician, who informed me, that from his youth he had been accustomed
+to the use of this baneful plant, both by smoking and chewing. At
+length, after using it very freely while indisposed, he was suddenly
+seized with an alarming vertigo, which, without doubt, was the result of
+this destructive habit. This afflicting complaint was preceded by the
+usual symptoms which accompany a disordered stomach, and a relaxation of
+nerves, with which, Gentlemen, you are too familiar to need a
+description here. After the application of a variety of remedies to
+little or no purpose, he quit the deleterious practice, and though his
+vertigo continued long and obstinate, he has nearly or quite recovered
+his former health. And he has never doubted but that the use of tobacco
+was the cause of all his suffering in this disagreeable disease. Many
+more cases might be cited, but sufficient has been said to establish the
+doctrine here laid down.[C]
+
+   [Footnote C: And here I am happy in having permission to give
+   the opinion of one of the ablest physicians in Massachusetts,
+   as to the use of tobacco. "The chewing of tobacco," says he,
+   "is not necessary or useful _in any case that I know of_: and
+   I have abundant evidence to satisfy me that its use may be
+   discontinued without pernicious consequences. The common
+   belief, that it is beneficial to the teeth, is, I apprehend,
+   entirely erroneous. On the contrary, by poisoning and relaxing
+   the vessels of the gums, it may impair the healthy condition
+   of the vessels belonging to the membranes of the socket, with
+   the condition of which, the state of the tooth is closely
+   connected."]
+
+Having gone through with an examination of the _physical_ influence of
+tobacco, let us now, for a few moments, attend to its _political_ and
+_moral_ influence.
+
+1. _It is a costly practice._ The whole adult population in the United
+States is estimated at six millions, one half of which are males.
+Allowing but one half of these to use tobacco in some form, we shall
+have one and a half millions to be taxed with this consumption. If we
+take into the account all who are in its use before they arrive at the
+period of adult age, it would swell the amount to two millions. Lest we
+should be accused of exaggeration, we will estimate the whole number of
+devotees at one million, who pay their daily homage at the shrine of
+this stupifying idol. The expense to the consumers of this drug varies,
+according to the quantity and mode of using. Those who are in the habit
+of smoking freely, and use none but the best Spanish cigars, pay a tax,
+I am informed by good judges, of not less than fifty dollars a year.
+While the moderate consumer of Scotch snuff pays from one to two
+dollars. Somewhere between these wide extremes, may be found the fair
+estimate of an average cost. If one fifth of the whole number of
+consumers should pay the highest estimate, it would amount to ten
+millions annually. Then if three-fifths pay but ten dollars apiece, it
+will amount to six millions; and if the remaining one-fifth pay but one
+dollar each, we shall have two hundred thousand dollars more. These
+added together will make an aggregate of _sixteen millions two hundred
+thousand dollars_. In this estimate nothing has been said of another
+class of consumers, which delicacy forbids me to mention, (and I hope I
+shall receive their forgiveness for my neglect;) nor of the time wasted
+in procuring and devouring this precious morsel. But lest even this very
+moderate calculation should be considered extravagant, which is by many
+competent judges believed to be far too low, we will reckon the
+consumers at one million, and the average cost at ten dollars each a
+year, for the whole; and then we have _the enormous tax of three
+millions of dollars_, to be annually paid in these United States for the
+useless consumption of this loathsome drug.
+
+2. _This practice paves the way to drunkenness._ A few reasons have
+already been given, why _smoking_ tends strongly to favor the
+introduction of ardent spirits. The dryness of mouth induced in some, is
+not the only case where a thirst for strong drink is produced. The great
+waste of saliva, occasioned both by smoking and chewing, has the same
+dangerous tendency. The fact that few of all the consumers of this plant
+are fond of those simple beverages so grateful to the unvitiated taste,
+and that most are inordinately attached to ale, wine, and brandy, is
+sufficient evidence of the dreadful truth, that it is the faithful
+pioneer to intemperance. What though there are some few and honorable
+exceptions; and what though there are _many_, who for a long time have
+used the poisonous plant, and have escaped the yawning gulf; still, a
+sufficient number have been swallowed up, to warrant the general
+conclusion. The few specifications already made above, might easily be
+increased a hundred fold.
+
+Though every lover of tobacco is not a slave to rum, yet _almost every
+drunkard is a slave to tobacco_; and this is indirect evidence that the
+habits are in a manner associated, or have a sort of natural affinity.
+If such be its tendency, what moral responsibility rests upon the man
+who shall recommend it, either by professional advice, or by his own
+example! What an infinitude of moral evil _must_ follow in its train, if
+drunkenness be its legitimate effect! What woes, what sorrows, what
+wounds without cause, may spring into existence at your bidding, when
+you prescribe the habitual use of this baneful plant! By such a
+prescription you incautiously open a fountain from which may issue
+streams, disturbing the peace of private families, pouring the waters of
+contention into peaceful and harmonious neighborhoods, embittering every
+condition of life, and poisoning every department of human society.[D]
+
+   [Footnote D: An eminent writer in favor of Temperance, has
+   given it as his opinion, that at least one tenth of all the
+   drunkards were made such by the use of Tobacco.]
+
+3. _It is an indecent practice._ To say nothing of the disagreeable
+contortions of countenance assumed by the great variety of snuffers,
+smokers, and chewers; to say nothing of the pollution, inseparable from
+these habits, to the mouth, breath, and apparel, to the house and its
+furniture, (all which are too familiar to require description;) I ask,
+where is the man making any pretensions to refinement, who would not
+blush to offend the delicate sensibilities of the _fair_, by smoking his
+pipe or cigar in their presence? True politeness would seem to require,
+moreover, that even the feelings of _gentlemen_ should be respected. But
+all sense of propriety seems to have fled before the indulgence of this
+foolish habit. To such an extent has it obtained, that we meet it in the
+kitchen, in the dining-room, and in the parlor; in every gathering of
+men of business; in every party of pleasure; in our halls of
+legislation; in our courts of justice; and even the sanctuary of God is
+sometimes polluted by this loathsome practice. It is impossible to walk
+the street without being constantly assailed by this noxious vapor, as
+it is breathed from the mouths of all classes in community, from the
+sooty chimney-sweep, to the parson in his sacerdotal robe. You can
+scarcely meet a man in the street, with whom you have business, but he
+pours a stream of smoke into your face, exceedingly disgusting. And this
+he does too, without imagining that he transgresses the rules of
+politeness, or gives you any cause of offence.
+
+In these habits we resemble the _Aborigines_ of our country. They load
+their huge pipes with the dried leaves of this plant, and when lighted,
+they breathe the dark cloud of smoke from their mouth and nostrils, and
+as it curls around their head, ascending towards heaven, they present it
+as an offering to appease the anger of the Great Spirit. A mutual
+influence has resulted from our intercourse with the Indian. We have
+taught him how to debase himself below the brute, and destroy the quiet
+of savage life by the use of our _whiskey_; and he, in return, has
+taught us to destroy our constitutions, and interrupt the harmony of
+civilized society, by the habitual use of his deadly narcotic.[E]
+
+   [Footnote E: The counsel given by the Journal of Health, is,
+   therefore, in perfect accordance with the principles of
+   medical philosophy. "Our advice is, to desist, immediately and
+   entirely, from the use of tobacco in every form, and in any
+   quantity, however small."--"A reform of this, like of all evil
+   habits, whether of smoking, chewing, drinking, and other
+   vicious indulgences, to be efficacious, must be _entire, and
+   complete_, from the very moment when the person is convinced,
+   either by his fears or his reason, of its pernicious tendency
+   and operation."]
+
+Gentlemen, I have done. The subject, with a slight examination, is
+before you. I have plainly and fearlessly expressed my opinion, without
+intending to wound the feelings of a single individual. If your
+sentiments correspond with mine, you will assist in bringing this odious
+practice to the bar of public opinion. There let it be subjected to a
+severe, but dispassionate trial; and if on a cool and deliberate
+investigation, its pernicious tendency shall fully appear, then let the
+American people rise up, and with united voice pronounce its sentence of
+final condemnation.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX,
+
+CONTAINING AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS
+RELATING TO THE USE OF TOBACCO.
+
+
+"But," says the lover of tobacco, "how can it be so deleterious when
+multitudes, who apparently enjoy good health, use it daily?"
+
+In this objection two things are assumed, viz.
+
+1. The existence of a perfect standard of health.
+
+2. That this standard is not depreciated by the habitual use of tobacco.
+
+If we examine these positions in the light of truth, we shall find them
+both defective.
+
+"The varieties in point of health," says an eminent physiologist, "are
+numerous and considerable. There is, indeed, a certain state of health,
+which may be said to be peculiar to each individual. Such persons as we
+suppose to be in the enjoyment of the most perfect health, differ
+surprisingly, not only from each other, but from their own condition at
+other times, as well in consequence of a difference in the constitution
+of the blood, as a diversity of tone and other vital energies." One
+state may be said to be healthy compared with another; and the same may
+be affirmed of persons. One may enjoy health when compared with an
+invalid. In all these cases it will be seen that health is only
+comparative. But to sustain this part of the objection it would be
+necessary to prove, what I presume will not be attempted, "that the
+thousands who daily use tobacco, are enjoying the maximum of health and
+strength;" i. e. that every function of the system is performed to
+absolute perfection. For if it be admitted that any function is
+deranged, it would be difficult, I apprehend, to prove, that that
+derangement was not occasioned by the use of tobacco.
+
+That men accustomed to hard labor will endure more fatigue, than those
+of sedentary or enervated habits, needs no argument to prove. That the
+arm of the blacksmith acquires strength beyond the arm of the literary
+recluse, is altogether obvious.
+
+The laborer will consume more food; consequently his frame will acquire
+a proportionate degree of strength, and, all other things being equal,
+it will be able to resist the influence of extraneous causes, to a much
+greater extent than that of the voluptuary.
+
+Let now the blacksmith use tobacco, and although there may be no
+perceptible diminution of vigor, (since you have no perfect standard to
+try it by,) because he still exceeds in strength persons possessing
+constitutions naturally less vigorous, or constitutions less hardened by
+toil; yet, whether the same hardy son of Vulcan can endure more
+hardship, while using tobacco, than he could have done had he never used
+the baneful plant, is the question?
+
+That many persons apparently enjoy good health, and yet use tobacco,
+cannot be denied. And the same may be affirmed with equal propriety of
+opium and alcohol. I once knew a man who, from his youth till he had
+reached his sixty-ninth year, became intoxicated, whenever he could
+procure sufficient liquor to produce this effect; and during that time
+he was never so ill as to require medical advice. I have known others to
+be literally steeped in ardent spirit, who were seldom sick; and yet
+few, I apprehend, will affirm, that alcohol used to such excess is not
+injurious.
+
+The Turks, who, for aught to the contrary that appears in their history,
+enjoy as good health as the people of the United States, and are said to
+attain a longevity as great, use opium for the purpose of intoxication,
+much in the same manner in which the latter employ alcohol and wine,
+these being forbidden to the former by their creed. Yet, after all, the
+man who could adduce these facts to prove the harmlessness of the
+substances under consideration, must be destitute of that physiological
+knowledge which is necessary to understand the natural operations of the
+human system.
+
+There is a principle in the animal economy, which powerfully resists
+morbid impressions, and tends to expel whatever is noxious. This
+principle, called by some "the medical power of nature," is roused to
+action by the application of an offending agent to any part of the human
+system. On the first intimation of the assault, this vigilant sentinel
+rallies her forces, and flies to the point of attack.
+
+If she succeed in expelling the invader before any serious mischief has
+been done, the system again reposes in quiet; but if not, a more general
+tumult arises, and the assistance of art is often required to second her
+ineffectual efforts. These phenomena are exhibited in the first use of
+tobacco, in all its forms.
+
+Apply snuff to the nostrils of one unaccustomed to it; and a violent
+sneezing, with a copious secretion of mucus will follow. Put tobacco
+into the mouth and it immediately produces a profuse discharge of
+saliva; and if this proves unsuccessful in expelling the unwelcome
+intruder, severe nausea and vomiting ensue. Smoking also produces
+similar effects. Apply the moistened leaves of tobacco to any part of
+the surface of the body, and its deadly effects are soon perceived in an
+entire prostration of strength, accompanied with ghastly paleness and
+vomiting.
+
+If it were not in a high degree poisonous, no such results would follow
+its first application to the living fibre; for they do not follow the
+first application of those substances which were, by our wise and
+bountiful Creator, designed for the _use_ of man.
+
+Though the effects above described are less violent, when the nerves
+(the media through which it operates) become accustomed to the stimulus
+of the noxious substance; yet it by no means proves, even in these
+circumstances, that it does no injury to the system, any more than the
+fact that some men drink a quart of proof spirit daily without
+producing death, proves that that amount does them no harm, when half
+the quantity taken by a beginner would prove fatal.
+
+In the course of twelve years' observation on the effects of narcotics
+upon the human system, I became acquainted with a delicate female, who,
+for thirty years, had taken a sufficient quantity of opium daily to kill
+the hardiest son of New-England, provided he had been unaccustomed to
+its pernicious influence. She, nevertheless, lived to an advanced age,
+and was eighty-four years old when I last saw her, though she, at that
+time, took every day two scruples of solid opium.
+
+I had the unpleasant task to attend this lady in a fit of sickness. And
+with the exception of a few cases, in which similar results have
+followed the excessive use of alcohol, it was, without exaggeration, the
+most troublesome case that has ever fallen under my care.
+
+All the frightful symptoms of _delirium tremens_ waited around and
+haunted her imagination through the day; while shrieks, and groans, and
+all the signs of woe attended her nightly couch, to add a gloomy horror
+to her unrefreshing and broken slumbers. And so far as my observations
+extend, the most inveterate derangements of the nervous system are
+either produced or aggravated by the habitual use of narcotics.
+
+The inherent power of the constitution to sustain itself amid the
+ever-varying changes to which it is exposed, has been learned by common
+observation, as well by the peasant as by the man of erudition. The
+fact, that man, "made of one blood, can dwell" in all the varieties of
+climate, "on the face of the whole earth," and can sustain himself,
+without any change of organization, at one period on the burning sands
+of a Numidian desert, at another among the ice-bergs of a Greenland
+winter--exhibits in the most convincing light the extent of this
+wonderful power.
+
+A curious field of speculation, on this sanative power in the physical
+constitution of man, lies open to out view, had we time to pursue it, in
+contemplating the habits, customs, and manners of the North American
+Indian. Guided by the simple dictates of nature, he gratifies his
+appetite with such food as comes most readily within his reach, and
+slakes his thirst at the first mountain brook. Sometimes, for days, he
+lies sleeping in his smoky wigwam without the means of appeasing hunger;
+then rises and follows his game with the fierceness of a tiger, until
+the object of his pursuit is overtaken; after which, with the voracity
+of a dog, he loads his stomach with food sufficient to satisfy the
+cravings of nature, for as many days as he had previously fasted, and
+again betakes himself to sleep and inactivity. With all this
+irregularity, he is a total stranger to lingering complaints, and to
+that numerous as well as fashionable class of diseases denominated
+"Nervous." That formidable ailment, _Dyspepsia_, which, like a fiend,
+has, for the last few years pervaded the whole land, is unknown to the
+Indian; having its origin in the abuses introduced by civilization and
+refinement. But to return:
+
+Suppose, for the sake of argument, that a man who daily uses tobacco,
+enjoys equal health with one who uses none, and is no more liable to
+disease; let him once be attacked by disease, and then it will be far
+more difficult to remove it, than to do so in one free from such habit.
+
+This will appear from the following considerations:
+
+Remedial agents ordinarily act on the system, by exciting the living
+power through the medium of the nerves; hence when these have long been
+deadened by the habitual use of any narcotic, common sense, aside from
+the lights of science and philosophy, would teach us the difficulty of
+making an impression on a system whose nerves had thus been previously
+paralyzed.
+
+Perhaps the man, who daily drinks ardent spirit, may, from the greater
+insensibility of his system, in some cases escape sickness as long as
+the most temperate, (though this is by no means a common fact); yet, let
+disease once commence, and then we learn, by painful experience, the
+disadvantage of having broken down the nervous system by needless and
+vicious excess.
+
+Tobacco is acknowledged to be one of the most deadly of the vegetable
+narcotics: yet experience proves that the nerves, by habit, become so
+accustomed to its stimulus, that it in a great measure loses its power.
+How then can we hope with ordinary remedies to make an impression, when
+even this powerful agent has itself lost its proper and natural effect?
+
+The unparalleled mortality of the great epidemic of 1812 and 1813, was
+in a good measure owing to the immense quantities of ardent spirit
+consumed by the victims of that fatal malady. In the town in which I
+then resided, about forty adults died in the course of the winter and
+spring; and most of those were in the habit of using ardent spirit
+freely. And though numbers of temperate persons were attacked, yet many
+of these recovered; while every instance within my knowledge, where an
+intemperate person was attacked with this formidable disease, it proved
+fatal.
+
+The ravages of the _cholera_ in India and Persia, since 1816: and in the
+North of Europe, for the last eighteen months; settle the point in
+question beyond reasonable doubt. In one hundred cases where the cholera
+proved fatal, ninety of them had been in the liberal use of ardent
+spirit. And this fact should be carefully noted, when this formidable
+disease has reached Great Britain, and threatens us with its visitation.
+
+If then the habitual use of alcohol, by exhausting the nervous energy,
+predisposes the system to disease, and at the same time renders the
+disease, when it has commenced, so much more intractable; what shall be
+said of the common use of tobacco, which is allowed by all to be a still
+more deadly poison, and of course must exhaust the power of the nerves
+in a proportionate degree?
+
+A female, aged 27 years, was attacked in December 1829 with a sore
+mouth, accompanied with diarrhoea and profuse salivation. These
+complaints continued to increase, notwithstanding the application of a
+variety of remedies, prescribed by her medical attendant, until the 5th
+of March following, when I was called to take charge of the patient. She
+was much emaciated. The discharge from the bowels continued unabated,
+and was often attended with severe pain and great prostration of
+strength. The salivation was accompanied with a burning or scalding
+sensation in the mouth and stomach, which proved excessively irritating
+to the patient, as well as perplexing to me. On examining her case, I
+found the nervous system entirely deranged and much broken by the habit
+of smoking, which she had practiced to great excess from the age of
+eleven years. I learned, to my surprise and regret, that she commenced
+this habit, which afterwards cost her so much suffering, by the advice
+of some wise member of the Faculty, who had prescribed it for some
+slight derangement of the stomach.
+
+My first efforts were directed to repair the injuries inflicted by the
+tobacco-pipe; and though the difficulties to be overcome were many and
+obstinate, by patience and perseverance they were all surmounted, and
+the woman was at length restored.
+
+The conflict which this poor woman endured, in overcoming a habit that
+not only injured her health, but nearly destroyed her life, was dreadful
+beyond description. When her pain and distress were great, she would
+complain more of this privation, than of all her other sufferings; and
+so strong was the desire for smoking, that she, several times during her
+recovery, contrary to my orders, indulged in it a few minutes, and each
+time with manifest injury; so that she finally was induced to abandon it
+altogether, and thus recovered her health. Indeed, she now enjoys better
+health than she has done for years.
+
+Any one acquainted with this ordinary effects of this foolish indulgence
+in the free use of narcotics, on the nervous system of its victims, will
+be convinced by a few years close observation, that such persons
+especially, if they are of sedentary habits, are more subject to fits of
+despondency, and to a far greater degree, than persons of the same
+general health and of the same employment, but who have escaped
+contamination.
+
+I shall here introduce the following extract of a letter, from a
+respectable clergyman to the author, as illustrative of this point.
+
+"When I say that the effects of the habitual use of tobacco on the human
+system, are injurious; I speak from years of painful experience. I
+commenced the use of tobacco when young, like many others, without any
+definite object, but experienced no very injurious consequences from it
+until I entered the ministry. Then my system began to feel its dreadful
+effects. My voice, appetite, and strength soon failed; and I become
+affected with sickness at the stomach, indigestion, emaciation, and
+melancholy, with a prostration of the whole nervous system. For years my
+health has been so much impaired as to render me almost useless in the
+ministry, and all this I attribute to the pernicious habit of smoking
+and chewing tobacco. And had I continued the practice, I doubt not but
+that it would have brought me to an untimely grave. I was often advised
+to leave it off, and made several unsuccessful attempts. At length I
+became fully convinced that I must quit tobacco or die. I summoned all
+my resolution for the fearful exigency, and after a long and desperate
+struggle I obtained the victory. I soon began to experience the
+beneficial results of my conquest. My appetite has returned; my voice
+grows stronger, and I am in a measure freed from that mental dejection
+to which I once was subject. My general health is much improved, and I
+feel that I am gradually recovering; though it is not to be expected I
+shall ever regain what I have lost by this needless and vicious
+indulgence. I am satisfied that the common use of tobacco is injurious
+to most people, especially those of sedentary habits. On them it
+operates with ten-fold energy. I am acquainted with many in the
+ministry, who are travelling this road to the grave. I uniformly say to
+them: "Lay aside your pipes and tobacco, or you are undone--your labors
+in the ministry will soon be at an end.""[F]
+
+   [Footnote F: Another Clergyman writes as follows. "I thank
+   God, and I thank you for your advice to abandon smoking. My
+   strength has _doubled_ since I quitted this abominable
+   practice."]
+
+A mere hint at these evils would seem to be sufficient to awaken
+inquiry, among the votaries of the plant in question. I shall therefore
+leave it to their candid decision, after a full and free investigation
+enables them to arrive at a just conclusion.
+
+The great increase of _dyspepsia_ within the last twenty years, with the
+dark and lengthened catalogue of nervous complaints that follow in its
+train, is, I have no doubt, in part owing to the universal prevalence of
+practices, the propriety of which we are calling in question.
+
+The misery to which the consumers of this drug are subject, when from
+any cause they are temporarily deprived or it, would go far to deter a
+reflecting man from voluntarily binding himself to this most ignominious
+servitude. I have known a hard laboring farmer, who would have resented
+the name of _slave_, as much as did the Jews, arise from his bed in the
+middle of the night and travel half a mile to procure a quid of tobacco,
+because his uneasiness was such, that he could neither sleep nor rest
+without it. This uneasiness is more distressing than bodily pain, and
+has in some instances produced an agitation of mind bordering upon
+distraction.
+
+Col. Burr informed Dr. Rush, that the greatest complaints of
+dissatisfaction and suffering, that he heard among the soldiers who
+accompanied General Arnold in his march from Boston through the
+wilderness to Quebec, in the year 1775, arose from the want of tobacco.
+This was the more remarkable, as they were so destitute of provisions as
+to be obliged to kill and eat their dogs.
+
+The Persians, we are informed, often expatriate themselves, when they
+are prohibited the use of tobacco, in order to enjoy unmolested this
+luxury in a foreign country. Nor are these facts incredible to those,
+who are familiar with the laws that regulate the animal economy.
+
+Long and obstinate is the conflict with nature, before the taste or
+smell of such disgusting things as alcohol, opium, and tobacco can be
+endured. But when she, worn out by repeated and continued assaults,
+abandons her post, and gives up the dominion to the artificial appetite,
+the order of things is reversed, and we at last find, to our sorrow,
+that this unnatural appetite is vastly more ungovernable than the one
+implanted by our Creator for things originally pleasant and agreeable.
+Add to all these considerations the well attested fact, that no sensible
+man, who has himself used the baneful weed, ever advised his neighbor or
+child to follow his example, but often the contrary; and its inutility
+is sufficiently proved.
+
+Having thus far endeavored to shew the futility of the objection raised
+against our doctrine, by the consumers of this drug; let us now, in our
+turn, call on them to give a good reason why so much money should be
+expended, and so much time wasted, as are annually squandered in the
+various departments of raising, preparing, and consuming this plant; and
+to point out, if they can, in what manner a poison so deadly acts on the
+healthy system without producing evil consequences.
