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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by 
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Shepp's Photographs of the World
+
+Author: James W. Shepp
+        Daniel B. Shepp
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2008 [EBook #26037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD.
+
+CONSISTING OF
+
+Panoramic Views of Cities--Street Scenes--Public Buildings--Cathedrals--
+Mosques--Churches--Temples--Observatories--Castles--Palaces--Homes of
+Noted People--Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings, Emperors,
+Monarchs and Rulers--Harems--Universities--Colleges--Active Volcanoes--
+Mountain Scenery--Lake Scenery--Lochs--Fjords--Falls--River Scenery--
+Caņons--Geysers--Bridges--Parks--Fountains--Theatres--Obelisks--Towers--
+Memorials--Tombs--Caves--Cemeteries--Pyramids--Ruins of Castles--Ruins
+of Temples--Ruins of Ancient Cities--Tropical Scenery--Towns--Villages--
+Huts,
+
+Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing
+the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the
+world.
+
+COLLECTED FROM
+
+EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND
+THE PACIFIC ISLANDS,
+
+REPRESENTING
+
+THE WORLD AS IT EXISTS TO-DAY.
+
+Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary,
+by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading
+galleries, including the
+
+FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES
+GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY;
+THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN
+GALLERY, ROME.
+
+Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art
+in the world.
+
+----
+
+CAREFULLY ARRANGED AND APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY
+
+JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP.
+
+----
+
+SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.
+
+----
+
+GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO.,
+
+NO. 705 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+[Illustration: I]n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to
+hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered
+abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands.
+
+In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell
+stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken
+photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day.
+
+The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians
+used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their
+history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined
+temples.
+
+Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as
+time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of
+wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the
+power of truly representing the original objects they intend to
+portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books
+and papers.
+
+Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the
+world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements
+have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process,
+an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without
+losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs
+can be printed, such as appear in this book.
+
+Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial
+methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed
+to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen
+to-day, both for instruction and entertainment.
+
+We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions
+of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms
+are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they
+are indelibly impressed upon the memory.
+
+The object, then, of this Publication is to present photographs
+of all the great sights of the world, from every corner of the
+globe, carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process,
+and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture, so that
+any one can comprehend each subject.
+
+To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked,
+starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of
+Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in
+the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to
+form a road across the channel to Scotland.
+
+Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs,
+bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their
+busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare,
+the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and
+battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the
+world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London,
+the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its
+crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers
+and monuments.
+
+The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills,
+Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield
+of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin;
+St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled
+across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras
+to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled
+prisoners.
+
+Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin;
+Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries;
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer,
+and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque
+Rhine, lined with its historic castles.
+
+France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the
+whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers,
+bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries,
+and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its
+royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau,
+buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon
+ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the
+ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter
+both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable.
+
+Through Spain and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed,
+from the wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north
+to that bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from
+the calm Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the
+Atlantic on the west.
+
+Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice
+and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes;
+mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and
+variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland.
+
+Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano,
+Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery
+crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the
+Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower;
+Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues
+and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and
+Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world,
+and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet
+now calm, peaceful and powerless.
+
+Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored
+us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the
+blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the
+Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating
+and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of
+the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people
+and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its
+mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings
+out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!--there is but one God,
+and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares; the
+Bosphorus and Golden Horn.
+
+Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our
+collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter
+almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles,
+chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ.
+
+In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the
+former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his
+harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected
+Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains
+of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with
+a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it
+command.
+
+Palestine, the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian
+Church, added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle
+of Christ; Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on
+whose shores He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which
+He was called a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary,
+where He was crucified.
+
+Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples
+make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta;
+the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests,
+chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the
+great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges,
+rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath,
+to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its
+floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the
+world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with
+its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous
+wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in
+the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during
+summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ,
+perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the
+books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine
+teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the
+Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like
+view of the Straits of Sunda.
+
+Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America,
+Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and
+the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky
+Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the
+north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and
+every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a
+point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand
+cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial
+building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river,
+an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a
+deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the
+camera and added to this book.
+
+The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure
+of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the
+only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and
+instruction to those that view the result of their labors.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+IRELAND.
+  Blarney Castle
+  Lakes of Killarney
+  Dublin (Instantaneous)
+  Giant's Causeway
+
+SCOTLAND.
+  Municipal Buildings, Glasgow
+  Loch Lomond
+  Forth Bridge
+  Balmoral Castle
+  Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa
+  Edinburgh (Instantaneous)
+
+ENGLAND.
+  Liverpool (Instantaneous)
+  Lime Street, Liverpool (Instantaneous)
+  Manchester (Instantaneous)
+  Warwick Castle, Warwick
+  Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon
+  Brighton
+  Osborne House, Isle of Wight
+  Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court
+  Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich
+
+  WINDSOR CASTLE.
+    Windsor Castle
+    Green Drawing Room
+
+  LONDON.
+    Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station
+    The Strand (Instantaneous)
+    Cheapside (Instantaneous)
+    St. Paul's Cathedral
+    The Bank of England (Instantaneous)
+    Tower of London
+    London Bridge (Instantaneous)
+    Westminster Abbey
+    Houses of Parliament
+    Trafalgar Square
+    Buckingham Palace
+    Rotten Row (Instantaneous)
+    Albert Memorial
+
+BELGIUM.
+  Antwerp
+
+  BRUSSELS.
+    Panoramic View of Brussels
+    Palace of the King
+    Bourse (Instantaneous)
+    City Hall
+    Cathedral of Ste. Gudule
+    The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms
+
+HOLLAND.
+  Scheveningen
+  Amsterdam (Instantaneous)
+  Windmill
+
+NORWAY.
+  Christiansand
+  Bergen
+  Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen
+  North Cape
+
+RUSSIA.
+  Moscow
+  Winter Palace, St. Petersburg
+
+GERMANY.
+  The Cathedral, Cologne
+  Bingen
+  Ehrenbreitstein
+  Frankfort-on-the-Main
+  Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main
+  Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker
+  University Building, Leipsic
+
+  BERLIN.
+    Royal Palace
+    Berlin, Unter den Linden
+    Statue of Frederick the Great
+    The Brandenburg Gate
+    Monument of Victory
+
+  POTSDAM.
+    The Historic Windmill
+
+  DRESDEN GALLERY.
+    Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael
+    Magdalene, Painting, Battoni,
+
+FRANCE.
+  PARIS.
+    Bird's-eye View of Paris
+    Place de la Concorde (Instantaneous)
+    Madeleine (Instantaneous)
+    Opera House (Instantaneous)
+    Great Boulevards
+    July Column
+    Statue of the Republic
+    Vendome Column
+    Royal Palace
+    Hotel de Ville
+    Cathedral of Notre Dame
+    Palace of Justice
+    Arc of Triumph
+    Dome des Invalides
+    Tomb of Napoleon
+    Eiffel Tower
+    Pantheon
+    Louvre Buildings
+
+  LOUVRE GALLERY.
+    Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown
+    Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance
+    Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze
+
+  LUXEMBOURG GALLERY.
+
+    The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret
+    Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson
+    A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir
+    Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu
+    Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte
+    Ignorance, Painting, Paton
+
+  VERSAILLES.
+    Royal Palace
+    Royal Carriage
+
+  VERSAILLES GALLERY.
+    Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting, Muller
+    Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet
+    Napoleon, Painting, Gosse
+
+  FONTAINEBLEAU.
+    Royal Palace
+    Throne Room
+    Apartment of Tapestries
+    Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon
+
+SOUTHERN FRANCE.
+  Nice
+  Monaco
+  Monte Carlo
+  Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo
+
+SPAIN.
+  Madrid
+  Seville
+  Bull Fight, Seville (Instantaneous)
+  Toledo
+  Gibraltar
+
+PORTUGAL.
+  Lisbon
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+  Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne
+  Clock Tower, Berne
+  Peasant Woman
+  Interlaken and the Jungfrau
+  Grindelwald
+  A Thousand Foot Chasm
+  Brunig Pass
+  Lucerne
+  Rigi
+  Rigi-Kulm
+  Pilatus
+  Simplon's Pass
+  Zermatt and the Matterhorn
+  Chamounix and Mont Blanc
+  Engleberg
+  St. Gotthard Railway
+  Axenstrasse
+
+AUSTRIA.
+  VIENNA.
+    Panorama of Vienna
+    Hotel Metropole
+    Church of St. Stephen
+    Theseus, Statuary, Canova,
+    Schönbrunn
+
+TURKEY.
+  CONSTANTINOPLE.
+    Galata Bridge (Instantaneous)
+    Mosque of St. Sophia
+    Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia
+    Street Scene (Instantaneous)
+    Mosque of Ahmed
+    Turkish Lady
+    Street Merchants
+    Sultan's Harem
+
+GREECE.
+  Acropolis, Athens
+  Parthenon, Athens
+
+ITALY.
+  MILAN.
+    Grand Cathedral and Square
+    Corso Venezia
+
+  TURIN.
+    Exposition Buildings
+    Duke Ferdinand of Genoa
+
+  GENOA.
+    General View of Genoa
+    Statue of Columbus
+
+  PISA.
+    Leaning Tower
+
+  VENICE.
+    Palace of the Doges
+    Grand Canal
+    Cathedral of St. Mark
+    Street Scene in Venice
+    The Rialto (Instantaneous)
+
+  FLORENCE.
+    The Cathedral
+    Vecchio Bridge
+    Monk
+    Loggia dei Lanzi
+    Uffizi Buildings
+
+  LOGGIA DEI LANZI.
+    Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi
+
+  UFFIZI GALLERY.
+    Wild Boar, Bronze
+    The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century
+
+  ROME.
+    Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella
+    Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate
+    Roman Forum
+    Forum of Trajan
+    Baths of Caracalla
+    Colosseum
+    Interior of Colosseum
+    Pantheon
+    Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian
+    St. Peter's and Vatican
+    Interior of St. Peter's
+    Romulus and Remus
+
+  VATICAN GALLERY.
+    Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael
+    La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova
+    Laocoonte, Statuary
+
+  NAPLES.
+    Toledo Street (Instantaneous)
+
+  MOUNT VESUVIUS.
+    Crater
+
+  POMPEII.
+    Street of Tombs
+    Civil Forum
+
+  ISLAND OF CAPRI.
+    General View and Landing
+
+  ISLAND OF ISCHIA.
+    Castello
+
+EGYPT.
+  ALEXANDRIA.
+    Harbor
+    Place of Mehemet Ali
+
+  CAIRO.
+    Citadel
+    Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali
+    Street Scene
+    Palace of Gezireh
+
+  On Camel-Back
+  Pyramids of Gizeh
+  Corner View of the Great Pyramid
+  The Sphynx
+  In Central Africa
+
+  SUEZ CANAL.
+    Landing on Suez Canal (Instantaneous)
+    Post Office, Suez
+
+PALESTINE.
+  Yaffa or Jaffa
+
+  JERUSALEM.
+    General View of Jerusalem
+    Wailing Place of the Jews
+    Street Scene
+
+  Garden of Gethsemane
+  Bethlehem
+  Dead Sea
+  Nazareth
+  Jacob's Well
+
+SYRIA.
+  Beyrouth
+  Great Mosque, Damascus
+  Ba'albek
+  Mecca
+
+INDIA.
+  Kalbadevie Road, Bombay
+  Benares
+  Tropical Scenery
+  Heathen Temple
+  Royal Observatory
+
+CHINA.
+  Wong Tai Ken
+
+SANDWICH ISLANDS.
+  Typical Scene
+
+ALASKA.
+  Sitka
+  Totem Poles
+
+CANADA.
+  Parliament Buildings
+
+UNITED STATES.
+
+  SAN FRANCISCO.
+    Golden Gate
+    Market Street, San Francisco
+
+  YOSEMITE VALLEY.
+    General View
+    Glacier Point
+    Mirror Lake
+    Big Tree
+
+  SALT LAKE CITY.
+    Great Mormon Temple
+
+  YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
+    Pulpit Terrace
+    Obsidian Cliff
+    Mammoth Paint Pots
+    Old Faithful Geyser
+    Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs
+    Yellowstone Falls
+    Grand Caņon of the Yellowstone
+
+  COLORADO.
+    Animas Caņon
+    Grand Caņon of the Arkansas River
+    Mountain of the Holy Cross
+    Manitou and Pike's Peak
+    Summit of Pike's Peak
+    Gateway to the Garden of the Gods
+    Cathedral Spires
+
+  Life in Oklahoma
+  Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory
+  State Street, Chicago, Ill.
+  Niagara Falls, N. Y.
+  Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass.
+
+  NEW YORK.
+    Park Row
+    Brooklyn Bridge
+    Elevated Railroad
+    Statue of Liberty
+
+  PHILADELPHIA.
+    Chestnut Street
+    Market Street
+
+  ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
+    Fort San Marco
+    Ponce de Leon
+
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+    The Capitol
+    White House
+
+[Illustration: BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.--Here are observed the
+ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists
+every year, on account of a tradition which has been attached for
+centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its
+walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is principally
+noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed with the
+property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface,
+the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20
+feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy,
+"Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."]
+
+[Illustration: LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND.--These are three connected
+lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty
+islands, and covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful
+scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain
+outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores.
+Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream,
+while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the Creator. The
+lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above
+photograph gives a general view of them.]
+
+[Illustration: DUBLIN, IRELAND.--Dublin, the capital and chief
+city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical,
+educational, commercial, military and railroad enterprises of the
+kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
+and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the
+time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes,
+who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back
+by the English, and seven years later, its history began to be
+identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts
+by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges. This photograph
+represents Sackville street, one of its principal thoroughfares.]
+
+[Illustration: GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND.--The Giant's Causeway
+derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be
+the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the
+channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory
+of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast of Antrim,
+Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the
+Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here represented,
+and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from 15 to 20
+inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is a most curious
+formation.]
+
+[Illustration: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND.--Glasgow
+is one of the best governed cities in Great Britain, and has a
+broad, bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health,
+comfort and advancement of its citizens. This photograph represents
+its municipal buildings and a statue of Sir Walter Scott. The building
+is large and imposing, and of a mixed style of architecture. It
+was erected in 1860, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars,
+and has a tower 210 feet high. The Post Office, Bank of Scotland,
+Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue Buildings are close by.]
+
+[Illustration: LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.--Here is presented the largest
+and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it
+is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five miles wide.
+Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which
+the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are of considerable
+size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the
+scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unquestionably the pride
+of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of
+scenery.]
+
+[Illustration: FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.--This bridge, crossing the
+Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world,
+and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It
+is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was
+begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is built on the cantilever
+and central girder system, the principle of which is that of "stable
+equilibrium," its own weight helping to balance it more firmly
+in position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the
+deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the
+bridge is 50,000 tons.]
+
+[Illustration: BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND.--The above-named castle,
+the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and
+romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has
+two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at
+Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive.
+The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind
+of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is
+allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The
+cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of
+Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths
+of which is a deer forest.]
+
+[Illustration: CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.--The
+above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic
+Ocean, not far from the mainland. It is one of those remarkable
+islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little
+over a hundred years. The name of the island signifies _columns
+or staves_. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic
+actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a
+little over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most
+interesting field of study for geologists.]
+
+[Illustration: EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.--Edinburgh, the capital of
+Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in
+Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is the seat
+of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is
+renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic
+history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on
+the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar
+to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in
+1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal
+thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock,
+the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.]
+
+[Illustration: LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Liverpool, the second city and
+principal seaport of England, is situated on the right bank of the
+Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred and eighty-five
+miles from London. The town was founded by King John in 1207, and
+its growth for several centuries was very slow. In 1840 regular
+steamboat communications were opened between it and New York, which,
+no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence of Liverpool. The
+importation of raw cotton from the United States forms the great
+staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the Mersey for a
+distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands of workmen,
+are its most characteristic and interesting sights.]
+
+[Illustration: LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Situated on the
+north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the
+above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is noted
+for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the
+most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry docks,
+over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal
+avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture. The large
+building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and
+Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building.]
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.--Manchester is the chief industrial
+town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers
+of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery. Most of the
+streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in
+the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture represents
+Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares.
+This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded
+with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the
+centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very
+animated appearance.]
+
+[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.--Warwick, a quaint
+old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising
+from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having
+been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by
+the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline,
+and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon,
+stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of
+Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque
+feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.]
+
+[Illustration: SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND.--Of
+all the ancient castles and monuments throughout England, the house
+of William Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most
+interesting and popular. The chief literary glory of the world
+was born here, April 23, 1564, which gives his home an ancient
+and noted history. The house has undergone various vicissitudes
+since his time, but the framework remains substantially unaltered.
+The rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting
+collections of portraits, early editions of his productions, his
+school-desk and signet-ring. The garden back of the house contains
+a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays.]
+
+[Illustration: BRIGHTON, ENGLAND.--This town, situated on the English
+Channel, forty-seven miles from London, extends three miles along
+the coast, and is fronted by a sea wall sixty feet in height, which
+forms a magnificent promenade. The town has elegant streets, squares
+and terraces, built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis.
+Its fisheries furnish large quantities of fish to the London market.
+In the time of George III., it was a mere fishing-village; but
+since his day, it has become the most fashionable watering-place
+in England.]
+
+[Illustration: OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.--This is
+the residence of the Queen of England; it was completed in 1845,
+and is located near Cowes. The latter town is on the north coast
+of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite to the mouth of Southampton
+Water. The port between them is the chief one of the island, and
+the headquarters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Behind the harbor
+the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes, and numerous
+villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent residences and castles are
+located near by, of which the above picture is a fair representation.]
+
+[Illustration: HAMPTON COURT PALACE, HAMPTON COURT, ENGLAND.--This
+palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey, the favorite of Henry VIII., and
+was afterwards presented to the King. It was subsequently occupied
+by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William III., and the first two monarchs
+of the House of Hanover. Since the time of George II., Hampton
+Court has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now inhabited
+by various pensioners of the Crown. The various rooms that were
+formerly occupied by the royalty, are now devoted to the use of
+an extensive picture-gallery.]
+
+[Illustration: GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, ENGLAND.--Greenwich
+Observatory is situated six miles from London Bridge, on a hill
+one hundred and eighty feet high, in the centre of Greenwich Park.
+It marks the meridian from which English astronomers make their
+calculations. The correct time for the whole of England is settled
+here every day at one o'clock P. M.; a large colored ball descends
+many feet, when the time is telegraphed to the most important towns
+throughout the country. A standard clock, with the hours numbered
+from one to twenty-four, and various standard measures of length
+are placed outside the entrance, pro bono publico.]
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--This favorite seat of
+the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London, at the
+town of Windsor, was frequently extended under succeeding monarchs,
+until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it was completed
+at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became one of the largest and
+most magnificent royal residences in the world. The Saxon kings
+resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by William
+the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of England,
+including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the castle is
+richly and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures, statuary,
+bronze monuments and other works of art.]
+
+[Illustration: GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--Windsor
+Castle, the residence of the Queen, is one of the largest and most
+magnificent royal residences in the world. The interior of the
+drawing-room, which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred
+thousand dollars, gives a person a fair conception of the elaborate
+and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments.
+The interior, beautified with colored marble, mosaics, sculpture,
+stained-glass, precious stones, and gilding in extraordinary profusion
+and richness, places it among the finest castles in all Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON,
+ENGLAND.--The roof of this station is said to be the most extensive
+in the world, being seven hundred feet long, two hundred and forty
+feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high. The hotel is the
+terminus of the railway by the same name, and is one of the largest
+in London. Travelers arriving at the metropolis of the world, by
+almost any of the large railway lines, can secure hotel accommodations
+at the end of their journey in the Railway Hotel.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STRAND, London, England.--This street has been
+so named from its skirting the bank of the river, which is concealed
+here by the buildings. It is very broad, contains many handsome
+shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the
+West End, and one of the busiest and most important thoroughfares
+in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period many of the
+mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here, with gardens
+stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the left are the
+new Law Courts.]
+
+[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This street is in the
+very heart of the "city" and is especially noted for its so-called
+"cheap shops," where is offered for sale every variety of articles,
+from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street is constantly so crowded
+with vehicles, that pedestrians are often delayed from fifteen to
+twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other. It affords
+much pleasure to stroll along Cheapside and watch the crowds of
+pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the avenue. The buildings
+lining Cheapside have an imposing appearance, and are of uniform
+architecture.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Conspicuous, on
+a slight eminence in the very heart of London, stands the above-named
+cathedral, the most prominent building of the city. It is claimed that
+in Pagan times a temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul's.
+The present church was begun in 1675, opened for divine service
+in 1697, and completed in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting
+to nearly $4,000,000, was defrayed by a tax on coal. The church
+resembles St. Peter's at Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross,
+five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This irregular,
+isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four acres, and
+located in the central part of London, is the largest and most
+powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank in London
+which has the power to issue paper money; its average daily business
+is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and usually carries in
+its vaults from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000, while there are from
+100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank's notes in circulation. On
+the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000 stock brokers daily
+employment.]
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This celebrated
+fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion of London.
+Some of the most interesting events in the history of the Old World
+are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the tower was
+commenced by Julius Cæsar, while most writers affirm that William
+the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls enclose about
+twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch or moat,
+formerly filled with water. The tower was for a time a residence for
+the Monarchs of England; afterwards a prison for State criminals.]
+
+[Illustration: LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Centuries ago the
+Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the Thames,
+on the site of the present London Bridge; but they were all carried
+away by floods, or destroyed by fire. This bridge was begun in
+1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of $10,000,000. The bridge,
+928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite arches,
+that in the centre having a span of 152 feet. The lamp-posts on
+the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in
+the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians
+cross the bridge daily.]
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The Abbey,
+built in the form of cross, four hundred feet long and two hundred
+feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded in 610 A. D.
+
+ "That antique pile,
+  Where royal heads receive the sacred gold;
+  It give them crowns, and does their ashes keep;
+  There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep,
+  Making the circle of their reign complete.
+  These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set."]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND.--These edifices
+form a single pile of buildings of the richest Gothic style. They
+cover over eight acres, contain one hundred stair-cases, eleven
+hundred apartments, and cost $15,000,000. They are perhaps the
+most costly national structure in the world. The Queen enters on
+the opening and prorogation of Parliament through the Victoria
+Tower, which is three hundred and forty feet high. The imposing
+river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long,
+and adorned with statues of English monarchs, from William the
+Conqueror to Queen Victoria.]
+
+[Illustration: TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Here is one of
+the finest open places in London. This great square, which is a
+centre of attraction, was dedicated to Lord Nelson, and commemorates
+his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar, October 22, 1805,
+gained by the English fleet over the combined armaments of France
+and Spain. In the centre of the Square, rises to the memory of the
+great hero, a massive granite column, one hundred and fifty-four
+feet high, and crowned with a statue of Nelson. At the foot of the
+pedestal is inscribed his last command, "England expects every
+man will do his duty."]
+
+[Illustration: BUCKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The above palace,
+being now the Queen's residence and occupying the site of Buckingham
+House, was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham, and purchased
+by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825, but it remained
+vacant until 1837, when it was occupied by Queen Victoria, whose
+residence it has since continued to be. The palace now forms a
+quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet long. It contains a
+sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room, throne-room, grand
+saloon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and private apartments.]
+
+[Illustration: ROTTEN ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Rotten Row is the
+finest portion of Hyde Park, irrespectively of the magnificent
+groups of trees and expanses of grass for which English parks stand
+pre-eminent. The Park is surrounded by a handsome and lofty iron
+railing, and provided with nine carriage entrances. In the spring
+and summer the fashionable world rides, drives or walks through the
+Row; and in the drives are seen unbroken files of elegant equipages
+and high-bred horses in handsome trappings moving continually,
+presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered lackeys, and occupied
+by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely dressed women in
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This magnificent
+monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected by the
+English nation at a cost of $600,000. On a spacious platform, to
+which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned
+with reliefs in marble, representing artists of every period, poets.
+musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement
+sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy
+terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and
+surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five
+feet high, and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues,
+gildings, colored stones and mosaic.]
+
+[Illustration: ANTWERP, BELGIUM.--Antwerp, the capital of a province
+of its own name, stands on the right bank of the Scheldt. It is
+strongly fortified; its walls and other defenses completely encompass
+the city on the land sides, having more than twelve miles of massive
+ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is exceedingly picturesque, an
+effect produced by its numerous churches, convents, magnificent
+public buildings, its elaborate and extensive fortifications, the
+profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately antique-looking
+houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the docks, dock-yards
+and basins, constructed by Bonaparte at an expense of $10,000,000,
+the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the finest in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--Brussels,
+the capitol of Belgium and the residence of the royal family, is
+situated nearly in the centre of the Kingdom. The above picture
+presents a general view of the city, the tile roofs of the houses,
+with the Palace of Justice looming up in the background. This stately
+edifice, completed in 1883, was erected at an expense of over
+$10,000,000. This high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty
+structures of ancient Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of
+energy spent in their erection.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF THE KING, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--The above
+edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected
+during the last century. These were connected by an intervening
+structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is
+one of the principal and notable buildings of the City of Brussels.
+The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up,
+and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted
+on the palace announces the presence of the King.]
+
+[Illustration: BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--In the central portion
+of the City of Brussels on the Boulevard Anspach, rises the Bourse
+or New Exchange, an imposing pile in Louis XIV. style. Its vast
+proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine
+to make the building worthy of being the commercial centre of an
+important metropolis; but it has been sadly disfigured by the
+application of a coat of paint, necessitated by the foible nature
+of the stone. The principal faįade is embellished with a Corinthian
+colonnade, to which there is an ascent of twenty steps.]
+
+[Illustration: CITY HALL, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--This is by far the
+most interesting edifice in the city, and one of the noblest and
+most beautiful buildings of the kind in Belgium. It is of irregular,
+quadrangular form, one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length, and
+one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and encloses a court.
+The principal faįade is of Gothic style, and the graceful tower,
+which, however, for some unexplained reason does not rise from
+the centre of the structure, is three hundred and seventy feet in
+height. The entire building dates back to the fourteenth century,
+and is still occupied by municipal offices.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.--In the central part of
+the City of Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the above
+edifice, one of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches
+in Belgium. It consists of a nave and aisle, having a retro-choir,
+and deep bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has
+been in constant use for 670 years. While the elements of time are
+crumbling its outside surface, leaving an abundance of disintegrated
+matter at the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine
+paintings and kept in apparently good order.]
+
+[Illustration: THE FORBIDDEN BOOK (BY OOMS), ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS,
+BRUSSELS, BELGIUM--This striking painting by that celebrated artist,
+is a pleasing commingling of many colors, which, of course, are lost
+in the photograph. The picture represents a private library, the
+father and daughter eagerly devouring the contents of the Bible.
+Unexpected foot-steps are heard; hence the frightened look of both,
+for, in those days, reading the Bible was punished by death. The
+painting is a subject study for the earnest Bible-reader.]
+
+[Illustration: SCHEVENINGEN, HOLLAND.--This famous and popular
+summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The sand
+is firm and smooth, and the place possesses a great advantage over
+other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and woods
+in close proximity, the latter affording pleasant and shady walks.
+What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture,
+are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off the sun. Scores
+of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of people lie on
+the beach from early morning until late at night.]
+
+[Illustration: AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.--This is the largest and most
+important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital. It
+stands on a soft, wet ground, under which, at a depth of fifty
+feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which
+buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus
+of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops
+of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows.
+Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing
+town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street.]
+
+[Illustration: WIND-MILL, HOLLAND.--Millions wonder that a country
+so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger is almost unable
+to decide whether land or water predominates. Those broken and
+compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the lakes
+and canals crossing each other, all combine to give the idea of
+a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In the
+thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland
+and formed the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing
+the death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save
+the country from destructive inundations, the Hollanders press
+the air into their service, which is represented by the above
+wind-mill.]
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTIANSAND, NORWAY.--Christiansand is the largest
+town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, and the
+residence of one of the five Norwegian Bishops. It is beautifully
+situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand Fjord.
+The town is named after Christian IV., by whom it was founded in
+1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right
+angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the coasting
+steamers of that country, and those from England, Germany and Denmark,
+arrive regularly.]
+
+[Illustration: BERGEN, NORWAY.--Bergen is one of the oldest and
+most picturesque cities in Norway. The general aspect of the town
+is modern, though traces of its antiquity are not wanting. The
+older part adjoins the spacious harbor called Vaagen, and spreads
+over the rocky heights at the base of the Florfjeld and over the
+peninsula of Mordanes. Fish has always been the staple commodity
+of the city, and it is still the greatest fish market in Norway.
+The above picture represents the harbor, with vegetable-peddlers
+and their portable stalls in the foreground.]
+
+[Illustration: NIERDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, NORWAY.--One of the grandest
+and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken coast of
+Norway, is represented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed by the
+melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices of the
+high mountains on every side. The mountains on both sides of this
+inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet. The steamer
+in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly trips between
+Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the most northern
+town in the world. During the summer season, these steamers are
+crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This fact evinces
+the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must afford to
+travellers.]
+
+[Illustration: NORTH CAPE, NORWAY.--This cape (71° 10' N. Lat.),
+consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with deep clefts,
+rising abruptly from the sea, is usually considered the most northern
+point of Europe; its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet.
+The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time this photograph was
+taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable ocean in apparent
+contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines and the most
+sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here, as in a dream,
+the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSCOW, RUSSIA.--Moscow, which was at one time the
+capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded nearly seven
+hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its history
+is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the
+French from their winter quarters during the French and Russian
+war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets
+and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent
+squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and
+a university with 1000 students. This photograph represents the
+principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank
+it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the
+air with its lofty spires.]
+
+[Illustration: WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.--This magnificent
+palace is fronted with a large number of Corinthian columns, which
+give it a formidable yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the
+front and sides, it is adorned by a number of statues representing
+various emblems and figures in Russian history. The most beautiful
+apartment of the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white saloon,
+where the court fętes are held. The room contains the crown jewels
+of Russia, and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect
+is most dazzling.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, COLOGNE, GERMANY.--This building
+justly excites the admiration of every beholder, and is probably
+the most magnificent Gothic edifice in the world. It stands on a
+slight eminence, sixty feet above the Rhine. As early as the ninth
+century, an Episcopal church occupied the site, but the inhabitants
+regarded it to be unworthy, as compared with the prosperity of the
+city, and consequently started a new one. The foundation-stone
+of the present structure was laid on August 14, 1248. On the 15th
+of October, 1880, the completion of the Cathedral was celebrated
+in the presence of William I.]
+
+[Illustration: BINGEN, GERMANY.--Bingen, a Hessian town of Prussia,
+with a population of 7100, is situated at the confluence of the
+Nahe and Rhine rivers. The Romans erected a castle here in 70,
+when a battle was fought between them and the Gauls. Bingen carries
+on a large trade in wine, starch and leather. The town is in a
+beautiful and highly picturesque country, and is visited by thousands
+of tourists during the summer season. On an island in the Rhine is
+the Mansethum, or "Rat Tower," a structure erected in the thirteenth
+century. Bingen is celebrated in song, poetry, story and history.]
+
+[Illustration: EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY.--This small town, with
+five thousand three hundred inhabitants, prettily situated in a
+valley, is crowned with the fortresses of Ehrenbreitstein and
+Asterstein, which are connected with Coblenz by a bridge of boats,
+about four hundred yards in length. The majestic fortress of
+Ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the Moselle, and is
+situated on a precipitous rock, three hundred and eighty-five feet
+above the Rhine, inaccessible on three sides, and connected with
+the neighboring heights on the north side only. The view from the
+top is one of the finest on the Rhine. It embraces the fertile
+Rhine Valley from Stolzenfels to Andernach.]
+
+[Illustration: FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--The above city,
+formerly one of the few independent towns of Germany, now belongs
+to Prussia. Old watch-towers in the vicinity indicate its ancient
+extent. The city lies on a spacious plain bounded by mountains,
+on the right bank of the navigable river Main. On the left bank
+lies Sachenhausen, a suburb connected with Frankfort by four stone
+bridges and one suspension bridge. In a commercial, and particularly
+a financial, point of view, Frankfort is one of the most important
+cities of Germany.]
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER'S HOUSE, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN,
+GERMANY.--Here is a historic relic which justly excites the admiration
+of the beholder. This is where Martin Luther lived for a time after
+he had nailed to a church-door in Wittenberg the theses in which
+he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable traffic
+carried on for the Pope by Tetzel and his accomplices. This brought
+to the front a man who had certainly many faults, but who amply
+made up for them by his force of intellect and the loftiness of
+his aims.]
+
+[Illustration: ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, BETHMANN'S MUSEUM,
+FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--This exquisite piece of sculpture
+is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart, who is
+likewise famous for his bust of Schiller. Of the many subjects
+sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm
+of novelty, which has made it a European favorite in a reduced
+size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female
+human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides,
+that attracts the admiration.]
+
+[Illustration: UNIVERSITY BUILDING, LEIPSIC, GERMANY.--Leipsic
+is one of the great commercial cities of Germany, the centre of
+the German book-trade, the seat of the supreme law-courts of the
+German Empire, and contains one of the most ancient and important
+universities in Europe. The interior of the city consists of lofty
+and closely built houses, dating chiefly from the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs,
+beyond which is a series of villages, almost adjacent to the town.
+The above picture represents one of the University buildings.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This palace, six
+hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty feet wide,
+and rectangular in form, rises in four stories to the height of
+one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two hundred and
+thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great, it served
+as a residence for all the members of the royal family, contained
+all the royal collections, and was the seat of several government
+officials. Now it is used for reception rooms, and a dwelling for
+royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive and imposing;
+the interior is beautifully embellished.]
+
+[Illustration: BERLIN, GERMANY.--Berlin, the capital of Prussia
+and the home of the emperor, with its large and beautiful buildings
+and its regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities in
+Europe. The most noted street is that called "Unter den Linden,"
+the city's pride, a broad and imposing thoroughfare, resembling the
+boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at
+one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the other by the equestrian
+statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph.
+The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial museum and
+many other noted buildings border on "Unter den Linden," which is
+nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This
+impressive and masterly work was erected in 1851 at one end of
+the "Linden," and is probably the grandest monument of its kind
+in Europe. The great King is represented on horse-back, with his
+coronation-robes and walking-stick. The pedestal is divided into
+four sections. The upper one contains allegorical figures and scenes
+in Frederick's life, with the figures Moderation, Justice, Wisdom
+and Strength at the corners; the second section contains figures
+of the King's officers, and the lower section, the names of other
+distinguished men.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--The Brandenburg
+Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten, was erected
+in 1793 in imitation of the Propylæa at Athens. It is 85 feet high
+and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages, separated by
+massive Doric columns. It is at the one end of "Unter den Linden,"
+and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only. The
+material is sandstone, and it is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victory
+from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but restored in
+1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian Temples, one
+of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house.
+Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance and beauty.]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF VICTORY, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This monument,
+rising to a height of two hundred feet, stands on a circular terrace,
+approached by eight granite steps in the Thiergarten. It was dedicated
+on September 2, 1873, to commemorate the great victories of 1870
+and 1871. The massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in
+bronze. Above, in the flutings of the column, which consists of
+yellow, grayish sandstone, are placed three rows of Danish, Austrian
+and French cannon, captured in the different battles fought with
+those nations.]
+
+[Illustration: THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, POTSDAM, GERMANY.--Potsdam
+is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe of royal palaces, parks
+and pleasure-grounds. Here is located the palace of Sanssouci.
+Adjacent to the palace is the famous windmill, now royal property,
+which its owner refused to sell to the King, meeting threatened
+violence by an appeal to the judges of its supreme court.]
+
+[Illustration: MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (BY RAPHAEL), DRESDEN GALLERY,
+DRESDEN, GERMANY.--This masterpiece of Raphael, was photographed direct
+from the original painting, worth $400,000. It is an altar-piece,
+representing the Virgin and Child in clouds, with St. Sixtus on
+the right, St. Barbara on the left, and the cherubs beneath. A
+curtain has just been drawn back, and the Virgin issues, as it
+were, from the depth of Heaven, her large serene eyes seeming to
+embrace the whole world in their gaze. The most striking feature
+of the painting is the expression of naive innocence depicted on
+the faces of the cherubs.]
+
+[Illustration: MAGDALENE (BY BATTONI), DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN,
+GERMANY.]
+
+[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, FRANCE.--Paris, the largest
+city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an area of
+thirty square miles, with a population of about 2,000,000. The
+river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is spanned
+by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven principal are shown on
+this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks, magnificent
+churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of which the Champs
+Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre of the political,
+artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial life of the nation.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.--Place de la
+Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks
+in Paris, being considered, by the best authorities, the finest
+in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries
+and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical associations are connected
+with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during
+1793-4-5; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops
+frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power.
+The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite
+76 feet high, was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and
+erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest
+of the park.]
+
+[Illustration: MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The foundation of this
+church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found the
+edifice unfinished, and Napoleon I. ordered the building to be
+completed as a "Temple of Glory." Louis XVIII., however, returned
+to the original intention of making it a church. The edifice was
+finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was
+upwards of $2,500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive
+Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows,
+is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through
+sky-lights in the roof.]
+
+[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is a most sumptuous
+edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an area of nearly three
+acres. Nothing can surpass the magnificence of the materials with
+which it is decorated, and for which almost all Europe has made
+contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded a supply of green and
+red granite; from Italy were brought the yellow and white marbles;
+from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain, "brocatello;" and from
+France, other marbles of various colors. The cost of the site was
+over $2,000,000, and that of the building nearly $8,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT BOULEVARDS, PARIS, FRANCE.--The splendid line
+of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which extend on the
+north side of the Seine, from the Madeleine at one end, to the
+Bastile at the other, was originally the line of fortifications or
+bulwarks of the City of Paris. In 1670, the city having extended
+northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats were filled up,
+the walls destroyed and the above Boulevards formed. This photograph
+represents the Grand Hotel at the corner of the Place de l'Opera.]
+
+[Illustration: JULY COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above monument
+was erected after the Revolution of July, 1830, in honor of the
+heroes who fell on that occasion, and solemnly dedicated in 1840.
+The total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet,
+resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble, originally
+intended for Napoleon's Elephant, which he had planned to erect in
+bronze on this spot; but his plans were never consummated. On the
+sub-struction rises a square basement, on each side of which are
+four bronze medallions, symbolical of Justice, the Constitution,
+Strength and Freedom.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC, PARIS, FRANCE.--This national
+statue is made of bronze, and was erected in 1883. The stone pedestal,
+fifty feet in height, is surrounded with seated bronze figures
+of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The statue, thirty-two feet
+high to the top of the olive branch, makes a striking and imposing
+appearance. In front is a brazen lion, with the urn of universal
+suffrage. On the stone pedestal are hewn the words, "To the Glory
+of the Republic of France, to the City of Paris, 1883." This statue
+was the model for the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: VENDOME COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here is an imitation
+of Trajan's column at Rome. It is one hundred and forty-two feet
+high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected by the order
+of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810, to commemorate his victories in
+1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures on the spiral
+column represent memorable scenes, from the breaking up of the
+camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal of these
+figures was obtained by melting 1200 Russian and Austrian cannons.
+The top is a statue of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above palace,
+erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied after his death
+by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII., with her sons Louis
+XIV., and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority. In 1815 the
+Orleans family regained possession of the Palais Royal; and it was
+occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the outbreak of
+the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous ball here in honor of
+Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871, the Communists
+set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been carefully restored.]
+
+[Illustration: HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above edifice, in
+many respects one of the finest buildings in Paris, may be regarded
+as an enlarged reproduction of the original building, with richer
+ornamentation and more convenient arrangements. It has played a
+conspicuous part in the different revolutions, having been the usual
+rallying place of the Democratic party. Here was also celebrated
+the union of the July Monarchy with the Bourgeoisie, when Louis
+Philippe presented himself at one of the windows in August, 1830,
+and, in view of the populace, embraced Lafayette.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS, FRANCE.--Founded in
+1163, but not completed until the thirteenth century. Since then
+the building has been frequently altered. During the Revolution
+the Cathedral was sadly desecrated. The side chapels were devoted to
+orgies of various kinds. In 1802 it was again re-opened by Napoleon
+as a place of divine worship. During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated
+by the Communists. The treasury was rifled, and the building used
+as a military depot. When the insurgents were compelled to retreat,
+they set fire to the church, but fortunately little damage was
+done.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF JUSTICE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This palace,
+occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France,
+was presented by Charles VIII., in 1431, to the Parliament or Supreme
+Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by fire in 1618
+and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except the two round
+domes which are seen on the right of the picture. The bridge seen
+in connection with the avenue in the foreground, spans the Seine,
+having been built by Napoleon, while the avenue itself leads to
+the Exchange.]
+
+[Illustration: ARC OF TRIUMPH, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is the finest
+triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one end of the Champs
+Elysees, on an eminence, and can be seen from nearly every part of
+the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it, nearly all
+of them sloping upward to the arch. It was commenced by Napoleon
+I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe in 1836, at a cost of
+$2,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: DOME DES INVALIDES, PARIS, FRANCE.--The beautiful
+gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which surmounts the
+church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at a great distance,
+is built on the north side of the Seine, and forms a part of the
+Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides, founded in 1670 by
+Louis XIV., for aged veterans, covers an area of thirty-one acres.
+Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt below the floor,
+containing the tomb of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This tomb is situated
+beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular crypt, twenty
+feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter. The walls are of
+polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs. On the mosaic
+pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen feet long, six and one-half
+feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a huge block of
+reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons, and costing $30,000.
+At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon's last request:
+"I wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst
+of the French people, whom I loved so well." To these words, as
+well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman reverts
+with pride.]
+
+[Illustration: EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE.--This enormous monument
+surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected. From all parts
+of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely dwarfing
+into insignificance every public building and spire that Paris
+contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and
+comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time, contains
+cafés and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground, and
+the third, 863 feet. The total height of the Tower is 985 feet,
+being the loftiest monument in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANTHEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This structure standing
+on the highest ground in the City of Paris, occupies the site of
+the tomb of Ste. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. The present
+edifice was completed in 1790. The new church was dedicated to
+Ste. Genevieve, but in 1791 the Convention resolved to convert it
+into a kind of memorial temple, which they named the "Pantheon."
+In 1885 it was secularized for the obsequies of Victor Hugo. The
+edifice is of most imposing dimensions, in the form of a Greek
+cross. The building resembles the Pantheon in Rome.]
+
+[Illustration: LOUVRE BUILDINGS, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here are presented
+the most important public buildings in Paris, both architecturally
+and on account of the treasures of art they contain. The oldest
+part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical events.
+It is divided into two different sections, the ground floor being
+devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain the
+Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections of
+Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture
+gallery, a saloon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek
+and other antiquities.]
+
+[Illustration: VENUS DE MILO, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS.--This statue
+of Aphrodite, which was found on the Island of Melos, now Milo,
+at the entrance to the Greek Archipelago, was sold to the French
+Government for 6000 francs, and is now not for sale for its weight
+in gold. It is exhibited in the Louvre and represents one of the most
+celebrated treasures of the Gallery. Aphrodite is here represented,
+not only as a beautiful woman, but as a goddess, as is seen by
+her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression of the
+head, indicating her independence of human needs and the placid
+self-competence of her divine character. It is one of the masterpieces
+which constitute the great marvel of antiquity.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: PEACEMAKER OF THE VILLAGE (BY GREUZE), LOUVRE GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This painting was executed by the renowned French
+artist when nearly at the zenith of his powers, and is only one of
+the many giant masterpieces by this celebrated painter. Greuze,
+when quite young, showed considerable talent, which was encouraged
+by a Lyonese artist. At the advice of the latter, he drifted to
+Paris and produced several Biblical subjects, followed by others of
+the same class. He left France for Italy, but returned soon after
+and produced the above painting in 1759-61, followed by others,
+with increasing success.]
+
+[Illustration: THE LAST VEIL (BY BOURET), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE]
+
+[Illustration: ARREST IN THE VILLAGE (BY SALMSON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: A MOTHER (BY LENOIR), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: JOAN OF ARC (BY CHAPU), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE--Known in France as Jeanne d'Arc, the maid of Orleans was
+born about 1411. In 1428, when Orleans, the key to the south of
+France, was infested by the English, she rode at the head of an
+army, clothed in a coat of mail, armed with an ancient sword, and
+carrying a white standard of her own design, embroidered with lilies,
+and having on the one side the image of God holding the world in
+His hand, on the other a representation of the annunciation. The
+siege of the town was broken, but she was often accused of being
+a heretic and sorcerer, and was burned at the stake May 30, 1431.]
+
+[Illustration: PAYING THE REAPERS (BY LHERMITTE), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This famous painting, from which the photograph is a
+direct copy, represents a farm scene. The laborers have just finished
+their day's work. The man with the scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open
+shirt, is a genuine representation of an honest and industrious
+laborer. The expression on his face shows a tired look, but a spirit
+of contentment gently steals over his face, which nearly all true
+and honest country people possess after a day's hard labor.]
+
+[Illustration: IGNORANCE (BY J. COMERRE PATON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This is one of the most celebrated paintings by
+this popular artist. The outlines of the girl are perfect. The
+graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression of the face and
+the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly beautiful. The tiny
+cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet, the bare arms, and
+the comfortable position of the girl, all add to her beauty. In
+the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are
+lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this copy.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--This palace presents
+a most imposing appearance; the principal faįade is no less than
+one-fourth of a mile long. The building dates back, for the erection
+of its various parts, to several different periods, and was the
+royal residence of the various rulers of France. It has remained
+uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob, which included
+many thousand women. The various halls and rooms are now devoted
+to the use of most interesting picture galleries.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL CARRIAGE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--In the Museum
+of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from
+the time of the first Emperor to the baptism of the Prince Imperial
+in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV., and sedan chairs.
+The royal carriage in the picture is that of Charles X., afterwards
+used by Napoleon on various occasions, the letter "N" being still
+seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The carriage is valued at
+$200,000, and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind
+in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR (BY MULLER)
+VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The French Revolution,
+more commonly termed the "Reign of Terror," is perhaps unparalleled
+in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of citizens were
+guillotined, and when that process proved too slow, they were shot
+down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison scene crowded
+with "suspects." The officer to the right, with a list of condemned
+criminals, calls out the names of those to be put to death, each
+one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join the
+procession to the guillotine on the Place de la Concorde. The photograph
+presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war.]
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON AT AUSTERLITZ (BY VERNET), VERSAILLES GALLERY,
+VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The conqueror here views the progress of the
+battle between the French troops, numbering 90,000 men, and the
+allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on his white horse, receives
+reports from his generals in the field, while with his field-glass
+he watches the advancing columns of both sides. This decisive battle
+was witnessed by three Emperors, those of France, Russia and Austria,
+and resulted in a glorious victory for Napoleon and the French. A
+treaty of peace followed between France and Austria; but it was
+of short duration, for the dangerous ambition of Napoleon could
+not fail to force all European nations into alliance.]
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON (BY GOSSE), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES,
+FRANCE.--The above represents the "Little Corporal" on July 7,
+1807, at Tilsit, a commercial town of Eastern Prussia, ratifying
+the treaty with Russia and Prussia. Russia needed rest, and Napoleon
+was not sorry to pause. It was the highest point of the Emperor's
+renown. His hand was felt throughout all Europe; it seemed as if
+England alone were beyond his power.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.--This palace,
+situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy
+the site of a former fortified chateau, founded in 1162. It was
+Francis I., however, who converted the mediæval fortress into a
+palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. The exterior
+is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices,
+as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only
+two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: THRONE ROOM, FONTAINELEAU PALACE, FRANCE.--This
+magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief, containing a chandelier
+in rock-crystal, and wainscoated in the reign of Louis XIV., is
+perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace. From here Napoleon
+almost ruled the world. The canopy of the throne rises by graceful
+folds to the rim of the high crown. The bees and the letter "N"
+on the chair, and on either side of the throne, are symbolic of
+Napoleon. It was in this same room where the Emperor declared his
+divorce from Josephine.]
+
+[Illustration: APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE,
+FRANCE.--This room is embellished with tapestry from Flanders,
+woven into the myth of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief, the
+old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century,
+while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres ware. The table in
+the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication
+before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of
+April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished
+wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through
+the palace daily.]
+
+[Illustration: APARTMENT OF MME. DE MAINTENON, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE,
+FRANCE.--Madame de Maintenon was the second wife of Louis XIV.,
+although no written proof of such a marriage is extant; but, that
+it took place, is nevertheless certain. As a wife, she was wholly
+admirable; she had to entertain a man that would not be amused,
+and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict court etiquette
+of absolute obedience to the King's inclinations. This she always
+did cheerfully, and never complained of weariness or illness. Her
+apartments still appear as they did when occupied by her.]
+
+[Illustration: NICE, FRANCE.--Superbly situated on the shores of
+the Mediterranean is the City of Nice. In winter it is the rendezvous
+of invalids and others from all parts of Europe, who seek refuge
+here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of the North. The season
+begins with the races early in January, and closes with a great
+regatta at the beginning of April; but visitors abound from October
+until May. In summer the place is deserted.]
+
+[Illustration: MONACO.--This principality of Europe, French in
+language, but Italian in tradition, is located in the southern part
+of France, on the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is six square miles,
+and consists principally of the town of Monaco and its suburbs,
+which stand on a high promontory. Monaco has a fine palace, a new
+cathedral, a college, a noted casino, where gambling is licensed to
+pay with its profits the state expenses; it has also manufactories
+of spirits, fine pottery, bricks, perfumery, and objects of myth.
+The principality is now virtually under French control.]
+
+[Illustration: MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--This place is a health-resort
+in winter and a sea-bathing place in summer; but the chief attraction
+to many is the "tapis vert" at the Casino. Monte Carlo belongs
+politically to the diminutive principality of Monaco; the former,
+as seen in the picture, is picturesquely situated on a small level
+at the foot of a high range of mountains, skirting the Mediterranean.
+The building to the left with turrets is the Casino. The population
+of the place is almost entirely transient.]
+
+[Illustration: GAMING HALL, MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--Every portion of
+the interior of the Casino, of which the gaming-rooms are a part,
+is luxuriously fitted up. The ceilings are elaborately frescoed,
+while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art. Admission
+to the above room is obtained free upon presentation of a visiting
+card at the office. The games in progress from 11 A. M. until 11
+P. M., are generally roulette, and patronized by men and women of
+all ages and from all countries. For the student of human nature,
+the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity to study mankind.]
+
+[Illustration: MADRID, SPAIN.-General view. This city is finely
+situated on a wide plain of the Guadalquivir. It contains an abundance
+of wealth and power, and is famous for its oranges and women. The
+city is very old, its history dating back as far as 600. It is
+noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished Spaniards.
