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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Anecdotes of Dogs
+
+Author: Edward Jesse
+
+Release Date: September 1, 2008 [EBook #26500]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANECDOTES OF DOGS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANECDOTES
+OF
+DOGS.
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD JESSE, ESQ.
+
+
+"Histories are more full of examples of
+the fidelity of dogs than of friends."
+                                      POPE.
+
+
+With numerous Engravings.
+
+
+LONDON:
+HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
+MDCCCLVIII.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+Printed by G. Barclay, Castle St. Leicester Sq.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The character, sensibilities, and intellectual faculties of animals
+have always been a favourite study, and they are, perhaps, more
+strongly developed in the dog than in any other quadruped, from the
+circumstance of his being the constant companion of man. I am aware
+how much has been written on this subject, but having accumulated many
+original and interesting anecdotes of this faithful animal, I have
+attempted to enlarge the general stock of information respecting it.
+It is a pleasing task, arising from the conviction that the more the
+character of the dog is known, the better his treatment is likely to
+be, and the stronger the sympathy excited in his behalf.
+
+Let me hope, that the examples which are given in the following pages
+will help to produce this effect, and that a friend so faithful, a
+protector so disinterested and courageous, will meet with that
+kindness and affection he so well deserves.
+
+It is now my grateful duty to express my thanks to those friends who
+have so kindly contributed original anecdotes to this work, and
+especially to Lady Morgan and Mrs. S. Carter Hall for their remarks on
+the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+I have also to acknowledge my obligations for various anecdotes
+illustrative of the character of peculiar dogs, extracted from Colonel
+Hamilton Smith's volumes in the Naturalist's Library and Captain
+Brown's interesting sketches; as well to the Editor of the "Irish
+Penny Magazine" for his extremely well-written account of the Irish
+wolf-dog; and to other sources too numerous to mention.
+
+The present new edition is considerably enlarged, both in matter and
+plates, and, to suit the taste of the age is presented in a cheap and
+popular form.
+
+My Publisher has, as usual, lent his aid, and is responsible for some
+of the additional anecdotes, for the account of the _Setter_, and for
+all after page 458, including the chapter "On Feeding and Management."
+
+EDWARD JESSE.
+
+_East Sheen, Sept. 1858._
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.
+
+
+      TITLE.                         PAINTER.         ENGRAVER.     PAGE
+
+   1. Spaniel & Newfoundland Dogs    W. Harvey        W. Branston      1
+   2. Retriever                      W. Harvey        W. Branston     54
+   3. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks        83
+   4. Deer-hounds                    W. Harvey        W. Branston     85
+   5. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       132
+   6. Newfoundland Dog               W. Harvey        W. Branston    133
+   7. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       184
+   8. The Colley, or Shepherd's Dog  Stewart          Pearson        185
+   9. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       239
+  10. St. Bernard Dog                W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       240
+  11. Chasseur & Cuba Bloodhounds    Freeman          Whiting        250
+  12. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       263
+  13. The Terrier                    W. Harvey        W. Branston    264
+  14. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       299
+  15. The Blenheim Spaniel           W. Harvey        Pearson        300
+  16. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       330
+  17. The Poodle                     Carpendale       Pearson        331
+  18. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       352
+  19. Vignette                       W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       353
+  20. Otter Hunting                  W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       361
+  21. Tail-piece                     W. Harvey        Vizitelly      366
+  22. Greyhounds                     W. Harvey        Vizitelly      367
+  23. Tail-piece                     C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    382
+  24. The Pointer                    W. Harvey        W. Branston    383
+  25. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       399
+  26. The Setter                     W. Harvey        W. Branston    400
+  27. Tail-piece                     Bewick           Bewick         411
+  28. The Comforter                  W. R. Smith      Pearson        412
+  29. A Pugnacious Pair              Cruickshank      Cruickshank    417
+  30. The Foxhound                   C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    421
+  31. Hounds in a Bath               C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    437
+  32. The Beagle                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       438
+  33. Tail-piece                     C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    439
+  34. The Mastiff                    W. Harvey        Whimper        440
+  35. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       453
+  36. The Bull-dog                   W. Harvey        Vizitelly      454
+  37. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       458
+  38. Tail-piece                     Seymour          Pearson        481
+  39. Feeding Hounds                 C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    482
+  40. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       490
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+    INTRODUCTION--Value, propensities, and origin of the dog, 1 _et
+    passim_--the wolf partially domesticated, 6--wild dogs of Ceylon,
+    15--Sir Walter Scott's bull-dog terrier Camp, 16--the dog and the
+    pieman, 17--death of a dog from affection for its deceased
+    mistress, 18--frozen fowls rescued by a house-dog, 19--Sir R.
+    Brownrigg's dog, 19--the author's terrier Phiz, 20--a dog fond of
+    travelling by himself, 20--runaway horse caught by a dog, 21--lost
+    money guarded by, 21--dogs can reckon time, 22--death of a dog
+    from joy at the return of his master, 22--faithfulness of a dog to
+    its charge, 24--the dog's character influenced by that of its
+    master, 25--sense of smelling, 26--duel about a dog, 28--murder
+    prevented by, 29--a faithful dog killed by mistake, 30--sporting
+    anecdotes of Smoaker, Bachelor, Blunder, &c., 31--intelligence of
+    the dog, 42--tact in cat-hunting, 44--find their way home from
+    long distances, 46--bantam rescued from a game cock,
+    46--perception of right and wrong, 47--turkey punished for
+    gluttony, 48--speaking dogs, 48-9--a singing dog, 50--creatures of
+    habit, 50--Caniche and the breeches, 51--distinguishes his
+    master's customers, 54--a robber killed by a dog, 55--Dr. Hooper's
+    dog, 55--the fireman's dog, Tyke, 56--the fireman's dog, Bill,
+    60--dog used as a servant, 61--Mr. Backhouse's dog, 62--the
+    post-dog's revenge, 62--dog returns from Bangalore to Pondicherry,
+    63--Mr. Decouick's dog, 63--a dog saves human life, 64--guards a
+    chair dropped from a waggon, 64--rescues his master from an
+    avalanche, 64--spaniel tracks his master to Drury Lane, and
+    discovers him in the pit, 65--large dog rescues a small one from
+    drowning, 65--a canine messenger, 66--contrivance of a
+    Newfoundland to get a bun, 67--dog lost for nine weeks in the dome
+    of St. Paul's, 67--support themselves in a wild state,
+    69--laughable account of the transmigration of souls in connexion
+    with dogs, 71--sheep-dogs in the Pyrenees, 76--Mrs. S. C. Hall's
+    dog, 77--musical spaniel of Darmstadt, 77--Lord Grenville's lines
+    on the dog, 82.
+
+
+THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.
+
+    History of the Irish wolf-dog, 86 _et seq. passim_--supposed
+    recognition of a wolf-dog of the Irish blood royal, 86--lines on
+    the Irish wolf-dog, 88--anecdotes from Plutarch, 89--the dog of
+    Montargis, 90--the dog of Aughrim, 93--wolf-hunting in Tyrone,
+    94--sheep-killing wolf-dog, 107--Buskar and Bran, 112--incident
+    with Lord Ossulton's hounds, 116--Bruno and O'Toole, 117--a
+    deer-hound recovers a glove from a boy, 119--Sir W. Scott's dog
+    Maida, 120--a deer-hound detains a suspicious person, 120--follows
+    a wounded deer for three days, 121--Comhstri drowns a stag,
+    122--Scotch dogs much prized in England, 123--Llewellyn and Beth
+    Gelert, 124--Lady Morgan on the Irish wolf-dog, 127.
+
+
+THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
+
+    Character, &c., 133--saves people from drowning, 135--Baby,
+    136--saves a child from being run over, 136--saves a spaniel from
+    being drowned, 137--saves a gentleman from drowning at Portsmouth,
+    138--saves a man in a mill-stream, 138--calculating dogs,
+    138--Sabbath party disturbed by a dog, 139--Archdeacon Wix's dog,
+    140--a Newfoundland brings away breeches containing money
+    belonging to his master, 143--commits suicide, 145--saves a
+    coachman in the Thames, 146--tries to drown a spaniel, 147--uses
+    his paw as a fishing-bait, 148--in carrying two hats puts one
+    inside other, 148--three dogs previously enemies unite against a
+    common foe, 149--a dog saves his drowning enemy, 151--releases
+    himself and companions from captivity, 152--a swimming-wager
+    amusingly lost by a dog's care, 153--the dog as postman,
+    153--swims for ten hours in a tempestuous sea, 153--saves his dead
+    master's pocket-book, 154--Lord Grenville's lines on the,
+    155--Newfoundland dog ducks his aggressor, 157--carries a rope to
+    the shore, 158--saves an ungrateful master, 158--guardian of a
+    lady's honour, 160--anecdotes of Mr. M'Intyre's dog Dandie,
+    160-5--a Newfoundland causes the detection of a dishonest porter,
+    165--saves twelve persons from drowning, 166--watches over his
+    drunken master, 167--his humanity occasions a disturbance at
+    Woolwich Theatre, 167--carries a lanthorn before his master,
+    168--saves the lives of all on board the Durham Packet,
+    170--drowns a pet lamb out of jealousy, 171--rescues a canary
+    which had flown into the sea, 171--saves his old master from
+    robbers, 173--St. John's and Labrador dogs, 176--long remembrance
+    of injuries, 177--discovers a poacher, 178--discretion and
+    revenge, 178--returns from Berwick to London, 179--the Romans had
+    some dog of the same kind, 179--liberates a man who had fallen
+    into a gravel-pit, 180--Boatswain provides his mistress a dinner,
+    181--a trespasser detained, 181--Victor at the Battle of
+    Copenhagen, 182--a Newfoundland dog retrieves on the ice,
+    182--fetches a coat from the tailor's, 183--lines by Lord Eldon,
+    184.
+
+
+THE COLLEY OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.
+
+    Saves the life of Mr. Satterthwaite, 186--the Ettrick Shepherd's
+    dog, Sirrah, collects a scattered flock at midnight, 188--Hector,
+    189--points the cat, 191--has an ear for music, 194--hears where
+    his master is going, and precedes him, 196--a wonderful sheep-dog,
+    199--a bitch having pupped deposits her young in the hills, and
+    afterwards fetches them home, 201--cunning of sheep-stealing dogs,
+    202-5--a sheep-dog dies of starvation whilst tending his charge,
+    206--discrimination of a sheep-dog, 207--a sheep-dog remembers all
+    the turnings of a road, 208--follows a young woman who had
+    borrowed his mistress's cloak, 211--Drummer saves a cow,
+    212--Cæsar rescues his master from an avalanche, 213--a sheep-dog
+    snatches away a beggar's stick, 214--a colley conducts the flock
+    whilst his master is drinking, 214--dishonesty punished, 215--a
+    sporting colley, 216--a colley buries her drowned offspring,
+    217--brings assistance to her helpless master, 217--saves his
+    master from being frozen to death, 219--his master having broken
+    his arm sends home his dog for assistance, 220--a colley punishes
+    a tailor's dog for worrying his flock, 221--the sheep-stealing
+    colley, 222--a colley distinguishes diseased sheep, 228--the
+    Ettrick Shepherd's story of the dog Chieftain, 230--a colley feeds
+    his master's lost child on the Grampian Hills, 232--the shepherds'
+    dogs of North Wales, 235--training a colley, 238.
+
+
+THE ST. BERNARD DOG.
+
+    Mrs. Houston's lines on the, 240--peculiar intelligence of,
+    241--the monks and their dogs, 242--a dog saves a woman's life,
+    243--intuitive foreboding of danger, 244--a dog saves a child,
+    245--revenges his ill-treated master, 247--a St. Bernard dog named
+    Barry saves forty lives, 248--destruction of a whole party by an
+    avalanche, 249.
+
+
+THE BLOODHOUND.
+
+    Habits of the bloodhound, 251--its remarkable scent, 252--pursuit
+    of Wallace with a bloodhound, 253--bloodhounds employed for
+    hunting negroes in Cuba, 253--a bloodhound traces a miscreant
+    twenty miles, 255--Sir W. Scott's description of a bloodhound,
+    255--extract from Wanley's "Wonders," 256--a bloodhound discovers
+    a lost child, 257--the Spanish chasseurs and their dogs, 258--a
+    sheepstealer discovered by a bloodhound, 260--atrocities of the
+    Spaniards, 261.
+
+
+THE TERRIER.
+
+    Its varieties, 265--Peter, 266--a terrier kills a child from
+    jealousy, 268--pines to death from jealousy, 268--guards a lady in
+    her walks, 269--affection of a terrier, 269--Sir Walter Scott's
+    description of Wasp, 270--brings assistance to his imprisoned
+    master, 271--gets a friend to pay his boat-hire, 272--Mrs.
+    Grosvenor's dog, 273--a bell-ringing and message-carrying terrier,
+    273--a dog knows his mistress's dress, and follows the wearer,
+    274--anecdotes of a terrier at Hampton Court, 274--a terrier saves
+    his master from being burnt to death, 277--suckles a rat,
+    277--tries to prevent his master from beating his son, 278--Pincer
+    seeks assistance in dislodging rats, 278--a terrier rescues her
+    two drowned pups, 280--seeks assistance in getting a bone,
+    281--gets a lady to ring the bell for him, 282--flies at the
+    throat of a man who attacks his master, 282--a grateful terrier,
+    283--attachment to a cat, 283--clever expedient of two
+    affectionate dogs, 284--Snap, 285--the fate of a gentleman
+    revealed to his family by means of a terrier, 286--a terrier in
+    the Tower follows a soldier to find his master, 288--Snob, 289--a
+    terrier suckles fox-cubs, 290--brings assistance to his canine
+    friend, 291--returns from York to London, 292--finds a thief in
+    the cupboard, 292--friendship between a terrier and bantam,
+    293--traces his master to Gravesend, 294--Peter, 295--a terrier
+    suckles a kitten, 295--a terrier discovers where his master has
+    travelled by the scent, 296--nurses a brood of ducklings and
+    chickens, 296--brings his master's wife to the dead body of her
+    husband, 297--Keeper recognises his master's vessel after a long
+    interval, 298.
+
+
+THE SPANIEL.
+
+    Sings, 300--affected by a particular air, 301--gathers a
+    water-lily, 303--retrieves a wild duck, 303--a grateful spaniel,
+    304--faithful to his guillotined master, 304--Dash, her
+    intelligence and fidelity, 305--gratitude for surgical assistance,
+    306--spaniels in cover, 308--the Clumber spaniels, 308--Lord
+    Albemarle's spaniels, 309--suckling, 309--friendship between a dog
+    and cat, 310--Rose travels from London to Worcester,
+    311--recognition of his master after a long absence,
+    312--friendship between a spaniel and partridge, 313--a spaniel
+    avoids being left behind, 315--an adept in shoplifting, 316--takes
+    up his abode at a grave in St. Bride's churchyard, 317--dies of
+    grief for his dam's death, 317--dogs of the poor the most
+    affectionate, 318--a spaniel takes up his abode in St. Olave's
+    churchyard, 319--causes a man to be executed for murder,
+    320--saves the life of Mrs. Alderman Yearsley, 321--a spaniel's
+    recognition of his old master by scent, 323--a King Charles
+    spaniel alarms his mistress and saves her from being robbed,
+    324--a spaniel knocks at the door, 326--opens the gate to release
+    other dogs, 326--imitates his master in eating turnips, 327--finds
+    his way from Boston to Chepstow, 328--prevents a cat from stealing
+    meat, 329--Mrs. Browning's lines on, 329.
+
+
+THE POODLE.
+
+    The Shoeblack's poodle, 332--two learned poodles exhibited at
+    Milan, 332--a poodle reminds the servant that he wants a walk,
+    336--hides the whip, 336--performance in a London theatre,
+    337--finds his way from London to Inverary, 342--supports himself
+    during his master's absence, 342--friendship with a terrier,
+    342--discerns a rogue at first sight, and causes him to be
+    detected, 343--enjoys a glass of grog, 344--carries three puppies
+    a long distance, one at a time, 345--fetches his master's
+    slippers, &c., 346--imitates the agonies of death, 346--goes to
+    church by habit without the family, the road being overflowed,
+    347--watches over the dead body of his master, 347--protects his
+    master's body, 348--climbs up a house in Wells Street, Oxford
+    Street, 348--anecdote of Froll, 349.
+
+
+THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.
+
+    Traditions, 353--Capt. Lyons' account of the, 354--Col. Hamilton
+    Smith's account of one, 359.
+
+
+THE OTTER TERRIER.
+
+    Somerville's description of an otter-hunt, 361--otter-hounds
+    almost extinct, 362--otter-hunting, 363 to end of chapter.
+
+
+THE GREYHOUND.
+
+    Match between a Scotch greyhound and Snowball, 368--Match between
+    a greyhound and a racehorse, 368--its courage and perseverance,
+    369--a coursed hare dies of exhaustion, 369--a hare and two dogs
+    die of exhaustion, 370--a wild greyhound, 370--greyhounds coupled
+    pursue a hare, 372--a greyhound brings assistance to his drowning
+    master, 372--finds his way from Cumnock to Castle Douglas,
+    373--canine friendship, 373--King Richard's greyhound,
+    375--attachment between St. Leger and his greyhound, 377--the
+    Persian greyhound, 379.
+
+
+THE POINTER.
+
+    Its origin and present breed, 384--a pointer punished by her
+    grand-dam, 386--disgust at a bad shot, 387--pointing on the top of
+    a wall, 388--steady pointing, 389--a weather-wise pointer,
+    389--guards some dropped birds all night, 389--finds his way back
+    from America, 390--traces his master four hundred miles, 390--M.
+    Léonard's dogs, Brague and Philax, 391--a pointer acts as a
+    landing-net, 394--calls the attention of his master to a hare,
+    394--an extraordinary pointer, 395--a pointer suckles a hedgehog,
+    398.
+
+
+THE SETTER.
+
+    Its origin and present breed, 400--smells birds a hundred yards
+    off, 401--acts as a retriever, 402--traces a wounded deer, and
+    brings her master to it next morning, 403--finds a lost whip,
+    404--gratitude of a dying setter, 405--friendship with a cat,
+    406--a setter angry with his master for missing birds, 406--falls
+    in love with a mongrel, 407--effect of imagination on pregnant
+    bitches, 408--Médor brings the keys to his shut-out mistress,
+    409--sagacity in hunting red-legged partridges, 410.
+
+
+THE PUG DOG.
+
+    Its history and progress, 412--a pug saves the life of the Prince
+    of Orange, 413--a lady incurs a pug's displeasure for preventing
+    him from stealing, 414--a pug pronounces the word William,
+    415--ditto Elizabeth, 416--the Comforter, 416.
+
+
+THE TURNSPIT.
+
+    Recollections of it, 418--an industrious dog punishes his lazy
+    fellow-labourer, 419--one dog forces another to take his turn at
+    the wheel, 420.
+
+
+THE FOXHOUND.
+
+    Somerville's lines on, 421--friendship between a fox and a pack of
+    hounds, 424--dog always attacks the fox's head, 424--a hound finds
+    its way back from Lincolnshire to Frogmore, 425--dog found
+    swimming across the Channel, 425--dog finds its way back from
+    Ireland to Liverpool, 425--three hounds escape from their kennel
+    in Ireland and return to Leicestershire, 426--bitch after losing
+    her eye continues to follow the fox, 427--three hounds hunt a fox
+    alone for seven hours, 428--pack of hounds hunt a fox for eight
+    hours, 428--a hound follows a fox for thirty hours, 429--foxhound
+    follows with her new-born pup in mouth, 429--hounds follow a fox
+    for four days, 430--fox leaps a precipice of sixty yards and is
+    followed by the hounds, 433--foxhounds refuse to eat a bag-fox,
+    435.
+
+
+BEAGLE.
+
+    Description of, 438--lines on, by Dryden and Pope, 439.
+
+
+MASTIFF.
+
+    Description of, 440--detects and kills a housebreaker,
+    443--mastiff engages a bear, a leopard, and a lion, 444--prevents
+    his master from being murdered by his valet, 446--gentle towards
+    children, 448--killed by the wheel of a cart rather than desert
+    his charge, 449--attacks a horse which had trodden upon him,
+    450--drops a snarling cur into the water, 453.
+
+
+BULL-DOG.
+
+    Description of, 454--saves a shipwrecked crew, 457.
+
+
+DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.
+
+    Finds its way from France to England, 461--affection for a horse,
+    462.
+
+
+GREAT DANISH DOG.
+
+    Discovers a murderer under the bed, 464--dies of starvation rather
+    than eat his master's game within reach, 465--rings a convent bell
+    for his dinner, 466.
+
+
+CUR DOG.
+
+    Prevents a man from stealing a bridle, 468--carries his master's
+    dinner to him daily, 470--pursues a pony and conducts him to the
+    stable, 474.
+
+
+LURCHER.
+
+    Hunting rabbits, 477--attacks a fox and is killed by the hounds,
+    479.
+
+
+BAN DOG.
+
+    Gratitude for a favour conferred, 480.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SPANIEL AND NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS.]
+
+
+A French writer has boldly affirmed, that with the exception of women
+there is nothing on earth so agreeable, or so necessary to the comfort
+of man, as the dog. This assertion may readily be disputed, but still
+it will be allowed that man, deprived of the companionship and
+services of the dog, would be a solitary and, in many respects, a
+helpless being. Let us look at the shepherd, as the evening closes in
+and his flock is dispersed over the almost inaccessible heights of
+mountains; they are speedily collected by his indefatigable dog--nor
+do his services end here: he guards either the flock or his master's
+cottage by night, and a slight caress, and the coarsest food, satisfy
+him for all his trouble. The dog performs the services of a horse in
+the more northern regions; while in Cuba and some other hot countries,
+he has been the scourge and terror of the runaway negroes. In the
+destruction of wild beasts, or the less dangerous stag, or in
+attacking the bull, the dog has proved himself to possess pre-eminent
+courage. In many instances he has died in the defence of his master.
+He has saved him from drowning, warned him of approaching danger,
+served him faithfully in poverty and distress, and if deprived of
+sight has gently led him about. When spoken to, he tries to hold
+conversation with him by the movement of his tail or the expression of
+his eyes. If his master wants amusement in the field or wood, he is
+delighted to have an opportunity of procuring it for him; if he finds
+himself in solitude, his dog will be a cheerful and agreeable
+companion, and maybe, when death comes, the last to forsake the grave
+of his beloved master.
+
+There are a thousand little facts connected with dogs, which many, who
+do not love them as much as I do, may not have observed, but which
+all tend to develope their character. For instance, every one knows
+the fondness of dogs for warmth, and that they never appear more
+contented than when reposing on the rug before a good fire. If,
+however, I quit the room, my dog leaves his warm berth, and places
+himself at the door, where he can the better hear my footsteps, and be
+ready to greet me when I re-enter. If I am preparing to take a walk,
+my dog is instantly aware of my intention. He frisks and jumps about,
+and is all eagerness to accompany me. If I am thoughtful or
+melancholy, he appears to sympathise with me; and, on the contrary,
+when I am disposed to be merry, he shows by his manner that he
+rejoices with me. I have often watched the effect which a change in my
+countenance would produce. If I frown or look severe, but without
+saying a word or uttering a sound, the effect is instantly seen by the
+ears dropping, and the eyes showing unhappiness, together with a
+doubtful movement of the tail. If I afterwards smile and look pleased,
+the tail wags joyously, the eyes are filled with delight, and the ears
+even are expressive of happiness. Before a dog, however, arrives at
+this knowledge of the human countenance, he must be the companion of
+your walks, repose at your feet, and receive his food from your hands:
+treated in this manner, the attachment of the dog is unbounded; he
+becomes fond, intelligent, and grateful. Whenever Stanislas, the
+unfortunate King of Poland, wrote to his daughter, he always
+concluded his letter with these words--"Tristan, my companion in
+misfortune, licks your feet:" thus showing that he had still one
+friend who stuck to him in his adversity. Such is the animal whose
+propensities, instincts, and habits, I propose to illustrate by
+various anecdotes.
+
+The propensities of the dog, and some of them are most extraordinary,
+appear to be independent of that instinct which Paley calls, "a
+propensity previous to experience, and independent of instruction."
+Some of these are hereditary, or derived from the habits of the
+parents, and are suited to the purposes to which each breed has long
+been and is still applied. In fact, their organs have a fitness or
+unfitness for certain functions without education;--for instance, a
+very young puppy of the St. Bernard breed of dogs, when taken on snow
+for the first time, will begin to scratch it with considerable
+eagerness. I have seen a young pointer of three or four weeks old
+stand steadily on first seeing poultry, and a well-bred terrier puppy
+will show a great deal of ferocity at the sight of a rat or mouse.
+
+Sir John Sebright, perhaps the best authority that can be quoted on
+this subject, says that he had a puppy of the wild breed of Australia;
+that the mother was with young when caught, and the puppy was born in
+the ship that brought her over. This animal was so like a wolf, not
+only in its appearance, but in all its habits, that Sir John at first
+doubted if it really were a dog, but this was afterwards proved by
+experiment.
+
+Of all the propensities of the brute creation, the well-known
+attachment of the dog to man is the most remarkable, arising probably
+from his having been for so many years his constant companion, and the
+object of his care. That this propensity is not instinctive is proved,
+by its not having existed, even in the slightest degree, in the
+Australian dog.
+
+Sir John Sebright kept this animal for about a year, almost always in
+his room. He fed him himself, and took every means that he could think
+of to reclaim him, but with no effect. He was insensible to caresses,
+and never appeared to distinguish Sir John from any other person. The
+dog would never follow him, even from one room to another; nor would
+he come when called, unless tempted by the offer of food. Wolves and
+foxes have shown much more sociability than he did. He appeared to be
+in good spirits, but always kept aloof from the other dogs. He was
+what would be called tame for an animal in a menagerie; that is, he
+was not shy, but would allow strangers to handle him, and never
+attempted to bite. If he were led near sheep or poultry, he became
+quite furious from his desire to attack them.
+
+Here, then, we see that the propensities that are the most marked, and
+the most constant in every breed of domestic dogs, are not to be found
+in animals of the same species in their natural state, or even in
+their young, although subjected to the same treatment from the moment
+of their birth.
+
+Notwithstanding the above-mentioned fact, we may, I think, consider
+the domestic dog as an animal _per se_; that is, that it neither owes
+its origin to the fox nor wolf, but is sprung from the wild dog. In
+giving this opinion, I am aware that some naturalists have endeavoured
+to trace the origin of the dog from the fox; while others, and some of
+the most eminent ones, are of opinion that it sprung from the wolf. I
+shall be able to show that the former is out of the question. The
+wolf, perhaps, has some claim to be considered as the parent animal,
+and that he is susceptible of as strong attachment as the dog is
+proved by the following anecdote, related by Cuvier.
+
+He informs us, that a young wolf was brought up as a dog, became
+familiar with every person whom he was in the habit of seeing, and in
+particular, followed his master everywhere, evincing evident chagrin
+at his absence, obeying his voice, and showing a degree of submission
+scarcely differing in any respect from that of the domesticated dog.
+His master, being obliged to be absent for a time, presented his pet
+to the Ménagerie du Roi, where the animal, confined in a den,
+continued disconsolate, and would scarcely eat his food. At length,
+however, his health returned, he became attached to his keepers, and
+appeared to have forgotten all his former affection; when, after an
+absence of eighteen months, his master returned. At the first word he
+uttered, the wolf, who had not perceived him amongst the crowd,
+recognised him, and exhibited the most lively joy. On being set at
+liberty, the most affectionate caresses were lavished on his old
+master, such as the most attached dog would have shown after an
+absence of a few days.
+
+A second separation was followed by similar demonstrations of sorrow,
+which, however, again yielded to time. Three years passed, and the
+wolf was living happily in company with a dog, which had been placed
+with him, when his master again returned, and again the long-lost but
+still-remembered voice was instantly replied to by the most impatient
+cries, which were redoubled as soon as the poor animal was set at
+liberty; when, rushing to his master, he threw his fore-feet on his
+shoulders, licking his face with the most lively joy, and menacing his
+keepers, who offered to remove him, and towards whom, not a moment
+before, he had been showing every mark of fondness.
+
+A third separation, however, seemed to be too much for this faithful
+animal's temper. He became gloomy, desponding, refused his food, and
+for a long time his life appeared in great danger. His health at last
+returned, but he no longer suffered the caresses of any but his
+keepers, and towards strangers manifested the original savageness of
+his species.
+
+Mr. Bell, in his "History of Quadrupeds," mentions a curious fact,
+which, I think, still more strongly proves the alliance of the dog
+with the wolf, and is indeed exactly similar to what is frequently
+done by dogs when in a state of domestication. He informs us, that he
+"remembers a bitch-wolf at the Zoological Gardens, which would always
+come to the front bars of her den to be caressed as soon as he, or any
+other person whom she knew, approached. When she had pups, she used to
+bring them in her mouth to be noticed; and so eager, in fact, was she
+that her little ones should share with her in the notice of her
+friends, that she killed all of them in succession by rubbing them
+against the bars of her den, as she brought them forwards to be
+fondled."
+
+Other instances might be mentioned of the strong attachment felt by
+wolves to those who have treated them kindly, but I will now introduce
+some remarks on the anatomical affinities between the dog, the fox,
+and the wolf, which serve to prove that the dog is of a breed distinct
+from either of the last-mentioned animals.
+
+It must, in fact, be always an interesting matter of inquiry
+respecting the descent of an animal so faithful to man, and so
+exclusively his associate and his friend, as the dog. Accordingly,
+this question has been entertained ever since Natural History took the
+rank of a science. But the origin of the dog is lost in antiquity. We
+find him occupying a place in the earliest pagan worship; his name has
+been given to one of the first-mentioned stars of the heavens, and his
+effigy may be seen in some of the most ancient works of art. Pliny was
+of opinion that there was no domestic animal without its unsubdued
+counterpart, and dogs are known to exist absolutely wild in various
+parts of the old and new world. The Dingo of New Holland, a
+magnificent animal of this kind, has been shown to be susceptible of
+mutual attachment in a singular degree, though none of the experiments
+yet made have proved that he is capable, like the domestic dog, of a
+similar attachment to man. The parentage of the wild dogs has been
+assigned to the tame species, strayed from the dominion of their
+masters. This, however, still remains a question, and there is reason
+to believe that the wild dog is just as much a native of the
+wilderness as the lion or tiger. If there be these doubts about an
+animal left for centuries in a state of nature, how can we expect to
+unravel the difficulties accumulated by ages of domestication? Who
+knows for a certainty the true prototype of the goat, the sheep, or
+the ox? To the unscientific reader such questions might appear idle,
+as having been settled from time immemorial; yet they have never been
+finally disposed of. The difficulty, as with the dog, may be connected
+with modifications of form and colour, resulting from the
+long-continued interference of man with the breed and habits of
+animals subjected to his sway.