+
+To make out the case, it will be necessary for its advocates to prove
+one of the following positions; either,
+
+1. That it produces no effect at all, and is therefore harmless; or,
+
+2. That it produces a good effect, and is indispensable to the enjoyment
+of perfect health.
+
+As this part of the enquiry is somewhat important, and since it regards
+the success of our principles, we will examine these positions a little
+in detail, to see how they are sustained by fact and experience.
+
+If it produces no effect at all, why that universal uneasiness,
+amounting as we have seen in some instances almost to distraction,
+uniformly manifested by the consumers of this plant, when by accident
+they are temporarily deprived of the means of indulgence?
+
+If tobacco produces no effect, why fly to it as a solace for every woe,
+as a refuge from affliction and trouble, and as a hiding-place from the
+tempests of misfortune?
+
+It will not, it _cannot_ be doubted, that, in its power to allay the
+stormy agitations of mind to which we are exposed in our voyage over the
+tempestuous sea of life, consists the latent excellence, the _summum
+bonum_, of the virtues of tobacco. This sedative power will not be
+questioned, by those who have ever witnessed its peculiar effects.
+
+The medicinal effects of tobacco, as applied for the removal of
+corporeal disorders, are nearly or quite destroyed by habitual use; but
+with what success it is constantly resorted to, to allay anxiety of
+mind, let its votaries answer.
+
+A medical gentleman of high standing, in an adjoining county, who has
+recently abandoned the common use of tobacco, informed me, that on a
+certain occasion his muscular and vital energies were so overcome, by
+chewing, that in attempting to put his horse into the stable, he was
+obliged to lie down until he had so far recovered his strength as to
+enable him to proceed to his house. Many other instances were related by
+the same gentleman, of its injurious effects which he had observed, both
+on himself and others; particularly in producing watchfulness, which it
+was almost impossible for the greatest degree of weariness and fatigue
+to overcome. Many others have frequently mentioned this fact to me,
+since I began to investigate this subject. Now if tobacco produces no
+effect, why are such results witnessed by its consumers, and why do the
+candid among them acknowledge that these evils arise from its use? The
+health of the medical gentleman above named was materially improved
+after laying aside tobacco; and those to whom he recommended a similar
+course, have experienced a like favorable result.
+
+The second position is equally unsupported either by experience or sound
+reasoning; and is contrary not only to all medical authority on this
+subject, but against the investigations of other scientific men who have
+chemically examined the constituent principles of tobacco, and who have
+experimented largely to ascertain with precision its natural operation
+on the living fibre. The lower order of animals have been selected for
+these experiments. Given in substance to them, it has uniformly proved
+fatal, even in very minute doses.
+
+When its expressed juice or essential oil has been introduced under the
+skin of pigeons, kittens, or rabbits, it produced violent convulsions
+and often instantaneous death. Does any one doubt the correctness of
+these experiments? He can easily satisfy himself of their accuracy, by
+obtaining the oil of tobacco, and applying eight or ten drops to the
+root of a kitten's tongue. The same deadly effects, as we have seen,
+uniformly attend its first application to the human system, if taken to
+any considerable extent. This is well understood by its consumers, who
+are very cautious for many weeks, and even months, how they deal with
+the poisonous drug.
+
+By what transformation is a plant, so deadly in its effects when first
+applied to the human system, afterward converted into a harmless article
+of diet or luxury? No substance which God has made for the common use of
+man, produces similar results; and if such be the fact in relation to
+the article in question, in this instance at least the order of nature
+is reversed, so that what in its nature is poisonous, becomes by habit
+nutritious and salutary. If this be correct reasoning--farewell to the
+success of temperance efforts! For _Rum_, after all, may be _convenient_
+if not necessary, because its effects are not in every instance
+immediately fatal; and because some, by dint of habit, can sustain with
+slight _apparent_ injury, what to others unaccustomed to it would
+produce instantaneous death.
+
+The stale excuse, so often repeated by the lovers of tobacco, that they
+have been advised to use it by physicians, for the mitigation or removal
+of some bodily infirmity, may be urged with equal force and propriety by
+the tippler and the sot; for many, very many, have been advised by
+members of the Faculty, to drink the deadly draught, in some form or
+other, either to ease the pains of dyspepsia, to allay the horrors of
+_tedium vitæ_, or to drown the anguish of a guilty conscience. And may
+not many of these patients say to those of the Faculty, who give advice
+for the use of either these stimulants: "Physician, heal thyself." Alas!
+when will the profession be without any who use ardent spirit or
+Tobacco.
+
+In concluding, permit me to address a word to professors of religion on
+this subject.
+
+In whatever concerns the cause of virtue and morality, you have a deep
+and an abiding interest. When Intemperance spreads abroad his murky
+"wings with dreadful shade contiguous," and fills the land with tears of
+blood--you look over this frightful _aceldama_ and mourn at the
+soul-chilling spectacle. When infidelity and licentiousness exhale their
+pestiferous breath, to poison the moral atmosphere and destroy the
+rising hope of our country, by undermining the virtue of our youth; the
+Christian's heart is pained, and every effort is put forth to stay the
+march of desolation. In short, whatever tends to increase the prevalence
+of vice, must be witnessed by real Christians with unfeigned regret.
+
+"Manners," says a celebrated writer, "have an influence on morals. They
+are the outposts of virtue." Whoever knew a rude man completely and
+uniformly moral? The use of tobacco, especially smoking, is offensive to
+those who do not practice it.
+
+The habit of offending the senses of our friends or even strangers, by
+smoking in their presence, produces a want of respect for their persons;
+and this disposes, however remotely, to unkind treatment towards them.
+Hence the Methodists interdicted the common use of tobacco with that of
+ardent spirit, in the infancy of their society; thereby evincing a just
+sense of the self-denial, decency, and universal civility required by
+the gospel.
+
+It is painful to witness among Christians the utter disregard of each
+others feelings and the rules of propriety, which have obtained in
+regard to these habits. They go into a friend's house, and after
+enjoying the hospitality of his board, sit down to smoke their pipe or
+cigar in his dining-room or parlor with the greatest composure; and that
+too, without even condescending to enquire whether it is offensive;
+supposing either that the appetites and senses of others are equally
+depraved with their own, or that politeness will prevent their raising
+any objection to a practice which has become nearly universal. When the
+enquiry is made, it is understood to be nothing more than an apology for
+unrestrained indulgence; and the host who should intimate that it might
+be offensive to some, would be looked upon as having transgressed not
+only the rules of modern politeness, but all the laws of hospitality.
+
+Notwithstanding the extent to which smoking prevails, there are some in
+almost every family, who are affected with giddiness in the head and
+sickness at stomach, whenever they inhale the fumes of the pipe or
+cigar, particularly at or near meal time. Yet all this suffering must be
+endured, and the fine feelings of the family disregarded. And for what?
+Merely to give a Christian, and perhaps a physician or a minister of the
+gospel, an opportunity to gratify a vicious appetite which does him no
+good, and which, philosophically considered, would disgrace any man who
+pretends to be a gentleman.
+
+"What reception," says Dr. Rush, "may we suppose the apostles would have
+met with, had they carried into the cities and houses whither they were
+sent, snuff-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of cut, or rolls of hog or
+pigtail, tobacco? Such a costly and offensive apparatus for gratifying
+their depraved appetites would have furnished solid objections to their
+persons and doctrines, and would have been a just cause for the clamors
+and contumely, with which they were every where assailed."
+
+And yet this very disgusting practice is considered, in these days of
+gospel light and civil refinement, almost as an indispensable
+prerequisite to fit a minister of Christ to prosecute successfully the
+work of a missionary in evangelizing the world. Kindly expostulate with
+such Christians, physicians and ministers of the gospel on the propriety
+of their conduct, and they meet you with a multitude of the most
+frivolous excuses.
+
+One uses tobacco, as the tippler does his rum, as an antidote against a
+damp atmosphere. Another, to prevent the accumulation of water or bile
+in his stomach; and a third, as a security against the encroachment of
+contagious diseases.
+
+But Howard the philanthropist assures us, that it had efficacy neither
+in preventing the hospital fever, nor in warding off the deadly plague.
+Dr. Rush says, that at Philadelphia it was equally ineffectual, in
+preserving its votaries from influenza and yellow fever. Excuse
+ourselves as we may, it is at best a disgusting habit, persisted in
+against the convictions of our understanding and the dictates of true
+politeness, and adapted only to gratify a vitiated and unnatural
+appetite.
+
+It is, indeed, agreeable to observe, that the superior refinement and
+regard to good manners, in some parts of the old world, have at length
+awakened public sentiment on this subject.
+
+We are informed by travellers, that smoking is disallowed in taverns and
+coffee-houses in England, and that taking snuff is becoming
+unfashionable and vulgar in France. How much is it to be lamented, that,
+while the use of tobacco is thus declining in two of the most
+enlightened countries in Europe, it is daily becoming more general in
+America! "In no one view," says Dr. Rush, "is it possible to contemplate
+the creature man in a more absurd and ridiculous light, than in his
+foolish and disgusting attachment to the poisonous weed, tobacco." Who
+then can witness groups of boys ten or twelve years old in our streets,
+smoking cigars, without anticipating such a depreciation in our
+posterity with regard to health and character, as can scarcely be
+contemplated without pain and horror!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After the foregoing was in type, it was submitted to Doctor Warren, of
+this City, with a request that he would examine the whole, carefully,
+and give his opinion of it. He has kindly returned the following strong
+testimonial in favor of the Dissertation, which cannot but secure it a
+wide circulation, and the attentive perusal of every man who values
+health.
+
+    DEAR SIR--
+
+    In compliance with your request, I have read over the
+    pamphlet of Dr. McAllister on the use of Tobacco. Though my
+    present occupations have prevented my doing it so carefully,
+    as to entitle me to suggest any alteration or improvement.
+
+    The general tendency of the pamphlet is excellent: and I most
+    cordially give my opinion in its favor: for I have often had
+    occasion to observe the pernicious effects of the free use of
+    tobacco. Many instances of dyspepsia have come under my
+    notice, the origin of which was traced to the practice of
+    _chewing_; and on the abandonment of the habit, the patients
+    were restored to health. I have seen a number of cases of
+    injury to the voice, from the introduction of _snuff_ into
+    the _facial sinuses_. As to _smoking_, I am well satisfied
+    that it is calculated to cause a feverish state of the body;
+    and in certain constitutions it weakens the membranes which
+    line the nostrils, throat, and lungs, produces a
+    susceptibility to colds, and even more serious affections of
+    these parts, when it has been much employed.
+
+    From what I have seen, I have been led to believe that this
+    article is not necessary nor useful for the preservation of
+    health; and that it is often a cause of weakness and
+    sickness. I am, with great respect,
+
+                             Your ob't serv't,
+                               JOHN C. WARREN.
+  _Boston, Jan. 25, 1832._
+
+  NOTE.--Many persons have the opinion that the use of tobacco
+    is a preventive of contagious diseases: because it has been
+    asserted that tobacconists and others living in the midst of
+    the effluvia of this article, are exempted from the attacks
+    of such disorders. The practices above alluded to, have in my
+    opinion, a contrary effect. Those who live constantly in the
+    region of tobacco, by the effect of habit cease to be
+    stimulated and over excited by the diffusion of its lighter
+    particles in the air they breathe. But those who employ it,
+    occasionally, whether in smoking, chewing or snuffing,
+    undergo an excitement, more or less considerable; which is
+    infallibly followed by a proportionate debility, in which
+    state, they would be subject to the attacks of a disease they
+    might otherwise have escaped.
+
+    J. C. W.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies. Corrections in the text are noted below, with
+corrections inside the brackets:
+
+page 12: typo corrected
+
+   colorless solution, from which it is precipitated by a
+   tincture of galls. Tobacco yield[yields] its active matter to
+   water and proof spirit, but most perfectly to the latter; long
+
+page 17: typo corrected
+
+   thickening of the voice, is also the unavoidable result of
+   habitual snuff-taking. This disagreeble[disagreeable]
+   consequence is produced, either by partially filling up the
+
+
+page 29: added colon
+
+   This will appear from the following considerations[:]
+
+   Remedial agents ordinarily act on the system, by exciting the
+   living power through the medium of the nerves; hence when
+
+page 31: added missing end quotes
+
+   ministry, who are travelling this road to the grave. I
+   uniformly say to them: "Lay aside your pipes and tobacco, or
+   you are undone--your labors in the ministry will soon be at an
+   end."["][F]
+
+page 33: typo corrected
+
+   _summum bonum_, of the virtues of tobacco. This sedative power
+   will not the[be] questioned, by those who have ever witnessed
+   its peculiar effects.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical
+Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Dissertation on the Medical Properties and Injurious Effects of Tobacco, by A. Mcallister, M. D..
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical Properties
+and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Dissertation on the Medical Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco
+
+Author: A. McAllister
+
+Editor: Moses Stuart
+
+Release Date: April 26, 2008 [EBook #25184]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOBACCO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 476px;">
+<img src="images/title.jpg" width="476" height="718" alt="Title Page" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h1><small>A</small><br />
+
+DISSERTATION<br />
+
+<small>ON THE</small><br />
+
+MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND INJURIOUS EFFECTS<br />
+
+<small>OF THE</small><br />
+
+HABITUAL USE OF TOBACCO:<br /><br /></h1>
+
+<p class="center">READ, ACCORDING TO APPOINTMENT, BEFORE THE MEDICAL<br />
+SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY OF ONEIDA, AT THEIR<br />
+SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING,<br /></p>
+
+<p class="center">JANUARY 5, 1830.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+<h2>BY A. McALLISTER, M. D.<br /></h2>
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>Second Edition.</b><br />
+Improved and enlarged, with an Introductory Preface,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>BY MOSES STUART,</b><br />
+<i>Associate Professor of Sac. Lit. in the Theol. Inst. at Andover.</i></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p class="center">BOSTON:<br />
+PUBLISHED BY PEIRCE &amp; PARKER,<br />
+No. 9. Cornhill.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK:&mdash;H. C. SLEIGHT,<br />
+Clinton Hall.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1832.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">Peirce &amp;
+Parker</span>, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.</small></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><small>PRESS OF PEIRCE &amp; PARKER.<br />
+
+No. 9, Cornhill.</small></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The first edition of Dr. McAllister's Essay, was printed without any
+Appendix. Having myself been in the habit of using tobacco very
+moderately (usually but once in a day) from early life, I read the Essay
+as first printed with great interest. It appeared to me a sober,
+judicious, rational appeal to the understanding and judgment of the
+public, with respect to the subject of which it treats. A highly
+respected friend of mine desired me to give him my opinion of the Essay
+in writing. I consented to do this; and when I had done it, he judged it
+expedient to publish that opinion; to which I gave my consent. It was
+published in the <i>Journal of Humanity</i>; and for substance it was made up
+of an abridgement of Dr. McAllister's views, and some strictures on his
+style and method of treating the subject. In particular, a desire was
+expressed that Dr. McA. would discuss more fully some of the arguments
+employed in defence of using tobacco. This critique was sent to the
+author of the Essay; who in consequence of it expressed a willingness to
+revise his work, and make such additions as had been suggested. Some
+weeks since he transmitted to me a copy of the original edition, with a
+manuscript containing the Appendix to the present edition. At the same
+time he requested me to make any alterations in either part, which I
+might deem expedient. I have used this liberty so far as to change a few
+<i>technical</i> words for popular and intelligible ones. In some of these
+cases, I have detracted from the <i>specific</i> accuracy of the writer, as a
+medical man, for the sake of making his expressions more intelligible to
+the mass of readers. What he will thus lose, in his reputation for
+scientifical accuracy, he will gain by becoming more useful. A few other
+slight alterations and modifications have been made; but only such as I
+judged the worthy author would at once cheerfully admit. I have kept
+within the bounds of the liberty which he gave me; and I trust he will
+not be dissatisfied with what I have done.</p>
+
+<p>I command the serious perusal of the following Essay and Appendix to
+every man, who wishes to become well informed respecting the properties
+of tobacco. Whoever uses this substance as a luxury, is bound by a due
+regard to his own physical welfare to make himself acquainted with its
+properties and their influence. If any man can soberly peruse the
+following pages, without conviction that he is "playing with
+edge-tools," while he is indulging in the use of tobacco, I must confess
+his mind to be of a composition different from mine.</p>
+
+<p>One word as to <i>breaking off the habit</i>. The difficulty, I fully
+believe, is not much less than the breaking off from ardent spirits. But
+as to any danger to health in breaking off, the fear is idle; excepting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span>
+in case of delicate habits, where small changes produce great effects;
+or in case of advanced years and inveterate habit, where the course of
+those fluids which are so much affected by tobacco, if suddenly and
+entirely changed, may give rise to serious inconvenience. My belief,
+however, is, <i>that there no case in which a judicious and proper course
+may not effect an entire weaning from the use of tobacco</i>. Most persons
+in good health, and all in younger life, may break off at once, without
+the least danger. Two or three days will overcome all difficulty. Those
+whom slight changes in regimen affect very much, may break off more
+gradually; and so of persons advanced in life. A good way of
+accomplishing this, is to procure some of the most detestable tobacco
+which can be found, and when appetite will not forego the use of it
+without an evil greater than to use it, then take it in such a quantity
+as will be sure to nauseate and prostrate. This will put the next dose
+farther off; and two or three doses thus administered, will so blunt the
+appetite, that quitting the practice will appear to be quite a moderate
+degree of self-denial. Those who never felt the appetite may laugh at
+such directions as these; but those who know its power, will at least
+think them worth some consideration.</p>
+
+<p>I do not place the use of tobacco in the same scale with that of ardent
+spirits. It does not make men maniacs and demons. But that it does
+undermine the health of thousands; that it creates a nervous
+irritability, and thus operates on the temper and moral character of
+men; that it often creates a thirst for spirituous liquors; that it
+allures to clubs, and grog-shops, and taverns, and thus helps to make
+idlers and spendthrifts; and finally, that it is a very serious and
+needless expense; are things which cannot be denied by any observing and
+considerate person. And if all this be true, how can the habitual use of
+tobacco, as a mere luxury, be defended by anyone who wishes well to his
+fellow-men, or has a proper regard to his own usefulness?</p>
+
+<p>I have been in the use of it for thirty-five years; but I confess myself
+unable, on any ground, to defend or to excuse the practice. The wants
+which are altogether artificial, are such as duty calls us to avoid. The
+indulgence of them can in no way promote our good or our real comfort.</p>
+
+<p>I commend, therefore, the following sheets to the public: hoping that
+all, and especially the young, will read and well consider the
+suggestions they offer.<br /></p>
+
+<p class="author"><b>M. STUART.</b><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Andover, Jan. 10, 1832.</span><br />
+</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Medical Society of the County of Oneida.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p>
+
+<p>We have accidentally seen the manuscript copy of an address pronounced
+lately before your society, by Dr. McAllister. The research on which it
+is founded, and its perspicuity and arrangement, entitle it to a form
+more permanent than manuscript. But if the results are true, which it
+attempts to substantiate, they present imperious considerations for the
+publication of the address.</p>
+
+<p>We are not disposed to contract the circle of enjoyment; but if mischief
+crouches under the covert of any pleasure, propriety requires a
+notification to the unwary. Even should experience warrant the
+conclusion that habit enables us to use tobacco with physical impunity,
+(a conclusion Dr. McAllister powerfully controverts,) we must concede,
+that its use is disgusting to persons not infected with the habit.</p>
+
+<p>Civilization is composed of innumerable acts of self-denial; while the
+gratification of appetites, regardless of others, is the strongest
+feature of barbarism. We see then, even as a dictate of refinement, that
+the use of tobacco should be abandoned; and it has been abandoned by all
+the polite circles of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>But tobacco possesses that strong characteristic of a bad habit; it
+seldom leaves its votaries the liberty of abandonment. All which the
+address can effect, is an admonition to youth, over whom tobacco has not
+yet acquired its bad supremacy. As parents, then, anxious to see our
+children uncontaminated by disgustful practices; as citizens, emulous
+that our country shall not be surpassed in refinement by the nations of
+Europe, we are solicitous that the address of Dr. McAllister should be
+published, and in a pamphlet form, under the authority of your society.</p>
+
+<p>We are aware that this request involves a departure from your general
+disposition of the periodical addresses of your members, but we beg to
+suggest that the general interest of the present production renders a
+departure from your usual course not invidious, but a duty which we
+humbly think you owe to philanthropy. In support of our opinion, we take
+the liberty of enclosing you a letter from a distinguished
+fellow-citizen in Albany, who also accidentally saw the address: and we
+are, Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With very great respect, your ob't serv'ts,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">A. B. JOHNSON,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">D. C. LANSING,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">HIRAM DENIO,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">R. R. LANSING,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">EDM'D A. WETMORE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">WILLIAM WILLIAMS,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">SAM'L D. DAKIN.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Utica, Feb. 27, 1830.</span></span><br />
+</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Lydius Street, Albany</span>,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  }<br />
+Friday Evening, January 22d, 1830.&nbsp; &nbsp; }<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I have just completed an attentive perusal of the manuscript <i>discourse
+on tobacco</i>, which you handed to me this afternoon; and I really feel
+obliged to the author for the interest and instruction which it has
+afforded me. I am sincerely of opinion that the respectable society
+before whom it was delivered, owe it to themselves, to the public, and
+to the author, (if they have not already done so,) to request its
+publication. And, favorably as it leads me to think of the author's
+intellectual and professional endowments, he must be still more
+distinguished for his <i>modesty</i>, if he declines a compliance with such a
+request. He has treated a highly important subject, in a clear,
+forcible, and striking manner; and the public are deeply concerned in
+knowing what he has said of it. I will only add, that in point of
+literary execution, it is, in my judgment, most decidedly respectable,
+and would in that respect reflect no discredit upon any medical
+gentleman in this state.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Very respectfully and truly yours, &amp;c. &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<p class="author">A. CONKLING.</p>
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">R. R. Lansing</span>, Esq.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noindent">At a meeting of the Medical Society of the County of Oneida, on the
+5th of March, 1830, a communication was received, signed by a number
+of highly respectable gentlemen from this and other counties of this
+state, on the subject of a dissertation delivered before this
+society, at their late semi-annual meeting, by Dr. McAllister, "on
+the properties and effects of tobacco." The communication was
+referred to a committee.</p></div>
+
+<p>The committee reported, "That although dissertations so delivered became
+the properly of the society, yet believing as we do, that the subject is
+one of great importance, and the dissertation highly meritorious, and as
+we have not funds to defray the expense of publication, we will
+cheerfully relinquish our claim thereto in favor of our correspondents,
+and cordially unite with them in the desire which they have expressed to
+us, 'that the dissertation be published in a pamphlet form,' for their
+gratification and the benefit of the public."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the above report be accepted, and that a copy of the
+proceedings be delivered to the gentlemen who presented the
+communication.</p>
+
+<p class="author">C. B. COVENTRY, Sec'y pro. tem.<br /></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In consenting to the publication of the following pages, the author
+yielded to the request of gentlemen whose opinions he did not feel at
+liberty to disregard; he therefore hopes to avoid the imputation of
+vanity, with which he might have been charged, had he obtruded himself
+on the attention of the public, unsolicited. That the habitual use of
+tobacco is a wide spread, and spreading evil, will be acknowledged by
+all. This has been felt for years by the most enlightened members of the
+Faculty. That it causes many diseases, particularly visceral
+obstructions, and renders many others exceedingly difficult to cure, is
+demonstrated in the daily experience of every practitioner. The
+conviction that this habit was constantly extending by the advice and
+example of physicians, first induced the author to undertake the
+discussion of this subject before the respectable Society to which he
+has the honor to belong. Whether the attempt has been successful, the
+public will judge. That it is imperfect, will not be denied; but it is
+believed to have claims as a candid statement of facts.</p>
+
+<p>To literary distinction the author makes no pretentions; he therefore
+craves the indulgence of the learned, as they can best appreciate the
+labor of writing well. He has chosen a free, popular style, believing
+that the best calculated to do good; and to render it still more
+familiar, at the suggestion of some friends, the technical terms have
+been mostly expunged. Aware that affectation consists no less in
+studiously avoiding, than in unnecessarily using technical language, the
+author submitted to this, in the hope of being better understood by
+persons out of the Profession. His medical brethren will, therefore,
+know how to excuse him, for attempting to make this essay more plain,
+though it should be at the expense of technical accuracy.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Should the prevalence of the practice, be a fair index to public
+sentiment, the author is aware that he wars against a fearful odds. But
+many who use this noxious weed, without hesitation acknowledge its
+deleterious effects, and urge in extenuation the inveteracy of habit.</p>
+
+<p>One consideration had considerable influence to induce the author to
+consent to the publication of this paper&mdash;the hope that it might aid in
+putting away the evil of intemperance, by pointing out one grand source
+of that desolating scourge. When public attention shall be fully
+awakened to this subject, innumerable instances will be found, where
+drunkenness has followed as the legitimate consequence of using tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>Should that hope be fulfilled&mdash;should it be found that the labor of the
+author has exerted any salutary influence, in restraining young men from
+falling into those habits which are inevitably followed by much physical
+suffering, if not by absolute ruin, such a result would be to him an
+ample compensation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Utica, May, 1830.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="DISSERTATION" id="DISSERTATION"></a>DISSERTATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Mr. President and Gentlemen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The confidence of an enlightened community has assigned to you, as
+guardians of the dearest interests of society, an elevated and highly
+responsible rank among those who labor to promote the great cause of
+human happiness. Your influence in the medical councils of this great
+and flourishing State, gives a lasting effect to your deliberations, and
+stamps a value on those productions which you are pleased to approve.