+Magellan, the famous navigator, sailed from here in 1519, to discover
+Magellan Strait. The winter season is very mild and pleasant, and
+there is not a day in the whole year in which the sun does not
+shine.]
+
+[Illustration: SEVILLE, SPAIN.--On the left bank of the Guadalquiver,
+in a level country as productive as a garden, stands the city of
+Seville. It is highly picturesque in its combination of buildings
+and with a river navigable to its very limits; it is astir with
+life and commerce. From the earliest time, this city has been the
+chief outlet for the wealth of Spain. In the poorer portions of
+the town, the open places are converted into market-stands, as seen
+above. Across the river, spanned by a bridge, is a Gypsy quarter
+of Triana.]
+
+[Illustration: BULL FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN.--This photograph represents
+the great bull-ring of the city, with a capacity for eighteen thousand
+people and crowded with spectators to witness the great national
+amusement. A general holiday prevails on such occasions. Every
+one, rich and poor, possessing a grain of taste for bloody scenes
+and striking spectacles, can be found in the Amphitheatre on such
+occasions. The show generally lasts for several hours, during which
+several bulls, more horses, and not unfrequently, men are killed
+in the combat.]
+
+[Illustration: TOLEDO, SPAIN.--This city is situated on a rocky
+height, forty-one miles south-west of Madrid; its climate is very
+cold in winter and hot in summer. The Cathedral of Toledo, the
+metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is four hundred feet
+in length, and two hundred and four feet in width, with a lofty
+tower and spire. Toledo has long been famous for its manufactories
+of sword-blades, and great skill is still shown in tempering the
+m. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors in 714; it
+was retained by the latter until 1085, when it was permanently
+annexed to the crown of Castile.]
+
+[Illustration: GIBRALTAR, SPAIN.--This remarkable fortress, which
+is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity of Spain, and
+forms the key to the Mediterranean, is connected with the continent
+by a low sandy isthmus, one and one-half miles long, and three-fourths
+of a mile wide. The highest point of the rock is about one thousand
+four hundred feet above the sea level. Vast sums of money and immense
+labor have been spent in fortifying this stronghold. The water
+for the supply of the town and garrison is collected during the
+rainy season, the roofs of the houses gathering all the falling
+rain.]
+
+[Illustration: LISBON, PORTUGAL.--This interesting city is situated
+on the Tagus, near the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the city is four
+miles, and its breadth about two miles. Lisbon is nobly situated for
+commerce, and has the finest harbor in the world. The earthquake
+of 1755, traces of which are still visible, destroyed a considerable
+portion of it, and killed about sixty thousand of its inhabitants.
+This photograph is a correct representation of the better portion
+of the city and harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: KIRCHENFELD BRIDGE, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above
+structure is a huge iron bridge, seven hundred and fifty-one feet
+long, built in 1882-1883, across the river Aare, from the town
+proper to Helvetia Platz, where a new quarter of the town is being
+built by an English company. In the foreground are the terrace-like
+hot-houses and gardens of the peasants, who earn their livelihood
+by supplying the inhabitants of Berne with vegetables from their
+little farms. From the top of the bridge, in clear weather, the
+Bernese Alps can be seen better than from any other point in the
+Oberland.]
+
+[Illustration: CLOCK TOWER, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.]
+
+[Illustration: PEASANT WOMAN, SWITZERLAND.--Here is a photograph
+of a Swiss girl on her way to church. She presents a true type of
+her sex, being well-developed, refined and accomplished. These
+peasants are fond of georgeous apparel, and on holidays and Sundays
+present a very pleasing spectacle. Their head-dress is particularly
+striking, consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff lace, so
+arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head. They
+all dress in similar costumes, which are both comfortable and
+attractive.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND.--The low
+land between lakes Thun and Brienz, is called "Brodeli." These lakes
+once probably formed a single sheet of water, but were gradually
+separated by deposit carried from the mountain-sides. On this piece
+of land, "between the lakes," lies Interlaken. The town is a favorite
+summer resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature. The
+above picture gives a general idea of the place, with the Jungfrau
+nine miles in the distance.]
+
+[Illustration: GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--Grindelwald is a large
+village of widely-scattered houses, in the heart of the Alps and
+near the snow-fields. It is an excellent starting-point for mountain
+excursions, and also a favorite summer resort, the situation being
+sheltered and healthful. The place owes its reputation chiefly to
+its glaciers close by. Three gigantic mountains bound the valley.
+In years when ice is scarce, these glaciers serve as ice-quarries.]
+
+[Illustration: A THOUSAND FOOT CHASM, GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--The
+above picture represents a chasm over a thousand feet in depth,
+with an almost perpendicular wall of rock rising on both sides.
+It has been cut down to its present level by the waters of the
+melting snows and ice on the mountain above, and strongly impresses
+the beholder with the power of the wheel of time. The stream in
+the foreground is only one of the many that rise into the dashing
+torrents within a hundred yards from their source in the Alpine
+country.]
+
+[Illustration: BRUNIG PASS, SWITZERLAND.--There is, perhaps, no
+other country in the world that can boast of such expensive and
+magnificent public roads as Switzerland. This picture represents
+the over-hanging rock of the Brunig Pass, on the way from Lucerne
+to Interlaken. High up, along the mountain-side, the road winds
+its way, affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the
+distant snow-fields above, and the green valleys and placid lakes
+below.]
+
+[Illustration: LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above is the capital
+of the canton of Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss
+Diet on the Rense, located twenty-five miles from Zurich by rail.
+It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and watch-towers.
+The principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine churches,
+several convents, a town hall, an arsenal with ancient armor, two
+hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail, theatre, and covered bridges
+adorned with ancient paintings. It is a very attractive summer
+resort, the above picture showing its principal promenade.]
+
+[Illustration: RIGI, SWITZERLAND.--The Rigi is a group of mountains
+about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying between lakes Lucerne,
+Zug and Lowerz. The north side is precipitous, but the south side
+consists of broad terraces and gentle slopes, covered with fresh,
+green pastures, which support upwards of four thousand head of
+cattle; it is planted toward the base with fig, chestnut and almond
+trees. The photograph represents the Rigi inclined railway.]
+
+[Illustration: RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND.--The summit of the Rigi,
+owing to its isolated position, commands an extensive view, three
+hundred miles in circumference, that is unsurpassed for beauty
+in Switzerland. In 1816 a very modest hotel was erected on the
+Kulm by private subscriptions, and in 1848 it was superseded by
+the oldest of the three houses on the Kulm. Since then the number
+of inns has been steadily increasing, and the Rigi is now one of
+the most popular Swiss resorts, and is visited by thousands of
+tourists yearly.]
+
+[Illustration: PILATUS, SWITZERLAND.--This lofty mountain rises
+boldly in a rugged and imposing mass, almost isolated from the
+surrounding heights. Pilatus was formerly one of the best known
+Swiss mountains, but in later years it was supplanted by the Rigi.
+An inclined railway extends from the base to the summit, and is
+said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever carried
+through. Many legends are connected with Pilatus. One of the oldest
+is, that when Pontius Pilate was banished from Galilee he fled
+hither, and, in the bitterness of his remorse, drowned himself in
+the lake.]
+
+[Illustration: SIMPLON'S PASS, SWITZERLAND.--This is the first
+Alpine route after Brenner, constructed by order of Napoleon I. A
+good walker may easily outstrip the "diligence" in ascending from
+either side, especially if he takes short cuts. At the highest
+point of the Simplon is a large building, with a lofty flight of
+stairs, founded by Napoleon, for the reception of travelers, and
+subject to the same rules as that of the Great St. Bernard. This
+famous mountain-road is seen in the foreground passing through the
+town of Simplon, a little village in the very heart of the Alps.]
+
+[Illustration: ZERMATT AND THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND.--The former
+lies in a green valley, with pine-clad slopes, while to the left
+rises the huge rock-pyramid of the Matterhorn. In no other locality
+is the traveler so completely admitted into the heart of the Alpine
+world as here. The Matterhorn was ascended for the first time on
+the 14th of July, 1865, but the ascent is now frequently made.
+The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points, and a rope
+attached to it, so that the most formidable difficulties have been
+removed; but even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient
+climbers.]
+
+[Illustration: CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC.--This Alpine valley is
+much frequented in summer, owing to its immediate proximity to Mont
+Blanc. It is inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions
+of Switzerland, but superior in grandeur of its glaciers, in which
+respect it has no rival but Zermatt. The picture shows the little
+village of Chamounix, with its few hotels and peasant homes in the
+valley below, and the perpetual ice and snow in the background,
+seemingly but a few minutes' walk away, yet requiring a good two
+hours' journey on mule-back. Apparent Alpine distances are very
+deceptive.]
+
+[Illustration: ENGLEBERG, SWITZERLAND.--Engleberg is loftily and
+prettily situated in the great mountain region of the Alps, with
+a population of about two thousand inhabitants. The church which
+appears nearest the mountain, is quite ancient, but contains famous
+modern pictures. The snow-covered mountains, five miles in the
+distance, change the climate in summer, so that the tourist can
+wear an overcoat with comfort. The winters are very severe, and on
+account of the deep snows, the inhabitants are sometimes compelled
+to remain indoors for eight weeks. The houses and barns are generally
+under one roof.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. GOTTHARD RAILWAY, SWITZERLAND.--The railway here
+passes through beautiful landscapes, richly wooded with walnut and
+chestnut trees, on the left bank of the Ticino. Numerous Campaniles
+in the Italian style, crowning the hills, have a very picturesque
+effect. The peaks above are covered with snow. From the cliffs
+on every side, fall cascades. Huge masses of rock lie scattered
+about. Three tunnels of the railway are seen in the picture, the
+latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means of two
+loop-tunnels, one below the other, in cork-screw fashion.]
+
+[Illustration: AXENSTRASSE, SWITZERLAND.--This famous road extends
+nine miles along the Lake of Uri, from Brunnen to Fluelen, and is
+noted for the remarkable boldness displayed in its construction.
+It is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock, cut like a shelf
+into the side of the mountain, with occasional pillars to hold the
+thousands of tons of rock above, and a strong balustrade to guard
+travelers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice into the lake
+many feet below. It is the great highway leading from Switzerland
+to Italy, and is regarded as one of the most picturesque roads in
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMA OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA--The capital of the
+Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor, is situated in a
+plain surrounded by distant mountains, the Danube Canal flowing
+through a portion of the city. It was originally a Celtic settlement,
+dating back to 14 A. D. The streets of the present city are narrow,
+generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses. A great
+number of old passages through the courts of houses, by means of
+which pedestrians may often make a short cut, are still seen. In
+the last quarter of a century, Vienna has acquired an importance
+as a seat of art.]
+
+[Illustration: HOTEL METROPOLE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--On a branch of
+the Danube, flowing through the heart of the City of Vienna, stands
+the Hotel Metropole, an enormous building, admirably adapted for
+travelers. The picture shows a prominent feature in the street
+architecture of Vienna; and the Metropole is only one of the many
+private and public buildings of colossal dimensions which have
+sprung up within the last few years. The interiors of all these
+structures are generally decorated throughout with painting and
+sculpture, which shows the perfection attained by the Vienese in
+the fine arts.]
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--This is
+the most important edifice in the Austrian capital, dating back
+in its construction to the thirteenth century. It is constructed
+of solid limestone, and built in the form of a Latin cross. Below
+the church are extensive catacombs, consisting of three vaults,
+filled with bones and skulls. Centuries ago, the sovereigns of
+Austria were buried in these vaults. The Tower, built between 1860
+and 1864, affords an extensive view, embracing the river Danube
+and the battle-fields of Loban, Wagram and Essling.]
+
+[Illustration: THESEUS (BY CANOYA), VOLKSGARTEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--In
+the centre of this pleasure ground stands the Temple of Theseus,
+containing Canova's fine marble group of the victory of Theseus
+over Centaur, originally destined by Napoleon I. for Milan. The
+figures are of heroic size. The victorious Theseus is represented
+as seated on the lifeless body of the monster, and the exhaustion
+that visibly pervades his whole frame, proves the terrible nature
+of the conflict in which he has been engaged.]
+
+[Illustration: SCHONBRUNN, AUSTRIA.--This sumptuous edifice, the
+summer palace of the Austrian Emperor, was completed by Maria Theresa
+in 1775. The building has a most imposing appearance. The gardens in
+the rear are open to the public. To the left of the principal avenue
+are the Roman ruins, the Obelisk and the "Schöne Brunnen" (beautiful
+fountain), from which the palace derives its name. Statues, vases
+and other objects of taste of the period are scattered about the
+ground. Extensive parks are attached to the palace.]
+
+[Illustration: GALATA BRIDGE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Along the
+north shore of the Golden Horn spreads the quarter known as Galata,
+rising up to the crest of the hill, and including the massive tower
+that crowns it. Beyond and above Galata, Pera stretches forward
+along the ridge that runs parallel with the shore. These places are
+connected with Constantinople by two bridges crossing the Golden
+Horn. One of these bridges is represented in the above picture.
+Unlike those of most other countries, people do not keep on the
+sidewalks, but wander along in any portion of the street. The scene
+on the Bridge of Galata affords an interesting subject for study.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This
+is the finest and most important ecclesiastical building of the
+city. The first stone of the building was laid in 532. No fewer
+than ten thousand workmen are said to have been engaged under the
+direction of one hundred master builders, and when the work was
+completed, it had cost the imperial treasury $5,000,000. The dome
+rises to the height of one hundred and eighty feet, and is one
+hundred and seven feet in diameter. To render it as light as possible,
+it was constructed of pumice stone and Rhodian bricks. Not long
+after its completion, the dome was shaken by an earthquake, but
+was immediately restored.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE,
+TURKEY.--The whole interior of this noted structure is lined with
+costly marble. To add to its splendor, the temples of the ancient
+gods at Heliopolis and Ephesus, at Delos and Baalbec, at Athens and
+Cyzicus, were plundered of their columns. To secure the building
+from ravages of fire, no wood was employed in its construction
+except for the doors. The visitor cannot fail to be impressed by
+the bold span of the arches and the still bolder sweep of the dome,
+while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by the rich, if
+not altogether harmonious, variety of decorations, from the many
+colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions on the walls.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--The American
+traveler upon entering this city is almost bewildered at the many
+novelties that confront him before he reaches his hotel. Nothing
+strikes him more forcibly than the awful silence that pervades so
+large a place. The only sound heard is an occasional cry of some
+vender, with a large wooden tray on his head, selling sweetmeats,
+sherbet, fruit or bread. Dogs at intervals disturb the pedestrian.
+Hundreds of them lie in the middle of the street, and only move
+when aroused by blows. At ten o'clock at night, the city is as
+silent as death.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Of
+all the mosques in the Ottoman Empire, this is the principal one.
+It is not as richly decorated as St. Sophia, but it is the only
+one that possesses six minarets. It is located on a square called
+the Hippodrome, named after the spot that was in former years used
+for circus purposes. The exterior view gives it a magnificent
+appearance. The place is one of the chief objects of interest in
+the city. The crumbling monument in the foreground is a relic of
+antiquity.]
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH LADY, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET MERCHANTS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.]
+
+[Illustration: SULTAN'S HAREM, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This photograph
+represents an odalisque, one of the beautiful inmates of the harem
+of the Sultan of Turkey. The photographer who took this picture
+found her most courteous and obliging, and able to converse fluently
+in English, French and German. Abdul Mezed, who ruled Turkey during
+the Crimean War, had 1200 wives and odalisques in his harem. When
+a Turkish Sultan wishes to show especial honor to a subject, he
+makes him a present of one of the cast-off wives. To refuse the
+gift would be to invite death. The harem is continually recruited
+by the gifts of those who wish to carry favor with the Sultan,
+and these comprise slaves of every nationality.]
+
+[Illustration: ACROPOLIS, ATHENS.--The natural centre of all the
+settlements in the Attic plain within the historical period was
+the Acropolis, a rocky plateau of crystalline limestone, rising
+precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. The semi-mythical
+Pelasgi, of whom but a few isolated traces have been found in Attica,
+are said to have leveled the top, increased the natural steepness
+of the rock on three sides, and fortified the only accessible part
+by nine gates. It was the earliest seat of the Athenian kings,
+who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils, as well as
+of the chief sanctuaries of the State.]
+
+[Illustration: PARTHENON, ATHENS, GREECE.--This structure is the
+most perfect monument of ancient art, and even in ruins presents
+an imposing and soul-stirring appearance, occupying the culminating
+point of the Acropolis. It was erected by Pericles and opened for
+public worship in 433 B.C. The crowning glory of the Parthenon
+was its magnificent sculpture, ascribed to Phidias, registering
+the highest level ever attained in plastic art. The Parthenon was
+used as a Christian Church in the fifth century. In 1460 it became
+the Turkish Mosque, and in 1670 the stately edifice was blown into
+ruins.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CATHEDRAL AND SQUARE, MILAN, ITALY.--This
+is the focus of the commercial and public life of the city, and
+is now enclosed by imposing edifices on every side. The celebrated
+Cathedral, the eighth wonder of the world, is next to St. Peter's
+in Rome, the largest church in Europe. It covers an area of fourteen
+thousand square yards, and holds about forty thousand people. The
+building is in cruciform shape, with double aisles and transept.
+The interior is supported by fifty-two pillars, each twelve feet
+in diameter. The floor consists of mosaic, in marble of different
+colors.]
+
+[Illustration: CORSO VENEZIA, MILAN, ITALY.--The principal shopping
+street of the city, and the favorite promenade of the Milanese is
+here represented. The buildings have a modern aspect, with little
+balconies at almost every window, which are often adorned with
+plants, flowers and creeping vines. The street, which is well paved,
+is wide, extending almost from house to house. The pavements are
+very narrow, consisting of only four smooth slabs of stone, laid
+side by side. The shop-windows are decorated in the most tempting
+style with the wares of the various merchants. The picture was
+secured in the early morning, giving the street a deserted look,
+which at all other times is crowded with people.]
+
+[Illustration: EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, TURIN, ITALY.--The city of
+Turin was the capital of the county of Piedmont in the Middle Ages,
+and in 1418 it became subject to the Dukes of Savoy, who frequently
+resided here. From 1859 to 1865 it was the capital of Italy, and
+the residence of the King. It lies on an extensive plain on the
+banks of the River Po. Turin was the chief centre of those national
+struggles which led to a unification of Italy. The removal of the
+seat of government to Florence seriously impaired the prosperity
+of the city for a time, but it long since recovered, and celebrated
+its commercial success in 1884 by the exhibition.]
+
+[Illustration: DUKE FERDINAND OF GENOA, TURIN, ITALY.--In the centre
+of the piazza Solferino stands the equestrian statue of Duke Ferdinand
+of Genoa, commanding-general at the battle of Novara. The statue was
+executed by Balzico, and is remarkable for the life-like expression
+of the wounded horse, with extended nostrils and gasping breath,
+sinking under the burden of his gallant rider. This piazza is one
+of the prettiest spots of Turin. Private residences face it on
+every side, with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers.]
+
+[Illustration: GENOA, ITALY.--Genoa, with a population of about
+200,000, is located in the northern portion of the Peninsula, and
+is the principal seaport of Italy. The city is in the form of a
+crescent, and its gradual ascent from the shore, renders its appearance
+beautiful and attractive. It is enclosed by a double line of
+fortifications, which places it among the leading fortified cities
+in Europe. A beautiful light-house on the west side, 300 feet in
+height, stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay. In the older
+portions of the city, the streets are only ten feet wide and are
+lined with high buildings on both sides.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, GENOA, ITALY.--In the front
+of the principal railway station, rises the statue of Columbus,
+who was born at Genoa in 1435. The statue is in the centre of the
+spacious Piazza Acquaverde, embosomed in palm-trees. The pedestal
+is adorned with ships' prows. At the feet of the statue, which
+leans on an anchor, kneels the figure of America. The surrounding
+allegorical figures represent Religion, Science, Geography, Strength
+and Wisdom. Between these, are reliefs from the history of Columbus,
+with the inscription, "A Christoforo Colombo la Patria."]
+
+[Illustration: LEANING TOWER, PISA, ITALY.--Pisa is principally
+noted for its famous "Leaning Tower," begun in 1174, and built of
+white marble; it is 178 feet high, and fronted with 207 columns.
+It is 50 feet in diameter, and leans 13 feet from the perpendicular.
+The foundation being made insufficiently solid, it began to incline
+before it was one-third completed. The Cathedral on the right was
+begun in 1604, and consecrated in 1618 by Pope Gelasius; it contains
+the famous chandelier which Galileo saw swinging, and which led to
+his invention of the pendulum of the clock. The Baptistry, close
+by, is noted for its marvelous echo.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF THE DOGES, VENICE, ITALY.--This magnificent
+edifice, founded in 800, and destroyed five times, has as often been
+re-erected in grander style. The palace is flanked with colonnades,
+forming two pointed arcades on the south and west. The upper portion
+of the building is constructed of red and white marble. The interior
+presents a noble specimen of Venetian art. Many famous masters
+are here represented, the subjects either portraying the glory of
+Venice, or being of a religious order. The Bridge of Sighs connects
+the palace with the prison adjoining, which contains a series of
+gloomy dungeons, a torture chamber and a place of execution for
+political criminals.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY.--This canal, the main
+artery of the traffic of Venice, nearly two miles in length, and
+thirty-three to sixty-six yards in width, intersects the city from
+north-west to south-east, dividing it into two unequal parts.
+Steam-launches, hundreds of gondolas and other vessels are seen
+gliding in every direction. Handsome houses and magnificent palaces
+rise on the banks, for this is the street of the _Nobili_, the ancient
+aristocracy of Venice. A barge, with a military band, navigates
+the canal every Sunday evening. A trip on the canal is extremely
+interesting; the posts are painted with the heraldic colors of
+their proprietors.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARK, VENICE, ITALY.--Facing the
+piazza of St. Mark, which is in the heart of Venice and the grand
+focus of attraction, rises the magnificent Cathedral of St. Mark,
+decorated with almost oriental splendor. The building dates back
+to the tenth and eleventh centuries, and portions of the materials
+used in its construction have been brought from almost every country
+in Europe. The ceiling of the interior is richly adorned with mosaics
+in the form of various noted paintings. Behind the High Altar repose
+the remains of St. Mark, while further back stand four spiral columns
+said to have belonged to the Temple of Solomon. The building to
+the right is the Ducal Palace.]
+
+[Illustration: VENICE, ITALY.--The capital of the Province of Venice,
+is situated on the lagoons, a long breast of lowlands in the Adriatic.
+For a time it was the first maritime and commercial power of the
+world, and one of the finest cities in Europe, but now it is nothing
+but a vast museum. The eighty islands on which Venice is built,
+are divided by wide and narrow canals, while small foot-paths wind
+throughout the city, occasionally crossing a canal, as is seen
+by the bridge in the above picture. Venice is popularly known as
+the "Queen of the Adriatic."]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIALTO, VENICE, ITALY.--This famous bridge,
+one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet wide,
+rests on twelve hundred posts. It was erected from 1588 to 1591.
+Its sides are lined with little shops, extending from a fish-market
+at one end, past jewelry-shops in the centre of the structure, down
+to a fruit-market at the other side. It always presents a busy
+appearance, and is considered a marvel of engineering skill, and
+one of the finest bridges in the world. The picture represents the
+annual parade on the Grand Canal, with the Rialto in the background,
+which is always the rallying centre on such occasions.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This stately edifice,
+erected from 1294 to 1462, on the site of the earlier church of
+St. Reparata, is a striking example of Italian architecture. The
+church was finally consecrated in 1436, but the lantern on the
+top of the dome was not completed until 1462. The building is one
+hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long, and one hundred
+and fourteen yards wide; the dome is three hundred feet high. The
+bell-tower, a square structure adjoining the cathedral, two hundred
+and ninety-two feet in height, is regarded as one of the finest
+existing works of its kind. It consists of four stories of richly
+decorated and colored marbles.]
+
+[Illustration: VECCHIO BRIDGE, FLORENCE, ITALY.--Florence is situated
+on both banks of the Arno, but by far the greatest part of the city
+lies on the right bank. The bridge in the picture dates back to
+the fourteenth century, and is flanked on both sides with shops
+which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their erection. It
+forms one of the principal bridgeways between the city proper and
+that portion of Florence which stands on the south bank of the
+Arno, and has always been considered one of the greatest sights
+of the town.]
+
+[Illustration: MONK, ITALY.--Monasticism primarily meant the state
+of dwelling alone; and then, by an easy and natural transition, it
+came to denote a life of poverty, celibacy and divine obedience
+under fixed rules of discipline. The radical idea of the term, in
+all its varieties of age, creed and country, is the same, namely,
+retirement from society in search of some ideal life, which society
+cannot supply, but which is thought attainable by self-denial and
+withdrawal from the world. The picture represents an Italian monk
+in funeral attire.]
+
+[Illustration: LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This magnificent
+open-vaulted hall is one of the kind with which it was usual to
+provide both public and private patrons of Florence, in order that
+the inmate might enjoy the open air or participate in public
+demonstrations, without being obliged to descend to the street.
+The style of architecture shows a falling off from the Gothic,
+while the works of sculpture, representing Faith, Hope and Charity,
+Temperance and Fortitude, exhibit an incipient leaning toward
+Renaissance forms. Every afternoon the Loggia is crowded with the
+poorer people of Florence, who seek a cool spot in the open air.]
+
+[Illustration: UFFIZI BUILDINGS, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This gallery
+originated with the Medici collections and was afterwards so improved
+with the numerous additions by the Lorraine Family, that it is
+now one of the best in the world, both for value and extent. The
+Portico of the Uffizi Gallery, seen on both sides of the open court,
+contains niches, which are adorned with marble statues of celebrated
+Tuscans. At the farthest end of the court, rises the Vecchio Palace,
+a castle-like building, with huge projecting battlements, being
+originally the seat of the Signora, and subsequently used as a
+casino.]
+
+[Illustration: RAPE OF POLYXENA (BY FEDI), LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE,
+ITALY.--Polyxena, according to Greek legend, was the daughter of
+Priam, King of Troy. Having by her grace and beauty captivated
+Achilles, the Grecian hero, she was betrothed to him. But Achilles
+was slain by Paris, son of Priam; and after his death and the
+destruction of Troy, his manes appeared to the returning Greeks,
+and demanded of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The Greeks consented,
+and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, sacrificed her on his father's
+grave. This work of art is of modern execution. It was placed in
+the Loggia in 1866.]
+
+[Illustration: WILD BOAR, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRINDER, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This
+magnificent statue was found in Rome in the sixteenth century.
+It has never been exactly ascertained what it represents, but it
+is supposed to be a Scythian whetting his knife to flay Marsyas.]
+
+[Illustration: APPIAN WAY and TOMB OF CÆCILIA METELLA, ITALY.--This
+military road, paved with stone blocks, and extending from Brindisi
+to Rome, was constructed by Appius Claudius Cæcus, 312 B.C. Even
+at the present time its proud ancient title is that of the "Queen
+of Roads," and it is remembered as being the way on which St. Paul
+came to Rome. The tomb of Cæcilia Metella, which forms an interesting
+and conspicuous object, is a circular structure sixty-five feet in
+diameter, erected in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus,
+wife of the younger Crassus, son of the triumvir.]
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMID OF CESTIUS AND ST. PAUL GATE, ROME, ITALY.--The
+pyramid enclosed by Aurelian within the city and wall is the tomb of
+Caius Cestius, who died in the year 12 B. C. The Egyptian pyramidical
+form was not unfrequently adopted by the Romans in their tombs.
+That of Cestius is built of brick and covered with marble blocks.
+Immediately to the right of the pyramid is the gate of St. Paul,
+leading on to the church of St. Paul beyond. Midway between the
+gate and church, legend says, St. Peter and St. Paul took leave
+of each other on their last journey.]
+
+[Illustration: ROMAN FORUM, ROME, ITALY.--After the Sabine tribes
+were amalgamated into a single state, they chose the Forum as its
+centre; and it was there that some of the most noted events in the
+history of the Roman Empire transpired. After the Samnite War, which
+resulted in the extension of Rome's supremacy over all Italy, the
+Forum became too small for its multifarious business; and therefore
+underwent many changes. After its destruction, during the Dark Ages,
+its remains were gradually buried beneath the rubbish and debris
+of some former centuries, but have recently been excavated.]
+
+[Illustration: FORUM OF TRAJAN, ROME, ITALY.--This forum, which
+adjoined that of Augustus, contained a collection of magnificent
+edifices, and is said to have been designed by Apollodorus of Damascus.
+Trajan's forum must have measured two hundred and twenty yards in
+width, and was probably of still greater length; it was considered
+the most magnificent in Rome. On the north side of the Basilica
+rises Trajan's Column, one hundred and forty-seven feet high,
+constructed entirely of marble. Around the column runs a spiral
+band, covered with admirable reliefs from Trajan's War with the
+Dacians. Beneath this monument Trajan was interred; on the summit
+stood his statue, now replaced by St Peter's.]
+
+[Illustration: BATHS OF CARACALLA, ROME, ITALY.--These ancient baths
+were begun in 212 by Caracalla, and completed by Alex. Severus, and
+they could accommodate 1600 bathers at one time. The magnificence
+of these baths was unparalleled; numerous statues, including the
+Farnese Bull, Hercules and Flora at Naples, have been found here; and
+the uncovered walls still bear testimony to the technical perfection
+of the structure. The establishment was quadrangular in form, and
+surrounded by a wall.]
+
+[Illustration: COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The Colosseum, originally
+called the Amphitheatrum Flavium and completed by Titus in 80 A.D.,
+was the largest theatre and one of the most imposing structures in
+the world. It was inaugurated by 100 days' gladiatorial combats, in
+which 5000 wild animals were killed. It contained seats for 87,000
+spectators. Only one-third of the gigantic structure now remains,
+yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive. The Colosseum has
+ever been a symbol of the greatness of Rome, and gave rise in the
+eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims: "While stands
+the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Colosseum, Rome shall
+fall; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world!"]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The arches
+of the first tier are marked by Roman numbers, as they formed so
+many entrances, through which, by means of internal stairways, the
+upper balconies were reached. The Arena had two openings enclosed
+by railings of bronze, through which the gladiators and wild beasts
+entered. Above was the Podium, a place intended for the Emperors
+and their families, for the magistrates, the senators, the priests
+and the vestals. Thousands of Christians in this place suffered
+martyrdom, by becoming the prey of wild beasts. The picture presents
+the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the
+present day.]
+
+[Illustration: PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY.--This is the only ancient
+edifice at Rome which is still in perfect preservation, as regards
+the walls and vaulting. The original statues and architectural
+decorations have long since been replaced by modern and inferior
+works, but the huge circular structure with its vast colonnade
+still presents a strikingly imposing appearance. The walls are
+twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered with marble
+and stucco. The height and diameter of the dome are each one hundred
+and forty feet. The opening of the dome at the top is thirty feet
+in diameter, and through this aperture the ancients supposed the
+gods to descend. The building is supposed to have been constructed
+in the first century B. C.]
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO AND TOMB OF HADRIAN, ROME,
+ITALY.--This bridge is of most ancient construction. It was built
+by Hadrian in 136 A. D., to connect his tomb with the city. Ten
+colossal angels, formerly much admired, and executed in 1688, testify
+to the low ebb of plastic art at that period. The tomb was built
+by Emperor Hadrian for himself and his successors. The massive
+circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks of the
+Tiber. The bronze statue of St. Michael, the Archangel, which is
+seen on the summit, gives the tower its present name, Castello
+S. Angelo.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S AND VATICAN, ROME, ITALY.--St. Peter's
+is fronted by an elliptical piazza, enclosed by imposing colonnades,
+and is the largest and most beautiful Catholic Cathedral in the
+world; it was founded by Constantine and erected where St. Peter
+is said to have suffered martyrdom. Its erection and improvements
+cost over $50,000,000. The great Obelisk in the centre of the piazza,
+having no hieroglyphics, was brought from Heliopolis. The Vatican
+on the right is the Pope's residence, and is elegantly fitted up,
+being adorned with paintings and statues by the world's greatest
+masters.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY.--This most
+marvellous church in the world was built on the place where stood
+the temple of Jupiter Vaticanus. The first church here is said to
+have been built A. D., 90. It was a memorial chapel to St. Peter,
+and was, according to tradition, erected on the spot where the
+saint was buried. Constantine built a Basilica on the site. The
+present structure, the glory of Michael Angelo, was begun about
+1503. The picture shows the high altar with the statue of St. Peter
+to the very right.]
+
+[Illustration: ROMULUS AND REMUS SUCKING THE WOLF, CAPITOL MUSEUM,
+ROME, ITALY.--Thus wrote Virgil ("AEN." VIII-630):
+
+  "By the wolf were laid the martial twins,
+   Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung;
+   The foster dam lolled out her fawning tongue;
+   She sucked secure; while bending back her head,
+   She licked their tender limbs, and formed them as they fed."]
+
+[Illustration: TRANSFIGURATION (BY RAPHAEL), VATICAN GALLERY, ROME,
+ITALY.--The last great work and masterpiece of this celebrated
+artist, unfinished at his death and completed by Clement VIII., was
+preserved in St. Peter's until 1797. The upper part is by Raphael's
+own hand; Christ hovers between Moses and Elias; Peter, James and
+John are prostrate on the ground, and dazzled by the light. The
+figures to the left, in an attitude of adoration, are St. Lawrence
+and St. Stephen. The lower half, where the other disciples are
+requested to heal the possessed boy, was partly executed by Raphael's
+pupils.]
+
+[Illustration: LA BALLERINA (BY CANOVA), ROME, ITALY.--Here is
+another of the masterpieces of this famous master-sculptor. It
+is hewn out of a solid block of marble, and comes under the head
+of "grace and elegance," one of the divisions of Canova's works.
+This subject is a most striking one. Like all his other subjects
+of grace, it is in all its details, an expression of attitude,
+delicacy of finish and elegance. The profile is charming, the twist
+of the hair natural, and the lines and curves of the arms perfect,
+while the drapery is next to real.]
+
+[Illustration: LAOCOONTE, VATICAN GALLERY, ROME, ITALY.--This famous
+group represents Laocoon and his two sons, who were strangled by
+serpents at the command of Apollo. According to Pliny, it was executed
+by three Rhodians, and placed in the Palace of Titus. It was discovered
+under Julius II., in 1506, near Sette Sale, and was termed by Michael
+Angelo a "marvel of art." The work is admirably preserved, with the
+exception of the three uplifted arms, which have been incorrectly
+restored. The dramatic suspense of the moment, and the profoundly
+expressive attitude of the heads, denote the perfection of the
+Rhodian school of art.]
+
+[Illustration: TOLEDO STREET, NAPLES, ITALY.--This famous city is
+beautifully situated on the Bay of Naples, with Mount Vesuvius in
+the distance. Its charming position has given rise to the phrase
+"See Naples and die." It was founded by the Greeks, and here Virgil
+spent his time in study, his tomb being one of the points of interest
+for travelers. The city is still surrounded by a wall. It has often
+suffered from earthquakes and eruptions. The manufactures are numerous,
+of which macaroni and vermicelli are of first importance. The photograph
+represents Toledo Street, which intersects the city from south to
+north, and with its immense amount of well-conducted business,
+presents a very interesting sight.]
+
+[Illustration: CRATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY.--This volcano,
+with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference, rises
+in lonely majesty from the Bay of Naples, and varies in height from
+3900 to 4900 feet, according to the varied eruptions. Vesuvius
+in the time of Nero manifested itself by a fearful earthquake,
+damaging Herculaneum and Pompeii. An eruption occurred in 79 A.D.
+by which the two cities named, were lost to the world for seventeen
+centuries. Another most terrific eruption occurred in 1631, by
+which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of
+fifteen miles, and streams of lava poured from the summit, destroying
+over three thousand people.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET OF TOMBS, POMPEII, ITALY.--This photograph
+exhibits a suburb of Pompeii named Pagus Augustus Felix, in honor
+of Augustus; it lay outside the city walls. It consisted chiefly
+of one main street, which has been partly excavated. This is the
+so-called Street of Tombs. The ancient custom of burying the dead
+by the side of a high road is well known. It has been ascertained
+that rows of graves, similar to those discovered here, exist beyond
+other gates of Pompeii. The Street of Tombs is, in point of situation,
+the most beautiful part of the town.]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL FORUM, POMPEII, ITALY.--The ancient market-place
+in the central part of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount
+Vesuvius in 79 A. D. The Forum has been excavated during the present
+century, and found to be five hundred and fifteen feet long and one
+hundred and seven feet wide; it is surrounded by granite columns
+of the Doric order. From the discoveries made, it is supposed that
+the Forum was far from complete when the eruption occurred. The
+smoking mountain is still seen in the distance, while the ruins
+of the ancient market stand prominent in the foreground of this
+photograph. The Forum is a most interesting spot, and is familiar
+to all readers of "The Last Days of Pompeii."]
+
+[Illustration: ISLAND OF CAPRI, ITALY.--This is a small mountainous
+island of oblong form; its picturesque outline forms one of the
+most charming points in the view of the Bay of Naples. The highest
+point is the Monte Solarno, nineteen hundred and twenty feet above
+the level of the sea. The island, which contains five thousand
+inhabitants and the two small towns of Capri and Anacapri, yields
+fruit, oil and excellent red and white wines in abundance. The
+inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers who visit
+the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand. The above picture
+shows the principal landing-place of Capri.]
+
+[Illustration: CASTELLO, ISLAND OF ISCHIA, ITALY.--The climate of
+these charming islands is genial, the sky rarely overcast, the winters
+mild, the inhabitants bounteously supplied with the necessaries of
+life, and the sick with healing springs. Trees, shrubs and all
+kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic soil. Here
+and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts. The
+inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume, dialect and
+figure. Fashion is unknown; not one of the islands can boast of a
+horse or carriage. Castello, in the foreground, is a most curious
+volcanic formation.]
+
+[Illustration: HARBOR, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The perfectly flat coast
+of Egypt, and even Alexandria itself, are not visible to the steam-boat
+passenger until very shortly before the vessel enters the harbor.
+The latter consists of an outer breakwater, forming an obtuse angle
+nearly two miles in length. A second pier, nearly a mile in length,
+protects an inner harbor covering nearly five hundred acres of water,
+twenty-seven feet deep. No fewer than thirty thousand artificial
+blocks, weighing twenty tons each, and two million tons of natural
+blocks of stone were used in the construction of these magnificent
+harbor works.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACE OF MEHEMET ALI, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The site
+of this open square is embellished with trees and fountains. It
+became a scene of destruction during 1882. In the centre rises the
+equestrian statue of Mohammed' Ali, the founder of the reigning
+dynasty of Egypt. The Mohammedan religion forbids the pictorial or
+plastic representations of the human form. The erection of this
+monument was long opposed by the Ulama, or chief professor of divine
+and legal learning. The buildings on both sides are shops. That
+at the further end is the English church.]
+
+[Illustration: CITADEL, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This citadel affords a
+magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. It was erected
+in 1166, and built by stones taken from the small pyramids at Gizeh,
+the site having been selected, according to Arabian history, owing
+to the fact that meat could be kept here fresh twice as long as
+in any other part of Cairo. The fortress commands the city, yet
+its site is unfavorable, as a commanding height close by compelled
+its surrender during the wars of 1805.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED' ALI, CAIRO, EGYPT.--The "Alabaster
+Mosque," whose lofty and graceful minarets are so conspicuous from the
+distance, form one of the landmarks of Cairo. In plan, it represents the
+Turkish mosques, built on the model of Hagia Sofla, at Constantinople.
+The execution of the design displays but little artistic taste,
+and the treatment of the material is somewhat unsatisfactory. The
+alabaster used for the incrustation of the masonry consists partly
+of blocks and partly of slabs. The beautiful yellow-tint stone soon
+fades when exposed to the sun.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CAIRO, EGYPT.--Most of the streets in
+the old part of the town are unpaved, inaccessible to carriages,
+and often excessively dirty. They present an inexhaustible field
+of amusement and delight, admirably illustrating the whole world
+of oriental fiction. The lanes separating the rows of houses in
+the Arabian quarter are so narrow that the projecting balconies of
+harems, with their gratings, often nearly meet. Rickety, tumbling
+houses of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder
+at every turn, as is illustrated above.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF GEZIREH, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This palace is
+located on the Nile, at one end of a park by the same name. Its
+external appearance is simple. All the distinguished guests who
+were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of the Suez
+Canal were entertained here. The building is State property and
+rarely occupied. The interior is furnished in the most sumptuous
+and elaborate manner. The onyx mantel-pieces, with mirrors, cost
+each $15,000. Portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of
+apartments for visitors, each consisting of bed-room, dressing-room
+and sitting-room.]
+
+[Illustration: ON CAMEL-BACK, EGYPT.--To people accustomed to all
+the comforts and luxuries of the world, who have never experienced
+desert tent-life, nor traveled through countries where there are
+no people to consult, it is hard to convey an idea of oriental
+camel-back traveling. The "ship of the desert" is a most faithful
+animal, and loved by his master as much as a child; but his back
+affords a very uncomfortable seat. The long backward and forward
+motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea. The above picture
+is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans during the traveling
+season.]
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT.--Here are represented the
+great Pyramids of Gizeh, occupying a plateau gradually ascending
+from east to west, parts of which are very precipitous at places.
+The three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to face the
+four points of the compass, although the magnet shows a deviation
+toward the west. The Sphinx is situated close by. Numerous tombs,
+almost all in ruins, surround these pyramids, and extend over the
+plateau to the east. They are sometimes hewn in the form of grottoes
+in the external rocky slope.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHYNX, EGYPT.--
+
+ "Since what unnumbered year,       "No faithless slumber snatching,
+  Hast thou kept watch and ward,     Still couched in silence brave,
+  And o'er the buried Land of Fear,  Like some fierce hound long watching,
+  So grimly held thy guard?"         Above her master's grave."
+
+[Illustration: LANDING ON SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT.--The Suez Canal, which
+connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, was completed in 1863.
+During the time of construction, which lasted five years, 25,000
+men were employed, and 1600 camels to supply them with water. The
+cost of constructing the canal was $95,000,000, part of which was
+raised by shareholders, and the balance by the Khedive. This picture
+represents a landing stage and one of the English trading vessels
+sailing between England and India. A number of camels and Arabs
+are seen on a ferry-boat, ready to be taken across the Canal, the
+latter furnishing the great highway for all European vessels sailing
+to or from the Orient.]
+
+[Illustration: POST-OFFICE, SUEZ, EGYPT.--The site of this town
+is naturally an absolute desert, and, until the water of the Nile
+was introduced by the fresh water canal in 1863, the water-supply
+of Suez was brought across the head of the gulf from the "wells
+of Moses," on the Arabian coast, or else carried on camels, after
+an hour's journey, from the fortified brackish of Bir Suweis. In
+spite of its favorable position for commerce, the place was quite
+small prior to the time of the canal, and even to-day the canal
+carries traffic past Suez rather than to it. The picture shows
+the post-office square.]
+
+[Illustration: IN CENTRAL AFRICA.--No country in the world creates
+more interest among the civilized nations than does Africa. In the
+far interior, where African explorers have failed to find traces
+of the outer world, every variety of savage humanity exists. These
+uncivilized people, who know nothing of the progress of nations,
+live in tribes, preying upon each other's settlements, whenever
+opportunity presents itself. The above picture represents the typical
+natives of the Dark Continent.]
+
+[Illustration: YAFFA OR JAFFA, PALESTINE.--Jaffa is a small town
+lying on the coast of the Mediterranean, at the foot of a rock
+one hundred and sixteen feet in height. This town is very ancient,
+and a road runs directly from it to Jerusalem. The houses are built
+of tuff-stone, and the streets are generally very narrow and dirty,
+and, after the slightest rain, exceedingly muddy. The town walls are
+falling to decay, and the interior of the town is uninteresting.
+Tradition points out the place as the one in which Napoleon is
+said to have caused plague-patients to be poisoned, and in which
+St. Peter once fished; but the authenticity of it seems to proceed
+from a confusion of ideas.]
+
+[Illustration: JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Here is a place of overwhelming
+interest, but at first sight sadly disappointing. Little is seen
+of the ancient City of Zion and Moriah, the far-famed capital of
+the Jewish Empire, in the narrow, crooked and ill-paved streets of
+the modern town. The combination of wild superstitions, with the
+merest formalism which is everywhere observed, and the fanaticism
+and jealous exclusiveness of the numerous religious communities of
+Jerusalem, form the chief modern characteristics of that memorable
+city which was once the fountain-head from which the knowledge of
+the true God was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind, and which has
+exercised the greatest influence on religious thought throughout
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: WAILING-PLACE OF THE JEWS, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Outside
+of the enclosure of Mosque El Aksa, at Jerusalem, is the noted
+wailing-place of the Jews. A large number of them, including old and
+young, male and female, gather here on Friday, kiss the stones and
+water them with their tears. They bewail the downfall of Jerusalem,
+and read from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the
+Lamentations of Jeremiah. The following few words are an exact
+copy from their litany: "For the Palace that lies desolate, we sit
+in solitude and mourn." They present a curious spectacle.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--The above photograph
+represents one of the fourteen stations of the "street of pain,"
+over which Christ is said to have carried the cross on His way
+to Golgotha. The place where Christ was laid upon the cross, the
+house of Dives, the rich man, where Simon of Cyrene took the cross
+from Christ, the house against which Christ is said to have leaned,
+or near which He fell a second time, and the place where Christ
+is said to have addressed the women that accompanied Him, are all
+seen along this avenue.]
+
+[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, PALESTINE.--This holy place
+is situated at the foot of Mount Olivet across the Kedron, and
+noted as the scene of our Lord's agony. Jesus frequently came here,
+as did also His disciples. It is a small irregular spot surrounded
+by a high wall. This wall was built in 1847 by Franciscan monks,
+who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden, pilgrims who
+injured the olive trees. There are seven of these trees remaining
+in the Garden, whose trunks, nineteen feet in circumference, are
+cracked open with age, and claimed to date back to the time of
+our Saviour.]
+
+[Illustration: BETHLEHEM, PALESTINE.--"But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah,
+though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee
+shall He come forth unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel." In
+Hebrew the word signifies the "place of bread," or, more generally,
+"the place of food," and is possibly derived from the fact that the
+region about Bethlehem has from very remote antiquity presented
+a marked contrast to the surrounding "wilderness." We learn from
+the Bible that the inhabitants of Bethlehem possessed cornfields,
+vineyards and flocks of goats, and that they made cheese. The natural
+products of to-day in every respect confirm this record.]
+
+[Illustration: DEAD SEA, PALESTINE.--This sea, situated sixteen
+miles from Jerusalem and visible from the Mount of Olives, occupies
+that deep depression thirteen hundred feet below the Mediterranean,
+which extends from the mountains of Lebanon to the Gulf of Akabah,
+and is forty-six miles long and about ten miles wide. The River
+Jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into it, and it has no
+visible outlet. The water of the Dead Sea contains a large quantity
+of mineral substances, consisting of chlorides of sodium, calcium
+and magnesium, which give it a bitter taste, and render it smooth
+and oily.]
+
+[Illustration: NAZARETH, PALESTINE.--This village, situated in
+Galilee about sixty-five miles from Jerusalem, is the place where
+Jesus grew up from infancy. From its highest elevation the most
+beautiful views of the Holy Land can be taken. The place must have
+been very small in the time of Christ, as the village is not named in
+the Old Testament. The population in those times was mainly Jewish,
+but it now has Greek, Latin and Moslem quarters and a Protestant
+mission. During the Middle Ages many Christians visited Nazareth,
+but when the Turks seized Palestine in 1517, they were again driven
+out.]
+
+[Illustration: JACOB'S WELL, PALESTINE.--Jews, Christians and Muslims
+agree that this is the "Well of Jacob" of Scripture. (Gen. XXXIII.,
+19.) It is situated on the high road from Jerusalem to Galilee,
+according perfectly with the narrative of St. John IV., 5-30. In
+summer, it is often dry. It is seven and one-half feet in diameter
+and lined with masonry. If, as is probable, this well was the scene
+of Christ's conversation with the Samaritan woman, the tradition
+had already attached to it, that this was Jacob's Well, and around
+it was the field which he purchased, and where Joseph was afterwards
+buried. (Joshua XXIV., 32.)]
+
+[Illustration: BEYROUTH, SYRIA.--The above city, located on the
+Mediterranean, is one of great antiquity. The city proper is an
+irregular square, open towards the sea, and surrounded on the land
+side by a substantial tower-flanked wall. The streets are wider
+than is usual in Syrian towns, and are paved with large stones.
+The houses, for the most part, are lofty and spacious. During the
+hot season the wealthier inhabitants move inland. The surrounding
+hills consist of reddish sand, interspersed with rock, and are
+covered with a light soil.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT MOSQUE, DAMASCUS, SYRIA.--It is possible that
+during the first century of the Christian era, a heathen temple
+stood on the site of the present mosque. The building was converted
+into a Christian church, and contained a casket in which the head
+of John the Baptist was shown. The Christian church was destroyed,
+and the present mosque erected. Antique columns were collected
+in towns of Syria, and used in the decoration. The pavement and
+lower walls are covered with rarest marbles. The ceiling, from
+which hang six hundred golden lamps, is of wood, inlaid with gold.
+The urn above the altar is said to still contain the remains of
+the head of John the Baptist.]
+
+[Illustration: BAALBEC, SYRIA.--These magnificent ruins have excited
+the wonder and admiration of every beholder. In view of the fact
+that the Jewish style of architecture is mingled with that of the
+Doric and the Corinthian order, this building is supposed to have
+been the house that Solomon built for his Egyptian wife. It may
+be surpassed in classical taste by the Temple of Athens, and, in
+some respects, Rome may rival it. Even in magnitude the Nile exceeds
+it, but there is something about Baalbec that causes it to stand
+alone, and makes it peer of all. Its origin is not known, yet it
+passed through the Greek, Arab and Roman hands, and suffered assaults
+by the Crusades.]
+
+[Illustration: MECCA, SYRIA.--The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every
+Muslim is bound to undertake once in his life, is a most curious
+religious custom. In the neighborhood of Mecca the pilgrims undress,
+laying aside even their head-gear, and put on aprons and a piece of
+cloth over the left shoulder. They then perform the circuit of the
+Ka'ba, kiss the black stone, hear the sermon on Mount Arafat, near
+Mecca, pelt Satan with stones in the Valley of Mina, and conclude
+their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial feast. The picture shows the
+famous cemetery of Mecca, the bodies all buried above the ground.]