+
+Buffon was very eloquent in behalf of the claim of the sheep-dog to be
+considered as the true ancestor of all the other varieties. Mr. Hunter
+would award this distinction to the wolf; supposing also that the
+jackal is the same animal a step further advanced towards
+civilization, or perhaps the dog returned to its wild state. As the
+affinity between wolf, jackal, fox, and dog, cannot fail to attract
+the notice of the most superficial observer; so he may ask if they do
+not all really belong to one species, modified by varieties of
+climate, food, and education? If answered in the negative, he would
+want to know what constitutes a species, little thinking that this
+question, apparently so simple, involves one of the nicest problems in
+natural history. Difference of form will scarcely avail us here, for
+the pug, greyhound, and spaniel, are wider apart in this respect, than
+many dogs and the wild animals just named. It has often been said that
+these varieties in the dog have arisen from artificial habits and
+breeding through a long succession of years. This seems very like mere
+conjecture. Can the greyhound be trained to the pointer's scent or the
+spaniel to the bulldog's ferocity? But admitting the causes assigned
+to be adequate to the effects, then the forms would be temporary, and
+those of a permanent kind only would serve our purpose. Of this nature
+is the shape of the pupil of the eye, which may be noticed somewhat
+particularly, not merely to make it plain to those who have never
+thought on the subject, but with the hope of leading them to
+reflections on this wondrous inlet to half our knowledge, the more
+especially as the part in question may be examined by any one in his
+own person by the help of a looking-glass. In the front of the eye
+then, just behind the transparent surface, there is a sort of curtain
+called the _iris_, about the middle of which is a round hole. This is
+the pupil, and you will observe that it contracts in a strong light,
+and dilates in a weaker one, the object of which is to regulate the
+quantity of light admitted into the eye. Now the figure of the pupil
+is not the same in all animals. In the horse it is oval; in the wolf,
+jackal, and dog, it is round, like our own, however contracted; but in
+the fox, as in the cat, the pupil contracts vertically into an
+elongated figure, like the section of a lens, and even to a sort of
+slit, if the light be very strong.
+
+This is a permanent character, not affected, as far as is at present
+known, by any artificial or natural circumstances to which the dog has
+been subjected. Naturalists, therefore, have seized upon this
+character as the ground for a division of animals of the dog kind, the
+great genus _Canis_ of Linnæus, into two groups, the diurnal and
+nocturnal; not to imply that these habits necessarily belong to all
+the individuals composing either of these divisions, for that would be
+untrue, but simply that the figure of the pupils corresponds with that
+frequently distinguishing day-roaming animals from those that prowl
+only by night. It is remarkable that a more certain and serviceable
+specific distinction is thus afforded by a little anatomical point,
+than by any of the more obvious circumstances of form, size, or
+colour. Whether future researches into the minute structure of animals
+may not discover other means to assist the naturalist in
+distinguishing nearly allied species, is a most important subject for
+inquiry, which cannot be entertained here. But to encourage those who
+may be disposed to undertake it, I must mention the curious fact, that
+the group to which the camel belongs is not more certainly indicated
+by his grotesque and singular figure than by the form of the red
+particles which circulate in his blood. And here again the inherent
+interest of the matter will lead me to enter a little into
+particulars, which may engage any one who has a good microscope in a
+most instructive course of observations, not the least recommendation
+of which is, that a just and pleasing source of recreation may be thus
+pursued by evening parties in the drawing-room, since the slightest
+prick of the finger will furnish blood enough for a microscopic
+entertainment, and you may readily procure a little more for
+comparison from any animal.
+
+Now the redness of the blood is owing to myriads of minute objects in
+which the colour of the vital fluid resides. They were formerly called
+globules, but as they are now known to be flattened and disc-like,
+they are more properly termed particles or corpuscles. Their form is
+wonderfully regular, and so is their size within certain limits; in
+birds, reptiles, or fishes, the corpuscles are oval. They are circular
+in man, and all other mammalia, except in the camel tribe, in which
+the corpuscles are oval, though much smaller than in the lower
+animals. Thus, in the minutest drop of blood, any one of the camel
+family can be surely distinguished from all other animals, even from
+its allies among the ruminants; and what is more to our purpose,
+in pursuing this inquiry, Mr. Gulliver has found that the
+blood-corpuscles of the dog and wolf agree exactly, while those of all
+the true foxes are slightly though distinctly smaller.
+
+These curious facts are all fully detailed in Mr. Gulliver's Appendix
+to the English version of Gerber's Anatomy, but I think that they are
+now for the first time enlisted into the service of Natural History.
+
+Thus we dismiss the fox as an alien to the dog, or, at all events, as
+a distinct species. Then comes the claim of the wolf as the true
+original of the dog. Before considering this, let us revert to the
+question of what constitutes a species. Mr. Hunter was of opinion that
+it is the power of breeding together and of continuing the breed with
+each other; that this is partially the case between the dog and the
+wolf is certain, for Lord Clanbrassil and Lord Pembroke proved the
+fact beyond a doubt, above half-a-century ago; and the following
+epitaph in the garden at Wilton House is a curious record of the
+particulars:--
+
+                     Here lies Lupa,
+              Whose Grandmother was a Wolf,
+    Whose Father and Grandfather were Dogs, and whose
+           Mother was half Wolf and half Dog.
+         She died on the 16th of October, 1782,
+                     Aged 12 years.
+
+Conclusive as this fact may appear, as proving the descent of the dog
+from the wolf, it is not convincing, the dog having characters which
+do not belong to the wolf.
+
+The dog, for instance, guards property with strictest vigilance, which
+has been entrusted to his charge; all his energies seem roused at
+night, as though aware that that is the time when depredations are
+committed. His courage is unbounded, a property not possessed by the
+wolf: he appears never to forget a kindness, but soon loses the
+recollection of an injury, if received from the hand of one he loves,
+but resents it if offered by a stranger. His docility and mental
+pliability exceed those of any other animal; his habits are social,
+and his fidelity not to be shaken; hunger cannot weaken, nor old age
+impair it. His discrimination is equal, in many respects, to human
+intelligence. If he commits a fault, he is sensible of it, and shows
+pleasure when commended. These, and many other qualities, which might
+have been enumerated, are distinct from those possessed by the wolf.
+It may be said that domestication might produce them in the latter.
+This may be doubted, and is not likely to be proved; the fact is, the
+dog would appear to be a precious gift to man from a benevolent
+Creator, to become his friend, companion, protector, and the
+indefatigable agent of his wishes. While all other animals had the
+fear and dread of man implanted in them, the poor dog alone looked at
+his master with affection, and the tie once formed was never broken to
+the present hour.
+
+It should also be mentioned, in continuation of my argument, that the
+experiment of the wolf breeding with the dog is of no value, because
+it has never been carried sufficiently far to prove that the progeny
+would continue fertile _inter se_. The wolf has oblique eyes--the eyes
+of dogs have never retrograded to that position. If the dog descended
+from the wolf, a constant tendency would have been observed in the
+former to revert to the original type or species. This is a law in all
+other cross-breeds--but amongst all the varieties of dogs, this
+tendency has not existed. I may also add, that as far as I have been
+able to ascertain the fact, the number of teats of the female wolf
+have never been known to vary. With respect to the dog, it is known
+that they do vary, some having more, and others a less number.
+
+Having thus brought forward such arguments as have occurred to me to
+prove that the dog is a breed _sui generis_, I will give a few
+anecdotes to show how different this animal is in his specific
+character to the wolf, and that he has a natural tendency to
+acknowledge man as his friend and protector, an instinct never shown
+by the wolf.
+
+In Ceylon there are a great number of what are called wild dogs, that
+is, dogs who have no master, and who haunt villages and jungles,
+picking up what food they are able to find. If you meet one of these
+neglected animals, and only look at him with an expression of
+kindness, from that moment he attaches himself to you, owns you for
+his master, and will remain faithful to you for the remainder of his
+life.
+
+"Man," says Burns, "is the God of the dog; he knows no other; and see
+how he worships him! With what reverence he crouches at his feet, with
+what reverence he looks up to him, with what delight he fawns upon
+him, and with what cheerful alacrity he obeys him!"
+
+Such is the animal which the brutality of man subjects to so much
+ill-treatment; its character depends very much on that of his master,
+kindness and confidence produce the same qualities in the dog, while
+ill-usage makes him sullen and distrustful of beings far more brutal
+than himself.
+
+I have had many opportunities of observing how readily dogs comprehend
+language, and how they are aware when they are the subject of
+conversation. A gentleman once said in the hearing of an old and
+favourite dog, who was at the time basking in the sun,--"I must have
+Ponto killed, for he gets old and is offensive." The dog slunk away,
+and never came near his master afterwards. Many similar anecdotes
+might be brought forward, but I will mention one which Captain Brown
+tells us he received himself from Sir Walter Scott.
+
+"The wisest dog I ever had," said Sir Walter, "was what is called the
+bulldog terrier. I taught him to understand a great many words,
+insomuch that I am positive that the communication betwixt the canine
+species and ourselves might be greatly enlarged. Camp once bit the
+baker, who was bringing bread to the family. I beat him, and explained
+the enormity of his offence; after which, to the last moment of his
+life, he never heard the least allusion to the story, in whatever
+voice or tone it was mentioned, without getting up and retiring into
+the darkest corner of the room, with great appearance of distress.
+Then if you said, 'the baker was well paid,' or, 'the baker was not
+hurt after all,' Camp came forth from his hiding-place, capered, and
+barked, and rejoiced. When he was unable, towards the end of his life,
+to attend me when on horseback, he used to watch for my return, and
+the servant would tell him 'his master was coming down the hill, or
+through the moor,' and although he did not use any gesture to explain
+his meaning, Camp was never known to mistake him, but either went out
+at the front to go up the hill, or at the back to get down to the
+moor-side. He certainly had a singular knowledge of spoken language."
+An anecdote from Sir Walter Scott must be always pleasing.
+
+Mr. Smellie, in his "Philosophy of Natural History," mentions a
+curious instance of the intellectual faculty of a dog. He states that
+"a grocer in Edinburgh had one which for some time amused and
+astonished the people in the neighbourhood. A man who went through the
+streets ringing a bell and selling pies, happened one day to treat
+this dog with a pie. The next time he heard the pieman's bell he ran
+impetuously toward him, seized him by the coat, and would not suffer
+him to pass. The pieman, who understood what the animal wanted, showed
+him a penny, and pointed to his master, who stood at the street-door,
+and saw what was going on. The dog immediately supplicated his master
+by many humble gestures and looks, and on receiving a penny he
+instantly carried it in his mouth to the pieman, and received his pie.
+This traffic between the pieman and the grocer's dog continued to be
+daily practised for several months."
+
+The affection which some dogs show to their masters and mistresses is
+not only very often surprising, but even affecting. An instance of
+this lately occurred at Brighton. The wife of a member of the town
+council at that place had been an invalid for some time, and at last
+was confined to her bed. During this period she was constantly
+attended by a faithful and affectionate dog, who either slept in her
+room or outside her door. She died, was buried, and the dog followed
+the remains of his beloved mistress to her grave. After the funeral
+the husband and his friends returned to the house, and while they were
+partaking of some refreshment the dog put its paws on his master's
+arm, as if to attract his attention, looked wistfully in his face, and
+then laid down and instantly expired.
+
+In giving miscellaneous anecdotes in order to show the general
+character of the dog, I may mention the following very curious one.
+
+During a very severe frost and fall of snow in Scotland, the fowls did
+not make their appearance at the hour when they usually retired to
+roost, and no one knew what had become of them; the house-dog at last
+entered the kitchen, having in his mouth a hen, apparently dead.
+Forcing his way to the fire, the sagacious animal laid his charge down
+upon the warm hearth, and immediately set off. He soon came again with
+another, which he deposited in the same place, and so continued till
+the whole of the poor birds were rescued. Wandering about the
+stack-yard, the fowls had become quite benumbed by the extreme cold,
+and had crowded together, when the dog observing them, effected their
+deliverance, for they all revived by the warmth of the fire.
+
+That dogs possess a faculty nearly allied to reason cannot, I think,
+be doubted. Mr. Davy, in his "Angler in the Lake District," (a
+charming work), gives one or two anecdotes in proof of this.
+
+When Mr. Davy was at Ceylon, the Governor of that Island, the late Sir
+Robert Brownrigg, had a dog of more than ordinary sagacity. He always
+accompanied his master, being allowed to do so, except on particular
+occasions, such as going to church or council, or to inspect his
+troops, when the Governor usually wore his sword; but when the dog saw
+the sword girded on, he would only follow to the outer door. Without a
+word being said, he would return and wait the coming back of his
+master, patiently remaining up-stairs at the door of his private
+apartment. So it is with respect to my own pet terrier, Phiz. When he
+sees me putting on my walking-shoes, my great-coat, or hat, he is all
+eagerness to accompany me, jumping about me and showing his joy. But
+on Sundays it is very different. My shoes, great-coat or hat, may be
+put on, but he remains perfectly resigned on the rug before the fire,
+and never attempts or shows any inclination to follow me. Is the dog
+guided in acting thus by instinct or reason?
+
+Let me give another instance from Mr. Davy's work.
+
+Once when he was fishing in the highlands of Scotland, he saw a party
+of sportsmen, with their dogs, cross the stream, the men wading, the
+dogs swimming, with the exception of one, who stopped on the bank
+piteously howling. After a few minutes he suddenly ceased, and started
+off full speed for a higher part of the stream. Mr. Davy was able to
+keep him in view, and he did not stop till he came to a spot where a
+plank connected the banks, on which he crossed dry-footed, and soon
+joined his companions.
+
+Dogs have sometimes strange fancies with respect to moving from one
+place to another. A Fellow of a College at Cambridge had a dog, which
+sometimes took it into his head to visit his master's usual places of
+resort in London. He would then return to his home in Suffolk, and
+then go to Cambridge, remaining at each place as long as he felt
+disposed to do so, and going and returning with the most perfect
+indifference and complacency.
+
+The extraordinary sense of a dog was shown in the following instance.
+A gentleman, residing near Pontypool, had his horse brought to his
+house by a servant. While the man went to the door, the horse ran away
+and made his escape to a neighbouring mountain. A dog belonging to the
+house saw this, and of his own accord followed the horse, got hold of
+the bridle and brought him back to the door.
+
+I have been informed of two instances of dogs having slipped their
+collars and put their heads into them again of their own accord, after
+having committed depredations in the night, and I have elsewhere
+mentioned the fact of a dog, now in my possession, who undid the
+collar of another dog chained to a kennel near him. These are curious
+instances of sense and sagacity.
+
+Mr. Bell, in his "History of British Quadrupeds," gives us the
+following fact of a dog belonging to a friend of his. This gentleman
+dropped a louis d'or one morning, when he was on the point of leaving
+his house. On returning late at night, he was told by his servant that
+the dog had fallen sick, and refused to eat, and, what appeared very
+strange, she would not suffer him to take her food away from before
+her, but had been lying with her nose close to the vessel, without
+attempting to touch it. On Mr. Bell's friend entering the room, the
+dog instantly jumped upon him, laid the money at his feet, and began
+to devour her victuals with great voracity.
+
+It is a curious fact that dogs can count time. I had, when a boy, a
+favourite terrier, which always went with me to church. My mother,
+thinking that he attracted too much of my attention, ordered the
+servant to fasten him up every Sunday morning. He did so once or
+twice, but never afterwards. Trim concealed himself every Sunday
+morning, and either met me as I entered the church, or I found him
+under my seat in the pew. Mr. Southey, in his "Omniana," informs us
+that he knew of a dog, which was brought up by a Catholic and
+afterwards sold to a Protestant, but still he refused to eat anything
+on a Friday.
+
+Dogs have been known to die from excess of joy at seeing their masters
+after a long absence. An English officer had a large dog, which he
+left with his family in England, while he accompanied an expedition to
+America during the war of the Colonies. Throughout his absence, the
+animal appeared very much dejected. When the officer returned home,
+the dog, who happened to be lying at the door of an apartment into
+which his master was about to enter, immediately recognised him, leapt
+upon his neck, licked his face, and in a few minutes fell dead at his
+feet. A favourite spaniel of a lady recently died on seeing his
+beloved mistress after a long absence.
+
+A gentleman who had a dog of a most endearing disposition, was obliged
+to go a journey periodically once a-month. His stay was short, and
+his departure and return very regular, and without variation. The dog
+always grew uneasy when he first lost his master, and moped in a
+corner, but recovered himself gradually as the time for his return
+approached; which he knew to an hour, nay, to a minute. When he was
+convinced that his master was on the road, at no great distance from
+home, he flew all over the house; and if the street door happened to
+be shut, he would suffer no servant to have any rest until it was
+opened. The moment he obtained his freedom away he went, and to a
+certainty met his benefactor about two miles from town. He played and
+frolicked about him till he had obtained one of his gloves, with which
+he ran or rather flew home, entered the house, laid it down in the
+middle of the room, and danced round it. When he had sufficiently
+amused himself in this manner, out of the house he flew, returned to
+meet his master, and ran before him, or gambolled by his side, till he
+arrived with him at home. "I know not (says Mr. Dibdin, who relates
+this anecdote), how frequently this was repeated; but it lasted till
+the old gentleman grew infirm, and incapable of continuing his
+journeys. The dog by this time was also grown old, and became at
+length blind; but this misfortune did not hinder him from fondling his
+master, whom he knew from every other person, and for whom his
+affection and solicitude rather increased than diminished. The old
+gentleman, after a short illness, died. The dog knew the
+circumstance, watched the corpse, blind as he was, and did his utmost
+to prevent the undertaker from screwing up the body in the coffin, and
+most outrageously opposed its being taken out of the house. Being past
+hope, he grew disconsolate, lost his flesh, and was evidently verging
+towards his end. One day he heard a gentleman come into the house, and
+he ran to meet him. His master being old and infirm, wore ribbed
+stockings for warmth. The gentleman had stockings on of the same kind.
+The dog perceived it, and thought it was his master, and began to
+exhibit the most extravagant signs of pleasure; but upon further
+examination finding his mistake, he retired into a corner, where in a
+short time he expired."
+
+Some dogs are so faithful that they will never quit a thing entrusted
+to their charge, and will defend it to the utmost of their power. This
+may be often observed in the case of a cur, lying on the coat of a
+labourer while he is at work in the fields, and in those of carriers'
+and bakers' dogs. An instance is on record of a chimney-sweeper having
+placed his soot-bag in the street under the care of his dog, who
+suffered a cart to drive over and crush him to death, sooner than
+abandon his charge. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in the "Cyclopædia of
+Natural History," mentions a curious instance of fidelity and sagacity
+in a dog. He informs us that "in the neighbourhood of Cupar, in the
+county of Fife, there lived two dogs, mortal enemies to each other,
+and who always fought desperately whenever they met. Capt. R---- was
+the master of one of them, and the other belonged to a neighbouring
+farmer. Capt. R----'s dog was in the practice of going messages, and
+even of bringing butchers' meat and other articles from Cupar. One
+day, while returning charged with a basket containing some pieces of
+mutton, he was attacked by some of the curs of the town, who, no
+doubt, thought the prize worth contending for. The assault was fierce,
+and of some duration; but the messenger, after doing his utmost, was
+at last overpowered and compelled to yield up the basket, though not
+before he had secured a part of its contents. The piece saved from the
+wreck he ran off with, at full speed, to the quarters of his old
+enemy, at whose feet he laid it down, stretching himself beside it
+till he had eaten it up. A few snuffs, a few whispers in the ear, and
+other dog-like courtesies, were then exchanged; after which they both
+set off together for Cupar, where they worried almost every dog in the
+town; and, what is more remarkable, they never afterwards quarrelled,
+but were always on friendly terms."
+
+That society and culture soften and moderate the passions of dogs
+cannot be doubted, and they constantly imbibe feelings from those of
+their master. Thus, if he is a coward, his dog is generally found to
+be one. Dogs are, however, in many respects, rational beings; and some
+proofs of this will be given in the present work. They will watch the
+countenance of their master--they will understand words, which,
+though addressed to others, they will apply to themselves, and act
+accordingly. Thus a dog, which, from its mangy state, was ordered to
+be destroyed, took the first opportunity of quitting the ship, and
+would never afterwards come near a sailor belonging to it. If I desire
+the servant to wash a little terrier, who is apparently asleep at my
+feet, he will quit the room, and hide himself for some hours. A dog,
+though pressed with hunger, will never seize a piece of meat in
+presence of his master, though with his eyes, his movements, and his
+voice, he will make the most humble and expressive petition. Is not
+this reasoning?
+
+But there is one faculty in the dog which would appear perfectly
+incomprehensible. It is the sense of smelling. He will not only scent
+various kinds of game at considerable distances, but he has been known
+to trace the odour of his master's feet through all the winding
+streets of a populous city. This extreme sensibility is very
+wonderful. It would thus appear that the feelings of dogs are more
+exquisite than our own. They have sensations, but their faculty of
+comparing them, or of forming ideas, is much circumscribed. A dog can
+imitate some human actions, and is capable of receiving a certain
+degree of instruction; but his progress soon stops. It is, however, an
+animal that should always be loved and treated with kindness. It is a
+curious fact, that dogs who have had their ears and tails cut for
+many generations, transmit these defects to their descendants.
+Drovers' dogs, which may always be seen with short tails, are a proof
+of this.
+
+A pleasing character of the dog is given in Smellie's "Philosophy of
+Natural History." He says:--
+
+"The natural sagacity and talents of the dog are well known, and
+justly celebrated. But when these are improved by association with
+man, and by education, he becomes, in some measure, a rational being.
+The senses of the dog, particularly that of scenting distant objects,
+give him a superiority over every other quadruped. He reigns at the
+head of a flock; and his language, whether expressive of blandishment
+or of command, is better heard and better understood than the voice of
+his master. Safety, order, and discipline, are the effects of his
+vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are his subjects. These he
+conducts and protects with prudence and bravery, and never employs
+force against them except for the preservation of peace and good
+order. But when in pursuit of his prey, he makes a complete display of
+his courage and intelligence. In this situation both natural and
+acquired talents are exerted. As soon as the horn or voice of the
+hunter is heard, the dog demonstrates his joy by the most expressive
+emotions and accents. By his movements and cries he announces his
+impatience for combat, and his passion for victory. Sometimes he moves
+silently along, reconnoitres the ground, and endeavours to discover
+and surprise the enemy. At other times he traces the animal's steps,
+and by different modulations of voice, and by the movements,
+particularly of his tail, indicates the distance, the species, and
+even the age of the fugitive deer. All these movements and
+modifications of voice are perfectly understood by experienced
+hunters. When he wishes to get into an apartment he comes to the door;
+if that is shut, he scratches with his foot, makes a bewailing noise,
+and, if his petition is not soon answered, he barks with a peculiar
+and humble voice. The shepherd's dog not only understands the language
+of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows how to act
+by signals made with the hand."
+
+Mr. Brockedon, in his "Journal of Excursions in the Alps," says:--"In
+these valleys, the early hours of retirement placed us in the
+difficult situation of fighting our way to the inn door at Lanslebourg
+against a magnificent Savoyard dog, who barked and howled defiance at
+our attempts, for which he stood some chance of being shot. At length
+a man, hearing our threats, popped his head out of a window, and
+entreated our forbearance. We were soon admitted, and refreshments
+amply provided. I had heard a story of a duel fought here from Mr.
+N----, in which he was a principal, about a dog; and upon inquiry
+learnt that this was the same animal. A party of four young officers,
+returning from Genoa, stopped here. Mr. N---- had brought with him a
+beautiful little pet dog, which had been presented to him by a lady on
+his leaving Genoa. Struck by the appearance of the fine dog at the
+inn, one of the officers bought it. He was fairly informed that the
+dog had been already sold to an Englishman, who had taken it as far as
+Lyons, where the dog escaped, and returned (two hundred miles) to
+Lanslebourg. The officer who made the purchase intended to fasten it
+in the same place with the little dog. This Mr. N---- objected to;
+when his brother-officer made some offensive allusions to the lady
+from whom the pet had been received. An apology was demanded, and
+refused. Swords were instantly drawn; they fought in the room. Mr.
+N---- wounded and disarmed his antagonist; an apology for the
+injurious reflections followed, and the party proceeded to England.
+The dog was taken safely as far as Paris, where he again escaped, and
+returned home (five hundred miles). I was now informed that the dog
+had been sold a third time to an Englishman; and again, in spite of
+precautions having been taken, he had returned to Lanslebourg from
+Calais."
+
+A Scotch grazier, named Archer, having lost his way, and being
+benighted, at last got to a lone cottage; where, on his being
+admitted, a dog which had left Archer's house four years before
+immediately recognised him, fawned upon him, and when he retired for
+the night followed him into the chamber where he was to lie, and
+there, by his gestures, induced him narrowly to examine it; and then
+Archer saw sufficient to assure him that he was in the house of
+murderers. Rendered desperate by the terrors of his situation, he
+burst into the room where the banditti were assembled, and wounded his
+insidious host by a pistol-shot; and in the confusion which the sudden
+explosion occasioned, he opened the door; and, notwithstanding he was
+fired at, accompanied by his dog Brutus, exerted all the speed which
+danger could call forth until daylight, which enabled him to perceive
+a house, and the main road, at no great distance. Upon his arrival at
+the house, and telling the master of it his story, he called up some
+soldiers that were there quartered, and who, by the aid of the dog,
+retraced the way back to the cottage. Upon examining the building a
+trap-door was found, which opened into a place where, amongst the
+mangled remains of several persons, was the body of the owner, who had
+received the shot from the grazier's pistol in his neck; and although
+not dead, had been, by the wretches his associates, in their quick
+retreat, thrown into this secret cemetery. He was, however, cured of
+his wound, delivered up to justice, tried, and executed.[A]
+
+A merchant had received a large sum of money; and being fatigued with
+riding in the heat of the day, had retired to repose himself in the
+shade; and upon remounting his horse, had forgotten to take up the bag
+which contained the money. His dog tried to remind his master of his
+inadvertency by crying and barking, which so surprised the merchant,
+that, in crossing a brook, he observed whether the dog drank, as he
+had his suspicions of his being mad; and which were confirmed by the
+dog's not lapping any water, and by his increased barking and howling,
+and at length by his endeavouring to bite the heels of the horse.
+Impressed with the idea of the dog's madness, to prevent further
+mischief, he discharged his pistol at him, and the dog fell. After
+riding some distance with feelings that will arise in every generous
+breast at the destruction of an affectionate animal, he discovered
+that his money was missing. His mind was immediately struck that the
+actions of the dog, which his impetuosity had construed into madness,
+were only efforts to remind him of his loss. He galloped back to where
+he had fired his pistol; but the dog was gone from thence with equal
+expedition to the spot where he had reposed. But what were the
+merchant's feelings when he perceived his faithful dog, in the
+struggles of death, lying by the side of the bag which had been
+forgotten! The dog tried to rise, but his strength was exhausted. He
+stretched out his tongue to lick the hand that was now fondling him
+with all the agony of regret for the wound its rashness had inflicted,
+and casting a look of kindness on his master, closed his eyes for
+ever.[B]
+
+I am indebted to a well-known sportsman for the following interesting
+account of some of his dogs. It affords another proof how much
+kindness will do in bringing out the instinctive faculties of these
+animals; and that, when properly educated, their sense, courage, and
+attachment are most extraordinary.
+
+"Smoaker was a deer greyhound of the largest size, but of his pedigree
+I know nothing. In speed he was equal to any hare greyhound; at the
+same time, in spirit he was indomitable. He was the only dog I ever
+knew who was a match for a red stag, single-handed. From living
+constantly in the drawing-room, and never being separated from me, he
+became acquainted with almost the meaning of every word--certainly of
+every sign. His retrieving of game was equal to any of the retrieving
+I ever saw in any other dogs. He would leap over any of the most
+dangerous spikes at a sign, walk up and come down any ladder, and
+catch, without hurting it, any particular fowl out of a number that
+was pointed out to him. If he missed me from the drawing-room, and had
+doubts about my being in the house, he would go into the hall and look
+for my hat: if he found it, he would return contented; but if he did
+not find it, he would proceed up-stairs to a window at the very top of
+the house, and look from the window each way, to ascertain if I were
+in sight. One day in shooting at Cranford, with his late Royal
+Highness the Duke of York, a pheasant fell on the other side of the
+stream. The river was frozen over; but in crossing to fetch the
+pheasant the ice broke, and let Smoaker in, to some inconvenience. He
+picked up the pheasant, and instead of trying the ice again, he took
+it many hundred yards round to the bridge. Smoaker died at the great
+age of eighteen years. His son Shark was also a beautiful dog. He was
+by Smoaker out of a common greyhound bitch, called Vagrant, who had
+won a cup at Swaffham. Shark was not so powerful as Smoaker; but he
+was, nevertheless, a large-sized dog, and was a first-rate deer
+greyhound and retriever. He took his father's place on the rug, and
+was inseparable from me. He was educated and entered at deer under
+Smoaker. When Shark was first admitted to the house, it chanced that
+one day he and Smoaker were left alone in a room with a table on which
+luncheon was laid. Smoaker might have been left for hours with meat on
+the table, and he would have died rather than have touched it; but at
+that time Shark was not proof against temptation. I left the room to
+hand some lady to her carriage, and as I returned by the window, I
+looked in. Shark was on his legs, smelling curiously round the table;
+whilst Smoaker had risen to a sitting posture, his ears pricked, his
+brow frowning, and his eyes intently fixed on his son's actions. After
+tasting several viands, Shark's long nose came in contact with about
+half a cold tongue; the morsel was too tempting to be withstood. For
+all the look of curious anger with which his father was intently
+watching, the son stole the tongue and conveyed it to the floor. No
+sooner had he done so, than the offended sire rushed upon him, rolled
+him over, beat him, and took away the tongue. Instead, though, of
+replacing it on the table, the father contented himself with the
+punishment he had administered, and retired with great gravity to the
+fire.