+While the opinions of other men are often exhibited and forgotten with
+the occasion which gave them birth, those of the physician continue not
+unfrequently to affect at least the physical welfare of the world, after
+his "dust has returned to the earth as it was, and his spirit has gone
+to God who gave it." In view of this momentous truth, an humble attempt
+will now be made, in discharge of the duty assigned me, to examine the
+cause of some of the "ills which flesh is heir to."</p>
+
+<p>I regard this principle as an axiom, that whatever conduces to augment
+the sum of human happiness, must be an object of solicitude to the
+conscientious and intelligent physician. He will be anxious that his
+fellow citizens should be sober, peaceable, and virtuous; that they
+should be industrious, frugal, and prosperous. Whatever will produce
+such results should receive the decided approbation of every benevolent
+member of the Faculty. It follows, of course, that whatever has an
+opposite tendency should meet his frown. Pursuing this principle, you
+have condemned the use of ardent spirits, unless sickness demands their
+application as a medicine.</p>
+
+<p>The physical evils resulting from intemperance were eloquently exhibited
+in the address, presented by your committee, during the last year. That
+address, with its accom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>panying resolutions, now exerts a beneficial
+influence through a widely extended community. We are cheered by the
+kind wishes and prayers of the friends of good order, in our efforts to
+destroy that vice which has not only "walked" through our country "in
+darkness," but "wasted at noon-day." But while we exult in the triumph
+of correct principles on <i>this</i> subject, do not other vicious
+indulgences demand our attention? Should we slumber over the mischiefs
+resulting from such indulgences, while the public look to us as pioneers
+who should trace out the pathway to health and happiness, and demand
+from us both precepts and examples of sobriety and virtue?
+Unfortunately, in all our attempts to abolish practices prejudicial to
+the best interests of man, we are compelled, in the outset, to encounter
+our own inveterate habits&mdash;habits which rise up in mutiny against
+reformation, and with clamorous note forbid us to proceed. Are we so
+fortunate as to be free from their influence ourselves, we look around
+and see our friends bound in chains, from which we should rejoice to
+deliver them; but we fear, perhaps, to make an experiment which may
+rouse their passions, rather than convince their understandings.</p>
+
+<p>Who can count the multitudes yearly consigned to the tomb, by the
+indulgence of a fastidious and unnatural appetite? Headaches,
+flatulencies, cholics, dyspepsias, palsies, apoplexies, and death,
+pursue the Epicurean train, as ravens follow the march of an armed host,
+to prey on those who fall in the "battle of the warrior, with their
+garments rolled in blood." The truth of this statement will not be
+questioned. Yet where is the physician, possessing sufficient moral
+courage to raise his voice against the system of modern cookery? Should
+it be thought, that, as medical men have given no more encouragement to
+that system than any other class in society, they are not bound to use
+any extraordinary exertions to produce a change; still a wide field is
+left open to benevolent action in reference to those things, the
+influence of which is injurious to mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen&mdash;there is a baneful habit, diffused, like the atmosphere,
+through all classes, and affecting all the ramifications of society. And
+this habit owes much of its prevalence to the advice and example of
+respectable physicians. We indulge the hope, from the great increase of
+medical knowledge, that the time will soon arrive, when persons disposed
+to vicious indulgence will be unable to entrench<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> themselves behind our
+professional advice. I am aware that I tread on dangerous ground, in
+attempting to investigate the propriety of a practice which has been
+introduced and approved by a large portion of the members of this
+respectable Society. You may start at the suggestion, and regard it as
+unworthy of your notice. Let me hope, however, that you will suspend
+your opinions, while I endeavor to present the <i>natural history,
+chemical composition</i>, and <i>medical properties</i> of one of our most
+deadly narcotics&mdash;the <i>Tabaci Folia</i>, <i>Nicotiana Tabacum</i>, i. e.
+tobacco. If in the prosecution of this inquiry, we shall be able to
+discover the great and injurious effects which the use of this poisonous
+plant produces on the constitution, I shall be excused, if I urge this
+subject on your consideration with more than ordinary importunity.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">I. Natural History.</span></h3>
+
+<p>"This plant was unknown in Europe until after the discovery of America
+by the Spaniards, and was first carried to England by Sir Francis Drake,
+A. D. 1560. The natives of this continent call it <i>petun</i>; those of the
+islands, <i>yoli</i>. The Spaniards, who gave it the name of <i>tobacco</i>, took
+that name from Tabaco, a province in Yucatan, where they first found it,
+and first learned its use. Some contend that it derives its name from
+Tobago, one of the Caribbee Islands, discovered by Columbus, in
+1498."<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> It received the name <i>tobacco</i> from Hernandez de Toledo, who
+first sent it to Spain and Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>The botanic description of this plant may be found in most works on the
+science of botany: and therefore I shall not detain you with it at this
+time. The plant, while growing exhibits a very beautiful appearance, but
+is so extremely nauseous, that in all the variety of insects, only one
+is found to feed upon it. This is a worm "<i>sui generis</i>," the mode of
+its propagation being entirely unknown; and from its being the only
+living creature (man excepted) that will devour this plant,<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> it is
+called "<i>tobacco worm</i>."</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">II. Sensible Qualities.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is of a yellowish green color; it has a strong, narcotic, and
+f&oelig;tid odor, with a bitter and extremely acrid taste.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">III. Chemical Composition.</span></h3>
+
+<p>"Mucilage, albumen, or gluten, extractive, a bitter principle, an
+essential oil, nitrate of potass, which occasions its deflagration,
+muriate of potass, and a peculiar proximate principle, upon which the
+virtues of the plant are supposed to depend, and which has therefore
+been named <i>Nicotin</i>. This peculiar principle is considered by some, as
+approaching the essential oil in its properties. It is colorless, has an
+acrid taste, and the peculiar smell of tobacco; and occasions violent
+sneezing. With alcohol and water it forms a colorless solution, from
+which it is precipitated by a tincture of galls. Tobacco <a name="yields" id="yields"></a><a href="#TN">yields</a> its
+active matter to water and proof spirit, but most perfectly to the
+latter; long boiling weakens its powers. A most powerful oil may be
+obtained by distillation, and separating it from the surface of the
+water on which it floats."</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">IV. Medical Properties.</span></h3>
+
+<p>These are considered to be those of a powerful <i>narcotic</i>,
+<i>antispasmodic</i>, <i>emetic</i>, <i>cathartic</i>, <i>sudorific</i>, and <i>diuretic</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"As a <i>narcotic</i>, it is endued with the most energetic, poisonous
+properties, producing, when administered even in small doses, severe
+nausea and vomiting, cold sweats, universal tremors, with extreme
+muscular debility." From its exerting a peculiar action on the nervous
+system, as ascertained by the well directed experiments of Mr. Brodie,
+it powerfully controls the action of the heart and arteries, producing
+invariably a weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symptoms of
+approaching death. And so different is its operation from that of other
+narcotics, that it actually operates with more destructive efficacy,
+when used by way of injection, than when applied either to the skin, or
+when taken into the stomach.</p>
+
+<p>From what has been said of its narcotic powers, you, Gentlemen, will
+readily infer its virtue as an article of <i>medicine</i>. If we wish, at any
+time, to prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden and awful
+manner, we have but to administer a dose of tobacco, and our object is
+accomplished. Hence its use in obstinate constipation, in cholic, in the
+iliac passion, and in stranguary.</p>
+
+<p>As it is conceded that its efficacy as an <i>antispasmodic</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> depends upon
+its power to prostrate every vestige of tone and elasticity in the
+muscular fibre, prudence would dictate that it should be used with the
+utmost circumspection, when the system had been previously exhausted by
+the disease, or by the antecedent method of cure. Melancholy instances
+are on record, of the fatal effects of this medicine when administered
+without this caution, both as an internal remedy, and as an external
+application in cutaneous diseases. Two instances will suffice.</p>
+
+<p>"A medical practitioner," says Paris, "after repeated trials to reduce a
+strangulated hernia, injected an infusion of tobacco, and shortly after
+sent the patient in a carriage to the Westminster Hospital, for the
+purpose of undergoing the operation; but the unfortunate man arrived
+only a few minutes before he expired."</p>
+
+<p>"I knew a woman," says the same learned author, "who applied to the
+heads of three of her children, afflicted with scald-head, an ointment
+composed of snuff and butter; but what was the poor woman's surprise, to
+find them immediately seized with vertigo, violent vomiting, fainting,
+and convulsions."</p>
+
+<p>We next come to its effects as an <i>emetic</i>. "As such," says Professor
+Chapman, "tobacco claims our attention. Cullen and many others opposed
+its use, on account of the harshness of its operation. Certainly it
+exceeds all others in the promptness, violence, and permanence of its
+impressions. But these very qualities, unpleasant as they are, enhance
+its value in many cases."</p>
+
+<p>"Tobacco seems especially to be adapted to the evacuation of some
+poisons; and it has this advantage, that it acts with equal certainty
+and expedition, when applied to the region of the stomach in the form of
+a poultice, as when internally administered." Professor Barton says, he
+had recourse to an application of the moistened leaves of this plant to
+the region of the stomach, with complete success, to expel an inordinate
+quantity of laudanum, in a case where the most active emetics, in the
+largest doses, were resorted to in vain. But most poisons, particularly
+the corrosive, are attended with so much exhaustion, that it would seem
+perilous to administer tobacco, lest by its own depressing effects, the
+powers of vitality might be irrecoverably extinguished. In many
+instances, however, it appears that it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> may be administered in small
+doses with safety and advantage.</p>
+
+<p>We are informed by a respectable writer, that while at the Cape of Good
+Hope, he had a number of Hottentots, with intermittent fever, under his
+care. Having few medicines, he resorted to tobacco, and found six grains
+of snuff as effectual in exciting vomiting, as two of Tartar emetic.</p>
+
+<p>By many it is preferred in minute doses, as a nauseating medicine. Thus
+administered, it has succeeded in subduing some of the most violent
+symptoms of the most furious cases of mania; and where it cannot be
+given by the mouth, from the obstinacy of the patient, it may with equal
+benefit be applied in the form of a poultice.</p>
+
+<p>As a <i>cathartic</i>, tobacco is entitled to notice. "Some physicians have
+been in the habit of prescribing this powerful substance not only for
+the more dangerous cases of incarcerated hernia, but in all cases of
+obstinate constipation, from whatever cause produced. To relieve these
+painful diseases, it has been usually given in the form of a clyster,
+regulating the dose to the age, circumstances, and strength of the
+patient; and it is affirmed to have proved, in many instances, very
+effectual, and to possess the confidence of practitioners."</p>
+
+<p>I was informed by a learned and ingenious friend, that, having an
+obstinate case of ascaris lumbricoides in his own family, after repeated
+unsuccessful efforts to dislodge the worms, he at last had recourse to
+this potent remedy, a poultice of which he applied to the region of the
+stomach. The worms were almost instantaneously expelled, but with very
+alarming symptoms, and a complete prostration of the patient. From these
+circumstances, we should be led to conclude, that its efficacy as a
+vermifuge defends either upon its narcotic properties, or upon its
+sudden and powerful effect as a cathartic.</p>
+
+<p>Its effects as a <i>sternutatory</i>, i. e. as exciting to sneeze, are known
+to all. If applied to the nostrils, in the form of a powder or snuff, it
+produces violent and repeated sneezing, with a slight degree of vertigo.
+The violent agitation produced in this way, together with a copious
+discharge from the nostrils, often relieves catarrh, headache, and
+incipient opthalmia or inflammation of the eyes. But habit soon blunts
+the sensibility of the organs, and much positive injury follows the
+habitual use of snuff. It has been a pop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>ular remedy in many places for
+the cure of scald-head, psora, and most other cutaneous eruptions. It
+has also been applied for cleansing ulcers, and for the removal of
+indolent tumors. But the dreadful effects produced by it when absorbed
+into the system, have induced most medical men to abandon it altogether,
+and prescribe a more safe application.</p>
+
+<p>Though it is said, by Dr. Brailsford, to be a <i>sudorific</i> of
+considerable efficacy, I am in possession of no facts which go to
+support such a conclusion, unless indeed it be the fact, that it in an
+eminent degree brings on that cold perspiration of which we have spoken,
+and which is, in many instances, the immediate precursor of death.</p>
+
+<p>But of all others, its <i>diuretic</i> properties have been the most lauded.
+Dr. Fowler was the first to bring them extensively into notice. In
+dropsy, dysury, gravel, and nephritis calculosa or inflammation of the
+kidneys, the infusion and tincture were given by him with astonishing
+success. In spasmodic asthma, the same distinguished physician found it
+to afford relief.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Earle, a surgeon of some eminence, has more recently treated several
+inveterate cases of retention of urine on the same plan and with similar
+effects, and adds his testimony to its efficacy in tetanus, trismus, and
+other spasmodic affections. Of its power to relieve spasm there can be
+no doubt. What has been related of its sedative qualities, is abundantly
+sufficient to establish that fact. Cramps, convulsions, and even the
+vital principle itself, give way before the exhibition of this deadly
+narcotic. Hence, to its power of prostrating the muscular energy, it
+owes its efficacy in preventing retention of urine.</p>
+
+<p>We have now gone through with an examination of the medicinal properties
+of tobacco, and have arrived at the following conclusion, viz. that few
+substances are capable of exerting effects so sudden and destructive, as
+this poisonous plant. Prick the skin of mouse with a needle, the point
+of which has been dipped in its essential oil, and immediately it swells
+and dies. Introduce a piece of common "twist," as large as a kidney
+bean, into the mouth of a robust man, unaccustomed to this weed, and
+soon he is affected with fainting, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and loss
+of vision. At length the surface becomes deadly pale, the cold sweat
+gathers thick upon his brow, the pulse flutters or ceases to beat, a
+universal tremor comes on, with slight spasms and <i>other</i> symptoms of
+dissolution. As an emetic, few articles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> can compare with it for the
+promptness and efficiency of its operation; at the same time there are
+none which produce such universal debility. As a cathartic, it produces
+immediate and copious evacuations, with great prostration of strength;
+but its dose can with difficulty be regulated.</p>
+
+<p>If such be a fair statement of its effects on the human system; if it
+requires all the skill of the most experienced practitioner to guard
+against those sudden depressions which uniformly follow its use, when
+administered with the utmost circumspection; and if, with all this
+caution, its operation is still followed by the most alarming, and even
+fatal consequences&mdash;what shall we say of those who habitually subject
+their constitutions to the destructive influence of this worse than
+"Bohan Upas?"</p>
+
+<p>To an individual unacquainted with the fact, it would seem incredible
+that a weed, possessed of properties so poisonous, should ever have been
+sought as an article of luxury. Yet it has not only been sought, but
+even credulity startles at the extent to which it has been used. "Like
+opium, it calms the agitations of our corporeal frame, and soothes the
+anxieties and distresses of the mind." Its powers are felt and its
+fascinations acknowledged, by all the intermediate grades of society,
+from the sot who wallows in the mire of your streets, to the clergyman
+who stands forth a pattern of moral excellence, and who ministers at the
+altar of God. For it the Arab will traverse, unwearied, his burning
+deserts; and the Icelander risk his life amidst perpetual snows. Its
+charms are experienced alike, by the savage who roams the wilds of an
+American forest, and the courtier who rolls in luxury and prescribes
+rules of refinement to the civilized world; by the miscreant who wrings
+from the cold hand of charity the pittance that sustains his life, and
+the monarch who sways his sceptre over half the globe; by him who is
+bent with woes and years, and him whose cheek is covered yet with
+boyhood's down. Hence we might conclude it capable of giving strength to
+the weary, vivacity to the stupid, and wisdom to men void of
+understanding; capable of soothing the sorrows of the afflicted, of
+healing the wounds of the spirit, and assuaging the anguish of a broken
+heart. But how it fulfils these desirable indications, will be our next
+business to inquire.</p>
+
+<p>Tobacco, as a luxury, has been used for the two last centuries over all
+the civilized, and the greater portion of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> uncivilized world. The
+modes have been <i>snuffing</i>, <i>smoking</i>, and <i>chewing</i>. Its effects, when
+habitually used in each of these modes, will now be examined. As far as
+my observations extend, few, if any, of all the devotees to this
+stupefying substance, ever resort to its use without some supposed
+necessity; and often, alas <i>too often</i>, by the advice of physicians.</p>
+
+<p>The benefit to be derived from the exhibition of a medicine in the cure
+of disease, should not alone induce us to prescribe it, without due
+regard to the injury which may result to the constitution. Had this rule
+been observed relative to the subject under consideration, I apprehend
+the use of this baneful drug would have been less extensive.</p>
+
+<p>Snuff has been prescribed for a variety of complaints, among which are
+headache, catarrh, and some species of opthalmia, and no doubt sometimes
+with very good effect; as I have, in a very few instances, witnessed.
+But the fact seems to have been overlooked, that its only power to
+relieve these complaints arises from the copious discharge of mucus from
+the nostrils, during the violent paroxysm of sneezing which invariably
+attends its first application; and that its salutary influence ceases,
+whenever these peculiar effects cease to accompany its exhibition. Hence
+in all cases where it is continued an indefinite time, or until the
+schneiderian membrane loses its sensibility, it not only fails of its
+medicinal effect, but actually becomes pernicious; aggravating the very
+disease it was intended to cure. It not only does this, but goes on
+committing great ravages on the whole nervous system, superinducing
+hypocondria, tremors, and premature decay of all the intellectual
+powers. A thickening of the voice, is also the unavoidable result of
+habitual snuff-taking. This <a name="disagreeable" id="disagreeable"></a><a href="#TN">disagreeable</a> consequence is produced, either
+by partially filling up the nasal avenues, or by destroying the
+sensibility of the parts. Be that as it may, we would say of the change,
+in the forcible language of Cowper: "O! it is fulsome, and offends me
+more than the nasal twang, heard at conventicle from the pent nostril,
+spectacle bestrid."</p>
+
+<p>It also occasions loss of appetite, frequent sickness at the stomach,
+with many other disagreeable symptoms. A case in point, is related by
+Dr. Cullen, of a woman who had been in the habit for twenty years. At
+length she found on taking a pinch before dinner, she had no appetite.
+This hav<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>ing frequently occurred, she was induced to postpone her pinch
+till after dinner, when she ate her meal with her accustomed relish, and
+went on snuff-taking in the afternoon without inconvenience.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance is related by the same author, of the injurious effects
+of this habit. A lady, who had been accustomed to take snuff freely, was
+seized with a severe pain in her stomach, which continued unabated
+notwithstanding many remedies were applied; until accidentally her snuff
+was omitted for a few days, when the pain was found to subside, and did
+not return until she again had recourse to her snuff. Then, to her utter
+astonishment, it immediately came with all its former severity, and
+would yield to no treatment without a relinquishment of the snuff-box,
+which (strange to tell) the woman laid aside, and recovered her health.</p>
+
+<p>Most persons in the constant habit of taking snuff, are led on
+insensibly, until they consume enormous quantities. But as they are
+accustomed both to its stimulant and narcotic effects, they are not
+aware of the pernicious consequences. In the midst of interesting
+conversation, they frequently transcend the bounds assigned them by
+habit, and the consequence is, sickness, faintness, and trembling, with
+some vertigo and confusion of head. During this paroxysm of snuffing,
+particles of the powdered tobacco are carried back into the fauces, and
+thence into the stomach; which occasions not only sickness at the time,
+but is long after followed with dyspepsia and other symptoms of
+disordered abdominal viscera.</p>
+
+<p>The second mode of habitually using this drug, is <i>smoking</i>. This, too,
+has been prescribed by reputable members of the faculty. And for what
+purpose has this disgusting practice been recommended? "For weakness of
+the stomach," to be sure. Persons who have a craving appetite, and
+consume more food, particularly at dinner, than their stomach will
+readily digest, experience considerable uneasiness for some time after
+eating. The mouth and fauces sympathize with the overloaded organ, and
+an increased quantity of fluid is poured from the mucous follicles and
+salivary glands, to aid in the process of digestion. Under these
+accumulating difficulties, the man calls on the "<i>Doctor</i>," who very
+wisely imagines these symptoms are sufficient evidence that he has a
+"weak and watery sto<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>mach," and the pipe and cigar are recommended to
+carry off the superabundant humors, which still are unable to assimilate
+the enormous load with which, from time to time, the stomach is crowded.