+
+[Illustration: KALBADEVIE ROAD, BOMBAY, INDIA.--The city of Bombay,
+under English rule, with a population of nearly a million inhabitants,
+is one or the most flourishing cities in India, on account of its
+nearness to the Suez Canal. The approach from the sea discloses
+one of the finest panoramas in the world, the only European analogy
+being the Bay of Naples. The town itself consists of well-built and
+usually handsome native bazaars, and of spacious streets devoted
+to European commerce, of which the above is one of the principal
+avenues.]
+
+[Illustration: BENARES, INDIA.--The city here represented is the
+religious centre of Hindooism, and one of the oldest cities on the
+globe. The bank of the Ganges is entirely lined with stone, and
+there are many very fine landing-places, built by pious devotees, and
+highly ornamented. The internal streets are so narrow and winding,
+that there is not room for a carriage to pass; and it is difficult
+to penetrate them even on horseback. The houses are built of Chanar
+stone, and are lofty, none being less than two, and many five and
+six, stories high.]
+
+[Illustration: TROPICAL SCENERY, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: HEATHEN TEMPLE, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL OBSERVATORY, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: WONG TAI KEN, CHINA.--The people of China are a
+thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders. They are
+partially Buddhist, and have a peculiar monosyllabic, uninflected
+language, with writing consisting of symbols, which represent words,
+not letters. The photograph represents one of the better class,
+dressed in a richly made costume after the fashion of her country.
+Her feet, like all of her race, are extremely small and encased
+in velvet sandals, with thick wooden shoes, which are peculiar
+to these people.]
+
+[Illustration: TYPICAL SCENE, SANDWICH ISLANDS.--The ravines and
+mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger islands contain
+much forest growth, while the leeward uplands and plains are
+comparatively bare. Among the most remarkable forms of vegetation
+is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree, so named from the fact that
+the natives string together the kernels, which are very oily, and
+make candles. The natives derive their sustenance chiefly from
+pork and fish, both fresh and dried, and from the banana, sweet
+potato, yam, bread, fruit and cocoanut.]
+
+[Illustration: SITKA, ALASKA.--Sitka, the capital of Alaska, is
+situated on the west coast of the Baranoff Island, which is one of
+the principal of the Alexander Islands. It is the second town in
+size, and has a custom house, a Greco-Russian church, a hospital,
+a half dozen stores, schools and several saw mills. Its principal
+business is fishing, and a number of steamers ply between this
+place and Portland, Oregon. The island is about seventy miles long
+and fifteen miles wide, and is densely timbered.]
+
+[Illustration: TOTEM POLES, ALASKA.--A totem is a class of material
+objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing
+that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate
+and special relation. These poles, which rise to the height of 70
+feet, are elaborately carved from top to bottom with a succession
+of figures, representing the wolf, frog, bear, eagle, whale and a
+variety of other animals. They are planted near Indian villages,
+but it is hoped church steeples will soon tower in their places
+and work a change in these strange people.]
+
+[Illustration: PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA, CANADA.--The capital
+of the Dominion of Canada is situated on the Ottawa River, four
+hundred and fifty miles from New York, and one hundred and twenty-six
+miles from Montreal. It is one of the most flourishing cities in
+Ontario, on account of the great lumber products in the surrounding
+districts. The city was founded sixty-three years ago, its chief
+attraction being the Government Buildings, which stand on Barrack
+Hill, and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone. The style
+of architecture is that of Italian Gothic. The main building is
+five hundred feet long, covering nearly four acres, and involving
+a cost of $4,000,000 in its construction.]
+
+[Illustration: GOLDEN GATE, CALIFORNIA.--This forms the entrance
+to San Francisco Bay, which is about seventy miles long and from
+ten to fifteen wide, and is narrowed into a channel only about
+one mile wide; here the waters escape in a current as the tide
+ebbs and flows to and from the ocean. As one approaches from the
+ocean towards the bay, the south side of the Golden Gate exhibits
+a shelving point of land which terminates in a long fortification
+called Fort Point. The portion of the strait between the light
+house on the north and the fort on the south, is termed "The Golden
+Gate," or "Chrysopylæ."]
+
+[Illustration: SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.--The city is the commercial
+metropolis of California, and is situated nearly six miles from
+the ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay from which it
+derives its name. It stands on a plain which inclines towards the
+bay, and has numerous hills behind it. The city is regularly laid
+out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Market Street,
+which has four street-car tracks, two of which are cable lines, is
+the principal business street; it runs south-west from the bay,
+and divides the older from the newer portion of the city. The city
+was originally called Yerba Buena ("good herbs"), and was settled
+by the Spaniards about 1777, but was changed to San Francisco in
+1847.]
+
+[Illustration: YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--The Yosemite Valley
+is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant, in a direct line,
+a little to the southeast of San Francisco. It is six miles in
+length and from half a mile to a mile in width, and sunk from two
+thousand to three thousand feet in perpendicular depth below the
+general level of the surrounding country. The waterfalls in and
+about this valley are of great beauty and variety. The Nevada and
+Vernal Falls of the Merced River, which flows through the whole
+length of the valley, are wonderfully grand.]
+
+[Illustration: MIRROR LAKE, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Up the
+canyon of the Tenaya is situated this beautiful little lake, called
+"Mirror Lake," which is an expansion of the Tenaya Fork. It is
+generally visited early in the morning, for the purpose of seeing
+the reflection of the overhanging rock, which is known as Mount
+Watkins. Mirror Lake is one of the principal points of interest
+of this marvelous depression of nature.]
+
+[Illustration: GLAZIER POINT, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Glazier
+Point, one of the most remarkable and striking features of nature
+in the world, is composed of solid rock, thirty-two hundred feet
+in perpendicular height. It is reached by a trail from the floor
+of the valley, and the time generally consumed is from four to six
+hours. From this great point of interest, a general view of the
+whole valley can be obtained, and nothing is more soul-stirring
+to the beholder than to look at the great and marvelous wonders
+of nature abounding in the Yosemite Valley.]
+
+[Illustration: BIG TREE, CALIFORNIA.--The big trees of California
+are known the world over and are specifically termed the _sequoia
+gigantea_, and abound only in California. They occur in groves
+or patches, which are scattered over limited areas. They grow to
+a great height, ranging from two hundred to three hundred feet,
+and attain a circumference from seventy-five to one hundred feet.
+The above is a photograph of one of the trees, showing the trunk,
+through which a four-horse stage coach passes. This tree measures
+twenty-five feet in diameter, and it stands in the Mariposa Grove.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT MORMON TEMPLE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.--The
+Mormon religion was founded by Joseph Smith, at Manchester, New
+York, in 1830, and the same year was published "The Book of Mormon,"
+in which Joseph Smith was declared to be God's "Prophet." He soon
+removed, with his followers, to Kirtland, Ohio, which was to be
+the seat of the New Jerusalem. Several years later the Mormon band
+emigrated to Missouri, and later to Salt Lake City, Utah. After the
+death of Smith, Brigham Young succeeded, until 1877, when he died
+and left a fortune of $2,000,000 to seventeen wives and fifty-six
+children. Here they prospered and started to build the great temple,
+which is not yet quite finished.]
+
+[Illustration: PULPIT TERRACE, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.-The
+Yellowstone Park has in the vicinity of the Mammoth Hot Springs
+many remarkable terrace-building springs, which are situated one
+thousand feet above the Gardiner River, into which they discharge
+their waters. The water finds its way to the surface through deep-lying
+cretaceous strata, and contains a great deposit of calcareous material.
+As the water flows out at the various elevations on the terraces
+through many vents, it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of
+lime, which is generally hard while wet, but becomes soft when dry.
+While these springs are active, vegetation dies in their vicinity;
+but when dry, grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous
+deposit.]
+
+[Illustration: OBSIDIAN CLIFF, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--This
+noted and volcanic glass mountain, situated in the Yellowstone
+Park, glistens like jet, is opaque and rises like basalt in almost
+vertical columns, from the shore of Beaver Lake. It is unequalled
+in the world, and is about two hundred feet high and one thousand
+feet in length, being variegated with streaks of red and yellow.
+When the carriage road was constructed over the side of the mountain
+along the lake, great fires were built upon the masses of Obsidian;
+and after they had been sufficiently expanded by the heat, cold
+water was thrown on them, which fractured the blocks into fragments
+that could be handled. Thus a glass carriage way was made one-quarter
+of a mile in length, which is without doubt the only piece of glass
+road in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: MAMMOTH PAINT POTS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Among
+all the geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone Park, there is nothing
+more striking to behold than the Mammoth Paint Pots, which measure
+forty by sixty feet, with a mud rim on three sides from three to
+four feet in height. The whitish substance in this basin, which
+looks like paint, is in constant agitation, and resembles a vast bed
+of mortar with numerous points of ebullition. There is a constant
+bubbling up of this peculiar formation, which produces a sound
+similar to a hoarse whisper. Its contents have been reduced by
+the constant action to a mixed silicious clay, which in former
+years consisted of different colors, but is now active only in the
+white portion of its formation.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Of
+all the geysers in the Yellowstone Park, this is one of the most
+interesting and noted on account of the great regularity of its
+eruptions, affording splendid opportunities for observation. It
+is located in the Upper Geyser Basin, and is situated on a mound
+of geyserite built by its own water. The eruptions begin with
+preliminary splashes, and continue for several minutes, becoming
+more powerful as they follow in rapid succession, when all at once
+the steam and water are thrown to a height of one hundred and fifty
+feet; this action occurs at intervals of every sixty-five minutes
+and lasts from four to five minutes.]
+
+[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL
+PARK.--This large and beautiful sheet of water is nearly one-half mile
+higher than the summit of Mount Washington, N. H., and is surrounded
+by snow-capped mountains. It covers an area of one hundred and fifty
+square miles, and has a great depth. Trout are so plentiful that
+there is little pleasure afforded in capturing them. The lake is
+fed by numerous large tributaries and a score of smaller streams.
+A number of boiling springs, charged with sulphur, alum and alkali,
+dot its shores; and the fishermen can cook their trout by dropping
+them into the boiling springs without walking from the spot where
+they are caught.]
+
+[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE FALLS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--After
+the water of the Yellowstone releases itself from the deep, symmetrical
+pool at the foot of the Upper Falls, the river turns to the left and
+flows through high bluffs for a short distance, until its sea-green
+water leaps from the top of the Great Falls, three hundred and
+sixty feet deep, into the profound, abysmal solitude of the Grand
+Canyon. This great mass of water breaks into fleecy columns and
+sheets of glistening foam as it descends; but it strikes the pool
+below with such a great concussion that it is forced upwards in
+fountains of spray and clouds of mist.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CAŅON OF THE YELLOWSTONE, WYOMING.--This wonderful
+gorge, whose scenic beauty is not equaled anywhere, has a scene of
+enchantment surpassing all expectations. From the Lower Falls it
+reveals the most varied groups of crags and rock ever beheld. It
+passes through a volcanic plateau, forming broken walls of barbaric
+richness of coloring that almost defies description. Red, purple
+and yellow predominate, and with the white foam of the rushing
+river through the bottom, and the dark green of the forest upon
+the plateau, form one of the grandest natural sights in earth.]
+
+[Illustration: ANIMAS CANYON, COLORADO.--This canyon is between
+Durango and Silverton, and the scenery through it is of surpassing
+grandeur and beauty. The railroad follows the course of the Animas
+River (to which the Spaniard gave the musical but melancholy title
+of "Rio de las Animas Perdidas," or River of Lost Souls) until
+the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. To the right
+is the silvery Animas River, which frets in its narrowing bed,
+and breaks into foam against the opposing boulders, beyond which
+rise the hills; to the left are mountains, increasing in rugged
+contour as the advance is made, and in the shadow of the rocks
+all is solitary, weird and awful; the startled traveler loses all
+apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CANYON Of THE ARKANSAS RIVER, COLORADO.--There
+are no words which can properly describe this great and magnificent
+canyon, the crowning attraction, the wonder of wonders, the marvel
+of marvels, in Colorado's scenery. This canyon is seven miles in
+length, and presents the grandest scenery in the world. This photograph
+represents the Royal Gorge, where the canyon is three hundred feet
+deep. As it is not sufficiently wide for railroad and river to
+pass through, the road is carried above the river, on a hanging
+bridge, which is shown in the picture.]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNTAIN OF THE HOLY CROSS, COLORADO.--This mountain
+is without doubt the most remarkable and the most noted of the
+Rockies, on account of the cross from which it received its name.
+Near the top is seen the cross, formed by deep crevices in its side,
+which are filled with perpetual snow and ice. The sight of wildwood,
+of tree-crowned slope, of rocky heights, of silvery cascades whose
+white threads of water are occasionally seen wearing away rifts
+in the rocks, renders the mountain one of the most enchanting of
+the many mountains in Colorado.]
+
+[Illustration: MANITOU AND PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--Manitou was
+known to white men long before Major Pike discovered the peak, and
+is noted for its famous soda springs, whose health-giving properties
+were familiar to the Indians from time immemorial. To this favored
+spot they made their pilgrimages, and in grateful recognition of
+the beneficent characteristics of the waters, they named the place
+in honor of the Great Spirit, and bestowed upon it the musical and
+significant title, Manitou. It is visited by thousands of tourists
+every season, and many make the ascent from here to the top of
+Pike's Peak, which is seen in the background.]
+
+[Illustration: SUMMIT OF PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--In 1806 Major
+Zebulon Pike first described this wonderful snow-capped peak, which
+now bears his name, and which he called the "Great Snow Mountain."
+When the mountain first dawned on his view, he was one hundred
+miles east on the plains. This noted peak towers to the height
+of 14,147 feet, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. This
+photograph represents the U. S. Signal Station on its summit. The
+top is now reached by an incline railway from Manitou, and from it
+the traveler may behold one of the grandest sights in Colorado.]
+
+[Illustration: GATEWAY TO THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO.--Why
+this wonderful valley, which has not the appearance of a garden,
+was named the Garden of the Gods, no one knows; but, no doubt, by
+reason of its apt alliterations, the name has become so popular
+that it would be foolish to change it. There are many remains which
+show that Titanic forces have been at work here. It does not require
+a lively imagination to discover in the garden an endless variety
+of beings, such as the lion, the seal, the elephant, birds and
+reptiles of imitative forms. The most noted object is the Great
+Gateway.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL SPIRES, COLORADO.--The stranger passing
+through Manitou should not fail to visit the Garden of the Gods, in
+which are located the Cathedral Spires, wonderful rock formations,
+standing upright, with pinnacles several hundred feet high. The
+wonderful region in which these spires are, in point of attraction,
+ranks with the sunny slopes of Italy, and the rugged grandeur of
+the Bernese Oberland. The scenery in this locality is so varied,
+so grand, and so impressive, that contemplative pauses must be
+made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details of
+the view.]
+
+[Illustration: LIFE IN OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.--Oklahoma
+Territory is a beautiful stretch of country, abounding in vast
+and fertile plains. In the eastern part, the soil is particularly
+rich and well irrigated, making it almost as productive as a garden.
+The territory was formerly the special domain for all the Indian
+tribes, but this original race seems to be gradually becoming extinct.
+The above photograph represents a scene in Oklahoma County. This
+county is nearly in the centre of the territory, on the line of
+it railroad which has recently been opened. Owing to its admirable
+adaptability for agriculture, it is fast becoming populated. The
+picture suggests the most primitive rural simplicity.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WIGWAM, INDIAN TERRITORY.--The red man, the
+original inhabitant of American soil, is represented here at his
+hut, with his gun and the reins of his horse in his hands. He has a
+universal belief in a Supreme Being, though his religious attributes
+are associated with various manifestations of natural phenomena.
+He believes in the immortality of the soul, but his conceptions
+of the future system of reward and punishment are confused. The
+American Indians are slowly diminishing in number on account of
+the progress of the white man. Their present population is about
+255,000, and the greatest number are gathered upon their reservations
+in Indian Territory.]
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.--This city, which is now the
+most important centre of commerce in the Northwestern States, is
+situated at the mouth of the Chicago River, on Lake Michigan. The
+first inhabitants known to have been in the locality were the
+Pollawatomie Indians, and the earliest Europeans were French fur
+traders, who visited the site in 1654. Fort Dearborn was built
+in 1804, when the first attempt was made to settle here; but the
+Indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in 1812. In
+1816 the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of the leading
+cities of America. The above represents State Street, one of the
+principal thoroughfares, and the Palmer House, one of its leading
+hotels.]
+
+[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK.--The above falls constitute
+perhaps the most striking natural wonder in the world. Above the
+falls, the river is divided by Goat Island, forming the Horseshoe
+Falls, with a perpendicular descent of one hundred and fifty-eight
+feet. The height of the American Falls is one hundred and sixty-seven
+feet. Below the cataract, the river is very deep and narrow, varying
+from one hundred to three hundred yards, and flows between perpendicular
+rocks, two hundred and fifty feet high, into a gorge, which is
+crossed by several suspension bridges. These falls are world-famed,
+and are visited by thousands of tourists from different parts of
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.--On an
+elevation of one hundred and ten feet, in the town of Charlestown,
+one mile from Boston, towers the above-named monument to commemorate
+one of the most celebrated battles of the American Revolution,
+fought here on the 17th of June, 1775. The British remained master
+of the field after a long and bloody contest, but their victory
+was dearly bought. The monument, two hundred and twenty-one feet
+in height, stands in the centre of the ground, included within
+the redoubts on Breed's Hill.]
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK, N. Y.--The metropolis of the United States,
+is considered the headquarters of the stock and money market. It is
+here where the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart,
+and where the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores.
+The city is built on Manhattan Island, which is 13 miles long, and
+from 2 to 4 miles wide. This picture represents Park Row, and the
+New York Times' Building in the front, and the general Post-Office
+on the right, which is a large granite structure, and an ornament to
+the city. New York has a population of nearly two million people,
+composed of all nationalities. This city gives to the student of
+human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits
+of the different nations.]
+
+[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NEW YORK.--This bridge, connecting
+New York with Brooklyn, is by far the largest suspension bridge yet
+constructed. The work commenced in 1870, and opened for traffic
+on May 24, 1883. The central span, from tower to tower, measures
+fifteen hundred and ninety-five and one-half feet. In the centre
+is a foot-way, fifteen and one-half feet wide, and raised twelve
+feet above the other passages, affording an open view on both sides.
+There are tracks on each side for cable cars, worked by a stationary
+engine on the Brooklyn side, and on the outside are wagon-ways.
+The entire cost was $15,500,000.]
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK, N. Y.--The steam cars,
+the street railway and the electric road are the three modern modes
+of transportation. The motive power of the elevated railroads of New
+York City is steam, and the quick facilities afforded exceed that of
+any other country. These elevated railroads are sufficiently high so
+as not to interfere with street traffic, stations are located every
+four or five blocks apart, there is little delay, and a passenger
+can ride from one end of the city to the other in a very short
+time. It is said that one million people ride daily on the elevated
+railroads of New York giving the company an income of $50,000 per
+day. The above photograph represents the railroad at Chatham Square,
+where it branches off into different directions.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR, N. Y.--This
+magnificent monument, the work of Bartholdi, was presented by the
+French Government to the people of the United States as a token of
+sisterly love and respect, and as a means of still further cementing
+the good feelings of the two greatest republics on the globe. The
+statue stands on Bedloe's Island, in New York harbor. The torch
+of liberty, held in the right hand, is illuminated at night by
+a huge electric light. The pedestal on which the statue stands
+was built by voluntary contributions, solicited by the New York
+_World_.]
+
+[Illustration: CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,
+PENNSYLVANIA.--Philadelphia, the third city of the United States and
+the metropolis of Pennsylvania, often called the City of Brotherly
+Love, was founded in 1682 by William Penn. This picture represents
+Chestnut Street, the principal retail business street and the avenue
+on which the leading banking institutions are located. The building on
+the right is Independence Hall, in which was declared the independence
+of the United States. The liberty bell is still preserved and found
+at the entrance of the building. The structure in the background
+is a banking house.]
+
+[Illustration: MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.--Perhaps
+no street in the world furnishes an avenue for so much business as
+does Market Street. The street from this point, which terminates
+at the Delaware River, making a total of fourteen squares, is full
+of wholesale houses. There are times during the day when it is
+packed with teams and pedestrians, presenting an interesting sight
+for a stranger. The building on the right-hand side is considered
+the largest store of its kind in the world. The cars on Market
+Street are run by cable, a system introduced a few years ago.]
+
+[Illustration: FORT SAN MARCO, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, U. S. A.--St.
+Augustine, having the distinction of being the oldest city in the
+United States, was founded by Europeans and has recently become
+a popular winter watering-place. It is thirty-six miles from
+Jacksonville, and stands on a sandy peninsula. Along the sea-front,
+for nearly a mile, extends a granite-coped sea-wall; and, at its
+northern end, stands the Fort of San Marco, a well-preserved specimen
+of Spanish military architecture, built in 1756. The fort has a
+moat and outworks, and its walls are twenty-one feet high. It is
+in the form of a trapezium, and covers four acres.]
+
+[Illustration: PONCE DE LEON, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+[Illustration: WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.--The official residence
+of the President of the United States, is beautifully situated at
+the western extremity of Pennsylvania Avenue, about a mile and a
+half west of the Capitol. It is constructed of Freestone, painted
+white. Its dimensions are 170 feet front and 86 feet deep. The
+garden-front is very beautiful and admirably kept, the lawn sloping
+down to the Potomac River. In the square in front of the Mansion,
+stands the celebrated equestrian statue of General Jackson. Very
+close to the White House are located the State Treasury, and Navy
+and War departments.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by 
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD ***
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Photographs of the World</title>
+ <style type="text/css">
+  <!--
+   body           { background: white; color: black;
+                    margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; }
+   h1             { text-align: center; color: red;
+                    font-variant: small-caps; }
+   h2             { text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; }
+   p.indent       { text-indent: 1em; text-align: justify; }
+   p.center_red   { text-align: center; color: red; }
+   p.center_bgr   { text-align: center; color: #006666; }
+   p.contents     { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0em; }
+   p.contents_in2 { margin: 0px; padding-left: 2em; }
+   p.contents_in4 { margin: 0px; padding-left: 4em; }
+   table.image    { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;
+                    margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
+   td.justify     { text-align: justify; }
+   td.quote       { padding-left: 2em; }
+   hr             { width: 15%; height: 1px; color: #006666;
+		    background-color: #006666; }
+   span.sc        { font-variant: small-caps; }
+   span.page      { position: absolute; left: 92%; right: auto;
+                    text-align: right; text-indent: 0em;
+                    color: gray; background: white;
+                    font-size: 9px; font-weight: normal; }
+  -->
+ </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by 
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Shepp's Photographs of the World
+
+Author: James W. Shepp
+        Daniel B. Shepp
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2008 [EBook #26037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>Shepp's Photographs of the World.</h1>
+
+<p class="center_bgr">CONSISTING OF</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr">
+Panoramic Views of Cities&mdash;Street Scenes&mdash;Public
+Buildings&mdash;Cathedrals&mdash;Mosques&mdash;Churches&mdash;
+Temples&mdash;Observatories&mdash;Castles&mdash;Palaces&mdash;Homes
+of Noted People&mdash;Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings,
+Emperors, Monarchs and Rulers&mdash;Harems&mdash;Universities&mdash;
+Colleges&mdash;Active Volcanoes&mdash;Mountain Scenery&mdash;Lake
+Scenery&mdash;Lochs&mdash;Fjords&mdash;Falls&mdash;River Scenery&mdash;
+Ca&ntilde;ons&mdash;Geysers&mdash;Bridges&mdash;Parks&mdash;
+Fountains&mdash;Theatres&mdash;Obelisks&mdash;Towers&mdash;
+Memorials&mdash;Tombs&mdash;Caves&mdash;Cemeteries&mdash;Pyramids&mdash;
+Ruins of Castles&mdash;Ruins of Temples&mdash;Ruins of Ancient
+Cities&mdash;Tropical Scenery&mdash;Towns&mdash; Villages&mdash;Huts,
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: smaller;">
+Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing
+the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the
+world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr">COLLECTED FROM</p>
+
+<p class="center_red"> <span class="sc">Europe,
+Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America and the Pacific
+Islands,</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr">REPRESENTING</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: larger;">
+<span class="sc">The World as it Exists To-Day.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: smaller;">
+Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary,
+by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading
+galleries, including the
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_red">
+FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES
+GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY;
+THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN
+GALLERY, ROME.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr">
+Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art in
+the world.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: smaller;">
+<span class="sc">Carefully Arranged and Appropriately Explained
+by</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: larger;">
+JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="center_red">SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="center_bgr" style="font-size: larger;">
+GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="center_bgr"> <span class="sc">
+No. 705 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Penna.</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="page_3"><span class="page">Page 3</span></a>
+PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/preface.png" width="144" height="236" alt="I"
+style="float: left;">n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to
+hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered
+abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell
+stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken
+photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians
+used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their
+history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined
+temples.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as
+time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of
+wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the
+power of truly representing the original objects they intend to
+portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books
+and papers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the
+world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements
+have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process,
+an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without
+losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs
+can be printed, such as appear in this book.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial
+methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed
+to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen
+to-day, both for instruction and entertainment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions
+of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms
+are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they
+are indelibly impressed upon the memory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_4"><span class="page">Page 4</span></a> The object,
+then, of this Publication is to present photographs of all the
+great sights of the world, from every corner of the globe, carefully
+reproducing them by the photo-electro process, and adding a few lines
+of explanation to every picture, so that any one can comprehend
+each subject.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked,
+starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of
+Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in
+the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to
+form a road across the channel to Scotland.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs,
+bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their
+busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare,
+the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and
+battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the
+world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London,
+the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its
+crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers
+and monuments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills,
+Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield
+of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin;
+St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled
+across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras
+to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled
+prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin;
+Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries;
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer,
+and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque
+Rhine, lined with its historic castles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the
+whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers,
+bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries,
+and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its
+royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau,
+buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon
+ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the
+ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter
+both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_5"><span class="page">Page 5</span></a> Through Spain
+and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed, from the
+wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north to that
+bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from the calm
+Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the Atlantic
+on the west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice
+and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes;
+mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and
+variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano,
+Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery
+crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the
+Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower;
+Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues
+and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and
+Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world,
+and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet
+now calm, peaceful and powerless.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored
+us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the
+blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the
+Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating
+and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of
+the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people
+and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its
+mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings
+out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!&mdash;there is but one
+God, and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares;
+the Bosphorus and Golden Horn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our
+collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter
+almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles,
+chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the
+former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his
+harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected
+Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains
+of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with
+a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it
+command.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+<a name="page_6"><span class="page">Page 6</span></a> Palestine,
+the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian Church,
+added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle of Christ;
+Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on whose shores
+He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which He was called
+a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary, where He was
+crucified.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples
+make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta;
+the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests,
+chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the
+great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges,
+rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath,
+to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its
+floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the
+world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with
+its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous
+wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in
+the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during
+summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ,
+perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the
+books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine
+teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the
+Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like
+view of the Straits of Sunda.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America,
+Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and
+the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky
+Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the
+north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and
+every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a
+point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand
+cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial
+building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river,
+an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a
+deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the
+camera and added to this book.
+</p>
+
+<p class="indent">
+The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure
+of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the
+only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and
+instruction to those that view the result of their labors.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="page_7"><span class="page">Page 7</span></a>
+CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p class="contents">
+IRELAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig001">Blarney Castle</a><br>
+<a href="#fig002">Lakes of Killarney</a><br>
+<a href="#fig003">Dublin</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig004">Giant's Causeway</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SCOTLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig005">Municipal Buildings, Glasgow</a><br>
+<a href="#fig006">Loch Lomond</a><br>
+<a href="#fig007">Forth Bridge</a><br>
+<a href="#fig008">Balmoral Castle</a><br>
+<a href="#fig009">Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa</a><br>
+<a href="#fig010">Edinburgh</a> (Instantaneous)
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+ENGLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig011">Liverpool</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig012">Lime Street, Liverpool</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig013">Manchester</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig014">Warwick Castle, Warwick</a><br>
+<a href="#fig015">Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon</a><br>
+<a href="#fig016">Brighton</a><br>
+<a href="#fig017">Osborne House, Isle of Wight</a><br>
+<a href="#fig018">Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court</a><br>
+<a href="#fig019">Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Windsor Castle.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig020">Windsor Castle</a><br>
+<a href="#fig021">Green Drawing Room</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">London.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig022">Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station</a><br>
+<a href="#fig023">The Strand</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig024">Cheapside</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig025">St. Paul's Cathedral</a><br>
+<a href="#fig026">The Bank of England</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig027">Tower of London</a><br>
+<a href="#fig028">London Bridge</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig029">Westminster Abbey</a><br>
+<a href="#fig030">Houses of Parliament</a><br>
+<a href="#fig031">Trafalgar Square</a><br>
+<a href="#fig032">Buckingham Palace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig033">Rotten Row</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig034">Albert Memorial</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+BELGIUM.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig035">Antwerp</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Brussels.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig036">Panoramic View of Brussels</a><br>
+<a href="#fig037">Palace of the King</a><br>
+<a href="#fig038">Bourse</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig039">City Hall</a><br>
+<a href="#fig040">Cathedral of Ste. Gudule</a><br>
+<a href="#fig041">The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+HOLLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig042">Scheveningen</a><br>
+<a href="#fig043">Amsterdam</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig044">Windmill</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+NORWAY.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig045">Christiansand</a><br>
+<a href="#fig046">Bergen</a><br>
+<a href="#fig047">Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen</a><br>
+<a href="#fig048">North Cape</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+RUSSIA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig049">Moscow</a><br>
+<a href="#fig050">Winter Palace, St. Petersburg</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+<a name="page_8"><span class="page">Page 8</span></a>
+GERMANY.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig051">The Cathedral, Cologne</a><br>
+<a href="#fig052">Bingen</a><br>
+<a href="#fig053">Ehrenbreitstein</a><br>
+<a href="#fig054">Frankfort-on-the-Main</a><br>
+<a href="#fig055">Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main</a><br>
+<a href="#fig056">Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker</a><br>
+<a href="#fig057">University Building, Leipsic</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Berlin.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig058">Royal Palace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig059">Berlin, Unter den Linden</a><br>
+<a href="#fig060">Statue of Frederick the Great</a><br>
+<a href="#fig061">The Brandenburg Gate</a><br>
+<a href="#fig062">Monument of Victory</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Potsdam.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig063">The Historic Windmill</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Dresden Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig064">Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael</a><br>
+<a href="#fig065">Magdalene, Painting, Battoni</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+FRANCE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Paris.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig066">Bird's-eye View of Paris</a><br>
+<a href="#fig067">Place de la Concorde</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig068">Madeleine</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig069">Opera House</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig070">Great Boulevards</a><br>
+<a href="#fig071">July Column</a><br>
+<a href="#fig072">Statue of the Republic</a><br>
+<a href="#fig073">Vendome Column</a><br>
+<a href="#fig074">Royal Palace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig075">Hotel de Ville</a><br>
+<a href="#fig076">Cathedral of Notre Dame</a><br>
+<a href="#fig077">Palace of Justice</a><br>
+<a href="#fig078">Arc of Triumph</a><br>
+<a href="#fig079">Dome des Invalides</a><br>
+<a href="#fig080">Tomb of Napoleon</a><br>
+<a href="#fig081">Eiffel Tower</a><br>
+<a href="#fig082">Pantheon</a><br>
+<a href="#fig083">Louvre Buildings</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Louvre Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig084">Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown</a><br>
+<a href="#fig085">Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance</a><br>
+<a href="#fig086">Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Luxembourg Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig087">The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret</a><br>
+<a href="#fig088">Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson</a><br>
+<a href="#fig089">A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir</a><br>
+<a href="#fig090">Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu</a><br>
+<a href="#fig091">Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte</a><br>
+<a href="#fig092">Ignorance, Painting, Paton</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Versailles.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig093">Royal Palace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig094">Royal Carriage</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Versailles Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig095">Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting,
+  Muller</a><br>
+<a href="#fig096">Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet</a><br>
+<a href="#fig097">Napoleon, Painting, Gosse</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Fontainebleau.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig098">Royal Palace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig099">Throne Room</a><br>
+<a href="#fig100">Apartment of Tapestries</a><br>
+<a href="#fig101">Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SOUTHERN FRANCE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig102">Nice</a><br>
+<a href="#fig103">Monaco</a><br>
+<a name="page_9"><span class="page">Page 9</span></a>
+<a href="#fig104">Monte Carlo</a><br>
+<a href="#fig105">Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SPAIN.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig106">Madrid</a><br>
+<a href="#fig107">Seville</a><br>
+<a href="#fig108">Bull Fight, Seville</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig109">Toledo</a><br>
+<a href="#fig110">Gibraltar</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+PORTUGAL.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig111">Lisbon</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SWITZERLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig112">Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne</a><br>
+<a href="#fig113">Clock Tower, Berne</a><br>
+<a href="#fig114">Peasant Woman</a><br>
+<a href="#fig115">Interlaken and the Jungfrau</a><br>
+<a href="#fig116">Grindelwald</a><br>
+<a href="#fig117">A Thousand Foot Chasm</a><br>
+<a href="#fig118">Brunig Pass</a><br>
+<a href="#fig119">Lucerne</a><br>
+<a href="#fig120">Rigi</a><br>
+<a href="#fig121">Rigi-Kulm</a><br>
+<a href="#fig122">Pilatus</a><br>
+<a href="#fig123">Simplon's Pass</a><br>
+<a href="#fig124">Zermatt and the Matterhorn</a><br>
+<a href="#fig125">Chamounix and Mont Blanc</a><br>
+<a href="#fig126">Engleberg</a><br>
+<a href="#fig127">St. Gotthard Railway</a><br>
+<a href="#fig128">Axenstrasse</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+AUSTRIA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Vienna.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig129">Panorama of Vienna</a><br>
+<a href="#fig130">Hotel Metropole</a><br>
+<a href="#fig131">Church of St. Stephen</a><br>
+<a href="#fig132">Theseus, Statuary, Canova</a><br>
+<a href="#fig133">Sch&ouml;nbrunn</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+TURKEY.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Constantinople.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig134">Galata Bridge</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig135">Mosque of St. Sophia</a><br>
+<a href="#fig136">Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia</a><br>
+<a href="#fig137">Street Scene</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig138">Mosque of Ahmed</a><br>
+<a href="#fig139">Turkish Lady</a><br>
+<a href="#fig140">Street Merchants</a><br>
+<a href="#fig141">Sultan's Harem</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+GREECE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig142">Acropolis, Athens</a><br>
+<a href="#fig143">Parthenon, Athens</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+ITALY.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Milan.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig144">Grand Cathedral and Square</a><br>
+<a href="#fig145">Corso Venezia</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Turin.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig146">Exposition Buildings</a><br>
+<a href="#fig147">Duke Ferdinand of Genoa</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Genoa.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig148">General View of Genoa</a><br>
+<a href="#fig149">Statue of Columbus</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Pisa.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig150">Leaning Tower</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Venice.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig151">Palace of the Doges</a><br>
+<a href="#fig152">Grand Canal</a><br>
+<a href="#fig153">Cathedral of St. Mark</a><br>
+<a href="#fig154">Street Scene in Venice</a><br>
+<a href="#fig155">The Rialto</a> (Instantaneous)
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<a name="page_10"><span class="page">Page 10</span></a>
+<span class="sc">Florence.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig156">The Cathedral</a><br>
+<a href="#fig157">Vecchio Bridge</a><br>
+<a href="#fig158">Monk</a><br>
+<a href="#fig159">Loggia dei Lanzi</a><br>
+<a href="#fig160">Uffizi Buildings</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Loggia Dei Lanzi.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig161">Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Uffizi Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig162">Wild Boar, Bronze</a><br>
+<a href="#fig163">The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Rome.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig164">Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella</a><br>
+<a href="#fig165">Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate</a><br>
+<a href="#fig166">Roman Forum</a><br>
+<a href="#fig167">Forum of Trajan</a><br>
+<a href="#fig168">Baths of Caracalla</a><br>
+<a href="#fig169">Colosseum</a><br>
+<a href="#fig170">Interior of Colosseum</a><br>
+<a href="#fig171">Pantheon</a><br>
+<a href="#fig172">Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian</a><br>
+<a href="#fig173">St. Peter's and Vatican</a><br>
+<a href="#fig174">Interior of St. Peter's</a><br>
+<a href="#fig175">Romulus and Remus</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Vatican Gallery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig176">Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael</a><br>
+<a href="#fig177">La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova</a><br>
+<a href="#fig178">Laocoonte, Statuary</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Naples.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig179">Toledo Street</a> (Instantaneous)
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Mount Vesuvius.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig180">Crater</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Pompeii.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig181">Street of Tombs</a><br>
+<a href="#fig182">Civil Forum</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Island of Capri.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig183">General View and Landing</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Island of Ischia.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig184">Castello</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+EGYPT.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Alexandria.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig185">Harbor</a><br>
+<a href="#fig186">Place of Mehemet Ali</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Cairo.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig187">Citadel</a><br>
+<a href="#fig188">Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali</a><br>
+<a href="#fig189">Street Scene</a><br>
+<a href="#fig190">Palace of Gezireh</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<a href="#fig191">On Camel-Back</a><br>
+<a href="#fig192">Pyramids of Gizeh</a><br>
+Corner View of the Great Pyramid<br><!-- Image not present in book. -->
+<a href="#fig193">The Sphynx</a><br>
+<a href="#fig196">In Central Africa</a><!-- Image actually follows
+'Post Office, Suez' in the book content. -->
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Suez Canal.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig194">Landing on Suez Canal</a> (Instantaneous)<br>
+<a href="#fig195">Post Office, Suez</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+PALESTINE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig197">Yaffa or Jaffa</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Jerusalem.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig198">General View of Jerusalem</a><br>
+<a href="#fig199">Wailing Place of the Jews</a><br>
+<a href="#fig200">Street Scene</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<a href="#fig201">Garden of Gethsemane</a><br>
+<a href="#fig202">Bethlehem</a><br>
+<a href="#fig203">Dead Sea</a><br>
+<a href="#fig204">Nazareth</a><br>
+<a href="#fig205">Jacob's Well</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SYRIA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig206">Beyrouth</a><br>
+<a name="page_11"><span class="page">Page 11</span></a>
+<a href="#fig207">Great Mosque, Damascus</a><br>
+<a href="#fig208">Ba'albek</a><br>
+<a href="#fig209">Mecca</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+INDIA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig210">Kalbadevie Road, Bombay</a><br>
+<a href="#fig211">Benares</a><br>
+<a href="#fig212">Tropical Scenery</a><br>
+<a href="#fig213">Heathen Temple</a><br>
+<a href="#fig214">Royal Observatory</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+CHINA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig215">Wong Tai Ken</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+SANDWICH ISLANDS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig216">Typical Scene</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+ALASKA.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig217">Sitka</a><br>
+<a href="#fig218">Totem Poles</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+CANADA.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2">
+<a href="#fig219">Parliament Buildings</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+UNITED STATES.
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">San Francisco.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig220">Golden Gate</a><br>
+<a href="#fig221">Market Street, San Francisco</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Yosemite Valley.</span><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig222">General View</a><br>
+<a href="#fig223">Glacier Point</a><br>
+<a href="#fig224">Mirror Lake</a><br>
+<a href="#fig225">Big Tree</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Salt Lake City.</span><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig226">Great Mormon Temple</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Yellowstone National Park.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig227">Pulpit Terrace</a><br>
+<a href="#fig228">Obsidian Cliff</a><br>
+<a href="#fig229">Mammoth Paint Pots</a><br>
+<a href="#fig230">Old Faithful Geyser</a><br>
+<a href="#fig231">Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs</a><br>
+<a href="#fig232">Yellowstone Falls</a><br>
+<a href="#fig233">Grand Ca&ntilde;on of the Yellowstone</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Colorado.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig234">Animas Ca&ntilde;on</a><br>
+<a href="#fig235">Grand Ca&ntilde;on of the Arkansas River</a><br>
+<a href="#fig236">Mountain of the Holy Cross</a><br>
+<a href="#fig237">Manitou and Pike's Peak</a><br>
+<a href="#fig238">Summit of Pike's Peak</a><br>
+<a href="#fig239">Gateway to the Garden of the Gods</a><br>
+<a href="#fig240">Cathedral Spires</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<a href="#fig241">Life in Oklahoma</a><br>
+<a href="#fig242">Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory</a><br>
+<a href="#fig243">State Street, Chicago, Ill.</a><br>
+<a href="#fig244">Niagara Falls, N. Y.</a><br>
+<a href="#fig245">Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">New York.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig246">Park Row</a><br>
+<a href="#fig247">Brooklyn Bridge</a><br>
+<a href="#fig248">Elevated Railroad</a><br>
+<a href="#fig249">Statue of Liberty</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Philadelphia.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig250">Chestnut Street</a><br>
+<a href="#fig251">Market Street</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">St. Augustine, Fla.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4">
+<a href="#fig252">Fort San Marco</a><br>
+<a href="#fig253">Ponce de Leon</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in2" style="margin-top: 1em;">
+<span class="sc">Washington, D. C.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents_in4" style="margin-bottom: 2em;">
+<a href="#fig254">The Capitol</a><br>
+<a href="#fig255">White House</a>
+</p>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig001">
+ <img src="images/fig001.png" width="814" height="605" alt="Fig. 1">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BLARNEY CASTLE, <span class="sc">Ireland</span>.&mdash;Here are
+observed the ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands
+of tourists every year, on account of a tradition which has been
+attached for centuries to one of the stones used in building the
+castle. Its walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is
+principally noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed
+with the property of communicating to those who kiss its polished
+surface, the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular
+stone is 20 feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack
+MacCarthy, "Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 815px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig002">
+ <img src="images/fig002.png" width="815" height="618" alt="Fig. 2">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LAKES OF KILLARNEY, <span class="sc">Ireland</span>.&mdash;These
+are three connected lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The
+largest contains thirty islands, and covers an area of fifteen
+square miles. The beautiful scenery along the lakes consists in
+the gracefulness of the mountain outlines and the rich and varied
+colorings of the wooded shores. Here the beholder falters, and his
+spirit is overawed as in a dream, while he contemplates the power
+and grandeur of the Creator. The lakes are visited by thousands
+of tourists annually. The above photograph gives a general view
+of them.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig003">
+ <img src="images/fig003.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 3">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+DUBLIN, <span class="sc">Ireland</span>.&mdash;Dublin, the capital
+and chief city of Ireland, is the centre of the political,
+ecclesiastical, educational, commercial, military and railroad
+enterprises of the kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant
+of Ireland, and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence
+since the time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by
+the Danes, who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it
+was taken back by the English, and seven years later, its history
+began to be identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided
+into two parts by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges.
+This photograph represents Sackville street, one of its principal
+thoroughfares.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 815px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig004">
+ <img src="images/fig004.png" width="815" height="616" alt="Fig. 4">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, <span class="sc">Ireland</span>.&mdash;The Giant's
+Causeway derives its name from a mythical legend, representing
+it to be the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants
+across the channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier
+or promontory of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast
+of Antrim, Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes
+into the Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here
+represented, and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter
+from 15 to 20 inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is
+a most curious formation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig005">
+ <img src="images/fig005.png" width="813" height="614" alt="Fig. 5">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, <span class="sc">Glasgow,
+Scotland</span>.&mdash;Glasgow is one of the best governed cities
+in Great Britain, and has a broad, bold and enlightened policy that
+conduces to the health, comfort and advancement of its citizens.
+This photograph represents its municipal buildings and a statue
+of Sir Walter Scott. The building is large and imposing, and of
+a mixed style of architecture. It was erected in 1860, at a cost
+of nearly half a million dollars, and has a tower 210 feet high.
+The Post Office, Bank of Scotland, Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue
+Buildings are close by.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig006">
+ <img src="images/fig006.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 6">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LOCH LOMOND, <span class="sc">Scotland</span>.&mdash;Here is presented
+the largest and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish
+Lakes; it is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five
+miles wide. Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands,
+among which the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are
+of considerable size, and, by their craggy and wooded features,
+add greatly to the scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is
+unquestionably the pride of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others
+in extent and variety of scenery.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig007">
+ <img src="images/fig007.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 7">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+FORTH BRIDGE, <span class="sc">Scotland</span>.&mdash;This bridge,
+crossing the Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure
+in the world, and is the most striking feat yet achieved in
+bridge-building. It is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost
+$12,500,000. It was begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is
+built on the cantilever and central girder system, the principle
+of which is that of "stable equilibrium," its own weight helping
+to balance it more firmly in position. Each of the main spans is
+1700 feet long, and the deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight
+of the metal in the bridge is 50,000 tons.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig008">
+ <img src="images/fig008.png" width="816" height="615" alt="Fig. 8">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BALMORAL CASTLE, <span class="sc">Scotland</span>.&mdash;The above-named
+castle, the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully
+and romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen
+has two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at
+Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive.
+The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind
+of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is
+allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The
+cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of
+Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths
+of which is a deer forest.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig009">
+ <img src="images/fig009.png" width="818" height="619" alt="Fig. 9">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CLAMSHELL CAVE, <span class="sc">Island of Staffa,
+Scotland</span>.&mdash;The above cave is located on the Island
+of Staffa, in the Atlantic Ocean, not far from the mainland. It
+is one of those remarkable islands whose wonders have been known
+to the world for but little over a hundred years. The name of the
+island signifies <i>columns or staves</i>. At one time the coast
+was visited by violent volcanic actions, the effects of which may
+still be traced. Staffa is a little over a third of a mile in
+circumference, and presents a most interesting field of study for
+geologists.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig010">
+ <img src="images/fig010.png" width="813" height="615" alt="Fig. 10">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+EDINBURGH, <span class="sc">Scotland</span>.&mdash;Edinburgh, the
+capital of Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful
+cities in Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is
+the seat of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland,
+and is renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic
+history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on
+the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar
+to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in
+1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal
+thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock,
+the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig011">
+ <img src="images/fig011.png" width="814" height="614" alt="Fig. 11">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LIVERPOOL, <span class="sc">England</span>.&mdash;Liverpool, the
+second city and principal seaport of England, is situated on the
+right bank of the Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred
+and eighty-five miles from London. The town was founded by King
+John in 1207, and its growth for several centuries was very slow.
+In 1840 regular steamboat communications were opened between it
+and New York, which, no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence
+of Liverpool. The importation of raw cotton from the United States
+forms the great staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the
+Mersey for a distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands
+of workmen, are its most characteristic and interesting sights.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 817px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig012">
+ <img src="images/fig012.png" width="817" height="617" alt="Fig. 12">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LIME STREET, <span class="sc">Liverpool, England</span>.&mdash;Situated
+on the north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands
+the above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is
+noted for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed
+on the most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry
+docks, over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its
+principal avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture.
+The large building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the
+London and Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the
+building.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig013">
+ <img src="images/fig013.png" width="818" height="618" alt="Fig. 13">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MANCHESTER, <span class="sc">England</span>.&mdash;Manchester is
+the chief industrial town of England, and the great metropolis of
+the manufacturers of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery.
+Most of the streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but
+those in the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture
+represents Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal
+thoroughfares. This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and
+always crowded with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The
+statue in the centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly
+has a very animated appearance.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig014">
+ <img src="images/fig014.png" width="816" height="617" alt="Fig. 14">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WARWICK CASTLE, <span class="sc">Warwick, England</span>.&mdash;Warwick,
+a quaint old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill
+rising from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity,
+having been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied
+by the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline,
+and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon,
+stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of
+Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque
+feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 817px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig015">
+ <img src="images/fig015.png" width="817" height="616" alt="Fig. 15">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, <span class="sc">Stratford-on-Avon,
+England</span>.&mdash;Of all the ancient castles and monuments
+throughout England, the house of William Shakespeare at
+Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most interesting and popular.
+The chief literary glory of the world was born here, April 23,
+1564, which gives his home an ancient and noted history. The house
+has undergone various vicissitudes since his time, but the framework
+remains substantially unaltered. The rooms to the right on the
+ground floor contain interesting collections of portraits, early
+editions of his productions, his school-desk and signet-ring. The
+garden back of the house contains a selection of the trees and
+flowers mentioned in his plays.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig016">
+ <img src="images/fig016.png" width="814" height="613" alt="Fig. 16">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BRIGHTON, <span class="sc">England</span>.&mdash;This town, situated
+on the English Channel, forty-seven miles from London, extends
+three miles along the coast, and is fronted by a sea wall sixty
+feet in height, which forms a magnificent promenade. The town has
+elegant streets, squares and terraces, built in a style equal to
+the best in the metropolis. Its fisheries furnish large quantities
+of fish to the London market. In the time of George III., it was
+a mere fishing-village; but since his day, it has become the most
+fashionable watering-place in England.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig017">
+ <img src="images/fig017.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 17">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+OSBORNE HOUSE, <span class="sc">Isle of Wight,
+England</span>.&mdash;This is the residence of the Queen of England;
+it was completed in 1845, and is located near Cowes. The latter
+town is on the north coast of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite
+to the mouth of Southampton Water. The port between them is the
+chief one of the island, and the headquarters of the Royal Yacht
+Squadron. Behind the harbor the houses rise picturesquely on gentle
+wooded slopes, and numerous villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent
+residences and castles are located near by, of which the above
+picture is a fair representation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig018">
+ <img src="images/fig018.png" width="816" height="622" alt="Fig. 18">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HAMPTON COURT PALACE, <span class="sc">Hampton Court,
+England</span>.&mdash;This palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey,
+the favorite of Henry VIII., and was afterwards presented to the
+King. It was subsequently occupied by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William
+III., and the first two monarchs of the House of Hanover. Since
+the time of George II., Hampton Court has ceased to be a royal
+residence, and is now inhabited by various pensioners of the Crown.
+The various rooms that were formerly occupied by the royalty, are
+now devoted to the use of an extensive picture-gallery.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig019">
+ <img src="images/fig019.png" width="816" height="620" alt="Fig. 19">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, <span class="sc">Greenwich,
+England</span>.&mdash;Greenwich Observatory is situated six miles
+from London Bridge, on a hill one hundred and eighty feet high,
+in the centre of Greenwich Park. It marks the meridian from which
+English astronomers make their calculations. The correct time for
+the whole of England is settled here every day at one o'clock P.