+
+"I was once waiting by moonlight for wild ducks on the Ouze in
+Bedfordshire, and I killed a couple on the water at a shot. The
+current was strong; but Shark, having fetched one of the birds, was
+well aware there was another. Instead, therefore, of returning by
+water to look for the second, he ran along the banks, as if aware that
+the strong stream would have carried the bird further down; looking in
+the water till he saw it, at least a hundred yards from the spot where
+he had left it in bringing the first; when he also brought that to me.
+Nothing could induce either of these dogs to fetch a glove or a stick:
+I have often seen game fall close to me, and they would not attempt to
+touch it. It seemed as if they simply desired to be of service when
+service was to be done; and that when there were no obstacles to be
+conquered, they had no wish to interfere. Shark died at a good old
+age, and was succeeded by his son Wolfe. Wolfe's mother was a
+Newfoundland bitch. He was also a large and powerful dog, but of
+course not so speedy as his ancestors. While residing at my country
+house, being my constant companion, Wolfe accompanied me two or three
+times a-day in the breeding season to feed the young pheasants and
+partridges reared under hens. On going near the coops, I put down my
+gun, made Wolfe a sign to sit down by it, and fed the birds, with
+some caution, that they might not be in any way scared. I mention
+this, because I am sure that dogs learn more from the manner and
+method of those they love, than they do from direct teaching. In front
+of the windows on the lawn there was a large bed of shrubs and
+flowers, into which the rabbits used to cross, and where I had often
+sent Wolfe in to drive them for me to shoot. One afternoon, thinking
+that there might be a rabbit, I made Wolfe the usual sign to go and
+drive the shrubs, which he obeyed; but ere he had gone some yards
+beneath the bushes, I heard him make a peculiar noise with his jaws,
+which he always made when he saw anything he did not like, and he came
+softly back to me with a sheepish look. I repeated the sign, and
+encouraged him to go; but he never got beyond the spot he had been to
+in the first instance, and invariably returned to me with a very odd
+expression of countenance. Curiosity tempted me to creep into the
+bushes to discover the cause of the dog's unwonted behaviour; when
+there, I found, congregated under one of the shrubs, eight or nine of
+my young pheasants, who had for the first time roosted at a distance
+from their coop. Wolfe had seen and known the young pheasants, and
+would not scare them.
+
+"Wolfe was the cause of my detecting and discharging one of my
+gamekeepers. I had forbidden my rabbits to be killed until my return;
+and the keeper was ordered simply to walk Wolfe to exercise on the
+farm. There was a large stone quarry in the vicinity, where there
+were a good many rabbits, some parts of which were so steep, that
+though you might look over the cliff, and shoot a rabbit below,
+neither man nor dog could pick him up without going a considerable way
+round. On approaching the edge of the quarry to look over for a
+rabbit, I was surprised at missing Wolfe, who invariably stole off in
+another direction, but always the same way. At last, on shooting a
+rabbit, I discovered that he invariably went to the only spot by which
+he could descend to pick up whatever fell to the gun; and by this I
+found that somebody had shot rabbits in his presence at times when I
+was from home.
+
+"Wolfe accompanied me to my residence in Hampshire, and there I
+naturalised, in a wild state, some white rabbits. For the first year
+the white ones were never permitted to be killed, and Wolfe saw that
+such was the case. One summer's afternoon I shot a white rabbit for
+the first time, and Wolfe jumped the garden fence to pick the rabbit
+up; but his astonishment and odd sheepish look, when he found it was a
+white one, were curious in the extreme. He dropped his stern, made his
+usual snap with his jaws, and came back looking up in my face, as much
+as to say, 'You've made a mistake, and shot a white rabbit, but I've
+not picked him up.' I was obliged to assure him that I intended to
+shoot it, and to encourage him before he would return and bring the
+rabbit to me. Wolfe died when he was about nine years old, and was
+succeeded by my present favourite, Brenda, a hare greyhound of the
+highest caste. Brenda won the Oak stakes of her year, and is a very
+fast and stout greyhound. I have taught her to retrieve game to the
+gun, to drive home the game from dangerous sands, and, in short, to do
+everything but speak; and this she attempts, by making a beautiful
+sort of bark when she wants her dinner.
+
+"I have the lop-eared rabbit naturalised, and in a half-wild and wild
+state, and Brenda is often to be seen with some of the tamest of them
+asleep in the sun on the lawn together. When the rabbits have been
+going out into a dangerous vicinity, late in the evening, I have often
+sent Brenda to drive them home, and to course and kill the wild ones
+if she could. I have seen one of the wild-bred lop-ears get up before
+her, and I have seen her make a start to course it; but when she saw
+that it was not a native of the soil she would stop and continue her
+search for others. The next moment I have seen her course and kill a
+wild rabbit. She is perfectly steady from hare if I tell her not to
+run, and is, without any exception, one of the prettiest and most
+useful and engaging creatures ever seen. She is an excellent
+rat-killer also, and has an amazing antipathy to a cat. When I have
+been absent from home for some time, Mrs. B. has observed that she is
+alive to every sound of a wheel, and if the door-bell rings she is the
+first to fly to it. When walking on the sea-beach during my absence,
+she is greatly interested in every boat she sees, and watches them
+with the most intense anxiety, as in the yachting season she has known
+me return by sea. Brenda would take my part in a row, and she is a
+capital house-dog. If ever the heart of a creature was given to man,
+this beautiful, graceful, and clever animal has given me hers, for her
+whole existence is either passed in watching for my return, or in
+seeking opportunities to please me when I am at home. It is a great
+mistake to suppose that severity of treatment is necessary to the
+education of a dog, or that it is serviceable in making him steady.
+Manner--_marked and impressive manner_--is that which teaches
+obedience, and example rather than command forms the desired
+character.
+
+"I had two foxhounds when I hunted stag,--my pack were all
+foxhounds,--they were named Bachelor and Blunder. We used to play with
+them together, and they got to know each other by name. In returning
+from hunting, my brother and myself used to amuse ourselves by saying,
+in a peculiar tone of voice,--the one we used to use in playing with
+them--'Bachelor, where's Blunder?' On hearing this, Bachelor's stern
+and bristles rose, and he trotted about among the pack, looking for
+Blunder, and when he found him he would push his nose against his ear
+and growl at him. Thus Bachelor evidently knew Blunder by name, and
+this arose from the way in which we used to play with them. At this
+moment, when far away from home, and after an absence of many weeks,
+if I sing a particular song, which I always sing to a dog named
+Jessie, Brenda, though staying in houses where she had never seen
+Jessie, will get up much excited, and look to the door and out of the
+window in expectation of her friend. I have a great pleasure in the
+society of all animals, and I love to make my house a place where all
+may meet in rest and good fellowship. This is far easier to achieve
+than people would think for when dogs are kindly used, but impressed
+with ideas of obedience.
+
+"The gazelle which came home from Acre in the Thunderer, was one
+evening feeding from Mrs. B.'s plate at dessert, when Odion, the great
+deerhound, who was beaten in my match against the five deer by an
+unlucky stab in the first course, came in by special invitation for
+his biscuit. The last deer he had seen previous to the gazelle he had
+coursed and pulled down. The strange expression of his dark face was
+beautiful when he first saw her; and halting in his run up to me, he
+advanced more slowly directly to her, she met him also in apparent
+wonder at his great size, and they smelled each others' faces. Odion
+then kissed her, and came to me for his biscuit, and never after
+noticed her. She will at times butt him if he takes up too much of the
+fire; but this she will not do to Brenda, except in play; and if she
+is eating from Mrs. Berkeley's hand, Brenda by a peculiar look can
+send her away and take her place. Odion, the gazelle, Brenda, and the
+rabbits, will all quietly lay on the lawn together, and the gazelle
+and Bruiser, an immense house-dog between the bloodhound and mastiff,
+will run and play together.
+
+"I had forgotten to mention a bull-and-mastiff dog that I had, called
+Grumbo. He was previous to Smoaker, and was indeed the first
+four-footed companion established in my confidence. I was then very
+young, and of course inclined to anything like a row. Grumbo,
+therefore, was well entered in all kinds of strife--bulls, oxen, pigs,
+men, dogs, all came in turn as combatants; and Grumbo had the oddest
+ways of making men and animals the _aggressors_ I ever knew. He seemed
+to make it a point of honour never to begin, but on receiving a hint
+from me; some one of his enemies was sure to commence the battle, and
+then he or both of us would turn to as an oppressed party. I have seen
+him walk leisurely out into the middle of a field where oxen were
+grazing, and then throw himself down. Either a bull or the oxen were
+sure to be attracted by the novel sight, and come dancing and blowing
+round him. All this he used to bear with the most stoical fortitude,
+till some one more forward than the rest touched him with the horn.
+'War to the knife, and no favour,' was then the cry; and Grumbo had
+one of them by the nose directly. He being engaged at odds, I of
+course made in to help him, and such a scene of confusion used to
+follow as was scarce ever seen. Grumbo tossed in the air, and then
+some beast pinned by the nose would lie down and bellow. I should all
+this time be swinging round on to some of their tails, and so it would
+go on till Grumbo and myself were tired and our enemies happy to beat
+a retreat. If he wished to pick a quarrel with a man, he would walk
+listlessly before him till the man trod on him, and then the row
+began. Grumbo was the best assistant, night or day, for catching
+delinquents, in the world. As a proof of his thoughtful sagacity, I
+give the following fact. He was my sole companion when I watched two
+men steal a quantity of pheasants' eggs: we gave chase; but before I
+could come near them, with two hundred yards start of me, they fled.
+There was no hope of my overtaking them before they reached the
+village of Harlington, so I gave Grumbo the office. Off he went, but
+in the chase the men ran up a headland on which a cow was tethered.
+They passed the cow; and when the dog came up to the cow he stopped,
+and, to my horror, contemplated a grab at the tempting nose. He was,
+however, uncertain as to whether or not this would be right, and he
+looked back to me for further assurance. I made the sign to go ahead,
+and he understood it, for he took up the running again, and
+disappeared down a narrow pathway leading through the orchards to the
+houses. When I turned that corner, to my infinite delight I found him
+placed in the narrow path, directly in front of one of the poachers,
+with such an evident determination of purpose, that the man was
+standing stock still, afraid to stir either hand or foot. I came up
+and secured the offender, and bade the dog be quiet."
+
+It is, I believe, a fact, and if so, it is a curious one, that the dog
+in a wild state only howls; but when he becomes the friend and
+companion of man, he has then wants and wishes, hopes and fears, joys
+and sorrows, to which in his wilder state he appears to have been a
+stranger. His vocabulary, if it may be so called, then increases, in
+order to express his enlarged and varying emotions. He anticipates
+rewards and punishments, and learns to solicit the former and
+deprecate the latter. He bounds exultingly forth to accompany his
+master in his walks, rides, and sports of the field. He acts as the
+faithful guardian of his property. He is his fire-side companion,
+evidently discerns days of household mirth or grief, and deports
+himself accordingly. Hence, his energies and his sensibilities are all
+expanded, and what he feels he seeks to tell in various accents, and
+in different ways. For instance, our little dog comes and pulls his
+mistress's gown and makes significant whines, if any one is in or
+about the premises whom he thinks has no right to be there. I have
+seen a dog pick up a stick and bring it in his mouth to his master,
+looking at the water first and then at his master, evidently that the
+stick might be thrown into it, that he might have the pleasure of
+swimming after it. In my younger days, I was in the habit of teazing a
+favourite dog by twitching his nose and pretending to pull his ears.
+He would snap gently at me, but if, by accident, he gave me rather a
+harder bite than he had intended, he became instantly aware of it, and
+expressed his regret in a way not to be mistaken. Dogs who have hurt
+or cut themselves will submit patiently while the wound is being
+dressed, however much the operation may hurt them. They become
+instantly sensible that no punishment is intended to be inflicted, and
+I have seen them lick the hand of the operator, as if grateful for
+what he was doing. Those who are in the habit of having dogs
+constantly in the room with them, will have perceived how alive they
+are to the slightest change in the countenance of their master; how
+gently they will touch him with their paw when he is eating, in order
+to remind him of their own want of food; and how readily they
+distinguish the movements of any inmate of the house from those of a
+stranger. These, and many other circumstances which might be
+mentioned, show a marked distinction between a domesticated dog and
+one that is wild, or who has lived with people who are in an
+uncivilized state, such as the Esquimaux, &c. Both the wild and
+domestic dog, however, appear to be possessed of and to exercise
+forethought. They will bury or hide food, which they are unable to
+consume at once, and return for it. But the domestic dog, perhaps,
+gives stronger proofs of forethought; and I will give an instance of
+it. A large metal pot, turned on one side, in which a great quantity
+of porridge had been boiled, was set before a Newfoundland puppy of
+three or four months old. At first, he contented himself by licking
+off portions of the oatmeal which adhered to the interior, but finding
+this unsatisfactory, he scraped the morsels with his fore-paws into a
+heap, and then ate the whole at once. I had a dog, who, having once
+scalded his tongue, always afterwards, when I gave him his milk and
+water at breakfast, put his paw very cautiously into the saucer, to
+see if the liquid was too hot, before he would touch it with his
+tongue.
+
+Dogs have frequently been known to hunt in couples; that is, to assist
+each other in securing their prey: thus associating together and
+admitting of no partnership.
+
+At Palermo, in Sicily, there is an extraordinary quantity of dogs
+wandering about without owners. Amongst the number, two more
+particularly distinguished themselves for their animosity to cats. One
+day they were in pursuit of a cat, which, seeing no other place of
+refuge near, made her escape into a long earthen water-pipe which was
+lying on the ground. These two inseparable companions, who always
+supported each other, pursued the cat to the pipe, where they were
+seen to stop, and apparently to consult each other as to what was to
+be done to deceive and get possession of the poor cat. After they had
+stood a short time they divided, taking post at each end of the pipe,
+and began to back alternately, thus giving the cat reason to suppose
+that they were both at one end, in order to induce her to come out.
+This manoeuvre had a successful result, and the cheated cat left her
+hiding-place. Scarcely had she ventured out, when she was seized by
+one of the dogs; the other hastened to his assistance, and in a few
+moments deprived her of life.[C]
+
+The memory of dogs is quite extraordinary, and only equalled by that
+of the elephant. Mr. Swainson, in his work on the instincts of
+animals, gives the following proof of this. He says that "A spaniel
+belonging to the Rev. H. N., being always told that he must not follow
+his master to church on Sundays, used on those days to set off long
+before the service, and lie concealed under the hedge, so near the
+church, that at length the point was yielded to him." My little
+parlour dog never offers to go with me on a Sunday, although on other
+days he is perfectly wild to accompany me in my walks.
+
+In my younger days I had a favourite dog, which always accompanied me
+to church. My mother, seeing that he attracted too much of my
+attention, ordered the servant to shut him every Sunday morning. This
+was done once, but never afterwards; for he concealed himself early
+every Sunday morning, and I was sure to find him either under my seat
+at church, or else at the church-door. That dogs clearly distinguish
+the return of Sunday cannot be doubted.
+
+The almost incredible penetration and expedition with which dogs are
+known to return to their former homes, from places to which they have
+been sent, or carried in such a recluse way as not to retain a trace
+of the road, will ever continue to excite the greatest admiration.
+
+A dog having been given by a gentleman at Wivenhoe to the captain of a
+collier, he took the dog on board his vessel, and landed him at
+Sunderland; but soon after his arrival there the dog was missing, and
+in a very few days arrived at the residence of his old master, in
+Essex. A still more extraordinary circumstance is upon record, of the
+late Colonel Hardy, who, having been sent for express to Bath, was
+accompanied by a favourite spaniel bitch in his chaise, which he never
+quitted till his arrival there. After remaining there four days, he
+accidentally left his spaniel behind him, and returned to his
+residence at Springfield, in Essex, with equal expedition; where, in
+three days after, his faithful and steady adherent arrived also,
+notwithstanding the distance between that place and Bath is 140 miles,
+and she had to explore her way through London, to which she had never
+been, except in her passage to Bath, and then within the confines of a
+close carriage.[D]
+
+In the small town of Melbourne, in Derbyshire, cocks and hens may be
+seen running about the streets. One day a game cock attacked a small
+bantam, and they fought furiously, the bantam having, of course, the
+worst of it. Some persons were standing about looking at the fight,
+when my informant's house-dog suddenly darted out, snatched up the
+bantam in his mouth, and carried it into the house. Several of the
+spectators followed, believing that the poor fowl would be killed and
+eaten by the dog; but his intentions were of a more benevolent nature.
+After guarding the entrance of the kennel for some time, he trotted
+down the yard into the street, looked about to the right and left, and
+seeing that the coast was clear, he went back again, and once more
+returning with his _protégé_ in his mouth, safely deposited him in the
+street, and then walked quietly away. How few human beings would have
+acted as this dog had done!
+
+Here is another curious anecdote from Mr. Davy's work. He says that
+the cook in the house of a friend of his, a lady on whose accuracy he
+could rely, and from whom he had the anecdote, missed a marrow-bone.
+Suspicion fell on a well-behaved dog--a great favourite, and up to
+that time distinguished for his honesty. He was charged with the
+theft; he hung down his tail, and for a day or two was altered in his
+manner, having become shy, sullen, and sheepish, to use these
+expressions for want of better. In this mood he continued, till, to
+the amusement of the cook, he brought back the bone and laid it at her
+feet. Then, with the restoration of her stolen property, he resumed
+his cheerful manner. How can we interpret this conduct of the dog,
+better than by supposing that he was aware he had done amiss, and that
+the evil doing preyed on him till he had made restitution? Was not
+this a kind of moral sense?
+
+If a dog finds a bone while he is accompanying his master in a walk,
+he does not stay behind to gnaw it, but runs some distance in
+advance, attacks the bone, waits till his master comes up, and then
+proceeds forward again with it. By acting in this manner, he never
+loses sight of his master.
+
+A dog has been known to convey food to another of his species who was
+tied up and pining for want of it. A dog has frequently been seen to
+plunge voluntarily into a rapid stream, to rescue another that was in
+danger of drowning. He has defended helpless curs from the attacks of
+other dogs, and learns to apportion punishment according to the
+provocation received, frequently disdaining to exercise his power and
+strength on a weaker adversary. Repeated provocation will, however,
+excite and revenge. For instance, a Newfoundland dog was quietly
+eating his mess of broth and broken scraps. While so employed, a
+turkey endeavoured to share the meal with him. The dog growled, and
+displayed his teeth. The intruder retired for a moment, but quickly
+returned to the charge, and was again "warned off," with a like
+result. After three or four attempts of the same kind, the dog became
+provoked, gave a sudden ferocious growl, bit off the delinquent's
+head, and then quietly finished his meal, without bestowing any
+further attention on his victim.
+
+The celebrated Leibnitz related to the French Academy an account of a
+dog he had seen which was taught to speak, and could call in an
+intelligible manner for tea, coffee, chocolate, &c.
+
+The dog was of a middling size, and the property of a peasant in
+Saxony. A little boy, the peasant's son, imagined that he perceived in
+the dog's voice an indistinct resemblance to certain words, and was,
+therefore, determined to teach him to speak distinctly. For this
+purpose he spared neither time nor pains with his pupil, who was about
+three years old when his learned education commenced; and at length he
+made such progress in language, as to be able to articulate no less
+than thirty words. It appears, however, that he was somewhat of a
+truant, and did not very willingly exert his talents, being rather
+pressed into the service of literature, and it was necessary that the
+words should be first pronounced to him each time before he spoke. The
+French Academicians who mention this anecdote, add, that unless they
+had received the testimony of so great a man as Leibnitz, they should
+scarcely have dared to relate the circumstance.
+
+An invalid gentleman, who resided for some years on Ham Common, in
+Surrey, had a dog which distinctly pronounced John, William, and two
+or three other words. A medical friend of mine, who attended this
+gentleman, has frequently heard the animal utter these words; and a
+female relative of his, who was often on a visit at his house, assures
+me of the fact. Indeed it need not be doubted.
+
+These are the only two instances I have met with of talking dogs, but
+my brother had a beautiful little spaniel, named Doll, who was an
+indefatigable hunter after woodcocks and snipes. Doll would come home
+in the evening after a hard day's sport, wet, tired and dirty, and
+then deposit herself on the rug before the fire. Happening one day to
+pull her ear gently when in this state, she expressed her dislike to
+be disturbed by a sort of singing noise. By repeating this from day to
+day, and saying "Sing, Doll," she would utter notes of a somewhat
+musical tone, and continue for some time after I had ceased to touch
+her ear, to the amusement and surprise of those who heard her. Poor
+Doll! I shall never see your like again, either for beauty or
+intelligence. If she was affronted she would come to me, at a distance
+of four miles, remain some time, and then return to her master.
+
+A small cur, blind of one eye, lame, ugly, old, and somewhat selfish,
+yet possessed of great shrewdness, was usually fed with three large
+dogs. Watching his opportunity, he generally contrived to seize the
+best bit of offal or bone, with which he retreated into a recess, the
+opening to which was so small that he knew the other dogs could not
+follow him into it, and where he enjoyed his repast without the fear
+of molestation.
+
+Early habits predominate strongly in dogs, and indeed in other
+animals. At the house of a gentleman in Wexford, out of four dogs kept
+to guard the premises, three of them would always wag their tails, and
+express what might be called civility, on the approach of any
+well-dressed visitors; manifesting, on the other hand, no very
+friendly feelings towards vagrants or ill-dressed people. The
+fourth,--a sort of fox-hound,--which, as a puppy, had belonged to a
+poor man, always seemed to recognise beggars and ill-dressed
+passengers as old familiar friends, growling at well-attired
+strangers, barking vehemently at gigs, and becoming almost frantic
+with rage at a four-wheeled carriage.
+
+The olfactory nerves of a dog are quite extraordinary, and it is said
+that, making allowance for difference of corporeal bulk, they are
+about four times larger than those of a man. Some dogs, however, seem
+to excel in acuteness of hearing, and others in peculiar powers of
+vision.
+
+We quote the following from the "Percy Anecdotes:"--
+
+"One day, when Dumont, a tradesman of the Rue St. Denis, was walking
+in the Boulevard St. Antoine with a friend, he offered to lay a wager
+with the latter, that if he were to hide a six-livre piece in the
+dust, his dog would discover and bring it to him. The wager was
+accepted, and the piece of money secreted, after being carefully
+marked. When the two had proceeded some distance from the spot, M.
+Dumont called to his dog that he had lost something, and ordered him
+to seek it. Caniche immediately turned back, and his master and his
+companion pursued their walk to the Rue St. Denis. Meanwhile a
+traveller, who happened to be just then returning in a small chaise
+from Vincennes, perceived the piece of money, which his horse had
+kicked from its hiding-place; he alighted, took it up, and drove to
+his inn, in the Rue Pont-aux-Choux. Caniche had just reached the spot
+in search of the lost piece when the stranger picked it up. He
+followed the chaise, went into the inn, and stuck close to the
+traveller. Having scented out the coin which he had been ordered to
+bring back in the pocket of the latter, he leaped up incessantly at
+and about him. The traveller, supposing him to be some dog that had
+been lost or left behind by his master, regarded his different
+movements as marks of fondness; and as the animal was handsome, he
+determined to keep him. He gave him a good supper, and on retiring to
+bed took him with him to his chamber. No sooner had he pulled off his
+breeches, than they were seized by the dog; the owner conceiving that
+he wanted to play with them, took them away again. The animal began to
+bark at the door, which the traveller opened, under the idea that the
+dog wanted to go out. Caniche snatched up the breeches, and away he
+flew. The traveller posted after him with his night-cap on, and
+literally _sans culottes_. Anxiety for the fate of a purse full of
+gold Napoleons, of forty francs each, which was in one of the pockets,
+gave redoubled velocity to his steps. Caniche ran full speed to his
+master's house, where the stranger arrived a moment afterwards,
+breathless and enraged. He accused the dog of robbing him. 'Sir,' said
+the master, 'my dog is a very faithful creature; and if he has run
+away with your breeches, it is because you have in them money which
+does not belong to you.' The traveller became still more exasperated.
+'Compose yourself, sir,' rejoined the other, smiling; 'without doubt
+there is in your purse a six-livre piece, with such and such marks,
+which you have picked up in the Boulevard St. Antoine, and which I
+threw down there with the firm conviction that my dog would bring it
+back again. This is the cause of the robbery which he has committed
+upon you.' The stranger's rage now yielded to astonishment; he
+delivered the six-livre piece to the owner, and could not forbear
+caressing the dog which had given him so much uneasiness, and such an
+unpleasant chase."
+
+A gentleman in Cornwall possessed a dog, which seemed to set a value
+on white and shining pebble stones, of which he had made a large
+collection in a hole under an old tree. A dog in Regent Street is said
+to have barked with joy on hearing the wheels of his master's carriage
+driven to the door, when he could not by any possibility see the
+vehicle, and while many other carriages were at the time passing and
+repassing. This, I believe, is a fact by no means uncommon.
+
+My retriever will carry an egg in his mouth to a great distance, and
+during a considerable length of time, without ever breaking or even
+cracking the shell. A small bird having escaped from its cage and
+fallen into the sea, a dog conveyed it in his mouth to the ship,
+without doing it the slightest injury.
+
+[Illustration: RETRIEVER.]
+
+One of the carriers of a New York paper called the "Advocate," having
+become indisposed, his son took his place; but not knowing the
+subscribers he was to supply, he took for his guide a dog which had
+usually attended his father. The animal trotted on a-head of the boy,
+and stopped at every door where the paper was in use to be left,
+without making a single omission or mistake.
+
+The following is from a newspaper of this year:--
+
+"A most extraordinary circumstance has just occurred at the Hawick
+toll-bar, which is kept by two old women. It appears that they had a
+sum of money in the house, and were extremely alarmed lest they should
+be robbed of it. Their fears prevailed to such an extent, that, when a
+carrier whom they knew was passing by, they urgently requested him to
+remain with them all night, which, however, his duties would not
+permit him to do; but, in consideration of the alarm of the women, he
+consented to leave with them a large mastiff dog. In the night the
+women were disturbed by the uneasiness of the dog, and heard a noise
+apparently like an attempt to force an entrance into the premises,
+upon which they escaped by the back-door, and ran to a neighbouring
+house, which happened to be a blacksmith's shop. They knocked at the
+door, and were answered from within by the smith's wife. She said her
+husband was absent, but that she was willing to accompany the
+terrified women to their home. On reaching the house, they heard a
+savage but half-stifled growling from the dog. On entering they saw
+the body of a man hanging half in and half out of their little window,
+whom the dog had seized by the throat, and was still worrying. On
+examination, the man proved to be their neighbour the blacksmith,
+dreadfully torn about the throat, and quite dead."
+
+A dog, belonging to the late Dr. Robert Hooper, had been in the
+constant habit of performing various little personal services for his
+master, such as fetching his slippers, &c. It happened one day that
+Dr. Hooper had been detained by his professional duties much beyond
+his usual dinner hour. The dog impatiently waited for his arrival, and
+he at last returned, weary and hungry. After showing his pleasure at
+the arrival of his master, greeting him with his usual attention, the
+animal remained tolerably quiet until he conceived a reasonable time
+had elapsed for the preparation of the Doctor's dinner. As it did not,
+however, make its appearance, the dog went into the kitchen, seized
+with his mouth a half-broiled beefsteak, with which he hastened back
+to his master, placing it on the table-cloth before him.
+
+A few years ago, the public were amused with an account given in the
+newspapers of a dog which possessed the strange fancy of attending all
+the fires that occurred in the metropolis. The discovery of this
+predilection was made by a gentleman residing a few miles from town,
+who was called up in the middle of the night by the intelligence that
+the premises adjoining his house of business were on fire. "The
+removal of my books and papers," said he, in telling the story, "of
+course claimed my attention; yet, notwithstanding this, and the bustle
+which prevailed, my eye every now and then rested on a dog, which,
+during the hottest progress of the conflagration, I could not help
+noticing running about, and apparently taking a deep interest in what
+was going on; contriving to keep himself out of everybody's way, and
+yet always present amidst the thickest of the stir. When the fire was
+got under, and I had leisure to look about me, I again observed the
+dog, which, with the firemen, appeared to be resting from the fatigues
+of duty, and was led to make some inquiries respecting him. 'Is this
+your dog, my friend?' said I to a fireman. 'No, sir,' answered he; it
+does not belong to me, or to any one in particular. We call him the
+firemen's dog.' 'The firemen's dog!' I replied. 'Why so? Has he no
+master?' 'No, sir,' rejoined the fireman; 'he calls none of us master,
+though we are all of us willing enough to give him a night's lodging
+and a pennyworth of meat. But he won't stay long with any of us. His
+delight is to be at all the fires in London; and, far or near, we
+generally find him on the road as we are going along, and sometimes,
+if it is out of town, we give him a lift. I don't think there has been
+a fire for these two or three years past which he has not been at.'
+
+"The communication was so extraordinary, that I found it difficult to
+believe the story, until it was confirmed by the concurrent testimony
+of several other firemen. None of them, however, were able to give any
+account of the early habits of the dog, or to offer any explanation of
+the circumstances which led to this singular propensity.
+
+"Some time afterwards, I was again called up in the night to a fire in
+the village in which I resided (Camberwell, in Surrey), and to my
+surprise here I again met with 'the firemen's dog,' still alive and
+well, pursuing, with the same apparent interest and satisfaction, the
+exhibition of that which seldom fails to bring with it disaster and
+misfortune, oftentimes loss of life and ruin. Still, he called no man
+master, disdained to receive bed or board from the same hand more than
+a night or two at a time, nor could the firemen trace out his
+resting-place."
+
+Such was the account of this interesting animal as it appeared in the
+newspapers, to which were shortly afterwards appended several
+circumstances communicated by a fireman at one of the police offices.