+But as the application of the burnt oil of tobacco to the mouth and
+fauces, from its stimulant and narcotic qualities, benumbs the senses
+and renders the individual less conscious of his distress, he takes it
+for granted that he is materially relieved, and knows not, poor man,
+that it is all delusion. Thus, instead of taking the only rational
+method, that of adapting the quantity of food to the powers of
+digestion, he pursues a course which continues to weaken the organs of
+digestion and assimilation, and at length plunges him into all the
+accumulated horrors of dyspepsia, with a complete prostration of the
+nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>But it has been said, that smoking will cure the tooth-ache; and we
+should have recourse to any means for the removal of so painful a
+disease. That it will, as a powerful sedative, lessen the pain, and
+sometimes even altogether remove tooth-ache, is probably true; but why
+continue the practice after the occasion has ceased? Opium and calomel,
+judiciously administered, will relieve <i>cholera morbus</i>; but whoever
+thought of making them an article of diet, because from their
+application he had experienced relief in that dangerous complaint? Or
+whoever dreamed of using them constantly, lest he might again be
+attacked with it? Would not prudence dictate to lay them aside, that
+they might not lose their influence on the system, and consequently
+their medicinal virtues?</p>
+
+<p>But smoking sometimes diminishes the secretions of the mouth, producing
+dryness and thirst, instead of moisture; still it is used with the same
+perseverance as in the former case, and to obviate the same difficulty,
+an overburdened stomach. And such is the united influence of its
+stimulant and narcotic qualities, that the <i>thirst it occasions is not
+to be allayed by ordinary drinks, but wine, ale, and brandy must be
+taken, to satisfy this unnatural demand</i>. Hence, smoking has, in many
+instances, been the sad precursor to the whiskey-jug and brandy-bottle,
+which together have plunged their unfortunate victims into the lowest
+depths of wretchedness and woe.</p>
+
+<p>I am well acquainted with a man in a neighboring county, whose
+intellectual endowments would do honor to any station, and who has
+accumulated a handsome estate; but whose habits, of late, give unerring
+premonition to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> friends of a mournful result. This man informed me
+that it was the fatal thirst occasioned by smoking his cigar, in
+fashionable society, that had brought him into his present wretched and
+miserable condition. Without any desire for ardent spirit, he first
+sipped a little gin and water, to allay the disagreeable sensations
+brought on by smoking, as water was altogether too insipid to answer the
+purpose. Thus he went on from year to year, increasing his stimulus from
+one degree to another, until he lost all control over himself; and now
+he stands as a beacon, warning others to avoid the same road to
+destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Smoking has been prescribed for spasmodic asthma, and undoubtedly with
+some success; and the manner in which it affords relief in this
+distressing disease has been pointed out, when speaking of the narcotic
+and antispasmodic effects of this drug. But suppose it capable of
+relieving the paroxysm, when administered to a person unaccustomed to
+its deadly stimulus, it will by no means be followed by the same happy
+effect, when once its use becomes habitual.</p>
+
+<p>But smoking has been the grand resort to secure the system from the
+influence of contagion; and perhaps no power ascribed to it, has ever
+been so universally acknowledged. But upon what series of experiments
+are these pretensions founded? From all the attention which I have
+bestowed on this investigation, I have been unable to discover any
+evidence of its utility in this respect, except what arose from the
+prejudices of the ignorant, or the obstinacy of those who are slaves to
+the practice of it. The bare assertion of Deimerbroek, "that it kept off
+the plague," without a single corroborative fact, would hardly be
+sufficient authority on which to establish a conclusion so important;
+especially when we have the united experience of Rivernus, Chemot, and
+Cullen, to prove the opposite of this position. Hence we conclude, that
+its properties in keeping off contagion, depend on its sedative powers,
+which it possesses in common with other narcotics, wine, brandy, and
+opium. As these lessen sensibility, and sometimes allay anxiety of the
+mind, it is not impossible that in a very few instances they may have
+prevented the exciting causes of disease from taking effect. But what
+are these few, when compared with the multitudes whose nervous systems
+have been destroyed by this pernicious habit, and thus exposed to all
+the horrors of malignant disease.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Smoking also assuages the <i>tedium</i> of life. Here is the grand secret.
+Man fears to be alone; and when left to his own solitary reflections, he
+dreads the result of self-examination. He flies for relief to his pipe,
+his cigar, his quid, or his bottle, with the vain hope of escaping from
+himself. To accomplish an object so desirable, he hesitates not to
+<i>stupify</i> those noble faculties which he cannot hope to extinguish, and
+with which he has been endowed by the God of nature, for wise and
+benevolent purposes. And will you, gentlemen, by precept and example,
+longer sanction <i>such</i> a course of conduct,&mdash;conduct so degrading to us
+as intelligent beings, and as conservators of the public health?</p>
+
+<p>The third mode of habitually using tobacco, is <i>chewing</i>. In this manner
+all its deadly powers are speedily manifest, in the commencement of the
+practice, as has been already shown. In this mode, too, its nauseous
+taste and stimulant property excite and keep up a profuse discharge from
+the mucous follicles and salivary glands. Probably to this circumstance
+alone, is owing the superior efficacy of this mode of using this drug in
+the cure of tooth-ache. But whether this enormous waste of the
+secretions of the mouth and fauces can be borne by the constitution with
+impunity, you, Gentlemen, are abundantly competent to judge.
+Physiologists agree that these secretions are intended to assist in
+preparing the aliments for deglutition, by rendering them sufficiently
+fluid, and afterwards, by their peculiar properties, to promote
+digestion and assimilation. The great increase of these just before and
+after eating, and the large quantities swallowed about that time, are
+unequivocal evidence of their importance to the digestive economy. Then
+what must be the state of that man's digestion, who, until seated at
+table, keeps his quid in his mouth, and immediately returns it thither,
+after rising from his meal? And when we reflect, that large quantities
+of saliva strongly impregnated with this poison, and even particles of
+the substance itself, are frequently swallowed, what, again I ask, is
+the probable condition of such a person's digestive organs?</p>
+
+<p>I know it may be said in reply, that such persons often consume large
+quantities of food, without experiencing any perceptible inconvenience;
+and I also know that they are often emaciated, notwithstanding the
+enormous portion of aliment they daily consume. Under these
+circumstances<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> the emaciation arises, either from the profuse discharge
+of saliva, or an imperfect digestion, or the combined influence of both.
+Hence, when a man of a corpulent habit, with a keen appetite, who is
+unwilling to forego his wine and to use moderation in his roast beef,
+applies for professional advice to prevent corpulence, medical men very
+naturally and philosophically direct him, if he persists in his excess,
+to the use of tobacco, as a temporary relief, against the direful
+effects of his gluttony and intemperance.</p>
+
+<p>A clergyman of high standing informed me, that he acquired the habit of
+using tobacco in college, and had continued the practice for a number of
+years; but he found, by experience, his health materially impaired,
+being often affected with sickness, lassitude, and faintness. His
+muscles also became flabby and lost their tone, and his speaking was
+seriously interrupted by an elongation of the uvula. His brother, an
+intelligent physician, advised the discontinuance of his tobacco. He
+laid it aside. Nature, freed from its depressing influence, soon gave
+signs of returning vigor. His stomach resumed its wonted tone, his
+muscles acquired their former elasticity, and his speaking was no more
+annoyed by a relaxation of them.</p>
+
+<p>A respectable man of my acquaintance, about forty years of age, who
+commenced chewing tobacco at the age of eighteen, was for a long time
+annoyed by depression of spirits, which increased until it became a
+settled melancholy, with great emaciation, and the usual symptoms of
+that miserable disease. All attempts to relieve him proved unavailing,
+until he was persuaded to dispense with his quid. Immediately his
+spirits revived, his countenance lost its dejection, his flesh
+increased, and he soon regained his health. Another man, who used
+tobacco very sparingly, became affected with loss of appetite, sickness
+at stomach, emaciation, and melancholy. From a conviction that even the
+small quantity he chewed was the source of his trouble, he entirely left
+it off, and very soon recovered.</p>
+
+<p>I was once acquainted with a learned, respectable, and intelligent
+physician, who informed me, that from his youth he had been accustomed
+to the use of this baneful plant, both by smoking and chewing. At
+length, after using it very freely while indisposed, he was suddenly
+seized with an alarming vertigo, which, without doubt, was the result of
+this destructive habit. This afflicting complaint was pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>ceded by the
+usual symptoms which accompany a disordered stomach, and a relaxation of
+nerves, with which, Gentlemen, you are too familiar to need a
+description here. After the application of a variety of remedies to
+little or no purpose, he quit the deleterious practice, and though his
+vertigo continued long and obstinate, he has nearly or quite recovered
+his former health. And he has never doubted but that the use of tobacco
+was the cause of all his suffering in this disagreeable disease. Many
+more cases might be cited, but sufficient has been said to establish the
+doctrine here laid down.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>Having gone through with an examination of the <i>physical</i> influence of
+tobacco, let us now, for a few moments, attend to its <i>political</i> and
+<i>moral</i> influence.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>It is a costly practice.</i> The whole adult population in the United
+States is estimated at six millions, one half of which are males.
+Allowing but one half of these to use tobacco in some form, we shall
+have one and a half millions to be taxed with this consumption. If we
+take into the account all who are in its use before they arrive at the
+period of adult age, it would swell the amount to two millions. Lest we
+should be accused of exaggeration, we will estimate the whole number of
+devotees at one million, who pay their daily homage at the shrine of
+this stupifying idol. The expense to the consumers of this drug varies,
+according to the quantity and mode of using. Those who are in the habit
+of smoking freely, and use none but the best Spanish cigars, pay a tax,
+I am informed by good judges, of not less than fifty dollars a year.
+While the moderate consumer of Scotch snuff pays from one to two
+dollars. Somewhere between these wide extremes, may be found the fair
+estimate of an average cost. If one fifth of the whole number of
+consumers should pay the highest estimate, it would amount to ten
+millions annually. Then if three-fifths pay but ten dollars apiece, it
+will amount to six millions; and if the remaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> one-fifth pay but one
+dollar each, we shall have two hundred thousand dollars more. These
+added together will make an aggregate of <i>sixteen millions two hundred
+thousand dollars</i>. In this estimate nothing has been said of another
+class of consumers, which delicacy forbids me to mention, (and I hope I
+shall receive their forgiveness for my neglect;) nor of the time wasted
+in procuring and devouring this precious morsel. But lest even this very
+moderate calculation should be considered extravagant, which is by many
+competent judges believed to be far too low, we will reckon the
+consumers at one million, and the average cost at ten dollars each a
+year, for the whole; and then we have <i>the enormous tax of three
+millions of dollars</i>, to be annually paid in these United States for the
+useless consumption of this loathsome drug.</p>
+
+
+<p>2. <i>This practice paves the way to drunkenness.</i> A few reasons have
+already been given, why <i>smoking</i> tends strongly to favor the
+introduction of ardent spirits. The dryness of mouth induced in some, is
+not the only case where a thirst for strong drink is produced. The great
+waste of saliva, occasioned both by smoking and chewing, has the same
+dangerous tendency. The fact that few of all the consumers of this plant
+are fond of those simple beverages so grateful to the unvitiated taste,
+and that most are inordinately attached to ale, wine, and brandy, is
+sufficient evidence of the dreadful truth, that it is the faithful
+pioneer to intemperance. What though there are some few and honorable
+exceptions; and what though there are <i>many</i>, who for a long time have
+used the poisonous plant, and have escaped the yawning gulf; still, a
+sufficient number have been swallowed up, to warrant the general
+conclusion. The few specifications already made above, might easily be
+increased a hundred fold.</p>
+
+<p>Though every lover of tobacco is not a slave to rum, yet <i>almost every
+drunkard is a slave to tobacco</i>; and this is indirect evidence that the
+habits are in a manner associated, or have a sort of natural affinity.
+If such be its tendency, what moral responsibility rests upon the man
+who shall recommend it, either by professional advice, or by his own
+example! What an infinitude of moral evil <i>must</i> follow in its train, if
+drunkenness be its legitimate effect! What woes, what sorrows, what
+wounds without cause, may spring into existence at your bidding, when
+you prescribe the ha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>bitual use of this baneful plant! By such a
+prescription you incautiously open a fountain from which may issue
+streams, disturbing the peace of private families, pouring the waters of
+contention into peaceful and harmonious neighborhoods, embittering every
+condition of life, and poisoning every department of human society.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>3. <i>It is an indecent practice.</i> To say nothing of the disagreeable
+contortions of countenance assumed by the great variety of snuffers,
+smokers, and chewers; to say nothing of the pollution, inseparable from
+these habits, to the mouth, breath, and apparel, to the house and its
+furniture, (all which are too familiar to require description;) I ask,
+where is the man making any pretensions to refinement, who would not
+blush to offend the delicate sensibilities of the <i>fair</i>, by smoking his
+pipe or cigar in their presence? True politeness would seem to require,
+moreover, that even the feelings of <i>gentlemen</i> should be respected. But
+all sense of propriety seems to have fled before the indulgence of this
+foolish habit. To such an extent has it obtained, that we meet it in the
+kitchen, in the dining-room, and in the parlor; in every gathering of
+men of business; in every party of pleasure; in our halls of
+legislation; in our courts of justice; and even the sanctuary of God is
+sometimes polluted by this loathsome practice. It is impossible to walk
+the street without being constantly assailed by this noxious vapor, as
+it is breathed from the mouths of all classes in community, from the
+sooty chimney-sweep, to the parson in his sacerdotal robe. You can
+scarcely meet a man in the street, with whom you have business, but he
+pours a stream of smoke into your face, exceedingly disgusting. And this
+he does too, without imagining that he transgresses the rules of
+politeness, or gives you any cause of offence.</p>
+
+<p>In these habits we resemble the <i>Aborigines</i> of our country. They load
+their huge pipes with the dried leaves of this plant, and when lighted,
+they breathe the dark cloud of smoke from their mouth and nostrils, and
+as it curls around their head, ascending towards heaven, they present it
+as an offering to appease the anger of the Great Spirit. A mutual
+influence has resulted from our intercourse with the Indian. We have
+taught him how to debase himself below<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> the brute, and destroy the quiet
+of savage life by the use of our <i>whiskey</i>; and he, in return, has
+taught us to destroy our constitutions, and interrupt the harmony of
+civilized society, by the habitual use of his deadly narcotic.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Gentlemen, I have done. The subject, with a slight examination, is
+before you. I have plainly and fearlessly expressed my opinion, without
+intending to wound the feelings of a single individual. If your
+sentiments correspond with mine, you will assist in bringing this odious
+practice to the bar of public opinion. There let it be subjected to a
+severe, but dispassionate trial; and if on a cool and deliberate
+investigation, its pernicious tendency shall fully appear, then let the
+American people rise up, and with united voice pronounce its sentence of
+final condemnation.<br /></p>
+
+
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See Rees' Cyclopedia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> And here I am happy in having permission to give the
+opinion of one of the ablest physicians in Massachusetts, as to the use
+of tobacco. "The chewing of tobacco," says he, "is not necessary or
+useful <i>in any case that I know of</i>: and I have abundant evidence to
+satisfy me that its use may be discontinued without pernicious
+consequences. The common belief, that it is beneficial to the teeth, is,
+I apprehend, entirely erroneous. On the contrary, by poisoning and
+relaxing the vessels of the gums, it may impair the healthy condition of
+the vessels belonging to the membranes of the socket, with the condition
+of which, the state of the tooth is closely connected."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> An eminent writer in favor of Temperance, has given it as
+his opinion, that at least one tenth of all the drunkards were made such
+by the use of Tobacco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> The counsel given by the Journal of Health, is, therefore,
+in perfect accordance with the principles of medical philosophy. "Our
+advice is, to desist, immediately and entirely, from the use of tobacco
+in every form, and in any quantity, however small."&mdash;"A reform of this,
+like of all evil habits, whether of smoking, chewing, drinking, and
+other vicious indulgences, to be efficacious, must be <i>entire, and
+complete</i>, from the very moment when the person is convinced, either by
+his fears or his reason, of its pernicious tendency and operation."</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX,</h2>
+
+<h3>CONTAINING AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS<br />
+
+RELATING TO THE<br />
+
+<big>USE OF TOBACCO.</big><br /></h3>
+
+
+<p>"But," says the lover of tobacco, "how can it be so deleterious when
+multitudes, who apparently enjoy good health, use it daily?"</p>
+
+<p>In this objection two things are assumed, viz.</p>
+
+<p>1. The existence of a perfect standard of health.</p>
+
+<p>2. That this standard is not depreciated by the habitual use of tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>If we examine these positions in the light of truth, we shall find them
+both defective.</p>
+
+<p>"The varieties in point of health," says an eminent physiologist, "are
+numerous and considerable. There is, indeed, a certain state of health,
+which may be said to be peculiar to each individual. Such persons as we
+suppose to be in the enjoyment of the most perfect health, differ
+surprisingly, not only from each other, but from their own condition at
+other times, as well in consequence of a difference in the constitution
+of the blood, as a diversity of tone and other vital energies." One
+state may be said to be healthy compared with another; and the same may
+be affirmed of persons. One may enjoy health when compared with an
+invalid. In all these cases it will be seen that health is only
+comparative. But to sustain this part of the objection it would be
+necessary to prove, what I presume will not be attempted, "that the
+thousands who daily use tobacco, are enjoying the maximum of health and
+strength;" i. e. that every function of the system is performed to
+absolute perfection. For if it be admitted that any function is
+deranged, it would be difficult, I apprehend, to prove, that that
+derangement was not occasioned by the use of tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>That men accustomed to hard labor will endure more fatigue, than those
+of sedentary or enervated habits, needs no argument to prove. That the
+arm of the blacksmith acquires strength beyond the arm of the literary
+recluse, is altogether obvious.</p>
+
+<p>The laborer will consume more food; consequently his frame will acquire
+a proportionate degree of strength, and, all other things being equal,
+it will be able to resist the influence of extraneous causes, to a much
+greater extent than that of the voluptuary.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Let now the blacksmith use tobacco, and although there may be no
+perceptible diminution of vigor, (since you have no perfect standard to
+try it by,) because he still exceeds in strength persons possessing
+constitutions naturally less vigorous, or constitutions less hardened by
+toil; yet, whether the same hardy son of Vulcan can endure more
+hardship, while using tobacco, than he could have done had he never used
+the baneful plant, is the question?</p>
+
+<p>That many persons apparently enjoy good health, and yet use tobacco,
+cannot be denied. And the same may be affirmed with equal propriety of
+opium and alcohol. I once knew a man who, from his youth till he had
+reached his sixty-ninth year, became intoxicated, whenever he could
+procure sufficient liquor to produce this effect; and during that time
+he was never so ill as to require medical advice. I have known others to
+be literally steeped in ardent spirit, who were seldom sick; and yet
+few, I apprehend, will affirm, that alcohol used to such excess is not
+injurious.</p>
+
+<p>The Turks, who, for aught to the contrary that appears in their history,
+enjoy as good health as the people of the United States, and are said to
+attain a longevity as great, use opium for the purpose of intoxication,
+much in the same manner in which the latter employ alcohol and wine,
+these being forbidden to the former by their creed. Yet, after all, the
+man who could adduce these facts to prove the harmlessness of the
+substances under consideration, must be destitute of that physiological
+knowledge which is necessary to understand the natural operations of the
+human system.</p>
+
+<p>There is a principle in the animal economy, which powerfully resists
+morbid impressions, and tends to expel whatever is noxious. This
+principle, called by some "the medical power of nature," is roused to
+action by the application of an offending agent to any part of the human
+system. On the first intimation of the assault, this vigilant sentinel
+rallies her forces, and flies to the point of attack.</p>
+
+<p>If she succeed in expelling the invader before any serious mischief has
+been done, the system again reposes in quiet; but if not, a more general
+tumult arises, and the assistance of art is often required to second her
+ineffectual efforts. These phenomena are exhibited in the first use of
+tobacco, in all its forms.</p>
+
+<p>Apply snuff to the nostrils of one unaccustomed to it; and a violent
+sneezing, with a copious secretion of mucus will follow. Put tobacco
+into the mouth and it immediately produces a profuse discharge of
+saliva; and if this proves unsuccessful in expelling the unwelcome
+intruder, severe nausea and vomiting ensue. Smoking also produces
+similar effects. Apply the moistened leaves of tobacco to any part of
+the surface of the body, and its deadly effects are soon perceived in an
+entire prostration of strength, accompanied with ghastly paleness and
+vomiting.</p>
+
+<p>If it were not in a high degree poisonous, no such results would follow
+its first application to the living fibre; for they do not follow the
+first application of those substances which were, by our wise and
+bountiful Creator, designed for the <i>use</i> of man.</p>
+
+<p>Though the effects above described are less violent, when the nerves
+(the media through which it operates) become accustomed to the stimulus
+of the noxious substance; yet it by no means proves, even in these
+circumstances, that it does no injury to the system, any more than the
+fact that some men drink a quart of proof spirit daily without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+producing death, proves that that amount does them no harm, when half
+the quantity taken by a beginner would prove fatal.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of twelve years' observation on the effects of narcotics
+upon the human system, I became acquainted with a delicate female, who,
+for thirty years, had taken a sufficient quantity of opium daily to kill
+the hardiest son of New-England, provided he had been unaccustomed to
+its pernicious influence. She, nevertheless, lived to an advanced age,
+and was eighty-four years old when I last saw her, though she, at that
+time, took every day two scruples of solid opium.</p>
+
+<p>I had the unpleasant task to attend this lady in a fit of sickness. And
+with the exception of a few cases, in which similar results have
+followed the excessive use of alcohol, it was, without exaggeration, the
+most troublesome case that has ever fallen under my care.</p>
+
+<p>All the frightful symptoms of <i>delirium tremens</i> waited around and
+haunted her imagination through the day; while shrieks, and groans, and
+all the signs of woe attended her nightly couch, to add a gloomy horror
+to her unrefreshing and broken slumbers. And so far as my observations
+extend, the most inveterate derangements of the nervous system are
+either produced or aggravated by the habitual use of narcotics.</p>
+
+<p>The inherent power of the constitution to sustain itself amid the
+ever-varying changes to which it is exposed, has been learned by common
+observation, as well by the peasant as by the man of erudition. The
+fact, that man, "made of one blood, can dwell" in all the varieties of
+climate, "on the face of the whole earth," and can sustain himself,
+without any change of organization, at one period on the burning sands
+of a Numidian desert, at another among the ice-bergs of a Greenland
+winter&mdash;exhibits in the most convincing light the extent of this
+wonderful power.</p>
+
+<p>A curious field of speculation, on this sanative power in the physical
+constitution of man, lies open to out view, had we time to pursue it, in
+contemplating the habits, customs, and manners of the North American
+Indian. Guided by the simple dictates of nature, he gratifies his
+appetite with such food as comes most readily within his reach, and
+slakes his thirst at the first mountain brook. Sometimes, for days, he
+lies sleeping in his smoky wigwam without the means of appeasing hunger;
+then rises and follows his game with the fierceness of a tiger, until
+the object of his pursuit is overtaken; after which, with the voracity
+of a dog, he loads his stomach with food sufficient to satisfy the
+cravings of nature, for as many days as he had previously fasted, and
+again betakes himself to sleep and inactivity. With all this
+irregularity, he is a total stranger to lingering complaints, and to
+that numerous as well as fashionable class of diseases denominated
+"Nervous." That formidable ailment, <i>Dyspepsia</i>, which, like a fiend,
+has, for the last few years pervaded the whole land, is unknown to the
+Indian; having its origin in the abuses introduced by civilization and
+refinement. But to return:</p>
+
+<p>Suppose, for the sake of argument, that a man who daily uses tobacco,
+enjoys equal health with one who uses none, and is no more liable to
+disease; let him once be attacked by disease, and then it will be far
+more difficult to remove it, than to do so in one free from such habit.</p>
+
+<p>This will appear from the following considerations<a name="colon" id="colon"></a><a href="#TN">:</a></p>
+
+<p>Remedial agents ordinarily act on the system, by exciting the liv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>ing
+power through the medium of the nerves; hence when these have long been
+deadened by the habitual use of any narcotic, common sense, aside from
+the lights of science and philosophy, would teach us the difficulty of
+making an impression on a system whose nerves had thus been previously
+paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the man, who daily drinks ardent spirit, may, from the greater
+insensibility of his system, in some cases escape sickness as long as
+the most temperate, (though this is by no means a common fact); yet, let
+disease once commence, and then we learn, by painful experience, the
+disadvantage of having broken down the nervous system by needless and
+vicious excess.</p>
+
+<p>Tobacco is acknowledged to be one of the most deadly of the vegetable
+narcotics: yet experience proves that the nerves, by habit, become so
+accustomed to its stimulus, that it in a great measure loses its power.