+M.; a large colored ball descends many feet, when the time is
+telegraphed to the most important towns throughout the country. A
+standard clock, with the hours numbered from one to twenty-four,
+and various standard measures of length are placed outside the
+entrance, pro bono publico.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig020">
+ <img src="images/fig020.png" width="818" height="618" alt="Fig. 20">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WINDSOR CASTLE, <span class="sc">England</span>.&mdash;This favorite
+seat of the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London,
+at the town of Windsor, was frequently extended under succeeding
+monarchs, until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it
+was completed at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became one of the
+largest and most magnificent royal residences in the world. The
+Saxon kings resided on this spot long before the castle was founded
+by William the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of
+England, including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the
+castle is richly and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures,
+statuary, bronze monuments and other works of art.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig021">
+ <img src="images/fig021.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 21">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, <span class="sc">Windsor Castle,
+England</span>.&mdash;Windsor Castle, the residence of the Queen,
+is one of the largest and most magnificent royal residences in the
+world. The interior of the drawing-room, which is fitted up at
+an expense of many hundred thousand dollars, gives a person a fair
+conception of the elaborate and artistic display to be witnessed
+in numerous other apartments. The interior, beautified with colored
+marble, mosaics, sculpture, stained-glass, precious stones, and
+gilding in extraordinary profusion and richness, places it among
+the finest castles in all Europe.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig022">
+ <img src="images/fig022.png" width="813" height="608" alt="Fig. 22">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, <span class="sc">London,
+England</span>.&mdash;The roof of this station is said to be the
+most extensive in the world, being seven hundred feet long, two
+hundred and forty feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high.
+The hotel is the terminus of the railway by the same name, and is
+one of the largest in London. Travelers arriving at the metropolis
+of the world, by almost any of the large railway lines, can secure
+hotel accommodations at the end of their journey in the Railway
+Hotel.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig023">
+ <img src="images/fig023.png" width="818" height="614" alt="Fig. 23">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE STRAND, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;This
+street has been so named from its skirting the bank of the river,
+which is concealed here by the buildings. It is very broad, contains
+many handsome shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the
+city and the West End, and one of the busiest and most important
+thoroughfares in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period
+many of the mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here,
+with gardens stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the
+left are the new Law Courts.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig024">
+ <img src="images/fig024.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 24">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHEAPSIDE, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;This
+street is in the very heart of the "city" and is especially noted
+for its so-called "cheap shops," where is offered for sale every
+variety of articles, from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street
+is constantly so crowded with vehicles, that pedestrians are often
+delayed from fifteen to twenty minutes in crossing from one side to
+the other. It affords much pleasure to stroll along Cheapside and
+watch the crowds of pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the
+avenue. The buildings lining Cheapside have an imposing appearance,
+and are of uniform architecture.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 815px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig025">
+ <img src="images/fig025.png" width="815" height="614" alt="Fig. 25">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, <span class="sc">London,
+England</span>.&mdash;Conspicuous, on a slight eminence in the
+very heart of London, stands the above-named cathedral, the most
+prominent building of the city. It is claimed that in Pagan times a
+temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul's. The present church
+was begun in 1675, opened for divine service in 1697, and completed
+in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting to nearly $4,000,000, was
+defrayed by a tax on coal. The church resembles St. Peter's at
+Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross, five hundred feet long
+and one hundred and eighteen feet wide.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig026">
+ <img src="images/fig026.png" width="818" height="615" alt="Fig. 26">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE BANK OF ENGLAND, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;This
+irregular, isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four
+acres, and located in the central part of London, is the largest
+and most powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank
+in London which has the power to issue paper money; its average
+daily business is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and
+usually carries in its vaults from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000,
+while there are from 100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank's notes
+in circulation. On the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000
+stock brokers daily employment.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig027">
+ <img src="images/fig027.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 27">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOWER OF LONDON, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;This
+celebrated fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion
+of London. Some of the most interesting events in the history of the
+Old World are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the
+tower was commenced by Julius C&aelig;sar, while most writers affirm
+that William the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls
+enclose about twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch
+or moat, formerly filled with water. The tower was for a time a
+residence for the Monarchs of England; afterwards a prison for
+State criminals.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig028">
+ <img src="images/fig028.png" width="814" height="603" alt="Fig. 28">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LONDON BRIDGE, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;Centuries
+ago the Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the
+Thames, on the site of the present London Bridge; but they were
+all carried away by floods, or destroyed by fire. This bridge was
+begun in 1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of $10,000,000. The
+bridge, 928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite
+arches, that in the centre having a span of 152 feet. The lamp-posts
+on the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in
+the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians
+cross the bridge daily.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig029">
+ <img src="images/fig029.png" width="614" height="815" alt="Fig. 29">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;The
+Abbey, built in the form of cross, four hundred feet long and two
+hundred feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded in 610 A. D.
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="quote">
+"That antique pile,<br>
+&nbsp;Where royal heads receive the sacred gold;<br>
+&nbsp;It give them crowns, and does their ashes keep;<br>
+&nbsp;There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep,<br>
+&nbsp;Making the circle of their reign complete.<br>
+&nbsp;These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig030">
+ <img src="images/fig030.png" width="814" height="608" alt="Fig. 30">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, <span class="sc">London,
+England</span>.&mdash;These edifices form a single pile of buildings
+of the richest Gothic style. They cover over eight acres, contain
+one hundred stair-cases, eleven hundred apartments, and cost
+$15,000,000. They are perhaps the most costly national structure
+in the world. The Queen enters on the opening and prorogation of
+Parliament through the Victoria Tower, which is three hundred and
+forty feet high. The imposing river-front of the edifice is nine
+hundred and forty feet long, and adorned with statues of English
+monarchs, from William the Conqueror to Queen Victoria.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig031">
+ <img src="images/fig031.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 31">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TRAFALGAR SQUARE, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;Here
+is one of the finest open places in London. This great square,
+which is a centre of attraction, was dedicated to Lord Nelson,
+and commemorates his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar,
+October 22, 1805, gained by the English fleet over the combined
+armaments of France and Spain. In the centre of the Square, rises
+to the memory of the great hero, a massive granite column, one
+hundred and fifty-four feet high, and crowned with a statue of
+Nelson. At the foot of the pedestal is inscribed his last command,
+"England expects every man will do his duty."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig032">
+ <img src="images/fig032.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 32">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;The
+above palace, being now the Queen's residence and occupying the site
+of Buckingham House, was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham,
+and purchased by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825,
+but it remained vacant until 1837, when it was occupied by Queen
+Victoria, whose residence it has since continued to be. The palace
+now forms a quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet long.
+It contains a sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room,
+throne-room, grand saloon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and
+private apartments.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig033">
+ <img src="images/fig033.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 33">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROTTEN ROW, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;Rotten
+Row is the finest portion of Hyde Park, irrespectively of the
+magnificent groups of trees and expanses of grass for which English
+parks stand pre-eminent. The Park is surrounded by a handsome and
+lofty iron railing, and provided with nine carriage entrances.
+In the spring and summer the fashionable world rides, drives or
+walks through the Row; and in the drives are seen unbroken files
+of elegant equipages and high-bred horses in handsome trappings
+moving continually, presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered
+lackeys, and occupied by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely
+dressed women in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig034">
+ <img src="images/fig034.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 34">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ALBERT MEMORIAL, <span class="sc">London, England</span>.&mdash;This
+magnificent monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected
+by the English nation at a cost of $600,000. On a spacious platform,
+to which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned
+with reliefs in marble, representing artists of every period, poets.
+musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement
+sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy
+terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and
+surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five
+feet high, and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues,
+gildings, colored stones and mosaic.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 817px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig035">
+ <img src="images/fig035.png" width="817" height="617" alt="Fig. 35">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ANTWERP, <span class="sc">Belgium</span>.&mdash;Antwerp, the capital
+of a province of its own name, stands on the right bank of the
+Scheldt. It is strongly fortified; its walls and other defenses
+completely encompass the city on the land sides, having more than
+twelve miles of massive ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is
+exceedingly picturesque, an effect produced by its numerous churches,
+convents, magnificent public buildings, its elaborate and extensive
+fortifications, the profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately
+antique-looking houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the
+docks, dock-yards and basins, constructed by Bonaparte at an expense
+of $10,000,000, the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the
+finest in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 820px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig036">
+ <img src="images/fig036.png" width="820" height="620" alt="Fig. 36">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, <span
+class="sc">Belgium</span>.&mdash;Brussels, the capitol of Belgium
+and the residence of the royal family, is situated nearly in the
+centre of the Kingdom. The above picture presents a general view of
+the city, the tile roofs of the houses, with the Palace of Justice
+looming up in the background. This stately edifice, completed in
+1883, was erected at an expense of over $10,000,000. This high
+tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty structures of ancient
+Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of energy spent in their
+erection.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig037">
+ <img src="images/fig037.png" width="812" height="611" alt="Fig. 37">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PALACE OF THE KING, <span class="sc">Brussels, Belgium</span>.&mdash;The
+above edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected
+during the last century. These were connected by an intervening
+structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is
+one of the principal and notable buildings of the City of Brussels.
+The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up,
+and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted
+on the palace announces the presence of the King.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig038">
+ <img src="images/fig038.png" width="811" height="618" alt="Fig. 38">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BOURSE, <span class="sc">Brussels, Belgium</span>.&mdash;In the
+central portion of the City of Brussels on the Boulevard Anspach,
+rises the Bourse or New Exchange, an imposing pile in Louis XIV.
+style. Its vast proportions and almost excessive richness of
+ornamentation combine to make the building worthy of being the
+commercial centre of an important metropolis; but it has been sadly
+disfigured by the application of a coat of paint, necessitated
+by the foible nature of the stone. The principal fa&ccedil;ade
+is embellished with a Corinthian colonnade, to which there is an
+ascent of twenty steps.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig039">
+ <img src="images/fig039.png" width="616" height="817" alt="Fig. 39">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CITY HALL, <span class="sc">Brussels, Belgium</span>.&mdash;This
+is by far the most interesting edifice in the city, and one of the
+noblest and most beautiful buildings of the kind in Belgium. It
+is of irregular, quadrangular form, one hundred and ninety-eight
+feet in length, and one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and
+encloses a court. The principal fa&ccedil;ade is of Gothic style,
+and the graceful tower, which, however, for some unexplained reason
+does not rise from the centre of the structure, is three hundred
+and seventy feet in height. The entire building dates back to the
+fourteenth century, and is still occupied by municipal offices.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig040">
+ <img src="images/fig040.png" width="620" height="818" alt="Fig. 40">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.&mdash;In the central part of the City of
+Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the above edifice, one
+of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches in Belgium.
+It consists of a nave and aisle, having a retro-choir, and deep
+bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has been in
+constant use for 670 years. While the elements of time are crumbling
+its outside surface, leaving an abundance of disintegrated matter at
+the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine paintings
+and kept in apparently good order.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig041">
+ <img src="images/fig041.png" width="620" height="816" alt="Fig. 41">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE FORBIDDEN BOOK (<span class="sc">By Ooms), Academy of Fine
+Arts, Brussels, Belgium</span>&mdash;This striking painting by
+that celebrated artist, is a pleasing commingling of many colors,
+which, of course, are lost in the photograph. The picture represents
+a private library, the father and daughter eagerly devouring the
+contents of the Bible. Unexpected foot-steps are heard; hence the
+frightened look of both, for, in those days, reading the Bible was
+punished by death. The painting is a subject study for the earnest
+Bible-reader.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig042">
+ <img src="images/fig042.png" width="818" height="619" alt="Fig. 42">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SCHEVENINGEN, <span class="sc">Holland</span>.&mdash;This famous and
+popular summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The
+sand is firm and smooth, and the place possesses a great advantage
+over other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and
+woods in close proximity, the latter affording pleasant and shady
+walks. What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the
+above picture, are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off
+the sun. Scores of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of
+people lie on the beach from early morning until late at night.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig043">
+ <img src="images/fig043.png" width="814" height="614" alt="Fig. 43">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+AMSTERDAM, <span class="sc">Holland</span>.&mdash;This is the largest
+and most important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital.
+It stands on a soft, wet ground, under which, at a depth of fifty
+feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which
+buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus
+of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops
+of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows.
+Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing
+town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig044">
+ <img src="images/fig044.png" width="816" height="614" alt="Fig. 44">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WIND-MILL, <span class="sc">Holland</span>.&mdash;Millions wonder
+that a country so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger
+is almost unable to decide whether land or water predominates. Those
+broken and compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the
+lakes and canals crossing each other, all combine to give the idea
+of a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In
+the thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland
+and formed the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing the
+death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save the
+country from destructive inundations, the Hollanders press the air
+into their service, which is represented by the above wind-mill.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig045">
+ <img src="images/fig045.png" width="810" height="611" alt="Fig. 45">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHRISTIANSAND, <span class="sc">Norway</span>.&mdash;Christiansand
+is the largest town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula,
+and the residence of one of the five Norwegian Bishops. It is
+beautifully situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand
+Fjord. The town is named after Christian IV., by whom it was founded
+in 1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at
+right angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the
+coasting steamers of that country, and those from England, Germany
+and Denmark, arrive regularly.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig046">
+ <img src="images/fig046.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 46">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BERGEN, <span class="sc">Norway</span>.&mdash;Bergen is one of the
+oldest and most picturesque cities in Norway. The general aspect of
+the town is modern, though traces of its antiquity are not wanting.
+The older part adjoins the spacious harbor called Vaagen, and spreads
+over the rocky heights at the base of the Florfjeld and over the
+peninsula of Mordanes. Fish has always been the staple commodity
+of the city, and it is still the greatest fish market in Norway.
+The above picture represents the harbor, with vegetable-peddlers
+and their portable stalls in the foreground.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig047">
+ <img src="images/fig047.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 47">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NIERDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, <span class="sc">Norway</span>.&mdash;One of
+the grandest and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken
+coast of Norway, is represented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed
+by the melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices
+of the high mountains on every side. The mountains on both sides
+of this inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet.
+The steamer in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly
+trips between Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the
+most northern town in the world. During the summer season, these
+steamers are crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This
+fact evinces the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must
+afford to travellers.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig048">
+ <img src="images/fig048.png" width="818" height="614" alt="Fig. 48">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NORTH CAPE, <span class="sc">Norway</span>.&mdash;This cape (71&deg;
+10' N. Lat.), consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with
+deep clefts, rising abruptly from the sea, is usually considered
+the most northern point of Europe; its height is about nine hundred
+and seventy feet. The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time
+this photograph was taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable
+ocean in apparent contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines
+and the most sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here,
+as in a dream, the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals
+seem to culminate.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig049">
+ <img src="images/fig049.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 49">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MOSCOW, <span class="sc">Russia</span>.&mdash;Moscow, which was at
+one time the capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded
+nearly seven hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its
+history is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging
+the French from their winter quarters during the French and Russian
+war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets
+and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent
+squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and
+a university with 1000 students. This photograph represents the
+principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank
+it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the air
+with its lofty spires.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig050">
+ <img src="images/fig050.png" width="813" height="613" alt="Fig. 50">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WINTER PALACE, <span class="sc">St. Petersburg,
+Russia</span>.&mdash;This magnificent palace is fronted with a
+large number of Corinthian columns, which give it a formidable
+yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the front and sides,
+it is adorned by a number of statues representing various emblems
+and figures in Russian history. The most beautiful apartment of
+the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white saloon, where the court
+f&ecirc;tes are held. The room contains the crown jewels of Russia,
+and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect is most dazzling.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 788px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig051">
+ <img src="images/fig051.png" width="788" height="616" alt="Fig. 51">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE CATHEDRAL, <span class="sc">Cologne, Germany</span>.&mdash;This
+building justly excites the admiration of every beholder, and is
+probably the most magnificent Gothic edifice in the world. It stands
+on a slight eminence, sixty feet above the Rhine. As early as the ninth
+century, an Episcopal church occupied the site, but the inhabitants
+regarded it to be unworthy, as compared with the prosperity of the
+city, and consequently started a new one. The foundation-stone
+of the present structure was laid on August 14, 1248. On the 15th
+of October, 1880, the completion of the Cathedral was celebrated
+in the presence of William I.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig052">
+ <img src="images/fig052.png" width="814" height="614" alt="Fig. 52">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BINGEN, <span class="sc">Germany</span>.&mdash;Bingen, a Hessian
+town of Prussia, with a population of 7100, is situated at the
+confluence of the Nahe and Rhine rivers. The Romans erected a castle
+here in 70, when a battle was fought between them and the Gauls.
+Bingen carries on a large trade in wine, starch and leather. The
+town is in a beautiful and highly picturesque country, and is visited
+by thousands of tourists during the summer season. On an island in
+the Rhine is the Mansethum, or "Rat Tower," a structure erected
+in the thirteenth century. Bingen is celebrated in song, poetry,
+story and history.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig053">
+ <img src="images/fig053.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 53">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+EHRENBREITSTEIN, <span class="sc">Germany</span>.&mdash;This small
+town, with five thousand three hundred inhabitants, prettily situated
+in a valley, is crowned with the fortresses of Ehrenbreitstein
+and Asterstein, which are connected with Coblenz by a bridge of
+boats, about four hundred yards in length. The majestic fortress
+of Ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the Moselle, and
+is situated on a precipitous rock, three hundred and eighty-five
+feet above the Rhine, inaccessible on three sides, and connected
+with the neighboring heights on the north side only. The view from
+the top is one of the finest on the Rhine. It embraces the fertile
+Rhine Valley from Stolzenfels to Andernach.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig054">
+ <img src="images/fig054.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 54">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, <span class="sc">Germany</span>.&mdash;The
+above city, formerly one of the few independent towns of Germany,
+now belongs to Prussia. Old watch-towers in the vicinity indicate
+its ancient extent. The city lies on a spacious plain bounded by
+mountains, on the right bank of the navigable river Main. On the
+left bank lies Sachenhausen, a suburb connected with Frankfort by
+four stone bridges and one suspension bridge. In a commercial,
+and particularly a financial, point of view, Frankfort is one of
+the most important cities of Germany.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig055">
+ <img src="images/fig055.png" width="621" height="820" alt="Fig. 55">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MARTIN LUTHER'S HOUSE, <span class="sc">Frankfort-on-the-Main,
+Germany</span>.&mdash;Here is a historic relic which justly excites
+the admiration of the beholder. This is where Martin Luther lived
+for a time after he had nailed to a church-door in Wittenberg the
+theses in which he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable
+traffic carried on for the Pope by Tetzel and his accomplices.
+This brought to the front a man who had certainly many faults,
+but who amply made up for them by his force of intellect and the
+loftiness of his aims.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 627px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig056">
+ <img src="images/fig056.png" width="627" height="813" alt="Fig. 56">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, <span class="sc">Bethmann's Museum,
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany</span>.&mdash;This exquisite piece of
+sculpture is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart,
+who is likewise famous for his bust of Schiller. Of the many subjects
+sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm
+of novelty, which has made it a European favorite in a reduced
+size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female
+human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides,
+that attracts the admiration.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig057">
+ <img src="images/fig057.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 57">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+UNIVERSITY BUILDING, <span class="sc">Leipsic,
+Germany</span>.&mdash;Leipsic is one of the great commercial cities
+of Germany, the centre of the German book-trade, the seat of the
+supreme law-courts of the German Empire, and contains one of the
+most ancient and important universities in Europe. The interior of
+the city consists of lofty and closely built houses, dating chiefly
+from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded
+by five handsome suburbs, beyond which is a series of villages,
+almost adjacent to the town. The above picture represents one of
+the University buildings.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig058">
+ <img src="images/fig058.png" width="818" height="616" alt="Fig. 58">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL PALACE, <span class="sc">Berlin, Germany</span>.&mdash;This
+palace, six hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty
+feet wide, and rectangular in form, rises in four stories to the
+height of one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two
+hundred and thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great,
+it served as a residence for all the members of the royal family,
+contained all the royal collections, and was the seat of several
+government officials. Now it is used for reception rooms, and a
+dwelling for royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive
+and imposing; the interior is beautifully embellished.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig059">
+ <img src="images/fig059.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 59">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BERLIN, <span class="sc">Germany</span>.&mdash;Berlin, the capital
+of Prussia and the home of the emperor, with its large and beautiful
+buildings and its regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities
+in Europe. The most noted street is that called "Unter den Linden,"
+the city's pride, a broad and imposing thoroughfare, resembling the
+boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at
+one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the other by the equestrian
+statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph.
+The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial museum and
+many other noted buildings border on "Unter den Linden," which
+is nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 623px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig060">
+ <img src="images/fig060.png" width="623" height="821" alt="Fig. 60">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STATUE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, <span class="sc">Berlin,
+Germany</span>.&mdash;This impressive and masterly work was erected
+in 1851 at one end of the "Linden," and is probably the grandest
+monument of its kind in Europe. The great King is represented on
+horse-back, with his coronation-robes and walking-stick. The pedestal
+is divided into four sections. The upper one contains allegorical
+figures and scenes in Frederick's life, with the figures Moderation,
+Justice, Wisdom and Strength at the corners; the second section
+contains figures of the King's officers, and the lower section,
+the names of other distinguished men.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig061">
+ <img src="images/fig061.png" width="816" height="614" alt="Fig. 61">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE BRANDENBURG GATE, <span class="sc">Berlin, Germany</span>.&mdash;The
+Brandenburg Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten,
+was erected in 1793 in imitation of the Propyl&aelig;a at Athens. It
+is 85 feet high and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages,
+separated by massive Doric columns. It is at the one end of "Unter
+den Linden," and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages
+only. The material is sandstone, and it is surmounted by a Quadriga
+of Victory from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but
+restored in 1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian
+Temples, one of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a
+guard-house. Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance
+and beauty.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig062">
+ <img src="images/fig062.png" width="614" height="816" alt="Fig. 62">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MONUMENT OF VICTORY, <span class="sc">Berlin, Germany</span>.&mdash;This
+monument, rising to a height of two hundred feet, stands on a circular
+terrace, approached by eight granite steps in the Thiergarten.
+It was dedicated on September 2, 1873, to commemorate the great
+victories of 1870 and 1871. The massive square pedestal is adorned
+with reliefs in bronze. Above, in the flutings of the column, which
+consists of yellow, grayish sandstone, are placed three rows of
+Danish, Austrian and French cannon, captured in the different battles
+fought with those nations.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 622px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig063">
+ <img src="images/fig063.png" width="622" height="821" alt="Fig. 63">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, <span class="sc">Potsdam,
+Germany</span>.&mdash;Potsdam is almost entirely surrounded by
+a fringe of royal palaces, parks and pleasure-grounds. Here is
+located the palace of Sanssouci. Adjacent to the palace is the
+famous windmill, now royal property, which its owner refused to
+sell to the King, meeting threatened violence by an appeal to the
+judges of its supreme court.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 602px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig064">
+ <img src="images/fig064.png" width="602" height="818" alt="Fig. 64">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MADONNA DI SAN SISTO <span class="sc">(by Raphael), Dresden Gallery,
+Dresden, Germany</span>.&mdash;This masterpiece of Raphael, was
+photographed direct from the original painting, worth $400,000.
+It is an altar-piece, representing the Virgin and Child in clouds,
+with St. Sixtus on the right, St. Barbara on the left, and the
+cherubs beneath. A curtain has just been drawn back, and the Virgin
+issues, as it were, from the depth of Heaven, her large serene
+eyes seeming to embrace the whole world in their gaze. The most
+striking feature of the painting is the expression of naive innocence
+depicted on the faces of the cherubs.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig065">
+ <img src="images/fig065.png" width="816" height="617" alt="Fig. 65">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MAGDALENE <span class="sc">(by Battoni),<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Dresden Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dresden, Germany.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 802px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig066">
+ <img src="images/fig066.png" width="802" height="618" alt="Fig. 66">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, <span class="sc">France</span>.&mdash;Paris,
+the largest city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an
+area of thirty square miles, with a population of about 2,000,000.
+The river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is
+spanned by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven principal are
+shown on this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks,
+magnificent churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of
+which the Champs Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre
+of the political, artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial
+life of the nation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 805px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig067">
+ <img src="images/fig067.png" width="805" height="612" alt="Fig. 67">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;Place
+de la Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks
+in Paris, being considered, by the best authorities, the finest
+in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries
+and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical associations are connected
+with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during
+1793-4-5; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops
+frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power.
+The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite
+76 feet high, was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and
+erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest
+of the park.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig068">
+ <img src="images/fig068.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 68">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MADELEINE, PARIS, <span class="sc">France</span>.&mdash;The foundation
+of this church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found
+the edifice unfinished, and Napoleon I. ordered the building to be
+completed as a "Temple of Glory." Louis XVIII., however, returned
+to the original intention of making it a church. The edifice was
+finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was
+upwards of $2,500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive
+Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows,
+is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through
+sky-lights in the roof.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig069">
+ <img src="images/fig069.png" width="814" height="619" alt="Fig. 69">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+OPERA HOUSE, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This
+is a most sumptuous edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an
+area of nearly three acres. Nothing can surpass the magnificence
+of the materials with which it is decorated, and for which almost
+all Europe has made contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded
+a supply of green and red granite; from Italy were brought the
+yellow and white marbles; from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain,
+"brocatello;" and from France, other marbles of various colors.
+The cost of the site was over $2,000,000, and that of the building
+nearly $8,000,000.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig070">
+ <img src="images/fig070.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 70">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GREAT BOULEVARDS, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;The
+splendid line of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which
+extend on the north side of the Seine, from the Madeleine at one
+end, to the Bastile at the other, was originally the line of
+fortifications or bulwarks of the City of Paris. In 1670, the city
+having extended northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats
+were filled up, the walls destroyed and the above Boulevards formed.
+This photograph represents the Grand Hotel at the corner of the
+Place de l'Opera.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 608px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig071">
+ <img src="images/fig071.png" width="608" height="810" alt="Fig. 71">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+JULY COLUMN, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;The above
+monument was erected after the Revolution of July, 1830, in honor of
+the heroes who fell on that occasion, and solemnly dedicated in 1840.
+The total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet,
+resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble, originally
+intended for Napoleon's Elephant, which he had planned to erect in
+bronze on this spot; but his plans were never consummated. On the
+sub-struction rises a square basement, on each side of which are
+four bronze medallions, symbolical of Justice, the Constitution,
+Strength and Freedom.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig072">
+ <img src="images/fig072.png" width="616" height="818" alt="Fig. 72">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC, <span class="sc">Paris,
+France</span>.&mdash;This national statue is made of bronze, and
+was erected in 1883. The stone pedestal, fifty feet in height, is
+surrounded with seated bronze figures of Liberty, Equality and
+Fraternity. The statue, thirty-two feet high to the top of the
+olive branch, makes a striking and imposing appearance. In front
+is a brazen lion, with the urn of universal suffrage. On the stone
+pedestal are hewn the words, "To the Glory of the Republic of France,
+to the City of Paris, 1883." This statue was the model for the
+Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 613px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig073">
+ <img src="images/fig073.png" width="613" height="813" alt="Fig. 73">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+VENDOME COLUMN, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;Here
+is an imitation of Trajan's column at Rome. It is one hundred and
+forty-two feet high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected
+by the order of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810, to commemorate his
+victories in 1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures
+on the spiral column represent memorable scenes, from the breaking
+up of the camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal
+of these figures was obtained by melting 1200 Russian and Austrian
+cannons. The top is a statue of Napoleon.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig074">
+ <img src="images/fig074.png" width="814" height="612" alt="Fig. 74">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL PALACE, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;The
+above palace, erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied
+after his death by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII., with
+her sons Louis XIV., and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority.
+In 1815 the Orleans family regained possession of the Palais Royal;
+and it was occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the
+outbreak of the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous ball here
+in honor of Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871,
+the Communists set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been
+carefully restored.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig075">
+ <img src="images/fig075.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 75">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HOTEL DE VILLE, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;The
+above edifice, in many respects one of the finest buildings in
+Paris, may be regarded as an enlarged reproduction of the original
+building, with richer ornamentation and more convenient arrangements.
+It has played a conspicuous part in the different revolutions, having
+been the usual rallying place of the Democratic party. Here was also
+celebrated the union of the July Monarchy with the Bourgeoisie, when
+Louis Philippe presented himself at one of the windows in August,
+1830, and, in view of the populace, embraced Lafayette.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig076">
+ <img src="images/fig076.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 76">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, <span class="sc">Paris,
+France</span>.&mdash;Founded in 1163, but not completed until the
+thirteenth century. Since then the building has been frequently
+altered. During the Revolution the Cathedral was sadly desecrated.
+The side chapels were devoted to orgies of various kinds. In 1802
+it was again re-opened by Napoleon as a place of divine worship.
+During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated by the Communists. The treasury
+was rifled, and the building used as a military depot. When the
+insurgents were compelled to retreat, they set fire to the church,
+but fortunately little damage was done.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig077">
+ <img src="images/fig077.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 77">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PALACE OF JUSTICE, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This
+palace, occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of
+France, was presented by Charles VIII., in 1431, to the Parliament
+or Supreme Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by
+fire in 1618 and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except
+the two round domes which are seen on the right of the picture.
+The bridge seen in connection with the avenue in the foreground,
+spans the Seine, having been built by Napoleon, while the avenue
+itself leads to the Exchange.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig078">
+ <img src="images/fig078.png" width="814" height="615" alt="Fig. 78">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ARC OF TRIUMPH, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This
+is the finest triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one
+end of the Champs Elysees, on an eminence, and can be seen from
+nearly every part of the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate
+from it, nearly all of them sloping upward to the arch. It was
+commenced by Napoleon I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe
+in 1836, at a cost of $2,000,000.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 617px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig079">
+ <img src="images/fig079.png" width="617" height="818" alt="Fig. 79">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+DOME DES INVALIDES, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;The
+beautiful gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which
+surmounts the church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at
+a great distance, is built on the north side of the Seine, and
+forms a part of the Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides,
+founded in 1670 by Louis XIV., for aged veterans, covers an area
+of thirty-one acres. Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt
+below the floor, containing the tomb of Napoleon.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig080">
+ <img src="images/fig080.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 80">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOMB OF NAPOLEON, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This
+tomb is situated beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular
+crypt, twenty feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter. The
+walls are of polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs.
+On the mosaic pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen feet long,
+six and one-half feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a
+huge block of reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons, and
+costing $30,000. At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon's
+last request: "I wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine,
+in the midst of the French people, whom I loved so well." To these
+words, as well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman
+reverts with pride.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig081">
+ <img src="images/fig081.png" width="614" height="814" alt="Fig. 81">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+EIFFEL TOWER, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This
+enormous monument surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected.
+From all parts of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely
+dwarfing into insignificance every public building and spire that
+Paris contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and
+comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time, contains
+caf&eacute;s and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground,
+and the third, 863 feet. The total height of the Tower is 985 feet,
+being the loftiest monument in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 618px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig082">
+ <img src="images/fig082.png" width="618" height="816" alt="Fig. 82">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PANTHEON, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This structure
+standing on the highest ground in the City of Paris, occupies the
+site of the tomb of Ste. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. The
+present edifice was completed in 1790. The new church was dedicated
+to Ste. Genevieve, but in 1791 the Convention resolved to convert it
+into a kind of memorial temple, which they named the "Pantheon."
+In 1885 it was secularized for the obsequies of Victor Hugo. The
+edifice is of most imposing dimensions, in the form of a Greek
+cross. The building resembles the Pantheon in Rome.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig083">
+ <img src="images/fig083.png" width="813" height="614" alt="Fig. 83">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LOUVRE BUILDINGS, <span class="sc">Paris, France</span>.&mdash;Here
+are presented the most important public buildings in Paris, both
+architecturally and on account of the treasures of art they contain.
+The oldest part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical
+events. It is divided into two different sections, the ground floor
+being devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain
+the Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections
+of Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture
+gallery, a saloon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek
+and other antiquities.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 611px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig084">
+ <img src="images/fig084.png" width="611" height="812" alt="Fig. 84">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+VENUS DE MILO, <span class="sc">Louvre Gallery, Paris</span>.&mdash;This
+statue of Aphrodite, which was found on the Island of Melos, now
+Milo, at the entrance to the Greek Archipelago, was sold to the
+French Government for 6000 francs, and is now not for sale for
+its weight in gold. It is exhibited in the Louvre and represents
+one of the most celebrated treasures of the Gallery. Aphrodite is
+here represented, not only as a beautiful woman, but as a goddess,
+as is seen by her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression
+of the head, indicating her independence of human needs and the
+placid self-competence of her divine character. It is one of the
+masterpieces which constitute the great marvel of antiquity.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig085">
+ <img src="images/fig085.png" width="812" height="618" alt="Fig. 85">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="sc">Louvre Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paris, France</span>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig086">
+ <img src="images/fig086.png" width="620" height="803" alt="Fig. 86">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PEACEMAKER OF THE VILLAGE <span class="sc">(by Greuze), Louvre
+Gallery, Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This painting was executed
+by the renowned French artist when nearly at the zenith of his
+powers, and is only one of the many giant masterpieces by this
+celebrated painter. Greuze, when quite young, showed considerable
+talent, which was encouraged by a Lyonese artist. At the advice
+of the latter, he drifted to Paris and produced several Biblical
+subjects, followed by others of the same class. He left France
+for Italy, but returned soon after and produced the above painting
+in 1759-61, followed by others, with increasing success.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig087">
+ <img src="images/fig087.png" width="614" height="814" alt="Fig. 87">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE LAST VEIL <span class="sc">(by Bouret),<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Luxembourg Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paris, France</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig088">
+ <img src="images/fig088.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 88">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ARREST IN THE VILLAGE <span class="sc">(by Salmson),<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Luxembourg Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paris, France.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig089">
+ <img src="images/fig089.png" width="612" height="813" alt="Fig. 89">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+A MOTHER <span class="sc">(By Lenoir),<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Luxembourg Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paris, France.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig090">
+ <img src="images/fig090.png" width="612" height="813" alt="Fig. 90">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+JOAN OF ARC <span class="sc">(By Chapu), Luxembourg Gallery, Paris,
+France.</span>&mdash;Known in France as Jeanne d'Arc, the maid of
+Orleans was born about 1411. In 1428, when Orleans, the key to
+the south of France, was infested by the English, she rode at the
+head of an army, clothed in a coat of mail, armed with an ancient
+sword, and carrying a white standard of her own design, embroidered
+with lilies, and having on the one side the image of God holding
+the world in His hand, on the other a representation of the
+annunciation. The siege of the town was broken, but she was often
+accused of being a heretic and sorcerer, and was burned at the
+stake May 30, 1431.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig091">
+ <img src="images/fig091.png" width="808" height="614" alt="Fig. 91">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PAYING THE REAPERS <span class="sc">(by Lhermitte), Luxembourg
+Gallery, Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This famous painting, from
+which the photograph is a direct copy, represents a farm scene.
+The laborers have just finished their day's work. The man with the
+scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open shirt, is a genuine representation
+of an honest and industrious laborer. The expression on his face
+shows a tired look, but a spirit of contentment gently steals over
+his face, which nearly all true and honest country people possess
+after a day's hard labor.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig092">
+ <img src="images/fig092.png" width="816" height="612" alt="Fig. 92">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+IGNORANCE <span class="sc">(by J. Comerre Paton), Luxembourg Gallery,
+Paris, France</span>.&mdash;This is one of the most celebrated
+paintings by this popular artist. The outlines of the girl are
+perfect. The graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression
+of the face and the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly
+beautiful. The tiny cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet,
+the bare arms, and the comfortable position of the girl, all add
+to her beauty. In the photograph the blended colors of the original
+painting are lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this
+copy.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig093">
+ <img src="images/fig093.png" width="816" height="615" alt="Fig. 93">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL PALACE, <span class="sc">Versailles, France</span>.&mdash;This
+palace presents a most imposing appearance; the principal fa&ccedil;ade
+is no less than one-fourth of a mile long. The building dates back,
+for the erection of its various parts, to several different periods,
+and was the royal residence of the various rulers of France. It
+has remained uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob,
+which included many thousand women. The various halls and rooms
+are now devoted to the use of most interesting picture galleries.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig094">
+ <img src="images/fig094.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 94">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL CARRIAGE, <span class="sc">Versailles, France</span>.&mdash;In
+the Museum of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal
+vehicles from the time of the first Emperor to the baptism of the
+Prince Imperial in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV.,
+and sedan chairs. The royal carriage in the picture is that of
+Charles X., afterwards used by Napoleon on various occasions, the
+letter "N" being still seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The
+carriage is valued at $200,000, and considered one of the finest
+vehicles of its kind in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 618px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig095">
+ <img src="images/fig095.png" width="815" height="618" alt="Fig. 95">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR <span class="sc">(By Muller)
+Versailles Gallery, Versailles, France</span>.&mdash;The French
+Revolution, more commonly termed the "Reign of Terror," is perhaps
+unparalleled in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of
+citizens were guillotined, and when that process proved too slow,
+they were shot down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison
+scene crowded with "suspects." The officer to the right, with a
+list of condemned criminals, calls out the names of those to be
+put to death, each one fearing that his or her name will be next
+called to join the procession to the guillotine on the Place de
+la Concorde. The photograph presents a view of the last victims
+of that terrible war.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig096">
+ <img src="images/fig096.png" width="812" height="617" alt="Fig. 96">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NAPOLEON AT AUSTERLITZ <span class="sc">(By Vernet), Versailles
+Gallery, Versailles, France</span>.&mdash;The conqueror here views
+the progress of the battle between the French troops, numbering
+90,000 men, and the allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on
+his white horse, receives reports from his generals in the field,
+while with his field-glass he watches the advancing columns of
+both sides. This decisive battle was witnessed by three Emperors,
+those of France, Russia and Austria, and resulted in a glorious
+victory for Napoleon and the French. A treaty of peace followed
+between France and Austria; but it was of short duration, for the
+dangerous ambition of Napoleon could not fail to force all European
+nations into alliance.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig097">
+ <img src="images/fig097.png" width="614" height="815" alt="Fig. 97">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NAPOLEON <span class="sc">(by Gosse), Versailles Gallery, Versailles,
+France</span>.&mdash;The above represents the "Little Corporal" on
+July 7, 1807, at Tilsit, a commercial town of Eastern Prussia,
+ratifying the treaty with Russia and Prussia. Russia needed rest,
+and Napoleon was not sorry to pause. It was the highest point of
+the Emperor's renown. His hand was felt throughout all Europe;
+it seemed as if England alone were beyond his power.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig098">
+ <img src="images/fig098.png" width="816" height="619" alt="Fig. 98">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL PALACE, <span class="sc">Fontainebleau, France</span>.&mdash;This
+palace, situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy
+the site of a former fortified chateau, founded in 1162. It was
+Francis I., however, who converted the medi&aelig;val fortress into a
+palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. The exterior
+is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices,
+as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only
+two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig099">
+ <img src="images/fig099.png" width="816" height="618" alt="Fig. 99">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THRONE ROOM, <span class="sc">Fontaineleau Palace,
+France</span>.&mdash;This magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief,
+containing a chandelier in rock-crystal, and wainscoated in the
+reign of Louis XIV., is perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of
+the palace. From here Napoleon almost ruled the world. The canopy
+of the throne rises by graceful folds to the rim of the high crown.
+The bees and the letter "N" on the chair, and on either side of
+the throne, are symbolic of Napoleon. It was in this same room
+where the Emperor declared his divorce from Josephine.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig100">
+ <img src="images/fig100.png" width="814" height="620" alt="Fig. 100">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, <span class="sc">Fontainebleau Palace,
+France</span>.&mdash;This room is embellished with tapestry from
+Flanders, woven into the myth of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief,
+the old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century,
+while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres ware. The table in
+the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication
+before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of
+April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished
+wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through
+the palace daily.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig101">
+ <img src="images/fig101.png" width="812" height="618" alt="Fig. 101">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+APARTMENT OF MME. DE MAINTENON, <span class="sc">Fontainebleau
+Palace, France</span>.&mdash;Madame de Maintenon was the second
+wife of Louis XIV., although no written proof of such a marriage
+is extant; but, that it took place, is nevertheless certain. As
+a wife, she was wholly admirable; she had to entertain a man that
+would not be amused, and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict
+court etiquette of absolute obedience to the King's inclinations.
+This she always did cheerfully, and never complained of weariness
+or illness. Her apartments still appear as they did when occupied
+by her.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig102">
+ <img src="images/fig102.png" width="813" height="614" alt="Fig. 102">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NICE, <span class="sc">France</span>.&mdash;Superbly situated on
+the shores of the Mediterranean is the City of Nice. In winter it
+is the rendezvous of invalids and others from all parts of Europe,
+who seek refuge here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of
+the North. The season begins with the races early in January, and
+closes with a great regatta at the beginning of April; but visitors
+abound from October until May. In summer the place is deserted.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig103">
+ <img src="images/fig103.png" width="818" height="608" alt="Fig. 103">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MONACO.&mdash;This principality of Europe, French in language, but
+Italian in tradition, is located in the southern part of France,
+on the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is six square miles, and consists
+principally of the town of Monaco and its suburbs, which stand on
+a high promontory. Monaco has a fine palace, a new cathedral, a
+college, a noted casino, where gambling is licensed to pay with its
+profits the state expenses; it has also manufactories of spirits,
+fine pottery, bricks, perfumery, and objects of myth. The principality
+is now virtually under French control.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig104">
+ <img src="images/fig104.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 104">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MONTE CARLO, <span class="sc">France</span>.&mdash;This place is
+a health-resort in winter and a sea-bathing place in summer; but
+the chief attraction to many is the "tapis vert" at the Casino.
+Monte Carlo belongs politically to the diminutive principality
+of Monaco; the former, as seen in the picture, is picturesquely
+situated on a small level at the foot of a high range of mountains,
+skirting the Mediterranean. The building to the left with turrets is
+the Casino. The population of the place is almost entirely transient.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 817px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig105">
+ <img src="images/fig105.png" width="817" height="616" alt="Fig. 105">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GAMING HALL, <span class="sc">Monte Carlo, France</span>.&mdash;Every
+portion of the interior of the Casino, of which the gaming-rooms
+are a part, is luxuriously fitted up. The ceilings are elaborately
+frescoed, while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art.
+Admission to the above room is obtained free upon presentation
+of a visiting card at the office. The games in progress from 11 A.
+M. until 11 P. M., are generally roulette, and patronized by men
+and women of all ages and from all countries. For the student of
+human nature, the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity
+to study mankind.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig106">
+ <img src="images/fig106.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 106">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MADRID, <span class="sc">Spain</span>.-General view. This city is
+finely situated on a wide plain of the Guadalquivir. It contains
+an abundance of wealth and power, and is famous for its oranges
+and women. The city is very old, its history dating back as far
+as 600. It is noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished
+Spaniards. Magellan, the famous navigator, sailed from here in
+1519, to discover Magellan Strait. The winter season is very mild
+and pleasant, and there is not a day in the whole year in which
+the sun does not shine.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig107">
+ <img src="images/fig107.png" width="616" height="817" alt="Fig. 107">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SEVILLE, <span class="sc">Spain</span>.&mdash;On the left bank of
+the Guadalquiver, in a level country as productive as a garden, stands
+the city of Seville. It is highly picturesque in its combination of
+buildings and with a river navigable to its very limits; it is
+astir with life and commerce. From the earliest time, this city has
+been the chief outlet for the wealth of Spain. In the poorer portions
+of the town, the open places are converted into market-stands,
+as seen above. Across the river, spanned by a bridge, is a Gypsy
+quarter of Triana.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig108">
+ <img src="images/fig108.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 108">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BULL FIGHT, <span class="sc">Seville, Spain</span>.&mdash;This
+photograph represents the great bull-ring of the city, with a capacity
+for eighteen thousand people and crowded with spectators to witness
+the great national amusement. A general holiday prevails on such
+occasions. Every one, rich and poor, possessing a grain of taste
+for bloody scenes and striking spectacles, can be found in the
+Amphitheatre on such occasions. The show generally lasts for several
+hours, during which several bulls, more horses, and not unfrequently,
+men are killed in the combat.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 802px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig109">
+ <img src="images/fig109.png" width="802" height="611" alt="Fig. 109">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOLEDO, <span class="sc">Spain</span>.&mdash;This city is situated
+on a rocky height, forty-one miles south-west of Madrid; its climate
+is very cold in winter and hot in summer. The Cathedral of Toledo,
+the metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is four hundred
+feet in length, and two hundred and four feet in width, with a lofty
+tower and spire. Toledo has long been famous for its manufactories
+of sword-blades, and great skill is still shown in tempering the
+m. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors in 714; it
+was retained by the latter until 1085, when it was permanently
+annexed to the crown of Castile.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 815px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig110">
+ <img src="images/fig110.png" width="815" height="617" alt="Fig. 110">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GIBRALTAR, <span class="sc">Spain</span>.&mdash;This remarkable
+fortress, which is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity
+of Spain, and forms the key to the Mediterranean, is connected
+with the continent by a low sandy isthmus, one and one-half miles
+long, and three-fourths of a mile wide. The highest point of the
+rock is about one thousand four hundred feet above the sea level.
+Vast sums of money and immense labor have been spent in fortifying
+this stronghold. The water for the supply of the town and garrison is
+collected during the rainy season, the roofs of the houses gathering
+all the falling rain.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig111">
+ <img src="images/fig111.png" width="814" height="614" alt="Fig. 111">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LISBON, <span class="sc">Portugal</span>.&mdash;This interesting
+city is situated on the Tagus, near the Atlantic Ocean. The length
+of the city is four miles, and its breadth about two miles. Lisbon is
+nobly situated for commerce, and has the finest harbor in the world.
+The earthquake of 1755, traces of which are still visible, destroyed
+a considerable portion of it, and killed about sixty thousand of
+its inhabitants. This photograph is a correct representation of
+the better portion of the city and harbor.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig112">
+ <img src="images/fig112.png" width="811" height="615" alt="Fig. 112">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+KIRCHENFELD BRIDGE, <span class="sc">Berne,
+Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The above structure is a huge iron bridge,
+seven hundred and fifty-one feet long, built in 1882-1883, across
+the river Aare, from the town proper to Helvetia Platz, where a
+new quarter of the town is being built by an English company. In
+the foreground are the terrace-like hot-houses and gardens of the
+peasants, who earn their livelihood by supplying the inhabitants
+of Berne with vegetables from their little farms. From the top of
+the bridge, in clear weather, the Bernese Alps can be seen better
+than from any other point in the Oberland.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig113">
+ <img src="images/fig113.png" width="620" height="815" alt="Fig. 113">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CLOCK TOWER, <span class="sc">Berne, Switzerland</span>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig114">
+ <img src="images/fig114.png" width="612" height="808" alt="Fig. 114">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PEASANT WOMAN, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;Here is
+a photograph of a Swiss girl on her way to church. She presents a
+true type of her sex, being well-developed, refined and accomplished.
+These peasants are fond of georgeous apparel, and on holidays and
+Sundays present a very pleasing spectacle. Their head-dress is
+particularly striking, consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff
+lace, so arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head.
+They all dress in similar costumes, which are both comfortable
+and attractive.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig115">
+ <img src="images/fig115.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 115">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+INTERLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, <span
+class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The low land between lakes
+Thun and Brienz, is called "Brodeli." These lakes once probably
+formed a single sheet of water, but were gradually separated by
+deposit carried from the mountain-sides. On this piece of land,
+"between the lakes," lies Interlaken. The town is a favorite summer
+resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature. The above
+picture gives a general idea of the place, with the Jungfrau nine
+miles in the distance.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig116">
+ <img src="images/fig116.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 116">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GRINDELWALD, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;Grindelwald
+is a large village of widely-scattered houses, in the heart of the
+Alps and near the snow-fields. It is an excellent starting-point
+for mountain excursions, and also a favorite summer resort, the
+situation being sheltered and healthful. The place owes its reputation
+chiefly to its glaciers close by. Three gigantic mountains bound
+the valley. In years when ice is scarce, these glaciers serve as
+ice-quarries.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig117">
+ <img src="images/fig117.png" width="614" height="806" alt="Fig. 117">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+A THOUSAND FOOT CHASM, <span class="sc">Grindelwald,
+Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The above picture represents a chasm
+over a thousand feet in depth, with an almost perpendicular wall
+of rock rising on both sides. It has been cut down to its present
+level by the waters of the melting snows and ice on the mountain
+above, and strongly impresses the beholder with the power of the
+wheel of time. The stream in the foreground is only one of the
+many that rise into the dashing torrents within a hundred yards
+from their source in the Alpine country.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig118">
+ <img src="images/fig118.png" width="816" height="614" alt="Fig. 118">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BRUNIG PASS, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;There is,
+perhaps, no other country in the world that can boast of such expensive
+and magnificent public roads as Switzerland. This picture represents
+the over-hanging rock of the Brunig Pass, on the way from Lucerne
+to Interlaken. High up, along the mountain-side, the road winds
+its way, affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the
+distant snow-fields above, and the green valleys and placid lakes
+below.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig119">
+ <img src="images/fig119.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 119">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LUCERNE, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The above is
+the capital of the canton of Lucerne, and one of the three seats
+of the Swiss Diet on the Rense, located twenty-five miles from
+Zurich by rail. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and
+watch-towers. The principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine
+churches, several convents, a town hall, an arsenal with ancient
+armor, two hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail, theatre, and covered
+bridges adorned with ancient paintings. It is a very attractive
+summer resort, the above picture showing its principal promenade.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig120">
+ <img src="images/fig120.png" width="620" height="816" alt="Fig. 120">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+RIGI, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The Rigi is a
+group of mountains about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying
+between lakes Lucerne, Zug and Lowerz. The north side is precipitous,
+but the south side consists of broad terraces and gentle slopes,
+covered with fresh, green pastures, which support upwards of four
+thousand head of cattle; it is planted toward the base with fig,
+chestnut and almond trees. The photograph represents the Rigi inclined
+railway.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig121">
+ <img src="images/fig121.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 121">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+RIGI-KULM, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The summit
+of the Rigi, owing to its isolated position, commands an extensive
+view, three hundred miles in circumference, that is unsurpassed for
+beauty in Switzerland. In 1816 a very modest hotel was erected on
+the Kulm by private subscriptions, and in 1848 it was superseded by
+the oldest of the three houses on the Kulm. Since then the number
+of inns has been steadily increasing, and the Rigi is now one of
+the most popular Swiss resorts, and is visited by thousands of
+tourists yearly.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig122">
+ <img src="images/fig122.png" width="811" height="614" alt="Fig. 122">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PILATUS, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;This lofty
+mountain rises boldly in a rugged and imposing mass, almost isolated
+from the surrounding heights. Pilatus was formerly one of the best
+known Swiss mountains, but in later years it was supplanted by the
+Rigi. An inclined railway extends from the base to the summit,
+and is said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever
+carried through. Many legends are connected with Pilatus. One of
+the oldest is, that when Pontius Pilate was banished from Galilee
+he fled hither, and, in the bitterness of his remorse, drowned
+himself in the lake.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig123">
+ <img src="images/fig123.png" width="809" height="612" alt="Fig. 123">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SIMPLON'S PASS, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;This
+is the first Alpine route after Brenner, constructed by order of
+Napoleon I. A good walker may easily outstrip the "diligence" in
+ascending from either side, especially if he takes short cuts.