+A magistrate having asked him whether it was a fact that the dog was
+present at most of the fires that occurred in the metropolis, the
+fireman replied that he never knew "Tyke," as he was called, to be
+absent from a fire upon any occasion that he (the fireman) attended
+himself. The magistrate said the dog must have an extraordinary
+predilection for fires. He then asked what length of time he had been
+known to possess that propensity. The fireman replied that he knew
+Tyke for the last nine years; and although he was getting old, yet the
+moment the engines were about, Tyke was to be seen as active as ever,
+running off in the direction of the fire. The magistrate inquired
+whether the dog lived with any particular fireman. The fireman replied
+that Tyke liked one fireman as well as another; he had no particular
+favourites, but passed his time amongst them, sometimes going to the
+house of one, and then to another, and off to a third when he was
+tired. Day or night, it was all the same to him; if a fire broke out,
+there he was in the midst of the bustle, running from one engine to
+another, anxiously looking after the firemen; and, although pressed
+upon by crowds, yet, from his dexterity, he always escaped accidents,
+only now and then getting a ducking from the engines, which he rather
+liked than otherwise. The magistrate said that Tyke was a most
+extraordinary animal; and having expressed a wish to see him, he was
+shortly after exhibited at the office, and some other peculiarities
+respecting him were related. There was nothing at all particular in
+the appearance of the dog; he was a rough-looking small animal, of the
+terrier breed, and seemed to be in excellent condition, no doubt from
+the care taken of him by the firemen belonging to the different
+companies. There was some difficulty experienced in bringing him to
+the office, as he did not much relish going any distance from where
+the firemen are usually to be found, except in cases of attending with
+them at a conflagration, and then distance was of no consequence. It
+was found necessary to use stratagem for the purpose. A fireman
+commenced running. Tyke, accustomed to follow upon such occasions, set
+out after him; but this person, having slackened his pace on the way,
+the sagacious animal, knowing there was no fire, turned back, and it
+was necessary to carry him to the office.
+
+The following striking anecdote, of a similar kind, appeared in the
+first number of the new issue of Cassell's "Illustrated Family
+Paper." After giving a short account of a fire-escape man, named
+Samuel Wood, the writer thus alludes to his dog Bill:--
+
+"As to Bill, he regards him evidently in the light of a friend; he had
+him when he was a pup from a poor fellow who died in the service, and
+he and his 'Bill' have been on excellent terms ever since.
+
+"The fire-escape man's dog takes after his master in courage and
+perseverance. He is of the terrier breed, six years old. An alarm of
+fire calls forth all his energy. He is the first to know that
+something is wrong--the first to exert himself in setting it right. He
+has not been trained to the work--'it is a gift,' as his master says;
+and if we all used our gifts as efficiently as the dog Bill, it would
+be the better for us. On an alarm of fire Bill barks his loudest,
+dashes about in a frantic manner, till his master and the escape are
+on their way to it. He, of course, is there first, giving the police
+and the crowd to understand that Wood and his fire-escape are coming.
+When the escape is fixed, and Wood begins to ascend the ladder, Bill
+runs up the canvas; as soon as a window is opened, Bill leaps in and
+dashes about to find the occupants, loudly barking for assistance as
+soon as he has accomplished his errand of mercy. His watchfulness and
+sagacity are never at fault, although on more than one occasion he has
+stood a fair chance of losing his life, and has sustained very severe
+injury. Not long ago a collar was presented to Bill as a reward for
+his services; unfortunately for him, he has since lost this token of
+public regard--a misfortune much to be regretted. The following verse
+was engraved on the collar:--
+
+    'I am the fire-escape man's dog: my name is Bill.
+    When 'fire' is called I am never still:
+    I bark for my master, all danger brave,
+    To bring the escape--human life to save.'
+
+Collared or collarless, Bill is always ready to lend a helping bark.
+May his life be long, and his services properly esteemed!"
+
+The following anecdote shows extraordinary sense, if not reasoning
+faculty, in a dog:--
+
+A lady of high rank has a sort of colley, or Scotch sheep-dog. When he
+is ordered to ring the bell, he does so; but if he is told to ring the
+bell when the servant is in the room whose duty it is to attend, he
+refuses, and then the following occurrence takes place. His mistress
+says, "Ring the bell, dog." The dog looks at the servant, and then
+barks his bow wow, once or twice. The order is repeated two or three
+times. At last the dog lays hold of the servant's coat in a
+significant manner, just as if he had said to him--"Don't you hear
+that I am to ring the bell for you?--come to my lady." His mistress
+always had her shoes warmed before she put them on, but one day during
+the hot weather her maid was putting them on without their having been
+previously placed before the fire. When the dog saw this he
+immediately interfered, expressing the greatest indignation at the
+maid's negligence. He took the shoes from her, carried them to the
+fire, and after they had been warmed as usual, he brought them back to
+his mistress with much apparent satisfaction, evidently intending to
+say, if he could, "It is all right now."
+
+The dispositions and characters of dogs, as well as their
+intelligence, vary very much. Let me give a few instances of this.
+
+When that benevolent man, Mr. Backhouse, went to Australia, in hopes
+of doing good among the convicts, he was residing in the house of a
+gentleman who had a son about four years of age. This boy strayed one
+morning into the bush, and could not be found after a long search had
+been made for him. In the evening a little dog, which had accompanied
+the child, scratched at the door, and on its being opened showed
+unmistakeable signs of wishing to be followed. This was done; and he
+led the way to the child, who was at last found sitting by the side of
+a river three or four miles from the house.
+
+At Albany in Worcestershire, at the seat of Admiral Maling, a dog went
+every day to meet the mail, and brought the bag in his mouth to the
+house. The distance was about a half-a-quarter of a mile. The dog
+usually received a meal of meat as his reward. The servants having, on
+_one day only_, neglected to give him his accustomed meal, the dog on
+the arrival of the next mail buried the bag, nor was it found without
+considerable search.
+
+M. D'Obsonville had a dog which he had brought up in India from two
+months old; and having to go with a friend from Pondicherry to
+Bengalore, a distance of more than nine hundred miles, he took the
+animal along with him. "Our journey," says M. D'O., "occupied nearly
+three weeks; and we had to traverse plains and mountains, and to ford
+rivers, and go along by-paths. The animal, which had certainly never
+been in that country before, lost us at Bengalore, and immediately
+returned to Pondicherry. He went directly to the house of my friend,
+M. Beglier, then commandant of artillery, and with whom I had
+generally lived. Now the difficulty is not so much to know how the dog
+subsisted on the road (for he was very strong, and able to procure
+himself food), but how he should so well have found his way after an
+interval of more than a month! This was an effort of memory greatly
+superior to that which the human race is capable of exerting."
+
+A gentleman residing in Denmark, Mr. Decouick, one of the king's privy
+councillors, found that he had a remarkable dog. It was the habit of
+Mr. Decouick to leave Copenhagen on Fridays for Drovengourd, his
+country seat. If he did not arrive there on the Friday evening, the
+dog would invariably be found at Copenhagen on Saturday morning, in
+search of his master. Hydrophobia becoming common, all dogs were shot
+that were found running about, an exception being made in the case of
+Mr. Decouick's dog on account of his sagacity and fidelity, a
+distinctive mark being placed upon him.
+
+The following anecdotes are from Daniel's "Rural Sports:"--
+
+Upon the fidelity of dogs, the following facts deserve to be here
+recorded: of this property, or other peculiar traits, if they
+appertain to any class of sporting dogs, in that class they will be
+noticed.
+
+Dr. Beattie, in one of his ingenious and elegant essays, relates a
+story, in his own knowledge, of a gentleman's life being saved, who
+fell beneath the ice, by his dog's going in quest of assistance, and
+almost forcibly dragging a farmer to the spot.
+
+Mr. Vaillant describes the losing of a bitch while travelling in
+Africa, when after firing his gun, and fruitlessly searching for her,
+he despatched one of his attendants, to return by the way they had
+proceeded; when she was found at about two leagues' distance, seated
+by the side of a chair and basket, which had dropped unperceived from
+his waggon: an instance of attentive fidelity, which must have proved
+fatal to the animal, either from hunger or beasts of prey, had she not
+been luckily discovered.
+
+As instances of the dog's sagacity, the following are submitted. In
+crossing the mountain St. Gothard, near Airola, the Chevalier Gaspard
+de Brandenberg and his servant were buried by an avalanche; his dog,
+who escaped the heap of snow, did not quit the place where he had lost
+his master: this was, fortunately, not far from the convent; the
+animal howled, ran to the convent frequently, and then returned.
+Struck by his perseverance, the next morning the people from the house
+followed him; he led them directly to the spot, scratched the snow,
+and after thirty-six hours passed beneath it, the chevalier and his
+domestic were taken out safe, hearing distinctly during their
+confinement the howling of the dog and the discourse of their
+deliverers. Sensible that to the sagacity and fondness of this
+creature he owed his life, the gentleman ordered by his will that he
+should be represented on his tomb with his dog; and at Zug, in the
+church of St. Oswald, where he was buried in 1728, they still show the
+monument and the effigy of this gentleman, with the dog lying at his
+feet.
+
+In 1792, a gentleman, who lived in Vere Street, Clare Market, went
+with his family to the pit of Drury Lane Theatre, at about half-past
+five in the evening, leaving a small spaniel, of King Charles's breed,
+locked up in the dining-room, to prevent the dog from being lost in
+his absence. At eight o'clock his son opened the door, and the dog
+immediately went to the playhouse and found out his master, though the
+pit was unusually thronged, and his master seated near its centre.
+
+A large dog of Mr. Hilson's, of Maxwelhaugh, on the 21st of October,
+1797, seeing a small one that was following a cart from Kelso carried
+by the current of the Tweed, in spite of all its efforts to bear up
+against the stream, after watching its motions attentively, plunged
+voluntarily into the river, and seizing the tired animal by the neck,
+brought it safely to land.
+
+The docility of the dog is such, that he may be taught to practise
+with considerable dexterity a variety of human actions: to open a door
+fastened by a latch, and pull a bell when desirous to be admitted.
+Faber mentions one belonging to a nobleman of the Medici family, which
+always attended at its master's table, took from him his plates, and
+brought him others; carried wine to him in a glass upon a salver,
+which it held in its mouth, without spilling; the same dog would also
+hold the stirrup in its teeth while its master was mounting his horse.
+Mr. Daniel had formerly a spaniel, which he gave the honourable Mr.
+Greville, that, beyond the common tricks which dogs trained to fetch
+and carry exhibit, would bring the bottles of wine from the corner of
+the room to the table by the neck, with such care as never to break
+one; and, in fact, was the _boots_ of the mess-room.
+
+Some few years since, the person who lived at the turnpike-house,
+about a mile from Stratford-upon-Avon, had trained a dog to go to the
+town for any small parcels of grocery, &c. which he wanted. A note,
+mentioning the things required, was tied round his neck, and in the
+same manner the articles were fastened, and arrived safe to his
+master.
+
+Colonel Hutchinson relates the following anecdote:--
+
+"A cousin of one of my brother-officers was taking a walk at Tunbridge
+Wells, when a strange Newfoundland snatched her parasol from her hand,
+and carried it off. The lady followed the dog, who kept ahead,
+constantly looking back to see if she followed. The dog at length
+stopped at a confectioner's, and went in, followed by the lady, who,
+as the dog would not resign it, applied to the shopman for assistance.
+He then told her that it was an old trick of the dog's to get a bun,
+and that if she would give him one he would return the property. She
+cheerfully did so, and the dog as willingly made the exchange."
+
+The above anecdote proves that dogs are no mean observers of
+countenances, and that he had satisfied himself by a previous scrutiny
+as to the probability of his delinquencies being forgiven.
+
+Of the abstinence and escape of a dog, the following narrative may not
+be uninteresting:--
+
+In 1789, when preparations were making at St. Paul's for the reception
+of his majesty, a favourite dog followed its master up the dark stairs
+of the dome. Here, all at once, it was missing; and calling and
+whistling were to no purpose. Nine weeks after this, all but two days,
+some glaziers were at work in the cathedral, and heard a faint noise
+amongst the timbers which support the dome. Thinking it might be some
+unfortunate human being, they tied a rope round a boy, and let him
+down near the place whence the sound came. At the bottom he found a
+dog lying on its side, the skeleton of another dog, and an old shoe
+half eaten. The humanity of the boy led him to rescue the animal from
+its miserable situation, and it was accordingly drawn up. Much
+emaciated, and scarce able to stand, the workmen placed it in the
+porch of the church, to die or live as it might happen. This was about
+ten o'clock in the morning. Some time after, the dog was seen
+endeavouring to cross the street at the top of Ludgate Hill; but its
+weakness was so great, that, unsupported by a wall, it could not
+accomplish it. The miserable appearance of the dog again excited the
+compassion of a boy, who carried it over. By the aid of the houses it
+was enabled to get to Fleet Market, and over two or three narrow
+crossings in its way to Holborn Bridge, and about eight o'clock in the
+evening it reached its master's house in Red Lion Street, Holborn, and
+laid itself down on the steps, having been ten hours in its journey
+from St. Paul's to that place. The dog was so much altered, its eyes
+being so sunk in its head as to be scarce discernible, that the master
+would not encourage his faithful old companion, who when lost was
+supposed to weigh twenty pounds, but now only weighed three pounds
+fourteen ounces. The first indication it gave of knowing its master
+was by wagging its tail when he mentioned its name, Phillis; for a
+long time it was unable to eat or drink, and it was kept alive by the
+sustenance it received from its mistress, who used to feed it with a
+teaspoon. At length it recovered. It must not be supposed that this
+animal existed for nine weeks without food; she was in whelp when
+lost, and doubtless ate her young. The remains of another dog, killed
+by a similar fall, were likewise found, and were most probably
+converted by the survivor to the most urgent of all natural purposes;
+and when this treat was done, the shoe succeeded, which was almost
+half devoured. What famine and a thousand accidents could not do, was
+effected a short time after by the wheels of a coach, which
+unfortunately went over her, and ended the life of poor Phillis.
+
+Of dogs that have supported themselves in a wild state, to the great
+loss and annoyance of the farmer, there are two instances worthy of
+notice, from the cunning with which both these dogs frustrated, for a
+length of time, every secret and open attack. In December, 1784, a dog
+was left by a smuggling vessel near Boomer, on the coast of
+Northumberland. Finding himself deserted, he began to worry sheep, and
+did so much damage that he was the terror of the country, within the
+circuit of above twenty miles. It is asserted, that when he caught a
+sheep, he bit a hole in its right side, and after eating the fat about
+the kidneys, left it. Several of them, thus lacerated, were found
+alive by the shepherds; and being properly taken care of, some of them
+recovered, and afterwards had lambs. From this delicacy of his
+feeding, the destruction may in some measure be conceived, as the fat
+of one sheep in a day would scarcely satisfy his hunger. Various were
+the means used to destroy him: frequently was he pursued with hounds,
+greyhounds, &c., but when the dogs came up with him, he laid down on
+his back, as if supplicating for mercy, and in that position they
+never hurt him; he therefore laid quietly, taking his rest, until the
+hunters approached, when he made off without being followed by the
+hounds, until they were again excited to the pursuit, which always
+terminated unsuccessfully. He was one day pursued from Howick to
+upwards of thirty miles' distance, but returned thither and killed
+sheep the same evening. His constant residence was upon a rock on the
+Heugh Hill, near Howick, where he had a view of four roads that
+approached it; and there, in March 1785, after many fruitless
+attempts, he was at last shot.
+
+Another wild dog, which had committed similar devastation among the
+sheep, near Wooler, in the same county (Northumberland), was, on the
+6th of June, 1799, advertised to be hunted on the Wednesday following,
+by three packs of hounds, which were to meet at different places; the
+aid of men and fire-arms was also requested, with a reward promised of
+twenty guineas to the person killing him. This dog was described by
+those who had seen him at a distance as a large greyhound, with some
+white in his face, neck and one fore-leg white, rather grey on the
+back, and the rest of a jet-black. An immense concourse of people
+assembled at the time appointed, but the chase was unprosperous; for
+he eluded his pursuers among the Cheviot Hills, and, what is singular,
+returned that same night to the place from whence he had been hunted
+in the morning, and worried an ewe and her lamb. During the whole
+summer he continued to destroy the sheep, but changed his quarters,
+for he infested the fells, sixteen miles south of Carlisle, where
+upwards of sixty sheep fell victims to his ferocity. In September,
+hounds and firearms were again employed against him, and after a run
+from Carrock Fell, which was computed to be thirty miles, he was shot
+whilst the hounds were in pursuit by Mr. Sewel of Wedlock, who laid in
+ambush at Moss Dale. During the chase, which occupied six hours, he
+frequently turned upon the headmost hounds, and wounded several so
+badly as to disable them. Upon examination, he appeared of the
+Newfoundland breed, of a common size, wire-haired, and extremely lean.
+This description does not tally with the dog so injurious to the
+farmers in Northumberland, although, from circumstances, there is
+little doubt but it was the same animal.
+
+With a laughably philosophical account of dogs, under the supposition
+of a transmigration of souls, and with their general natural history
+from Linnæus and Buffon, this introductory chapter will be concluded.
+
+A facetious believer in the art of distinguishing at the sight of any
+creature from what class of animals his soul is derived, thus allots
+them:--
+
+The souls of deceased bailiffs and common constables are in the
+bodies of setting dogs and pointers; the terriers are inhabited by
+trading justices; the bloodhounds were formerly a set of informers,
+thief-takers, and false evidences; the spaniels were heretofore
+courtiers, hangers-on of administrations, and hack journal-writers,
+all of whom preserve their primitive qualities of fawning on their
+feeders, licking their hands, and snarling and snapping at all who
+offer to offend their master; a former train of gamblers and
+black-legs are now embodied in that species of dog called lurchers;
+bull-dogs and mastiffs were once butchers and drovers; greyhounds and
+hounds owe their animation to country squires and foxhunters; little
+whiffling, useless lap-dogs, draw their existence from the quondam
+beau; macaronies, and gentlemen of the tippy, still being the
+playthings of ladies, and used for their diversion. There are also a
+set of sad dogs derived from attornies; and puppies, who were in past
+time attornies' clerks, shopmen to retail haberdashers, men-milliners,
+&c. &c. Turnspits are animated by old aldermen, who still enjoy the
+smell of the roast meat; that droning, snarling species, styled Dutch
+pugs, have been fellows of colleges; and that faithful, useful tribe
+of shepherds' dogs, were, in days of yore, members of parliament, who
+guarded the flock, and protected the sheep from wolves and thieves,
+although indeed of late some have turned sheep-biters, and worried
+those they ought to have defended.
+
+Linnæus informs us, the dog eats flesh, and farinaceous vegetables,
+but not greens, (this is a mistake, for they will eat greens when
+boiled); its stomach digests bones; it uses the tops of grass as a
+vomit; is fond of rolling in carrion; voids its excrements on a stone;
+its dung (the _album græcum_) is one of the greatest encouragers of
+putrefaction; it laps up its drink with its tongue; makes water
+side-ways, by lifting up one of its hind-legs; is most diuretic in the
+company of a strange dog, and very apt to repeat it where another dog
+has done the same: _Odorat anum alterius, menstruans catulit cum
+variis; mordet illa illos; cohæret copula junctus_. Its scent is most
+exquisite when its nose is moist; it treads lightly on its toes;
+scarce ever sweats, but when hot, lolls out its tongue; generally
+walks frequently round the place it intends to lie down on; its sense
+of hearing is very quick when asleep; it dreams. It goes with young
+sixty-three days, and commonly brings from four to ten; the male
+puppies resemble the dog, the female the bitch (an assertion by no
+means accurate, any more than the tail always bending to the left is a
+common character of the species). It is the most faithful of animals,
+is very docile, fawns at his master's approach, runs before him on a
+journey, often passing over the same ground; on coming to crossways,
+stops and looks back; drives cattle home from the field; keeps herds
+and flocks within bounds, protects them from wild beasts; points out
+to the sportsman the game; brings the birds that are shot to its
+master; will turn a spit; at Brussels, and in Holland, draws little
+carts to the herb-market; in more northern regions, draws sledges with
+provisions, travellers, &c.; will find out what is dropped; watchful
+by night, and when the charge of a house or garden is at such times
+committed to him, his boldness increases, and he sometimes becomes
+perfectly ferocious; when it has been guilty of a theft, slinks away
+with its tail between its legs; eats voraciously, with oblique eyes;
+enemy to beggars; attacks strangers without provocation; hates strange
+dogs; howls at certain notes in music, and often urines on hearing
+them; will snap at a stone thrown at it; is sick at the approach of
+bad weather, (a remark vague and uncertain); is afflicted with worms;
+spreads its madness; grows blind with age; _sæpe gonorrhæâ infectus_;
+driven as unclean from the houses of the Mahometans; yet the same
+people establish hospitals for, and allow them daily food.
+
+The dog, says Buffon, like every other animal which produces above one
+or two at a time, is not perfectly formed immediately after birth.
+Dogs are always brought forth blind; the two eyelids are not simply
+glued together, but shut up with a membrane, which is torn off, as
+soon as the muscles of the upper eyelids acquire strength sufficient
+to overcome this obstacle to vision, which generally happens the tenth
+or twelfth day. At this period, the bones of the head are not
+completed, the body and muzzle are bloated, and the whole figure is
+ill defined; but in less than two months, they learn to use all their
+senses; their growth is rapid, and they soon gain strength. In the
+fourth month, they lose some of their teeth, which, as in other
+animals, are soon replaced, and never again fall out: they have six
+cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw, and fourteen grinders in the
+upper, and twelve in the under, making in all forty-two teeth; but the
+number of grinders sometimes varies in particular dogs.
+
+The time of gestation is nine weeks, or sixty-three days; sometimes
+sixty-two or sixty-one, but never less than sixty.
+
+The bitch produces six, seven, and even so far as twelve puppies, and
+generally has more at the subsequent litters than she has at the
+first; but the observation of Buffon, that a female hound, covered by
+a dog of her own kind, and carefully shut up from all others, has been
+known to produce a mixed race, consisting of hounds and terriers, is
+totally void of foundation. A curious circumstance, in the account of
+the setter, will be mentioned, of an impression made upon the mind of
+a bitch of that sort by the attention of a cur, which never had access
+to her, and yet her whelps were always like him, and possibly this
+hound bitch had a violent hankering after some terrier.
+
+Dogs continue to propagate during life, which is commonly limited to
+fourteen or fifteen years, yet some have been known to exceed twenty,
+but that is rare. The duration of life in this, as in other animals,
+bears proportion to the time of his growth, which in the dog is not
+completed in less than two years, and he generally lives fourteen. His
+age may be discovered by his teeth; when young, they are white, sharp,
+and pointed; as he increases in years, they become black, blunt, and
+unequal: it may likewise be known by the hair, which turns grey on the
+muzzle, front, and round the eyes.
+
+The manner in which the shepherds of the Pyrenees employ their
+peculiar breed of dogs, which are large, long-haired, of a tawny white
+colour, and a very strong build, with a ferocious temper, exhibits a
+vivid instance of the trust they repose in the courage and fidelity of
+these animals, and of the virtues by which they merit and reward it.
+Attended by three or more dogs, the shepherds will take their numerous
+flocks at early dawn to the part of the mountain side which is
+destined for their pasture. Having counted them, they descend to
+follow other occupations, and commit the guardianship of the sheep to
+the sole watchfulness of the dogs. It has been frequently known, that
+when wolves have approached, the three sentinels would walk round and
+round the flock, gradually compressing them into so small a circle
+that one dog might with ease overlook and protect them, and that this
+measure of caution being executed, the remaining two would set forth
+to engage the enemy, over whom, it is said, they invariably triumph.
+
+The following interesting remarks are extracted from Chambers:--
+
+The educability of the dog's perceptive faculties has been exemplified
+in a remarkable manner by his acquired knowledge of musical sounds. On
+some dogs fine music produces an apparently painful effect, causing
+them gradually to become restless, to moan piteously, and, finally, to
+fly from the spot with every sign of suffering and distress. Others
+have been seen to sit and listen to music with seeming delight, and
+even to go every Sunday to church, with the obvious purpose of
+enjoying the solemn and powerful strains of the organ. Some dogs
+manifest a keen sense of false notes in music. Mrs. Samuel Carter
+Hall, at Old Brompton, possesses an Italian greyhound, which screams
+in apparent agony when a jarring combination of notes is produced,
+accidentally or intentionally, on the piano. These opposite and
+various manifestations show what might be done by education to teach
+dogs a critical knowledge of sounds. A gentleman of Darmstadt, in
+Germany, as we learn, has taught a poodle dog to detect false notes in
+music. We give the account of this remarkable instance of educability
+as it appears in a French newspaper.
+
+Mr. S----, having acquired a competency by commercial industry,
+retired from business, and devoted himself, heart and soul, to the
+cultivation and enjoyment of music. Every member of his little
+household was by degrees involved more or less in the same occupation,
+and even the housemaid could in time bear a part in a chorus, or
+decipher a melody of Schubert. One individual alone in the family
+seemed to resist this musical entrancement; this was a small spaniel,
+the sole specimen of the canine race in the mansion. Mr. S---- felt
+the impossibility of instilling the theory of sounds into the head of
+Poodle, but he firmly resolved to make the animal bear _some_ part or
+other in the general domestic concert; and by perseverance, and the
+adoption of ingenious means, he attained his object. Every time that a
+_false note_ escaped either from the instrument or voice--as often as
+any blunder, of whatever kind, was committed by the members of the
+musical family (and such blunders were sometimes committed
+intentionally)--down came its master's cane on the back of the
+unfortunate poodle, till she howled and growled again. Poodle
+perceived the meaning of these unkind chastisements, and instead of
+becoming sulky, showed every disposition to howl on the instant a
+false note was uttered, without waiting for the formality of a blow.
+By and by, a mere glance of Mr. S----'s eye was sufficient to make the
+animal howl to admiration. In the end, Poodle became so thoroughly
+acquainted with, and attentive to, false notes and other musical
+barbarisms, that the slightest mistake of the kind was infallibly
+signalised by a yell from her, forming the most expressive commentary
+upon the misperformance.
+
+When extended trials were made of the animal's acquirements, they were
+never found to fail, and Poodle became, what she still is, the most
+famous, impartial, and conscientious connoisseur in the Duchy of
+Hesse. But, as may be imagined, her musical appreciation is entirely
+negative; if you sing with expression, and play with ability, she will
+remain cold and impassible. But let your execution exhibit the
+slightest defect, and you will have her instantly showing her teeth,
+whisking her tail, yelping, barking, and growling. At the present
+time, there is not a concert or an opera at Darmstadt to which Mr.
+S---- and his wonderful dog are not invited; or, at least, _the dog_.
+The voice of the prima donna, the instruments of the band--whether
+violin, clarionet, hautbois, or bugle--all of them must execute their
+parts in perfect harmony, otherwise Poodle looks at its master, erects
+its ears, shows its grinders, and howls outright. Old or new pieces,
+known or unknown to the dog, produce on it the same effect.
+
+It must not be supposed that the discrimination of the creature is
+confined to the mere _execution_ of musical compositions. Whatever may
+have been the case at the outset of its training, its present and
+perfected intelligence extends even to the secrets of composition.
+Thus, if a vicious modulation, or a false relation of parts, occur in
+a piece of music, the animal shows symptoms of uneasy hesitation; and
+if the error be continued, will infallibly give the grand condemnatory
+howl. In short, Poodle is the terror of all the middling composers of
+Darmstadt, and a perfect nightmare to the imagination of all poor
+singers and players. Sometimes Mr. S---- and his friends take a
+pleasure in annoying the canine critic, by emitting all sorts of
+discordant sounds from instrument and voice. On such occasions the
+creature loses all self-command, its eyes shoot forth fiery flashes,
+and long and frightful howls respond to the immelodious concert of the
+mischievous bipeds. But the latter must be careful not to go too far;
+for when the dog's patience is tried to excess, it becomes altogether
+wild, and flies fiercely at the tormentors and their instruments.
+
+This dog's case is a very curious one, and the attendant phenomena not
+very easy of explanation. From the animal's power of discerning the
+correctness of musical composition, as well as of execution, one would
+be inclined to imagine that Mr. S----, in training his dog, had only
+called into play faculties existing (but latent) before, and that dogs
+have in them the natural germs of a fine musical ear. This seems more
+likely to be the case, than that the animal's perfect musical taste
+was wholly an acquirement, resulting from the training. However this
+may be, the Darmstadt dog is certainly a marvellous creature, and we
+are surprised that, in these exhibiting times, its powers have not
+been displayed on a wider stage. The operatic establishments of London
+and Paris might be greatly the better, perhaps, for a visit from the
+critical Poodle.
+
+It is now settled, as a philosophical question, that the instruction
+communicated to dogs, as well as various other animals, has an
+hereditary effect on the progeny. If a dog be taught to perform
+certain feats, the young of that dog will be much easier initiated in
+the same feats than other dogs. Thus, the existing races of English
+pointers are greatly more accomplished in their required duties than
+the original race of Spanish pointers. Dogs of the St. Bernard variety
+inherit the faculty of tracking footsteps in the snow. A gentleman of
+our acquaintance, and of scientific acquirements, obtained some years
+ago a pup, which had been produced in London by a female of the
+celebrated St. Bernard breed. The young animal was brought to
+Scotland, where it was never observed to give any particular tokens of
+a power of tracking footsteps until winter, when the ground became
+covered with snow. It _then_ showed the most active inclination to
+follow footsteps; and so great was its power of doing so under these
+circumstances, that, when its master had crossed a field in the most
+curvilinear way, and caused other persons to cross his path in all
+directions, it nevertheless followed his course with the greatest
+precision. Here was a perfect revival of the habit of its Alpine
+fathers, with a degree of specialty as to external conditions at
+which, it seems to us, we cannot sufficiently wonder.
+
+Such are some of the qualities of dogs in a state of domestication,
+and let me hope that the anecdotes related of them will tend to insure
+for them that love and gratitude to which their own fine disposition
+and noble character give them a claim from us.
+
+It is pleasing to observe that men of the highest acquirements and
+most elevated minds have bestowed their sincere attachment upon their
+favourite canine companions; for kindness to animals is, perhaps, as
+strong an indication of the possession of generous sentiments as any
+that can be adduced. The late Lord Grenville, a distinguished
+statesman, an elegant scholar, and an amiable man, affords an
+illustration of the opinion: It is thus that he eloquently makes his
+favourite Zephyr speak:--
+
+    "Captum oculis, senioque hebetem, morboque gravatum,
+      Dulcis here, antiquo me quod amore foves,
+    Suave habet et carum Zephyrus tuus, et leviore
+      Se sentit mortis conditione premi.
+    Interiêre quidem, tibi quæ placuisse solebant,
+      Et formæ dotes, et facile ingenium:
+    Deficiunt sensus, tremulæ scintillula vitæ
+      Vix micat, in cinerem mox abitura brevem.
+    Sola manet, vetuli tibi nec despecta ministri,
+      Mens grata, ipsaque in morte memor domini.