+How then can we hope with ordinary remedies to make an impression, when
+even this powerful agent has itself lost its proper and natural effect?</p>
+
+<p>The unparalleled mortality of the great epidemic of 1812 and 1813, was
+in a good measure owing to the immense quantities of ardent spirit
+consumed by the victims of that fatal malady. In the town in which I
+then resided, about forty adults died in the course of the winter and
+spring; and most of those were in the habit of using ardent spirit
+freely. And though numbers of temperate persons were attacked, yet many
+of these recovered; while every instance within my knowledge, where an
+intemperate person was attacked with this formidable disease, it proved
+fatal.</p>
+
+<p>The ravages of the <i>cholera</i> in India and Persia, since 1816: and in the
+North of Europe, for the last eighteen months; settle the point in
+question beyond reasonable doubt. In one hundred cases where the cholera
+proved fatal, ninety of them had been in the liberal use of ardent
+spirit. And this fact should be carefully noted, when this formidable
+disease has reached Great Britain, and threatens us with its visitation.</p>
+
+<p>If then the habitual use of alcohol, by exhausting the nervous energy,
+predisposes the system to disease, and at the same time renders the
+disease, when it has commenced, so much more intractable; what shall be
+said of the common use of tobacco, which is allowed by all to be a still
+more deadly poison, and of course must exhaust the power of the nerves
+in a proportionate degree?</p>
+
+<p>A female, aged 27 years, was attacked in December 1829 with a sore
+mouth, accompanied with diarrh&oelig;a and profuse salivation. These
+complaints continued to increase, notwithstanding the application of a
+variety of remedies, prescribed by her medical attendant, until the 5th
+of March following, when I was called to take charge of the patient. She
+was much emaciated. The discharge from the bowels continued unabated,
+and was often attended with severe pain and great prostration of
+strength. The salivation was accompanied with a burning or scalding
+sensation in the mouth and stomach, which proved excessively irritating
+to the patient, as well as perplexing to me. On examining her case, I
+found the nervous system entirely deranged and much broken by the habit
+of smoking, which she had practiced to great excess from the age of
+eleven years. I learned, to my surprise and regret, that she commenced
+this habit, which afterwards cost her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> so much suffering, by the advice
+of some wise member of the Faculty, who had prescribed it for some
+slight derangement of the stomach.</p>
+
+<p>My first efforts were directed to repair the injuries inflicted by the
+tobacco-pipe; and though the difficulties to be overcome were many and
+obstinate, by patience and perseverance they were all surmounted, and
+the woman was at length restored.</p>
+
+<p>The conflict which this poor woman endured, in overcoming a habit that
+not only injured her health, but nearly destroyed her life, was dreadful
+beyond description. When her pain and distress were great, she would
+complain more of this privation, than of all her other sufferings; and
+so strong was the desire for smoking, that she, several times during her
+recovery, contrary to my orders, indulged in it a few minutes, and each
+time with manifest injury; so that she finally was induced to abandon it
+altogether, and thus recovered her health. Indeed, she now enjoys better
+health than she has done for years.</p>
+
+<p>Any one acquainted with this ordinary effects of this foolish indulgence
+in the free use of narcotics, on the nervous system of its victims, will
+be convinced by a few years close observation, that such persons
+especially, if they are of sedentary habits, are more subject to fits of
+despondency, and to a far greater degree, than persons of the same
+general health and of the same employment, but who have escaped
+contamination.</p>
+
+<p>I shall here introduce the following extract of a letter, from a
+respectable clergyman to the author, as illustrative of this point.</p>
+
+<p>"When I say that the effects of the habitual use of tobacco on the human
+system, are injurious; I speak from years of painful experience. I
+commenced the use of tobacco when young, like many others, without any
+definite object, but experienced no very injurious consequences from it
+until I entered the ministry. Then my system began to feel its dreadful
+effects. My voice, appetite, and strength soon failed; and I become
+affected with sickness at the stomach, indigestion, emaciation, and
+melancholy, with a prostration of the whole nervous system. For years my
+health has been so much impaired as to render me almost useless in the
+ministry, and all this I attribute to the pernicious habit of smoking
+and chewing tobacco. And had I continued the practice, I doubt not but
+that it would have brought me to an untimely grave. I was often advised
+to leave it off, and made several unsuccessful attempts. At length I
+became fully convinced that I must quit tobacco or die. I summoned all
+my resolution for the fearful exigency, and after a long and desperate
+struggle I obtained the victory. I soon began to experience the
+beneficial results of my conquest. My appetite has returned; my voice
+grows stronger, and I am in a measure freed from that mental dejection
+to which I once was subject. My general health is much improved, and I
+feel that I am gradually recovering; though it is not to be expected I
+shall ever regain what I have lost by this needless and vicious
+indulgence. I am satisfied that the common use of tobacco is injurious
+to most people, especially those of sedentary habits. On them it
+operates with ten-fold energy. I am acquainted with many in the
+ministry, who are travelling this road to the grave. I uniformly say to
+them: "Lay aside your pipes and tobacco, or you are undone&mdash;your labors
+in the ministry will soon be at an end."<a name="quote" id="quote"></a><a href="#TN">"</a><a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Another Clergyman writes as follows. "I thank God, and I
+thank you for your advice to abandon smoking. My strength has <i>doubled</i>
+since I quitted this abominable practice."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A mere hint at these evils would seem to be sufficient to awaken
+inquiry, among the votaries of the plant in question. I shall therefore
+leave it to their candid decision, after a full and free investigation
+enables them to arrive at a just conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>The great increase of <i>dyspepsia</i> within the last twenty years, with the
+dark and lengthened catalogue of nervous complaints that follow in its
+train, is, I have no doubt, in part owing to the universal prevalence of
+practices, the propriety of which we are calling in question.</p>
+
+<p>The misery to which the consumers of this drug are subject, when from
+any cause they are temporarily deprived or it, would go far to deter a
+reflecting man from voluntarily binding himself to this most ignominious
+servitude. I have known a hard laboring farmer, who would have resented
+the name of <i>slave</i>, as much as did the Jews, arise from his bed in the
+middle of the night and travel half a mile to procure a quid of tobacco,
+because his uneasiness was such, that he could neither sleep nor rest
+without it. This uneasiness is more distressing than bodily pain, and
+has in some instances produced an agitation of mind bordering upon
+distraction.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Burr informed Dr. Rush, that the greatest complaints of
+dissatisfaction and suffering, that he heard among the soldiers who
+accompanied General Arnold in his march from Boston through the
+wilderness to Quebec, in the year 1775, arose from the want of tobacco.
+This was the more remarkable, as they were so destitute of provisions as
+to be obliged to kill and eat their dogs.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians, we are informed, often expatriate themselves, when they
+are prohibited the use of tobacco, in order to enjoy unmolested this
+luxury in a foreign country. Nor are these facts incredible to those,
+who are familiar with the laws that regulate the animal economy.</p>
+
+<p>Long and obstinate is the conflict with nature, before the taste or
+smell of such disgusting things as alcohol, opium, and tobacco can be
+endured. But when she, worn out by repeated and continued assaults,
+abandons her post, and gives up the dominion to the artificial appetite,
+the order of things is reversed, and we at last find, to our sorrow,
+that this unnatural appetite is vastly more ungovernable than the one
+implanted by our Creator for things originally pleasant and agreeable.
+Add to all these considerations the well attested fact, that no sensible
+man, who has himself used the baneful weed, ever advised his neighbor or
+child to follow his example, but often the contrary; and its inutility
+is sufficiently proved.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus far endeavored to shew the futility of the objection raised
+against our doctrine, by the consumers of this drug; let us now, in our
+turn, call on them to give a good reason why so much money should be
+expended, and so much time wasted, as are annually squandered in the
+various departments of raising, preparing, and consuming this plant; and
+to point out, if they can, in what manner a poison so deadly acts on the
+healthy system without producing evil consequences.</p>
+
+<p>To make out the case, it will be necessary for its advocates to prove
+one of the following positions; either,</p>
+
+<p>1. That it produces no effect at all, and is therefore harmless; or,</p>
+
+<p>2. That it produces a good effect, and is indispensable to the enjoyment
+of perfect health.</p>
+
+<p>As this part of the enquiry is somewhat important, and since it re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>gards
+the success of our principles, we will examine these positions a little
+in detail, to see how they are sustained by fact and experience.</p>
+
+<p>If it produces no effect at all, why that universal uneasiness,
+amounting as we have seen in some instances almost to distraction,
+uniformly manifested by the consumers of this plant, when by accident
+they are temporarily deprived of the means of indulgence?</p>
+
+<p>If tobacco produces no effect, why fly to it as a solace for every woe,
+as a refuge from affliction and trouble, and as a hiding-place from the
+tempests of misfortune?</p>
+
+<p>It will not, it <i>cannot</i> be doubted, that, in its power to allay the
+stormy agitations of mind to which we are exposed in our voyage over the
+tempestuous sea of life, consists the latent excellence, the <i>summum
+bonum</i>, of the virtues of tobacco. This sedative power will not <a name="be" id="be"></a><a href="#TN">be</a>
+questioned, by those who have ever witnessed its peculiar effects.</p>
+
+<p>The medicinal effects of tobacco, as applied for the removal of
+corporeal disorders, are nearly or quite destroyed by habitual use; but
+with what success it is constantly resorted to, to allay anxiety of
+mind, let its votaries answer.</p>
+
+<p>A medical gentleman of high standing, in an adjoining county, who has
+recently abandoned the common use of tobacco, informed me, that on a
+certain occasion his muscular and vital energies were so overcome, by
+chewing, that in attempting to put his horse into the stable, he was
+obliged to lie down until he had so far recovered his strength as to
+enable him to proceed to his house. Many other instances were related by
+the same gentleman, of its injurious effects which he had observed, both
+on himself and others; particularly in producing watchfulness, which it
+was almost impossible for the greatest degree of weariness and fatigue
+to overcome. Many others have frequently mentioned this fact to me,
+since I began to investigate this subject. Now if tobacco produces no
+effect, why are such results witnessed by its consumers, and why do the
+candid among them acknowledge that these evils arise from its use? The
+health of the medical gentleman above named was materially improved
+after laying aside tobacco; and those to whom he recommended a similar
+course, have experienced a like favorable result.</p>
+
+<p>The second position is equally unsupported either by experience or sound
+reasoning; and is contrary not only to all medical authority on this
+subject, but against the investigations of other scientific men who have
+chemically examined the constituent principles of tobacco, and who have
+experimented largely to ascertain with precision its natural operation
+on the living fibre. The lower order of animals have been selected for
+these experiments. Given in substance to them, it has uniformly proved
+fatal, even in very minute doses.</p>
+
+<p>When its expressed juice or essential oil has been introduced under the
+skin of pigeons, kittens, or rabbits, it produced violent convulsions
+and often instantaneous death. Does any one doubt the correctness of
+these experiments? He can easily satisfy himself of their accuracy, by
+obtaining the oil of tobacco, and applying eight or ten drops to the
+root of a kitten's tongue. The same deadly effects, as we have seen,
+uniformly attend its first application to the human system, if taken to
+any considerable extent. This is well understood by its consumers, who
+are very cautious for many weeks, and even months, how they deal with
+the poisonous drug.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By what transformation is a plant, so deadly in its effects when first
+applied to the human system, afterward converted into a harmless article
+of diet or luxury? No substance which God has made for the common use of
+man, produces similar results; and if such be the fact in relation to
+the article in question, in this instance at least the order of nature
+is reversed, so that what in its nature is poisonous, becomes by habit
+nutritious and salutary. If this be correct reasoning&mdash;farewell to the
+success of temperance efforts! For <i>Rum</i>, after all, may be <i>convenient</i>
+if not necessary, because its effects are not in every instance
+immediately fatal; and because some, by dint of habit, can sustain with
+slight <i>apparent</i> injury, what to others unaccustomed to it would
+produce instantaneous death.</p>
+
+<p>The stale excuse, so often repeated by the lovers of tobacco, that they
+have been advised to use it by physicians, for the mitigation or removal
+of some bodily infirmity, may be urged with equal force and propriety by
+the tippler and the sot; for many, very many, have been advised by
+members of the Faculty, to drink the deadly draught, in some form or
+other, either to ease the pains of dyspepsia, to allay the horrors of
+<i>tedium vit&aelig;</i>, or to drown the anguish of a guilty conscience. And may
+not many of these patients say to those of the Faculty, who give advice
+for the use of either these stimulants: "Physician, heal thyself." Alas!
+when will the profession be without any who use ardent spirit or
+Tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>In concluding, permit me to address a word to professors of religion on
+this subject.</p>
+
+<p>In whatever concerns the cause of virtue and morality, you have a deep
+and an abiding interest. When Intemperance spreads abroad his murky
+"wings with dreadful shade contiguous," and fills the land with tears of
+blood&mdash;you look over this frightful <i>aceldama</i> and mourn at the
+soul-chilling spectacle. When infidelity and licentiousness exhale their
+pestiferous breath, to poison the moral atmosphere and destroy the
+rising hope of our country, by undermining the virtue of our youth; the
+Christian's heart is pained, and every effort is put forth to stay the
+march of desolation. In short, whatever tends to increase the prevalence
+of vice, must be witnessed by real Christians with unfeigned regret.</p>
+
+<p>"Manners," says a celebrated writer, "have an influence on morals. They
+are the outposts of virtue." Whoever knew a rude man completely and
+uniformly moral? The use of tobacco, especially smoking, is offensive to
+those who do not practice it.</p>
+
+<p>The habit of offending the senses of our friends or even strangers, by
+smoking in their presence, produces a want of respect for their persons;
+and this disposes, however remotely, to unkind treatment towards them.
+Hence the Methodists interdicted the common use of tobacco with that of
+ardent spirit, in the infancy of their society; thereby evincing a just
+sense of the self-denial, decency, and universal civility required by
+the gospel.</p>
+
+<p>It is painful to witness among Christians the utter disregard of each
+others feelings and the rules of propriety, which have obtained in
+regard to these habits. They go into a friend's house, and after
+enjoying the hospitality of his board, sit down to smoke their pipe or
+cigar in his dining-room or parlor with the greatest composure; and that
+too, without even condescending to enquire whether it is offensive;
+supposing either that the appetites and senses of others are equally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+depraved with their own, or that politeness will prevent their raising
+any objection to a practice which has become nearly universal. When the
+enquiry is made, it is understood to be nothing more than an apology for
+unrestrained indulgence; and the host who should intimate that it might
+be offensive to some, would be looked upon as having transgressed not
+only the rules of modern politeness, but all the laws of hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the extent to which smoking prevails, there are some in
+almost every family, who are affected with giddiness in the head and
+sickness at stomach, whenever they inhale the fumes of the pipe or
+cigar, particularly at or near meal time. Yet all this suffering must be
+endured, and the fine feelings of the family disregarded. And for what?
+Merely to give a Christian, and perhaps a physician or a minister of the
+gospel, an opportunity to gratify a vicious appetite which does him no
+good, and which, philosophically considered, would disgrace any man who
+pretends to be a gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>"What reception," says Dr. Rush, "may we suppose the apostles would have
+met with, had they carried into the cities and houses whither they were
+sent, snuff-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of cut, or rolls of hog or
+pigtail, tobacco? Such a costly and offensive apparatus for gratifying
+their depraved appetites would have furnished solid objections to their
+persons and doctrines, and would have been a just cause for the clamors
+and contumely, with which they were every where assailed."</p>
+
+<p>And yet this very disgusting practice is considered, in these days of
+gospel light and civil refinement, almost as an indispensable
+prerequisite to fit a minister of Christ to prosecute successfully the
+work of a missionary in evangelizing the world. Kindly expostulate with
+such Christians, physicians and ministers of the gospel on the propriety
+of their conduct, and they meet you with a multitude of the most
+frivolous excuses.</p>
+
+<p>One uses tobacco, as the tippler does his rum, as an antidote against a
+damp atmosphere. Another, to prevent the accumulation of water or bile
+in his stomach; and a third, as a security against the encroachment of
+contagious diseases.</p>
+
+<p>But Howard the philanthropist assures us, that it had efficacy neither
+in preventing the hospital fever, nor in warding off the deadly plague.
+Dr. Rush says, that at Philadelphia it was equally ineffectual, in
+preserving its votaries from influenza and yellow fever. Excuse
+ourselves as we may, it is at best a disgusting habit, persisted in
+against the convictions of our understanding and the dictates of true
+politeness, and adapted only to gratify a vitiated and unnatural
+appetite.</p>
+
+<p>It is, indeed, agreeable to observe, that the superior refinement and
+regard to good manners, in some parts of the old world, have at length
+awakened public sentiment on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>We are informed by travellers, that smoking is disallowed in taverns and
+coffee-houses in England, and that taking snuff is becoming
+unfashionable and vulgar in France. How much is it to be lamented, that,
+while the use of tobacco is thus declining in two of the most
+enlightened countries in Europe, it is daily becoming more general in
+America! "In no one view," says Dr. Rush, "is it possible to contemplate
+the creature man in a more absurd and ridiculous light, than in his
+foolish and disgusting attachment to the poisonous weed, tobacco." Who
+then can witness groups of boys ten or twelve years old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> in our streets,
+smoking cigars, without anticipating such a depreciation in our
+posterity with regard to health and character, as can scarcely be
+contemplated without pain and horror!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>After the foregoing was in type, it was submitted to Doctor Warren, of
+this City, with a request that he would examine the whole, carefully,
+and give his opinion of it. He has kindly returned the following strong
+testimonial in favor of the Dissertation, which cannot but secure it a
+wide circulation, and the attentive perusal of every man who values
+health.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In compliance with your request, I have read over the
+pamphlet of Dr. McAllister on the use of Tobacco. Though my
+present occupations have prevented my doing it so carefully,
+as to entitle me to suggest any alteration or improvement.</p>
+
+<p>The general tendency of the pamphlet is excellent: and I most
+cordially give my opinion in its favor: for I have often had
+occasion to observe the pernicious effects of the free use of
+tobacco. Many instances of dyspepsia have come under my
+notice, the origin of which was traced to the practice of
+<i>chewing</i>; and on the abandonment of the habit, the patients
+were restored to health. I have seen a number of cases of
+injury to the voice, from the introduction of <i>snuff</i> into
+the <i>facial sinuses</i>. As to <i>smoking</i>, I am well satisfied
+that it is calculated to cause a feverish state of the body;
+and in certain constitutions it weakens the membranes which
+line the nostrils, throat, and lungs, produces a
+susceptibility to colds, and even more serious affections of
+these parts, when it has been much employed.</p>
+
+<p>From what I have seen, I have been led to believe that this
+article is not necessary nor useful for the preservation of
+health; and that it is often a cause of weakness and
+sickness. I am, with great respect,</p>
+
+<p>
+Your ob't serv't,<br />
+</p>
+<p class="author"><i>Boston, Jan. 25, 1832.</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>JOHN C. WARREN.</b><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noindent"><small><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Many persons have the opinion that the use of tobacco is a
+preventive of contagious diseases: because it has been asserted that
+tobacconists and others living in the midst of the effluvia of this
+article, are exempted from the attacks of such disorders. The practices
+above alluded to, have in my opinion, a contrary effect. Those who live
+constantly in the region of tobacco, by the effect of habit cease to be
+stimulated and over excited by the diffusion of its lighter particles in
+the air they breathe. But those who employ it, occasionally, whether in
+smoking, chewing or snuffing, undergo an excitement, more or less
+considerable; which is infallibly followed by a proportionate debility,
+in which state, they would be subject to the attacks of a disease they
+might otherwise have escaped.</small></p>
+
+<p class="author"><b>J. C. W.</b></p></div>
+
+<div class="trans_note">
+<p class="center"><big><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Transcriber's Note</big></p>
+<p class="noindent">
+
+    Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+    possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+    inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an
+    obvious error by the publisher is noted here. Corrections appear in brackets.
+
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+<a href="#Page_12">page 12:</a> typo corrected: Tobacco yield[yields] its active matter to water and proof<br />
+<br />
+<a href="#Page_17">page 17:</a> typo corrected: snuff-taking. This disagreeble[disagreeable] consequence is produced,<br />
+<br />
+<a href="#Page_29">page 29:</a> added colon: This will appear from the following considerations[:] <br />
+<br />
+<a href="#Page_31">page 31:</a> added missing end quotes: or you are undone--your labors in the ministry will soon be at an end."["][F]<br />
+<br />
+<a href="#Page_33">page 33:</a>This sedative power will not the[be] questioned, by those who have ever witnessed its peculiar
+effects.<br /></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical
+Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical Properties
+and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Dissertation on the Medical Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco
+
+Author: A. McAllister
+
+Editor: Moses Stuart
+
+Release Date: April 26, 2008 [EBook #25184]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOBACCO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A DISSERTATION
+ON THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF TOBACCO.
+
+BY A. McALLISTER, M. D.
+
+Improved and enlarged, with an Introductory Preface,
+
+BY MOSES STUART,
+_Asso. Prof. of Sac. Lit. in Andover Inst._
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A DISSERTATION ON THE
+MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND INJURIOUS EFFECT OF THE
+HABITUAL USE OF TOBACCO:
+
+
+READ, ACCORDING TO APPOINTMENT, BEFORE THE MEDICAL SOCIETY
+OF THE COUNTY OF ONEIDA, AT THEIR SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING,
+
+JANUARY 5, 1830.
+
+BY A. McALLISTER, M. D.
+
+Second Edition.
+Improved and enlarged, with an Introductory Preface,
+
+BY MOSES STUART,
+_Associate Professor of Sac. Lit. in the Theol. Inst. at Andover._
+
+
+BOSTON:
+PUBLISHED BY PEIRCE & PARKER,
+No. 9. Cornhill.
+
+NEW YORK:--H. C. SLEIGHT,
+Clinton Hall.
+
+1832.
+
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by PEIRCE &
+PARKER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
+
+PRESS OF PEIRCE & PARKER.
+No. 9, Cornhill.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The first edition of Dr. McAllister's Essay, was printed without any
+Appendix. Having myself been in the habit of using tobacco very
+moderately (usually but once in a day) from early life, I read the Essay
+as first printed with great interest. It appeared to me a sober,
+judicious, rational appeal to the understanding and judgment of the
+public, with respect to the subject of which it treats. A highly
+respected friend of mine desired me to give him my opinion of the Essay
+in writing. I consented to do this; and when I had done it, he judged it
+expedient to publish that opinion; to which I gave my consent. It was
+published in the _Journal of Humanity_; and for substance it was made up
+of an abridgement of Dr. McAllister's views, and some strictures on his
+style and method of treating the subject. In particular, a desire was
+expressed that Dr. McA. would discuss more fully some of the arguments
+employed in defence of using tobacco. This critique was sent to the
+author of the Essay; who in consequence of it expressed a willingness to
+revise his work, and make such additions as had been suggested. Some
+weeks since he transmitted to me a copy of the original edition, with a
+manuscript containing the Appendix to the present edition. At the same
+time he requested me to make any alterations in either part, which I
+might deem expedient. I have used this liberty so far as to change a few
+_technical_ words for popular and intelligible ones. In some of these
+cases, I have detracted from the _specific_ accuracy of the writer, as a
+medical man, for the sake of making his expressions more intelligible to
+the mass of readers. What he will thus lose, in his reputation for
+scientifical accuracy, he will gain by becoming more useful. A few other
+slight alterations and modifications have been made; but only such as I
+judged the worthy author would at once cheerfully admit. I have kept
+within the bounds of the liberty which he gave me; and I trust he will
+not be dissatisfied with what I have done.
+
+I command the serious perusal of the following Essay and Appendix to
+every man, who wishes to become well informed respecting the properties
+of tobacco. Whoever uses this substance as a luxury, is bound by a due
+regard to his own physical welfare to make himself acquainted with its
+properties and their influence. If any man can soberly peruse the
+following pages, without conviction that he is "playing with
+edge-tools," while he is indulging in the use of tobacco, I must confess
+his mind to be of a composition different from mine.
+
+One word as to _breaking off the habit_. The difficulty, I fully
+believe, is not much less than the breaking off from ardent spirits. But
+as to any danger to health in breaking off, the fear is idle; excepting
+in case of delicate habits, where small changes produce great effects;
+or in case of advanced years and inveterate habit, where the course of
+those fluids which are so much affected by tobacco, if suddenly and
+entirely changed, may give rise to serious inconvenience. My belief,
+however, is, _that there no case in which a judicious and proper course
+may not effect an entire weaning from the use of tobacco_. Most persons
+in good health, and all in younger life, may break off at once, without
+the least danger. Two or three days will overcome all difficulty. Those
+whom slight changes in regimen affect very much, may break off more
+gradually; and so of persons advanced in life. A good way of
+accomplishing this, is to procure some of the most detestable tobacco
+which can be found, and when appetite will not forego the use of it
+without an evil greater than to use it, then take it in such a quantity
+as will be sure to nauseate and prostrate. This will put the next dose
+farther off; and two or three doses thus administered, will so blunt the
+appetite, that quitting the practice will appear to be quite a moderate
+degree of self-denial. Those who never felt the appetite may laugh at
+such directions as these; but those who know its power, will at least
+think them worth some consideration.