+At the highest point of the Simplon is a large building, with a
+lofty flight of stairs, founded by Napoleon, for the reception
+of travelers, and subject to the same rules as that of the Great
+St. Bernard. This famous mountain-road is seen in the foreground
+passing through the town of Simplon, a little village in the very
+heart of the Alps.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig124">
+ <img src="images/fig124.png" width="810" height="615" alt="Fig. 124">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ZERMATT AND THE MATTERHORN, <span
+class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The former lies in a green
+valley, with pine-clad slopes, while to the left rises the huge
+rock-pyramid of the Matterhorn. In no other locality is the traveler
+so completely admitted into the heart of the Alpine world as here.
+The Matterhorn was ascended for the first time on the 14th of July,
+1865, but the ascent is now frequently made. The rock has been
+blasted at the most difficult points, and a rope attached to it,
+so that the most formidable difficulties have been removed; but
+even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient climbers.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig125">
+ <img src="images/fig125.png" width="814" height="617" alt="Fig. 125">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC.&mdash;This Alpine valley is much frequented
+in summer, owing to its immediate proximity to Mont Blanc. It is
+inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions of Switzerland,
+but superior in grandeur of its glaciers, in which respect it has no
+rival but Zermatt. The picture shows the little village of Chamounix,
+with its few hotels and peasant homes in the valley below, and
+the perpetual ice and snow in the background, seemingly but a few
+minutes' walk away, yet requiring a good two hours' journey on
+mule-back. Apparent Alpine distances are very deceptive.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig126">
+ <img src="images/fig126.png" width="812" height="615" alt="Fig. 126">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ENGLEBERG, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;Engleberg
+is loftily and prettily situated in the great mountain region of
+the Alps, with a population of about two thousand inhabitants.
+The church which appears nearest the mountain, is quite ancient,
+but contains famous modern pictures. The snow-covered mountains,
+five miles in the distance, change the climate in summer, so that
+the tourist can wear an overcoat with comfort. The winters are
+very severe, and on account of the deep snows, the inhabitants are
+sometimes compelled to remain indoors for eight weeks. The houses
+and barns are generally under one roof.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig127">
+ <img src="images/fig127.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 127">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ST. GOTTHARD RAILWAY, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;The
+railway here passes through beautiful landscapes, richly wooded
+with walnut and chestnut trees, on the left bank of the Ticino.
+Numerous Campaniles in the Italian style, crowning the hills, have
+a very picturesque effect. The peaks above are covered with snow.
+From the cliffs on every side, fall cascades. Huge masses of rock
+lie scattered about. Three tunnels of the railway are seen in the
+picture, the latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means
+of two loop-tunnels, one below the other, in cork-screw fashion.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig128">
+ <img src="images/fig128.png" width="795" height="611" alt="Fig. 128">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+AXENSTRASSE, <span class="sc">Switzerland</span>.&mdash;This famous
+road extends nine miles along the Lake of Uri, from Brunnen to
+Fluelen, and is noted for the remarkable boldness displayed in
+its construction. It is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock,
+cut like a shelf into the side of the mountain, with occasional
+pillars to hold the thousands of tons of rock above, and a strong
+balustrade to guard travelers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice
+into the lake many feet below. It is the great highway leading
+from Switzerland to Italy, and is regarded as one of the most
+picturesque roads in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig129">
+ <img src="images/fig129.png" width="808" height="610" alt="Fig. 129">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PANORAMA OF VIENNA, <span class="sc">Austria</span>&mdash;The capital
+of the Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor, is situated
+in a plain surrounded by distant mountains, the Danube Canal flowing
+through a portion of the city. It was originally a Celtic settlement,
+dating back to 14 A. D. The streets of the present city are narrow,
+generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses. A great
+number of old passages through the courts of houses, by means of
+which pedestrians may often make a short cut, are still seen. In
+the last quarter of a century, Vienna has acquired an importance
+as a seat of art.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig130">
+ <img src="images/fig130.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 130">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HOTEL METROPOLE, <span class="sc">Vienna, Austria</span>.&mdash;On
+a branch of the Danube, flowing through the heart of the City of
+Vienna, stands the Hotel Metropole, an enormous building, admirably
+adapted for travelers. The picture shows a prominent feature in
+the street architecture of Vienna; and the Metropole is only one
+of the many private and public buildings of colossal dimensions
+which have sprung up within the last few years. The interiors of all
+these structures are generally decorated throughout with painting
+and sculpture, which shows the perfection attained by the Vienese
+in the fine arts.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 596px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig131">
+ <img src="images/fig131.png" width="596" height="804" alt="Fig. 131">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN, <span class="sc">Vienna,
+Austria</span>.&mdash;This is the most important edifice in the
+Austrian capital, dating back in its construction to the thirteenth
+century. It is constructed of solid limestone, and built in the
+form of a Latin cross. Below the church are extensive catacombs,
+consisting of three vaults, filled with bones and skulls. Centuries
+ago, the sovereigns of Austria were buried in these vaults. The
+Tower, built between 1860 and 1864, affords an extensive view,
+embracing the river Danube and the battle-fields of Loban, Wagram
+and Essling.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 618px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig132">
+ <img src="images/fig132.png" width="618" height="816" alt="Fig. 132">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THESEUS <span class="sc">(By Canoya), Volksgarten, Vienna,
+Austria</span>.&mdash;In the centre of this pleasure ground stands
+the Temple of Theseus, containing Canova's fine marble group of the
+victory of Theseus over Centaur, originally destined by Napoleon
+I. for Milan. The figures are of heroic size. The victorious Theseus
+is represented as seated on the lifeless body of the monster, and
+the exhaustion that visibly pervades his whole frame, proves the
+terrible nature of the conflict in which he has been engaged.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig133">
+ <img src="images/fig133.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 133">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SCHONBRUNN, <span class="sc">Austria</span>.&mdash;This sumptuous
+edifice, the summer palace of the Austrian Emperor, was completed by
+Maria Theresa in 1775. The building has a most imposing appearance.
+The gardens in the rear are open to the public. To the left of
+the principal avenue are the Roman ruins, the Obelisk and the
+"Sch&ouml;ne Brunnen" (beautiful fountain), from which the palace
+derives its name. Statues, vases and other objects of taste of the
+period are scattered about the ground. Extensive parks are attached
+to the palace.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig134">
+ <img src="images/fig134.png" width="812" height="616" alt="Fig. 134">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GALATA BRIDGE, <span class="sc">Constantinople,
+Turkey</span>.&mdash;Along the north shore of the Golden Horn spreads
+the quarter known as Galata, rising up to the crest of the hill,
+and including the massive tower that crowns it. Beyond and above
+Galata, Pera stretches forward along the ridge that runs parallel
+with the shore. These places are connected with Constantinople by two
+bridges crossing the Golden Horn. One of these bridges is represented
+in the above picture. Unlike those of most other countries, people
+do not keep on the sidewalks, but wander along in any portion of
+the street. The scene on the Bridge of Galata affords an interesting
+subject for study.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig135">
+ <img src="images/fig135.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 135">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, <span class="sc">Constantinople,
+Turkey</span>.&mdash;This is the finest and most important
+ecclesiastical building of the city. The first stone of the building
+was laid in 532. No fewer than ten thousand workmen are said to have
+been engaged under the direction of one hundred master builders,
+and when the work was completed, it had cost the imperial treasury
+$5,000,000. The dome rises to the height of one hundred and eighty
+feet, and is one hundred and seven feet in diameter. To render
+it as light as possible, it was constructed of pumice stone and
+Rhodian bricks. Not long after its completion, the dome was shaken
+by an earthquake, but was immediately restored.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig136">
+ <img src="images/fig136.png" width="812" height="613" alt="Fig. 136">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, <span class="sc">Constantinople,
+Turkey</span>.&mdash;The whole interior of this noted structure is
+lined with costly marble. To add to its splendor, the temples of
+the ancient gods at Heliopolis and Ephesus, at Delos and Baalbec,
+at Athens and Cyzicus, were plundered of their columns. To secure
+the building from ravages of fire, no wood was employed in its
+construction except for the doors. The visitor cannot fail to be
+impressed by the bold span of the arches and the still bolder sweep
+of the dome, while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by
+the rich, if not altogether harmonious, variety of decorations,
+from the many colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions
+on the walls.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig137">
+ <img src="images/fig137.png" width="620" height="810" alt="Fig. 137">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STREET SCENE, <span class="sc">Constantinople, Turkey</span>.&mdash;The
+American traveler upon entering this city is almost bewildered at the
+many novelties that confront him before he reaches his hotel. Nothing
+strikes him more forcibly than the awful silence that pervades so
+large a place. The only sound heard is an occasional cry of some
+vender, with a large wooden tray on his head, selling sweetmeats,
+sherbet, fruit or bread. Dogs at intervals disturb the pedestrian.
+Hundreds of them lie in the middle of the street, and only move
+when aroused by blows. At ten o'clock at night, the city is as
+silent as death.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig138">
+ <img src="images/fig138.png" width="812" height="613" alt="Fig. 138">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED, <span class="sc">Constantinople,
+Turkey</span>.&mdash;Of all the mosques in the Ottoman Empire,
+this is the principal one. It is not as richly decorated as St.
+Sophia, but it is the only one that possesses six minarets. It is
+located on a square called the Hippodrome, named after the spot
+that was in former years used for circus purposes. The exterior
+view gives it a magnificent appearance. The place is one of the
+chief objects of interest in the city. The crumbling monument in
+the foreground is a relic of antiquity.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 621px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig139">
+ <img src="images/fig139.png" width="621" height="821" alt="Fig. 139">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TURKISH LADY, <span class="sc">Constantinople, Turkey</span>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 818px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig140">
+ <img src="images/fig140.png" width="818" height="616" alt="Fig. 140">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STREET MERCHANTS, <span class="sc">Constantinople, Turkey</span>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig141">
+ <img src="images/fig141.png" width="814" height="622" alt="Fig. 141">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SULTAN'S HAREM, <span class="sc">Constantinople,
+Turkey</span>.&mdash;This photograph represents an odalisque, one
+of the beautiful inmates of the harem of the Sultan of Turkey.
+The photographer who took this picture found her most courteous
+and obliging, and able to converse fluently in English, French
+and German. Abdul Mezed, who ruled Turkey during the Crimean War,
+had 1200 wives and odalisques in his harem. When a Turkish Sultan
+wishes to show especial honor to a subject, he makes him a present
+of one of the cast-off wives. To refuse the gift would be to invite
+death. The harem is continually recruited by the gifts of those
+who wish to carry favor with the Sultan, and these comprise slaves
+of every nationality.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig142">
+ <img src="images/fig142.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 142">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ACROPOLIS, <span class="sc">Athens</span>.&mdash;The natural centre
+of all the settlements in the Attic plain within the historical period
+was the Acropolis, a rocky plateau of crystalline limestone, rising
+precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. The semi-mythical
+Pelasgi, of whom but a few isolated traces have been found in Attica,
+are said to have leveled the top, increased the natural steepness
+of the rock on three sides, and fortified the only accessible part
+by nine gates. It was the earliest seat of the Athenian kings,
+who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils, as well as
+of the chief sanctuaries of the State.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 807px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig143">
+ <img src="images/fig143.png" width="807" height="592" alt="Fig. 143">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PARTHENON, <span class="sc">Athens, Greece</span>.&mdash;This structure
+is the most perfect monument of ancient art, and even in ruins
+presents an imposing and soul-stirring appearance, occupying the
+culminating point of the Acropolis. It was erected by Pericles
+and opened for public worship in 433 B.C. The crowning glory of
+the Parthenon was its magnificent sculpture, ascribed to Phidias,
+registering the highest level ever attained in plastic art. The
+Parthenon was used as a Christian Church in the fifth century. In
+1460 it became the Turkish Mosque, and in 1670 the stately edifice
+was blown into ruins.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 817px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig144">
+ <img src="images/fig144.png" width="817" height="617" alt="Fig. 144">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GRAND CATHEDRAL AND SQUARE, <span class="sc">Milan,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;This is the focus of the commercial and public
+life of the city, and is now enclosed by imposing edifices on every
+side. The celebrated Cathedral, the eighth wonder of the world,
+is next to St. Peter's in Rome, the largest church in Europe. It
+covers an area of fourteen thousand square yards, and holds about
+forty thousand people. The building is in cruciform shape, with
+double aisles and transept. The interior is supported by fifty-two
+pillars, each twelve feet in diameter. The floor consists of mosaic,
+in marble of different colors.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig145">
+ <img src="images/fig145.png" width="816" height="614" alt="Fig. 145">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CORSO VENEZIA, <span class="sc">Milan, Italy</span>.&mdash;The
+principal shopping street of the city, and the favorite promenade
+of the Milanese is here represented. The buildings have a modern
+aspect, with little balconies at almost every window, which are
+often adorned with plants, flowers and creeping vines. The street,
+which is well paved, is wide, extending almost from house to house.
+The pavements are very narrow, consisting of only four smooth slabs
+of stone, laid side by side. The shop-windows are decorated in
+the most tempting style with the wares of the various merchants.
+The picture was secured in the early morning, giving the street
+a deserted look, which at all other times is crowded with people.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig146">
+ <img src="images/fig146.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 146">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, <span class="sc">Turin, Italy</span>.&mdash;The
+city of Turin was the capital of the county of Piedmont in the
+Middle Ages, and in 1418 it became subject to the Dukes of Savoy,
+who frequently resided here. From 1859 to 1865 it was the capital
+of Italy, and the residence of the King. It lies on an extensive
+plain on the banks of the River Po. Turin was the chief centre of
+those national struggles which led to a unification of Italy. The
+removal of the seat of government to Florence seriously impaired
+the prosperity of the city for a time, but it long since recovered,
+and celebrated its commercial success in 1884 by the exhibition.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig147">
+ <img src="images/fig147.png" width="616" height="814" alt="Fig. 147">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+DUKE FERDINAND OF GENOA, <span class="sc">Turin, Italy</span>.&mdash;In
+the centre of the piazza Solferino stands the equestrian statue of
+Duke Ferdinand of Genoa, commanding-general at the battle of Novara.
+The statue was executed by Balzico, and is remarkable for the life-like
+expression of the wounded horse, with extended nostrils and gasping
+breath, sinking under the burden of his gallant rider. This piazza
+is one of the prettiest spots of Turin. Private residences face it
+on every side, with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig148">
+ <img src="images/fig148.png" width="816" height="615" alt="Fig. 148">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GENOA, <span class="sc">Italy</span>.&mdash;Genoa, with a population
+of about 200,000, is located in the northern portion of the Peninsula,
+and is the principal seaport of Italy. The city is in the form of
+a crescent, and its gradual ascent from the shore, renders its
+appearance beautiful and attractive. It is enclosed by a double
+line of fortifications, which places it among the leading fortified
+cities in Europe. A beautiful light-house on the west side, 300
+feet in height, stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay.
+In the older portions of the city, the streets are only ten feet
+wide and are lined with high buildings on both sides.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig149">
+ <img src="images/fig149.png" width="616" height="816" alt="Fig. 149">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STATUE OF COLUMBUS, <span class="sc">Genoa, Italy</span>.&mdash;In
+the front of the principal railway station, rises the statue of
+Columbus, who was born at Genoa in 1435. The statue is in the centre
+of the spacious Piazza Acquaverde, embosomed in palm-trees. The
+pedestal is adorned with ships' prows. At the feet of the statue,
+which leans on an anchor, kneels the figure of America. The surrounding
+allegorical figures represent Religion, Science, Geography, Strength
+and Wisdom. Between these, are reliefs from the history of Columbus,
+with the inscription, "A Christoforo Colombo la Patria."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig150">
+ <img src="images/fig150.png" width="814" height="606" alt="Fig. 150">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LEANING TOWER, <span class="sc">Pisa, Italy</span>.&mdash;Pisa is
+principally noted for its famous "Leaning Tower," begun in 1174,
+and built of white marble; it is 178 feet high, and fronted with
+207 columns. It is 50 feet in diameter, and leans 13 feet from the
+perpendicular. The foundation being made insufficiently solid, it
+began to incline before it was one-third completed. The Cathedral
+on the right was begun in 1604, and consecrated in 1618 by Pope
+Gelasius; it contains the famous chandelier which Galileo saw swinging,
+and which led to his invention of the pendulum of the clock. The
+Baptistry, close by, is noted for its marvelous echo.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig151">
+ <img src="images/fig151.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 151">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PALACE OF THE DOGES, <span class="sc">Venice, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+magnificent edifice, founded in 800, and destroyed five times, has
+as often been re-erected in grander style. The palace is flanked
+with colonnades, forming two pointed arcades on the south and west.
+The upper portion of the building is constructed of red and white
+marble. The interior presents a noble specimen of Venetian art. Many
+famous masters are here represented, the subjects either portraying
+the glory of Venice, or being of a religious order. The Bridge of
+Sighs connects the palace with the prison adjoining, which contains
+a series of gloomy dungeons, a torture chamber and a place of execution
+for political criminals.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig152">
+ <img src="images/fig152.png" width="811" height="614" alt="Fig. 152">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GRAND CANAL, <span class="sc">Venice, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+canal, the main artery of the traffic of Venice, nearly two miles
+in length, and thirty-three to sixty-six yards in width, intersects
+the city from north-west to south-east, dividing it into two unequal
+parts. Steam-launches, hundreds of gondolas and other vessels are
+seen gliding in every direction. Handsome houses and magnificent
+palaces rise on the banks, for this is the street of the <i>Nobili</i>,
+the ancient aristocracy of Venice. A barge, with a military band,
+navigates the canal every Sunday evening. A trip on the canal is
+extremely interesting; the posts are painted with the heraldic
+colors of their proprietors.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig153">
+ <img src="images/fig153.png" width="814" height="618" alt="Fig. 153">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARK, <span class="sc">Venice,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;Facing the piazza of St. Mark, which is in
+the heart of Venice and the grand focus of attraction, rises the
+magnificent Cathedral of St. Mark, decorated with almost oriental
+splendor. The building dates back to the tenth and eleventh centuries,
+and portions of the materials used in its construction have been
+brought from almost every country in Europe. The ceiling of the
+interior is richly adorned with mosaics in the form of various
+noted paintings. Behind the High Altar repose the remains of St.
+Mark, while further back stand four spiral columns said to have
+belonged to the Temple of Solomon. The building to the right is
+the Ducal Palace.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig154">
+ <img src="images/fig154.png" width="614" height="817" alt="Fig. 154">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+VENICE, <span class="sc">Italy</span>.&mdash;The capital of the
+Province of Venice, is situated on the lagoons, a long breast of
+lowlands in the Adriatic. For a time it was the first maritime
+and commercial power of the world, and one of the finest cities
+in Europe, but now it is nothing but a vast museum. The eighty
+islands on which Venice is built, are divided by wide and narrow
+canals, while small foot-paths wind throughout the city, occasionally
+crossing a canal, as is seen by the bridge in the above picture.
+Venice is popularly known as the "Queen of the Adriatic."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig155">
+ <img src="images/fig155.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 155">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE RIALTO, <span class="sc">Venice, Italy</span>.&mdash;This famous
+bridge, one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet
+wide, rests on twelve hundred posts. It was erected from 1588 to
+1591. Its sides are lined with little shops, extending from a
+fish-market at one end, past jewelry-shops in the centre of the
+structure, down to a fruit-market at the other side. It always
+presents a busy appearance, and is considered a marvel of engineering
+skill, and one of the finest bridges in the world. The picture
+represents the annual parade on the Grand Canal, with the Rialto
+in the background, which is always the rallying centre on such
+occasions.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig156">
+ <img src="images/fig156.png" width="808" height="610" alt="Fig. 156">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE CATHEDRAL, <span class="sc">Florence, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+stately edifice, erected from 1294 to 1462, on the site of the
+earlier church of St. Reparata, is a striking example of Italian
+architecture. The church was finally consecrated in 1436, but the
+lantern on the top of the dome was not completed until 1462. The
+building is one hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long,
+and one hundred and fourteen yards wide; the dome is three hundred
+feet high. The bell-tower, a square structure adjoining the cathedral,
+two hundred and ninety-two feet in height, is regarded as one of
+the finest existing works of its kind. It consists of four stories
+of richly decorated and colored marbles.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig157">
+ <img src="images/fig157.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 157">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+VECCHIO BRIDGE, <span class="sc">Florence, Italy</span>.&mdash;Florence
+is situated on both banks of the Arno, but by far the greatest
+part of the city lies on the right bank. The bridge in the picture
+dates back to the fourteenth century, and is flanked on both sides
+with shops which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their
+erection. It forms one of the principal bridgeways between the
+city proper and that portion of Florence which stands on the south
+bank of the Arno, and has always been considered one of the greatest
+sights of the town.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 617px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig158">
+ <img src="images/fig158.png" width="617" height="818" alt="Fig. 158">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MONK, <span class="sc">Italy</span>.&mdash;Monasticism primarily
+meant the state of dwelling alone; and then, by an easy and natural
+transition, it came to denote a life of poverty, celibacy and divine
+obedience under fixed rules of discipline. The radical idea of
+the term, in all its varieties of age, creed and country, is the
+same, namely, retirement from society in search of some ideal life,
+which society cannot supply, but which is thought attainable by
+self-denial and withdrawal from the world. The picture represents
+an Italian monk in funeral attire.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig159">
+ <img src="images/fig159.png" width="614" height="806" alt="Fig. 159">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LOGGIA DEI LANZI, <span class="sc">Florence, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+magnificent open-vaulted hall is one of the kind with which it was
+usual to provide both public and private patrons of Florence, in
+order that the inmate might enjoy the open air or participate in
+public demonstrations, without being obliged to descend to the
+street. The style of architecture shows a falling off from the
+Gothic, while the works of sculpture, representing Faith, Hope and
+Charity, Temperance and Fortitude, exhibit an incipient leaning
+toward Renaissance forms. Every afternoon the Loggia is crowded
+with the poorer people of Florence, who seek a cool spot in the
+open air.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 620px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig160">
+ <img src="images/fig160.png" width="620" height="815" alt="Fig. 160">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+UFFIZI BUILDINGS, <span class="sc">Florence, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+gallery originated with the Medici collections and was afterwards
+so improved with the numerous additions by the Lorraine Family,
+that it is now one of the best in the world, both for value and
+extent. The Portico of the Uffizi Gallery, seen on both sides of
+the open court, contains niches, which are adorned with marble
+statues of celebrated Tuscans. At the farthest end of the court,
+rises the Vecchio Palace, a castle-like building, with huge projecting
+battlements, being originally the seat of the Signora, and subsequently
+used as a casino.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig161">
+ <img src="images/fig161.png" width="614" height="812" alt="Fig. 161">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+RAPE OF POLYXENA <span class="sc">(By Fedi), Loggia dei Lanzi,
+Florence, Italy</span>.&mdash;Polyxena, according to Greek legend,
+was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. Having by her grace and
+beauty captivated Achilles, the Grecian hero, she was betrothed
+to him. But Achilles was slain by Paris, son of Priam; and after
+his death and the destruction of Troy, his manes appeared to the
+returning Greeks, and demanded of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The
+Greeks consented, and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, sacrificed
+her on his father's grave. This work of art is of modern execution.
+It was placed in the Loggia in 1866.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig162">
+ <img src="images/fig162.png" width="812" height="610" alt="Fig. 162">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WILD BOAR,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="sc">Uffizi Gallery,<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Florence, Italy</span>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 610px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig163">
+ <img src="images/fig163.png" width="610" height="808" alt="Fig. 163">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE GRINDER, <span class="sc">Uffizi Gallery, Florence,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;This magnificent statue was found in Rome in
+the sixteenth century. It has never been exactly ascertained what
+it represents, but it is supposed to be a Scythian whetting his
+knife to flay Marsyas.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig164">
+ <img src="images/fig164.png" width="813" height="610" alt="Fig. 164">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+APPIAN WAY and TOMB OF C&AElig;CILIA METELLA, <span
+class="sc">Italy</span>.&mdash;This military road, paved with stone
+blocks, and extending from Brindisi to Rome, was constructed by
+Appius Claudius C&aelig;cus, 312 B.C. Even at the present time
+its proud ancient title is that of the "Queen of Roads," and it
+is remembered as being the way on which St. Paul came to Rome.
+The tomb of C&aelig;cilia Metella, which forms an interesting and
+conspicuous object, is a circular structure sixty-five feet in
+diameter, erected in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus,
+wife of the younger Crassus, son of the triumvir.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig165">
+ <img src="images/fig165.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 165">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PYRAMID OF CESTIUS AND ST. PAUL GATE, <span class="sc">Rome,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;The pyramid enclosed by Aurelian within the
+city and wall is the tomb of Caius Cestius, who died in the year
+12 B. C. The Egyptian pyramidical form was not unfrequently adopted
+by the Romans in their tombs. That of Cestius is built of brick
+and covered with marble blocks. Immediately to the right of the
+pyramid is the gate of St. Paul, leading on to the church of St.
+Paul beyond. Midway between the gate and church, legend says, St.
+Peter and St. Paul took leave of each other on their last journey.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig166">
+ <img src="images/fig166.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 166">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROMAN FORUM, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;After the
+Sabine tribes were amalgamated into a single state, they chose
+the Forum as its centre; and it was there that some of the most
+noted events in the history of the Roman Empire transpired. After
+the Samnite War, which resulted in the extension of Rome's supremacy
+over all Italy, the Forum became too small for its multifarious
+business; and therefore underwent many changes. After its destruction,
+during the Dark Ages, its remains were gradually buried beneath the
+rubbish and debris of some former centuries, but have recently
+been excavated.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig167">
+ <img src="images/fig167.png" width="816" height="617" alt="Fig. 167">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+FORUM OF TRAJAN, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+forum, which adjoined that of Augustus, contained a collection
+of magnificent edifices, and is said to have been designed by
+Apollodorus of Damascus. Trajan's forum must have measured two
+hundred and twenty yards in width, and was probably of still greater
+length; it was considered the most magnificent in Rome. On the
+north side of the Basilica rises Trajan's Column, one hundred and
+forty-seven feet high, constructed entirely of marble. Around the
+column runs a spiral band, covered with admirable reliefs from
+Trajan's War with the Dacians. Beneath this monument Trajan was
+interred; on the summit stood his statue, now replaced by St Peter's.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig168">
+ <img src="images/fig168.png" width="809" height="615" alt="Fig. 168">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BATHS OF CARACALLA, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;These
+ancient baths were begun in 212 by Caracalla, and completed by
+Alex. Severus, and they could accommodate 1600 bathers at one time.
+The magnificence of these baths was unparalleled; numerous statues,
+including the Farnese Bull, Hercules and Flora at Naples, have
+been found here; and the uncovered walls still bear testimony to
+the technical perfection of the structure. The establishment was
+quadrangular in form, and surrounded by a wall.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig169">
+ <img src="images/fig169.png" width="814" height="616" alt="Fig. 169">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+COLOSSEUM, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;The Colosseum,
+originally called the Amphitheatrum Flavium and completed by Titus
+in 80 A.D., was the largest theatre and one of the most imposing
+structures in the world. It was inaugurated by 100 days' gladiatorial
+combats, in which 5000 wild animals were killed. It contained seats
+for 87,000 spectators. Only one-third of the gigantic structure
+now remains, yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive. The
+Colosseum has ever been a symbol of the greatness of Rome, and gave
+rise in the eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims:
+"While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Colosseum,
+Rome shall fall; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world!"
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig170">
+ <img src="images/fig170.png" width="813" height="616" alt="Fig. 170">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+INTERIOR OF COLOSSEUM, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;The
+arches of the first tier are marked by Roman numbers, as they formed
+so many entrances, through which, by means of internal stairways, the
+upper balconies were reached. The Arena had two openings enclosed
+by railings of bronze, through which the gladiators and wild beasts
+entered. Above was the Podium, a place intended for the Emperors
+and their families, for the magistrates, the senators, the priests
+and the vestals. Thousands of Christians in this place suffered
+martyrdom, by becoming the prey of wild beasts. The picture presents
+the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the
+present day.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig171">
+ <img src="images/fig171.png" width="816" height="616" alt="Fig. 171">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PANTHEON, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;This is the
+only ancient edifice at Rome which is still in perfect preservation,
+as regards the walls and vaulting. The original statues and
+architectural decorations have long since been replaced by modern
+and inferior works, but the huge circular structure with its vast
+colonnade still presents a strikingly imposing appearance. The
+walls are twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered
+with marble and stucco. The height and diameter of the dome are
+each one hundred and forty feet. The opening of the dome at the top
+is thirty feet in diameter, and through this aperture the ancients
+supposed the gods to descend. The building is supposed to have been
+constructed in the first century B. C.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig172">
+ <img src="images/fig172.png" width="814" height="612" alt="Fig. 172">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO AND TOMB OF HADRIAN, <span class="sc">Rome,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;This bridge is of most ancient construction.
+It was built by Hadrian in 136 A. D., to connect his tomb with
+the city. Ten colossal angels, formerly much admired, and executed
+in 1688, testify to the low ebb of plastic art at that period. The
+tomb was built by Emperor Hadrian for himself and his successors.
+The massive circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks
+of the Tiber. The bronze statue of St. Michael, the Archangel, which
+is seen on the summit, gives the tower its present name, Castello
+S. Angelo.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig173">
+ <img src="images/fig173.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 173">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ST. PETER'S AND VATICAN, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;St.
+Peter's is fronted by an elliptical piazza, enclosed by imposing
+colonnades, and is the largest and most beautiful Catholic Cathedral
+in the world; it was founded by Constantine and erected where St.
+Peter is said to have suffered martyrdom. Its erection and improvements
+cost over $50,000,000. The great Obelisk in the centre of the piazza,
+having no hieroglyphics, was brought from Heliopolis. The Vatican
+on the right is the Pope's residence, and is elegantly fitted up,
+being adorned with paintings and statues by the world's greatest
+masters.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig174">
+ <img src="images/fig174.png" width="812" height="613" alt="Fig. 174">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S, <span class="sc">Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+most marvellous church in the world was built on the place where
+stood the temple of Jupiter Vaticanus. The first church here is
+said to have been built A. D., 90. It was a memorial chapel to
+St. Peter, and was, according to tradition, erected on the spot
+where the saint was buried. Constantine built a Basilica on the
+site. The present structure, the glory of Michael Angelo, was begun
+about 1503. The picture shows the high altar with the statue of
+St. Peter to the very right.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig175">
+ <img src="images/fig175.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 175">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROMULUS AND REMUS SUCKING THE WOLF, <span class="sc">Capitol Museum,
+Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;Thus wrote Virgil ("AEN." VIII-630):
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="quote">
+&nbsp; &nbsp; "By the wolf were laid the martial twins,<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung;<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The foster dam lolled out her fawning tongue;<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; She sucked secure; while bending back her head,<br>
+She licked their tender limbs, and formed them as they fed."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 582px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig176">
+ <img src="images/fig176.png" width="582" height="813" alt="Fig. 176">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TRANSFIGURATION <span class="sc">(By Raphael), Vatican Gallery,
+Rome, Italy</span>.&mdash;The last great work and masterpiece of
+this celebrated artist, unfinished at his death and completed by
+Clement VIII., was preserved in St. Peter's until 1797. The upper
+part is by Raphael's own hand; Christ hovers between Moses and
+Elias; Peter, James and John are prostrate on the ground, and dazzled
+by the light. The figures to the left, in an attitude of adoration,
+are St. Lawrence and St. Stephen. The lower half, where the other
+disciples are requested to heal the possessed boy, was partly executed
+by Raphael's pupils.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 608px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig177">
+ <img src="images/fig177.png" width="608" height="810" alt="Fig. 177">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LA BALLERINA <span class="sc">(By Canova), Rome,
+Italy</span>.&mdash;Here is another of the masterpieces of this
+famous master-sculptor. It is hewn out of a solid block of marble,
+and comes under the head of "grace and elegance," one of the divisions
+of Canova's works. This subject is a most striking one. Like all his
+other subjects of grace, it is in all its details, an expression of
+attitude, delicacy of finish and elegance. The profile is charming,
+the twist of the hair natural, and the lines and curves of the arms
+perfect, while the drapery is next to real.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig178">
+ <img src="images/fig178.png" width="614" height="802" alt="Fig. 178">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LAOCOONTE, <span class="sc">Vatican Gallery, Rome,
+Italy.</span>&mdash;This famous group represents Laocoon and his
+two sons, who were strangled by serpents at the command of Apollo.
+According to Pliny, it was executed by three Rhodians, and placed
+in the Palace of Titus. It was discovered under Julius II., in
+1506, near Sette Sale, and was termed by Michael Angelo a "marvel
+of art." The work is admirably preserved, with the exception of
+the three uplifted arms, which have been incorrectly restored.
+The dramatic suspense of the moment, and the profoundly expressive
+attitude of the heads, denote the perfection of the Rhodian school
+of art.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 816px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig179">
+ <img src="images/fig179.png" width="816" height="614" alt="Fig. 179">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOLEDO STREET, <span class="sc">Naples, Italy</span>.&mdash;This
+famous city is beautifully situated on the Bay of Naples, with
+Mount Vesuvius in the distance. Its charming position has given
+rise to the phrase "See Naples and die." It was founded by the
+Greeks, and here Virgil spent his time in study, his tomb being
+one of the points of interest for travelers. The city is still
+surrounded by a wall. It has often suffered from earthquakes and
+eruptions. The manufactures are numerous, of which macaroni and
+vermicelli are of first importance. The photograph represents Toledo
+Street, which intersects the city from south to north, and with
+its immense amount of well-conducted business, presents a very
+interesting sight.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig180">
+ <img src="images/fig180.png" width="812" height="609" alt="Fig. 180">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CRATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, <span class="sc">Italy.</span>&mdash;This
+volcano, with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference,
+rises in lonely majesty from the Bay of Naples, and varies in height
+from 3900 to 4900 feet, according to the varied eruptions. Vesuvius
+in the time of Nero manifested itself by a fearful earthquake,
+damaging Herculaneum and Pompeii. An eruption occurred in 79 A.D.
+by which the two cities named, were lost to the world for seventeen
+centuries. Another most terrific eruption occurred in 1631, by
+which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of
+fifteen miles, and streams of lava poured from the summit, destroying
+over three thousand people.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig181">
+ <img src="images/fig181.png" width="808" height="612" alt="Fig. 181">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STREET OF TOMBS, <span class="sc">Pompeii, Italy.</span>&mdash;This
+photograph exhibits a suburb of Pompeii named Pagus Augustus Felix,
+in honor of Augustus; it lay outside the city walls. It consisted
+chiefly of one main street, which has been partly excavated. This
+is the so-called Street of Tombs. The ancient custom of burying
+the dead by the side of a high road is well known. It has been
+ascertained that rows of graves, similar to those discovered here,
+exist beyond other gates of Pompeii. The Street of Tombs is, in
+point of situation, the most beautiful part of the town.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig182">
+ <img src="images/fig182.png" width="808" height="609" alt="Fig. 182">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CIVIL FORUM, <span class="sc">Pompeii, Italy.</span>&mdash;The
+ancient market-place in the central part of Pompeii was destroyed
+by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. The Forum has been
+excavated during the present century, and found to be five hundred
+and fifteen feet long and one hundred and seven feet wide; it is
+surrounded by granite columns of the Doric order. From the discoveries
+made, it is supposed that the Forum was far from complete when
+the eruption occurred. The smoking mountain is still seen in the
+distance, while the ruins of the ancient market stand prominent in
+the foreground of this photograph. The Forum is a most interesting
+spot, and is familiar to all readers of "The Last Days of Pompeii."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig183">
+ <img src="images/fig183.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 183">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ISLAND OF CAPRI, <span class="sc">Italy.</span>&mdash;This is a
+small mountainous island of oblong form; its picturesque outline
+forms one of the most charming points in the view of the Bay of
+Naples. The highest point is the Monte Solarno, nineteen hundred and
+twenty feet above the level of the sea. The island, which contains
+five thousand inhabitants and the two small towns of Capri and
+Anacapri, yields fruit, oil and excellent red and white wines in
+abundance. The inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers
+who visit the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand. The
+above picture shows the principal landing-place of Capri.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig184">
+ <img src="images/fig184.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 184">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CASTELLO, <span class="sc">Island of Ischia, Italy.</span>&mdash;The
+climate of these charming islands is genial, the sky rarely overcast,
+the winters mild, the inhabitants bounteously supplied with the
+necessaries of life, and the sick with healing springs. Trees,
+shrubs and all kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic
+soil. Here and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts.
+The inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume, dialect
+and figure. Fashion is unknown; not one of the islands can boast
+of a horse or carriage. Castello, in the foreground, is a most
+curious volcanic formation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig185">
+ <img src="images/fig185.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 185">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HARBOR, <span class="sc">Alexandria, Egypt.</span>&mdash;The perfectly
+flat coast of Egypt, and even Alexandria itself, are not visible
+to the steam-boat passenger until very shortly before the vessel
+enters the harbor. The latter consists of an outer breakwater,
+forming an obtuse angle nearly two miles in length. A second pier,
+nearly a mile in length, protects an inner harbor covering nearly
+five hundred acres of water, twenty-seven feet deep. No fewer than
+thirty thousand artificial blocks, weighing twenty tons each, and
+two million tons of natural blocks of stone were used in the
+construction of these magnificent harbor works.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig186">
+ <img src="images/fig186.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 186">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PLACE OF MEHEMET ALI, <span class="sc">Alexandria,
+Egypt.</span>&mdash;The site of this open square is embellished
+with trees and fountains. It became a scene of destruction during
+1882. In the centre rises the equestrian statue of Mohammed' Ali,
+the founder of the reigning dynasty of Egypt. The Mohammedan religion
+forbids the pictorial or plastic representations of the human form.
+The erection of this monument was long opposed by the Ulama, or
+chief professor of divine and legal learning. The buildings on both
+sides are shops. That at the further end is the English church.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig187">
+ <img src="images/fig187.png" width="811" height="613" alt="Fig. 187">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CITADEL, <span class="sc">Cairo, Egypt.</span>&mdash;This citadel
+affords a magnificent view of the city and surrounding country.
+It was erected in 1166, and built by stones taken from the small
+pyramids at Gizeh, the site having been selected, according to
+Arabian history, owing to the fact that meat could be kept here
+fresh twice as long as in any other part of Cairo. The fortress
+commands the city, yet its site is unfavorable, as a commanding
+height close by compelled its surrender during the wars of 1805.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig188">
+ <img src="images/fig188.png" width="614" height="808" alt="Fig. 188">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED' ALI, <span class="sc">Cairo, Egypt.</span>&mdash;The
+"Alabaster Mosque," whose lofty and graceful minarets are so conspicuous
+from the distance, form one of the landmarks of Cairo. In plan,
+it represents the Turkish mosques, built on the model of Hagia
+Sofla, at Constantinople. The execution of the design displays
+but little artistic taste, and the treatment of the material is
+somewhat unsatisfactory. The alabaster used for the incrustation
+of the masonry consists partly of blocks and partly of slabs. The
+beautiful yellow-tint stone soon fades when exposed to the sun.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig189">
+ <img src="images/fig189.png" width="614" height="796" alt="Fig. 189">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STREET SCENE, <span class="sc">Cairo, Egypt.</span>&mdash;Most of
+the streets in the old part of the town are unpaved, inaccessible to
+carriages, and often excessively dirty. They present an inexhaustible
+field of amusement and delight, admirably illustrating the whole
+world of oriental fiction. The lanes separating the rows of houses
+in the Arabian quarter are so narrow that the projecting balconies
+of harems, with their gratings, often nearly meet. Rickety, tumbling
+houses of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder
+at every turn, as is illustrated above.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig190">
+ <img src="images/fig190.png" width="813" height="613" alt="Fig. 190">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PALACE OF GEZIREH, <span class="sc">Cairo, Egypt.</span>&mdash;This
+palace is located on the Nile, at one end of a park by the same
+name. Its external appearance is simple. All the distinguished
+guests who were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of
+the Suez Canal were entertained here. The building is State property
+and rarely occupied. The interior is furnished in the most sumptuous
+and elaborate manner. The onyx mantel-pieces, with mirrors, cost
+each $15,000. Portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of
+apartments for visitors, each consisting of bed-room, dressing-room
+and sitting-room.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig191">
+ <img src="images/fig191.png" width="809" height="610" alt="Fig. 191">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ON CAMEL-BACK, <span class="sc">Egypt.</span>&mdash;To people accustomed
+to all the comforts and luxuries of the world, who have never
+experienced desert tent-life, nor traveled through countries where
+there are no people to consult, it is hard to convey an idea of
+oriental camel-back traveling. The "ship of the desert" is a most
+faithful animal, and loved by his master as much as a child; but
+his back affords a very uncomfortable seat. The long backward and
+forward motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea. The
+above picture is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans
+during the traveling season.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig192">
+ <img src="images/fig192.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 192">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, <span class="sc">Egypt.</span>&mdash;Here are
+represented the great Pyramids of Gizeh, occupying a plateau gradually
+ascending from east to west, parts of which are very precipitous at
+places. The three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to
+face the four points of the compass, although the magnet shows a
+deviation toward the west. The Sphinx is situated close by. Numerous
+tombs, almost all in ruins, surround these pyramids, and extend
+over the plateau to the east. They are sometimes hewn in the form
+of grottoes in the external rocky slope.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><a name="fig193">
+ <img src="images/fig193.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 193">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify" colspan="2">
+THE SPHYNX, <span class="sc">EGYPT.</span>&mdash;
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="quote">"Since what unnumbered year,</td>
+    <td class="quote">"No faithless slumber snatching,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="quote">&nbsp;Hast thou kept watch and ward,</td>
+    <td class="quote">&nbsp;Still couched in silence brave,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="quote">&nbsp;And o'er the buried Land of Fear,</td>
+    <td class="quote">&nbsp;Like some fierce hound long watching,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="quote">&nbsp;So grimly held thy guard?"</td>
+    <td class="quote">&nbsp;Above her master's grave."</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig194">
+ <img src="images/fig194.png" width="814" height="615" alt="Fig. 194">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LANDING ON SUEZ CANAL, <span class="sc">Egypt.</span>&mdash;The
+Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, was
+completed in 1863. During the time of construction, which lasted
+five years, 25,000 men were employed, and 1600 camels to supply them
+with water. The cost of constructing the canal was $95,000,000,
+part of which was raised by shareholders, and the balance by the
+Khedive. This picture represents a landing stage and one of the
+English trading vessels sailing between England and India. A number
+of camels and Arabs are seen on a ferry-boat, ready to be taken
+across the Canal, the latter furnishing the great highway for all
+European vessels sailing to or from the Orient.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig195">
+ <img src="images/fig195.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 195">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+POST-OFFICE, <span class="sc">Suez, Egypt.</span>&mdash;The site
+of this town is naturally an absolute desert, and, until the water
+of the Nile was introduced by the fresh water canal in 1863, the
+water-supply of Suez was brought across the head of the gulf from
+the "wells of Moses," on the Arabian coast, or else carried on
+camels, after an hour's journey, from the fortified brackish of
+Bir Suweis. In spite of its favorable position for commerce, the
+place was quite small prior to the time of the canal, and even
+to-day the canal carries traffic past Suez rather than to it. The
+picture shows the post-office square.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig196">
+ <img src="images/fig196.png" width="612" height="813" alt="Fig. 196">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+IN CENTRAL AFRICA.&mdash;No country in the world creates more interest
+among the civilized nations than does Africa. In the far interior,
+where African explorers have failed to find traces of the outer
+world, every variety of savage humanity exists. These uncivilized
+people, who know nothing of the progress of nations, live in tribes,
+preying upon each other's settlements, whenever opportunity presents
+itself. The above picture represents the typical natives of the
+Dark Continent.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig197">
+ <img src="images/fig197.png" width="808" height="611" alt="Fig. 197">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+YAFFA OR JAFFA, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;Jaffa
+is a small town lying on the coast of the Mediterranean, at the
+foot of a rock one hundred and sixteen feet in height. This town
+is very ancient, and a road runs directly from it to Jerusalem.
+The houses are built of tuff-stone, and the streets are generally
+very narrow and dirty, and, after the slightest rain, exceedingly
+muddy. The town walls are falling to decay, and the interior of
+the town is uninteresting. Tradition points out the place as the
+one in which Napoleon is said to have caused plague-patients to be
+poisoned, and in which St. Peter once fished; but the authenticity
+of it seems to proceed from a confusion of ideas.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig198">
+ <img src="images/fig198.png" width="811" height="611" alt="Fig. 198">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+JERUSALEM, <span class="sc">Palestine</span>.&mdash;Here is a place
+of overwhelming interest, but at first sight sadly disappointing.
+Little is seen of the ancient City of Zion and Moriah, the far-famed
+capital of the Jewish Empire, in the narrow, crooked and ill-paved
+streets of the modern town. The combination of wild superstitions,
+with the merest formalism which is everywhere observed, and the
+fanaticism and jealous exclusiveness of the numerous religious
+communities of Jerusalem, form the chief modern characteristics
+of that memorable city which was once the fountain-head from which
+the knowledge of the true God was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind,
+and which has exercised the greatest influence on religious thought
+throughout the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig199">
+ <img src="images/fig199.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 199">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WAILING-PLACE OF THE JEWS, <span class="sc">Jerusalem,
+Palestine.</span>&mdash;Outside of the enclosure of Mosque El Aksa,
+at Jerusalem, is the noted wailing-place of the Jews. A large number
+of them, including old and young, male and female, gather here
+on Friday, kiss the stones and water them with their tears. They
+bewail the downfall of Jerusalem, and read from their well-worn
+Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah. The
+following few words are an exact copy from their litany: "For the
+Palace that lies desolate, we sit in solitude and mourn." They
+present a curious spectacle.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig200">
+ <img src="images/fig200.png" width="616" height="812" alt="Fig. 200">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STREET SCENE, <span class="sc">Jerusalem, Palestine.</span>&mdash;The
+above photograph represents one of the fourteen stations of the
+"street of pain," over which Christ is said to have carried the
+cross on His way to Golgotha. The place where Christ was laid upon
+the cross, the house of Dives, the rich man, where Simon of Cyrene
+took the cross from Christ, the house against which Christ is said
+to have leaned, or near which He fell a second time, and the place
+where Christ is said to have addressed the women that accompanied
+Him, are all seen along this avenue.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig201">
+ <img src="images/fig201.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 201">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;This
+holy place is situated at the foot of Mount Olivet across the Kedron,
+and noted as the scene of our Lord's agony. Jesus frequently came here,
+as did also His disciples. It is a small irregular spot surrounded
+by a high wall. This wall was built in 1847 by Franciscan monks,
+who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden, pilgrims who
+injured the olive trees. There are seven of these trees remaining
+in the Garden, whose trunks, nineteen feet in circumference, are
+cracked open with age, and claimed to date back to the time of
+our Saviour.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig202">
+ <img src="images/fig202.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 202">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BETHLEHEM, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;"But thou,
+Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of
+Judah, yet out of thee shall He come forth unto Me that is to be
+ruler in Israel." In Hebrew the word signifies the "place of bread,"
+or, more generally, "the place of food," and is possibly derived
+from the fact that the region about Bethlehem has from very remote
+antiquity presented a marked contrast to the surrounding "wilderness."
+We learn from the Bible that the inhabitants of Bethlehem possessed
+cornfields, vineyards and flocks of goats, and that they made cheese.
+The natural products of to-day in every respect confirm this record.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig203">
+ <img src="images/fig203.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 203">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+DEAD SEA, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;This sea, situated
+sixteen miles from Jerusalem and visible from the Mount of Olives,
+occupies that deep depression thirteen hundred feet below the
+Mediterranean, which extends from the mountains of Lebanon to the
+Gulf of Akabah, and is forty-six miles long and about ten miles
+wide. The River Jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into
+it, and it has no visible outlet. The water of the Dead Sea contains
+a large quantity of mineral substances, consisting of chlorides
+of sodium, calcium and magnesium, which give it a bitter taste,
+and render it smooth and oily.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig204">
+ <img src="images/fig204.png" width="811" height="610" alt="Fig. 204">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NAZARETH, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;This village,
+situated in Galilee about sixty-five miles from Jerusalem, is the
+place where Jesus grew up from infancy. From its highest elevation
+the most beautiful views of the Holy Land can be taken. The place
+must have been very small in the time of Christ, as the village
+is not named in the Old Testament. The population in those times
+was mainly Jewish, but it now has Greek, Latin and Moslem quarters
+and a Protestant mission. During the Middle Ages many Christians
+visited Nazareth, but when the Turks seized Palestine in 1517,
+they were again driven out.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig205">
+ <img src="images/fig205.png" width="811" height="610" alt="Fig. 205">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+JACOB'S WELL, <span class="sc">Palestine.</span>&mdash;Jews, Christians
+and Muslims agree that this is the "Well of Jacob" of Scripture.
+(Gen. XXXIII., 19.) It is situated on the high road from Jerusalem
+to Galilee, according perfectly with the narrative of St. John
+IV., 5-30. In summer, it is often dry. It is seven and one-half
+feet in diameter and lined with masonry. If, as is probable, this
+well was the scene of Christ's conversation with the Samaritan
+woman, the tradition had already attached to it, that this was
+Jacob's Well, and around it was the field which he purchased, and
+where Joseph was afterwards buried. (Joshua XXIV., 32.)
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig206">
+ <img src="images/fig206.png" width="811" height="610" alt="Fig. 206">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BEYROUTH, <span class="sc">Syria.</span>&mdash;The above city,
+located on the Mediterranean, is one of great antiquity. The city
+proper is an irregular square, open towards the sea, and surrounded
+on the land side by a substantial tower-flanked wall. The streets
+are wider than is usual in Syrian towns, and are paved with large
+stones. The houses, for the most part, are lofty and spacious.