+    Hanc tu igitur, pro blanditiis mollique lepore,
+      Et prompta ad nutus sedulitate tuos,
+    Pro saltu cursuque levi, lusuque protervo,
+      Hanc nostri extremum pignus amoris habe.
+    Jamque vale! Elysii subeo loca læta, piorum
+      Quæ dat Persephone manibus esse canum."
+
+In the previous pages I have endeavoured to give my readers some idea
+of the general character of the dog, and I will now proceed to
+illustrate it more fully by anecdotes peculiar to different breeds.
+These animals will then be found to deserve the encomiums bestowed
+upon them by Buffon, "as possessing such an ardour of sentiment, with
+fidelity and constancy in their affection, that neither ambition,
+interest, nor desire of revenge, can corrupt them, and that they have
+no fear but that of displeasing. They are, in fact, all zeal, ardour,
+and obedience. More inclined to remember benefits than injuries; more
+docile and tractable than any other animal, the dog is not only
+instructed, but conforms himself to the manners, movements, and habits
+of those who govern him. He is always eager to obey his master, and
+will defend his property at the risk of his own life." Pope says, that
+history is more full of examples of fidelity in the dog than in
+friends; and Lord Byron characterises him as--
+
+                        "in life the firmest friend,
+    The first to welcome, foremost to defend;
+    Whose honest heart is still his master's own;
+    Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone;"
+
+and truly indeed may he be called
+
+    "The rich man's guardian, and the poor man's friend."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DEER-HOUNDS.]
+
+    "His bulk and beauty speak no vulgar praise.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    Oh had you seen him, vigorous, bold, and young,
+    Swift as a stag, and as a lion strong;
+    Him no fell savage in the plain withstood,
+    None 'scap'd him, bosomed in the gloomy wood;
+    His eye how piercing!"
+                                              POPE.
+
+THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.
+
+
+A certain degree of romance will always be attached to the history of
+the Irish wolf-dog, but so contradictory are the accounts handed down
+to us respecting it, that, with every disposition to do justice to
+the character of this noble animal, the task is one of no small
+difficulty.
+
+This dog seems to have flourished, and to have become nearly extinct,
+with the ancient kings of Ireland, and, with the harp and shamrock, is
+regarded as one of the national emblems of that country. When princely
+hospitality was to be found in the old palaces, castles, and baronial
+halls of fair Erin, it is hardly possible to imagine anything more
+aristocratic and imposing than the aspect of these dogs, while
+attending the banquets of their masters. So great, indeed, was their
+height, that it has been affirmed, that when their chieftain was
+seated at table these dogs could rest their heads on his shoulders.
+However this may have been, it is certain that the bold, majestic, and
+commanding appearance of the animal, joined to the mild and softened
+look with which he regarded those to whom he was attached, and whom he
+was always ready to defend, must have rendered him worthy of the
+enthusiasm with which the remembrance of him is still cherished by the
+warm-hearted people of Ireland.
+
+The following anecdote, which has been communicated to me by an
+amiable Irish nobleman, will at all events serve to show the peculiar
+instinct which the Irish wolf-dog was supposed to possess.
+
+A gentleman of an ancient family, whose name it is unnecessary to
+mention, from his having been engaged in the troubles which agitated
+Ireland about fifty or sixty years since, went into a coffee-room at
+Dublin during that period, accompanied by a noble wolf-dog, supposed
+to be one of the last of the breed. There was only one other gentleman
+in the coffee-room, who, on seeing the dog, went up to him, and began
+to notice him. His owner, in considerable alarm, begged him to desist,
+as the dog was fierce, and would never allow a stranger to touch him.
+The gentleman resumed his seat, when the dog came to him, showed the
+greatest pleasure at being noticed, and allowed himself to be fondled.
+His owner could not disguise his astonishment. "You are the only
+person," he said, "whom that dog would ever allow to touch him without
+showing resentment. May I beg of you the favour to tell me your
+name?"--mentioning his own at the same time. The stranger announced
+it, (he was the last of his race, one of the most ancient and noble in
+Ireland, and descended from one of its kings.) "I do not wonder," said
+the owner of the dog, "at the homage this animal has paid to you. He
+recognizes in you the descendant of one of our most ancient race of
+gentlemen to whom this breed of dogs almost exclusively belonged, and
+the peculiar instinct he possesses has now been shown in a manner
+which cannot be mistaken by me, who am so well acquainted with the
+ferocity this dog has hitherto shown to all strangers."
+
+Few persons, Sir Walter Scott excepted, would perhaps be inclined to
+give credit to this anecdote. So convinced was he of the extraordinary
+instinct exhibited by dogs generally, that he has been heard to
+declare that he would believe anything of a dog. The anecdote,
+however, above related, was communicated to me with the strongest
+assurance of its strict accuracy.
+
+In a poem, written by Mrs. Catherine Philips, about the year 1660, the
+character of the Irish wolf-hound is well portrayed, and proves the
+estimation in which he was held at that period.
+
+     "Behold this creature's form and state!
+      Him Nature surely did create,
+      That to the world might be exprest
+      What mien there can be in a beast;
+      More nobleness of form and mind
+      Than in the lion we can find:
+      Yea, this heroic beast doth seem
+      In majesty to rival him.
+
+      Yet he vouchsafes to man to show
+      His service, and submission too--
+      And here we a distinction have;
+      That brute is fierce--the dog is brave.
+
+      He hath himself so well subdued,
+      That hunger cannot make him rude;
+      And all his manners do confess
+      That courage dwells with gentleness.
+
+      War with the wolf he loves to wage,
+      And never quits if he engage;
+      But praise him much, and you may chance
+      To put him out of countenance.
+      And having done a deed so brave,
+      He looks not sullen, yet looks grave.
+
+      No fondling play-fellow is he;
+      His master's guard he wills to be:
+      Willing for him his blood be spent,
+      His look is never insolent.
+    Few men to do such noble deeds have learn'd,
+    Nor having done, could look so unconcern'd."
+
+This is one of the finest descriptions of a noble dog which I have yet
+met with in English poetry. Courage and modesty are well portrayed,
+and contrasted.
+
+The following anecdotes relate to an animal which must have strongly
+resembled the Irish wolf-dog:--
+
+Plutarch mentions a certain Roman in the civil wars, whose head nobody
+durst cut off for fear of the dog that guarded his body, and fought in
+his defence. The same author relates that King Pyrrhus, in the course
+of one of his journies, observed a dog watching over a dead body; and
+hearing that he had been there three days without meat or drink,
+ordered the body to be buried, and the dog taken care of and brought
+to him. A few days afterwards there was a muster of the soldiers, so
+that every man had to march in order before the king. The dog lay
+quiet for some time; but when he saw the murderers of his late master
+pass by, he flew upon them with extraordinary fury, barking, and
+tearing their garments, and frequently turning about to the king;
+which both excited the king's suspicion, and that of all who stood
+about him. The men were in consequence apprehended, and though the
+circumstances which appeared in evidence against them were very
+slight, they confessed the crime, and were accordingly punished.
+
+Montfaucon mentions a similar case of attachment and revenge which
+occurred in France, in the reign of Charles V.[E] The anecdote has
+been frequently related, and is as follows:--A gentleman named
+Macaire, an officer of the king's body-guard, entertained, for some
+reason, a bitter hatred against another gentleman, named Aubry de
+Montdidier, his comrade in service. These two having met in the Forest
+of Bondi, near Paris, Macaire took an opportunity of treacherously
+murdering his brother-officer, and buried him in a ditch. Montdidier
+was unaccompanied at the moment, excepting by a dog (probably a
+wolf-hound), with which he had gone out, perhaps to hunt. It is not
+known whether the dog was muzzled, or from what other cause it
+permitted the deed to be accomplished without its interference. Be
+this as it might, the hound lay down on the grave of its master, and
+there remained till hunger compelled it to rise. It then went to the
+kitchen of one of Aubry de Montdidier's dearest friends, where it was
+welcomed warmly, and fed. As soon as its hunger was appeased the dog
+disappeared. For several days this coming and going was repeated, till
+at last the curiosity of those who saw its movements was excited, and
+it was resolved to follow the animal, and see if anything could be
+learned in explanation of Montdidier's sudden disappearance. The dog
+was accordingly followed, and was seen to come to a pause on some
+newly-turned-up earth, where it set up the most mournful wailings and
+howlings. These cries were so touching, that passengers were
+attracted; and finally digging into the ground at the spot, they found
+there the body of Aubry de Montdidier. It was raised and conveyed to
+Paris, where it was soon afterwards interred in one of the city
+cemeteries.
+
+The dog attached itself from this time forth to the friend, already
+mentioned, of its late master. While attending on him, it chanced
+several times to get a sight of Macaire, and on every occasion it
+sprang upon him, and would have strangled him had it not been taken
+off by force. This intensity of hate on the part of the animal
+awakened a suspicion that Macaire had had some share in Montdidier's
+murder, for his body showed him to have met a violent death. Charles
+V., on being informed of the circumstances, wished to satisfy himself
+of their truth. He caused Macaire and the dog to be brought before
+him, and beheld the animal again spring upon the object of its hatred.
+The king interrogated Macaire closely, but the latter would not admit
+that he had been in any way connected with Montdidier's murder.
+
+Being strongly impressed by a conviction that the conduct of the dog
+was based on some guilty act of Macaire, the king ordered a combat to
+take place between the officer and his dumb accuser, according to the
+practice in those days between human plaintiffs and defendants. This
+remarkable combat took place on the isle of Notre Dame at Paris, in
+presence of the whole court. The king allowed Macaire to have a strong
+club, as a defensive weapon; while, on the other hand, the only
+self-preservative means allowed to the dog consisted of an empty cask,
+into which it could retreat if hard pressed. The combatants appeared
+in the lists. The dog seemed perfectly aware of its situation and
+duty. For a short time it leapt actively round Macaire, and then, at
+one spring, it fastened itself upon his throat, in so firm a manner
+that he could not disentangle himself. He would have been strangled
+had he not cried for mercy, and avowed his crime. The dog was pulled
+from off him; but he was only liberated from its fangs to perish by
+the hands of the law. The fidelity of this dog has been celebrated in
+many a drama and poem, and there is a monument of him in basso relievo
+still to be seen in the castle of Montargis. The dog which attracted
+such celebrity has been usually called 'the dog of Montargis,' from
+the combat having taken place at the château of that name.
+
+The strength of these dogs must have been very great. A nobleman
+informed me, that when he was a boy, and staying on a visit with the
+Knight of Kerry, two Irish wolf-dogs made their escape from the place
+in which they were confined, and pulled down and killed a horse, which
+was in an adjoining paddock.
+
+The following affecting anecdote of an Irish wolf-dog, called "the dog
+of Aughrim," affords a proof of the extraordinary fidelity of these
+animals to their masters, and puts to shame the vaunted superiority of
+many human brutes.
+
+At the hard-fought battle of Aughrim, or Vidconnel, an Irish officer
+was accompanied by his wolf-hound. This gentleman was killed and
+stripped in the battle, but the dog remained by his body both by day
+and night. He fed upon some of the other bodies with the rest of the
+dogs, yet he would not allow them or anything else to touch that of
+his master. When all the other bodies were consumed, the other dogs
+departed, but this used to go in the night to the adjacent villages
+for food, and presently to return again to the place where his
+master's bones were only then left. This he continued to do from July,
+when the battle was fought, until the January following, when a
+soldier being quartered near, and going that way by chance, the dog,
+fearing he came to disturb his master's bones, flew upon the soldier,
+who, being surprised at the suddenness of the thing, unslung his
+carbine, he having been thrown on his back, and killed the noble
+animal. He expired with the same fidelity to the remains of his
+unfortunate master, as that master had shown devotion to the cause of
+his unhappy country.
+
+In the "Irish Penny Journal" there is an interesting account of the
+Irish wolf-dog, from which the following anecdote is taken.
+
+In the mountainous parts of the county Tyrone, the inhabitants
+suffered much from the wolves, and gave from the public fund as much
+for the head of one of these animals, as they would now give for the
+capture of a notorious robber on the highway. There lived in those
+days an adventurer, who, alone and unassisted, made it his occupation
+to destroy these ravagers. The time for attacking them was in the
+night, and midnight was fixed upon for doing so, as that was their
+wonted time for leaving their lairs in search of food, when the
+country was at rest and all was still; then, issuing forth, they fell
+on their defenceless prey, and the carnage commenced. There was a
+species of dog for the purpose of hunting them, called the wolf-dog;
+the animal resembled a rough, stout, half-bred greyhound, but was much
+stronger. In the county Tyrone there was then a large space of ground
+enclosed by a high stone wall, having a gap at each of the two
+opposite extremities, and in this were secured the flocks of the
+surrounding farmers. But, secure as this fold was deemed, it was often
+entered by the wolves, and its inmates slaughtered. The neighbouring
+proprietors having heard of the noted wolf-hunter above mentioned, by
+name Rory Carragh, sent for him, and offered the usual reward, with
+some addition, if he would undertake to destroy the two remaining
+wolves that had committed such devastation. Carragh, undertaking the
+task, took with him two wolf-dogs, and a little boy twelve years of
+age, the only person who would accompany him, and repaired at the
+approach of midnight to the fold in question. "Now," said Carragh to
+the boy, "as the two wolves usually enter the opposite extremities of
+the sheep-fold at the same time, I must leave you and one of the dogs
+to guard this one while I go the other. He steals with all the caution
+of a cat, nor will you hear him, but the dog will, and will give him
+the first fall. If, therefore, you are not active when he is down to
+rivet his neck to the ground with this spear, he will rise up and kill
+both you and the dog. So good night."
+
+"I'll do what I can," said the little boy, as he took the spear from
+the wolf-hunter's hand.
+
+The boy immediately threw open the gate of the fold, and took his seat
+in the inner part, close to the entrance, his faithful companion
+crouching at his side, and seeming perfectly aware of the dangerous
+business he was engaged in. The night was very dark and cold, and the
+poor little boy, being benumbed with the chilly air, was beginning to
+fall into a kind of sleep, when at that instant the dog, with a roar,
+leaped across, and laid his mortal enemy upon the earth. The boy was
+roused into double activity by the voice of his companion, and drove
+the spear through the wolf's neck as he had been directed, at which
+time Carragh appeared, bearing the head of the other.
+
+This anecdote is taken from a biography of a Tyrone family, published
+in Belfast in 1829.
+
+It is now time to attempt a description of this celebrated dog, and
+here our difficulties commence. Some writers have affirmed that it was
+rough-coated, and had the appearance of a greyhound--
+
+   "The greyhound! the great hound! the graceful of limb!
+    Rough fellow! tall fellow! &c.;"
+
+while others assert that it was of a mastiff-like appearance, and
+smooth, strong, and tall. All we can do is to bring forward the
+different evidence we have been able to collect, and then to let our
+readers judge for themselves.
+
+In an old print of Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, there are two
+wolf-dogs, which are represented as smooth, prick-eared, and with
+somewhat bushy tails. Lord Lucan distinguished himself in several
+engagements, and commanded the second troop of Irish Horse Guards, to
+which he was appointed by James II., and received his death wound,
+behaving most gallantly at the head of his countrymen, in 1693, when
+the allies, under William III., were defeated by Marshal Luxembourg at
+the battle of Landen. He was probably attended by his faithful
+wolf-dogs on that occasion, when he uttered those sublime words which
+no Irishman will ever forget--"Oh that this was for Ireland!" thus
+showing his love and affection for his native country as he was
+expiring in the arms of victory.
+
+An old and amiable acquaintance, Mr. Aylmer Bourke Lambert, now, alas!
+no more, communicated an account of the wolf-hound to the Linnean
+Society, which may be found in the third volume of their
+"Transactions." He had in his possession an old picture of one of
+these dogs, which, at the sale of his effects, was purchased by the
+Earl of Derby; the dog is represented as smooth-haired, with a
+somewhat wide forehead, and having no appearance of the greyhound, but
+more of that of the mastiff.
+
+In February, 1841, Mr. Webber presented to the Royal Irish Academy an
+ancient stone, on which was carved a rude bas-relief, supposed to be
+the representation of a dog killing a wolf. Mr. Webber accompanied the
+present with a communication, to the effect that the stone was taken
+from the castle of Ardnaglass, in the barony of Tireragh, and county
+of Sligo, and was said to commemorate the destruction of the last wolf
+in Ireland. The current tradition in the place from whence it came
+was, that some years after it was supposed that the race of wolves was
+extinct, the flocks in the county of Leitrim were attacked by a wild
+animal, which turned out to be a wolf; that thereupon the chieftains
+of Leitrim applied to O'Dowd, the chieftain of Tireragh (who possessed
+a celebrated dog of the breed of the ancient Irish wolf-dog), to come
+and hunt the wolf. This application having been complied with by
+O'Dowd, there ensued a chase, which forms the subject of an ancient
+Irish legend, detailing the various districts through which it was
+pursued, until at length the wolf was overtaken and killed in a small
+wood of pine-trees, at the foot of one of the mountains of Tireragh.
+The quarter of land on which the wolf was killed is to this day called
+_Carrow na Madhoo_, which means "the dog's quarter." In commemoration
+of the event, O'Dowd had a representation of it carved on stone, and
+placed in the wall of his baronial residence. It is difficult to form
+an opinion of the shape of a dog from so rude a representation, except
+that it appears to have had a wide forehead and pricked ears.
+
+A gentleman, who in his youth saw one of these dogs, informs me that
+it was smooth, strong, and partaking somewhat of the character and
+appearance of a powerful Danish dog. This agrees with the account
+given of it by some writers, especially in "The Sportsman's Cabinet,"
+a work more remarkable for the truth and fineness of its engravings,
+than for the matter contained in it. Buffon also forms much the same
+opinion. That great strength must be necessary to enable a dog to
+compete with a wolf, cannot be doubted, and perhaps there is no breed
+of the rough greyhound now known capable of competing with a wolf
+single-handed. Her Majesty has now in her possession one of the finest
+specimens of the Highland deer-hound. He has great strength and
+height, is rough-coated, wide across the loins, and altogether a noble
+animal. Powerful, however as he is, it may be questioned whether such
+a dog would be a match for a wolf, which the Irish hounds undoubtedly
+were. This circumstance alone would lead us to suppose, that we must
+look to a different breed than that of greyhounds as the antagonists
+of the wolf.
+
+But it is time to turn to the other side of the question.
+
+In a very agreeable, well-written article in the "Irish Penny Journal"
+of May, 1841, the author brings forward strong evidence to prove that
+the celebrated Irish wolf-dog resembled a greyhound in form. He will,
+I hope, allow me to quote some of his arguments, which show
+considerable research and historical information. He says:--
+
+"Public opinion has long been divided respecting the precise
+appearance and form of this majestic animal, and so many different
+ideas have been conceived of him, that many persons have been induced
+to come to the conclusion that no particular breed of dogs was ever
+kept for wolf-hunting in Ireland, but that the appellation of
+'wolf-dog' was bestowed upon any dog swift enough to overtake and
+powerful enough to contend with and overcome that formidable animal.
+While some hold this opinion, others suppose that though a particular
+breed was used, it was a sort of heavy mastiff-like dog, now extinct.
+It is the object of the present paper to show, that not only did
+Ireland possess a peculiar race of dogs, exclusively devoted to
+wolf-hunting, but that those dogs, instead of being of the mastiff
+kind, resembled the greyhound in form; and instead of being extinct
+are still to be met with, although they are very scarce. I myself was
+once in a very gross error respecting this dog, for I conceived him
+to have been a mastiff, and implicitly believed that the dogs of Lord
+Altamont, described in the third volume of the Linnean 'Transactions'
+by Mr. Lambert, were the sole surviving representatives of the Irish
+wolf-dog. An able paper, read by Mr. Haffield about a year ago, before
+the Dublin Natural History Society, served to stagger me in my belief,
+and subsequent careful inquiry and research have completed my
+conversion. I proceed to lay before my readers the result of that
+inquiry, and I feel confident that no individual, after reading the
+evidence which I shall adduce, will continue to harbour a doubt
+respecting the true appearance and form of the ancient Irish wolf-dog.
+
+"We are informed by several disjointed scraps of Celtic verse, that in
+the times of old, when Fionn Mac Cumhaill, popularly styled Finn Mac
+Cool, wielded the sceptre of power and justice, we possessed a
+prodigious and courageous dog, used for hunting the deer and wild
+boar, and also the wolf, which ravaged the folds and slaughtered the
+herds of our ancestors. We learn from the same source that these dogs
+were also frequently employed as auxiliaries in war, and that they
+were 'mighty in combat, their breasts like plates of brass, and
+greatly to be feared.' We might adduce the songs of Ossian, where the
+epithets 'hairy-footed,' 'white-breasted,' and 'bounding,' are
+singularly characteristic of some of the striking peculiarities of the
+dog in question, and strangely coincide with the descriptions
+furnished by other writers respecting him. Mac Pherson must, at all
+events, have been at the pains of considerable research if he actually
+forged the beautiful poems, which he put forth to the world under
+Ossian's name. The word 'Bran,' the name given to Fingal's noble
+hound, employed by others than Ossian, is Celtic, and signifies
+'Mountain Torrent,' implying that impetuosity of course and headlong
+courage which the dog possessed. I have said that many assert the
+Irish wolf-dog to be no longer in existence. I have ventured a denial
+of this, and refer to the wolf-dog or deer-dog of the Highlands of
+Scotland, as his actual and faithful living representative. Perhaps I
+am wrong in saying representative. I hold that the Irish wolf-dog and
+the Highland deer-dog are one and the same, and I now proceed to cite
+a few authorities in support of my position.
+
+"The Venerable Bede, as well as the Scotch historian John Major,
+informs us that Scotland was originally peopled from Ireland under the
+conduct of Renda, and that one half of Scotland spoke the Irish
+language as their mother-tongue. Many persons, also, are doubtless
+aware that, even at this present time, the Gaelic and Erse are so much
+alike, that a Connaught man finds no difficulty in comprehending and
+conversing with a Highlander. Scotland also was called by the early
+writers Scotia Minor, and Ireland, Scotia Major. The colonization,
+therefore, of Scotland from Ireland admits of little doubt. As the
+Irish wolf-dog was at that time in the enjoyment of his most extended
+fame, it was not to be expected that the colonists would omit taking
+with them such a fine description of dog, and which would prove so
+useful to them in a newly established settlement, and that, too, at a
+period when hunting was not merely an amusement, but one of their main
+occupations, and also their main source of subsistence. The Irish
+wolf-dog was thus carried into Scotland, and became the Highland or
+Scottish wolf-dog, changing in process of time his name with his
+country; and when wolves disappeared from the land, his occupation was
+that of deer-hunting, and thus his present name.
+
+"In Ireland the wolves were in existence longer than in Scotland, but
+as soon as wolves ceased to exist in the former country, the dogs were
+suffered to become extinct also, while in Scotland there was still
+abundant employment for them after the days of wolf-hunting were
+over--the deer still remained; and useful as they had been as
+wolf-dogs, they proved themselves, if possible, still more so as
+deer-hounds.
+
+"That the Irish wolf-dog was a tall, rough greyhound, similar in every
+respect to the Highland dog of the present day (of which an engraving
+is given) cannot be doubted from the following authorities. Strabo
+mentions a tall greyhound in use among the Pictish and Celtic nations,
+which he states was held in high esteem by our ancestors, and was even
+imported into Gaul for the purposes of the chase. Campion expressly
+speaks of the Irish wolf-dog as a 'greyhound of great bone and limb.'
+Silaus calls it also a greyhound, and asserts that it was imported
+into Ireland by the Belgæ, and is the same with the renowned Belgic
+dog of antiquity, and that it was, during the days of Roman grandeur,
+brought to Rome for the combats of the Amphitheatre. Pliny relates a
+combat in which the Irish wolf-dog took a part: he calls them 'Canes
+Graii Hibernici,' and describes them as much taller than the mastiff.
+Holinshed, in speaking of the Irish, says, 'They are not without
+wolves, and greyhounds to hunt them.' Evelyn, speaking of the
+bear-garden, says, 'The bull-dogs did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog exceeded; which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature, and
+beat a cruel mastiff.'
+
+"Llewellyn, prince of Wales, was presented by King John with a
+specimen of this kind of dog. These animals were in those days
+permitted to be kept only by princes and chiefs; and in the Welsh laws
+of the ninth century we find heavy penalties laid down for the maiming
+or injuring of the Irish greyhound, or, as it was styled in the code
+alluded to, 'Canis Graius Hibernicus;' and a value was set on them,
+equal to more than double that set on the ordinary greyhound.
+
+"Moryson, secretary to Lord-deputy Mountjoy, says, 'The Irishmen and
+greyhounds are of great stature.' Lombard remarks, that the finest
+hunting dogs in Europe were produced in Ireland: 'Greyhounds useful to
+take the stag, wild boar, or wolf.' Pennant describes these dogs as
+scarce, and as being led to the chase in leather slips or thongs, and
+calls them 'the Irish greyhound.' Bay mentions him as the greatest dog
+he had ever seen. Buffon says, he saw an Irish greyhound, which
+measured five feet in height when in a sitting posture, and says that
+all other sorts of greyhounds are descended from him, and that in
+Scotland it is called the Highland greyhound: that it is very large,
+deep-chested, and covered with long rough hair.
+
+"Scottish noblemen were not always content with such specimens of this
+dog as their own country produced, but frequently sent for them to
+Ireland, conceiving, doubtless, that they would be found better and
+purer in their native land. The following is a copy of a letter
+addressed by Deputy Falkland to the Earl of Cork, in 1623:--
+
+    'My Lord,
+
+    'I have lately received letters from my Lord Duke of Buccleuch and
+    others of my noble friends, who have entreated me to send them
+    some greyhound dogs and bitches, out of this kingdom, of the
+    largest sort, which I perceive they intend to present unto divers
+    princes and other noble persons; and if you can possibly, let them
+    be white, which is the colour most in request here. Expecting your
+    answer by the bearer, I commit you to the protection of the
+    Almighty, and am your Lordship's attached friend,
+
+                                                           'FALKLAND.'
+
+"Smith, in his 'History of Waterford,' says, 'the Irish greyhound is
+nearly extinct: it is much taller than a mastiff, but more like a
+greyhound, and for size, strength, and shape, cannot be equalled.
+Roderick, king of Connaught, was obliged to furnish hawks and
+greyhounds to Henry II. Sir Thomas Rue obtained great favour from the
+Great Mogul in 1615, for a brace of Irish greyhounds presented by him.
+Henry VIII. presented the Marquis of Dessarages, a Spanish grandee,
+with two goshawks and four Irish greyhounds.'
+
+"Perhaps sufficient evidence has now been adduced to demonstrate the
+identity of the Irish wolf-dog with the Highland deer-hound. I may,
+however, in conclusion, give an extract from the excellent paper of
+Mr. Haffield, already alluded to, as having been read before the
+Dublin Natural History Society, and which was received by that
+gentleman from Sir William Betham, Ulster King-at-Arms, an authority
+of very high importance on any subject connected with Irish
+antiquities. Sir William says,--'From the mention of the wolf-dogs in
+the old Irish poems and stories, and also from what I have heard from
+a very old person, long since dead, of his having seen them at 'The
+Neale,' in the county of Mayo, the seat of Sir John Browne, ancestor
+to Lord Kilmaine, I have no doubt they were a gigantic greyhound. My
+departed friend described them as being very gentle, and says that Sir
+John Browne allowed them to come into his dining-room, where they put
+their heads over the shoulders of those who sat at table. They were
+not smooth-skinned, like our greyhounds, but rough and curly-haired.
+The Irish poets call the wolf-dog 'Cu,' and the common greyhound
+'Gayer;' a marked distinction, the word 'Cu' signifying a champion.'
+
+"The colour of these dogs varies, but the most esteemed are dark
+iron-grey, with white breast. They are, however, to be found of a
+yellowish or sandy hue, brindled, or even white. In former times, as
+will be seen from Lord Falkland's letter quoted above, this latter
+colour was by many preferred. It is described as a stately, majestic
+animal, extremely good-tempered and quiet in his disposition, unless
+when irritated or excited, when he becomes furious; and is, in
+consequence of his tremendous strength, a truly formidable animal."
+
+Goldsmith asserts that he had seen a dozen of these dogs, and informs
+us "that the largest was about four feet high, or as tall as a calf of
+a year old. They are generally of a white or cinnamon colour, and more
+robust than the greyhound--their aspect mild, and their disposition
+gentle and peaceable. It is said that their strength is so great, that
+in combat the mastiff or bull-dog is far from equal to them. They
+commonly seize their antagonists by the back and shake them to death.
+These dogs were never serviceable for hunting, either the stag, the
+fox, or the hare. Their chief utility was in hunting wolves, and to
+this breed may be attributed the final extirpation of those ferocious
+animals in England and Wales in early times in the woody districts."
+
+Having thus given these different accounts of the Irish wolf-dog, I
+may add that some persons are of opinion that there were two kinds of
+them--one partaking of the shape and disposition of the mastiff, and
+the other of the Highland deer-hound. It is not improbable that a
+noble cross of dogs might have been made from these two sorts. At all
+events I have fairly stated the whole of the information I have been
+able to obtain respecting these dogs, and my readers must form their
+own opinions. The following anecdote, recently communicated to me, is
+given in the words of the writer:--
+
+"Two whelps were made a present to my brother by Harvey Combe, of a
+breed between the old Irish wolf-dog and the blood-hound. My brother
+gave them to Robert Evatt, of Mount Louise, county Monaghan. One died
+young, but the other grew to be a very noble animal indeed.
+Unfortunately he took to chasing sheep, and became an incorrigible
+destroyer of that inoffensive but valuable stock. Evatt found he could
+not afford to keep such a marauder, and as he was going to Dublin he
+took up the sheep-killer, in order to present him to the Zoological
+Society as a fine specimen of the breed. His servant was holding him
+at the door of the hotel when a gig drove up, and the gentleman
+alighted. The dog sprung from the servant's hold, and jumping into the
+gig with one bound, seized the mat at the bottom of the gig, which was
+made of sheepskin, and with another bound made away with his woolly
+prize, and was brought back with difficulty, after a long and
+fatiguing pursuit."
+
+This is one of the most desperate cases of sheep-hunting in dogs I
+ever met with. It is said, that this propensity may be got rid of by
+tying a cord covered with wool to the dog's lower jaw, so that the
+wool may be kept in the mouth.