+
+I do not place the use of tobacco in the same scale with that of ardent
+spirits. It does not make men maniacs and demons. But that it does
+undermine the health of thousands; that it creates a nervous
+irritability, and thus operates on the temper and moral character of
+men; that it often creates a thirst for spirituous liquors; that it
+allures to clubs, and grog-shops, and taverns, and thus helps to make
+idlers and spendthrifts; and finally, that it is a very serious and
+needless expense; are things which cannot be denied by any observing and
+considerate person. And if all this be true, how can the habitual use of
+tobacco, as a mere luxury, be defended by anyone who wishes well to his
+fellow-men, or has a proper regard to his own usefulness?
+
+I have been in the use of it for thirty-five years; but I confess myself
+unable, on any ground, to defend or to excuse the practice. The wants
+which are altogether artificial, are such as duty calls us to avoid. The
+indulgence of them can in no way promote our good or our real comfort.
+
+I commend, therefore, the following sheets to the public: hoping that
+all, and especially the young, will read and well consider the
+suggestions they offer.
+
+  M. STUART.
+  Andover, Jan. 10, 1832.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY OF ONEIDA.
+
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+We have accidentally seen the manuscript copy of an address pronounced
+lately before your society, by Dr. McAllister. The research on which it
+is founded, and its perspicuity and arrangement, entitle it to a form
+more permanent than manuscript. But if the results are true, which it
+attempts to substantiate, they present imperious considerations for the
+publication of the address.
+
+We are not disposed to contract the circle of enjoyment; but if mischief
+crouches under the covert of any pleasure, propriety requires a
+notification to the unwary. Even should experience warrant the
+conclusion that habit enables us to use tobacco with physical impunity,
+(a conclusion Dr. McAllister powerfully controverts,) we must concede,
+that its use is disgusting to persons not infected with the habit.
+
+Civilization is composed of innumerable acts of self-denial; while the
+gratification of appetites, regardless of others, is the strongest
+feature of barbarism. We see then, even as a dictate of refinement, that
+the use of tobacco should be abandoned; and it has been abandoned by all
+the polite circles of Europe.
+
+But tobacco possesses that strong characteristic of a bad habit; it
+seldom leaves its votaries the liberty of abandonment. All which the
+address can effect, is an admonition to youth, over whom tobacco has not
+yet acquired its bad supremacy. As parents, then, anxious to see our
+children uncontaminated by disgustful practices; as citizens, emulous
+that our country shall not be surpassed in refinement by the nations of
+Europe, we are solicitous that the address of Dr. McAllister should be
+published, and in a pamphlet form, under the authority of your society.
+
+We are aware that this request involves a departure from your general
+disposition of the periodical addresses of your members, but we beg to
+suggest that the general interest of the present production renders a
+departure from your usual course not invidious, but a duty which we
+humbly think you owe to philanthropy. In support of our opinion, we take
+the liberty of enclosing you a letter from a distinguished
+fellow-citizen in Albany, who also accidentally saw the address: and we
+are, Gentlemen,
+
+  With very great respect, your ob't serv'ts,
+
+    A. B. JOHNSON,
+    D. C. LANSING,
+    HIRAM DENIO,
+    R. R. LANSING,
+    EDM'D A. WETMORE,
+    WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
+    SAM'L D. DAKIN.
+
+  UTICA, Feb. 27, 1830.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lydius Street, Albany,              }
+Friday Evening, January 22d, 1830.  }
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I have just completed an attentive perusal of the manuscript _discourse
+on tobacco_, which you handed to me this afternoon; and I really feel
+obliged to the author for the interest and instruction which it has
+afforded me. I am sincerely of opinion that the respectable society
+before whom it was delivered, owe it to themselves, to the public, and
+to the author, (if they have not already done so,) to request its
+publication. And, favorably as it leads me to think of the author's
+intellectual and professional endowments, he must be still more
+distinguished for his _modesty_, if he declines a compliance with such a
+request. He has treated a highly important subject, in a clear,
+forcible, and striking manner; and the public are deeply concerned in
+knowing what he has said of it. I will only add, that in point of
+literary execution, it is, in my judgment, most decidedly respectable,
+and would in that respect reflect no discredit upon any medical
+gentleman in this state.
+
+  Very respectfully and truly yours, &c. &c.
+
+    A. CONKLING.
+
+  R. R. Lansing, Esq.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    At a meeting of the Medical Society of the County of Oneida, on the
+    5th of March, 1830, a communication was received, signed by a number
+    of highly respectable gentlemen from this and other counties of this
+    state, on the subject of a dissertation delivered before this
+    society, at their late semi-annual meeting, by Dr. McAllister, "on
+    the properties and effects of tobacco." The communication was
+    referred to a committee.
+
+The committee reported, "That although dissertations so delivered became
+the properly of the society, yet believing as we do, that the subject is
+one of great importance, and the dissertation highly meritorious, and as
+we have not funds to defray the expense of publication, we will
+cheerfully relinquish our claim thereto in favor of our correspondents,
+and cordially unite with them in the desire which they have expressed to
+us, 'that the dissertation be published in a pamphlet form,' for their
+gratification and the benefit of the public."
+
+Resolved, That the above report be accepted, and that a copy of the
+proceedings be delivered to the gentlemen who presented the
+communication.
+
+  C. B. COVENTRY, Sec'y pro. tem.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In consenting to the publication of the following pages, the author
+yielded to the request of gentlemen whose opinions he did not feel at
+liberty to disregard; he therefore hopes to avoid the imputation of
+vanity, with which he might have been charged, had he obtruded himself
+on the attention of the public, unsolicited. That the habitual use of
+tobacco is a wide spread, and spreading evil, will be acknowledged by
+all. This has been felt for years by the most enlightened members of the
+Faculty. That it causes many diseases, particularly visceral
+obstructions, and renders many others exceedingly difficult to cure, is
+demonstrated in the daily experience of every practitioner. The
+conviction that this habit was constantly extending by the advice and
+example of physicians, first induced the author to undertake the
+discussion of this subject before the respectable Society to which he
+has the honor to belong. Whether the attempt has been successful, the
+public will judge. That it is imperfect, will not be denied; but it is
+believed to have claims as a candid statement of facts.
+
+To literary distinction the author makes no pretentions; he therefore
+craves the indulgence of the learned, as they can best appreciate the
+labor of writing well. He has chosen a free, popular style, believing
+that the best calculated to do good; and to render it still more
+familiar, at the suggestion of some friends, the technical terms have
+been mostly expunged. Aware that affectation consists no less in
+studiously avoiding, than in unnecessarily using technical language, the
+author submitted to this, in the hope of being better understood by
+persons out of the Profession. His medical brethren will, therefore,
+know how to excuse him, for attempting to make this essay more plain,
+though it should be at the expense of technical accuracy.
+
+Should the prevalence of the practice, be a fair index to public
+sentiment, the author is aware that he wars against a fearful odds. But
+many who use this noxious weed, without hesitation acknowledge its
+deleterious effects, and urge in extenuation the inveteracy of habit.
+
+One consideration had considerable influence to induce the author to
+consent to the publication of this paper--the hope that it might aid in
+putting away the evil of intemperance, by pointing out one grand source
+of that desolating scourge. When public attention shall be fully
+awakened to this subject, innumerable instances will be found, where
+drunkenness has followed as the legitimate consequence of using tobacco.
+
+Should that hope be fulfilled--should it be found that the labor of the
+author has exerted any salutary influence, in restraining young men from
+falling into those habits which are inevitably followed by much physical
+suffering, if not by absolute ruin, such a result would be to him an
+ample compensation.
+
+UTICA, MAY, 1830.
+
+
+
+
+DISSERTATION.
+
+
+MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN:
+
+The confidence of an enlightened community has assigned to you, as
+guardians of the dearest interests of society, an elevated and highly
+responsible rank among those who labor to promote the great cause of
+human happiness. Your influence in the medical councils of this great
+and flourishing State, gives a lasting effect to your deliberations, and
+stamps a value on those productions which you are pleased to approve.
+While the opinions of other men are often exhibited and forgotten with
+the occasion which gave them birth, those of the physician continue not
+unfrequently to affect at least the physical welfare of the world, after
+his "dust has returned to the earth as it was, and his spirit has gone
+to God who gave it." In view of this momentous truth, an humble attempt
+will now be made, in discharge of the duty assigned me, to examine the
+cause of some of the "ills which flesh is heir to."
+
+I regard this principle as an axiom, that whatever conduces to augment
+the sum of human happiness, must be an object of solicitude to the
+conscientious and intelligent physician. He will be anxious that his
+fellow citizens should be sober, peaceable, and virtuous; that they
+should be industrious, frugal, and prosperous. Whatever will produce
+such results should receive the decided approbation of every benevolent
+member of the Faculty. It follows, of course, that whatever has an
+opposite tendency should meet his frown. Pursuing this principle, you
+have condemned the use of ardent spirits, unless sickness demands their
+application as a medicine.
+
+The physical evils resulting from intemperance were eloquently exhibited
+in the address, presented by your committee, during the last year. That
+address, with its accompanying resolutions, now exerts a beneficial
+influence through a widely extended community. We are cheered by the
+kind wishes and prayers of the friends of good order, in our efforts to
+destroy that vice which has not only "walked" through our country "in
+darkness," but "wasted at noon-day." But while we exult in the triumph
+of correct principles on _this_ subject, do not other vicious
+indulgences demand our attention? Should we slumber over the mischiefs
+resulting from such indulgences, while the public look to us as pioneers
+who should trace out the pathway to health and happiness, and demand
+from us both precepts and examples of sobriety and virtue?
+Unfortunately, in all our attempts to abolish practices prejudicial to
+the best interests of man, we are compelled, in the outset, to encounter
+our own inveterate habits--habits which rise up in mutiny against
+reformation, and with clamorous note forbid us to proceed. Are we so
+fortunate as to be free from their influence ourselves, we look around
+and see our friends bound in chains, from which we should rejoice to
+deliver them; but we fear, perhaps, to make an experiment which may
+rouse their passions, rather than convince their understandings.
+
+Who can count the multitudes yearly consigned to the tomb, by the
+indulgence of a fastidious and unnatural appetite? Headaches,
+flatulencies, cholics, dyspepsias, palsies, apoplexies, and death,
+pursue the Epicurean train, as ravens follow the march of an armed host,
+to prey on those who fall in the "battle of the warrior, with their
+garments rolled in blood." The truth of this statement will not be
+questioned. Yet where is the physician, possessing sufficient moral
+courage to raise his voice against the system of modern cookery? Should
+it be thought, that, as medical men have given no more encouragement to
+that system than any other class in society, they are not bound to use
+any extraordinary exertions to produce a change; still a wide field is
+left open to benevolent action in reference to those things, the
+influence of which is injurious to mankind.
+
+Gentlemen--there is a baneful habit, diffused, like the atmosphere,
+through all classes, and affecting all the ramifications of society. And
+this habit owes much of its prevalence to the advice and example of
+respectable physicians. We indulge the hope, from the great increase of
+medical knowledge, that the time will soon arrive, when persons disposed
+to vicious indulgence will be unable to entrench themselves behind our
+professional advice. I am aware that I tread on dangerous ground, in
+attempting to investigate the propriety of a practice which has been
+introduced and approved by a large portion of the members of this
+respectable Society. You may start at the suggestion, and regard it as
+unworthy of your notice. Let me hope, however, that you will suspend
+your opinions, while I endeavor to present the _natural history,
+chemical composition_, and _medical properties_ of one of our most
+deadly narcotics--the _Tabaci Folia_, _Nicotiana Tabacum_, i. e.
+tobacco. If in the prosecution of this inquiry, we shall be able to
+discover the great and injurious effects which the use of this poisonous
+plant produces on the constitution, I shall be excused, if I urge this
+subject on your consideration with more than ordinary importunity.
+
+
+I. NATURAL HISTORY.
+
+"This plant was unknown in Europe until after the discovery of America
+by the Spaniards, and was first carried to England by Sir Francis Drake,
+A. D. 1560. The natives of this continent call it _petun_; those of the
+islands, _yoli_. The Spaniards, who gave it the name of _tobacco_, took
+that name from Tabaco, a province in Yucatan, where they first found it,
+and first learned its use. Some contend that it derives its name from
+Tobago, one of the Caribbee Islands, discovered by Columbus, in
+1498."[A] It received the name _tobacco_ from Hernandez de Toledo, who
+first sent it to Spain and Portugal.
+
+The botanic description of this plant may be found in most works on the
+science of botany: and therefore I shall not detain you with it at this
+time. The plant, while growing exhibits a very beautiful appearance, but
+is so extremely nauseous, that in all the variety of insects, only one
+is found to feed upon it. This is a worm "_sui generis_," the mode of
+its propagation being entirely unknown; and from its being the only
+living creature (man excepted) that will devour this plant,[B] it is
+called "_tobacco worm_."
+
+    [Footnote A: See Rees' Cyclopedia.]
+
+    [Footnote B: Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.]
+
+
+II. SENSIBLE QUALITIES.
+
+It is of a yellowish green color; it has a strong, narcotic, and
+foetid odor, with a bitter and extremely acrid taste.
+
+
+III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
+
+"Mucilage, albumen, or gluten, extractive, a bitter principle, an
+essential oil, nitrate of potass, which occasions its deflagration,
+muriate of potass, and a peculiar proximate principle, upon which the
+virtues of the plant are supposed to depend, and which has therefore
+been named _Nicotin_. This peculiar principle is considered by some, as
+approaching the essential oil in its properties. It is colorless, has an
+acrid taste, and the peculiar smell of tobacco; and occasions violent
+sneezing. With alcohol and water it forms a colorless solution, from
+which it is precipitated by a tincture of galls. Tobacco yields its
+active matter to water and proof spirit, but most perfectly to the
+latter; long boiling weakens its powers. A most powerful oil may be
+obtained by distillation, and separating it from the surface of the
+water on which it floats."
+
+
+IV. MEDICAL PROPERTIES.
+
+These are considered to be those of a powerful _narcotic_,
+_antispasmodic_, _emetic_, _cathartic_, _sudorific_, and _diuretic_.
+
+"As a _narcotic_, it is endued with the most energetic, poisonous
+properties, producing, when administered even in small doses, severe
+nausea and vomiting, cold sweats, universal tremors, with extreme
+muscular debility." From its exerting a peculiar action on the nervous
+system, as ascertained by the well directed experiments of Mr. Brodie,
+it powerfully controls the action of the heart and arteries, producing
+invariably a weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symptoms of
+approaching death. And so different is its operation from that of other
+narcotics, that it actually operates with more destructive efficacy,
+when used by way of injection, than when applied either to the skin, or
+when taken into the stomach.
+
+From what has been said of its narcotic powers, you, Gentlemen, will
+readily infer its virtue as an article of _medicine_. If we wish, at any
+time, to prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden and awful
+manner, we have but to administer a dose of tobacco, and our object is
+accomplished. Hence its use in obstinate constipation, in cholic, in the
+iliac passion, and in stranguary.
+
+As it is conceded that its efficacy as an _antispasmodic_ depends upon
+its power to prostrate every vestige of tone and elasticity in the
+muscular fibre, prudence would dictate that it should be used with the
+utmost circumspection, when the system had been previously exhausted by
+the disease, or by the antecedent method of cure. Melancholy instances
+are on record, of the fatal effects of this medicine when administered
+without this caution, both as an internal remedy, and as an external
+application in cutaneous diseases. Two instances will suffice.
+
+"A medical practitioner," says Paris, "after repeated trials to reduce a
+strangulated hernia, injected an infusion of tobacco, and shortly after
+sent the patient in a carriage to the Westminster Hospital, for the
+purpose of undergoing the operation; but the unfortunate man arrived
+only a few minutes before he expired."
+
+"I knew a woman," says the same learned author, "who applied to the
+heads of three of her children, afflicted with scald-head, an ointment
+composed of snuff and butter; but what was the poor woman's surprise, to
+find them immediately seized with vertigo, violent vomiting, fainting,
+and convulsions."
+
+We next come to its effects as an _emetic_. "As such," says Professor
+Chapman, "tobacco claims our attention. Cullen and many others opposed
+its use, on account of the harshness of its operation. Certainly it
+exceeds all others in the promptness, violence, and permanence of its
+impressions. But these very qualities, unpleasant as they are, enhance
+its value in many cases."
+
+"Tobacco seems especially to be adapted to the evacuation of some
+poisons; and it has this advantage, that it acts with equal certainty
+and expedition, when applied to the region of the stomach in the form of
+a poultice, as when internally administered." Professor Barton says, he
+had recourse to an application of the moistened leaves of this plant to
+the region of the stomach, with complete success, to expel an inordinate
+quantity of laudanum, in a case where the most active emetics, in the
+largest doses, were resorted to in vain. But most poisons, particularly
+the corrosive, are attended with so much exhaustion, that it would seem
+perilous to administer tobacco, lest by its own depressing effects, the
+powers of vitality might be irrecoverably extinguished. In many
+instances, however, it appears that it may be administered in small
+doses with safety and advantage.
+
+We are informed by a respectable writer, that while at the Cape of Good
+Hope, he had a number of Hottentots, with intermittent fever, under his
+care. Having few medicines, he resorted to tobacco, and found six grains
+of snuff as effectual in exciting vomiting, as two of Tartar emetic.
+
+By many it is preferred in minute doses, as a nauseating medicine. Thus
+administered, it has succeeded in subduing some of the most violent
+symptoms of the most furious cases of mania; and where it cannot be
+given by the mouth, from the obstinacy of the patient, it may with equal
+benefit be applied in the form of a poultice.
+
+As a _cathartic_, tobacco is entitled to notice. "Some physicians have
+been in the habit of prescribing this powerful substance not only for
+the more dangerous cases of incarcerated hernia, but in all cases of
+obstinate constipation, from whatever cause produced. To relieve these
+painful diseases, it has been usually given in the form of a clyster,
+regulating the dose to the age, circumstances, and strength of the
+patient; and it is affirmed to have proved, in many instances, very
+effectual, and to possess the confidence of practitioners."
+
+I was informed by a learned and ingenious friend, that, having an
+obstinate case of ascaris lumbricoides in his own family, after repeated
+unsuccessful efforts to dislodge the worms, he at last had recourse to
+this potent remedy, a poultice of which he applied to the region of the
+stomach. The worms were almost instantaneously expelled, but with very
+alarming symptoms, and a complete prostration of the patient. From these
+circumstances, we should be led to conclude, that its efficacy as a
+vermifuge defends either upon its narcotic properties, or upon its
+sudden and powerful effect as a cathartic.
+
+Its effects as a _sternutatory_, i. e. as exciting to sneeze, are known
+to all. If applied to the nostrils, in the form of a powder or snuff, it
+produces violent and repeated sneezing, with a slight degree of vertigo.
+The violent agitation produced in this way, together with a copious
+discharge from the nostrils, often relieves catarrh, headache, and
+incipient opthalmia or inflammation of the eyes. But habit soon blunts
+the sensibility of the organs, and much positive injury follows the
+habitual use of snuff. It has been a popular remedy in many places for
+the cure of scald-head, psora, and most other cutaneous eruptions. It
+has also been applied for cleansing ulcers, and for the removal of
+indolent tumors. But the dreadful effects produced by it when absorbed
+into the system, have induced most medical men to abandon it altogether,
+and prescribe a more safe application.
+
+Though it is said, by Dr. Brailsford, to be a _sudorific_ of
+considerable efficacy, I am in possession of no facts which go to
+support such a conclusion, unless indeed it be the fact, that it in an
+eminent degree brings on that cold perspiration of which we have spoken,
+and which is, in many instances, the immediate precursor of death.
+
+But of all others, its _diuretic_ properties have been the most lauded.
+Dr. Fowler was the first to bring them extensively into notice. In
+dropsy, dysury, gravel, and nephritis calculosa or inflammation of the
+kidneys, the infusion and tincture were given by him with astonishing
+success. In spasmodic asthma, the same distinguished physician found it
+to afford relief.
+
+Mr. Earle, a surgeon of some eminence, has more recently treated several
+inveterate cases of retention of urine on the same plan and with similar
+effects, and adds his testimony to its efficacy in tetanus, trismus, and
+other spasmodic affections. Of its power to relieve spasm there can be
+no doubt. What has been related of its sedative qualities, is abundantly
+sufficient to establish that fact. Cramps, convulsions, and even the
+vital principle itself, give way before the exhibition of this deadly
+narcotic. Hence, to its power of prostrating the muscular energy, it
+owes its efficacy in preventing retention of urine.
+
+We have now gone through with an examination of the medicinal properties
+of tobacco, and have arrived at the following conclusion, viz. that few
+substances are capable of exerting effects so sudden and destructive, as
+this poisonous plant. Prick the skin of mouse with a needle, the point
+of which has been dipped in its essential oil, and immediately it swells
+and dies. Introduce a piece of common "twist," as large as a kidney
+bean, into the mouth of a robust man, unaccustomed to this weed, and
+soon he is affected with fainting, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and loss
+of vision. At length the surface becomes deadly pale, the cold sweat
+gathers thick upon his brow, the pulse flutters or ceases to beat, a
+universal tremor comes on, with slight spasms and _other_ symptoms of
+dissolution. As an emetic, few articles can compare with it for the
+promptness and efficiency of its operation; at the same time there are
+none which produce such universal debility. As a cathartic, it produces
+immediate and copious evacuations, with great prostration of strength;
+but its dose can with difficulty be regulated.
+
+If such be a fair statement of its effects on the human system; if it
+requires all the skill of the most experienced practitioner to guard
+against those sudden depressions which uniformly follow its use, when
+administered with the utmost circumspection; and if, with all this
+caution, its operation is still followed by the most alarming, and even
+fatal consequences--what shall we say of those who habitually subject
+their constitutions to the destructive influence of this worse than
+"Bohan Upas?"
+
+To an individual unacquainted with the fact, it would seem incredible
+that a weed, possessed of properties so poisonous, should ever have been
+sought as an article of luxury. Yet it has not only been sought, but
+even credulity startles at the extent to which it has been used. "Like
+opium, it calms the agitations of our corporeal frame, and soothes the
+anxieties and distresses of the mind." Its powers are felt and its
+fascinations acknowledged, by all the intermediate grades of society,
+from the sot who wallows in the mire of your streets, to the clergyman
+who stands forth a pattern of moral excellence, and who ministers at the
+altar of God. For it the Arab will traverse, unwearied, his burning
+deserts; and the Icelander risk his life amidst perpetual snows. Its
+charms are experienced alike, by the savage who roams the wilds of an
+American forest, and the courtier who rolls in luxury and prescribes
+rules of refinement to the civilized world; by the miscreant who wrings
+from the cold hand of charity the pittance that sustains his life, and
+the monarch who sways his sceptre over half the globe; by him who is
+bent with woes and years, and him whose cheek is covered yet with
+boyhood's down. Hence we might conclude it capable of giving strength to
+the weary, vivacity to the stupid, and wisdom to men void of
+understanding; capable of soothing the sorrows of the afflicted, of
+healing the wounds of the spirit, and assuaging the anguish of a broken
+heart. But how it fulfils these desirable indications, will be our next
+business to inquire.
+
+Tobacco, as a luxury, has been used for the two last centuries over all
+the civilized, and the greater portion of the uncivilized world. The
+modes have been _snuffing_, _smoking_, and _chewing_. Its effects, when
+habitually used in each of these modes, will now be examined. As far as
+my observations extend, few, if any, of all the devotees to this
+stupefying substance, ever resort to its use without some supposed
+necessity; and often, alas _too often_, by the advice of physicians.
+
+The benefit to be derived from the exhibition of a medicine in the cure
+of disease, should not alone induce us to prescribe it, without due
+regard to the injury which may result to the constitution. Had this rule
+been observed relative to the subject under consideration, I apprehend
+the use of this baneful drug would have been less extensive.