+During the hot season the wealthier inhabitants move inland. The
+surrounding hills consist of reddish sand, interspersed with rock,
+and are covered with a light soil.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig207">
+ <img src="images/fig207.png" width="813" height="614" alt="Fig. 207">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GREAT MOSQUE, <span class="sc">Damascus, Syria.</span>&mdash;It
+is possible that during the first century of the Christian era, a
+heathen temple stood on the site of the present mosque. The building
+was converted into a Christian church, and contained a casket in
+which the head of John the Baptist was shown. The Christian church
+was destroyed, and the present mosque erected. Antique columns
+were collected in towns of Syria, and used in the decoration. The
+pavement and lower walls are covered with rarest marbles. The ceiling,
+from which hang six hundred golden lamps, is of wood, inlaid with
+gold. The urn above the altar is said to still contain the remains
+of the head of John the Baptist.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig208">
+ <img src="images/fig208.png" width="812" height="613" alt="Fig. 208">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BAALBEC, <span class="sc">Syria.</span>&mdash;These magnificent
+ruins have excited the wonder and admiration of every beholder. In
+view of the fact that the Jewish style of architecture is mingled
+with that of the Doric and the Corinthian order, this building is
+supposed to have been the house that Solomon built for his Egyptian
+wife. It may be surpassed in classical taste by the Temple of Athens,
+and, in some respects, Rome may rival it. Even in magnitude the
+Nile exceeds it, but there is something about Baalbec that causes
+it to stand alone, and makes it peer of all. Its origin is not
+known, yet it passed through the Greek, Arab and Roman hands, and
+suffered assaults by the Crusades.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig209">
+ <img src="images/fig209.png" width="810" height="610" alt="Fig. 209">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MECCA, <span class="sc">Syria.</span>&mdash;The pilgrimage to Mecca,
+which every Muslim is bound to undertake once in his life, is a
+most curious religious custom. In the neighborhood of Mecca the
+pilgrims undress, laying aside even their head-gear, and put on
+aprons and a piece of cloth over the left shoulder. They then perform
+the circuit of the Ka'ba, kiss the black stone, hear the sermon on
+Mount Arafat, near Mecca, pelt Satan with stones in the Valley
+of Mina, and conclude their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial
+feast. The picture shows the famous cemetery of Mecca, the bodies
+all buried above the ground.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig210">
+ <img src="images/fig210.png" width="813" height="614" alt="Fig. 210">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+KALBADEVIE ROAD, <span class="sc">Bombay, India.</span>&mdash;The
+city of Bombay, under English rule, with a population of nearly
+a million inhabitants, is one or the most flourishing cities in
+India, on account of its nearness to the Suez Canal. The approach
+from the sea discloses one of the finest panoramas in the world,
+the only European analogy being the Bay of Naples. The town itself
+consists of well-built and usually handsome native bazaars, and
+of spacious streets devoted to European commerce, of which the
+above is one of the principal avenues.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig211">
+ <img src="images/fig211.png" width="810" height="610" alt="Fig. 211">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BENARES, <span class="sc">India.</span>&mdash;The city here represented
+is the religious centre of Hindooism, and one of the oldest cities on
+the globe. The bank of the Ganges is entirely lined with stone, and
+there are many very fine landing-places, built by pious devotees, and
+highly ornamented. The internal streets are so narrow and winding,
+that there is not room for a carriage to pass; and it is difficult
+to penetrate them even on horseback. The houses are built of Chanar
+stone, and are lofty, none being less than two, and many five and
+six, stories high.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig212">
+ <img src="images/fig212.png" width="809" height="611" alt="Fig. 212">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TROPICAL SCENERY, <span class="sc">India.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 813px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig213">
+ <img src="images/fig213.png" width="813" height="616" alt="Fig. 213">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+HEATHEN TEMPLE, <span class="sc">India.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig214">
+ <img src="images/fig214.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 214">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ROYAL OBSERVATORY, <span class="sc">India.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 615px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig215">
+ <img src="images/fig215.png" width="615" height="815" alt="Fig. 215">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WONG TAI KEN, <span class="sc">China.</span>&mdash;The people of
+China are a thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders.
+They are partially Buddhist, and have a peculiar monosyllabic,
+uninflected language, with writing consisting of symbols, which
+represent words, not letters. The photograph represents one of the
+better class, dressed in a richly made costume after the fashion
+of her country. Her feet, like all of her race, are extremely small
+and encased in velvet sandals, with thick wooden shoes, which are
+peculiar to these people.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig216">
+ <img src="images/fig216.png" width="809" height="608" alt="Fig. 216">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TYPICAL SCENE, <span class="sc">Sandwich Islands.</span>&mdash;The
+ravines and mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger
+islands contain much forest growth, while the leeward uplands and
+plains are comparatively bare. Among the most remarkable forms
+of vegetation is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree, so named from
+the fact that the natives string together the kernels, which are
+very oily, and make candles. The natives derive their sustenance
+chiefly from pork and fish, both fresh and dried, and from the
+banana, sweet potato, yam, bread, fruit and cocoanut.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 809px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig217">
+ <img src="images/fig217.png" width="809" height="608" alt="Fig. 217">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SITKA, <span class="sc">Alaska</span>.&mdash;Sitka, the capital
+of Alaska, is situated on the west coast of the Baranoff Island,
+which is one of the principal of the Alexander Islands. It is the
+second town in size, and has a custom house, a Greco-Russian church,
+a hospital, a half dozen stores, schools and several saw mills.
+Its principal business is fishing, and a number of steamers ply
+between this place and Portland, Oregon. The island is about seventy
+miles long and fifteen miles wide, and is densely timbered.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 610px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig218">
+ <img src="images/fig218.png" width="610" height="814" alt="Fig. 218">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+TOTEM POLES, <span class="sc">Alaska.</span>&mdash;A totem is a
+class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious
+respect, believing that there exists between him and every member
+of the class an intimate and special relation. These poles, which
+rise to the height of 70 feet, are elaborately carved from top to
+bottom with a succession of figures, representing the wolf, frog,
+bear, eagle, whale and a variety of other animals. They are planted
+near Indian villages, but it is hoped church steeples will soon
+tower in their places and work a change in these strange people.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig219">
+ <img src="images/fig219.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 219">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, <span class="sc">Ottawa, Canada.</span>&mdash;The
+capital of the Dominion of Canada is situated on the Ottawa River,
+four hundred and fifty miles from New York, and one hundred and
+twenty-six miles from Montreal. It is one of the most flourishing
+cities in Ontario, on account of the great lumber products in the
+surrounding districts. The city was founded sixty-three years ago,
+its chief attraction being the Government Buildings, which stand on
+Barrack Hill, and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone. The
+style of architecture is that of Italian Gothic. The main building
+is five hundred feet long, covering nearly four acres, and involving
+a cost of $4,000,000 in its construction.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig220">
+ <img src="images/fig220.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 220">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GOLDEN GATE, <span class="sc">California.</span>&mdash;This forms
+the entrance to San Francisco Bay, which is about seventy miles
+long and from ten to fifteen wide, and is narrowed into a channel
+only about one mile wide; here the waters escape in a current as
+the tide ebbs and flows to and from the ocean. As one approaches
+from the ocean towards the bay, the south side of the Golden Gate
+exhibits a shelving point of land which terminates in a long
+fortification called Fort Point. The portion of the strait between
+the light house on the north and the fort on the south, is termed
+"The Golden Gate," or "Chrysopyl&aelig;."
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 808px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig221">
+ <img src="images/fig221.png" width="808" height="610" alt="Fig. 221">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SAN FRANCISCO, <span class="sc">California.</span>&mdash;The city
+is the commercial metropolis of California, and is situated nearly
+six miles from the ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay
+from which it derives its name. It stands on a plain which inclines
+towards the bay, and has numerous hills behind it. The city is
+regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles.
+Market Street, which has four street-car tracks, two of which are
+cable lines, is the principal business street; it runs south-west
+from the bay, and divides the older from the newer portion of the
+city. The city was originally called Yerba Buena ("good herbs"),
+and was settled by the Spaniards about 1777, but was changed to
+San Francisco in 1847.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig222">
+ <img src="images/fig222.png" width="810" height="610" alt="Fig. 222">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+YOSEMITE VALLEY, <span class="sc">California.</span>&mdash;The
+Yosemite Valley is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant,
+in a direct line, a little to the southeast of San Francisco. It
+is six miles in length and from half a mile to a mile in width, and
+sunk from two thousand to three thousand feet in perpendicular depth
+below the general level of the surrounding country. The waterfalls in
+and about this valley are of great beauty and variety. The Nevada
+and Vernal Falls of the Merced River, which flows through the whole
+length of the valley, are wonderfully grand.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig223">
+ <img src="images/fig223.png" width="614" height="823" alt="Fig. 223">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MIRROR LAKE, <span class="sc">Yosemite Valley,
+California.</span>&mdash;Up the canyon of the Tenaya is situated this
+beautiful little lake, called "Mirror Lake," which is an expansion
+of the Tenaya Fork. It is generally visited early in the morning,
+for the purpose of seeing the reflection of the overhanging rock,
+which is known as Mount Watkins. Mirror Lake is one of the principal
+points of interest of this marvelous depression of nature.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig224">
+ <img src="images/fig224.png" width="614" height="814" alt="Fig. 224">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GLAZIER POINT, <span class="sc">Yosemite Valley,
+California.</span>&mdash;Glazier Point, one of the most remarkable
+and striking features of nature in the world, is composed of solid
+rock, thirty-two hundred feet in perpendicular height. It is reached
+by a trail from the floor of the valley, and the time generally
+consumed is from four to six hours. From this great point of interest,
+a general view of the whole valley can be obtained, and nothing is
+more soul-stirring to the beholder than to look at the great and
+marvelous wonders of nature abounding in the Yosemite Valley.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig225">
+ <img src="images/fig225.png" width="612" height="812" alt="Fig. 225">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BIG TREE, <span class="sc">California.</span>&mdash;The big trees
+of California are known the world over and are specifically termed
+the <i>sequoia gigantea</i>, and abound only in California. They
+occur in groves or patches, which are scattered over limited areas.
+They grow to a great height, ranging from two hundred to three
+hundred feet, and attain a circumference from seventy-five to one
+hundred feet. The above is a photograph of one of the trees, showing
+the trunk, through which a four-horse stage coach passes. This
+tree measures twenty-five feet in diameter, and it stands in the
+Mariposa Grove.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 617px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig226">
+ <img src="images/fig226.png" width="617" height="812" alt="Fig. 226">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GREAT MORMON TEMPLE, <span class="sc">Salt Lake City,
+Utah.</span>&mdash;The Mormon religion was founded by Joseph Smith,
+at Manchester, New York, in 1830, and the same year was published
+"The Book of Mormon," in which Joseph Smith was declared to be
+God's "Prophet." He soon removed, with his followers, to Kirtland,
+Ohio, which was to be the seat of the New Jerusalem. Several years
+later the Mormon band emigrated to Missouri, and later to Salt Lake
+City, Utah. After the death of Smith, Brigham Young succeeded, until
+1877, when he died and left a fortune of $2,000,000 to seventeen
+wives and fifty-six children. Here they prospered and started to
+build the great temple, which is not yet quite finished.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 807px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig227">
+ <img src="images/fig227.png" width="807" height="608" alt="Fig. 227">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PULPIT TERRACE, <span class="sc">Yellowstone National Park.</span>-The
+Yellowstone Park has in the vicinity of the Mammoth Hot Springs many
+remarkable terrace-building springs, which are situated one thousand
+feet above the Gardiner River, into which they discharge their waters.
+The water finds its way to the surface through deep-lying cretaceous
+strata, and contains a great deposit of calcareous material. As the
+water flows out at the various elevations on the terraces through
+many vents, it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of lime, which
+is generally hard while wet, but becomes soft when dry. While these
+springs are active, vegetation dies in their vicinity; but when
+dry, grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous deposit.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig228">
+ <img src="images/fig228.png" width="814" height="610" alt="Fig. 228">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+OBSIDIAN CLIFF, <span class="sc">Yellowstone National
+Park.</span>&mdash;This noted and volcanic glass mountain, situated
+in the Yellowstone Park, glistens like jet, is opaque and rises
+like basalt in almost vertical columns, from the shore of Beaver
+Lake. It is unequalled in the world, and is about two hundred feet
+high and one thousand feet in length, being variegated with streaks
+of red and yellow. When the carriage road was constructed over the
+side of the mountain along the lake, great fires were built upon
+the masses of Obsidian; and after they had been sufficiently expanded
+by the heat, cold water was thrown on them, which fractured the
+blocks into fragments that could be handled. Thus a glass carriage
+way was made one-quarter of a mile in length, which is without
+doubt the only piece of glass road in the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig229">
+ <img src="images/fig229.png" width="814" height="613" alt="Fig. 229">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MAMMOTH PAINT POTS, <span class="sc">Yellowstone National
+Park.</span>&mdash;Among all the geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone
+Park, there is nothing more striking to behold than the Mammoth Paint
+Pots, which measure forty by sixty feet, with a mud rim on three
+sides from three to four feet in height. The whitish substance in
+this basin, which looks like paint, is in constant agitation, and
+resembles a vast bed of mortar with numerous points of ebullition.
+There is a constant bubbling up of this peculiar formation, which
+produces a sound similar to a hoarse whisper. Its contents have
+been reduced by the constant action to a mixed silicious clay,
+which in former years consisted of different colors, but is now
+active only in the white portion of its formation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 611px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig230">
+ <img src="images/fig230.png" width="611" height="814" alt="Fig. 230">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER, <span class="sc">Yellowstone National
+Park.</span>&mdash;Of all the geysers in the Yellowstone Park,
+this is one of the most interesting and noted on account of the
+great regularity of its eruptions, affording splendid opportunities
+for observation. It is located in the Upper Geyser Basin, and is
+situated on a mound of geyserite built by its own water. The eruptions
+begin with preliminary splashes, and continue for several minutes,
+becoming more powerful as they follow in rapid succession, when all
+at once the steam and water are thrown to a height of one hundred
+and fifty feet; this action occurs at intervals of every sixty-five
+minutes and lasts from four to five minutes.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig231">
+ <img src="images/fig231.png" width="811" height="611" alt="Fig. 231">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND HOT SPRINGS, <span class="sc">Yellowstone
+National Park.</span>&mdash;This large and beautiful sheet of water
+is nearly one-half mile higher than the summit of Mount Washington,
+N. H., and is surrounded by snow-capped mountains. It covers an
+area of one hundred and fifty square miles, and has a great depth.
+Trout are so plentiful that there is little pleasure afforded in
+capturing them. The lake is fed by numerous large tributaries and
+a score of smaller streams. A number of boiling springs, charged
+with sulphur, alum and alkali, dot its shores; and the fishermen
+can cook their trout by dropping them into the boiling springs
+without walking from the spot where they are caught.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 619px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig232">
+ <img src="images/fig232.png" width="619" height="816" alt="Fig. 232">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+YELLOWSTONE FALLS, <span class="sc">Yellowstone National
+Park.</span>&mdash;After the water of the Yellowstone releases
+itself from the deep, symmetrical pool at the foot of the Upper
+Falls, the river turns to the left and flows through high bluffs
+for a short distance, until its sea-green water leaps from the
+top of the Great Falls, three hundred and sixty feet deep, into
+the profound, abysmal solitude of the Grand Canyon. This great
+mass of water breaks into fleecy columns and sheets of glistening
+foam as it descends; but it strikes the pool below with such a
+great concussion that it is forced upwards in fountains of spray
+and clouds of mist.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 815px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig233">
+ <img src="images/fig233.png" width="815" height="615" alt="Fig. 233">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GRAND CA&Ntilde;ON OF THE YELLOWSTONE, <span
+class="sc">Wyoming.</span>&mdash;This wonderful gorge, whose scenic
+beauty is not equaled anywhere, has a scene of enchantment surpassing
+all expectations. From the Lower Falls it reveals the most varied
+groups of crags and rock ever beheld. It passes through a volcanic
+plateau, forming broken walls of barbaric richness of coloring that
+almost defies description. Red, purple and yellow predominate,
+and with the white foam of the rushing river through the bottom,
+and the dark green of the forest upon the plateau, form one of
+the grandest natural sights in earth.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig234">
+ <img src="images/fig234.png" width="810" height="610" alt="Fig. 234">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ANIMAS CANYON, <span class="sc">Colorado</span>.&mdash;This canyon
+is between Durango and Silverton, and the scenery through it is of
+surpassing grandeur and beauty. The railroad follows the course
+of the Animas River (to which the Spaniard gave the musical but
+melancholy title of "Rio de las Animas Perdidas," or River of Lost
+Souls) until the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. To
+the right is the silvery Animas River, which frets in its narrowing
+bed, and breaks into foam against the opposing boulders, beyond
+which rise the hills; to the left are mountains, increasing in
+rugged contour as the advance is made, and in the shadow of the
+rocks all is solitary, weird and awful; the startled traveler loses
+all apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 616px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig235">
+ <img src="images/fig235.png" width="616" height="811" alt="Fig. 235">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GRAND CANYON Of THE ARKANSAS RIVER, <span
+class="sc">Colorado.</span>&mdash;There are no words which can
+properly describe this great and magnificent canyon, the crowning
+attraction, the wonder of wonders, the marvel of marvels, in Colorado's
+scenery. This canyon is seven miles in length, and presents the
+grandest scenery in the world. This photograph represents the Royal
+Gorge, where the canyon is three hundred feet deep. As it is not
+sufficiently wide for railroad and river to pass through, the road
+is carried above the river, on a hanging bridge, which is shown
+in the picture.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 607px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig236">
+ <img src="images/fig236.png" width="607" height="810" alt="Fig. 236">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MOUNTAIN OF THE HOLY CROSS, <span class="sc">Colorado.</span>&mdash;This
+mountain is without doubt the most remarkable and the most noted
+of the Rockies, on account of the cross from which it received
+its name. Near the top is seen the cross, formed by deep crevices
+in its side, which are filled with perpetual snow and ice. The
+sight of wildwood, of tree-crowned slope, of rocky heights, of
+silvery cascades whose white threads of water are occasionally
+seen wearing away rifts in the rocks, renders the mountain one of
+the most enchanting of the many mountains in Colorado.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig237">
+ <img src="images/fig237.png" width="810" height="606" alt="Fig. 237">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MANITOU AND PIKE'S PEAK, <span class="sc">Colorado.</span>&mdash;Manitou
+was known to white men long before Major Pike discovered the peak, and
+is noted for its famous soda springs, whose health-giving properties
+were familiar to the Indians from time immemorial. To this favored
+spot they made their pilgrimages, and in grateful recognition of
+the beneficent characteristics of the waters, they named the place
+in honor of the Great Spirit, and bestowed upon it the musical and
+significant title, Manitou. It is visited by thousands of tourists
+every season, and many make the ascent from here to the top of
+Pike's Peak, which is seen in the background.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 814px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig238">
+ <img src="images/fig238.png" width="814" height="610" alt="Fig. 238">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+SUMMIT OF PIKE'S PEAK, <span class="sc">Colorado</span>.&mdash;In
+1806 Major Zebulon Pike first described this wonderful snow-capped
+peak, which now bears his name, and which he called the "Great
+Snow Mountain." When the mountain first dawned on his view, he
+was one hundred miles east on the plains. This noted peak towers
+to the height of 14,147 feet, and its top is covered with perpetual
+snow. This photograph represents the U. S. Signal Station on its
+summit. The top is now reached by an incline railway from Manitou,
+and from it the traveler may behold one of the grandest sights
+in Colorado.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig239">
+ <img src="images/fig239.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 239">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+GATEWAY TO THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, <span
+class="sc">Colorado.</span>&mdash;Why this wonderful valley, which
+has not the appearance of a garden, was named the Garden of the Gods,
+no one knows; but, no doubt, by reason of its apt alliterations,
+the name has become so popular that it would be foolish to change
+it. There are many remains which show that Titanic forces have
+been at work here. It does not require a lively imagination to
+discover in the garden an endless variety of beings, such as the
+lion, the seal, the elephant, birds and reptiles of imitative forms.
+The most noted object is the Great Gateway.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig240">
+ <img src="images/fig240.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 240">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CATHEDRAL SPIRES, <span class="sc">Colorado.</span>&mdash;The stranger
+passing through Manitou should not fail to visit the Garden of the
+Gods, in which are located the Cathedral Spires, wonderful rock
+formations, standing upright, with pinnacles several hundred feet
+high. The wonderful region in which these spires are, in point of
+attraction, ranks with the sunny slopes of Italy, and the rugged
+grandeur of the Bernese Oberland. The scenery in this locality is
+so varied, so grand, and so impressive, that contemplative pauses
+must be made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details
+of the view.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 807px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig241">
+ <img src="images/fig241.png" width="807" height="610" alt="Fig. 241">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+LIFE IN OKLAHOMA, <span class="sc">Oklahoma
+Territory.</span>&mdash;Oklahoma Territory is a beautiful stretch
+of country, abounding in vast and fertile plains. In the eastern
+part, the soil is particularly rich and well irrigated, making
+it almost as productive as a garden. The territory was formerly
+the special domain for all the Indian tribes, but this original
+race seems to be gradually becoming extinct. The above photograph
+represents a scene in Oklahoma County. This county is nearly in
+the centre of the territory, on the line of it railroad which has
+recently been opened. Owing to its admirable adaptability for
+agriculture, it is fast becoming populated. The picture suggests
+the most primitive rural simplicity.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 614px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig242">
+ <img src="images/fig242.png" width="614" height="809" alt="Fig. 242">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+INDIAN WIGWAM, <span class="sc">Indian Territory</span>.&mdash;The
+red man, the original inhabitant of American soil, is represented
+here at his hut, with his gun and the reins of his horse in his
+hands. He has a universal belief in a Supreme Being, though his
+religious attributes are associated with various manifestations of
+natural phenomena. He believes in the immortality of the soul, but
+his conceptions of the future system of reward and punishment are
+confused. The American Indians are slowly diminishing in number on
+account of the progress of the white man. Their present population
+is about 255,000, and the greatest number are gathered upon their
+reservations in Indian Territory.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig243">
+ <img src="images/fig243.png" width="812" height="616" alt="Fig. 243">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHICAGO, <span class="sc">Illinois.</span>&mdash;This city, which
+is now the most important centre of commerce in the Northwestern
+States, is situated at the mouth of the Chicago River, on Lake
+Michigan. The first inhabitants known to have been in the locality
+were the Pollawatomie Indians, and the earliest Europeans were
+French fur traders, who visited the site in 1654. Fort Dearborn
+was built in 1804, when the first attempt was made to settle here;
+but the Indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in
+1812. In 1816 the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of
+the leading cities of America. The above represents State Street,
+one of the principal thoroughfares, and the Palmer House, one of
+its leading hotels.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig244">
+ <img src="images/fig244.png" width="612" height="810" alt="Fig. 244">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NIAGARA FALLS, <span class="sc">New York.</span>&mdash;The above
+falls constitute perhaps the most striking natural wonder in the
+world. Above the falls, the river is divided by Goat Island, forming
+the Horseshoe Falls, with a perpendicular descent of one hundred and
+fifty-eight feet. The height of the American Falls is one hundred
+and sixty-seven feet. Below the cataract, the river is very deep
+and narrow, varying from one hundred to three hundred yards, and
+flows between perpendicular rocks, two hundred and fifty feet high,
+into a gorge, which is crossed by several suspension bridges. These
+falls are world-famed, and are visited by thousands of tourists
+from different parts of the world.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 612px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig245">
+ <img src="images/fig245.png" width="612" height="816" alt="Fig. 245">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BUNKER HILL MONUMENT, <span class="sc">Boston,
+Massachusetts.</span>&mdash;On an elevation of one hundred and
+ten feet, in the town of Charlestown, one mile from Boston, towers
+the above-named monument to commemorate one of the most celebrated
+battles of the American Revolution, fought here on the 17th of June,
+1775. The British remained master of the field after a long and
+bloody contest, but their victory was dearly bought. The monument,
+two hundred and twenty-one feet in height, stands in the centre of
+the ground, included within the redoubts on Breed's Hill.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig246">
+ <img src="images/fig246.png" width="812" height="618" alt="Fig. 246">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+NEW YORK, N. Y.&mdash;The metropolis of the United States, is considered
+the headquarters of the stock and money market. It is here where
+the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart, and where
+the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores. The city
+is built on Manhattan Island, which is 13 miles long, and from
+2 to 4 miles wide. This picture represents Park Row, and the New
+York Times' Building in the front, and the general Post-Office on
+the right, which is a large granite structure, and an ornament to
+the city. New York has a population of nearly two million people,
+composed of all nationalities. This city gives to the student of
+human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits
+of the different nations.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig247">
+ <img src="images/fig247.png" width="812" height="611" alt="Fig. 247">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+BROOKLYN BRIDGE, <span class="sc">New York.</span>&mdash;This bridge,
+connecting New York with Brooklyn, is by far the largest suspension
+bridge yet constructed. The work commenced in 1870, and opened for
+traffic on May 24, 1883. The central span, from tower to tower,
+measures fifteen hundred and ninety-five and one-half feet. In the
+centre is a foot-way, fifteen and one-half feet wide, and raised
+twelve feet above the other passages, affording an open view on
+both sides. There are tracks on each side for cable cars, worked
+by a stationary engine on the Brooklyn side, and on the outside
+are wagon-ways. The entire cost was $15,500,000.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig248">
+ <img src="images/fig248.png" width="810" height="614" alt="Fig. 248">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+ELEVATED RAILROAD, <span class="sc">New York, N. Y.</span>&mdash;The
+steam cars, the street railway and the electric road are the three
+modern modes of transportation. The motive power of the elevated
+railroads of New York City is steam, and the quick facilities afforded
+exceed that of any other country. These elevated railroads are
+sufficiently high so as not to interfere with street traffic, stations
+are located every four or five blocks apart, there is little delay,
+and a passenger can ride from one end of the city to the other in
+a very short time. It is said that one million people ride daily
+on the elevated railroads of New York giving the company an income
+of $50,000 per day. The above photograph represents the railroad at
+Chatham Square, where it branches off into different directions.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig249">
+ <img src="images/fig249.png" width="812" height="612" alt="Fig. 249">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+STATUE OF LIBERTY, <span class="sc">New York Harbor, N.
+Y.</span>&mdash;This magnificent monument, the work of Bartholdi,
+was presented by the French Government to the people of the United
+States as a token of sisterly love and respect, and as a means
+of still further cementing the good feelings of the two greatest
+republics on the globe. The statue stands on Bedloe's Island, in
+New York harbor. The torch of liberty, held in the right hand,
+is illuminated at night by a huge electric light. The pedestal
+on which the statue stands was built by voluntary contributions,
+solicited by the New York <i>World</i>.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig250">
+ <img src="images/fig250.png" width="812" height="614" alt="Fig. 250">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+CHESTNUT STREET, <span class="sc">Philadelphia,
+Pennsylvania.</span>&mdash;Philadelphia, the third city of the
+United States and the metropolis of Pennsylvania, often called the
+City of Brotherly Love, was founded in 1682 by William Penn. This
+picture represents Chestnut Street, the principal retail business
+street and the avenue on which the leading banking institutions are
+located. The building on the right is Independence Hall, in which
+was declared the independence of the United States. The liberty
+bell is still preserved and found at the entrance of the building.
+The structure in the background is a banking house.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig251">
+ <img src="images/fig251.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 251">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+MARKET STREET, <span class="sc">Philadelphia,
+Pennsylvania.</span>&mdash;Perhaps no street in the world furnishes
+an avenue for so much business as does Market Street. The street
+from this point, which terminates at the Delaware River, making a
+total of fourteen squares, is full of wholesale houses. There are
+times during the day when it is packed with teams and pedestrians,
+presenting an interesting sight for a stranger. The building on
+the right-hand side is considered the largest store of its kind
+in the world. The cars on Market Street are run by cable, a system
+introduced a few years ago.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig252">
+ <img src="images/fig252.png" width="812" height="613" alt="Fig. 252">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+FORT SAN MARCO, <span class="sc">St. Augustine, Florida, U. S.
+A.</span>&mdash;St. Augustine, having the distinction of being
+the oldest city in the United States, was founded by Europeans
+and has recently become a popular winter watering-place. It is
+thirty-six miles from Jacksonville, and stands on a sandy peninsula.
+Along the sea-front, for nearly a mile, extends a granite-coped
+sea-wall; and, at its northern end, stands the Fort of San Marco, a
+well-preserved specimen of Spanish military architecture, built in
+1756. The fort has a moat and outworks, and its walls are twenty-one
+feet high. It is in the form of a trapezium, and covers four acres.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 811px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig253">
+ <img src="images/fig253.png" width="811" height="612" alt="Fig. 253">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+PONCE DE LEON,<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="sc">St. Augustine,<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Florida.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 810px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig254">
+ <img src="images/fig254.png" width="810" height="612" alt="Fig. 254">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+THE CAPITOL,<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="sc">Washington, D. C.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="image" style="width: 812px;">
+<tr><td><a name="fig255">
+ <img src="images/fig255.png" width="812" height="602" alt="Fig. 255">
+</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="justify">
+WHITE HOUSE, <span class="sc">Washington, D. C.</span>&mdash;The
+official residence of the President of the United States, is beautifully
+situated at the western extremity of Pennsylvania Avenue, about a
+mile and a half west of the Capitol. It is constructed of Freestone,
+painted white. Its dimensions are 170 feet front and 86 feet deep.
+The garden-front is very beautiful and admirably kept, the lawn
+sloping down to the Potomac River. In the square in front of the
+Mansion, stands the celebrated equestrian statue of General Jackson.
+Very close to the White House are located the State Treasury, and
+Navy and War departments.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by 
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,3621 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Shepp's Photographs of the World
+
+Author: James W. Shepp
+        Daniel B. Shepp
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2008 [EBook #26037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert J. Hall
+
+
+
+
+SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD.
+
+CONSISTING OF
+
+Panoramic Views of Cities--Street Scenes--Public Buildings--Cathedrals--
+Mosques--Churches--Temples--Observatories--Castles--Palaces--Homes of
+Noted People--Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings, Emperors,
+Monarchs and Rulers--Harems--Universities--Colleges--Active Volcanoes--
+Mountain Scenery--Lake Scenery--Lochs--Fjords--Falls--River Scenery--
+Canyons--Geysers--Bridges--Parks--Fountains--Theatres--Obelisks--Towers--
+Memorials--Tombs--Caves--Cemeteries--Pyramids--Ruins of Castles--Ruins
+of Temples--Ruins of Ancient Cities--Tropical Scenery--Towns--Villages--
+Huts,
+
+Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing
+the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the
+world.
+
+COLLECTED FROM
+
+EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND
+THE PACIFIC ISLANDS,
+
+REPRESENTING
+
+THE WORLD AS IT EXISTS TO-DAY.
+
+Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary,
+by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading
+galleries, including the
+
+FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES
+GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY;
+THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN
+GALLERY, ROME.
+
+Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art
+in the world.
+
+----
+
+CAREFULLY ARRANGED AND APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY
+
+JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP.
+
+----
+
+SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.
+
+----
+
+GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO.,
+
+NO. 705 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+[Illustration: I]n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to
+hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered
+abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands.
+
+In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell
+stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken
+photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day.
+
+The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians
+used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their
+history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined
+temples.
+
+Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as
+time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of
+wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the
+power of truly representing the original objects they intend to
+portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books
+and papers.
+
+Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the
+world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements
+have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process,
+an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without
+losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs
+can be printed, such as appear in this book.
+
+Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial
+methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed
+to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen
+to-day, both for instruction and entertainment.
+
+We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions
+of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms
+are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they
+are indelibly impressed upon the memory.
+
+The object, then, of this Publication is to present photographs
+of all the great sights of the world, from every corner of the
+globe, carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process,
+and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture, so that
+any one can comprehend each subject.
+
+To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked,
+starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of
+Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in
+the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to
+form a road across the channel to Scotland.
+
+Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs,
+bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their
+busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare,
+the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and
+battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the
+world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London,
+the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its
+crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers
+and monuments.
+
+The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills,
+Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield
+of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin;
+St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled
+across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras
+to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled
+prisoners.
+
+Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin;
+Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries;
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer,
+and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque
+Rhine, lined with its historic castles.
+
+France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the
+whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers,
+bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries,
+and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its
+royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau,
+buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon
+ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the
+ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter
+both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable.
+
+Through Spain and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed,
+from the wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north
+to that bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from
+the calm Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the
+Atlantic on the west.
+
+Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice
+and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes;
+mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and
+variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland.
+
+Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano,
+Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery
+crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the
+Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower;
+Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues
+and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and
+Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world,
+and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet
+now calm, peaceful and powerless.
+
+Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored
+us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the
+blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the
+Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating
+and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of
+the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people
+and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its
+mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings
+out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!--there is but one God,
+and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares; the
+Bosphorus and Golden Horn.
+
+Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our
+collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter
+almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles,
+chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ.
+
+In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the
+former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his
+harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected
+Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains
+of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with
+a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it
+command.
+
+Palestine, the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian
+Church, added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle
+of Christ; Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on
+whose shores He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which
+He was called a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary,
+where He was crucified.
+
+Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples
+make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta;
+the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests,
+chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the
+great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges,
+rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath,
+to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its
+floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the
+world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with
+its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous
+wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in
+the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during
+summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ,
+perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the
+books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine
+teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the
+Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like
+view of the Straits of Sunda.
+
+Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America,
+Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and
+the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky
+Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the
+north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and
+every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a
+point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand
+cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial
+building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river,
+an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a
+deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the
+camera and added to this book.
+
+The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure
+of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the
+only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and
+instruction to those that view the result of their labors.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+IRELAND.
+  Blarney Castle
+  Lakes of Killarney
+  Dublin (Instantaneous)
+  Giant's Causeway
+
+SCOTLAND.
+  Municipal Buildings, Glasgow
+  Loch Lomond
+  Forth Bridge
+  Balmoral Castle
+  Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa
+  Edinburgh (Instantaneous)
+
+ENGLAND.
+  Liverpool (Instantaneous)
+  Lime Street, Liverpool (Instantaneous)
+  Manchester (Instantaneous)
+  Warwick Castle, Warwick
+  Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon
+  Brighton
+  Osborne House, Isle of Wight
+  Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court
+  Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich
+
+  WINDSOR CASTLE.
+    Windsor Castle
+    Green Drawing Room
+
+  LONDON.
+    Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station
+    The Strand (Instantaneous)
+    Cheapside (Instantaneous)
+    St. Paul's Cathedral
+    The Bank of England (Instantaneous)
+    Tower of London
+    London Bridge (Instantaneous)
+    Westminster Abbey
+    Houses of Parliament
+    Trafalgar Square
+    Buckingham Palace
+    Rotten Row (Instantaneous)
+    Albert Memorial
+
+BELGIUM.
+  Antwerp
+
+  BRUSSELS.
+    Panoramic View of Brussels
+    Palace of the King
+    Bourse (Instantaneous)
+    City Hall
+    Cathedral of Ste. Gudule
+    The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms
+
+HOLLAND.
+  Scheveningen
+  Amsterdam (Instantaneous)
+  Windmill
+
+NORWAY.
+  Christiansand
+  Bergen
+  Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen
+  North Cape
+
+RUSSIA.
+  Moscow
+  Winter Palace, St. Petersburg
+
+GERMANY.
+  The Cathedral, Cologne
+  Bingen
+  Ehrenbreitstein
+  Frankfort-on-the-Main
+  Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main
+  Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker
+  University Building, Leipsic
+
+  BERLIN.
+    Royal Palace
+    Berlin, Unter den Linden
+    Statue of Frederick the Great
+    The Brandenburg Gate
+    Monument of Victory
+
+  POTSDAM.
+    The Historic Windmill
+
+  DRESDEN GALLERY.
+    Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael
+    Magdalene, Painting, Battoni,
+
+FRANCE.
+  PARIS.
+    Bird's-eye View of Paris
+    Place de la Concorde (Instantaneous)
+    Madeleine (Instantaneous)
+    Opera House (Instantaneous)
+    Great Boulevards
+    July Column
+    Statue of the Republic
+    Vendome Column
+    Royal Palace
+    Hotel de Ville
+    Cathedral of Notre Dame
+    Palace of Justice
+    Arc of Triumph
+    Dome des Invalides
+    Tomb of Napoleon
+    Eiffel Tower
+    Pantheon
+    Louvre Buildings
+
+  LOUVRE GALLERY.
+    Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown
+    Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance
+    Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze
+
+  LUXEMBOURG GALLERY.
+
+    The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret
+    Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson
+    A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir
+    Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu
+    Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte
+    Ignorance, Painting, Paton
+
+  VERSAILLES.
+    Royal Palace
+    Royal Carriage
+
+  VERSAILLES GALLERY.
+    Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting, Muller
+    Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet
+    Napoleon, Painting, Gosse
+
+  FONTAINEBLEAU.
+    Royal Palace
+    Throne Room
+    Apartment of Tapestries
+    Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon
+
+SOUTHERN FRANCE.
+  Nice
+  Monaco
+  Monte Carlo
+  Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo
+
+SPAIN.
+  Madrid
+  Seville
+  Bull Fight, Seville (Instantaneous)
+  Toledo
+  Gibraltar
+
+PORTUGAL.
+  Lisbon
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+  Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne
+  Clock Tower, Berne
+  Peasant Woman
+  Interlaken and the Jungfrau
+  Grindelwald
+  A Thousand Foot Chasm
+  Brunig Pass
+  Lucerne
+  Rigi
+  Rigi-Kulm
+  Pilatus
+  Simplon's Pass
+  Zermatt and the Matterhorn
+  Chamounix and Mont Blanc
+  Engleberg
+  St. Gotthard Railway
+  Axenstrasse
+
+AUSTRIA.
+  VIENNA.
+    Panorama of Vienna
+    Hotel Metropole
+    Church of St. Stephen
+    Theseus, Statuary, Canova,
+    Schoenbrunn
+
+TURKEY.
+  CONSTANTINOPLE.
+    Galata Bridge (Instantaneous)
+    Mosque of St. Sophia
+    Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia
+    Street Scene (Instantaneous)
+    Mosque of Ahmed
+    Turkish Lady
+    Street Merchants
+    Sultan's Harem
+
+GREECE.
+  Acropolis, Athens
+  Parthenon, Athens
+
+ITALY.
+  MILAN.
+    Grand Cathedral and Square
+    Corso Venezia
+
+  TURIN.
+    Exposition Buildings
+    Duke Ferdinand of Genoa
+
+  GENOA.
+    General View of Genoa
+    Statue of Columbus
+
+  PISA.
+    Leaning Tower
+
+  VENICE.
+    Palace of the Doges
+    Grand Canal
+    Cathedral of St. Mark
+    Street Scene in Venice
+    The Rialto (Instantaneous)
+
+  FLORENCE.
+    The Cathedral
+    Vecchio Bridge
+    Monk
+    Loggia dei Lanzi
+    Uffizi Buildings
+
+  LOGGIA DEI LANZI.
+    Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi
+
+  UFFIZI GALLERY.
+    Wild Boar, Bronze
+    The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century
+
+  ROME.
+    Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella
+    Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate
+    Roman Forum
+    Forum of Trajan
+    Baths of Caracalla
+    Colosseum
+    Interior of Colosseum
+    Pantheon
+    Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian
+    St. Peter's and Vatican
+    Interior of St. Peter's
+    Romulus and Remus
+
+  VATICAN GALLERY.
+    Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael
+    La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova
+    Laocoonte, Statuary
+
+  NAPLES.
+    Toledo Street (Instantaneous)
+
+  MOUNT VESUVIUS.
+    Crater
+
+  POMPEII.
+    Street of Tombs
+    Civil Forum
+
+  ISLAND OF CAPRI.
+    General View and Landing
+
+  ISLAND OF ISCHIA.
+    Castello
+
+EGYPT.
+  ALEXANDRIA.
+    Harbor
+    Place of Mehemet Ali
+
+  CAIRO.
+    Citadel
+    Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali
+    Street Scene
+    Palace of Gezireh
+
+  On Camel-Back
+  Pyramids of Gizeh
+  Corner View of the Great Pyramid
+  The Sphynx
+  In Central Africa
+
+  SUEZ CANAL.
+    Landing on Suez Canal (Instantaneous)
+    Post Office, Suez
+
+PALESTINE.
+  Yaffa or Jaffa
+
+  JERUSALEM.
+    General View of Jerusalem
+    Wailing Place of the Jews
+    Street Scene
+
+  Garden of Gethsemane
+  Bethlehem
+  Dead Sea
+  Nazareth
+  Jacob's Well
+
+SYRIA.
+  Beyrouth
+  Great Mosque, Damascus
+  Ba'albek
+  Mecca
+
+INDIA.
+  Kalbadevie Road, Bombay
+  Benares
+  Tropical Scenery
+  Heathen Temple
+  Royal Observatory
+
+CHINA.
+  Wong Tai Ken
+
+SANDWICH ISLANDS.
+  Typical Scene
+
+ALASKA.
+  Sitka
+  Totem Poles
+
+CANADA.
+  Parliament Buildings
+
+UNITED STATES.
+
+  SAN FRANCISCO.
+    Golden Gate
+    Market Street, San Francisco
+
+  YOSEMITE VALLEY.
+    General View
+    Glacier Point
+    Mirror Lake
+    Big Tree
+
+  SALT LAKE CITY.
+    Great Mormon Temple
+
+  YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
+    Pulpit Terrace
+    Obsidian Cliff
+    Mammoth Paint Pots
+    Old Faithful Geyser
+    Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs
+    Yellowstone Falls
+    Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
+
+  COLORADO.
+    Animas Canyon
+    Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River
+    Mountain of the Holy Cross
+    Manitou and Pike's Peak
+    Summit of Pike's Peak
+    Gateway to the Garden of the Gods
+    Cathedral Spires
+
+  Life in Oklahoma
+  Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory
+  State Street, Chicago, Ill.
+  Niagara Falls, N. Y.
+  Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass.
+
+  NEW YORK.
+    Park Row
+    Brooklyn Bridge
+    Elevated Railroad
+    Statue of Liberty
+
+  PHILADELPHIA.
+    Chestnut Street
+    Market Street
+
+  ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
+    Fort San Marco
+    Ponce de Leon
+
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+    The Capitol
+    White House
+
+[Illustration: BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.--Here are observed the
+ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists
+every year, on account of a tradition which has been attached for
+centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its
+walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is principally
+noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed with the
+property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface,
+the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20
+feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy,
+"Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."]
+
+[Illustration: LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND.--These are three connected
+lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty
+islands, and covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful
+scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain
+outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores.
+Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream,
+while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the Creator. The
+lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above
+photograph gives a general view of them.]
+
+[Illustration: DUBLIN, IRELAND.--Dublin, the capital and chief
+city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical,
+educational, commercial, military and railroad enterprises of the
+kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
+and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the
+time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes,
+who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back
+by the English, and seven years later, its history began to be
+identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts
+by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges. This photograph
+represents Sackville street, one of its principal thoroughfares.]
+
+[Illustration: GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND.--The Giant's Causeway
+derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be
+the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the
+channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory
+of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast of Antrim,
+Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the
+Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here represented,
+and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from 15 to 20
+inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is a most curious
+formation.]
+
+[Illustration: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND.--Glasgow
+is one of the best governed cities in Great Britain, and has a
+broad, bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health,
+comfort and advancement of its citizens. This photograph represents
+its municipal buildings and a statue of Sir Walter Scott. The building
+is large and imposing, and of a mixed style of architecture. It
+was erected in 1860, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars,
+and has a tower 210 feet high. The Post Office, Bank of Scotland,
+Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue Buildings are close by.]
+
+[Illustration: LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.--Here is presented the largest
+and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it
+is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five miles wide.
+Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which
+the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are of considerable
+size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the
+scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unquestionably the pride
+of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of
+scenery.]
+
+[Illustration: FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.--This bridge, crossing the
+Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world,
+and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It
+is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was
+begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is built on the cantilever
+and central girder system, the principle of which is that of "stable
+equilibrium," its own weight helping to balance it more firmly
+in position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the
+deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the
+bridge is 50,000 tons.]
+
+[Illustration: BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND.--The above-named castle,
+the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and
+romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has
+two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at
+Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive.
+The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind
+of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is
+allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The
+cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of
+Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths
+of which is a deer forest.]
+
+[Illustration: CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.--The
+above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic
+Ocean, not far from the mainland. It is one of those remarkable
+islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little
+over a hundred years. The name of the island signifies _columns
+or staves_. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic
+actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a
+little over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most
+interesting field of study for geologists.]
+
+[Illustration: EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.--Edinburgh, the capital of
+Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in
+Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is the seat
+of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is
+renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic
+history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on
+the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar
+to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in
+1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal
+thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock,
+the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.]
+
+[Illustration: LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Liverpool, the second city and
+principal seaport of England, is situated on the right bank of the
+Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred and eighty-five
+miles from London. The town was founded by King John in 1207, and
+its growth for several centuries was very slow. In 1840 regular
+steamboat communications were opened between it and New York, which,
+no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence of Liverpool. The
+importation of raw cotton from the United States forms the great
+staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the Mersey for a
+distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands of workmen,
+are its most characteristic and interesting sights.]
+
+[Illustration: LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Situated on the
+north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the
+above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is noted
+for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the
+most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry docks,
+over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal
+avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture. The large
+building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and
+Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building.]
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.--Manchester is the chief industrial
+town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers
+of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery. Most of the
+streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in
+the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture represents
+Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares.
+This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded
+with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the
+centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very
+animated appearance.]
+
+[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.--Warwick, a quaint
+old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising
+from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having
+been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by
+the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline,
+and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon,
+stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of
+Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque
+feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.]
+
+[Illustration: SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND.--Of
+all the ancient castles and monuments throughout England, the house
+of William Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most
+interesting and popular. The chief literary glory of the world
+was born here, April 23, 1564, which gives his home an ancient
+and noted history. The house has undergone various vicissitudes
+since his time, but the framework remains substantially unaltered.
+The rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting
+collections of portraits, early editions of his productions, his
+school-desk and signet-ring. The garden back of the house contains
+a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays.]
+
+[Illustration: BRIGHTON, ENGLAND.--This town, situated on the English
+Channel, forty-seven miles from London, extends three miles along
+the coast, and is fronted by a sea wall sixty feet in height, which
+forms a magnificent promenade. The town has elegant streets, squares
+and terraces, built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis.
+Its fisheries furnish large quantities of fish to the London market.
+In the time of George III., it was a mere fishing-village; but
+since his day, it has become the most fashionable watering-place
+in England.]
+
+[Illustration: OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.--This is
+the residence of the Queen of England; it was completed in 1845,
+and is located near Cowes. The latter town is on the north coast
+of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite to the mouth of Southampton
+Water. The port between them is the chief one of the island, and
+the headquarters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Behind the harbor
+the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes, and numerous
+villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent residences and castles are
+located near by, of which the above picture is a fair representation.]
+
+[Illustration: HAMPTON COURT PALACE, HAMPTON COURT, ENGLAND.--This
+palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey, the favorite of Henry VIII., and
+was afterwards presented to the King. It was subsequently occupied
+by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William III., and the first two monarchs
+of the House of Hanover. Since the time of George II., Hampton
+Court has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now inhabited
+by various pensioners of the Crown. The various rooms that were
+formerly occupied by the royalty, are now devoted to the use of
+an extensive picture-gallery.]
+
+[Illustration: GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, ENGLAND.--Greenwich
+Observatory is situated six miles from London Bridge, on a hill
+one hundred and eighty feet high, in the centre of Greenwich Park.
+It marks the meridian from which English astronomers make their
+calculations. The correct time for the whole of England is settled
+here every day at one o'clock P. M.; a large colored ball descends
+many feet, when the time is telegraphed to the most important towns
+throughout the country. A standard clock, with the hours numbered
+from one to twenty-four, and various standard measures of length
+are placed outside the entrance, pro bono publico.]
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--This favorite seat of
+the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London, at the
+town of Windsor, was frequently extended under succeeding monarchs,
+until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it was completed
+at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became one of the largest and
+most magnificent royal residences in the world. The Saxon kings
+resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by William
+the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of England,
+including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the castle is
+richly and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures, statuary,
+bronze monuments and other works of art.]
+
+[Illustration: GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--Windsor
+Castle, the residence of the Queen, is one of the largest and most
+magnificent royal residences in the world. The interior of the
+drawing-room, which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred
+thousand dollars, gives a person a fair conception of the elaborate
+and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments.
+The interior, beautified with colored marble, mosaics, sculpture,
+stained-glass, precious stones, and gilding in extraordinary profusion
+and richness, places it among the finest castles in all Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON,
+ENGLAND.--The roof of this station is said to be the most extensive
+in the world, being seven hundred feet long, two hundred and forty
+feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high. The hotel is the
+terminus of the railway by the same name, and is one of the largest
+in London. Travelers arriving at the metropolis of the world, by
+almost any of the large railway lines, can secure hotel accommodations
+at the end of their journey in the Railway Hotel.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STRAND, London, England.--This street has been
+so named from its skirting the bank of the river, which is concealed
+here by the buildings. It is very broad, contains many handsome
+shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the
+West End, and one of the busiest and most important thoroughfares
+in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period many of the
+mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here, with gardens
+stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the left are the
+new Law Courts.]
+
+[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This street is in the
+very heart of the "city" and is especially noted for its so-called
+"cheap shops," where is offered for sale every variety of articles,
+from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street is constantly so crowded
+with vehicles, that pedestrians are often delayed from fifteen to
+twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other. It affords
+much pleasure to stroll along Cheapside and watch the crowds of
+pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the avenue. The buildings
+lining Cheapside have an imposing appearance, and are of uniform
+architecture.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Conspicuous, on
+a slight eminence in the very heart of London, stands the above-named
+cathedral, the most prominent building of the city. It is claimed that
+in Pagan times a temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul's.
+The present church was begun in 1675, opened for divine service
+in 1697, and completed in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting
+to nearly $4,000,000, was defrayed by a tax on coal. The church
+resembles St. Peter's at Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross,
+five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This irregular,
+isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four acres, and
+located in the central part of London, is the largest and most
+powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank in London
+which has the power to issue paper money; its average daily business
+is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and usually carries in
+its vaults from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000, while there are from
+100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank's notes in circulation. On
+the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000 stock brokers daily
+employment.]
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This celebrated
+fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion of London.
+Some of the most interesting events in the history of the Old World
+are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the tower was
+commenced by Julius Caesar, while most writers affirm that William
+the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls enclose about
+twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch or moat,
+formerly filled with water. The tower was for a time a residence for
+the Monarchs of England; afterwards a prison for State criminals.]
+
+[Illustration: LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Centuries ago the
+Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the Thames,
+on the site of the present London Bridge; but they were all carried
+away by floods, or destroyed by fire. This bridge was begun in
+1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of $10,000,000. The bridge,
+928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite arches,
+that in the centre having a span of 152 feet. The lamp-posts on
+the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in
+the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians
+cross the bridge daily.]