+
+I should mention, that in a manuscript of Froissart in the British
+Museum, which is highly illuminated, there is a representation of the
+grand entrance of Queen Isabel of England into Paris, in the year
+1324. She is attended by a noble greyhound, who has a flag, _powdered_
+with fleurs-de-lys, bound to his neck.
+
+Greyhounds were a favourite species of dog in the middle ages. In the
+ancient pipe-rolls, payments are frequently made in greyhounds. In
+Hawes' "Pastime of Pleasure," (written in the time of Henry VII.) Fame
+is attended by two greyhounds, on whose golden collars, "Grace" and
+"Governaunce" are inscribed in diamond letters.
+
+In the pictures of Rubens, Snyders, and other old masters, some of the
+powerful dogs there represented would appear to be a breed between the
+greyhound and mastiff. Nothing can exceed the majestic and commanding
+appearance of these dogs, and such a breed would be most likely to
+produce the sort of animal most capable of contending with the wolf.
+
+The Irish wolf-dogs were formerly placed as the supporters of the arms
+of the ancient Monarchs of Ireland. They were collared _or_, with the
+motto,
+
+    "Gentle when stroked--fierce when provoked."
+
+Mr. Scrope, in his agreeable book on deer-stalking in Scotland, has
+communicated an account from Mr. Macneill, of Colonsay, of the
+Highland deer-hound, in which are some interesting remarks relative to
+the Irish wolf-dog, and from which I shall make a few extracts.
+
+In making these extracts, it is impossible not to be struck with a
+remark in the work referred to, that from modern writers we learn
+nothing further respecting the Irish wolf-dog, than that such a race
+of dogs at one time existed in Ireland, that they were of a gigantic
+size, and that they are now extinct.
+
+One great obstacle in the way of investigating the history of this dog
+has arisen from the different appellations given to it, according to
+the fancy of the natives in different parts of the country, such as
+Irish wolf-dog, Irish greyhound, Highland deer-hound, and Scotch
+greyhound, and this circumstance may have produced the confusion in
+fixing its identity.
+
+In the fourth century a number of dogs, of a great size, were sent in
+iron cages from Ireland to Rome, and it is not improbable that the
+dogs so sent were greyhounds, particularly as we learn from the
+authority of Evelyn and others, that the Irish wolf-dog was used for
+the fights of the bear-garden. "Greyhound" probably means a "great
+hound."
+
+Holinshed, in his "Description of Ireland and the Irish," written in
+1586, has the following notice:--"They are not without wolves, and
+greyhounds to hunt them, bigger of bone and limb than a colt;" and in
+a frontispiece to Sir James Ware's "History of Ireland," an
+allegorical representation is given of a passage from the Venerable
+Bede, in which two dogs are introduced, bearing a strong resemblance
+to that given by Gesner, in his "History of Quadrupeds," published in
+1560.
+
+The term _Irish_ is applied to Highland dogs, as everything Celtic
+(not excepting the language) was designated in England; probably in
+consequence of Ireland being, at that period, better known to the
+English than Scotland. This is, perhaps, a proof of the similarity of
+the Irish and Scotch deer-hounds.
+
+Of the courage of the ancient deer-hound there can be little doubt,
+from the nature of the game for which he was used. If any proof were
+wanting, an incident mentioned by Evelyn in his Diary, in 1670, when
+present at a bull-fight in the bear-garden, is conclusive. He says,
+"The bulls (meaning the bull-dogs) did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog exceeded, which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature,
+indeed, who beat a cruel mastiff."
+
+Here, perhaps, is a proof that the Irish wolf-dog was a greyhound; and
+there can be little doubt that it is the same dog we find mentioned
+under the name of the Irish greyhound.
+
+Buffon remarks that "the Irish greyhounds are of a very ancient race.
+They were called by the ancients, dogs of Epirus, and Albanian dogs.
+Pliny gives an account of a combat between one of these dogs, first
+with a lion, and then with an elephant. In France they are so rare,
+that I never saw above one of them, which appeared, when sitting, to
+be about five feet high. He was totally white, and of a mild and
+peaceable disposition."
+
+The following description of these dogs, translated from a Celtic
+poem, is probably an accurate one:--
+
+   "An eye of sloe, with ear not low,
+    With horse's breast, with depth of chest,
+    With breadth of loin, and curve in groin
+    And nape set far behind the head--
+    Such were the dogs that Fingal bred."
+
+It is probable that even in Scotland very few of the pure breed of
+dogs are left, but those which are show a surprising combination of
+speed, strength, size, endurance, courage, sagacity, docility, and it
+may be added, dignity. The purest specimens of the deer-hound now to
+be met with are supposed to be those belonging to Captain M'Neill of
+Colonsay, two of them being called Buskar and Bran. And here let me
+give an extract from an interesting and graphic account, published by
+Mr. Scrope, of the performance of these dogs in the chase of a stag.
+Let us fancy a party assembled over-night in a Highland glen,
+consisting of sportsmen, deer-stalkers, a piper and two deer-hounds,
+cooking their supper, and concluding it with the never-failing
+accompaniment of whisky-toddy. Let us fancy them reposing on a couch
+of dried fern and heather, and being awoke in the morning with the
+lively air of "Hey, Johnny Cope." While their breakfast is preparing,
+they wash and refresh themselves at a pure mountain stream, and are
+soon ready to issue forth with Buskar and Bran. The party proceeds up
+a rocky glen, where the stalker sees a stag about a mile off. He
+immediately prostrates himself on the ground, and in a second the rest
+follow his example. We will not follow all the different manoeuvres of
+the deer-stalker and his followers, but bring them at once near the
+unconscious stag. After performing a very considerable circuit, moving
+sometimes forwards and sometimes backwards, the party at length arrive
+at the back of a hillock, on the opposite side of which the stalker
+said, in a whisper, the deer was lying, and that he was not distant a
+hundred yards. The whole party immediately moved forward in silent and
+breathless expectation, with the dogs in front straining in the slips.
+On reaching the top of the hillock, a full view of the noble stag
+presented itself, who, having heard the footsteps, had sprung on his
+legs, and was staring at his enemies, at the distance of about sixty
+yards.
+
+"The dogs were slipped; a general halloo burst from us all, and the
+stag, wheeling round, set off at full speed, with Buskar and Bran
+straining after him.
+
+"The brown figure of the deer, with his noble antlers laid back,
+contrasted with the light colour of the dogs stretching along the dark
+heath, presented one of the most exciting scenes that it is possible
+to imagine.
+
+"The deer's first attempt was to gain some rising ground to the left
+of the spot where we stood, and rather behind us, but, being closely
+pursued by the dogs, he soon found that his only safety was in speed;
+and (as a deer does not run well up-hill, nor like a roe, straight
+down hill) on the dogs approaching him, he turned, and almost retraced
+his footsteps, taking, however, a steeper line of descent than the one
+by which he ascended. Here the chase became most interesting--the dogs
+pressed him hard, and the deer getting confused, found himself
+suddenly on the brink of a small precipice of about fourteen feet in
+height, from the bottom of which there sloped a rugged mass of stones.
+He paused for a moment, as if afraid to take the leap, but the dogs
+were so close that he had no alternative.
+
+"At this time the party were not above one hundred and fifty yards
+distant, and most anxiously waited the result, fearing, from the
+ruggedness of the ground below, that the deer would not survive the
+leap. They were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety, for though
+he took the leap, he did so more cunningly than gallantly, dropping
+himself in the most singular manner, so that his hind legs first
+reached the broken rocks below; nor were the dogs long in following
+him. Buskar sprang first, and, extraordinary to relate, did not lose
+his legs. Bran followed, and, on reaching the ground, performed a
+complete somerset. He soon, however, recovered his legs, and the chase
+was continued in an oblique direction down the side of a most rugged
+and rocky brae, the deer, apparently more fresh and nimble than ever,
+jumping through the rocks like a goat, and the dogs well up, though
+occasionally receiving the most fearful falls.
+
+"From the high position in which we were placed, the chase was visible
+for nearly half a mile. When some rising ground intercepted our view,
+we made with all speed for a higher point, and, on reaching it, we
+could perceive that the dogs, having got upon smooth ground, had
+gained on the deer, who was still going at speed, and were close up
+with him. Bran was then leading, and in a few seconds was at his
+heels, and immediately seized his hock with such violence of grasp, as
+seemed in a great measure to paralyse the limb, for the deer's speed
+was immediately checked. Buskar was not far behind, for soon
+afterwards passing Bran, he seized the deer by the neck.
+Notwithstanding the weight of the two dogs which were hanging to him,
+having the assistance of the slope of the ground, he continued
+dragging them along at a most extraordinary rate (in defiance of their
+utmost exertions to detain him), and succeeded more than once in
+kicking Bran off. But he became at length exhausted--the dogs
+succeeded in pulling him down; and though he made several attempts to
+rise, he never completely regained his legs.
+
+"On coming up, we found him perfectly dead, with the joints of both
+his forelegs dislocated at the knee, his throat perforated, and his
+chest and flanks much lacerated.
+
+"As the ground was perfectly smooth for a considerable distance round
+the place where he fell, and not in any degree swampy, it is difficult
+to account for the dislocation of his knees, unless it happened during
+his struggles to rise. Buskar was perfectly exhausted, and had lain
+down, shaking from head to foot much like a broken-down horse; but on
+our approaching the deer he rose, walked round him with a determined
+growl, and would scarcely permit us to get near him. He had not,
+however, received any cut or injury, while Bran showed several
+bruises, nearly a square inch having been taken off the front of his
+fore-leg, so that the bone was visible, and a piece of burnt heather
+had passed quite through his foot.
+
+"Nothing could exceed the determined courage displayed by both dogs,
+particularly by Buskar, throughout the chase, and especially in
+preserving his hold, though dragged by the deer in a most violent
+manner."
+
+It is hoped that this account of the high spirit and perseverance of
+the Scotch deer-hound will not be found uninteresting. This noble
+creature was the pride and companion of our ancestors, and for a long
+period in the history of this country, particularly in Ireland, the
+only dog used in the sports of the field. When we consider the great
+courage, combined with the most perfect gentleness of this animal, his
+gigantic, picturesque, and graceful form, it must be a subject of
+regret that the breed is likely to become extinct. Where shall we find
+dogs possessing such a combination of fine and noble qualities?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following anecdote, which with the accompanying fine engraving is
+taken from the New Sporting Magazine for January 1839, presents a
+striking example of the same kind:--
+
+"The incident which the artist has made the subject for our
+embellishment occurred with Lord Ossulston's stag-hounds, on Tuesday,
+the 1st of May, when the stag, after a fast run of an hour, jumped
+over a precipice, and broke his neck. The hounds were, at this time,
+close to his haunches, and a couple and a half of the leading dogs
+went over with the stag. Two of the hounds were so hurt that they
+could not move, and the third was found by the greencoat first up,
+lying on the dead deer."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted to that clever and intelligent authoress, Mrs. S. Carter
+Hall, for her recollections of an Irish wolf-dog and his master, which
+I cannot do better than give in her own words:--
+
+"When I was a child, I had a very close friendship with a genuine old
+wolf-dog, Bruno by name. He was the property of an old friend of my
+grandmother's, who claimed descent from the Irish kings. His name was
+O'Toole. His manners were the most courtly you can imagine; as they
+might well be, for he had spent much time and fortune at the French
+court, when Marie Antoinette was in her prime and beauty. His visits
+were my jubilees--there was the kind, dignified old gentleman, who
+told me tales--there was his tall, gaunt dog, grey with age, and yet
+with me full of play; and there were two rough terriers, whom Bruno
+kept in admirable order. He managed the little one by simply placing
+his paw upon it when it was too frisky; but Vixen, the large one, like
+many ladies, had a will of her own, and entertained some idea of being
+mistress. Bruno would bear a good deal from her, giving, however, now
+and then, a low deep growl; but when provoked too much, he would
+quietly lift the dog off the ground by the strength of his jaws (his
+teeth were gone), stand with her in his mouth at the doors until they
+were opened, and then deposit her, half strangled as she was, in a
+nettle-bed some distance from the house. The dog's discrimination was
+curious. If Vixen was thrown upon him, or if we forced her to insult
+him, he never punished her; but if she of her own accord teazed him
+more than his patience could bear, the punishment was certain to
+follow.
+
+"O'Toole and his dogs always occupied the same room, the terriers
+being on the bed with their master. No entreaty, however, ever induced
+Bruno to sleep on anything softer than stone. He would remove the
+hearth-rug and lay on the marble. His master used to instance the
+dog's disdain of luxury as a mark of his noble nature.
+
+"I should not omit to tell you, as characteristic of my old friend,
+that O'Toole was proud, and never would submit to be called 'Mr.'
+Meeting, one day, Lord Arne in Dame Street, Dublin, while the old man
+was followed by his three wolf-dogs, of which Bruno was the last, the
+young nobleman, who had also his followers in the shape of 'Parliament
+men,' said to the descendant of Irish kings, nodding to him familiarly
+at the same time, 'How do you do, _Mr._ O'Toole?' The old man paused,
+drew himself up, lifted his hat, made his courtly bow, and answered,
+'O'Toole salutes Arne.' I can recall nothing more picturesque than
+that majestic old gentleman and his dog, both remnants of a bygone
+age. Bruno was rough, but not long-coated, very grave, observant,
+enduring every one, very fond of children, playing with them gently,
+but only crouching and fawning on his master; 'and that,' O'Toole
+would say, 'is a proof of my royal blood.' I could fill a volume with
+memoirs of that fine old man. He was more than six feet in height, and
+his dog always sat with his head on his master's knee."
+
+This is altogether a pretty and interesting picture.
+
+The sagacity of this fine breed is well illustrated in what follows:--
+
+A gentleman walking along the road on Kingston Hill, accompanied by a
+friend and a noble deer-hound, which was also a retriever, threw his
+glove into a ditch; and having walked on for a mile, sent his dog back
+for it. After waiting a considerable time, and the dog not returning,
+they retraced their steps. Hearing loud cries in the distance, they
+hastened on, and at last saw the dog dragging a boy by his coat
+towards them. On questioning the boy, it appeared that he had picked
+up the glove and put it into his pocket. The sagacious animal had no
+other means of conveying it to his master than by compelling the boy
+to accompany him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following anecdotes are from Capt. Thomas Brown's now scarce work,
+"Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of Dogs." He says:--
+
+"Sir Walter Scott has most obligingly furnished me with the following
+anecdotes of his celebrated dog Maida:--
+
+"I was once riding over a field on which the reapers were at work, the
+stooks being placed behind them, as is usual. Maida having found a
+hare, began to chase her, to the great amusement of the spectators, as
+the hare turned very often and very swiftly among the stooks. At
+length, being hard pressed, she fairly bolted into one of them. Maida
+went in headlong after her, and the stook began to be much agitated in
+various directions. At length the sheaves tumbled down; and the hare
+and the dog, terrified alike at their overthrow, ran different ways,
+to the great amusement of the spectators."
+
+"Among several peculiarities which Maida possessed, one was a strong
+aversion to a certain class of artists, arising from the frequent
+restraints he was subjected to in having his portrait taken, on
+account of his majestic appearance. The instant he saw a pencil and
+paper produced he prepared to beat a retreat; and, if forced to
+remain, he exhibited the strongest marks of displeasure."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ranaldson Macdonell, Esq. of Glengarry, has most kindly furnished the
+following interesting notices and anecdotes of the Scottish Highland
+greyhound:--
+
+"Not many years since one of Glengarry's tenants, who had some
+business with his chief, happened to arrive at Glengarry House at
+rather an early hour in the morning. A deer-hound perceiving this
+person sauntering about before the domestics were astir, walked
+quietly up to him, took him gently by the wrist with his teeth, and
+proceeded to lead him off the ground. The man, finding him forbearing,
+attempted resistance; but the dog, instantly seizing his wrist with
+redoubled pressure, soon convinced him that his attempt was in vain.
+Thus admonished, the man took the hint, and quietly yielded to his
+canine conductor, who, without farther injury, led him to the outside
+of the gate, and then left him. The whole of the dogs at Glengarry
+House were allowed to go at liberty at all times.
+
+"The Highland greyhounds, or deer-hounds as they are called in the
+Highlands, have a great antipathy to the sheep-dogs, and never fail to
+attack them whenever an opportunity offers. A shepherd, whose colley
+had frequently been attacked by the deer-dogs of Glengarry singly, and
+always succeeded in beating them off on such occasions, was one day
+assailed by them in a body; and his life would have been in
+considerable danger, but for one of the keepers, who happened to pass
+at the time, and called them off.
+
+"The following circumstance will prove the exquisite sense of smell
+possessed by the deer-hound. One of this breed, named Bran, when held
+in the leash, followed the track of a wounded stag, and that in most
+unfavourable rainy weather, for three successive days, at the end of
+which time the game was shot. He was wounded first within nine miles
+of Invergarry House, and was traced that night to the estate of
+Glenmoriston. At dusk in the evening the deer-stalkers placed a stone
+on each side of the last fresh print of his hoof, and another over it;
+and this they did each night following. On the succeeding morning they
+removed the upper stone, when the dog recovered the scent, and the
+deer was that day traced over a great part of Glenmoriston's ground.
+On the third day he was retraced to the lands of Glengarry, and there
+shot.
+
+"My present dog, Comhstri, to great courage unites the quality of a
+gentle disposition, with much fidelity and attachment. Though not so
+large as some of his kindred, he is nevertheless as high-spirited and
+determined as any of his race, which the following circumstance will
+testify: 'About three years ago, a deer from the wood of Derrygarbh,
+whose previous hurts had been healed, came out of Glengarry's pass,
+who wounded it severely in the body with a rifle bullet. The
+deer-hounds were immediately laid on the blood-track. The stag was
+started in the course of a few minutes; the dogs were instantly
+slipped, and the fine animal ran to bay in a deep pool of water, below
+a cascade, on the Garyquulach burn. Comhstri immediately plunged in,
+and seized the stag by the throat; both went under water, surrounded
+with the white foam, slightly tinged with the deer's blood. The dog
+soon came to the surface to recover his breath; and before the other
+could do so, Comhstri dived, and again seized him by the throat. The
+stag was soon after taken out of the pool dead.
+
+"Comhstri's colour is grey, with a white chest; but we have had them
+of different colours at Glengarry, such as pure white, black,
+brindled, and sand-colour.
+
+"When the Highlanders dream of a _black_ dog, it is interpreted to
+mean one of the clan of Macdonell; but if of a deer-hound, it denotes
+a chief, or one of the principal persons of that clan."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That the Scottish dogs were much prized in England from the earliest
+times, the following interesting account, taken from Holinshed's
+Chronicles, 'Historie of Scotland,' p. 71, printed in 1586, will show.
+"And shortlie after the return of these ambassadors into their
+countrie, divers young gentlemen of the Pictish nobilitie repaired
+unto King Crathlint, to hunt and make merie with him; but when they
+should depart homewards, perceiving that the Scotish dogs did farre
+excell theirs, both in fairnesse, swiftnesse, hardinesse, and also in
+long standing up and holding out, they got diverse both dogs and
+bitches of the best kinds for breed to be given them by the Scotish
+Lords; and yet not so contented, they stole one belonging to the king
+from his keeper, being more esteemed of him than all the others which
+he had about him. The master of the leash being informed hereof,
+pursued after them which had stollen that dog, thinking indeed to
+have taken him from them; but they not willing to part with him, fell
+at altercation, and in the end chanced to strike the maister of the
+leash through with their horsespeares that he died presentlie:
+whereupon noise and crie being raised in the countrie by his servants,
+diverse of the Scots, as they were going home from hunting, returned,
+and, falling upon the Picts to revenge the death of their fellow,
+there ensued a shrewd bickering betwixt them, so that of the Scots
+there died three score gentlemen, besides a great number of the
+commons, not one of them understanding (till all was done) what the
+matter meant. Of the Picts there were about an hundred slaine. This
+circumstance led to a bloody war betwixt the two nations."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following interesting anecdote, related by Mr. Carr in his
+"Stranger in Ireland," there can be no doubt, I think, refers to the
+Irish wolf-dog. Mr. Carr says, that while on his journey to Ireland he
+"wandered to a little church, which owed its elevation to the
+following circumstance. Llewelyn the Great, who resided near the base
+of Snowdon, had a beautiful dog named Gelert, which had been presented
+to him by King John in 1205. One day, in consequence of the faithful
+animal, which at night always 'sentinelled his master's bed,' not
+making his appearance in the chase, Llewelyn returned home very angry,
+and met the dog, covered with blood, at the door of the chamber of
+his child. Upon entering it, he found the bed overturned, and the
+coverlet stained with gore. He called to his boy; but receiving no
+answer, he rashly concluded that he had been killed by Gelert, and in
+his anguish instantly thrust his sword through the poor animal's body.
+The Hon. Robert Spencer has beautifully told the remainder of the
+story.
+
+   'His suppliant looks, as prone he fell,
+      No pity could impart;
+    But still his Gelert's dying yell
+      Passed heavy on his heart.
+
+    Arous'd by Gelert's dying yell,
+      Some slumb'rer waken'd nigh:
+    What words the parent's joy could tell,
+      To hear his infant's cry?
+
+    Nor scathe had he, nor harm, nor dread:
+      But the same couch beneath,
+    Lay a gaunt wolf all torn and dead,
+      Tremendous still in death.
+
+    Ah! what was then Llewelyn's pain?
+      For now the truth was clear:--
+    His gallant hound the wolf had slain,
+      To save Llewelyn's heir.'[F]
+
+In order to mitigate his offence, Llewelyn built this chapel, and
+raised a tomb to poor Gelert; and the spot to this day is called
+_Beth-Gelert_, or the Grave of Gelert."
+
+I should not omit to mention, that in Mr. Windle's account of Cork,
+Kerry, &c., there is the following notice of the wolf and Irish
+wolf-dog.
+
+"The last wolf seen in Ireland was killed in the neighbourhood of
+Annascuit, near Dingle, in 1710. The place is still known by the name
+of the Wolf's Step. The Irish called the wolf-dog _Sagh cliun_; and
+old Campion, speaking of the Irish, says, They are not without wolves,
+and greyhounds to hunt them bigger of bone and limne than a colt."
+
+This noble animal is also described as "similar in shape to a
+greyhound, larger than a mastiff, and tractable as a spaniel."
+
+The following fact will serve to prove that the deer-hound is
+possessed of a fine sense of smelling, a circumstance which has been
+doubted by many persons.
+
+The head keeper of Richmond Park is possessed of a famous old
+deer-hound bitch, remarkable for her sagacity, and for having taken
+five bucks in one day. After a battue in the Park in the winter of
+1845, he directed one of the under-keepers to examine the ground
+carefully, which had been shot over the day before. He was accompanied
+by the old dog, who was to act as retriever. She came to a point in
+one of the covers, as was her custom when she seemed to find a rabbit;
+but the keeper, finding that it was a hare, called her off. After
+going some distance, the dog went back and pointed the hare a second
+time. The keeper put her up, and then found that she had been wounded,
+having had her hind leg broken. Here the fine sense of smelling was
+the more remarkable, as this old dog will not look at a hare, nor
+indeed can she be induced to run after one.
+
+One of her progeny ran a wounded buck into the large pond in the Park,
+swam after it, killed it in the water, and then seizing it by the
+foot, swam with it to the shore.
+
+Having now given my reader all the information I can gather on this
+dog of bygone times, I will gratify him with a letter I have received
+from a lady whose name is dear to Ireland, and highly placed in the
+ranks of English Literature:--
+
+    "Dear Sir,
+
+    "I am much flattered by your compliment to my national erudition,
+    a very scanty stock in my best of times, and now nearly used up,
+    in 'furnishing forth' the pages of many an idle tale, worked out
+    in the 'Irish Interest,' as the mouse nibbled at the lion's
+    net,--the same presumption, if not with the same results! However,
+    I will rub up my old '_Shannos_,' as Elizabeth said of her Latin,
+    and endeavour to recollect the little I have ever known on the
+    subject of the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+    "Natural history is too much a matter of fact to have ever
+    interested the poetic temperament of the Irish; Schools of Poetry,
+    Heraldry, and Music, were opened (says the Irish historians),
+    'time immemorial.' St. Patrick found the Academies of Lismore
+    and Armagh in a flourishing condition, when he arrived on his
+    great mission; and the more modern College of Clonard (founded in
+    the fifth century by Bishop Finnan), had a great reputation for
+    its learning and learned professors. But it does not appear that
+    there was any Chair of Natural History or Philosophy in these
+    scholastic Seminaries. Their Transactions recorded the miracles of
+    saints rather than the miracles of nature. And had some daring
+    Cuvier, or enterprising Lyell or Murchison, opened those spacious
+    cabinets, once
+
+                 'In the deep bosom of the ocean buried,'
+
+    or entombed in mountain layers for unnumbered ages, the Druid
+    priests would probably have immolated the daring naturalist under
+    his highest oak. Is it quite sure that the Prior of Armagh, or the
+    founder of the Royal Academy of Clonard, the good Saint Finnan
+    himself, would have served them much better? Certain, however, it
+    is, that the Druids, Bards, Filiahs, Senachies and Saints of
+    Ireland, who left such mighty reputations behind them for
+    learning, have not dropped one word on the subject of the natural
+    history of their 'Isle of Song;' and though they may have dabbled
+    a little in that prosaic pursuit, they probably soon discovered
+    its perilous tendency, and sang with the last and most charming of
+    Irish Bards,--
+
+                          'No, Science, to you
+              We have long bade a last and careless adieu.'
+
+    "Nearly two thousand years after the foundation of the most
+    learned Academies of Ireland, a pretty little Zoological Garden
+    was opened in the capital of the country; but no living type of
+    the Irish wolf-dog is to be found there, nor were any 'fossil
+    remains' of the noble animal discovered in the Wicklow Mines,[G]
+    which were worked some fifty years back, but which, for want of
+    capital or perseverance, only furnished a few Cronobane halfpence,
+    and materials for a musical farce to one of the most delightful
+    farcical Irish writers of his time;[H] for in Ireland,
+
+                       'Tout finis par un chanson,'
+
+    (as Figaro had it of the France of his age,) when worse results do
+    not follow disappointment.
+
+    "The Irish wolf-dog, therefore, it may be asserted, belongs to the
+    poetical traditions of Ireland, or to its remote Milesian
+    histories. 'Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, and others, the
+    immediate posterity of Noah, after the dispersion of mankind at
+    Babel, ventured (it is said), to 'commit themselves by ships upon
+    the sea,' to search out the unknown corners of the world, and thus
+    found out a western land called Ireland.'--(Dr. Warner.)
+
+    "It is probable they were the first to disturb its tranquillity by
+    the introduction of wolves, a fragment of the menagerie of the
+    Ark; for all noxious and destructive animals and reptiles were
+    brought into Ireland by her invaders. The soil and clime of the
+    'woody Morven,' however, though not genial to their
+    naturalisation, was long a prey to one of the most ferocious
+    animals imported by foreign aggression to increase and multiply.
+    Ireland swarmed with wolves, and its colonists and aborigines
+    would in time have alike shared the fate of 'little Red Riding
+    Hood;' when, lo! up started the noble _Canis familiaris
+    Hibernicus_, which, greatly improved by a cross with the wolf
+    itself, was found everywhere in fierce antagonism with foreign
+    ferocity; and for his eminent services was not only speedily
+    adopted by patriot kings and heroes, as part of their courtly and
+    warlike parade, but sung by bards and immortalised by poets, as
+    worthy of such illustrious companionship. It is thus Bran, the
+    famous and beloved hound of Fingal, has become as immortal as his
+    master; and a track is still shown on a mountain in Tyrone, near
+    New Town Stuart, called 'The Track of the Foot of Bran, the Hound
+    of Fionne Mac Cumhall.' So much for poetry and tradition. Modern
+    naturalists, however, in their animal biography and prosaic view
+    of things, have assigned the introduction of the wolf-dog in
+    Ireland to the Danes, who brought it over in their first invasion;
+    and its resemblance to '_Le gros Danois_' of Buffon favours the
+    supposition. 'When Ireland swarmed with wolves,' says Pennant,
+    'these dogs were confined to the chase; but as soon as these
+    animals were extirpated, the number of the dogs decreased, and
+    from that period were kept chiefly for state.' Goldsmith mentions
+    having only seen in his time in Ireland one Irish wolf-hound that
+    was four feet high. And though the father of the late Marquis of
+    Sligo endeavoured to preserve the breed, his kennels in latter
+    years exhibited but a scanty specimen. These majestic and
+    beautiful animals are now, I believe, quite extinct in Ireland,
+    where their scarcity is accounted for by Mr. Pennant as 'the
+    consequence of the late King of Poland having procured from thence
+    by his agents as many as could be purchased.' The last notice
+    taken of the Irish wolf-dog in fictitious narrative may, I
+    believe, be found in one of my own national novels, 'O'Donnel,'
+    where the hero and his hound are first introduced to the reader
+    together. I borrowed the picture, as I gave it, from living
+    originals, which in my earliest youth struck forcibly on my
+    imagination, in the person of the celebrated Archibald Hamilton
+    Rowan, accompanied by his Irish hound Bran!
+
+    "This is all I know or can recollect of my noble and beautiful
+    compatriot; but I remember that when some writer in 'Fraser's
+    Magazine' styled me 'that Irish she wolf-dog,' I felt complimented
+    by the epithet, since to attack the enemies of Ireland, and to
+    worry when they could not destroy them, was the peculiar
+    attribute of the species.
+
+                 "I have the honour to be, dear Sir,
+
+                         "Most truly yours,
+
+                                     "SYDNEY MORGAN."
+
+    "_William Street, Albert Gate._"
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.]
+
+THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
+
+    "Nor will it less delight th' attentive sage,
+    T' observe that instinct which unerring guides
+    The brutal race, which mimics reason's lore,
+    And oft transcends.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    The dog, whom nothing can mislead,
+    Must be a dog of parts indeed.
+    Is often wiser than his master."
+                                      SOMMERVILLE.