+
+Snuff has been prescribed for a variety of complaints, among which are
+headache, catarrh, and some species of opthalmia, and no doubt sometimes
+with very good effect; as I have, in a very few instances, witnessed.
+But the fact seems to have been overlooked, that its only power to
+relieve these complaints arises from the copious discharge of mucus from
+the nostrils, during the violent paroxysm of sneezing which invariably
+attends its first application; and that its salutary influence ceases,
+whenever these peculiar effects cease to accompany its exhibition. Hence
+in all cases where it is continued an indefinite time, or until the
+schneiderian membrane loses its sensibility, it not only fails of its
+medicinal effect, but actually becomes pernicious; aggravating the very
+disease it was intended to cure. It not only does this, but goes on
+committing great ravages on the whole nervous system, superinducing
+hypocondria, tremors, and premature decay of all the intellectual
+powers. A thickening of the voice, is also the unavoidable result of
+habitual snuff-taking. This disagreeable consequence is produced, either
+by partially filling up the nasal avenues, or by destroying the
+sensibility of the parts. Be that as it may, we would say of the change,
+in the forcible language of Cowper: "O! it is fulsome, and offends me
+more than the nasal twang, heard at conventicle from the pent nostril,
+spectacle bestrid."
+
+It also occasions loss of appetite, frequent sickness at the stomach,
+with many other disagreeable symptoms. A case in point, is related by
+Dr. Cullen, of a woman who had been in the habit for twenty years. At
+length she found on taking a pinch before dinner, she had no appetite.
+This having frequently occurred, she was induced to postpone her pinch
+till after dinner, when she ate her meal with her accustomed relish, and
+went on snuff-taking in the afternoon without inconvenience.
+
+Another instance is related by the same author, of the injurious effects
+of this habit. A lady, who had been accustomed to take snuff freely, was
+seized with a severe pain in her stomach, which continued unabated
+notwithstanding many remedies were applied; until accidentally her snuff
+was omitted for a few days, when the pain was found to subside, and did
+not return until she again had recourse to her snuff. Then, to her utter
+astonishment, it immediately came with all its former severity, and
+would yield to no treatment without a relinquishment of the snuff-box,
+which (strange to tell) the woman laid aside, and recovered her health.
+
+Most persons in the constant habit of taking snuff, are led on
+insensibly, until they consume enormous quantities. But as they are
+accustomed both to its stimulant and narcotic effects, they are not
+aware of the pernicious consequences. In the midst of interesting
+conversation, they frequently transcend the bounds assigned them by
+habit, and the consequence is, sickness, faintness, and trembling, with
+some vertigo and confusion of head. During this paroxysm of snuffing,
+particles of the powdered tobacco are carried back into the fauces, and
+thence into the stomach; which occasions not only sickness at the time,
+but is long after followed with dyspepsia and other symptoms of
+disordered abdominal viscera.
+
+The second mode of habitually using this drug, is _smoking_. This, too,
+has been prescribed by reputable members of the faculty. And for what
+purpose has this disgusting practice been recommended? "For weakness of
+the stomach," to be sure. Persons who have a craving appetite, and
+consume more food, particularly at dinner, than their stomach will
+readily digest, experience considerable uneasiness for some time after
+eating. The mouth and fauces sympathize with the overloaded organ, and
+an increased quantity of fluid is poured from the mucous follicles and
+salivary glands, to aid in the process of digestion. Under these
+accumulating difficulties, the man calls on the "_Doctor_," who very
+wisely imagines these symptoms are sufficient evidence that he has a
+"weak and watery stomach," and the pipe and cigar are recommended to
+carry off the superabundant humors, which still are unable to assimilate
+the enormous load with which, from time to time, the stomach is crowded.
+But as the application of the burnt oil of tobacco to the mouth and
+fauces, from its stimulant and narcotic qualities, benumbs the senses
+and renders the individual less conscious of his distress, he takes it
+for granted that he is materially relieved, and knows not, poor man,
+that it is all delusion. Thus, instead of taking the only rational
+method, that of adapting the quantity of food to the powers of
+digestion, he pursues a course which continues to weaken the organs of
+digestion and assimilation, and at length plunges him into all the
+accumulated horrors of dyspepsia, with a complete prostration of the
+nervous system.
+
+But it has been said, that smoking will cure the tooth-ache; and we
+should have recourse to any means for the removal of so painful a
+disease. That it will, as a powerful sedative, lessen the pain, and
+sometimes even altogether remove tooth-ache, is probably true; but why
+continue the practice after the occasion has ceased? Opium and calomel,
+judiciously administered, will relieve _cholera morbus_; but whoever
+thought of making them an article of diet, because from their
+application he had experienced relief in that dangerous complaint? Or
+whoever dreamed of using them constantly, lest he might again be
+attacked with it? Would not prudence dictate to lay them aside, that
+they might not lose their influence on the system, and consequently
+their medicinal virtues?
+
+But smoking sometimes diminishes the secretions of the mouth, producing
+dryness and thirst, instead of moisture; still it is used with the same
+perseverance as in the former case, and to obviate the same difficulty,
+an overburdened stomach. And such is the united influence of its
+stimulant and narcotic qualities, that the _thirst it occasions is not
+to be allayed by ordinary drinks, but wine, ale, and brandy must be
+taken, to satisfy this unnatural demand_. Hence, smoking has, in many
+instances, been the sad precursor to the whiskey-jug and brandy-bottle,
+which together have plunged their unfortunate victims into the lowest
+depths of wretchedness and woe.
+
+I am well acquainted with a man in a neighboring county, whose
+intellectual endowments would do honor to any station, and who has
+accumulated a handsome estate; but whose habits, of late, give unerring
+premonition to his friends of a mournful result. This man informed me
+that it was the fatal thirst occasioned by smoking his cigar, in
+fashionable society, that had brought him into his present wretched and
+miserable condition. Without any desire for ardent spirit, he first
+sipped a little gin and water, to allay the disagreeable sensations
+brought on by smoking, as water was altogether too insipid to answer the
+purpose. Thus he went on from year to year, increasing his stimulus from
+one degree to another, until he lost all control over himself; and now
+he stands as a beacon, warning others to avoid the same road to
+destruction.
+
+Smoking has been prescribed for spasmodic asthma, and undoubtedly with
+some success; and the manner in which it affords relief in this
+distressing disease has been pointed out, when speaking of the narcotic
+and antispasmodic effects of this drug. But suppose it capable of
+relieving the paroxysm, when administered to a person unaccustomed to
+its deadly stimulus, it will by no means be followed by the same happy
+effect, when once its use becomes habitual.
+
+But smoking has been the grand resort to secure the system from the
+influence of contagion; and perhaps no power ascribed to it, has ever
+been so universally acknowledged. But upon what series of experiments
+are these pretensions founded? From all the attention which I have
+bestowed on this investigation, I have been unable to discover any
+evidence of its utility in this respect, except what arose from the
+prejudices of the ignorant, or the obstinacy of those who are slaves to
+the practice of it. The bare assertion of Deimerbroek, "that it kept off
+the plague," without a single corroborative fact, would hardly be
+sufficient authority on which to establish a conclusion so important;
+especially when we have the united experience of Rivernus, Chemot, and
+Cullen, to prove the opposite of this position. Hence we conclude, that
+its properties in keeping off contagion, depend on its sedative powers,
+which it possesses in common with other narcotics, wine, brandy, and
+opium. As these lessen sensibility, and sometimes allay anxiety of the
+mind, it is not impossible that in a very few instances they may have
+prevented the exciting causes of disease from taking effect. But what
+are these few, when compared with the multitudes whose nervous systems
+have been destroyed by this pernicious habit, and thus exposed to all
+the horrors of malignant disease.
+
+Smoking also assuages the _tedium_ of life. Here is the grand secret.
+Man fears to be alone; and when left to his own solitary reflections, he
+dreads the result of self-examination. He flies for relief to his pipe,
+his cigar, his quid, or his bottle, with the vain hope of escaping from
+himself. To accomplish an object so desirable, he hesitates not to
+_stupify_ those noble faculties which he cannot hope to extinguish, and
+with which he has been endowed by the God of nature, for wise and
+benevolent purposes. And will you, gentlemen, by precept and example,
+longer sanction _such_ a course of conduct,--conduct so degrading to us
+as intelligent beings, and as conservators of the public health?
+
+The third mode of habitually using tobacco, is _chewing_. In this manner
+all its deadly powers are speedily manifest, in the commencement of the
+practice, as has been already shown. In this mode, too, its nauseous
+taste and stimulant property excite and keep up a profuse discharge from
+the mucous follicles and salivary glands. Probably to this circumstance
+alone, is owing the superior efficacy of this mode of using this drug in
+the cure of tooth-ache. But whether this enormous waste of the
+secretions of the mouth and fauces can be borne by the constitution with
+impunity, you, Gentlemen, are abundantly competent to judge.
+Physiologists agree that these secretions are intended to assist in
+preparing the aliments for deglutition, by rendering them sufficiently
+fluid, and afterwards, by their peculiar properties, to promote
+digestion and assimilation. The great increase of these just before and
+after eating, and the large quantities swallowed about that time, are
+unequivocal evidence of their importance to the digestive economy. Then
+what must be the state of that man's digestion, who, until seated at
+table, keeps his quid in his mouth, and immediately returns it thither,
+after rising from his meal? And when we reflect, that large quantities
+of saliva strongly impregnated with this poison, and even particles of
+the substance itself, are frequently swallowed, what, again I ask, is
+the probable condition of such a person's digestive organs?
+
+I know it may be said in reply, that such persons often consume large
+quantities of food, without experiencing any perceptible inconvenience;
+and I also know that they are often emaciated, notwithstanding the
+enormous portion of aliment they daily consume. Under these
+circumstances the emaciation arises, either from the profuse discharge
+of saliva, or an imperfect digestion, or the combined influence of both.
+Hence, when a man of a corpulent habit, with a keen appetite, who is
+unwilling to forego his wine and to use moderation in his roast beef,
+applies for professional advice to prevent corpulence, medical men very
+naturally and philosophically direct him, if he persists in his excess,
+to the use of tobacco, as a temporary relief, against the direful
+effects of his gluttony and intemperance.
+
+A clergyman of high standing informed me, that he acquired the habit of
+using tobacco in college, and had continued the practice for a number of
+years; but he found, by experience, his health materially impaired,
+being often affected with sickness, lassitude, and faintness. His
+muscles also became flabby and lost their tone, and his speaking was
+seriously interrupted by an elongation of the uvula. His brother, an
+intelligent physician, advised the discontinuance of his tobacco. He
+laid it aside. Nature, freed from its depressing influence, soon gave
+signs of returning vigor. His stomach resumed its wonted tone, his
+muscles acquired their former elasticity, and his speaking was no more
+annoyed by a relaxation of them.
+
+A respectable man of my acquaintance, about forty years of age, who
+commenced chewing tobacco at the age of eighteen, was for a long time
+annoyed by depression of spirits, which increased until it became a
+settled melancholy, with great emaciation, and the usual symptoms of
+that miserable disease. All attempts to relieve him proved unavailing,
+until he was persuaded to dispense with his quid. Immediately his
+spirits revived, his countenance lost its dejection, his flesh
+increased, and he soon regained his health. Another man, who used
+tobacco very sparingly, became affected with loss of appetite, sickness
+at stomach, emaciation, and melancholy. From a conviction that even the
+small quantity he chewed was the source of his trouble, he entirely left
+it off, and very soon recovered.
+
+I was once acquainted with a learned, respectable, and intelligent
+physician, who informed me, that from his youth he had been accustomed
+to the use of this baneful plant, both by smoking and chewing. At
+length, after using it very freely while indisposed, he was suddenly
+seized with an alarming vertigo, which, without doubt, was the result of
+this destructive habit. This afflicting complaint was preceded by the
+usual symptoms which accompany a disordered stomach, and a relaxation of
+nerves, with which, Gentlemen, you are too familiar to need a
+description here. After the application of a variety of remedies to
+little or no purpose, he quit the deleterious practice, and though his
+vertigo continued long and obstinate, he has nearly or quite recovered
+his former health. And he has never doubted but that the use of tobacco
+was the cause of all his suffering in this disagreeable disease. Many
+more cases might be cited, but sufficient has been said to establish the
+doctrine here laid down.[C]
+
+   [Footnote C: And here I am happy in having permission to give
+   the opinion of one of the ablest physicians in Massachusetts,
+   as to the use of tobacco. "The chewing of tobacco," says he,
+   "is not necessary or useful _in any case that I know of_: and
+   I have abundant evidence to satisfy me that its use may be
+   discontinued without pernicious consequences. The common
+   belief, that it is beneficial to the teeth, is, I apprehend,
+   entirely erroneous. On the contrary, by poisoning and relaxing
+   the vessels of the gums, it may impair the healthy condition
+   of the vessels belonging to the membranes of the socket, with
+   the condition of which, the state of the tooth is closely
+   connected."]
+
+Having gone through with an examination of the _physical_ influence of
+tobacco, let us now, for a few moments, attend to its _political_ and
+_moral_ influence.
+
+1. _It is a costly practice._ The whole adult population in the United
+States is estimated at six millions, one half of which are males.
+Allowing but one half of these to use tobacco in some form, we shall
+have one and a half millions to be taxed with this consumption. If we
+take into the account all who are in its use before they arrive at the
+period of adult age, it would swell the amount to two millions. Lest we
+should be accused of exaggeration, we will estimate the whole number of
+devotees at one million, who pay their daily homage at the shrine of
+this stupifying idol. The expense to the consumers of this drug varies,
+according to the quantity and mode of using. Those who are in the habit
+of smoking freely, and use none but the best Spanish cigars, pay a tax,
+I am informed by good judges, of not less than fifty dollars a year.
+While the moderate consumer of Scotch snuff pays from one to two
+dollars. Somewhere between these wide extremes, may be found the fair
+estimate of an average cost. If one fifth of the whole number of
+consumers should pay the highest estimate, it would amount to ten
+millions annually. Then if three-fifths pay but ten dollars apiece, it
+will amount to six millions; and if the remaining one-fifth pay but one
+dollar each, we shall have two hundred thousand dollars more. These
+added together will make an aggregate of _sixteen millions two hundred
+thousand dollars_. In this estimate nothing has been said of another
+class of consumers, which delicacy forbids me to mention, (and I hope I
+shall receive their forgiveness for my neglect;) nor of the time wasted
+in procuring and devouring this precious morsel. But lest even this very
+moderate calculation should be considered extravagant, which is by many
+competent judges believed to be far too low, we will reckon the
+consumers at one million, and the average cost at ten dollars each a
+year, for the whole; and then we have _the enormous tax of three
+millions of dollars_, to be annually paid in these United States for the
+useless consumption of this loathsome drug.
+
+2. _This practice paves the way to drunkenness._ A few reasons have
+already been given, why _smoking_ tends strongly to favor the
+introduction of ardent spirits. The dryness of mouth induced in some, is
+not the only case where a thirst for strong drink is produced. The great
+waste of saliva, occasioned both by smoking and chewing, has the same
+dangerous tendency. The fact that few of all the consumers of this plant
+are fond of those simple beverages so grateful to the unvitiated taste,
+and that most are inordinately attached to ale, wine, and brandy, is
+sufficient evidence of the dreadful truth, that it is the faithful
+pioneer to intemperance. What though there are some few and honorable
+exceptions; and what though there are _many_, who for a long time have
+used the poisonous plant, and have escaped the yawning gulf; still, a
+sufficient number have been swallowed up, to warrant the general
+conclusion. The few specifications already made above, might easily be
+increased a hundred fold.
+
+Though every lover of tobacco is not a slave to rum, yet _almost every
+drunkard is a slave to tobacco_; and this is indirect evidence that the
+habits are in a manner associated, or have a sort of natural affinity.
+If such be its tendency, what moral responsibility rests upon the man
+who shall recommend it, either by professional advice, or by his own
+example! What an infinitude of moral evil _must_ follow in its train, if
+drunkenness be its legitimate effect! What woes, what sorrows, what
+wounds without cause, may spring into existence at your bidding, when
+you prescribe the habitual use of this baneful plant! By such a
+prescription you incautiously open a fountain from which may issue
+streams, disturbing the peace of private families, pouring the waters of
+contention into peaceful and harmonious neighborhoods, embittering every
+condition of life, and poisoning every department of human society.[D]
+
+   [Footnote D: An eminent writer in favor of Temperance, has
+   given it as his opinion, that at least one tenth of all the
+   drunkards were made such by the use of Tobacco.]
+
+3. _It is an indecent practice._ To say nothing of the disagreeable
+contortions of countenance assumed by the great variety of snuffers,
+smokers, and chewers; to say nothing of the pollution, inseparable from
+these habits, to the mouth, breath, and apparel, to the house and its
+furniture, (all which are too familiar to require description;) I ask,
+where is the man making any pretensions to refinement, who would not
+blush to offend the delicate sensibilities of the _fair_, by smoking his
+pipe or cigar in their presence? True politeness would seem to require,
+moreover, that even the feelings of _gentlemen_ should be respected. But
+all sense of propriety seems to have fled before the indulgence of this
+foolish habit. To such an extent has it obtained, that we meet it in the
+kitchen, in the dining-room, and in the parlor; in every gathering of
+men of business; in every party of pleasure; in our halls of
+legislation; in our courts of justice; and even the sanctuary of God is
+sometimes polluted by this loathsome practice. It is impossible to walk
+the street without being constantly assailed by this noxious vapor, as
+it is breathed from the mouths of all classes in community, from the
+sooty chimney-sweep, to the parson in his sacerdotal robe. You can
+scarcely meet a man in the street, with whom you have business, but he
+pours a stream of smoke into your face, exceedingly disgusting. And this
+he does too, without imagining that he transgresses the rules of
+politeness, or gives you any cause of offence.
+
+In these habits we resemble the _Aborigines_ of our country. They load
+their huge pipes with the dried leaves of this plant, and when lighted,
+they breathe the dark cloud of smoke from their mouth and nostrils, and
+as it curls around their head, ascending towards heaven, they present it
+as an offering to appease the anger of the Great Spirit. A mutual
+influence has resulted from our intercourse with the Indian. We have
+taught him how to debase himself below the brute, and destroy the quiet
+of savage life by the use of our _whiskey_; and he, in return, has
+taught us to destroy our constitutions, and interrupt the harmony of
+civilized society, by the habitual use of his deadly narcotic.[E]
+
+   [Footnote E: The counsel given by the Journal of Health, is,
+   therefore, in perfect accordance with the principles of
+   medical philosophy. "Our advice is, to desist, immediately and
+   entirely, from the use of tobacco in every form, and in any
+   quantity, however small."--"A reform of this, like of all evil
+   habits, whether of smoking, chewing, drinking, and other
+   vicious indulgences, to be efficacious, must be _entire, and
+   complete_, from the very moment when the person is convinced,
+   either by his fears or his reason, of its pernicious tendency
+   and operation."]
+
+Gentlemen, I have done. The subject, with a slight examination, is
+before you. I have plainly and fearlessly expressed my opinion, without
+intending to wound the feelings of a single individual. If your
+sentiments correspond with mine, you will assist in bringing this odious
+practice to the bar of public opinion. There let it be subjected to a
+severe, but dispassionate trial; and if on a cool and deliberate
+investigation, its pernicious tendency shall fully appear, then let the
+American people rise up, and with united voice pronounce its sentence of
+final condemnation.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX,
+
+CONTAINING AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS
+RELATING TO THE USE OF TOBACCO.
+
+
+"But," says the lover of tobacco, "how can it be so deleterious when
+multitudes, who apparently enjoy good health, use it daily?"
+
+In this objection two things are assumed, viz.
+
+1. The existence of a perfect standard of health.
+
+2. That this standard is not depreciated by the habitual use of tobacco.
+
+If we examine these positions in the light of truth, we shall find them
+both defective.
+
+"The varieties in point of health," says an eminent physiologist, "are
+numerous and considerable. There is, indeed, a certain state of health,
+which may be said to be peculiar to each individual. Such persons as we
+suppose to be in the enjoyment of the most perfect health, differ
+surprisingly, not only from each other, but from their own condition at
+other times, as well in consequence of a difference in the constitution
+of the blood, as a diversity of tone and other vital energies." One
+state may be said to be healthy compared with another; and the same may
+be affirmed of persons. One may enjoy health when compared with an
+invalid. In all these cases it will be seen that health is only
+comparative. But to sustain this part of the objection it would be
+necessary to prove, what I presume will not be attempted, "that the
+thousands who daily use tobacco, are enjoying the maximum of health and
+strength;" i. e. that every function of the system is performed to
+absolute perfection. For if it be admitted that any function is
+deranged, it would be difficult, I apprehend, to prove, that that
+derangement was not occasioned by the use of tobacco.
+
+That men accustomed to hard labor will endure more fatigue, than those
+of sedentary or enervated habits, needs no argument to prove. That the
+arm of the blacksmith acquires strength beyond the arm of the literary
+recluse, is altogether obvious.
+
+The laborer will consume more food; consequently his frame will acquire
+a proportionate degree of strength, and, all other things being equal,
+it will be able to resist the influence of extraneous causes, to a much
+greater extent than that of the voluptuary.
+
+Let now the blacksmith use tobacco, and although there may be no
+perceptible diminution of vigor, (since you have no perfect standard to
+try it by,) because he still exceeds in strength persons possessing
+constitutions naturally less vigorous, or constitutions less hardened by
+toil; yet, whether the same hardy son of Vulcan can endure more
+hardship, while using tobacco, than he could have done had he never used
+the baneful plant, is the question?
+
+That many persons apparently enjoy good health, and yet use tobacco,
+cannot be denied. And the same may be affirmed with equal propriety of
+opium and alcohol. I once knew a man who, from his youth till he had
+reached his sixty-ninth year, became intoxicated, whenever he could
+procure sufficient liquor to produce this effect; and during that time
+he was never so ill as to require medical advice. I have known others to
+be literally steeped in ardent spirit, who were seldom sick; and yet
+few, I apprehend, will affirm, that alcohol used to such excess is not
+injurious.
+
+The Turks, who, for aught to the contrary that appears in their history,
+enjoy as good health as the people of the United States, and are said to
+attain a longevity as great, use opium for the purpose of intoxication,
+much in the same manner in which the latter employ alcohol and wine,
+these being forbidden to the former by their creed. Yet, after all, the
+man who could adduce these facts to prove the harmlessness of the
+substances under consideration, must be destitute of that physiological
+knowledge which is necessary to understand the natural operations of the
+human system.
+
+There is a principle in the animal economy, which powerfully resists
+morbid impressions, and tends to expel whatever is noxious. This
+principle, called by some "the medical power of nature," is roused to
+action by the application of an offending agent to any part of the human
+system. On the first intimation of the assault, this vigilant sentinel
+rallies her forces, and flies to the point of attack.
+
+If she succeed in expelling the invader before any serious mischief has
+been done, the system again reposes in quiet; but if not, a more general
+tumult arises, and the assistance of art is often required to second her
+ineffectual efforts. These phenomena are exhibited in the first use of
+tobacco, in all its forms.
+
+Apply snuff to the nostrils of one unaccustomed to it; and a violent
+sneezing, with a copious secretion of mucus will follow. Put tobacco
+into the mouth and it immediately produces a profuse discharge of
+saliva; and if this proves unsuccessful in expelling the unwelcome
+intruder, severe nausea and vomiting ensue. Smoking also produces
+similar effects. Apply the moistened leaves of tobacco to any part of
+the surface of the body, and its deadly effects are soon perceived in an
+entire prostration of strength, accompanied with ghastly paleness and
+vomiting.
+
+If it were not in a high degree poisonous, no such results would follow
+its first application to the living fibre; for they do not follow the
+first application of those substances which were, by our wise and
+bountiful Creator, designed for the _use_ of man.
+
+Though the effects above described are less violent, when the nerves
+(the media through which it operates) become accustomed to the stimulus
+of the noxious substance; yet it by no means proves, even in these
+circumstances, that it does no injury to the system, any more than the
+fact that some men drink a quart of proof spirit daily without
+producing death, proves that that amount does them no harm, when half
+the quantity taken by a beginner would prove fatal.