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The Abbey,
+built in the form of cross, four hundred feet long and two hundred
+feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded in 610 A. D.
+
+ "That antique pile,
+  Where royal heads receive the sacred gold;
+  It give them crowns, and does their ashes keep;
+  There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep,
+  Making the circle of their reign complete.
+  These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set."]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND.--These edifices
+form a single pile of buildings of the richest Gothic style. They
+cover over eight acres, contain one hundred stair-cases, eleven
+hundred apartments, and cost $15,000,000. They are perhaps the
+most costly national structure in the world. The Queen enters on
+the opening and prorogation of Parliament through the Victoria
+Tower, which is three hundred and forty feet high. The imposing
+river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long,
+and adorned with statues of English monarchs, from William the
+Conqueror to Queen Victoria.]
+
+[Illustration: TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Here is one of
+the finest open places in London. This great square, which is a
+centre of attraction, was dedicated to Lord Nelson, and commemorates
+his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar, October 22, 1805,
+gained by the English fleet over the combined armaments of France
+and Spain. In the centre of the Square, rises to the memory of the
+great hero, a massive granite column, one hundred and fifty-four
+feet high, and crowned with a statue of Nelson. At the foot of the
+pedestal is inscribed his last command, "England expects every
+man will do his duty."]
+
+[Illustration: BUCKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The above palace,
+being now the Queen's residence and occupying the site of Buckingham
+House, was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham, and purchased
+by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825, but it remained
+vacant until 1837, when it was occupied by Queen Victoria, whose
+residence it has since continued to be. The palace now forms a
+quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet long. It contains a
+sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room, throne-room, grand
+saloon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and private apartments.]
+
+[Illustration: ROTTEN ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Rotten Row is the
+finest portion of Hyde Park, irrespectively of the magnificent
+groups of trees and expanses of grass for which English parks stand
+pre-eminent. The Park is surrounded by a handsome and lofty iron
+railing, and provided with nine carriage entrances. In the spring
+and summer the fashionable world rides, drives or walks through the
+Row; and in the drives are seen unbroken files of elegant equipages
+and high-bred horses in handsome trappings moving continually,
+presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered lackeys, and occupied
+by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely dressed women in
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This magnificent
+monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected by the
+English nation at a cost of $600,000. On a spacious platform, to
+which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned
+with reliefs in marble, representing artists of every period, poets.
+musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement
+sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy
+terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and
+surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five
+feet high, and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues,
+gildings, colored stones and mosaic.]
+
+[Illustration: ANTWERP, BELGIUM.--Antwerp, the capital of a province
+of its own name, stands on the right bank of the Scheldt. It is
+strongly fortified; its walls and other defenses completely encompass
+the city on the land sides, having more than twelve miles of massive
+ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is exceedingly picturesque, an
+effect produced by its numerous churches, convents, magnificent
+public buildings, its elaborate and extensive fortifications, the
+profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately antique-looking
+houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the docks, dock-yards
+and basins, constructed by Bonaparte at an expense of $10,000,000,
+the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the finest in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--Brussels,
+the capitol of Belgium and the residence of the royal family, is
+situated nearly in the centre of the Kingdom. The above picture
+presents a general view of the city, the tile roofs of the houses,
+with the Palace of Justice looming up in the background. This stately
+edifice, completed in 1883, was erected at an expense of over
+$10,000,000. This high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty
+structures of ancient Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of
+energy spent in their erection.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF THE KING, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--The above
+edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected
+during the last century. These were connected by an intervening
+structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is
+one of the principal and notable buildings of the City of Brussels.
+The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up,
+and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted
+on the palace announces the presence of the King.]
+
+[Illustration: BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--In the central portion
+of the City of Brussels on the Boulevard Anspach, rises the Bourse
+or New Exchange, an imposing pile in Louis XIV. style. Its vast
+proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine
+to make the building worthy of being the commercial centre of an
+important metropolis; but it has been sadly disfigured by the
+application of a coat of paint, necessitated by the foible nature
+of the stone. The principal facade is embellished with a Corinthian
+colonnade, to which there is an ascent of twenty steps.]
+
+[Illustration: CITY HALL, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--This is by far the
+most interesting edifice in the city, and one of the noblest and
+most beautiful buildings of the kind in Belgium. It is of irregular,
+quadrangular form, one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length, and
+one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and encloses a court.
+The principal facade is of Gothic style, and the graceful tower,
+which, however, for some unexplained reason does not rise from
+the centre of the structure, is three hundred and seventy feet in
+height. The entire building dates back to the fourteenth century,
+and is still occupied by municipal offices.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.--In the central part of
+the City of Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the above
+edifice, one of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches
+in Belgium. It consists of a nave and aisle, having a retro-choir,
+and deep bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has
+been in constant use for 670 years. While the elements of time are
+crumbling its outside surface, leaving an abundance of disintegrated
+matter at the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine
+paintings and kept in apparently good order.]
+
+[Illustration: THE FORBIDDEN BOOK (BY OOMS), ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS,
+BRUSSELS, BELGIUM--This striking painting by that celebrated artist,
+is a pleasing commingling of many colors, which, of course, are lost
+in the photograph. The picture represents a private library, the
+father and daughter eagerly devouring the contents of the Bible.
+Unexpected foot-steps are heard; hence the frightened look of both,
+for, in those days, reading the Bible was punished by death. The
+painting is a subject study for the earnest Bible-reader.]
+
+[Illustration: SCHEVENINGEN, HOLLAND.--This famous and popular
+summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The sand
+is firm and smooth, and the place possesses a great advantage over
+other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and woods
+in close proximity, the latter affording pleasant and shady walks.
+What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture,
+are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off the sun. Scores
+of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of people lie on
+the beach from early morning until late at night.]
+
+[Illustration: AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.--This is the largest and most
+important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital. It
+stands on a soft, wet ground, under which, at a depth of fifty
+feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which
+buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus
+of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops
+of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows.
+Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing
+town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street.]
+
+[Illustration: WIND-MILL, HOLLAND.--Millions wonder that a country
+so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger is almost unable
+to decide whether land or water predominates. Those broken and
+compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the lakes
+and canals crossing each other, all combine to give the idea of
+a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In the
+thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland
+and formed the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing
+the death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save
+the country from destructive inundations, the Hollanders press
+the air into their service, which is represented by the above
+wind-mill.]
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTIANSAND, NORWAY.--Christiansand is the largest
+town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, and the
+residence of one of the five Norwegian Bishops. It is beautifully
+situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand Fjord.
+The town is named after Christian IV., by whom it was founded in
+1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right
+angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the coasting
+steamers of that country, and those from England, Germany and Denmark,
+arrive regularly.]
+
+[Illustration: BERGEN, NORWAY.--Bergen is one of the oldest and
+most picturesque cities in Norway. The general aspect of the town
+is modern, though traces of its antiquity are not wanting. The
+older part adjoins the spacious harbor called Vaagen, and spreads
+over the rocky heights at the base of the Florfjeld and over the
+peninsula of Mordanes. Fish has always been the staple commodity
+of the city, and it is still the greatest fish market in Norway.
+The above picture represents the harbor, with vegetable-peddlers
+and their portable stalls in the foreground.]
+
+[Illustration: NIERDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, NORWAY.--One of the grandest
+and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken coast of
+Norway, is represented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed by the
+melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices of the
+high mountains on every side. The mountains on both sides of this
+inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet. The steamer
+in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly trips between
+Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the most northern
+town in the world. During the summer season, these steamers are
+crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This fact evinces
+the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must afford to
+travellers.]
+
+[Illustration: NORTH CAPE, NORWAY.--This cape (71 deg. 10' N. Lat.),
+consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with deep clefts,
+rising abruptly from the sea, is usually considered the most northern
+point of Europe; its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet.
+The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time this photograph was
+taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable ocean in apparent
+contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines and the most
+sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here, as in a dream,
+the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSCOW, RUSSIA.--Moscow, which was at one time the
+capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded nearly seven
+hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its history
+is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the
+French from their winter quarters during the French and Russian
+war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets
+and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent
+squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and
+a university with 1000 students. This photograph represents the
+principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank
+it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the
+air with its lofty spires.]
+
+[Illustration: WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.--This magnificent
+palace is fronted with a large number of Corinthian columns, which
+give it a formidable yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the
+front and sides, it is adorned by a number of statues representing
+various emblems and figures in Russian history. The most beautiful
+apartment of the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white saloon,
+where the court fetes are held. The room contains the crown jewels
+of Russia, and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect
+is most dazzling.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, COLOGNE, GERMANY.--This building
+justly excites the admiration of every beholder, and is probably
+the most magnificent Gothic edifice in the world. It stands on a
+slight eminence, sixty feet above the Rhine. As early as the ninth
+century, an Episcopal church occupied the site, but the inhabitants
+regarded it to be unworthy, as compared with the prosperity of the
+city, and consequently started a new one. The foundation-stone
+of the present structure was laid on August 14, 1248. On the 15th
+of October, 1880, the completion of the Cathedral was celebrated
+in the presence of William I.]
+
+[Illustration: BINGEN, GERMANY.--Bingen, a Hessian town of Prussia,
+with a population of 7100, is situated at the confluence of the
+Nahe and Rhine rivers. The Romans erected a castle here in 70,
+when a battle was fought between them and the Gauls. Bingen carries
+on a large trade in wine, starch and leather. The town is in a
+beautiful and highly picturesque country, and is visited by thousands
+of tourists during the summer season. On an island in the Rhine is
+the Mansethum, or "Rat Tower," a structure erected in the thirteenth
+century. Bingen is celebrated in song, poetry, story and history.]
+
+[Illustration: EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY.--This small town, with
+five thousand three hundred inhabitants, prettily situated in a
+valley, is crowned with the fortresses of Ehrenbreitstein and
+Asterstein, which are connected with Coblenz by a bridge of boats,
+about four hundred yards in length. The majestic fortress of
+Ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the Moselle, and is
+situated on a precipitous rock, three hundred and eighty-five feet
+above the Rhine, inaccessible on three sides, and connected with
+the neighboring heights on the north side only. The view from the
+top is one of the finest on the Rhine. It embraces the fertile
+Rhine Valley from Stolzenfels to Andernach.]
+
+[Illustration: FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--The above city,
+formerly one of the few independent towns of Germany, now belongs
+to Prussia. Old watch-towers in the vicinity indicate its ancient
+extent. The city lies on a spacious plain bounded by mountains,
+on the right bank of the navigable river Main. On the left bank
+lies Sachenhausen, a suburb connected with Frankfort by four stone
+bridges and one suspension bridge. In a commercial, and particularly
+a financial, point of view, Frankfort is one of the most important
+cities of Germany.]
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER'S HOUSE, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN,
+GERMANY.--Here is a historic relic which justly excites the admiration
+of the beholder. This is where Martin Luther lived for a time after
+he had nailed to a church-door in Wittenberg the theses in which
+he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable traffic
+carried on for the Pope by Tetzel and his accomplices. This brought
+to the front a man who had certainly many faults, but who amply
+made up for them by his force of intellect and the loftiness of
+his aims.]
+
+[Illustration: ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, BETHMANN'S MUSEUM,
+FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--This exquisite piece of sculpture
+is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart, who is
+likewise famous for his bust of Schiller. Of the many subjects
+sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm
+of novelty, which has made it a European favorite in a reduced
+size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female
+human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides,
+that attracts the admiration.]
+
+[Illustration: UNIVERSITY BUILDING, LEIPSIC, GERMANY.--Leipsic
+is one of the great commercial cities of Germany, the centre of
+the German book-trade, the seat of the supreme law-courts of the
+German Empire, and contains one of the most ancient and important
+universities in Europe. The interior of the city consists of lofty
+and closely built houses, dating chiefly from the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs,
+beyond which is a series of villages, almost adjacent to the town.
+The above picture represents one of the University buildings.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This palace, six
+hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty feet wide,
+and rectangular in form, rises in four stories to the height of
+one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two hundred and
+thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great, it served
+as a residence for all the members of the royal family, contained
+all the royal collections, and was the seat of several government
+officials. Now it is used for reception rooms, and a dwelling for
+royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive and imposing;
+the interior is beautifully embellished.]
+
+[Illustration: BERLIN, GERMANY.--Berlin, the capital of Prussia
+and the home of the emperor, with its large and beautiful buildings
+and its regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities in
+Europe. The most noted street is that called "Unter den Linden,"
+the city's pride, a broad and imposing thoroughfare, resembling the
+boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at
+one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the other by the equestrian
+statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph.
+The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial museum and
+many other noted buildings border on "Unter den Linden," which is
+nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This
+impressive and masterly work was erected in 1851 at one end of
+the "Linden," and is probably the grandest monument of its kind
+in Europe. The great King is represented on horse-back, with his
+coronation-robes and walking-stick. The pedestal is divided into
+four sections. The upper one contains allegorical figures and scenes
+in Frederick's life, with the figures Moderation, Justice, Wisdom
+and Strength at the corners; the second section contains figures
+of the King's officers, and the lower section, the names of other
+distinguished men.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--The Brandenburg
+Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten, was erected
+in 1793 in imitation of the Propylaea at Athens. It is 85 feet high
+and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages, separated by
+massive Doric columns. It is at the one end of "Unter den Linden,"
+and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only. The
+material is sandstone, and it is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victory
+from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but restored in
+1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian Temples, one
+of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house.
+Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance and beauty.]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF VICTORY, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This monument,
+rising to a height of two hundred feet, stands on a circular terrace,
+approached by eight granite steps in the Thiergarten. It was dedicated
+on September 2, 1873, to commemorate the great victories of 1870
+and 1871. The massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in
+bronze. Above, in the flutings of the column, which consists of
+yellow, grayish sandstone, are placed three rows of Danish, Austrian
+and French cannon, captured in the different battles fought with
+those nations.]
+
+[Illustration: THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, POTSDAM, GERMANY.--Potsdam
+is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe of royal palaces, parks
+and pleasure-grounds. Here is located the palace of Sanssouci.
+Adjacent to the palace is the famous windmill, now royal property,
+which its owner refused to sell to the King, meeting threatened
+violence by an appeal to the judges of its supreme court.]
+
+[Illustration: MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (BY RAPHAEL), DRESDEN GALLERY,
+DRESDEN, GERMANY.--This masterpiece of Raphael, was photographed direct
+from the original painting, worth $400,000. It is an altar-piece,
+representing the Virgin and Child in clouds, with St. Sixtus on
+the right, St. Barbara on the left, and the cherubs beneath. A
+curtain has just been drawn back, and the Virgin issues, as it
+were, from the depth of Heaven, her large serene eyes seeming to
+embrace the whole world in their gaze. The most striking feature
+of the painting is the expression of naive innocence depicted on
+the faces of the cherubs.]
+
+[Illustration: MAGDALENE (BY BATTONI), DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN,
+GERMANY.]
+
+[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, FRANCE.--Paris, the largest
+city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an area of
+thirty square miles, with a population of about 2,000,000. The
+river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is spanned
+by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven principal are shown on
+this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks, magnificent
+churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of which the Champs
+Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre of the political,
+artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial life of the nation.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.--Place de la
+Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks
+in Paris, being considered, by the best authorities, the finest
+in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries
+and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical associations are connected
+with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during
+1793-4-5; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops
+frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power.
+The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite
+76 feet high, was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and
+erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest
+of the park.]
+
+[Illustration: MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The foundation of this
+church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found the
+edifice unfinished, and Napoleon I. ordered the building to be
+completed as a "Temple of Glory." Louis XVIII., however, returned
+to the original intention of making it a church. The edifice was
+finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was
+upwards of $2,500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive
+Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows,
+is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through
+sky-lights in the roof.]
+
+[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is a most sumptuous
+edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an area of nearly three
+acres. Nothing can surpass the magnificence of the materials with
+which it is decorated, and for which almost all Europe has made
+contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded a supply of green and
+red granite; from Italy were brought the yellow and white marbles;
+from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain, "brocatello;" and from
+France, other marbles of various colors. The cost of the site was
+over $2,000,000, and that of the building nearly $8,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT BOULEVARDS, PARIS, FRANCE.--The splendid line
+of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which extend on the
+north side of the Seine, from the Madeleine at one end, to the
+Bastile at the other, was originally the line of fortifications or
+bulwarks of the City of Paris. In 1670, the city having extended
+northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats were filled up,
+the walls destroyed and the above Boulevards formed. This photograph
+represents the Grand Hotel at the corner of the Place de l'Opera.]
+
+[Illustration: JULY COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above monument
+was erected after the Revolution of July, 1830, in honor of the
+heroes who fell on that occasion, and solemnly dedicated in 1840.
+The total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet,
+resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble, originally
+intended for Napoleon's Elephant, which he had planned to erect in
+bronze on this spot; but his plans were never consummated. On the
+sub-struction rises a square basement, on each side of which are
+four bronze medallions, symbolical of Justice, the Constitution,
+Strength and Freedom.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC, PARIS, FRANCE.--This national
+statue is made of bronze, and was erected in 1883. The stone pedestal,
+fifty feet in height, is surrounded with seated bronze figures
+of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The statue, thirty-two feet
+high to the top of the olive branch, makes a striking and imposing
+appearance. In front is a brazen lion, with the urn of universal
+suffrage. On the stone pedestal are hewn the words, "To the Glory
+of the Republic of France, to the City of Paris, 1883." This statue
+was the model for the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: VENDOME COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here is an imitation
+of Trajan's column at Rome. It is one hundred and forty-two feet
+high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected by the order
+of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810, to commemorate his victories in
+1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures on the spiral
+column represent memorable scenes, from the breaking up of the
+camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal of these
+figures was obtained by melting 1200 Russian and Austrian cannons.
+The top is a statue of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above palace,
+erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied after his death
+by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII., with her sons Louis
+XIV., and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority. In 1815 the
+Orleans family regained possession of the Palais Royal; and it was
+occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the outbreak of
+the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous ball here in honor of
+Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871, the Communists
+set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been carefully restored.]
+
+[Illustration: HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above edifice, in
+many respects one of the finest buildings in Paris, may be regarded
+as an enlarged reproduction of the original building, with richer
+ornamentation and more convenient arrangements. It has played a
+conspicuous part in the different revolutions, having been the usual
+rallying place of the Democratic party. Here was also celebrated
+the union of the July Monarchy with the Bourgeoisie, when Louis
+Philippe presented himself at one of the windows in August, 1830,
+and, in view of the populace, embraced Lafayette.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS, FRANCE.--Founded in
+1163, but not completed until the thirteenth century. Since then
+the building has been frequently altered. During the Revolution
+the Cathedral was sadly desecrated. The side chapels were devoted to
+orgies of various kinds. In 1802 it was again re-opened by Napoleon
+as a place of divine worship. During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated
+by the Communists. The treasury was rifled, and the building used
+as a military depot. When the insurgents were compelled to retreat,
+they set fire to the church, but fortunately little damage was
+done.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF JUSTICE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This palace,
+occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France,
+was presented by Charles VIII., in 1431, to the Parliament or Supreme
+Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by fire in 1618
+and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except the two round
+domes which are seen on the right of the picture. The bridge seen
+in connection with the avenue in the foreground, spans the Seine,
+having been built by Napoleon, while the avenue itself leads to
+the Exchange.]
+
+[Illustration: ARC OF TRIUMPH, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is the finest
+triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one end of the Champs
+Elysees, on an eminence, and can be seen from nearly every part of
+the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it, nearly all
+of them sloping upward to the arch. It was commenced by Napoleon
+I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe in 1836, at a cost of
+$2,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: DOME DES INVALIDES, PARIS, FRANCE.--The beautiful
+gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which surmounts the
+church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at a great distance,
+is built on the north side of the Seine, and forms a part of the
+Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides, founded in 1670 by
+Louis XIV., for aged veterans, covers an area of thirty-one acres.
+Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt below the floor,
+containing the tomb of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This tomb is situated
+beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular crypt, twenty
+feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter. The walls are of
+polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs. On the mosaic
+pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen feet long, six and one-half
+feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a huge block of
+reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons, and costing $30,000.
+At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon's last request:
+"I wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst
+of the French people, whom I loved so well." To these words, as
+well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman reverts
+with pride.]
+
+[Illustration: EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE.--This enormous monument
+surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected. From all parts
+of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely dwarfing
+into insignificance every public building and spire that Paris
+contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and
+comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time, contains
+cafes and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground, and
+the third, 863 feet. The total height of the Tower is 985 feet,
+being the loftiest monument in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANTHEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This structure standing
+on the highest ground in the City of Paris, occupies the site of
+the tomb of Ste. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. The present
+edifice was completed in 1790. The new church was dedicated to
+Ste. Genevieve, but in 1791 the Convention resolved to convert it
+into a kind of memorial temple, which they named the "Pantheon."
+In 1885 it was secularized for the obsequies of Victor Hugo. The
+edifice is of most imposing dimensions, in the form of a Greek
+cross. The building resembles the Pantheon in Rome.]
+
+[Illustration: LOUVRE BUILDINGS, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here are presented
+the most important public buildings in Paris, both architecturally
+and on account of the treasures of art they contain. The oldest
+part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical events.
+It is divided into two different sections, the ground floor being
+devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain the
+Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections of
+Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture
+gallery, a saloon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek
+and other antiquities.]
+
+[Illustration: VENUS DE MILO, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS.--This statue
+of Aphrodite, which was found on the Island of Melos, now Milo,
+at the entrance to the Greek Archipelago, was sold to the French
+Government for 6000 francs, and is now not for sale for its weight
+in gold. It is exhibited in the Louvre and represents one of the most
+celebrated treasures of the Gallery. Aphrodite is here represented,
+not only as a beautiful woman, but as a goddess, as is seen by
+her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression of the
+head, indicating her independence of human needs and the placid
+self-competence of her divine character. It is one of the masterpieces
+which constitute the great marvel of antiquity.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: PEACEMAKER OF THE VILLAGE (BY GREUZE), LOUVRE GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This painting was executed by the renowned French
+artist when nearly at the zenith of his powers, and is only one of
+the many giant masterpieces by this celebrated painter. Greuze,
+when quite young, showed considerable talent, which was encouraged
+by a Lyonese artist. At the advice of the latter, he drifted to
+Paris and produced several Biblical subjects, followed by others of
+the same class. He left France for Italy, but returned soon after
+and produced the above painting in 1759-61, followed by others,
+with increasing success.]
+
+[Illustration: THE LAST VEIL (BY BOURET), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE]
+
+[Illustration: ARREST IN THE VILLAGE (BY SALMSON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: A MOTHER (BY LENOIR), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE.]
+
+[Illustration: JOAN OF ARC (BY CHAPU), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS,
+FRANCE--Known in France as Jeanne d'Arc, the maid of Orleans was
+born about 1411. In 1428, when Orleans, the key to the south of
+France, was infested by the English, she rode at the head of an
+army, clothed in a coat of mail, armed with an ancient sword, and
+carrying a white standard of her own design, embroidered with lilies,
+and having on the one side the image of God holding the world in
+His hand, on the other a representation of the annunciation. The
+siege of the town was broken, but she was often accused of being
+a heretic and sorcerer, and was burned at the stake May 30, 1431.]
+
+[Illustration: PAYING THE REAPERS (BY LHERMITTE), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This famous painting, from which the photograph is a
+direct copy, represents a farm scene. The laborers have just finished
+their day's work. The man with the scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open
+shirt, is a genuine representation of an honest and industrious
+laborer. The expression on his face shows a tired look, but a spirit
+of contentment gently steals over his face, which nearly all true
+and honest country people possess after a day's hard labor.]
+
+[Illustration: IGNORANCE (BY J. COMERRE PATON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY,
+PARIS, FRANCE.--This is one of the most celebrated paintings by
+this popular artist. The outlines of the girl are perfect. The
+graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression of the face and
+the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly beautiful. The tiny
+cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet, the bare arms, and
+the comfortable position of the girl, all add to her beauty. In
+the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are
+lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this copy.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--This palace presents
+a most imposing appearance; the principal facade is no less than
+one-fourth of a mile long. The building dates back, for the erection
+of its various parts, to several different periods, and was the
+royal residence of the various rulers of France. It has remained
+uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob, which included
+many thousand women. The various halls and rooms are now devoted
+to the use of most interesting picture galleries.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL CARRIAGE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--In the Museum
+of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from
+the time of the first Emperor to the baptism of the Prince Imperial
+in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV., and sedan chairs.
+The royal carriage in the picture is that of Charles X., afterwards
+used by Napoleon on various occasions, the letter "N" being still
+seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The carriage is valued at
+$200,000, and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind
+in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR (BY MULLER)
+VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The French Revolution,
+more commonly termed the "Reign of Terror," is perhaps unparalleled
+in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of citizens were
+guillotined, and when that process proved too slow, they were shot
+down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison scene crowded
+with "suspects." The officer to the right, with a list of condemned
+criminals, calls out the names of those to be put to death, each
+one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join the
+procession to the guillotine on the Place de la Concorde. The photograph
+presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war.]
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON AT AUSTERLITZ (BY VERNET), VERSAILLES GALLERY,
+VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The conqueror here views the progress of the
+battle between the French troops, numbering 90,000 men, and the
+allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on his white horse, receives
+reports from his generals in the field, while with his field-glass
+he watches the advancing columns of both sides. This decisive battle
+was witnessed by three Emperors, those of France, Russia and Austria,
+and resulted in a glorious victory for Napoleon and the French. A
+treaty of peace followed between France and Austria; but it was
+of short duration, for the dangerous ambition of Napoleon could
+not fail to force all European nations into alliance.]
+
+[Illustration: NAPOLEON (BY GOSSE), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES,
+FRANCE.--The above represents the "Little Corporal" on July 7,
+1807, at Tilsit, a commercial town of Eastern Prussia, ratifying
+the treaty with Russia and Prussia. Russia needed rest, and Napoleon
+was not sorry to pause. It was the highest point of the Emperor's
+renown. His hand was felt throughout all Europe; it seemed as if
+England alone were beyond his power.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.--This palace,
+situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy
+the site of a former fortified chateau, founded in 1162. It was
+Francis I., however, who converted the mediaeval fortress into a
+palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. The exterior
+is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices,
+as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only
+two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon.]
+
+[Illustration: THRONE ROOM, FONTAINELEAU PALACE, FRANCE.--This
+magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief, containing a chandelier
+in rock-crystal, and wainscoated in the reign of Louis XIV., is
+perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace. From here Napoleon
+almost ruled the world. The canopy of the throne rises by graceful
+folds to the rim of the high crown. The bees and the letter "N"
+on the chair, and on either side of the throne, are symbolic of
+Napoleon. It was in this same room where the Emperor declared his
+divorce from Josephine.]
+
+[Illustration: APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE,
+FRANCE.--This room is embellished with tapestry from Flanders,
+woven into the myth of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief, the
+old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century,
+while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres ware. The table in
+the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication
+before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of
+April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished
+wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through
+the palace daily.]
+
+[Illustration: APARTMENT OF MME. DE MAINTENON, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE,
+FRANCE.--Madame de Maintenon was the second wife of Louis XIV.,
+although no written proof of such a marriage is extant; but, that
+it took place, is nevertheless certain. As a wife, she was wholly
+admirable; she had to entertain a man that would not be amused,
+and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict court etiquette
+of absolute obedience to the King's inclinations. This she always
+did cheerfully, and never complained of weariness or illness. Her
+apartments still appear as they did when occupied by her.]
+
+[Illustration: NICE, FRANCE.--Superbly situated on the shores of
+the Mediterranean is the City of Nice. In winter it is the rendezvous
+of invalids and others from all parts of Europe, who seek refuge
+here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of the North. The season
+begins with the races early in January, and closes with a great
+regatta at the beginning of April; but visitors abound from October
+until May. In summer the place is deserted.]
+
+[Illustration: MONACO.--This principality of Europe, French in
+language, but Italian in tradition, is located in the southern part
+of France, on the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is six square miles,
+and consists principally of the town of Monaco and its suburbs,
+which stand on a high promontory. Monaco has a fine palace, a new
+cathedral, a college, a noted casino, where gambling is licensed to
+pay with its profits the state expenses; it has also manufactories
+of spirits, fine pottery, bricks, perfumery, and objects of myth.
+The principality is now virtually under French control.]
+
+[Illustration: MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--This place is a health-resort
+in winter and a sea-bathing place in summer; but the chief attraction
+to many is the "tapis vert" at the Casino. Monte Carlo belongs
+politically to the diminutive principality of Monaco; the former,
+as seen in the picture, is picturesquely situated on a small level
+at the foot of a high range of mountains, skirting the Mediterranean.
+The building to the left with turrets is the Casino. The population
+of the place is almost entirely transient.]
+
+[Illustration: GAMING HALL, MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--Every portion of
+the interior of the Casino, of which the gaming-rooms are a part,
+is luxuriously fitted up. The ceilings are elaborately frescoed,
+while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art. Admission
+to the above room is obtained free upon presentation of a visiting
+card at the office. The games in progress from 11 A. M. until 11
+P. M., are generally roulette, and patronized by men and women of
+all ages and from all countries. For the student of human nature,
+the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity to study mankind.]
+
+[Illustration: MADRID, SPAIN.-General view. This city is finely
+situated on a wide plain of the Guadalquivir. It contains an abundance
+of wealth and power, and is famous for its oranges and women. The
+city is very old, its history dating back as far as 600. It is
+noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished Spaniards.
+Magellan, the famous navigator, sailed from here in 1519, to discover
+Magellan Strait. The winter season is very mild and pleasant, and
+there is not a day in the whole year in which the sun does not
+shine.]
+
+[Illustration: SEVILLE, SPAIN.--On the left bank of the Guadalquiver,
+in a level country as productive as a garden, stands the city of
+Seville. It is highly picturesque in its combination of buildings
+and with a river navigable to its very limits; it is astir with
+life and commerce. From the earliest time, this city has been the
+chief outlet for the wealth of Spain. In the poorer portions of
+the town, the open places are converted into market-stands, as seen
+above. Across the river, spanned by a bridge, is a Gypsy quarter
+of Triana.]
+
+[Illustration: BULL FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN.--This photograph represents
+the great bull-ring of the city, with a capacity for eighteen thousand
+people and crowded with spectators to witness the great national
+amusement. A general holiday prevails on such occasions. Every
+one, rich and poor, possessing a grain of taste for bloody scenes
+and striking spectacles, can be found in the Amphitheatre on such
+occasions. The show generally lasts for several hours, during which
+several bulls, more horses, and not unfrequently, men are killed
+in the combat.]
+
+[Illustration: TOLEDO, SPAIN.--This city is situated on a rocky
+height, forty-one miles south-west of Madrid; its climate is very
+cold in winter and hot in summer. The Cathedral of Toledo, the
+metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is four hundred feet
+in length, and two hundred and four feet in width, with a lofty
+tower and spire. Toledo has long been famous for its manufactories
+of sword-blades, and great skill is still shown in tempering the
+m. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors in 714; it
+was retained by the latter until 1085, when it was permanently
+annexed to the crown of Castile.]
+
+[Illustration: GIBRALTAR, SPAIN.--This remarkable fortress, which
+is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity of Spain, and
+forms the key to the Mediterranean, is connected with the continent
+by a low sandy isthmus, one and one-half miles long, and three-fourths
+of a mile wide. The highest point of the rock is about one thousand
+four hundred feet above the sea level. Vast sums of money and immense
+labor have been spent in fortifying this stronghold. The water
+for the supply of the town and garrison is collected during the
+rainy season, the roofs of the houses gathering all the falling
+rain.]
+
+[Illustration: LISBON, PORTUGAL.--This interesting city is situated
+on the Tagus, near the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the city is four
+miles, and its breadth about two miles. Lisbon is nobly situated for
+commerce, and has the finest harbor in the world. The earthquake
+of 1755, traces of which are still visible, destroyed a considerable
+portion of it, and killed about sixty thousand of its inhabitants.
+This photograph is a correct representation of the better portion
+of the city and harbor.]
+
+[Illustration: KIRCHENFELD BRIDGE, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above
+structure is a huge iron bridge, seven hundred and fifty-one feet
+long, built in 1882-1883, across the river Aare, from the town
+proper to Helvetia Platz, where a new quarter of the town is being
+built by an English company. In the foreground are the terrace-like
+hot-houses and gardens of the peasants, who earn their livelihood
+by supplying the inhabitants of Berne with vegetables from their
+little farms. From the top of the bridge, in clear weather, the
+Bernese Alps can be seen better than from any other point in the
+Oberland.]
+
+[Illustration: CLOCK TOWER, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.]
+
+[Illustration: PEASANT WOMAN, SWITZERLAND.--Here is a photograph
+of a Swiss girl on her way to church. She presents a true type of
+her sex, being well-developed, refined and accomplished. These
+peasants are fond of georgeous apparel, and on holidays and Sundays
+present a very pleasing spectacle. Their head-dress is particularly
+striking, consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff lace, so
+arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head. They
+all dress in similar costumes, which are both comfortable and
+attractive.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND.--The low
+land between lakes Thun and Brienz, is called "Brodeli." These lakes
+once probably formed a single sheet of water, but were gradually
+separated by deposit carried from the mountain-sides. On this piece
+of land, "between the lakes," lies Interlaken. The town is a favorite
+summer resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature. The
+above picture gives a general idea of the place, with the Jungfrau
+nine miles in the distance.]
+
+[Illustration: GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--Grindelwald is a large
+village of widely-scattered houses, in the heart of the Alps and
+near the snow-fields. It is an excellent starting-point for mountain
+excursions, and also a favorite summer resort, the situation being
+sheltered and healthful. The place owes its reputation chiefly to
+its glaciers close by. Three gigantic mountains bound the valley.
+In years when ice is scarce, these glaciers serve as ice-quarries.]
+
+[Illustration: A THOUSAND FOOT CHASM, GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--The
+above picture represents a chasm over a thousand feet in depth,
+with an almost perpendicular wall of rock rising on both sides.
+It has been cut down to its present level by the waters of the
+melting snows and ice on the mountain above, and strongly impresses
+the beholder with the power of the wheel of time. The stream in
+the foreground is only one of the many that rise into the dashing
+torrents within a hundred yards from their source in the Alpine
+country.]
+
+[Illustration: BRUNIG PASS, SWITZERLAND.--There is, perhaps, no
+other country in the world that can boast of such expensive and
+magnificent public roads as Switzerland. This picture represents
+the over-hanging rock of the Brunig Pass, on the way from Lucerne
+to Interlaken. High up, along the mountain-side, the road winds
+its way, affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the
+distant snow-fields above, and the green valleys and placid lakes
+below.]
+
+[Illustration: LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above is the capital
+of the canton of Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss
+Diet on the Rense, located twenty-five miles from Zurich by rail.
+It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and watch-towers.
+The principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine churches,
+several convents, a town hall, an arsenal with ancient armor, two
+hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail, theatre, and covered bridges
+adorned with ancient paintings. It is a very attractive summer
+resort, the above picture showing its principal promenade.]
+
+[Illustration: RIGI, SWITZERLAND.--The Rigi is a group of mountains
+about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying between lakes Lucerne,
+Zug and Lowerz. The north side is precipitous, but the south side
+consists of broad terraces and gentle slopes, covered with fresh,
+green pastures, which support upwards of four thousand head of
+cattle; it is planted toward the base with fig, chestnut and almond
+trees. The photograph represents the Rigi inclined railway.]
+
+[Illustration: RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND.--The summit of the Rigi,
+owing to its isolated position, commands an extensive view, three
+hundred miles in circumference, that is unsurpassed for beauty
+in Switzerland. In 1816 a very modest hotel was erected on the
+Kulm by private subscriptions, and in 1848 it was superseded by
+the oldest of the three houses on the Kulm. Since then the number
+of inns has been steadily increasing, and the Rigi is now one of
+the most popular Swiss resorts, and is visited by thousands of
+tourists yearly.]
+
+[Illustration: PILATUS, SWITZERLAND.--This lofty mountain rises
+boldly in a rugged and imposing mass, almost isolated from the
+surrounding heights. Pilatus was formerly one of the best known
+Swiss mountains, but in later years it was supplanted by the Rigi.
+An inclined railway extends from the base to the summit, and is
+said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever carried
+through. Many legends are connected with Pilatus. One of the oldest
+is, that when Pontius Pilate was banished from Galilee he fled
+hither, and, in the bitterness of his remorse, drowned himself in
+the lake.]
+
+[Illustration: SIMPLON'S PASS, SWITZERLAND.--This is the first
+Alpine route after Brenner, constructed by order of Napoleon I. A
+good walker may easily outstrip the "diligence" in ascending from
+either side, especially if he takes short cuts. At the highest
+point of the Simplon is a large building, with a lofty flight of
+stairs, founded by Napoleon, for the reception of travelers, and
+subject to the same rules as that of the Great St. Bernard. This
+famous mountain-road is seen in the foreground passing through the
+town of Simplon, a little village in the very heart of the Alps.]
+
+[Illustration: ZERMATT AND THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND.--The former
+lies in a green valley, with pine-clad slopes, while to the left
+rises the huge rock-pyramid of the Matterhorn. In no other locality
+is the traveler so completely admitted into the heart of the Alpine
+world as here. The Matterhorn was ascended for the first time on
+the 14th of July, 1865, but the ascent is now frequently made.
+The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points, and a rope
+attached to it, so that the most formidable difficulties have been
+removed; but even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient
+climbers.]
+
+[Illustration: CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC.--This Alpine valley is
+much frequented in summer, owing to its immediate proximity to Mont
+Blanc. It is inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions
+of Switzerland, but superior in grandeur of its glaciers, in which
+respect it has no rival but Zermatt. The picture shows the little
+village of Chamounix, with its few hotels and peasant homes in the
+valley below, and the perpetual ice and snow in the background,
+seemingly but a few minutes' walk away, yet requiring a good two
+hours' journey on mule-back. Apparent Alpine distances are very
+deceptive.]
+
+[Illustration: ENGLEBERG, SWITZERLAND.--Engleberg is loftily and
+prettily situated in the great mountain region of the Alps, with
+a population of about two thousand inhabitants. The church which
+appears nearest the mountain, is quite ancient, but contains famous
+modern pictures. The snow-covered mountains, five miles in the
+distance, change the climate in summer, so that the tourist can
+wear an overcoat with comfort. The winters are very severe, and on
+account of the deep snows, the inhabitants are sometimes compelled
+to remain indoors for eight weeks. The houses and barns are generally
+under one roof.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. GOTTHARD RAILWAY, SWITZERLAND.--The railway here
+passes through beautiful landscapes, richly wooded with walnut and
+chestnut trees, on the left bank of the Ticino. Numerous Campaniles
+in the Italian style, crowning the hills, have a very picturesque
+effect. The peaks above are covered with snow. From the cliffs
+on every side, fall cascades. Huge masses of rock lie scattered
+about. Three tunnels of the railway are seen in the picture, the
+latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means of two
+loop-tunnels, one below the other, in cork-screw fashion.]
+
+[Illustration: AXENSTRASSE, SWITZERLAND.--This famous road extends
+nine miles along the Lake of Uri, from Brunnen to Fluelen, and is
+noted for the remarkable boldness displayed in its construction.
+It is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock, cut like a shelf
+into the side of the mountain, with occasional pillars to hold the
+thousands of tons of rock above, and a strong balustrade to guard
+travelers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice into the lake
+many feet below. It is the great highway leading from Switzerland
+to Italy, and is regarded as one of the most picturesque roads in
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMA OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA--The capital of the
+Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor, is situated in a
+plain surrounded by distant mountains, the Danube Canal flowing
+through a portion of the city. It was originally a Celtic settlement,
+dating back to 14 A. D. The streets of the present city are narrow,
+generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses. A great
+number of old passages through the courts of houses, by means of
+which pedestrians may often make a short cut, are still seen. In
+the last quarter of a century, Vienna has acquired an importance
+as a seat of art.]
+
+[Illustration: HOTEL METROPOLE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--On a branch of
+the Danube, flowing through the heart of the City of Vienna, stands
+the Hotel Metropole, an enormous building, admirably adapted for
+travelers. The picture shows a prominent feature in the street
+architecture of Vienna; and the Metropole is only one of the many
+private and public buildings of colossal dimensions which have
+sprung up within the last few years. The interiors of all these
+structures are generally decorated throughout with painting and
+sculpture, which shows the perfection attained by the Vienese in
+the fine arts.]
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--This is
+the most important edifice in the Austrian capital, dating back
+in its construction to the thirteenth century. It is constructed
+of solid limestone, and built in the form of a Latin cross. Below
+the church are extensive catacombs, consisting of three vaults,
+filled with bones and skulls. Centuries ago, the sovereigns of
+Austria were buried in these vaults. The Tower, built between 1860
+and 1864, affords an extensive view, embracing the river Danube
+and the battle-fields of Loban, Wagram and Essling.]
+
+[Illustration: THESEUS (BY CANOYA), VOLKSGARTEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--In
+the centre of this pleasure ground stands the Temple of Theseus,
+containing Canova's fine marble group of the victory of Theseus
+over Centaur, originally destined by Napoleon I. for Milan. The
+figures are of heroic size. The victorious Theseus is represented
+as seated on the lifeless body of the monster, and the exhaustion
+that visibly pervades his whole frame, proves the terrible nature
+of the conflict in which he has been engaged.]
+
+[Illustration: SCHONBRUNN, AUSTRIA.--This sumptuous edifice, the
+summer palace of the Austrian Emperor, was completed by Maria Theresa
+in 1775. The building has a most imposing appearance. The gardens in
+the rear are open to the public. To the left of the principal avenue
+are the Roman ruins, the Obelisk and the "Schoene Brunnen" (beautiful
+fountain), from which the palace derives its name. Statues, vases
+and other objects of taste of the period are scattered about the
+ground. Extensive parks are attached to the palace.]
+
+[Illustration: GALATA BRIDGE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Along the
+north shore of the Golden Horn spreads the quarter known as Galata,
+rising up to the crest of the hill, and including the massive tower
+that crowns it. Beyond and above Galata, Pera stretches forward
+along the ridge that runs parallel with the shore. These places are
+connected with Constantinople by two bridges crossing the Golden
+Horn. One of these bridges is represented in the above picture.
+Unlike those of most other countries, people do not keep on the
+sidewalks, but wander along in any portion of the street. The scene
+on the Bridge of Galata affords an interesting subject for study.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This
+is the finest and most important ecclesiastical building of the
+city. The first stone of the building was laid in 532. No fewer
+than ten thousand workmen are said to have been engaged under the
+direction of one hundred master builders, and when the work was
+completed, it had cost the imperial treasury $5,000,000. The dome
+rises to the height of one hundred and eighty feet, and is one
+hundred and seven feet in diameter. To render it as light as possible,
+it was constructed of pumice stone and Rhodian bricks. Not long
+after its completion, the dome was shaken by an earthquake, but
+was immediately restored.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE,
+TURKEY.--The whole interior of this noted structure is lined with
+costly marble. To add to its splendor, the temples of the ancient
+gods at Heliopolis and Ephesus, at Delos and Baalbec, at Athens and
+Cyzicus, were plundered of their columns. To secure the building
+from ravages of fire, no wood was employed in its construction
+except for the doors. The visitor cannot fail to be impressed by
+the bold span of the arches and the still bolder sweep of the dome,
+while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by the rich, if
+not altogether harmonious, variety of decorations, from the many
+colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions on the walls.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--The American
+traveler upon entering this city is almost bewildered at the many
+novelties that confront him before he reaches his hotel. Nothing
+strikes him more forcibly than the awful silence that pervades so
+large a place. The only sound heard is an occasional cry of some
+vender, with a large wooden tray on his head, selling sweetmeats,
+sherbet, fruit or bread. Dogs at intervals disturb the pedestrian.
+Hundreds of them lie in the middle of the street, and only move
+when aroused by blows. At ten o'clock at night, the city is as
+silent as death.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Of
+all the mosques in the Ottoman Empire, this is the principal one.
+It is not as richly decorated as St. Sophia, but it is the only
+one that possesses six minarets. It is located on a square called
+the Hippodrome, named after the spot that was in former years used
+for circus purposes. The exterior view gives it a magnificent
+appearance. The place is one of the chief objects of interest in
+the city. The crumbling monument in the foreground is a relic of
+antiquity.]
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH LADY, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET MERCHANTS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.]
+
+[Illustration: SULTAN'S HAREM, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This photograph
+represents an odalisque, one of the beautiful inmates of the harem
+of the Sultan of Turkey. The photographer who took this picture
+found her most courteous and obliging, and able to converse fluently
+in English, French and German. Abdul Mezed, who ruled Turkey during
+the Crimean War, had 1200 wives and odalisques in his harem. When
+a Turkish Sultan wishes to show especial honor to a subject, he
+makes him a present of one of the cast-off wives. To refuse the
+gift would be to invite death. The harem is continually recruited
+by the gifts of those who wish to carry favor with the Sultan,
+and these comprise slaves of every nationality.]
+
+[Illustration: ACROPOLIS, ATHENS.--The natural centre of all the
+settlements in the Attic plain within the historical period was
+the Acropolis, a rocky plateau of crystalline limestone, rising
+precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. The semi-mythical
+Pelasgi, of whom but a few isolated traces have been found in Attica,
+are said to have leveled the top, increased the natural steepness
+of the rock on three sides, and fortified the only accessible part
+by nine gates. It was the earliest seat of the Athenian kings,
+who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils, as well as
+of the chief sanctuaries of the State.]
+
+[Illustration: PARTHENON, ATHENS, GREECE.--This structure is the
+most perfect monument of ancient art, and even in ruins presents
+an imposing and soul-stirring appearance, occupying the culminating
+point of the Acropolis. It was erected by Pericles and opened for
+public worship in 433 B.C. The crowning glory of the Parthenon
+was its magnificent sculpture, ascribed to Phidias, registering
+the highest level ever attained in plastic art. The Parthenon was
+used as a Christian Church in the fifth century. In 1460 it became
+the Turkish Mosque, and in 1670 the stately edifice was blown into
+ruins.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CATHEDRAL AND SQUARE, MILAN, ITALY.--This
+is the focus of the commercial and public life of the city, and
+is now enclosed by imposing edifices on every side. The celebrated
+Cathedral, the eighth wonder of the world, is next to St. Peter's
+in Rome, the largest church in Europe. It covers an area of fourteen
+thousand square yards, and holds about forty thousand people. The
+building is in cruciform shape, with double aisles and transept.
+The interior is supported by fifty-two pillars, each twelve feet
+in diameter. The floor consists of mosaic, in marble of different
+colors.]
+
+[Illustration: CORSO VENEZIA, MILAN, ITALY.--The principal shopping
+street of the city, and the favorite promenade of the Milanese is
+here represented. The buildings have a modern aspect, with little
+balconies at almost every window, which are often adorned with
+plants, flowers and creeping vines. The street, which is well paved,
+is wide, extending almost from house to house. The pavements are
+very narrow, consisting of only four smooth slabs of stone, laid
+side by side. The shop-windows are decorated in the most tempting
+style with the wares of the various merchants. The picture was
+secured in the early morning, giving the street a deserted look,
+which at all other times is crowded with people.]
+
+[Illustration: EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, TURIN, ITALY.--The city of
+Turin was the capital of the county of Piedmont in the Middle Ages,
+and in 1418 it became subject to the Dukes of Savoy, who frequently
+resided here. From 1859 to 1865 it was the capital of Italy, and
+the residence of the King. It lies on an extensive plain on the
+banks of the River Po. Turin was the chief centre of those national
+struggles which led to a unification of Italy. The removal of the
+seat of government to Florence seriously impaired the prosperity
+of the city for a time, but it long since recovered, and celebrated
+its commercial success in 1884 by the exhibition.]
+
+[Illustration: DUKE FERDINAND OF GENOA, TURIN, ITALY.--In the centre
+of the piazza Solferino stands the equestrian statue of Duke Ferdinand
+of Genoa, commanding-general at the battle of Novara. The statue was
+executed by Balzico, and is remarkable for the life-like expression
+of the wounded horse, with extended nostrils and gasping breath,
+sinking under the burden of his gallant rider. This piazza is one
+of the prettiest spots of Turin. Private residences face it on
+every side, with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers.]
+
+[Illustration: GENOA, ITALY.--Genoa, with a population of about
+200,000, is located in the northern portion of the Peninsula, and
+is the principal seaport of Italy. The city is in the form of a
+crescent, and its gradual ascent from the shore, renders its appearance
+beautiful and attractive. It is enclosed by a double line of
+fortifications, which places it among the leading fortified cities
+in Europe. A beautiful light-house on the west side, 300 feet in
+height, stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay. In the older
+portions of the city, the streets are only ten feet wide and are
+lined with high buildings on both sides.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, GENOA, ITALY.--In the front
+of the principal railway station, rises the statue of Columbus,
+who was born at Genoa in 1435. The statue is in the centre of the
+spacious Piazza Acquaverde, embosomed in palm-trees. The pedestal
+is adorned with ships' prows. At the feet of the statue, which
+leans on an anchor, kneels the figure of America. The surrounding
+allegorical figures represent Religion, Science, Geography, Strength
+and Wisdom. Between these, are reliefs from the history of Columbus,
+with the inscription, "A Christoforo Colombo la Patria."]
+
+[Illustration: LEANING TOWER, PISA, ITALY.--Pisa is principally
+noted for its famous "Leaning Tower," begun in 1174, and built of
+white marble; it is 178 feet high, and fronted with 207 columns.
+It is 50 feet in diameter, and leans 13 feet from the perpendicular.
+The foundation being made insufficiently solid, it began to incline
+before it was one-third completed. The Cathedral on the right was
+begun in 1604, and consecrated in 1618 by Pope Gelasius; it contains
+the famous chandelier which Galileo saw swinging, and which led to
+his invention of the pendulum of the clock. The Baptistry, close
+by, is noted for its marvelous echo.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF THE DOGES, VENICE, ITALY.--This magnificent
+edifice, founded in 800, and destroyed five times, has as often been
+re-erected in grander style. The palace is flanked with colonnades,
+forming two pointed arcades on the south and west. The upper portion
+of the building is constructed of red and white marble. The interior
+presents a noble specimen of Venetian art. Many famous masters
+are here represented, the subjects either portraying the glory of
+Venice, or being of a religious order. The Bridge of Sighs connects
+the palace with the prison adjoining, which contains a series of
+gloomy dungeons, a torture chamber and a place of execution for
+political criminals.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY.--This canal, the main
+artery of the traffic of Venice, nearly two miles in length, and
+thirty-three to sixty-six yards in width, intersects the city from
+north-west to south-east, dividing it into two unequal parts.