+
+
+This noble dog may be justly styled the friend and guardian of his
+master. I had some doubts in making out my list of dogs, whether he
+ought not to take precedence of all others; but, after duly weighing
+the matter in my own mind, I have given the palm to the Irish
+wolf-hound, and the honest Newfoundland immediately follows him. I not
+only think that this precedence will gratify some of my friends in
+Ireland, who have called upon me to do justice to one of their
+favourite and national emblems, but it is, perhaps, due in strict
+justice to an animal who proved himself so great a benefactor to his
+native country. There is, moreover, such a degree of romance attached
+to the recollection of his fine qualities and imposing appearance,
+that I should be sorry to lessen them by appearing to give the
+preference to any other dog. At the same time I may be allowed to add,
+that I have seen such courage, perseverance, and fidelity in the
+Newfoundland dog, and am acquainted with so many well-authenticated
+facts of his more than ordinary sense and utility, that I think him
+entitled to be considered as little inferior to the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+When we reflect on the docility of the Newfoundland dog, his
+affectionate disposition, his aptitude in receiving instruction, and
+his instantaneous sense of impending danger, we shall no longer wonder
+at his being called the friend of his master, whom he is at all times
+ready to defend at the risk of his own life. How noble is his
+appearance, and at the same time how serene is his countenance!
+
+   "Sa fierté, sa beauté, sa jeunesse agréable
+    Le fit cherir de vous, et il est redoutable
+    A vos fiers ennemis par sa courage."
+
+No animal, perhaps, can show more real courage than this dog. His
+perseverance in what he undertakes is so great, that he never
+relinquishes an attempt which has been enjoined him as long as there
+is a chance of success. I allude more particularly to storms at sea
+and consequent shipwreck, when his services, his courage, and
+indefatigable exertions, have been truly wonderful. Numerous persons
+have been saved from a watery grave by these dogs, and ropes have been
+conveyed by them from a sinking ship to the shore amidst foaming
+billows, by which means whole crews have been saved from destruction.
+Their feet are particularly well adapted to enable them to swim, being
+webbed very much like those of a duck, and they are at all times ready
+to plunge into the water to save a human being from drowning. Some
+dogs delight in following a fox, others in hunting the hare, or
+killing vermin. The delight of the Newfoundland dog appears to be in
+the preservation of the lives of the human race. A story is related on
+good authority of one of these dogs being in the habit, when he saw
+persons swimming in the Seine at Paris, of seizing them and bringing
+them to the shore. In the immediate neighbourhood of Windsor a servant
+was saved from drowning by a Newfoundland dog, who seized him by the
+collar of his coat when he was almost exhausted, and brought him to
+the banks, where some of the family were assembled watching with great
+anxiety the exertions of the noble animal.
+
+Those who were much at Windsor, not many years since, must have seen a
+fine Newfoundland dog, called Baby, reposing occasionally in front of
+the White Hart Hotel. Baby was a general favourite, and he deserved to
+be so; for he was mild in his disposition, brave as a lion, and very
+sensible. When he was thirsty, and could not procure water at the pump
+in the yard, he has frequently been seen to go to the stable, fetch an
+empty bucket, and stand with it in his mouth at the pump till some one
+came for water. He then, by wagging his tail and expressive looks,
+made his want known, and had his bucket filled. Exposed as Baby was to
+the attacks of all sorts of curs, as he slumbered in the sun in front
+of the hotel, he seemed to think that a pat with his powerful paw was
+quite sufficient punishment for them, but he never tamely submitted to
+insult from a dog approaching his own size, and his courage was only
+equalled by his gentleness.
+
+The following anecdote, which is well authenticated, shows the
+sagacity as well as the kindliness of disposition of these dogs. In
+the city of Worcester, one of the principal streets leads by a gentle
+declivity to the river Severn. One day a child, in crossing the
+street, fell down in the middle of it, and a horse and cart, which
+were descending the hill, would have passed over it, had not a
+Newfoundland dog rushed to the rescue of the child, caught it up in
+his mouth, and conveyed it in safety to the foot pavement.
+
+My kind friend, Mr. T----, took a Newfoundland dog and a small spaniel
+into a boat with him on the river Thames, and when he got into the
+middle of the river, he turned them into the water. They swam
+different ways, but the spaniel got into the current, and after
+struggling some time was in danger of being drowned. As soon as the
+Newfoundland dog perceived the predicament of his companion, he swam
+to his assistance, and brought him safe to the shore.
+
+A vessel went down in a gale of wind near Liverpool, and every one on
+board perishes. A Newfoundland dog was seen swimming about the place
+where the vessel was lost for some time, and at last came on shore
+very much exhausted. For three days he swam off to the same spot, and
+was evidently trying to find his lost master, so strong was his
+affection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have always been pleased with that charming remark of Sir Edwin
+Landseer, that the Newfoundland dog was a "distinguished Member of the
+Humane Society." How delightfully has that distinguished artist
+portrayed the character of dogs in his pictures! and what justice has
+he done to their noble qualities! We see in them honesty, fidelity,
+courage, and sense--no exaggeration--no flattery. He makes us feel
+that his dogs will love us without selfishness, and defend us at the
+risk of their own lives--that though friends may forsake us, they
+never will--and that in misfortune, poverty, and death, their
+affection will be unchanged, and their gratitude unceasing. But to
+return to the Newfoundland dog, and we shall again find him acting his
+part as a Member of the Humane Society.
+
+A gentleman bathing in the sea at Portsmouth, was in the greatest
+danger of being drowned. Assistance was loudly called for, but no boat
+was ready, and though many persons were looking on, no one could be
+found to go to his help. In this predicament, a Newfoundland dog
+rushed into the sea and conveyed the gentleman in safety to land. He
+afterwards purchased the dog for a large sum, treated him as long as
+he lived with gratitude and kindness, and had the following words
+worked on his table-cloths and napkins--"_Virum extuli mari_."
+
+A person, in crossing a plank at a mill, fell into the stream at
+night, and was saved by his Newfoundland dog, and who afterwards
+recovered his hat, which had fallen from his head, and was floating
+down the stream.
+
+There can be no doubt but that dogs calculate, and almost reason. A
+dog who had been in the habit of stealing from a kitchen, which had
+two doors opening into it, would never do so if one of them was shut,
+as he was afraid of being caught. If both the doors were open, his
+chance of escape was greater, and he therefore seized what he could.
+This sort of calculation, if I may call it is so, was shown by a
+Newfoundland bitch. She had suckled two whelps until they were able to
+take care of themselves. They were, however, constantly following and
+disturbing her in order to be suckled, when she had little or no milk
+to give them. She was confined in a shed, which was separated from
+another by a wooden partition some feet high. Into this shed she
+conveyed her puppies, and left them there while she returned to the
+other to enjoy a night's rest unmolested. This shows that the animal
+was capable of reflecting to a degree beyond what would have been the
+result of mere instinct.
+
+The late Rev. James Simpson, of the Potterrow congregation, Edinburgh,
+had a large dog of the Newfoundland breed. At that time he lived at
+Libberton, a distance of two miles from Edinburgh, in a house to which
+was attached a garden. One Sacrament Sunday the servant, who was left
+at home in charge of the house, thought it a good opportunity to
+entertain her friends, as her master and mistress were not likely to
+return home till after the evening's service, about nine o'clock.
+During the day the dog accompanied them through the garden, and indeed
+wherever they went, in the most attentive manner, and seemed well
+pleased. In the evening, when the time arrived that the party meant to
+separate, they proceeded to do so; but the dog, the instant they went
+to the door, interposed, and placing himself before it, would not
+allow one of them to touch the handle. On their persisting and
+attempting to use force he became furious, and in a menacing manner
+drove them back into the kitchen, where he kept them until the arrival
+of Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, who were surprised to find the party at so
+late an hour, and more so to see the dog standing sentinel over them.
+Being thus detected, the servant acknowledged the whole circumstance,
+when her friends were allowed to depart, after being admonished by the
+worthy divine in regard to the proper use of the Sabbath. They could
+not but consider the dog as an instrument in the hand of Providence to
+point out the impropriety of spending this holy day in feasting rather
+than in the duties of religion.
+
+After the above circumstance, it became necessary for Mr. Simpson, on
+account of his children's education, to leave his country residence,
+when he took a house in Edinburgh in a common stair. Speaking of this,
+one day, to a friend who had visited him, he concluded that he would
+be obliged to part with his dog, as he was too large an animal to be
+kept in such a house. The animal was present, and heard him say so,
+and must have understood what he meant, as he disappeared that
+evening, and was never afterwards heard of. These circumstances have
+been related to me by an elder of Mr. Simpson's congregation, who had
+them from himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted to the late amiable Lord Stowell for the following
+anecdote, which has since been verified by Mr. Henry Wix, brother of
+the archdeacon:--
+
+A Newfoundland dog belonging to Archdeacon Wix, which had never
+quitted the island, was brought over to London by him in January
+1834, and when he and his family landed at Blackwall the dog was left
+on board the vessel. A few days afterwards the Archdeacon went from
+the Borough side of the Thames in a boat to the vessel, which was then
+in St. Katherine's Docks, to see about his luggage, but did not intend
+at that time to take the dog from the ship; however, on his leaving
+the vessel the dog succeeded in extricating himself from his
+confinement, jumped overboard, and swam after the boat across the
+Thames, followed his master into a counting-house on Gun-shot Wharf,
+Tooley Street, and then over London Bridge and through the City to St.
+Bartholomew's Hospital. The dog was shut within the square whilst the
+Archdeacon went into his father's house, and he then followed him on
+his way to Russell Square, but strayed somewhere in Holborn; and as
+several gentlemen had stopped to admire him in the street, saying he
+was worth a great deal of money, the Archdeacon concluded that some
+dog-stealer had enticed him away. He however wrote to the captain of
+the vessel to mention his loss, and made inquiries on the following
+morning at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, when he learnt that the dog had
+come to the gates late in the evening, and howled most piteously for
+admission, but was driven away. Two days afterwards the captain of the
+vessel waited on the Archdeacon with the dog, who had not only found
+his way back to the water's edge, on the Borough side, but, what is
+more surprising, swam across the Thames, where no scent could have
+directed him, and found out the vessel in St. Katherine's Docks.
+
+This sagacious and affectionate creature had, previous to his leaving
+Newfoundland, saved his master's life by directing his way home when
+lost in a snow-storm many miles from any shelter.
+
+The dog was presented to the Archdeacon's uncle, Thomas Poynder, Esq.,
+Clapham Common, in whose possession it continued until its death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Every particular has been faithfully given of this extraordinary
+occurrence. Here we see a dog brought for the first time from
+Newfoundland, and who can scarcely be said to have put his feet on
+ground in England, not only finding his way through a crowded city to
+the banks of the river, but also finding the ship he wanted in that
+river, and in which he evidently thought he should discover his lost
+master. It is an instance of sense of so peculiar a kind that it is
+difficult to define it, or the faculty which enables animals to find
+their way to a place over ground which they had not previously
+traversed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A gentleman of Suffolk, on an excursion with his friend, was attended
+by a Newfoundland dog, which soon became the subject of conversation.
+The master, after a warm eulogium upon the perfections of his canine
+favourite, assured his companion that he would, upon receiving the
+order, return and fetch any article he should leave behind, from any
+distance. To confirm this assertion, a marked shilling was put under a
+large square stone by the side of the road, being first shown to the
+dog. The gentlemen then rode for three miles, when the dog received
+his signal from the master to return for the shilling he had seen put
+under the stone. The dog turned back; the gentlemen rode on, and
+reached home; but to their surprise and disappointment the hitherto
+faithful messenger did not return during the day. It afterwards
+appeared that he had gone to the place where the shilling was
+deposited, but the stone being too large for his strength to remove,
+he had stayed howling at the place till two horsemen riding by, and
+attracted by his seeming distress, stopped to look at him, when one of
+them alighting, removed the stone, and seeing the shilling, put it
+into his pocket, not at the time conceiving it to be the object of the
+dog's search. The dog followed their horses for twenty miles, remained
+undisturbed in the room where they supped, followed the chambermaid
+into the bedchamber, and secreted himself under one of the beds. The
+possessor of the shilling hung his trousers upon a nail by the
+bed-side; but when the travellers were both asleep, the dog took them
+in his mouth, and leaping out of the window, which was left open on
+account of the sultry heat, reached the house of his master at four
+o'clock in the morning with the prize he had made free with, in the
+pocket of which were found a watch and money, that were returned upon
+being advertised, when the whole mystery was mutually unravelled, to
+the admiration of all the parties.[I]
+
+Many years ago, I saw a horse belonging to a quartermaster in the 1st
+Dragoon Guards, when the regiment was quartered at Ipswich, find a
+shilling, which was covered with sawdust, in the riding-school at the
+Cavalry Barracks at that place, and give it to his owner. I thought
+this a wonderful instance of sagacity as well as docility, but how
+very far does this fall short of the intellectual faculty of dogs! I
+do not intend to assert that they are endowed with mental powers equal
+to those which the human race possess, but to contend that there is
+not a faculty of the human mind of which some evident proofs of its
+existence may not be found in dogs. Thus we find them possessed of
+memory, imagination, the powers of imitation, curiosity, cunning,
+revenge, ingenuity, gratitude, devotion, or affection, and other
+qualities. They are able to communicate their wants, their pleasures,
+and their pains, their apprehensions of danger, and their prospects of
+future good, by modulating their voices accordingly, and by
+significant gestures. They perfectly comprehend our wishes, and live
+with us as friends and companions. When the fear of man and dread of
+him were inflicted as a curse on the animal creation, the dog-kind
+alone seems an exception, and their sagacity and fidelity to the
+human race was an incalculable blessing bestowed upon them. These
+remarks are fully borne out in a very interesting article on the dog
+in the "Quarterly Review" of September, 1843.
+
+A fine, handsome, and valuable black dog of the Newfoundland species,
+belonging to Mr. Floyd, solicitor, Holmfirth, committed suicide by
+drowning itself in the river which flows at the back of its owner's
+habitation. For some days previous the animal seemed less animated
+than usual, but on this particular occasion he was noticed to throw
+himself into the water and endeavour to sink by preserving perfect
+stillness of the legs and feet. Being dragged out of the stream, the
+dog was tied up for a time, but had no sooner been released than he
+again hastened to the water and again tried to sink, and was again got
+out. This occurred many times, until at length the animal with
+repeated efforts appeared to get exhausted, and by dint of keeping his
+head determinedly under water for a few minutes succeeded at last in
+obtaining his object, for when taken out this time he was indeed dead.
+The case is worth recording, as affording another proof of the general
+instinct and sagacity of the canine race.
+
+Mr. Nicol, late of Pall Mall, told me he saw an old foxhound
+deliberately drown itself, and was ready to make oath of it.
+
+Mrs. Kaye, residing opposite Windsor Park Wall, Datchet, had a
+beautiful Newfoundland dog. For the convenience of the family a boat
+was kept, that they might at times cross the water without the
+inconvenience of going a considerable way round to Datchet Bridge. The
+dog was so delighted with the aquatic trips, that he very rarely
+permitted the boat to go without him. It happened that the coachman,
+who had been but little accustomed to the depths and shallows of the
+water, intending a forcible push with the punt pole, which was not
+long enough to reach the bottom, fell over the side of the boat in the
+deepest part of the water, and in the central part of the current,
+which accident was observed by a part of the family then at the front
+windows of the house; sudden and dreadful as the alarm was, they had
+the consolation of seeing the sagacious animal instantaneously follow
+his companion, when after diving, and making two or three abortive
+attempts, by laying hold of different parts of his apparel, which as
+repeatedly gave way or overpowered his exertions, he then, with the
+most determined and energetic fortitude, seized him by the arm, and
+brought him to the edge of the bank, where the domestics of the
+terrified family were ready to assist in extricating him from his
+perilous situation.[J]
+
+I have mentioned that revenge had been shown by dogs, and the
+following is an instance of it. A gentleman was staying at Worthing,
+where his Newfoundland dog was teased and annoyed by a small cur,
+which snapped and barked at him. This he bore, without appearing to
+notice it, for some time; but at last the Newfoundland dog seemed to
+lose his usual patience and forbearance, and he one day, in the
+presence of several spectators, took the cur up by his back, swam with
+it into the sea, held it under the water, and would probably have
+drowned it, had not a boat been put off and rescued it. There was
+another instance communicated to me. A fine Newfoundland dog had been
+constantly annoyed by a small spaniel. The former, seizing the
+opportunity when they were on a terrace under which a river flowed,
+took up the spaniel in his mouth, and dropped it over the parapet into
+the river.
+
+Jukes, in his "Excursions in and about Newfoundland," says, "A thin,
+short-haired black dog, belonging to George Harvey, came off to us
+to-day; this animal was of a breed very different from what we
+understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin
+tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin but powerful legs,
+with a lank body, the hair short and smooth. These are the most
+abundant dogs of the country, the long-haired curly dogs being
+comparatively rare. They are by no means handsome, but are generally
+more intelligent and useful than the others. This one caught his own
+fish; he sat on a projecting rock beneath a fish-lake or stage, where
+the fish are laid to dry, watching the water, which had a depth of six
+or eight feet, the bottom of which was white with fish-bones. On
+throwing a piece of codfish into the water, three or four heavy,
+clumsy-looking fish, called in Newfoundland sculpins, with great heads
+and mouths, and many spines about them, and generally about a foot
+long, would swim in to catch it. These he would '_set_' attentively,
+and the moment one turned his broadside to him, he darted down like a
+fish-hawk, and seldom came up without the fish in his mouth. As he
+caught them he carried them regularly to a place a few yards off,
+where he laid them down; and they told us that in the summer he would
+sometimes make a pile of fifty or sixty a-day just at that place. He
+never attempted to eat them, but seemed to be fishing purely for his
+own amusement. I watched him for about two hours, and when the fish
+did not come I observed he once or twice put his right foot in the
+water, and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he
+did it to _toll_ or entice the fish; but whether it was for that
+specific reason, or merely a motion of impatience, I could not exactly
+decide."
+
+Extraordinary as the following anecdote may appear to some persons, it
+is strictly true, and strongly shows the sense, and I am almost
+inclined to add, reason of the Newfoundland dog.
+
+A friend of mine, while shooting wild fowl with his brother, was
+attended by a sagacious dog of this breed. In getting near some reeds
+by the side of a river, they threw down their hats, and crept to the
+edge of the water, when they fired at some birds. They soon afterwards
+sent the dog to bring their hats, one of which was smaller than the
+other. After several attempts to bring them both together in his
+mouth, the dog at last placed the smaller hat in the larger one,
+pressed it down with his foot, and thus was able to bring them both at
+the same time.
+
+A gentleman residing in Fifeshire, and not far from the city of St.
+Andrews, was in possession of a very fine Newfoundland dog, which was
+remarkable alike for its tractability and its trustworthiness. At two
+other points, each distant about a mile, and at the same distance from
+this gentleman's mansion, there were two dogs of great power, but of
+less tractable breeds than the Newfoundland one. One of these was a
+large mastiff, kept as a watch-dog by a farmer, and the other a stanch
+bull-dog, that kept guard over the parish mill. As each of these three
+was lord-ascendant of all animals at his master's residence, they all
+had a good deal of aristocratic pride and pugnacity, so that two of
+them seldom met without attempting to settle their respective
+dignities by a wager of battle.
+
+The Newfoundland dog was of some service in the domestic arrangements,
+besides his guardianship of the house; for every forenoon he was sent
+to the baker's shop in the village, about half-a-mile distant, with a
+towel containing money in the corner, and he returned with the value
+of the money in bread. There were many useless and not over-civil curs
+in the village, as there are in too many villages throughout the
+country; but generally the haughty Newfoundland treated this ignoble
+race in that contemptuous style in which great dogs are wont to
+treat little ones. When the dog returned from the baker's shop, he
+used to be regularly served with his dinner, and went peaceably on
+house-duty for the rest of the day.
+
+One day, however, he returned with his coat dirtied and his ears
+scratched, having been subjected to a combined attack of the curs
+while he had charge of his towel and bread, and so could not defend
+himself. Instead of waiting for his dinner as usual, he laid down his
+charge somewhat sulkily, and marched off; and, upon looking after him,
+it was observed that he was crossing the intervening hollow in a
+straight line for the house of the farmer, or rather on an embassy to
+the farmer's mastiff. The farmer's people noticed this unusual visit,
+which they were induced to do from its being a meeting of peace
+between those who had habitually been belligerents. After some
+intercourse, of which no interpretation could be given, the two set
+off together in the direction of the mill; and having arrived there,
+they in brief space engaged the miller's bull-dog as an ally.
+
+The straight road to the village where the indignity had been offered
+to the Newfoundland dog passed immediately in front of his master's
+house, but there was a more private and more circuitous road by the
+back of the mill. The three took this road, reached the village,
+scoured it in great wrath, putting to the tooth every cur they could
+get sight of; and having taken their revenge, and washed themselves in
+a ditch, they returned, each dog to the abode of his master; and,
+when any two of them happened to meet afterwards, they displayed the
+same pugnacity as they had done previous to this joint expedition.
+
+There is a well-authenticated anecdote of two dogs at Donaghadee, in
+which the instinctive daring of the one by the other caused a
+friendship, and, as it should seem, a kind of lamentation for the
+dead, after one of them had paid the debt of nature. This happened
+while the Government harbour or pier for the packets at Donaghadee was
+in the course of building, and it took place in the sight of several
+witnesses. The one dog in this case was also a Newfoundland, and the
+other was a mastiff. They were both powerful dogs; and though each was
+good-natured when alone, they were very much in the habit of fighting
+when they met. One day they had a fierce and prolonged battle on the
+pier, from the point of which they both fell into the sea; and as the
+pier was long and steep, they had no means of escape but by swimming a
+considerable distance. Throwing water upon fighting dogs is an
+approved means of putting an end to their hostilities; and it is
+natural to suppose that two combatants of the same species tumbling
+themselves into the sea would have the same effect. It had; and each
+began to make for the land as best he could. The Newfoundland being an
+excellent swimmer, very speedily gained the pier, on which he stood
+shaking himself; but at the same time watching the motions of his late
+antagonist, which, being no swimmer, was struggling exhausted in the
+water, and just about to sink. In dashed the Newfoundland dog, took
+the other gently by the collar, kept his head above water, and brought
+him safely on shore. There was a peculiar kind of recognition between
+the two animals; they never fought again; they were always together:
+and when the Newfoundland dog had been accidentally killed by the
+passage of a stone waggon on the railway over him, the other
+languished and evidently lamented for a long time.
+
+A gentleman had a pointer and Newfoundland dog, which were great
+friends. The former broke his leg, and was confined to a kennel.
+During that time the Newfoundland never failed bringing bones and
+other food to the pointer, and would sit for hours together by the
+side of his suffering friend.
+
+During a period of very hot weather, the Mayor of Plymouth gave orders
+that all dogs found wandering in the public streets should be secured
+by the police, and removed to the prison-yard. Among them was a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to a shipowner of the port, who, with
+several others, was tied up in the yard. The Newfoundland soon gnawed
+the rope which confined him, and then hearing the cries of his
+companions to be released, he set to work to gnaw the ropes which
+confined them, and had succeeded in three or four instances, when he
+was interrupted by the entrance of the jailor.
+
+A nearly similar case has frequently occurred in the Cumberland
+Gardens, Windsor Great Park. Two dogs of the Newfoundland breed were
+confined in kennels at that place. When one of them was let loose, he
+has been frequently seen to set his companion free.
+
+A boatman once plunged into the water to swim with another man for a
+wager. His Newfoundland dog, mistaking the purpose, and supposing that
+his master was in danger, plunged after him, and dragged him to the
+shore by his hair, to the great diversion of the spectators.
+
+Mr. Peter Macarthur informs me, that in the year 1821, when opposite
+to Falmouth, he was at breakfast with a gentleman, when a large
+Newfoundland dog, all dripping with water, entered the room, and laid
+a newspaper on the table. The gentleman (who was one of the Society of
+Friends) informed the party, that this dog swam regularly across the
+ferry every morning, and went to the post-office, and fetched the
+papers of the day.
+
+Mr. Blaine, in his "Encyclopædia of Rural Sports," tells the following
+story:--A Newfoundland dog, of the small, smooth-haired variety, in
+coming to England from his native country, was washed overboard during
+a tempestuous night. As daylight appeared the gale ceased, when a
+sailor at the mast-head descried something far in the wake of the
+vessel, which, by the help of his glass, he was led to believe was the
+dog, which was so great a favourite with the crew that it was
+unanimously requested of the captain of the vessel to _lie to_, and
+wait for the chance of saving the poor brute. The captain, who had
+probably lost some time already by the storm, peremptorily refused to
+listen to the humane proposal. Whether it was the kindly feeling of
+the sailors, or the superstitious dread that if the dog were suffered
+to perish nothing would afterwards prosper with them, we are not
+informed; but we do know that, as soon as a refusal was made, the
+steersman left the helm, roundly asserting that he for one would never
+lend a hand to steer away from either Christian or brute in distress.
+The feeling was immediately caught by the rest of the crew, and
+maintained so resolutely, that the captain was forced to accede to the
+general wish; and the poor dog eventually reached the ship in safety,
+after having been, as we were informed, and implicitly believe, some
+hours in a tempestuous sea.
+
+Bewick mentions an instance which shows the extraordinary sagacity of
+these dogs.
+
+In a severe storm, a ship was lost off Yarmouth, and no living
+creature escaped, except a Newfoundland dog, which swam to the shore
+with the captain's pocket-book in his mouth. Several of the bystanders
+attempted to take it from him, but he would not part with it. At
+length, selecting one person from the crowd, whose appearance probably
+pleased him, he leaped against his breast in a fawning manner, and
+delivered the book to his care.
+
+After mentioning this anecdote it will not be displeasing to read Lord
+Grenville's lines on his faithful Newfoundland, as they may now be
+seen at Dropmore, with the translation of them:--
+
+                        TIPPO.
+
+                       IN VILLA.
+
+    Tippo ego hic jaceo, lapidem ne sperne, viator,
+      Qui tali impositus stat super ossa cani.
+    Larga mî natura manu dedit omnia, nostrum
+      Quæcunque exornant nobilitantque genus:
+    Robur erat validum, formæ concinna venustas,
+      Ingenui mores, intemerata fides.
+    Nec pudet invisi nomen gessisse tyranni,
+      Si tam dissimili viximus ingenio.
+    Naufragus in nuda Tenbeiæ[K] ejectus arena,
+      Ploravi domino me superesse meo,
+    Quem mihi, luctanti frustra, frustraque juvanti,
+      Abreptum, oceani in gurgite mersit hyems.
+    Solus ego sospes, sed quas miser ille tabellas
+      Morte mihi in media credidit, ore ferens.
+    Dulci me hospitio Belgæ excepere coloni,
+      Ipsa etiam his olim gens aliena plagis;
+    Et mihi gratum erat in longa spatiarier[L] ora,
+      Et quanquam infido membra lavare mari;
+    Gratum erat æstivis puerorum adjungere turmis
+      Participem lusus me, comitemque viæ.
+    Verum ubi, de multis captanti frustula mensis,
+      Bruma aderat, seniique hora timenda mei,
+    Insperata adeo illuxit fortuna, novique
+      Perfugium et requiem cura dedit domini.
+    Exinde hos saltus, hæc inter florea rura,
+      Et vixi felix, et tumulum hunc habeo.
+
+                        TIPPO.
+
+_Translated by a young Lady, a near Relation of the Author._
+
+    Here, stranger, pause, nor view with scornful eyes
+    The stone which marks where faithful Tippo lies.
+    Freely kind Nature gave each liberal grace,
+    Which most ennobles and exalts our race,
+    Excelling strength and beauty joined in me,
+    Ingenuous worth, and firm fidelity.
+    Nor shame I to have borne a tyrant's name,
+    So far unlike to his my spotless fame.
+    Cast by a fatal storm on Tenby's coast,
+    Reckless of life, I wailed my master lost.
+    Whom long contending with the o'erwhelming wave
+    In vain with fruitless love I strove to save.
+    I, only I, alas! surviving bore,
+    His dying trust, his tablets,[M] to the shore.
+    Kind welcome from the Belgian race I found,
+    Who, once in times remote, to British ground
+    Strangers like me came from a foreign strand.
+    I loved at large along the extended sand
+    To roam, and oft beneath the swelling wave,
+    Tho' known so fatal once, my limbs to lave;
+    Or join the children in their summer play,
+    First in their sports, companion of their way.
+    Thus while from many a hand a meal I sought,
+    Winter and age had certain misery brought;
+    But Fortune smiled, a safe and blest abode
+    A new-found master's generous love bestowed,
+    And midst these shades, where smiling flow'rets bloom,
+    Gave me a happy life and honoured tomb.
+
+Dr. Abell, in one of his lectures on phrenology, related a very
+striking anecdote of a Newfoundland dog at Cork. This dog was of a
+noble and generous disposition, and when he left his master's house
+was often assailed by a number of little noisy dogs in the street. He
+usually passed them with apparent unconcern, as if they were beneath
+his notice. One little cur, however, was particularly troublesome, and
+at length carried his petulance so far as to bite the Newfoundland dog
+in the back of his foot. This was too much to be patiently endured. He
+instantly turned round, ran after the offender, and seized him by the
+skin of his back. In this way he carried him in his mouth to the quay,
+and holding him some time over the water, at length dropped him into
+it. He did not seem, however, to wish to punish the culprit too much,
+for he waited a little while the poor animal, who was unused to that
+element, was not only well ducked, but near sinking, when he plunged
+in himself, and brought the other safe to land.
+
+An officer, late in the 15th Hussars, informed me that he had
+witnessed a similar occurrence at St. Petersburg. These certainly are
+instances of a noble and generous disposition, as well as of great
+forbearance in not resenting an injury.
+
+I may add the following instance of sagacity from the same quarter.
+
+A vessel was driven by a storm on the beach of Lydd, in Kent. The surf
+was rolling furiously. Eight men were calling for help, but not a boat
+could be got off to their assistance. At length a gentleman came on
+the beach, accompanied by his Newfoundland dog. He directed the
+attention of the noble animal to the vessel, and put a short stick
+into his mouth. The intelligent and courageous dog at once understood
+his meaning, and sprung into the sea, fighting his way through the
+foaming waves. He could not, however, get close enough to the vessel
+to deliver that with which he was charged, but the crew joyfully made
+fast a rope to another piece of wood, and threw it towards him. The
+sagacious dog saw the whole business in an instant; he dropped his own
+piece, and immediately seized that which had been cast to him; and
+then, with a degree of strength and determination almost incredible,
+he dragged it through the surge and delivered it to his master. By
+this means a line of communication was formed, and every man on board
+saved.