+
+In the course of twelve years' observation on the effects of narcotics
+upon the human system, I became acquainted with a delicate female, who,
+for thirty years, had taken a sufficient quantity of opium daily to kill
+the hardiest son of New-England, provided he had been unaccustomed to
+its pernicious influence. She, nevertheless, lived to an advanced age,
+and was eighty-four years old when I last saw her, though she, at that
+time, took every day two scruples of solid opium.
+
+I had the unpleasant task to attend this lady in a fit of sickness. And
+with the exception of a few cases, in which similar results have
+followed the excessive use of alcohol, it was, without exaggeration, the
+most troublesome case that has ever fallen under my care.
+
+All the frightful symptoms of _delirium tremens_ waited around and
+haunted her imagination through the day; while shrieks, and groans, and
+all the signs of woe attended her nightly couch, to add a gloomy horror
+to her unrefreshing and broken slumbers. And so far as my observations
+extend, the most inveterate derangements of the nervous system are
+either produced or aggravated by the habitual use of narcotics.
+
+The inherent power of the constitution to sustain itself amid the
+ever-varying changes to which it is exposed, has been learned by common
+observation, as well by the peasant as by the man of erudition. The
+fact, that man, "made of one blood, can dwell" in all the varieties of
+climate, "on the face of the whole earth," and can sustain himself,
+without any change of organization, at one period on the burning sands
+of a Numidian desert, at another among the ice-bergs of a Greenland
+winter--exhibits in the most convincing light the extent of this
+wonderful power.
+
+A curious field of speculation, on this sanative power in the physical
+constitution of man, lies open to out view, had we time to pursue it, in
+contemplating the habits, customs, and manners of the North American
+Indian. Guided by the simple dictates of nature, he gratifies his
+appetite with such food as comes most readily within his reach, and
+slakes his thirst at the first mountain brook. Sometimes, for days, he
+lies sleeping in his smoky wigwam without the means of appeasing hunger;
+then rises and follows his game with the fierceness of a tiger, until
+the object of his pursuit is overtaken; after which, with the voracity
+of a dog, he loads his stomach with food sufficient to satisfy the
+cravings of nature, for as many days as he had previously fasted, and
+again betakes himself to sleep and inactivity. With all this
+irregularity, he is a total stranger to lingering complaints, and to
+that numerous as well as fashionable class of diseases denominated
+"Nervous." That formidable ailment, _Dyspepsia_, which, like a fiend,
+has, for the last few years pervaded the whole land, is unknown to the
+Indian; having its origin in the abuses introduced by civilization and
+refinement. But to return:
+
+Suppose, for the sake of argument, that a man who daily uses tobacco,
+enjoys equal health with one who uses none, and is no more liable to
+disease; let him once be attacked by disease, and then it will be far
+more difficult to remove it, than to do so in one free from such habit.
+
+This will appear from the following considerations:
+
+Remedial agents ordinarily act on the system, by exciting the living
+power through the medium of the nerves; hence when these have long been
+deadened by the habitual use of any narcotic, common sense, aside from
+the lights of science and philosophy, would teach us the difficulty of
+making an impression on a system whose nerves had thus been previously
+paralyzed.
+
+Perhaps the man, who daily drinks ardent spirit, may, from the greater
+insensibility of his system, in some cases escape sickness as long as
+the most temperate, (though this is by no means a common fact); yet, let
+disease once commence, and then we learn, by painful experience, the
+disadvantage of having broken down the nervous system by needless and
+vicious excess.
+
+Tobacco is acknowledged to be one of the most deadly of the vegetable
+narcotics: yet experience proves that the nerves, by habit, become so
+accustomed to its stimulus, that it in a great measure loses its power.
+How then can we hope with ordinary remedies to make an impression, when
+even this powerful agent has itself lost its proper and natural effect?
+
+The unparalleled mortality of the great epidemic of 1812 and 1813, was
+in a good measure owing to the immense quantities of ardent spirit
+consumed by the victims of that fatal malady. In the town in which I
+then resided, about forty adults died in the course of the winter and
+spring; and most of those were in the habit of using ardent spirit
+freely. And though numbers of temperate persons were attacked, yet many
+of these recovered; while every instance within my knowledge, where an
+intemperate person was attacked with this formidable disease, it proved
+fatal.
+
+The ravages of the _cholera_ in India and Persia, since 1816: and in the
+North of Europe, for the last eighteen months; settle the point in
+question beyond reasonable doubt. In one hundred cases where the cholera
+proved fatal, ninety of them had been in the liberal use of ardent
+spirit. And this fact should be carefully noted, when this formidable
+disease has reached Great Britain, and threatens us with its visitation.
+
+If then the habitual use of alcohol, by exhausting the nervous energy,
+predisposes the system to disease, and at the same time renders the
+disease, when it has commenced, so much more intractable; what shall be
+said of the common use of tobacco, which is allowed by all to be a still
+more deadly poison, and of course must exhaust the power of the nerves
+in a proportionate degree?
+
+A female, aged 27 years, was attacked in December 1829 with a sore
+mouth, accompanied with diarrhoea and profuse salivation. These
+complaints continued to increase, notwithstanding the application of a
+variety of remedies, prescribed by her medical attendant, until the 5th
+of March following, when I was called to take charge of the patient. She
+was much emaciated. The discharge from the bowels continued unabated,
+and was often attended with severe pain and great prostration of
+strength. The salivation was accompanied with a burning or scalding
+sensation in the mouth and stomach, which proved excessively irritating
+to the patient, as well as perplexing to me. On examining her case, I
+found the nervous system entirely deranged and much broken by the habit
+of smoking, which she had practiced to great excess from the age of
+eleven years. I learned, to my surprise and regret, that she commenced
+this habit, which afterwards cost her so much suffering, by the advice
+of some wise member of the Faculty, who had prescribed it for some
+slight derangement of the stomach.
+
+My first efforts were directed to repair the injuries inflicted by the
+tobacco-pipe; and though the difficulties to be overcome were many and
+obstinate, by patience and perseverance they were all surmounted, and
+the woman was at length restored.
+
+The conflict which this poor woman endured, in overcoming a habit that
+not only injured her health, but nearly destroyed her life, was dreadful
+beyond description. When her pain and distress were great, she would
+complain more of this privation, than of all her other sufferings; and
+so strong was the desire for smoking, that she, several times during her
+recovery, contrary to my orders, indulged in it a few minutes, and each
+time with manifest injury; so that she finally was induced to abandon it
+altogether, and thus recovered her health. Indeed, she now enjoys better
+health than she has done for years.
+
+Any one acquainted with this ordinary effects of this foolish indulgence
+in the free use of narcotics, on the nervous system of its victims, will
+be convinced by a few years close observation, that such persons
+especially, if they are of sedentary habits, are more subject to fits of
+despondency, and to a far greater degree, than persons of the same
+general health and of the same employment, but who have escaped
+contamination.
+
+I shall here introduce the following extract of a letter, from a
+respectable clergyman to the author, as illustrative of this point.
+
+"When I say that the effects of the habitual use of tobacco on the human
+system, are injurious; I speak from years of painful experience. I
+commenced the use of tobacco when young, like many others, without any
+definite object, but experienced no very injurious consequences from it
+until I entered the ministry. Then my system began to feel its dreadful
+effects. My voice, appetite, and strength soon failed; and I become
+affected with sickness at the stomach, indigestion, emaciation, and
+melancholy, with a prostration of the whole nervous system. For years my
+health has been so much impaired as to render me almost useless in the
+ministry, and all this I attribute to the pernicious habit of smoking
+and chewing tobacco. And had I continued the practice, I doubt not but
+that it would have brought me to an untimely grave. I was often advised
+to leave it off, and made several unsuccessful attempts. At length I
+became fully convinced that I must quit tobacco or die. I summoned all
+my resolution for the fearful exigency, and after a long and desperate
+struggle I obtained the victory. I soon began to experience the
+beneficial results of my conquest. My appetite has returned; my voice
+grows stronger, and I am in a measure freed from that mental dejection
+to which I once was subject. My general health is much improved, and I
+feel that I am gradually recovering; though it is not to be expected I
+shall ever regain what I have lost by this needless and vicious
+indulgence. I am satisfied that the common use of tobacco is injurious
+to most people, especially those of sedentary habits. On them it
+operates with ten-fold energy. I am acquainted with many in the
+ministry, who are travelling this road to the grave. I uniformly say to
+them: "Lay aside your pipes and tobacco, or you are undone--your labors
+in the ministry will soon be at an end.""[F]
+
+   [Footnote F: Another Clergyman writes as follows. "I thank
+   God, and I thank you for your advice to abandon smoking. My
+   strength has _doubled_ since I quitted this abominable
+   practice."]
+
+A mere hint at these evils would seem to be sufficient to awaken
+inquiry, among the votaries of the plant in question. I shall therefore
+leave it to their candid decision, after a full and free investigation
+enables them to arrive at a just conclusion.
+
+The great increase of _dyspepsia_ within the last twenty years, with the
+dark and lengthened catalogue of nervous complaints that follow in its
+train, is, I have no doubt, in part owing to the universal prevalence of
+practices, the propriety of which we are calling in question.
+
+The misery to which the consumers of this drug are subject, when from
+any cause they are temporarily deprived or it, would go far to deter a
+reflecting man from voluntarily binding himself to this most ignominious
+servitude. I have known a hard laboring farmer, who would have resented
+the name of _slave_, as much as did the Jews, arise from his bed in the
+middle of the night and travel half a mile to procure a quid of tobacco,
+because his uneasiness was such, that he could neither sleep nor rest
+without it. This uneasiness is more distressing than bodily pain, and
+has in some instances produced an agitation of mind bordering upon
+distraction.
+
+Col. Burr informed Dr. Rush, that the greatest complaints of
+dissatisfaction and suffering, that he heard among the soldiers who
+accompanied General Arnold in his march from Boston through the
+wilderness to Quebec, in the year 1775, arose from the want of tobacco.
+This was the more remarkable, as they were so destitute of provisions as
+to be obliged to kill and eat their dogs.
+
+The Persians, we are informed, often expatriate themselves, when they
+are prohibited the use of tobacco, in order to enjoy unmolested this
+luxury in a foreign country. Nor are these facts incredible to those,
+who are familiar with the laws that regulate the animal economy.
+
+Long and obstinate is the conflict with nature, before the taste or
+smell of such disgusting things as alcohol, opium, and tobacco can be
+endured. But when she, worn out by repeated and continued assaults,
+abandons her post, and gives up the dominion to the artificial appetite,
+the order of things is reversed, and we at last find, to our sorrow,
+that this unnatural appetite is vastly more ungovernable than the one
+implanted by our Creator for things originally pleasant and agreeable.
+Add to all these considerations the well attested fact, that no sensible
+man, who has himself used the baneful weed, ever advised his neighbor or
+child to follow his example, but often the contrary; and its inutility
+is sufficiently proved.
+
+Having thus far endeavored to shew the futility of the objection raised
+against our doctrine, by the consumers of this drug; let us now, in our
+turn, call on them to give a good reason why so much money should be
+expended, and so much time wasted, as are annually squandered in the
+various departments of raising, preparing, and consuming this plant; and
+to point out, if they can, in what manner a poison so deadly acts on the
+healthy system without producing evil consequences.
+
+To make out the case, it will be necessary for its advocates to prove
+one of the following positions; either,
+
+1. That it produces no effect at all, and is therefore harmless; or,
+
+2. That it produces a good effect, and is indispensable to the enjoyment
+of perfect health.
+
+As this part of the enquiry is somewhat important, and since it regards
+the success of our principles, we will examine these positions a little
+in detail, to see how they are sustained by fact and experience.
+
+If it produces no effect at all, why that universal uneasiness,
+amounting as we have seen in some instances almost to distraction,
+uniformly manifested by the consumers of this plant, when by accident
+they are temporarily deprived of the means of indulgence?
+
+If tobacco produces no effect, why fly to it as a solace for every woe,
+as a refuge from affliction and trouble, and as a hiding-place from the
+tempests of misfortune?
+
+It will not, it _cannot_ be doubted, that, in its power to allay the
+stormy agitations of mind to which we are exposed in our voyage over the
+tempestuous sea of life, consists the latent excellence, the _summum
+bonum_, of the virtues of tobacco. This sedative power will not be
+questioned, by those who have ever witnessed its peculiar effects.
+
+The medicinal effects of tobacco, as applied for the removal of
+corporeal disorders, are nearly or quite destroyed by habitual use; but
+with what success it is constantly resorted to, to allay anxiety of
+mind, let its votaries answer.
+
+A medical gentleman of high standing, in an adjoining county, who has
+recently abandoned the common use of tobacco, informed me, that on a
+certain occasion his muscular and vital energies were so overcome, by
+chewing, that in attempting to put his horse into the stable, he was
+obliged to lie down until he had so far recovered his strength as to
+enable him to proceed to his house. Many other instances were related by
+the same gentleman, of its injurious effects which he had observed, both
+on himself and others; particularly in producing watchfulness, which it
+was almost impossible for the greatest degree of weariness and fatigue
+to overcome. Many others have frequently mentioned this fact to me,
+since I began to investigate this subject. Now if tobacco produces no
+effect, why are such results witnessed by its consumers, and why do the
+candid among them acknowledge that these evils arise from its use? The
+health of the medical gentleman above named was materially improved
+after laying aside tobacco; and those to whom he recommended a similar
+course, have experienced a like favorable result.
+
+The second position is equally unsupported either by experience or sound
+reasoning; and is contrary not only to all medical authority on this
+subject, but against the investigations of other scientific men who have
+chemically examined the constituent principles of tobacco, and who have
+experimented largely to ascertain with precision its natural operation
+on the living fibre. The lower order of animals have been selected for
+these experiments. Given in substance to them, it has uniformly proved
+fatal, even in very minute doses.
+
+When its expressed juice or essential oil has been introduced under the
+skin of pigeons, kittens, or rabbits, it produced violent convulsions
+and often instantaneous death. Does any one doubt the correctness of
+these experiments? He can easily satisfy himself of their accuracy, by
+obtaining the oil of tobacco, and applying eight or ten drops to the
+root of a kitten's tongue. The same deadly effects, as we have seen,
+uniformly attend its first application to the human system, if taken to
+any considerable extent. This is well understood by its consumers, who
+are very cautious for many weeks, and even months, how they deal with
+the poisonous drug.
+
+By what transformation is a plant, so deadly in its effects when first
+applied to the human system, afterward converted into a harmless article
+of diet or luxury? No substance which God has made for the common use of
+man, produces similar results; and if such be the fact in relation to
+the article in question, in this instance at least the order of nature
+is reversed, so that what in its nature is poisonous, becomes by habit
+nutritious and salutary. If this be correct reasoning--farewell to the
+success of temperance efforts! For _Rum_, after all, may be _convenient_
+if not necessary, because its effects are not in every instance
+immediately fatal; and because some, by dint of habit, can sustain with
+slight _apparent_ injury, what to others unaccustomed to it would
+produce instantaneous death.
+
+The stale excuse, so often repeated by the lovers of tobacco, that they
+have been advised to use it by physicians, for the mitigation or removal
+of some bodily infirmity, may be urged with equal force and propriety by
+the tippler and the sot; for many, very many, have been advised by
+members of the Faculty, to drink the deadly draught, in some form or
+other, either to ease the pains of dyspepsia, to allay the horrors of
+_tedium vitae_, or to drown the anguish of a guilty conscience. And may
+not many of these patients say to those of the Faculty, who give advice
+for the use of either these stimulants: "Physician, heal thyself." Alas!
+when will the profession be without any who use ardent spirit or
+Tobacco.
+
+In concluding, permit me to address a word to professors of religion on
+this subject.
+
+In whatever concerns the cause of virtue and morality, you have a deep
+and an abiding interest. When Intemperance spreads abroad his murky
+"wings with dreadful shade contiguous," and fills the land with tears of
+blood--you look over this frightful _aceldama_ and mourn at the
+soul-chilling spectacle. When infidelity and licentiousness exhale their
+pestiferous breath, to poison the moral atmosphere and destroy the
+rising hope of our country, by undermining the virtue of our youth; the
+Christian's heart is pained, and every effort is put forth to stay the
+march of desolation. In short, whatever tends to increase the prevalence
+of vice, must be witnessed by real Christians with unfeigned regret.
+
+"Manners," says a celebrated writer, "have an influence on morals. They
+are the outposts of virtue." Whoever knew a rude man completely and
+uniformly moral? The use of tobacco, especially smoking, is offensive to
+those who do not practice it.
+
+The habit of offending the senses of our friends or even strangers, by
+smoking in their presence, produces a want of respect for their persons;
+and this disposes, however remotely, to unkind treatment towards them.
+Hence the Methodists interdicted the common use of tobacco with that of
+ardent spirit, in the infancy of their society; thereby evincing a just
+sense of the self-denial, decency, and universal civility required by
+the gospel.
+
+It is painful to witness among Christians the utter disregard of each
+others feelings and the rules of propriety, which have obtained in
+regard to these habits. They go into a friend's house, and after
+enjoying the hospitality of his board, sit down to smoke their pipe or
+cigar in his dining-room or parlor with the greatest composure; and that
+too, without even condescending to enquire whether it is offensive;
+supposing either that the appetites and senses of others are equally
+depraved with their own, or that politeness will prevent their raising
+any objection to a practice which has become nearly universal. When the
+enquiry is made, it is understood to be nothing more than an apology for
+unrestrained indulgence; and the host who should intimate that it might
+be offensive to some, would be looked upon as having transgressed not
+only the rules of modern politeness, but all the laws of hospitality.
+
+Notwithstanding the extent to which smoking prevails, there are some in
+almost every family, who are affected with giddiness in the head and
+sickness at stomach, whenever they inhale the fumes of the pipe or
+cigar, particularly at or near meal time. Yet all this suffering must be
+endured, and the fine feelings of the family disregarded. And for what?
+Merely to give a Christian, and perhaps a physician or a minister of the
+gospel, an opportunity to gratify a vicious appetite which does him no
+good, and which, philosophically considered, would disgrace any man who
+pretends to be a gentleman.
+
+"What reception," says Dr. Rush, "may we suppose the apostles would have
+met with, had they carried into the cities and houses whither they were
+sent, snuff-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of cut, or rolls of hog or
+pigtail, tobacco? Such a costly and offensive apparatus for gratifying
+their depraved appetites would have furnished solid objections to their
+persons and doctrines, and would have been a just cause for the clamors
+and contumely, with which they were every where assailed."
+
+And yet this very disgusting practice is considered, in these days of
+gospel light and civil refinement, almost as an indispensable
+prerequisite to fit a minister of Christ to prosecute successfully the
+work of a missionary in evangelizing the world. Kindly expostulate with
+such Christians, physicians and ministers of the gospel on the propriety
+of their conduct, and they meet you with a multitude of the most
+frivolous excuses.
+
+One uses tobacco, as the tippler does his rum, as an antidote against a
+damp atmosphere. Another, to prevent the accumulation of water or bile
+in his stomach; and a third, as a security against the encroachment of
+contagious diseases.
+
+But Howard the philanthropist assures us, that it had efficacy neither
+in preventing the hospital fever, nor in warding off the deadly plague.
+Dr. Rush says, that at Philadelphia it was equally ineffectual, in
+preserving its votaries from influenza and yellow fever. Excuse
+ourselves as we may, it is at best a disgusting habit, persisted in
+against the convictions of our understanding and the dictates of true
+politeness, and adapted only to gratify a vitiated and unnatural
+appetite.
+
+It is, indeed, agreeable to observe, that the superior refinement and
+regard to good manners, in some parts of the old world, have at length
+awakened public sentiment on this subject.
+
+We are informed by travellers, that smoking is disallowed in taverns and
+coffee-houses in England, and that taking snuff is becoming
+unfashionable and vulgar in France. How much is it to be lamented, that,
+while the use of tobacco is thus declining in two of the most
+enlightened countries in Europe, it is daily becoming more general in
+America! "In no one view," says Dr. Rush, "is it possible to contemplate
+the creature man in a more absurd and ridiculous light, than in his
+foolish and disgusting attachment to the poisonous weed, tobacco." Who
+then can witness groups of boys ten or twelve years old in our streets,
+smoking cigars, without anticipating such a depreciation in our
+posterity with regard to health and character, as can scarcely be
+contemplated without pain and horror!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After the foregoing was in type, it was submitted to Doctor Warren, of
+this City, with a request that he would examine the whole, carefully,
+and give his opinion of it. He has kindly returned the following strong
+testimonial in favor of the Dissertation, which cannot but secure it a
+wide circulation, and the attentive perusal of every man who values
+health.
+
+    DEAR SIR--
+
+    In compliance with your request, I have read over the
+    pamphlet of Dr. McAllister on the use of Tobacco. Though my
+    present occupations have prevented my doing it so carefully,
+    as to entitle me to suggest any alteration or improvement.
+
+    The general tendency of the pamphlet is excellent: and I most
+    cordially give my opinion in its favor: for I have often had
+    occasion to observe the pernicious effects of the free use of
+    tobacco. Many instances of dyspepsia have come under my
+    notice, the origin of which was traced to the practice of
+    _chewing_; and on the abandonment of the habit, the patients
+    were restored to health. I have seen a number of cases of
+    injury to the voice, from the introduction of _snuff_ into
+    the _facial sinuses_. As to _smoking_, I am well satisfied
+    that it is calculated to cause a feverish state of the body;
+    and in certain constitutions it weakens the membranes which
+    line the nostrils, throat, and lungs, produces a
+    susceptibility to colds, and even more serious affections of
+    these parts, when it has been much employed.
+
+    From what I have seen, I have been led to believe that this
+    article is not necessary nor useful for the preservation of
+    health; and that it is often a cause of weakness and
+    sickness. I am, with great respect,
+
+                             Your ob't serv't,
+                               JOHN C. WARREN.
+  _Boston, Jan. 25, 1832._
+
+  NOTE.--Many persons have the opinion that the use of tobacco
+    is a preventive of contagious diseases: because it has been
+    asserted that tobacconists and others living in the midst of
+    the effluvia of this article, are exempted from the attacks
+    of such disorders. The practices above alluded to, have in my
+    opinion, a contrary effect. Those who live constantly in the
+    region of tobacco, by the effect of habit cease to be
+    stimulated and over excited by the diffusion of its lighter
+    particles in the air they breathe. But those who employ it,
+    occasionally, whether in smoking, chewing or snuffing,
+    undergo an excitement, more or less considerable; which is
+    infallibly followed by a proportionate debility, in which
+    state, they would be subject to the attacks of a disease they
+    might otherwise have escaped.
+
+    J. C. W.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies. Corrections in the text are noted below, with
+corrections inside the brackets:
+
+page 12: typo corrected
+
+   colorless solution, from which it is precipitated by a
+   tincture of galls. Tobacco yield[yields] its active matter to
+   water and proof spirit, but most perfectly to the latter; long
+
+page 17: typo corrected
+
+   thickening of the voice, is also the unavoidable result of
+   habitual snuff-taking. This disagreeble[disagreeable]
+   consequence is produced, either by partially filling up the
+
+
+page 29: added colon
+
+   This will appear from the following considerations[:]
+
+   Remedial agents ordinarily act on the system, by exciting the
+   living power through the medium of the nerves; hence when
+
+page 31: added missing end quotes
+
+   ministry, who are travelling this road to the grave. I
+   uniformly say to them: "Lay aside your pipes and tobacco, or
+   you are undone--your labors in the ministry will soon be at an
+   end."["][F]
+
+page 33: typo corrected
+
+   _summum bonum_, of the virtues of tobacco. This sedative power
+   will not the[be] questioned, by those who have ever witnessed
+   its peculiar effects.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Dissertation on the Medical
+Properties and Injurious Effects of the Habitual Use of Tobacco, by A. McAllister
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