+Steam-launches, hundreds of gondolas and other vessels are seen
+gliding in every direction. Handsome houses and magnificent palaces
+rise on the banks, for this is the street of the _Nobili_, the ancient
+aristocracy of Venice. A barge, with a military band, navigates
+the canal every Sunday evening. A trip on the canal is extremely
+interesting; the posts are painted with the heraldic colors of
+their proprietors.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARK, VENICE, ITALY.--Facing the
+piazza of St. Mark, which is in the heart of Venice and the grand
+focus of attraction, rises the magnificent Cathedral of St. Mark,
+decorated with almost oriental splendor. The building dates back
+to the tenth and eleventh centuries, and portions of the materials
+used in its construction have been brought from almost every country
+in Europe. The ceiling of the interior is richly adorned with mosaics
+in the form of various noted paintings. Behind the High Altar repose
+the remains of St. Mark, while further back stand four spiral columns
+said to have belonged to the Temple of Solomon. The building to
+the right is the Ducal Palace.]
+
+[Illustration: VENICE, ITALY.--The capital of the Province of Venice,
+is situated on the lagoons, a long breast of lowlands in the Adriatic.
+For a time it was the first maritime and commercial power of the
+world, and one of the finest cities in Europe, but now it is nothing
+but a vast museum. The eighty islands on which Venice is built,
+are divided by wide and narrow canals, while small foot-paths wind
+throughout the city, occasionally crossing a canal, as is seen
+by the bridge in the above picture. Venice is popularly known as
+the "Queen of the Adriatic."]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIALTO, VENICE, ITALY.--This famous bridge,
+one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet wide,
+rests on twelve hundred posts. It was erected from 1588 to 1591.
+Its sides are lined with little shops, extending from a fish-market
+at one end, past jewelry-shops in the centre of the structure, down
+to a fruit-market at the other side. It always presents a busy
+appearance, and is considered a marvel of engineering skill, and
+one of the finest bridges in the world. The picture represents the
+annual parade on the Grand Canal, with the Rialto in the background,
+which is always the rallying centre on such occasions.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This stately edifice,
+erected from 1294 to 1462, on the site of the earlier church of
+St. Reparata, is a striking example of Italian architecture. The
+church was finally consecrated in 1436, but the lantern on the
+top of the dome was not completed until 1462. The building is one
+hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long, and one hundred
+and fourteen yards wide; the dome is three hundred feet high. The
+bell-tower, a square structure adjoining the cathedral, two hundred
+and ninety-two feet in height, is regarded as one of the finest
+existing works of its kind. It consists of four stories of richly
+decorated and colored marbles.]
+
+[Illustration: VECCHIO BRIDGE, FLORENCE, ITALY.--Florence is situated
+on both banks of the Arno, but by far the greatest part of the city
+lies on the right bank. The bridge in the picture dates back to
+the fourteenth century, and is flanked on both sides with shops
+which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their erection. It
+forms one of the principal bridgeways between the city proper and
+that portion of Florence which stands on the south bank of the
+Arno, and has always been considered one of the greatest sights
+of the town.]
+
+[Illustration: MONK, ITALY.--Monasticism primarily meant the state
+of dwelling alone; and then, by an easy and natural transition, it
+came to denote a life of poverty, celibacy and divine obedience
+under fixed rules of discipline. The radical idea of the term, in
+all its varieties of age, creed and country, is the same, namely,
+retirement from society in search of some ideal life, which society
+cannot supply, but which is thought attainable by self-denial and
+withdrawal from the world. The picture represents an Italian monk
+in funeral attire.]
+
+[Illustration: LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This magnificent
+open-vaulted hall is one of the kind with which it was usual to
+provide both public and private patrons of Florence, in order that
+the inmate might enjoy the open air or participate in public
+demonstrations, without being obliged to descend to the street.
+The style of architecture shows a falling off from the Gothic,
+while the works of sculpture, representing Faith, Hope and Charity,
+Temperance and Fortitude, exhibit an incipient leaning toward
+Renaissance forms. Every afternoon the Loggia is crowded with the
+poorer people of Florence, who seek a cool spot in the open air.]
+
+[Illustration: UFFIZI BUILDINGS, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This gallery
+originated with the Medici collections and was afterwards so improved
+with the numerous additions by the Lorraine Family, that it is
+now one of the best in the world, both for value and extent. The
+Portico of the Uffizi Gallery, seen on both sides of the open court,
+contains niches, which are adorned with marble statues of celebrated
+Tuscans. At the farthest end of the court, rises the Vecchio Palace,
+a castle-like building, with huge projecting battlements, being
+originally the seat of the Signora, and subsequently used as a
+casino.]
+
+[Illustration: RAPE OF POLYXENA (BY FEDI), LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE,
+ITALY.--Polyxena, according to Greek legend, was the daughter of
+Priam, King of Troy. Having by her grace and beauty captivated
+Achilles, the Grecian hero, she was betrothed to him. But Achilles
+was slain by Paris, son of Priam; and after his death and the
+destruction of Troy, his manes appeared to the returning Greeks,
+and demanded of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The Greeks consented,
+and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, sacrificed her on his father's
+grave. This work of art is of modern execution. It was placed in
+the Loggia in 1866.]
+
+[Illustration: WILD BOAR, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRINDER, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This
+magnificent statue was found in Rome in the sixteenth century.
+It has never been exactly ascertained what it represents, but it
+is supposed to be a Scythian whetting his knife to flay Marsyas.]
+
+[Illustration: APPIAN WAY and TOMB OF CAECILIA METELLA, ITALY.--This
+military road, paved with stone blocks, and extending from Brindisi
+to Rome, was constructed by Appius Claudius Caecus, 312 B.C. Even
+at the present time its proud ancient title is that of the "Queen
+of Roads," and it is remembered as being the way on which St. Paul
+came to Rome. The tomb of Caecilia Metella, which forms an interesting
+and conspicuous object, is a circular structure sixty-five feet in
+diameter, erected in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus,
+wife of the younger Crassus, son of the triumvir.]
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMID OF CESTIUS AND ST. PAUL GATE, ROME, ITALY.--The
+pyramid enclosed by Aurelian within the city and wall is the tomb of
+Caius Cestius, who died in the year 12 B. C. The Egyptian pyramidical
+form was not unfrequently adopted by the Romans in their tombs.
+That of Cestius is built of brick and covered with marble blocks.
+Immediately to the right of the pyramid is the gate of St. Paul,
+leading on to the church of St. Paul beyond. Midway between the
+gate and church, legend says, St. Peter and St. Paul took leave
+of each other on their last journey.]
+
+[Illustration: ROMAN FORUM, ROME, ITALY.--After the Sabine tribes
+were amalgamated into a single state, they chose the Forum as its
+centre; and it was there that some of the most noted events in the
+history of the Roman Empire transpired. After the Samnite War, which
+resulted in the extension of Rome's supremacy over all Italy, the
+Forum became too small for its multifarious business; and therefore
+underwent many changes. After its destruction, during the Dark Ages,
+its remains were gradually buried beneath the rubbish and debris
+of some former centuries, but have recently been excavated.]
+
+[Illustration: FORUM OF TRAJAN, ROME, ITALY.--This forum, which
+adjoined that of Augustus, contained a collection of magnificent
+edifices, and is said to have been designed by Apollodorus of Damascus.
+Trajan's forum must have measured two hundred and twenty yards in
+width, and was probably of still greater length; it was considered
+the most magnificent in Rome. On the north side of the Basilica
+rises Trajan's Column, one hundred and forty-seven feet high,
+constructed entirely of marble. Around the column runs a spiral
+band, covered with admirable reliefs from Trajan's War with the
+Dacians. Beneath this monument Trajan was interred; on the summit
+stood his statue, now replaced by St Peter's.]
+
+[Illustration: BATHS OF CARACALLA, ROME, ITALY.--These ancient baths
+were begun in 212 by Caracalla, and completed by Alex. Severus, and
+they could accommodate 1600 bathers at one time. The magnificence
+of these baths was unparalleled; numerous statues, including the
+Farnese Bull, Hercules and Flora at Naples, have been found here; and
+the uncovered walls still bear testimony to the technical perfection
+of the structure. The establishment was quadrangular in form, and
+surrounded by a wall.]
+
+[Illustration: COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The Colosseum, originally
+called the Amphitheatrum Flavium and completed by Titus in 80 A.D.,
+was the largest theatre and one of the most imposing structures in
+the world. It was inaugurated by 100 days' gladiatorial combats, in
+which 5000 wild animals were killed. It contained seats for 87,000
+spectators. Only one-third of the gigantic structure now remains,
+yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive. The Colosseum has
+ever been a symbol of the greatness of Rome, and gave rise in the
+eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims: "While stands
+the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Colosseum, Rome shall
+fall; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world!"]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The arches
+of the first tier are marked by Roman numbers, as they formed so
+many entrances, through which, by means of internal stairways, the
+upper balconies were reached. The Arena had two openings enclosed
+by railings of bronze, through which the gladiators and wild beasts
+entered. Above was the Podium, a place intended for the Emperors
+and their families, for the magistrates, the senators, the priests
+and the vestals. Thousands of Christians in this place suffered
+martyrdom, by becoming the prey of wild beasts. The picture presents
+the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the
+present day.]
+
+[Illustration: PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY.--This is the only ancient
+edifice at Rome which is still in perfect preservation, as regards
+the walls and vaulting. The original statues and architectural
+decorations have long since been replaced by modern and inferior
+works, but the huge circular structure with its vast colonnade
+still presents a strikingly imposing appearance. The walls are
+twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered with marble
+and stucco. The height and diameter of the dome are each one hundred
+and forty feet. The opening of the dome at the top is thirty feet
+in diameter, and through this aperture the ancients supposed the
+gods to descend. The building is supposed to have been constructed
+in the first century B. C.]
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO AND TOMB OF HADRIAN, ROME,
+ITALY.--This bridge is of most ancient construction. It was built
+by Hadrian in 136 A. D., to connect his tomb with the city. Ten
+colossal angels, formerly much admired, and executed in 1688, testify
+to the low ebb of plastic art at that period. The tomb was built
+by Emperor Hadrian for himself and his successors. The massive
+circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks of the
+Tiber. The bronze statue of St. Michael, the Archangel, which is
+seen on the summit, gives the tower its present name, Castello
+S. Angelo.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S AND VATICAN, ROME, ITALY.--St. Peter's
+is fronted by an elliptical piazza, enclosed by imposing colonnades,
+and is the largest and most beautiful Catholic Cathedral in the
+world; it was founded by Constantine and erected where St. Peter
+is said to have suffered martyrdom. Its erection and improvements
+cost over $50,000,000. The great Obelisk in the centre of the piazza,
+having no hieroglyphics, was brought from Heliopolis. The Vatican
+on the right is the Pope's residence, and is elegantly fitted up,
+being adorned with paintings and statues by the world's greatest
+masters.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY.--This most
+marvellous church in the world was built on the place where stood
+the temple of Jupiter Vaticanus. The first church here is said to
+have been built A. D., 90. It was a memorial chapel to St. Peter,
+and was, according to tradition, erected on the spot where the
+saint was buried. Constantine built a Basilica on the site. The
+present structure, the glory of Michael Angelo, was begun about
+1503. The picture shows the high altar with the statue of St. Peter
+to the very right.]
+
+[Illustration: ROMULUS AND REMUS SUCKING THE WOLF, CAPITOL MUSEUM,
+ROME, ITALY.--Thus wrote Virgil ("AEN." VIII-630):
+
+  "By the wolf were laid the martial twins,
+   Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung;
+   The foster dam lolled out her fawning tongue;
+   She sucked secure; while bending back her head,
+   She licked their tender limbs, and formed them as they fed."]
+
+[Illustration: TRANSFIGURATION (BY RAPHAEL), VATICAN GALLERY, ROME,
+ITALY.--The last great work and masterpiece of this celebrated
+artist, unfinished at his death and completed by Clement VIII., was
+preserved in St. Peter's until 1797. The upper part is by Raphael's
+own hand; Christ hovers between Moses and Elias; Peter, James and
+John are prostrate on the ground, and dazzled by the light. The
+figures to the left, in an attitude of adoration, are St. Lawrence
+and St. Stephen. The lower half, where the other disciples are
+requested to heal the possessed boy, was partly executed by Raphael's
+pupils.]
+
+[Illustration: LA BALLERINA (BY CANOVA), ROME, ITALY.--Here is
+another of the masterpieces of this famous master-sculptor. It
+is hewn out of a solid block of marble, and comes under the head
+of "grace and elegance," one of the divisions of Canova's works.
+This subject is a most striking one. Like all his other subjects
+of grace, it is in all its details, an expression of attitude,
+delicacy of finish and elegance. The profile is charming, the twist
+of the hair natural, and the lines and curves of the arms perfect,
+while the drapery is next to real.]
+
+[Illustration: LAOCOONTE, VATICAN GALLERY, ROME, ITALY.--This famous
+group represents Laocoon and his two sons, who were strangled by
+serpents at the command of Apollo. According to Pliny, it was executed
+by three Rhodians, and placed in the Palace of Titus. It was discovered
+under Julius II., in 1506, near Sette Sale, and was termed by Michael
+Angelo a "marvel of art." The work is admirably preserved, with the
+exception of the three uplifted arms, which have been incorrectly
+restored. The dramatic suspense of the moment, and the profoundly
+expressive attitude of the heads, denote the perfection of the
+Rhodian school of art.]
+
+[Illustration: TOLEDO STREET, NAPLES, ITALY.--This famous city is
+beautifully situated on the Bay of Naples, with Mount Vesuvius in
+the distance. Its charming position has given rise to the phrase
+"See Naples and die." It was founded by the Greeks, and here Virgil
+spent his time in study, his tomb being one of the points of interest
+for travelers. The city is still surrounded by a wall. It has often
+suffered from earthquakes and eruptions. The manufactures are numerous,
+of which macaroni and vermicelli are of first importance. The photograph
+represents Toledo Street, which intersects the city from south to
+north, and with its immense amount of well-conducted business,
+presents a very interesting sight.]
+
+[Illustration: CRATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY.--This volcano,
+with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference, rises
+in lonely majesty from the Bay of Naples, and varies in height from
+3900 to 4900 feet, according to the varied eruptions. Vesuvius
+in the time of Nero manifested itself by a fearful earthquake,
+damaging Herculaneum and Pompeii. An eruption occurred in 79 A.D.
+by which the two cities named, were lost to the world for seventeen
+centuries. Another most terrific eruption occurred in 1631, by
+which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of
+fifteen miles, and streams of lava poured from the summit, destroying
+over three thousand people.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET OF TOMBS, POMPEII, ITALY.--This photograph
+exhibits a suburb of Pompeii named Pagus Augustus Felix, in honor
+of Augustus; it lay outside the city walls. It consisted chiefly
+of one main street, which has been partly excavated. This is the
+so-called Street of Tombs. The ancient custom of burying the dead
+by the side of a high road is well known. It has been ascertained
+that rows of graves, similar to those discovered here, exist beyond
+other gates of Pompeii. The Street of Tombs is, in point of situation,
+the most beautiful part of the town.]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL FORUM, POMPEII, ITALY.--The ancient market-place
+in the central part of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount
+Vesuvius in 79 A. D. The Forum has been excavated during the present
+century, and found to be five hundred and fifteen feet long and one
+hundred and seven feet wide; it is surrounded by granite columns
+of the Doric order. From the discoveries made, it is supposed that
+the Forum was far from complete when the eruption occurred. The
+smoking mountain is still seen in the distance, while the ruins
+of the ancient market stand prominent in the foreground of this
+photograph. The Forum is a most interesting spot, and is familiar
+to all readers of "The Last Days of Pompeii."]
+
+[Illustration: ISLAND OF CAPRI, ITALY.--This is a small mountainous
+island of oblong form; its picturesque outline forms one of the
+most charming points in the view of the Bay of Naples. The highest
+point is the Monte Solarno, nineteen hundred and twenty feet above
+the level of the sea. The island, which contains five thousand
+inhabitants and the two small towns of Capri and Anacapri, yields
+fruit, oil and excellent red and white wines in abundance. The
+inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers who visit
+the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand. The above picture
+shows the principal landing-place of Capri.]
+
+[Illustration: CASTELLO, ISLAND OF ISCHIA, ITALY.--The climate of
+these charming islands is genial, the sky rarely overcast, the winters
+mild, the inhabitants bounteously supplied with the necessaries of
+life, and the sick with healing springs. Trees, shrubs and all
+kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic soil. Here
+and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts. The
+inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume, dialect and
+figure. Fashion is unknown; not one of the islands can boast of a
+horse or carriage. Castello, in the foreground, is a most curious
+volcanic formation.]
+
+[Illustration: HARBOR, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The perfectly flat coast
+of Egypt, and even Alexandria itself, are not visible to the steam-boat
+passenger until very shortly before the vessel enters the harbor.
+The latter consists of an outer breakwater, forming an obtuse angle
+nearly two miles in length. A second pier, nearly a mile in length,
+protects an inner harbor covering nearly five hundred acres of water,
+twenty-seven feet deep. No fewer than thirty thousand artificial
+blocks, weighing twenty tons each, and two million tons of natural
+blocks of stone were used in the construction of these magnificent
+harbor works.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACE OF MEHEMET ALI, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The site
+of this open square is embellished with trees and fountains. It
+became a scene of destruction during 1882. In the centre rises the
+equestrian statue of Mohammed' Ali, the founder of the reigning
+dynasty of Egypt. The Mohammedan religion forbids the pictorial or
+plastic representations of the human form. The erection of this
+monument was long opposed by the Ulama, or chief professor of divine
+and legal learning. The buildings on both sides are shops. That
+at the further end is the English church.]
+
+[Illustration: CITADEL, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This citadel affords a
+magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. It was erected
+in 1166, and built by stones taken from the small pyramids at Gizeh,
+the site having been selected, according to Arabian history, owing
+to the fact that meat could be kept here fresh twice as long as
+in any other part of Cairo. The fortress commands the city, yet
+its site is unfavorable, as a commanding height close by compelled
+its surrender during the wars of 1805.]
+
+[Illustration: MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED' ALI, CAIRO, EGYPT.--The "Alabaster
+Mosque," whose lofty and graceful minarets are so conspicuous from the
+distance, form one of the landmarks of Cairo. In plan, it represents the
+Turkish mosques, built on the model of Hagia Sofla, at Constantinople.
+The execution of the design displays but little artistic taste,
+and the treatment of the material is somewhat unsatisfactory. The
+alabaster used for the incrustation of the masonry consists partly
+of blocks and partly of slabs. The beautiful yellow-tint stone soon
+fades when exposed to the sun.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CAIRO, EGYPT.--Most of the streets in
+the old part of the town are unpaved, inaccessible to carriages,
+and often excessively dirty. They present an inexhaustible field
+of amusement and delight, admirably illustrating the whole world
+of oriental fiction. The lanes separating the rows of houses in
+the Arabian quarter are so narrow that the projecting balconies of
+harems, with their gratings, often nearly meet. Rickety, tumbling
+houses of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder
+at every turn, as is illustrated above.]
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF GEZIREH, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This palace is
+located on the Nile, at one end of a park by the same name. Its
+external appearance is simple. All the distinguished guests who
+were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of the Suez
+Canal were entertained here. The building is State property and
+rarely occupied. The interior is furnished in the most sumptuous
+and elaborate manner. The onyx mantel-pieces, with mirrors, cost
+each $15,000. Portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of
+apartments for visitors, each consisting of bed-room, dressing-room
+and sitting-room.]
+
+[Illustration: ON CAMEL-BACK, EGYPT.--To people accustomed to all
+the comforts and luxuries of the world, who have never experienced
+desert tent-life, nor traveled through countries where there are
+no people to consult, it is hard to convey an idea of oriental
+camel-back traveling. The "ship of the desert" is a most faithful
+animal, and loved by his master as much as a child; but his back
+affords a very uncomfortable seat. The long backward and forward
+motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea. The above picture
+is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans during the traveling
+season.]
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT.--Here are represented the
+great Pyramids of Gizeh, occupying a plateau gradually ascending
+from east to west, parts of which are very precipitous at places.
+The three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to face the
+four points of the compass, although the magnet shows a deviation
+toward the west. The Sphinx is situated close by. Numerous tombs,
+almost all in ruins, surround these pyramids, and extend over the
+plateau to the east. They are sometimes hewn in the form of grottoes
+in the external rocky slope.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHYNX, EGYPT.--
+
+ "Since what unnumbered year,       "No faithless slumber snatching,
+  Hast thou kept watch and ward,     Still couched in silence brave,
+  And o'er the buried Land of Fear,  Like some fierce hound long watching,
+  So grimly held thy guard?"         Above her master's grave."
+
+[Illustration: LANDING ON SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT.--The Suez Canal, which
+connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, was completed in 1863.
+During the time of construction, which lasted five years, 25,000
+men were employed, and 1600 camels to supply them with water. The
+cost of constructing the canal was $95,000,000, part of which was
+raised by shareholders, and the balance by the Khedive. This picture
+represents a landing stage and one of the English trading vessels
+sailing between England and India. A number of camels and Arabs
+are seen on a ferry-boat, ready to be taken across the Canal, the
+latter furnishing the great highway for all European vessels sailing
+to or from the Orient.]
+
+[Illustration: POST-OFFICE, SUEZ, EGYPT.--The site of this town
+is naturally an absolute desert, and, until the water of the Nile
+was introduced by the fresh water canal in 1863, the water-supply
+of Suez was brought across the head of the gulf from the "wells
+of Moses," on the Arabian coast, or else carried on camels, after
+an hour's journey, from the fortified brackish of Bir Suweis. In
+spite of its favorable position for commerce, the place was quite
+small prior to the time of the canal, and even to-day the canal
+carries traffic past Suez rather than to it. The picture shows
+the post-office square.]
+
+[Illustration: IN CENTRAL AFRICA.--No country in the world creates
+more interest among the civilized nations than does Africa. In the
+far interior, where African explorers have failed to find traces
+of the outer world, every variety of savage humanity exists. These
+uncivilized people, who know nothing of the progress of nations,
+live in tribes, preying upon each other's settlements, whenever
+opportunity presents itself. The above picture represents the typical
+natives of the Dark Continent.]
+
+[Illustration: YAFFA OR JAFFA, PALESTINE.--Jaffa is a small town
+lying on the coast of the Mediterranean, at the foot of a rock
+one hundred and sixteen feet in height. This town is very ancient,
+and a road runs directly from it to Jerusalem. The houses are built
+of tuff-stone, and the streets are generally very narrow and dirty,
+and, after the slightest rain, exceedingly muddy. The town walls are
+falling to decay, and the interior of the town is uninteresting.
+Tradition points out the place as the one in which Napoleon is
+said to have caused plague-patients to be poisoned, and in which
+St. Peter once fished; but the authenticity of it seems to proceed
+from a confusion of ideas.]
+
+[Illustration: JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Here is a place of overwhelming
+interest, but at first sight sadly disappointing. Little is seen
+of the ancient City of Zion and Moriah, the far-famed capital of
+the Jewish Empire, in the narrow, crooked and ill-paved streets of
+the modern town. The combination of wild superstitions, with the
+merest formalism which is everywhere observed, and the fanaticism
+and jealous exclusiveness of the numerous religious communities of
+Jerusalem, form the chief modern characteristics of that memorable
+city which was once the fountain-head from which the knowledge of
+the true God was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind, and which has
+exercised the greatest influence on religious thought throughout
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: WAILING-PLACE OF THE JEWS, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Outside
+of the enclosure of Mosque El Aksa, at Jerusalem, is the noted
+wailing-place of the Jews. A large number of them, including old and
+young, male and female, gather here on Friday, kiss the stones and
+water them with their tears. They bewail the downfall of Jerusalem,
+and read from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the
+Lamentations of Jeremiah. The following few words are an exact
+copy from their litany: "For the Palace that lies desolate, we sit
+in solitude and mourn." They present a curious spectacle.]
+
+[Illustration: STREET SCENE, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--The above photograph
+represents one of the fourteen stations of the "street of pain,"
+over which Christ is said to have carried the cross on His way
+to Golgotha. The place where Christ was laid upon the cross, the
+house of Dives, the rich man, where Simon of Cyrene took the cross
+from Christ, the house against which Christ is said to have leaned,
+or near which He fell a second time, and the place where Christ
+is said to have addressed the women that accompanied Him, are all
+seen along this avenue.]
+
+[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, PALESTINE.--This holy place
+is situated at the foot of Mount Olivet across the Kedron, and
+noted as the scene of our Lord's agony. Jesus frequently came here,
+as did also His disciples. It is a small irregular spot surrounded
+by a high wall. This wall was built in 1847 by Franciscan monks,
+who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden, pilgrims who
+injured the olive trees. There are seven of these trees remaining
+in the Garden, whose trunks, nineteen feet in circumference, are
+cracked open with age, and claimed to date back to the time of
+our Saviour.]
+
+[Illustration: BETHLEHEM, PALESTINE.--"But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah,
+though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee
+shall He come forth unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel." In
+Hebrew the word signifies the "place of bread," or, more generally,
+"the place of food," and is possibly derived from the fact that the
+region about Bethlehem has from very remote antiquity presented
+a marked contrast to the surrounding "wilderness." We learn from
+the Bible that the inhabitants of Bethlehem possessed cornfields,
+vineyards and flocks of goats, and that they made cheese. The natural
+products of to-day in every respect confirm this record.]
+
+[Illustration: DEAD SEA, PALESTINE.--This sea, situated sixteen
+miles from Jerusalem and visible from the Mount of Olives, occupies
+that deep depression thirteen hundred feet below the Mediterranean,
+which extends from the mountains of Lebanon to the Gulf of Akabah,
+and is forty-six miles long and about ten miles wide. The River
+Jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into it, and it has no
+visible outlet. The water of the Dead Sea contains a large quantity
+of mineral substances, consisting of chlorides of sodium, calcium
+and magnesium, which give it a bitter taste, and render it smooth
+and oily.]
+
+[Illustration: NAZARETH, PALESTINE.--This village, situated in
+Galilee about sixty-five miles from Jerusalem, is the place where
+Jesus grew up from infancy. From its highest elevation the most
+beautiful views of the Holy Land can be taken. The place must have
+been very small in the time of Christ, as the village is not named in
+the Old Testament. The population in those times was mainly Jewish,
+but it now has Greek, Latin and Moslem quarters and a Protestant
+mission. During the Middle Ages many Christians visited Nazareth,
+but when the Turks seized Palestine in 1517, they were again driven
+out.]
+
+[Illustration: JACOB'S WELL, PALESTINE.--Jews, Christians and Muslims
+agree that this is the "Well of Jacob" of Scripture. (Gen. XXXIII.,
+19.) It is situated on the high road from Jerusalem to Galilee,
+according perfectly with the narrative of St. John IV., 5-30. In
+summer, it is often dry. It is seven and one-half feet in diameter
+and lined with masonry. If, as is probable, this well was the scene
+of Christ's conversation with the Samaritan woman, the tradition
+had already attached to it, that this was Jacob's Well, and around
+it was the field which he purchased, and where Joseph was afterwards
+buried. (Joshua XXIV., 32.)]
+
+[Illustration: BEYROUTH, SYRIA.--The above city, located on the
+Mediterranean, is one of great antiquity. The city proper is an
+irregular square, open towards the sea, and surrounded on the land
+side by a substantial tower-flanked wall. The streets are wider
+than is usual in Syrian towns, and are paved with large stones.
+The houses, for the most part, are lofty and spacious. During the
+hot season the wealthier inhabitants move inland. The surrounding
+hills consist of reddish sand, interspersed with rock, and are
+covered with a light soil.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT MOSQUE, DAMASCUS, SYRIA.--It is possible that
+during the first century of the Christian era, a heathen temple
+stood on the site of the present mosque. The building was converted
+into a Christian church, and contained a casket in which the head
+of John the Baptist was shown. The Christian church was destroyed,
+and the present mosque erected. Antique columns were collected
+in towns of Syria, and used in the decoration. The pavement and
+lower walls are covered with rarest marbles. The ceiling, from
+which hang six hundred golden lamps, is of wood, inlaid with gold.
+The urn above the altar is said to still contain the remains of
+the head of John the Baptist.]
+
+[Illustration: BAALBEC, SYRIA.--These magnificent ruins have excited
+the wonder and admiration of every beholder. In view of the fact
+that the Jewish style of architecture is mingled with that of the
+Doric and the Corinthian order, this building is supposed to have
+been the house that Solomon built for his Egyptian wife. It may
+be surpassed in classical taste by the Temple of Athens, and, in
+some respects, Rome may rival it. Even in magnitude the Nile exceeds
+it, but there is something about Baalbec that causes it to stand
+alone, and makes it peer of all. Its origin is not known, yet it
+passed through the Greek, Arab and Roman hands, and suffered assaults
+by the Crusades.]
+
+[Illustration: MECCA, SYRIA.--The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every
+Muslim is bound to undertake once in his life, is a most curious
+religious custom. In the neighborhood of Mecca the pilgrims undress,
+laying aside even their head-gear, and put on aprons and a piece of
+cloth over the left shoulder. They then perform the circuit of the
+Ka'ba, kiss the black stone, hear the sermon on Mount Arafat, near
+Mecca, pelt Satan with stones in the Valley of Mina, and conclude
+their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial feast. The picture shows the
+famous cemetery of Mecca, the bodies all buried above the ground.]
+
+[Illustration: KALBADEVIE ROAD, BOMBAY, INDIA.--The city of Bombay,
+under English rule, with a population of nearly a million inhabitants,
+is one or the most flourishing cities in India, on account of its
+nearness to the Suez Canal. The approach from the sea discloses
+one of the finest panoramas in the world, the only European analogy
+being the Bay of Naples. The town itself consists of well-built and
+usually handsome native bazaars, and of spacious streets devoted
+to European commerce, of which the above is one of the principal
+avenues.]
+
+[Illustration: BENARES, INDIA.--The city here represented is the
+religious centre of Hindooism, and one of the oldest cities on the
+globe. The bank of the Ganges is entirely lined with stone, and
+there are many very fine landing-places, built by pious devotees, and
+highly ornamented. The internal streets are so narrow and winding,
+that there is not room for a carriage to pass; and it is difficult
+to penetrate them even on horseback. The houses are built of Chanar
+stone, and are lofty, none being less than two, and many five and
+six, stories high.]
+
+[Illustration: TROPICAL SCENERY, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: HEATHEN TEMPLE, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL OBSERVATORY, INDIA.]
+
+[Illustration: WONG TAI KEN, CHINA.--The people of China are a
+thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders. They are
+partially Buddhist, and have a peculiar monosyllabic, uninflected
+language, with writing consisting of symbols, which represent words,
+not letters. The photograph represents one of the better class,
+dressed in a richly made costume after the fashion of her country.
+Her feet, like all of her race, are extremely small and encased
+in velvet sandals, with thick wooden shoes, which are peculiar
+to these people.]
+
+[Illustration: TYPICAL SCENE, SANDWICH ISLANDS.--The ravines and
+mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger islands contain
+much forest growth, while the leeward uplands and plains are
+comparatively bare. Among the most remarkable forms of vegetation
+is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree, so named from the fact that
+the natives string together the kernels, which are very oily, and
+make candles. The natives derive their sustenance chiefly from
+pork and fish, both fresh and dried, and from the banana, sweet
+potato, yam, bread, fruit and cocoanut.]
+
+[Illustration: SITKA, ALASKA.--Sitka, the capital of Alaska, is
+situated on the west coast of the Baranoff Island, which is one of
+the principal of the Alexander Islands. It is the second town in
+size, and has a custom house, a Greco-Russian church, a hospital,
+a half dozen stores, schools and several saw mills. Its principal
+business is fishing, and a number of steamers ply between this
+place and Portland, Oregon. The island is about seventy miles long
+and fifteen miles wide, and is densely timbered.]
+
+[Illustration: TOTEM POLES, ALASKA.--A totem is a class of material
+objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing
+that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate
+and special relation. These poles, which rise to the height of 70
+feet, are elaborately carved from top to bottom with a succession
+of figures, representing the wolf, frog, bear, eagle, whale and a
+variety of other animals. They are planted near Indian villages,
+but it is hoped church steeples will soon tower in their places
+and work a change in these strange people.]
+
+[Illustration: PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA, CANADA.--The capital
+of the Dominion of Canada is situated on the Ottawa River, four
+hundred and fifty miles from New York, and one hundred and twenty-six
+miles from Montreal. It is one of the most flourishing cities in
+Ontario, on account of the great lumber products in the surrounding
+districts. The city was founded sixty-three years ago, its chief
+attraction being the Government Buildings, which stand on Barrack
+Hill, and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone. The style
+of architecture is that of Italian Gothic. The main building is
+five hundred feet long, covering nearly four acres, and involving
+a cost of $4,000,000 in its construction.]
+
+[Illustration: GOLDEN GATE, CALIFORNIA.--This forms the entrance
+to San Francisco Bay, which is about seventy miles long and from
+ten to fifteen wide, and is narrowed into a channel only about
+one mile wide; here the waters escape in a current as the tide
+ebbs and flows to and from the ocean. As one approaches from the
+ocean towards the bay, the south side of the Golden Gate exhibits
+a shelving point of land which terminates in a long fortification
+called Fort Point. The portion of the strait between the light
+house on the north and the fort on the south, is termed "The Golden
+Gate," or "Chrysopylae."]
+
+[Illustration: SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.--The city is the commercial
+metropolis of California, and is situated nearly six miles from
+the ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay from which it
+derives its name. It stands on a plain which inclines towards the
+bay, and has numerous hills behind it. The city is regularly laid
+out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Market Street,
+which has four street-car tracks, two of which are cable lines, is
+the principal business street; it runs south-west from the bay,
+and divides the older from the newer portion of the city. The city
+was originally called Yerba Buena ("good herbs"), and was settled
+by the Spaniards about 1777, but was changed to San Francisco in
+1847.]
+
+[Illustration: YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--The Yosemite Valley
+is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant, in a direct line,
+a little to the southeast of San Francisco. It is six miles in
+length and from half a mile to a mile in width, and sunk from two
+thousand to three thousand feet in perpendicular depth below the
+general level of the surrounding country. The waterfalls in and
+about this valley are of great beauty and variety. The Nevada and
+Vernal Falls of the Merced River, which flows through the whole
+length of the valley, are wonderfully grand.]
+
+[Illustration: MIRROR LAKE, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Up the
+canyon of the Tenaya is situated this beautiful little lake, called
+"Mirror Lake," which is an expansion of the Tenaya Fork. It is
+generally visited early in the morning, for the purpose of seeing
+the reflection of the overhanging rock, which is known as Mount
+Watkins. Mirror Lake is one of the principal points of interest
+of this marvelous depression of nature.]
+
+[Illustration: GLAZIER POINT, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Glazier
+Point, one of the most remarkable and striking features of nature
+in the world, is composed of solid rock, thirty-two hundred feet
+in perpendicular height. It is reached by a trail from the floor
+of the valley, and the time generally consumed is from four to six
+hours. From this great point of interest, a general view of the
+whole valley can be obtained, and nothing is more soul-stirring
+to the beholder than to look at the great and marvelous wonders
+of nature abounding in the Yosemite Valley.]
+
+[Illustration: BIG TREE, CALIFORNIA.--The big trees of California
+are known the world over and are specifically termed the _sequoia
+gigantea_, and abound only in California. They occur in groves
+or patches, which are scattered over limited areas. They grow to
+a great height, ranging from two hundred to three hundred feet,
+and attain a circumference from seventy-five to one hundred feet.
+The above is a photograph of one of the trees, showing the trunk,
+through which a four-horse stage coach passes. This tree measures
+twenty-five feet in diameter, and it stands in the Mariposa Grove.]
+
+[Illustration: GREAT MORMON TEMPLE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.--The
+Mormon religion was founded by Joseph Smith, at Manchester, New
+York, in 1830, and the same year was published "The Book of Mormon,"
+in which Joseph Smith was declared to be God's "Prophet." He soon
+removed, with his followers, to Kirtland, Ohio, which was to be
+the seat of the New Jerusalem. Several years later the Mormon band
+emigrated to Missouri, and later to Salt Lake City, Utah. After the
+death of Smith, Brigham Young succeeded, until 1877, when he died
+and left a fortune of $2,000,000 to seventeen wives and fifty-six
+children. Here they prospered and started to build the great temple,
+which is not yet quite finished.]
+
+[Illustration: PULPIT TERRACE, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.-The
+Yellowstone Park has in the vicinity of the Mammoth Hot Springs
+many remarkable terrace-building springs, which are situated one
+thousand feet above the Gardiner River, into which they discharge
+their waters. The water finds its way to the surface through deep-lying
+cretaceous strata, and contains a great deposit of calcareous material.
+As the water flows out at the various elevations on the terraces
+through many vents, it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of
+lime, which is generally hard while wet, but becomes soft when dry.
+While these springs are active, vegetation dies in their vicinity;
+but when dry, grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous
+deposit.]
+
+[Illustration: OBSIDIAN CLIFF, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--This
+noted and volcanic glass mountain, situated in the Yellowstone
+Park, glistens like jet, is opaque and rises like basalt in almost
+vertical columns, from the shore of Beaver Lake. It is unequalled
+in the world, and is about two hundred feet high and one thousand
+feet in length, being variegated with streaks of red and yellow.
+When the carriage road was constructed over the side of the mountain
+along the lake, great fires were built upon the masses of Obsidian;
+and after they had been sufficiently expanded by the heat, cold
+water was thrown on them, which fractured the blocks into fragments
+that could be handled. Thus a glass carriage way was made one-quarter
+of a mile in length, which is without doubt the only piece of glass
+road in the world.]
+
+[Illustration: MAMMOTH PAINT POTS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Among
+all the geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone Park, there is nothing
+more striking to behold than the Mammoth Paint Pots, which measure
+forty by sixty feet, with a mud rim on three sides from three to
+four feet in height. The whitish substance in this basin, which
+looks like paint, is in constant agitation, and resembles a vast bed
+of mortar with numerous points of ebullition. There is a constant
+bubbling up of this peculiar formation, which produces a sound
+similar to a hoarse whisper. Its contents have been reduced by
+the constant action to a mixed silicious clay, which in former
+years consisted of different colors, but is now active only in the
+white portion of its formation.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Of
+all the geysers in the Yellowstone Park, this is one of the most
+interesting and noted on account of the great regularity of its
+eruptions, affording splendid opportunities for observation. It
+is located in the Upper Geyser Basin, and is situated on a mound
+of geyserite built by its own water. The eruptions begin with
+preliminary splashes, and continue for several minutes, becoming
+more powerful as they follow in rapid succession, when all at once
+the steam and water are thrown to a height of one hundred and fifty
+feet; this action occurs at intervals of every sixty-five minutes
+and lasts from four to five minutes.]
+
+[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL
+PARK.--This large and beautiful sheet of water is nearly one-half mile
+higher than the summit of Mount Washington, N. H., and is surrounded
+by snow-capped mountains. It covers an area of one hundred and fifty
+square miles, and has a great depth. Trout are so plentiful that
+there is little pleasure afforded in capturing them. The lake is
+fed by numerous large tributaries and a score of smaller streams.
+A number of boiling springs, charged with sulphur, alum and alkali,
+dot its shores; and the fishermen can cook their trout by dropping
+them into the boiling springs without walking from the spot where
+they are caught.]
+
+[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE FALLS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--After
+the water of the Yellowstone releases itself from the deep, symmetrical
+pool at the foot of the Upper Falls, the river turns to the left and
+flows through high bluffs for a short distance, until its sea-green
+water leaps from the top of the Great Falls, three hundred and
+sixty feet deep, into the profound, abysmal solitude of the Grand
+Canyon. This great mass of water breaks into fleecy columns and
+sheets of glistening foam as it descends; but it strikes the pool
+below with such a great concussion that it is forced upwards in
+fountains of spray and clouds of mist.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CANYON OF THE YELLOWSTONE, WYOMING.--This wonderful
+gorge, whose scenic beauty is not equaled anywhere, has a scene of
+enchantment surpassing all expectations. From the Lower Falls it
+reveals the most varied groups of crags and rock ever beheld. It
+passes through a volcanic plateau, forming broken walls of barbaric
+richness of coloring that almost defies description. Red, purple
+and yellow predominate, and with the white foam of the rushing
+river through the bottom, and the dark green of the forest upon
+the plateau, form one of the grandest natural sights in earth.]
+
+[Illustration: ANIMAS CANYON, COLORADO.--This canyon is between
+Durango and Silverton, and the scenery through it is of surpassing
+grandeur and beauty. The railroad follows the course of the Animas
+River (to which the Spaniard gave the musical but melancholy title
+of "Rio de las Animas Perdidas," or River of Lost Souls) until
+the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. To the right
+is the silvery Animas River, which frets in its narrowing bed,
+and breaks into foam against the opposing boulders, beyond which
+rise the hills; to the left are mountains, increasing in rugged
+contour as the advance is made, and in the shadow of the rocks
+all is solitary, weird and awful; the startled traveler loses all
+apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CANYON Of THE ARKANSAS RIVER, COLORADO.--There
+are no words which can properly describe this great and magnificent
+canyon, the crowning attraction, the wonder of wonders, the marvel
+of marvels, in Colorado's scenery. This canyon is seven miles in
+length, and presents the grandest scenery in the world. This photograph
+represents the Royal Gorge, where the canyon is three hundred feet
+deep. As it is not sufficiently wide for railroad and river to
+pass through, the road is carried above the river, on a hanging
+bridge, which is shown in the picture.]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNTAIN OF THE HOLY CROSS, COLORADO.--This mountain
+is without doubt the most remarkable and the most noted of the
+Rockies, on account of the cross from which it received its name.
+Near the top is seen the cross, formed by deep crevices in its side,
+which are filled with perpetual snow and ice. The sight of wildwood,
+of tree-crowned slope, of rocky heights, of silvery cascades whose
+white threads of water are occasionally seen wearing away rifts
+in the rocks, renders the mountain one of the most enchanting of
+the many mountains in Colorado.]
+
+[Illustration: MANITOU AND PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--Manitou was
+known to white men long before Major Pike discovered the peak, and
+is noted for its famous soda springs, whose health-giving properties
+were familiar to the Indians from time immemorial. To this favored
+spot they made their pilgrimages, and in grateful recognition of
+the beneficent characteristics of the waters, they named the place
+in honor of the Great Spirit, and bestowed upon it the musical and
+significant title, Manitou. It is visited by thousands of tourists
+every season, and many make the ascent from here to the top of
+Pike's Peak, which is seen in the background.]
+
+[Illustration: SUMMIT OF PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--In 1806 Major
+Zebulon Pike first described this wonderful snow-capped peak, which
+now bears his name, and which he called the "Great Snow Mountain."
+When the mountain first dawned on his view, he was one hundred
+miles east on the plains. This noted peak towers to the height
+of 14,147 feet, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. This
+photograph represents the U. S. Signal Station on its summit. The
+top is now reached by an incline railway from Manitou, and from it
+the traveler may behold one of the grandest sights in Colorado.]
+
+[Illustration: GATEWAY TO THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO.--Why
+this wonderful valley, which has not the appearance of a garden,
+was named the Garden of the Gods, no one knows; but, no doubt, by
+reason of its apt alliterations, the name has become so popular
+that it would be foolish to change it. There are many remains which
+show that Titanic forces have been at work here. It does not require
+a lively imagination to discover in the garden an endless variety
+of beings, such as the lion, the seal, the elephant, birds and
+reptiles of imitative forms. The most noted object is the Great
+Gateway.]
+
+[Illustration: CATHEDRAL SPIRES, COLORADO.--The stranger passing
+through Manitou should not fail to visit the Garden of the Gods, in
+which are located the Cathedral Spires, wonderful rock formations,
+standing upright, with pinnacles several hundred feet high. The
+wonderful region in which these spires are, in point of attraction,
+ranks with the sunny slopes of Italy, and the rugged grandeur of
+the Bernese Oberland. The scenery in this locality is so varied,
+so grand, and so impressive, that contemplative pauses must be
+made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details of
+the view.]
+
+[Illustration: LIFE IN OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.--Oklahoma
+Territory is a beautiful stretch of country, abounding in vast
+and fertile plains. In the eastern part, the soil is particularly
+rich and well irrigated, making it almost as productive as a garden.
+The territory was formerly the special domain for all the Indian
+tribes, but this original race seems to be gradually becoming extinct.
+The above photograph represents a scene in Oklahoma County. This
+county is nearly in the centre of the territory, on the line of
+it railroad which has recently been opened. Owing to its admirable
+adaptability for agriculture, it is fast becoming populated. The
+picture suggests the most primitive rural simplicity.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WIGWAM, INDIAN TERRITORY.--The red man, the
+original inhabitant of American soil, is represented here at his
+hut, with his gun and the reins of his horse in his hands. He has a
+universal belief in a Supreme Being, though his religious attributes
+are associated with various manifestations of natural phenomena.
+He believes in the immortality of the soul, but his conceptions
+of the future system of reward and punishment are confused. The
+American Indians are slowly diminishing in number on account of
+the progress of the white man. Their present population is about
+255,000, and the greatest number are gathered upon their reservations
+in Indian Territory.]
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.--This city, which is now the
+most important centre of commerce in the Northwestern States, is
+situated at the mouth of the Chicago River, on Lake Michigan. The
+first inhabitants known to have been in the locality were the
+Pollawatomie Indians, and the earliest Europeans were French fur
+traders, who visited the site in 1654. Fort Dearborn was built
+in 1804, when the first attempt was made to settle here; but the
+Indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in 1812. In
+1816 the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of the leading
+cities of America. The above represents State Street, one of the
+principal thoroughfares, and the Palmer House, one of its leading
+hotels.]
+
+[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK.--The above falls constitute
+perhaps the most striking natural wonder in the world. Above the
+falls, the river is divided by Goat Island, forming the Horseshoe
+Falls, with a perpendicular descent of one hundred and fifty-eight
+feet. The height of the American Falls is one hundred and sixty-seven
+feet. Below the cataract, the river is very deep and narrow, varying
+from one hundred to three hundred yards, and flows between perpendicular
+rocks, two hundred and fifty feet high, into a gorge, which is
+crossed by several suspension bridges. These falls are world-famed,
+and are visited by thousands of tourists from different parts of
+the world.]
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.--On an
+elevation of one hundred and ten feet, in the town of Charlestown,
+one mile from Boston, towers the above-named monument to commemorate
+one of the most celebrated battles of the American Revolution,
+fought here on the 17th of June, 1775. The British remained master
+of the field after a long and bloody contest, but their victory
+was dearly bought. The monument, two hundred and twenty-one feet
+in height, stands in the centre of the ground, included within
+the redoubts on Breed's Hill.]
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK, N. Y.--The metropolis of the United States,
+is considered the headquarters of the stock and money market. It is
+here where the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart,
+and where the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores.
+The city is built on Manhattan Island, which is 13 miles long, and
+from 2 to 4 miles wide. This picture represents Park Row, and the
+New York Times' Building in the front, and the general Post-Office
+on the right, which is a large granite structure, and an ornament to
+the city. New York has a population of nearly two million people,
+composed of all nationalities. This city gives to the student of
+human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits
+of the different nations.]
+
+[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NEW YORK.--This bridge, connecting
+New York with Brooklyn, is by far the largest suspension bridge yet
+constructed. The work commenced in 1870, and opened for traffic
+on May 24, 1883. The central span, from tower to tower, measures
+fifteen hundred and ninety-five and one-half feet. In the centre
+is a foot-way, fifteen and one-half feet wide, and raised twelve
+feet above the other passages, affording an open view on both sides.
+There are tracks on each side for cable cars, worked by a stationary
+engine on the Brooklyn side, and on the outside are wagon-ways.
+The entire cost was $15,500,000.]
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK, N. Y.--The steam cars,
+the street railway and the electric road are the three modern modes
+of transportation. The motive power of the elevated railroads of New
+York City is steam, and the quick facilities afforded exceed that of
+any other country. These elevated railroads are sufficiently high so
+as not to interfere with street traffic, stations are located every
+four or five blocks apart, there is little delay, and a passenger
+can ride from one end of the city to the other in a very short
+time. It is said that one million people ride daily on the elevated
+railroads of New York giving the company an income of $50,000 per
+day. The above photograph represents the railroad at Chatham Square,
+where it branches off into different directions.]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR, N. Y.--This
+magnificent monument, the work of Bartholdi, was presented by the
+French Government to the people of the United States as a token of
+sisterly love and respect, and as a means of still further cementing
+the good feelings of the two greatest republics on the globe. The
+statue stands on Bedloe's Island, in New York harbor. The torch
+of liberty, held in the right hand, is illuminated at night by
+a huge electric light. The pedestal on which the statue stands
+was built by voluntary contributions, solicited by the New York
+_World_.]
+
+[Illustration: CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,
+PENNSYLVANIA.--Philadelphia, the third city of the United States and
+the metropolis of Pennsylvania, often called the City of Brotherly
+Love, was founded in 1682 by William Penn. This picture represents
+Chestnut Street, the principal retail business street and the avenue
+on which the leading banking institutions are located. The building on
+the right is Independence Hall, in which was declared the independence
+of the United States. The liberty bell is still preserved and found
+at the entrance of the building. The structure in the background
+is a banking house.]
+
+[Illustration: MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.--Perhaps
+no street in the world furnishes an avenue for so much business as
+does Market Street. The street from this point, which terminates
+at the Delaware River, making a total of fourteen squares, is full
+of wholesale houses. There are times during the day when it is
+packed with teams and pedestrians, presenting an interesting sight
+for a stranger. The building on the right-hand side is considered
+the largest store of its kind in the world. The cars on Market
+Street are run by cable, a system introduced a few years ago.]
+
+[Illustration: FORT SAN MARCO, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, U. S. A.--St.
+Augustine, having the distinction of being the oldest city in the
+United States, was founded by Europeans and has recently become
+a popular winter watering-place. It is thirty-six miles from
+Jacksonville, and stands on a sandy peninsula. Along the sea-front,
+for nearly a mile, extends a granite-coped sea-wall; and, at its
+northern end, stands the Fort of San Marco, a well-preserved specimen
+of Spanish military architecture, built in 1756. The fort has a
+moat and outworks, and its walls are twenty-one feet high. It is
+in the form of a trapezium, and covers four acres.]
+
+[Illustration: PONCE DE LEON, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+[Illustration: WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.--The official residence
+of the President of the United States, is beautifully situated at
+the western extremity of Pennsylvania Avenue, about a mile and a
+half west of the Capitol. It is constructed of Freestone, painted
+white. Its dimensions are 170 feet front and 86 feet deep. The
+garden-front is very beautiful and admirably kept, the lawn sloping
+down to the Potomac River. In the square in front of the Mansion,
+stands the celebrated equestrian statue of General Jackson. Very
+close to the White House are located the State Treasury, and Navy
+and War departments.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by
+James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD ***
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