+
+The keeper of a ferry on the banks of the Severn had a sagacious
+Newfoundland dog. If a dog was left behind by his owner in crossing,
+and was afraid of taking to the water, the Newfoundland dog has been
+frequently known to take the yelping animal in his mouth and convey it
+into the river. A person while rowing a boat, pushed his Newfoundland
+dog into the stream. The animal followed the boat for some time, till,
+probably finding himself fatigued, he endeavoured to get into it by
+placing his feet on the side. His owner repeatedly pushed the dog
+away, and in one of his efforts to do so he overbalanced himself and
+fell into the river, and would probably have been drowned, had not the
+noble and generous animal immediately seized and held him above water
+till assistance arrived from the shore.
+
+About twelve years ago a fine dog of a cross-breed, between a
+Newfoundland and a pointer, had been left by the captain of a vessel
+in the care of Mr. Park, of the White Hart Inn, Greenock. A friend of
+his, a gentleman from Argyllshire, took a fancy to this dog; and, when
+returning home, requested the loan of him for some time from Mr. Park,
+which he granted. This gentleman had some time before married a lady
+much to the dissatisfaction of his friends, who, in consequence,
+treated her with some degree of coldness and neglect. While he
+remained at home, the dog constantly attended him, and paid no
+apparent attention to the lady, who, on her part, never evinced any
+particular partiality for the dog. One time, however, the gentleman
+was called from home on business, and was to be absent several days.
+He wished to take the dog with him; but no entreaties could induce him
+to follow. The animal was then tied up to prevent his leaving the
+house in his absence; but he became quite furious till he was
+released, when he flew into the house and found his mistress, and
+would not leave her. He watched at the door of whatever room she was
+in, and would allow no one to approach without her special permission.
+When the gentleman returned home, the dog seemed to take no more
+notice of the lady, but returned quietly to his former lodging in the
+stable. The whole circumstance caused considerable surprise; and the
+gentleman, wishing to try if the dog would again act in the same
+manner, left home for a day or two, when the animal actually resumed
+the faithful guardianship of his mistress as before; and this he
+continued to do whenever his master was absent, all the time he
+remained in his possession, which was two years.
+
+The following anecdotes of an astonishing dog called Dandie are
+related by Captain Brown:--
+
+"Mr. M'Intyre, patent-mangle manufacturer, Regent Bridge, Edinburgh,
+has a dog of the Newfoundland breed, crossed with some other, named
+Dandie, whose sagacious qualifications are truly astonishing and
+almost incredible. As the animal continues daily to give the most
+striking proofs of his powers, he is well known in the neighbourhood,
+and any person may satisfy himself of the reality of those feats, many
+of which the writer has himself had the pleasure to witness.
+
+"When Mr. M'Intyre is in company, how numerous soever it may be, if he
+but say to the dog, 'Dandie, bring me my hat,' he immediately picks
+out the hat from all the others, and puts it in his master's hand.
+
+"Should every gentleman in company throw a penknife on the floor, the
+dog, when commanded, will select his master's knife from the heap, and
+bring it to him.
+
+"A pack of cards being scattered in the room, if his master have
+previously selected one of them, the dog will find it out and bring it
+to him.
+
+"A comb was hid on the top of a mantel-piece in the room, and the dog
+required to bring it, which he almost immediately did, although in the
+search he found a number of articles, also belonging to his master,
+purposely strewed around, all which he passed over, and brought the
+identical comb which he was required to find, fully proving that he is
+not guided by the sense of smell, but that he perfectly understands
+whatever is spoken to him.
+
+"One evening, some gentlemen being in company, one of them
+accidentally dropped a shilling on the floor, which, after the most
+careful search, could not be found. Mr. M'Intyre seeing his dog
+sitting in a corner, and looking as if quite unconscious of what was
+passing, said to him, 'Dandie, find us the shilling, and you shall
+have a biscuit.' The dog immediately jumped upon the table and laid
+down the shilling, which he had previously picked up without having
+been perceived.
+
+"One time, having been left in a room in the house of Mrs. Thomas,
+High Street, he remained quiet for a considerable time; but as no one
+opened the door, he became impatient, and rang the bell; and when the
+servant opened the door, she was surprised to find the dog pulling the
+bell-rope. Since that period, which was the first time he was observed
+to do it, he pulls the bell whenever he is desired; and what appears
+still more remarkable, if there is no bell-rope in the room, he will
+examine the table, and if he finds a hand-bell, he takes it in his
+mouth and rings it.
+
+"Mr. M'Intyre having one evening supped with a friend, on his return
+home, as it was rather late, he found all the family in bed. He could
+not find his boot-jack in the place where it usually lay, nor could he
+find it anywhere in the room after the strictest search. He then said
+to his dog, 'Dandie, I cannot find my bootjack; search for it.' The
+faithful animal, quite sensible of what had been said to him,
+scratched at the room-door, which his master opened. Dandie proceeded
+to a very distant part of the house, and soon returned, carrying in
+his mouth the bootjack, which Mr. M. now recollected to have left that
+morning under a sofa.
+
+"A number of gentlemen, well acquainted with Dandie, are daily in the
+habit of giving him a penny, which he takes to a baker's shop and
+purchases bread for himself. One of these gentlemen, who lives in
+James's Square, when passing some time ago, was accosted by Dandie, in
+expectation of his usual present. Mr. T---- then said to him, 'I have
+not a penny with me to-day, but I have one at home.' Having returned
+to his house some time after, he heard a noise at the door, which was
+opened by the servant, when in sprang Dandie to receive his penny. In
+a frolic Mr. T---- gave him a bad one, which he, as usual, carried to
+the baker, but was refused his bread, as the money was bad. He
+immediately returned to Mr. T----'s, knocked at the door, and when the
+servant opened it, laid the penny down at her feet, and walked off,
+seemingly with the greatest contempt.
+
+"Although Dandie, in general, makes an immediate purchase of bread
+with the money which he receives, yet the following circumstance
+clearly demonstrates that he possesses more prudent foresight than
+many who are reckoned rational beings.
+
+"One Sunday, when it was very unlikely that he could have received a
+present of money, Dandie was observed to bring home a loaf. Mr.
+M'Intyre being somewhat surprised at this, desired the servant to
+search the room to see if any money could be found. While she was
+engaged in this task, the dog seemed quite unconcerned till she
+approached the bed, when he ran to her, and gently drew her back from
+it. Mr. M. then secured the dog, which kept struggling and growling
+while the servant went under the bed, where she found 7½_d._ under a
+bit of cloth; but from that time he never could endure the girl, and
+was frequently observed to hide his money in a corner of a saw-pit,
+under the dust.
+
+"When Mr. M. has company, if he desire the dog to see any one of the
+gentlemen home, it will walk with him till he reach his home, and then
+return to his master, how great soever the distance may be.
+
+"A brother of Mr. M.'s and another gentleman went one day to Newhaven,
+and took Dandie along with them. After having bathed, they entered a
+garden in the town; and having taken some refreshment in one of the
+arbours, they took a walk around the garden, the gentleman leaving his
+hat and gloves in the place. In the meantime some strangers came into
+the garden, and went into the arbour which the others had left. Dandie
+immediately, without being ordered, ran to the place and brought off
+the hat and gloves, which he presented to the owner. One of the
+gloves, however, had been left; but it was no sooner mentioned to the
+dog than he rushed to the place, jumped again into the midst of the
+astonished company, and brought off the glove in triumph.
+
+"A gentleman living with Mr. M'Intyre, going out to supper one
+evening, locked the garden-gate behind him, and laid the key on the
+top of the wall, which is about seven feet high. When he returned,
+expecting to let himself in the same way, to his great surprise the
+key could not be found, and he was obliged to go round to the front
+door, which was a considerable distance about. The next morning strict
+search was made for the key, but still no trace of it could be
+discovered. At last, perceiving that the dog followed him wherever he
+went, he said to him, 'Dandie, you have the key--go, fetch it.' Dandie
+immediately went into the garden and scratched away the earth from the
+root of a cabbage, and produced the key, which he himself had
+undoubtedly hid in that place.
+
+"If his master place him on a chair, and request him to sing, he will
+instantly commence a howling, which he gives high or low as signs are
+made to him with the finger.
+
+"About three years ago a mangle was sent by a cart from the warehouse,
+Regent Bridge, to Portobello, at which time the dog was not present.
+Afterwards, Mr. M. went to his own house, North Back of the Canongate,
+and took Dandie with him, to have the mangle delivered. When he had
+proceeded a little way the dog ran off, and he lost sight of him. He
+still walked forward; and in a little time he found the cart in which
+the mangle was, turned towards Edinburgh, with Dandie holding fast by
+the reins, and the carter in the greatest perplexity; the man stated
+that the dog had overtaken him, jumped on his cart, and examined the
+mangle, and then had seized the reins of the horse and turned him
+fairly round, and that he would not let go his hold, although he had
+beaten him with a stick. On Mr. M.'s arrival, however, the dog quietly
+allowed the carter to proceed to his place of destination."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following is another instance of extraordinary sagacity. A
+Newfoundland dog, belonging to a grocer, had observed one of the
+porters of the house, and who was often in the shop, frequently take
+money from the till, and which the man was in the habit of concealing
+in the stable. The dog, having witnessed these thefts, became
+restless, pulling persons by the skirts of their coats, and
+apparently wishing them to follow him. At length, an apprentice had
+occasion to go to the stable; the dog followed him, and having drawn
+his attention to the heap of rubbish under which the money was buried,
+began to scratch till he had brought the booty to view. The apprentice
+brought it to his master, who marked the money and restored it to the
+place where it had been hidden. Some of the marked money was soon
+afterwards found on the porter, who was taken before a magistrate, and
+convicted of the theft.
+
+A Newfoundland dog, which was frequently to be seen in a tavern in the
+High Street of Glasgow, lay generally at the door. When any person
+came to the house, he trotted before them into an apartment, rang the
+bell, and then resumed his station at the door.
+
+The great utility and sagacity of the Newfoundland dog, in cases of
+drowning, were shown in the following instance. Eleven sailors, a
+woman, and the waterman, had reached a sloop of war in Hamoaze in a
+shore-boat. One of the sailors, stooping rather suddenly over the side
+of the boat to reach his hat, which had fallen into the sea, the boat
+capsized, and they were all plunged into the water. A Newfoundland
+dog, on the quarter-deck of the sloop, seeing the accident, instantly
+leaped amongst the unfortunate persons, and seizing one man by the
+collar of his coat, he supported his head above water until a boat had
+hastened to the spot and saved the lives of all but the waterman.
+After delivering his burden in safety, the noble animal made a wide
+circuit round the ship in search of another person; but not finding
+one, he took up an oar in his mouth which was floating away, and
+brought it to the side of the ship.
+
+A sailor, attended by a Newfoundland dog, became so intoxicated, that
+he fell on the pavement in Piccadilly, and was unable to rise, and
+soon fell asleep. The faithful dog took a position at his master's
+head, and resisted every attempt made to remove him. The man, having
+at last slept off the fumes of his intoxicating libations, awoke, and
+being told of the care his dog had taken of him, exclaimed, "This is
+not the first time he has kept watch over me."
+
+On Thursday evening, January 28, 1858, as the play of "Jessie Vere"
+was being performed at Woolwich Theatre, and when a scene in the third
+act had been reached, in which a "terrific struggle" for the
+possession of a child takes place between the fond mother and two
+"hired ruffians," a large Newfoundland dog, which had by some means
+gained admittance with its owner into the pit, leaped over the heads
+of the musicians in the orchestra, and flew to the rescue, seizing one
+of the assassins, and almost dragging him to the ground. It was with
+difficulty removed, and dragged off the stage. The dog, which is the
+property of the chief engineer of Her Majesty's ship Buffalo, has been
+habitually accustomed to the society of children, for whom he has on
+many occasions evinced strong proofs of affection.
+
+Mr. Bewick, in his history of Quadrupeds, mentions some instances of
+the sagacity and intellect of Newfoundland dogs; and it may not be
+uninteresting to the admirers of that celebrated wood-engraver to be
+informed, on the authority of his daughters, that the group on the
+bridge in his print of the Newfoundland dog represents Mr. Preston, a
+Printer of Newcastle, Mr. Vint, of Whittingham, Mr. Bell, House
+Steward, and Mr. Bewick. Their initials, P. V. B. and B., are
+introduced in the woodcut. The dog was drawn at Eslington, the seat of
+Mr. Liddell, the eldest son of Lord Ravensworth.[N]
+
+In Newfoundland, this dog is invaluable, and answers the purpose of a
+horse. He is docile, capable of strong attachment, and is easy to
+please in the quality of his food, as he will live on scraps of boiled
+fish, either salted or fresh, and on boiled potatoes and cabbage. The
+natural colour of this dog is black, with the exception of a very few
+white spots. Their sagacity is sometimes so extraordinary, as on many
+occasions to show that they only want the faculty of speech to make
+themselves fully understood.
+
+The Rev. L. Anspach, in his history of the Island of Newfoundland,
+mentions some instances of this intelligence.
+
+One of the Magistrates of Harbour-Grace, the late Mr. Garland, had an
+old dog, which was in the habit of carrying a lantern before his
+master at night, as steadily as the most attentive servant could do;
+stopping short when his master made a stop, and proceeding when he saw
+him disposed to follow him. If his master was absent from home, on the
+lantern being fixed to his mouth, and the command given, "Go, fetch
+your master," he would immediately set off and proceed directly to the
+town, which lay at the distance of more than a mile from the place of
+his master's residence. He would then stop at the door of every house
+which he knew his master was in the habit of frequenting, and, laying
+down his lantern, would growl and strike the door, making all the
+noise in his power until it was opened. If his master was not there,
+he would proceed further until he had found him. If he accompanied him
+only once into a house, it was sufficient to induce him to take that
+house in his round.
+
+The principal use of this animal in Newfoundland, in addition to his
+qualities as a good watch-dog and a faithful companion, is to assist
+in fetching from the woods the _lumber_ intended either for repairing
+the fish stages, or for fuel; and this is done by dragging it on the
+snow or ice, or else on sledges, the dog being tackled to it.
+
+These animals bark only when strongly provoked. They are not
+quarrelsome, but treat the smaller species with a great degree of
+patience and forbearance. They will defend their masters on seeing the
+least appearance of an attack on his person. The well-known partiality
+of these dogs for the water, in which they appear as if in their
+proper element, diving and keeping their heads under the surface for a
+considerable time, seems to give them some connexion with the class of
+amphibious animals. At the same time, the several instances of their
+superior sagacity, and the essential services which they have been
+frequently known to render to humanity, give them a distinguished rank
+in the scale of the brute creation. I will mention another instance of
+this.
+
+The Durham packet of Sunderland was, in 1815, wrecked near Clay, in
+Norfolk. A faithful dog was employed to use his efforts to carry the
+lead-line on shore from the vessel; but there being a very heavy sea,
+and a deep beach, it appeared that the drawback of the surf was too
+powerful for the animal to contend with. Mr. Parker, ship-builder, of
+Wells, and Mr. Jackson, jun., of Clay, who were on the spot, observing
+this, instantly rushed into the sea, which was running very high, and
+gallantly succeeded, though at a great risk, in catching hold of the
+dog, which was much exhausted, but which had all this time kept the
+line in his mouth. The line being thus obtained, a communication with
+the vessel was established; and a warp being passed from the ship to
+the shore, the lives of all on board, nine in number, including two
+children, were saved.
+
+Some dogs are of an extremely jealous disposition; and the following
+extraordinary instance of it was communicated to me by Mr. Charles
+Davis, the well-known and highly-respected huntsman of Her Majesty's
+stag-hounds, a man who has gained many friends, and perhaps never lost
+one, by his well-regulated conduct and sporting qualifications.
+
+He informed me that a friend of his had a fine Newfoundland dog, which
+was a great favourite with the family. While this dog was confined in
+the yard, a pet lamb was given to one of the children, which the
+former soon discovered to be sharing a great portion of those caresses
+which he had been in the habit of receiving. This circumstance
+produced so great an effect on the poor animal, that he refused to
+eat, and fretted till he became extremely unwell. Thinking that
+exercise might be of use to him, he was let loose. No sooner was this
+done, than the dog watched his opportunity, and seized the lamb in his
+mouth. He was seen conveying it down a lane, about a quarter of a mile
+from his master's house, at the bottom of which the river Thames
+flowed. On arriving at it, he held the lamb under water till it was
+drowned, and thus effectually got rid of his rival. On examining the
+lamb, it did not appear to have been bitten, or otherwise injured; and
+it might almost be supposed that the dog had chosen the easiest death
+in removing the object of his dislike.
+
+The sense of these animals is, indeed, perfectly wonderful. A
+lieutenant in the navy informed me, that while his ship was under sail
+in the Mediterranean, a favourite canary bird escaped from its cage,
+and flew into the sea. A Newfoundland dog on board witnessed the
+circumstance, immediately jumped into the sea, and swam to the bird,
+which he seized in his mouth, and then swam back with it to the ship.
+On arriving on board and opening the dog's mouth, it was found that
+the bird was perfectly uninjured, so tenderly had it been treated, as
+though the dog had been aware that the slightest pressure would have
+destroyed it.
+
+Mr. Youatt, whose remarks on the usefulness and good qualities of the
+inferior animals, in his work on Humanity to Brutes, do him so much
+credit, gives the following anecdote as a proof of the reasoning power
+of a Newfoundland dog.
+
+Wanting one day to go through a tall iron gate, from one part of his
+premises to another, he found a lame puppy lying just within it, so
+that he could not get in without rolling the poor animal over, and
+perhaps injuring it. Mr. Youatt stood for awhile hesitating what to
+do, and at length determined to go round through another gate. A fine
+Newfoundland dog, however, who had been waiting patiently for his
+wonted caresses, and perhaps wondering why his master did not get in
+as usual, looked accidentally down at his lame companion. He
+comprehended the whole business in a moment--put down his great paw,
+and as gently and quickly as possible rolled the invalid out of the
+way, and then drew himself back in order to leave room for the opening
+of the gate.
+
+We may be inclined to deny reasoning faculties to dogs; but if this
+was not reason, it may be difficult to define what else it could be.
+
+Mr. Youatt also says, that his own experience furnishes him with an
+instance of the memory and gratitude of a Newfoundland dog, who was
+greatly attached to him. He says, as it became inconvenient to him to
+keep the dog, he gave him to one who he knew would treat him kindly.
+Four years passed, and he had not seen him; when one day, as he was
+walking towards Kingston, and had arrived at the brow of the hill
+where Jerry Abershaw's gibbet then stood, he met Carlo and his master.
+The dog recollected Mr. Youatt in a moment, and they made much of each
+other. His master, after a little chat, proceeded towards Wandsworth,
+and Carlo, as in duty bound, followed him. Mr. Youatt had not,
+however, got half-way down the hill when the dog was again at his
+side, lowly but deeply growling, and every hair bristling. On looking
+about, he saw two ill-looking fellows making their way through the
+bushes, which occupied the angular space between Roehampton and
+Wandsworth roads. Their intention was scarcely questionable, and,
+indeed, a week or two before, he had narrowly escaped from two
+miscreants like them. "I can scarcely say," proceeds Mr. Youatt, "what
+I felt; for presently one of the scoundrels emerged from the bushes,
+not twenty yards from me; but he no sooner saw my companion, and heard
+his growling, the loudness and depth of which were fearfully
+increasing, than he retreated, and I saw no more of him or of his
+associate. My gallant defender accompanied me to the direction-post at
+the bottom of the hill, and there, with many a mutual and honest
+greeting, we parted, and he bounded away to overtake his rightful
+owner. We never met again; but I need not say that I often thought of
+him with admiration and gratitude."
+
+It is pleasing to record such instances of kindness in a brute. Here
+we see a recollection of, and gratitude for, previous good treatment,
+and that towards one whom the dog had not seen for four years. There
+is a sort of bewilderment in the human mind, when we come to analyse
+the feelings, affections, and peculiar instinctive faculties of dogs.
+A French writer (Mons. Blaze) has asserted, that the dog most
+undoubtedly has all the qualities of a man possessed of good feeling,
+and adds that man has not the fine qualities of the dog. We make a
+virtue of that gratitude which is nothing more than a duty incumbent
+upon us, while it is an inherent quality in the dog.
+
+    "Canis gratus est, et amicitiæ memor."
+
+We repudiate ingratitude, and yet every one is more or less guilty of
+it. Indeed, where shall we find the man who is free from it? Take,
+however, the first dog you meet with, and the moment he has adopted
+you for his master, from that moment you are sure of his gratitude
+and affection. He will love you without calculating what he shall gain
+by it--his greatest pleasure will be to be near you--and should you be
+reduced to beg your bread, no poverty will induce him to abandon you.
+Your friends may, and probably will, do so--the object of your love
+and attachment will not, perhaps, like to encounter poverty with you.
+Your wife, by some possibility (it is a rare case, however, if she has
+received kind treatment) may forget her vows, but your dog will never
+leave you--he will either die at your feet, or if he should survive
+you, will accompany you to the grave.
+
+An intelligent correspondent, to whom I am indebted for some sensible
+remarks on the faculties of dogs, has remarked that large-headed dogs
+are generally possessed of superior faculties to others. This fact
+favours the phrenological opinion that size of brain is evidence of
+superior power. He has a dog possessing a remarkably large head, and
+few dogs can match him in intelligence. He is a cross with the
+Newfoundland breed, and besides his cleverness in the field as a
+retriever, he shows his sagacity at home in the performance of several
+useful feats. One consists in carrying messages. If a neighbour is to
+be communicated with, the dog is always ready to be the bearer of a
+letter. He will take orders to the workmen who reside at a short
+distance from the house, and will scratch impatiently at their door
+when so employed, although at other times, desirous of sharing the
+warmth of their kitchen fire, he would wait patiently, and then
+entering with a seriousness befitting the imagined importance of his
+mission, would carefully deliver the note, never returning without
+having discharged his trust. His usefulness in recovering articles
+accidentally lost has often been proved. As he is not always allowed
+to be present at dinner, he will bring a hat, book, or anything he can
+find, and hold it in his mouth as a sort of apology for his intrusion.
+He seems pleased at being allowed to lead his master's horse to the
+stable.
+
+Newfoundland dogs may readily be taught to rescue drowning persons. In
+France, this forms a part of their education, and they are now kept in
+readiness on the banks of the Seine, where they form a sort of Humane
+Society Corps. By throwing the stuffed figure of a man into a river,
+and requiring the dog to fetch it out, he is soon taught to do so when
+necessary, and thus he is able to rescue drowning persons. This hint
+might not be thrown away on our own excellent Humane Society.
+
+Many dogs are called of the Newfoundland breed who have but small
+relationship with that sensible animal. The St. John's and Labrador
+dogs are also very different from each other. The former is strong in
+his limbs, rough-haired, small in the head, and carries his tail very
+high. The other, by far the best for every kind of shooting, is
+oftener black than of another colour, and scarcely bigger than a
+pointer. He is made rather long in the head and nose, pretty deep in
+the chest, very fine in the legs, has short or smooth hair, does not
+carry his tail so much curled as the other, and is extremely quick and
+active in running, swimming, or fighting. The St. John's breed of
+these dogs is chiefly used on their native coast by fishermen. Their
+sense of smelling is scarcely to be credited. Their discrimination of
+scent, in following a wounded pheasant through a whole covert full of
+game, appears almost impossible.
+
+The real Newfoundland dog may be broken into any kind of shooting,
+and, without additional instruction, is generally under such command,
+that he may be safely kept in, if required to be taken out with
+pointers. For finding wounded game of every description there is not
+his equal in the canine race, and he is a _sine quâ non_ in the
+general pursuit of wildfowl. These dogs should be treated gently, and
+much encouraged when required to do anything, as their faults are
+easily checked. If used roughly, they are apt to turn sulky. They will
+also recollect and avenge an injury. A traveller on horseback, in
+passing through a small village in Cumberland, observed a Newfoundland
+dog reposing by the side of the road, and from mere wantonness gave
+him a blow with his whip. The animal made a violent rush at and
+pursued him a considerable distance. Having to proceed through the
+same place the next journey, which was about twelve months afterwards,
+and while in the act of leading his horse, the dog, no doubt
+recollecting his former assailant, instantly seized him by the boot,
+and bit his leg. Some persons, however, coming up, rescued him from
+further injury.
+
+A gamekeeper had a Newfoundland dog which he used as a retriever.
+Shooting in a wood one day, he killed a pheasant, which fell at some
+distance, and he sent his dog for it. When half way to the bird, he
+suddenly returned, refusing to go beyond the place at which he had
+first stopped. This being an unusual circumstance, the man endeavoured
+more and more to enforce his command; which being unable to effect,
+either by words or his whip, he at last, in a great passion, gave the
+dog a violent kick in the ribs, which laid it dead at his feet. He
+then proceeded to pick up the bird, and on returning from the spot,
+discovered a man concealed in the thicket. He immediately seized him,
+and upon examination, several snares were found on his person. This
+may be a useful hint to those who are apt to take violent measures
+with their dogs.
+
+A gentleman who had a country house near London, discovered on
+arriving at it one day that he had brought away a key, which would be
+wanted by his family in town. Having an intelligent Newfoundland dog,
+which had been accustomed to carry things, he sent him back with it.
+While passing with the key, the animal was attacked by a butcher's
+dog, against which he made no resistance, but got away from him. After
+safely delivering the key, he returned to rejoin his master, but
+stopped in the way at the butcher's shop, whose dog again sallied
+forth. The Newfoundland this time attacked him with a fury, which
+nothing but revenge could have inspired, nor did he quit the aggressor
+till he had killed him.
+
+The following fact affords another proof of the extraordinary sagacity
+of these dogs.
+
+A Newfoundland dog of the true breed was brought from that country,
+and given to a gentleman who resided near Thames Street, in London. As
+he had no means of keeping the animal, except in close confinement, he
+sent him to a friend in Scotland by a Berwick smack. When he arrived
+in Scotland he took the first opportunity of escaping, and though he
+certainly had never before travelled one yard of the road, he found
+his way back to his former residence on Fishstreet Hill; but in so
+exhausted a state, that he could only express his joy at seeing his
+master, and then died.
+
+So wonderful is the sense of these dogs, that I have heard of three
+instances in which they have voluntarily guarded the bed-chamber doors
+of their mistresses, during the whole night, in the absence of their
+masters, although on no other occasion did they approach them.
+
+The Romans appear to have had a dog, which seems to have been very
+similar in character to our Newfoundland. In the Museum at Naples
+there is an antique bronze, discovered amongst the ruins of
+Herculaneum, which represents two large dogs dragging from the sea
+some apparently drowned persons.
+
+The following interesting fact affords another instance of the
+sagacity and good feeling of the Newfoundland dog:--
+
+In the year 1841, as a labourer, named Rake, in the parish of Botley,
+near Southampton, was at work in a gravel-pit, the top stratum gave
+way, and he was buried up to his neck by the great quantity of gravel
+which fell upon him. He was at the same time so much hurt, two of his
+ribs being broken, that he found it impossible to make any attempt to
+extricate himself from his perilous situation. Indeed, nothing could
+be more fearful than the prospect before him. No one was within
+hearing of his cries, nor was any one likely to come near the spot. He
+must almost inevitably have perished, had it not been for a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to his employer. This animal had been
+watching the man at his work for some days, as if he had been aware
+that his assistance would be required; for no particular attachment to
+each other had been exhibited on either side. As soon, however, as the
+accident occurred, the dog jumped into the pit, and commenced removing
+the gravel with his paws; and this he did in so vigorous and
+expeditious a manner, that the poor man was at length able to liberate
+himself, though with extreme difficulty. What an example of kindness,
+sensibility, and I may add reason, does this instance afford us!
+
+A gentleman in Ireland had a remarkably fine and intelligent
+Newfoundland dog, named Boatswain, whose acts were the constant theme
+of admiration. On one occasion, an aged lady who resided in the house,
+and the mother-in-law of the owner of the dog, was indisposed and
+confined to her bed. The old lady was tired of chickens and other
+productions of the farmyard, and a consultation was held in her room
+as to what could be procured to please her fancy for dinner. Various
+things were mentioned and declined, in the midst of which Boatswain,
+who was greatly attached to the old lady, entered her room with a fine
+young rabbit in his mouth, which he laid at the foot of the bed,
+wagging his tail with great exultation. It is not meant to infer that
+the dog knew anything of the difficulty of finding a dinner to the
+lady's taste, but seeing her distressed in mind and body, it is not
+improbable that he had brought his offering in the hopes of pleasing
+her.
+
+On another occasion, his master found this dog early one summer's
+morning keeping watch over an unfortunate countryman, who was standing
+with his back to a wall in the rear of the premises, pale with terror.
+He was a simple, honest creature, living in the neighbourhood. Having
+to attend some fair or market, about four o'clock in the morning, he
+made a short cut through the grounds, which were under the protection
+of Boatswain, who drove the intruder to the wall, and kept him there,
+showing his teeth, and giving a growl whenever he offered to stir
+from the spot. In this way he was kept a prisoner till the owner of
+the faithful animal released him.
+
+There was a Newfoundland dog on board H. M. S. Bellona, which kept the
+deck during the battle of Copenhagen, running backward and forward
+with so brave an anger, that he became a greater favourite with the
+men than ever. When the ship was paid off, after the peace of Amiens,
+the sailors had a parting dinner on shore. Victor was placed in the
+chair, and fed with roast beef and plum-pudding, and the bill was made
+out in Victor's name. This anecdote is taken from Southey's "Omniana."
+
+I am indebted to a kind correspondent for the following anecdotes:--
+
+"A friend of mine, who in the time of the war commanded the Sea
+Fencibles, in the neighbourhood of Southend, possessed in those days a
+magnificent Newfoundland dog, named Venture. This noble creature my
+friend was accustomed to take with him in the pursuit of wild fowl.
+One cold evening, after having tolerable sport, the dog was suddenly
+missed; he had been last seen when in pursuit of a winged bird. As the
+ice was floating in the river, and the dog was true to his name, and
+would swim any distance for the recovery of wounded game, it was
+feared he must have fallen a victim to the hazards of the sport, and
+his owner returned home in consequence much dispirited. On his arrival
+at his house, what was his extreme surprise, on entering the
+drawing-room, to find his wife accompanied by the dog, and a fine
+mallard lying on the table: the lady had, on her part, been
+overwhelmed with anxiety by the dog's having returned alone some time
+before, knowing the frequently perilous amusement in which her husband
+had embarked. The dog had straight on his return rushed to the
+drawing-room where the lady sat, and had laid the wild duck at her
+feet, having brought it safely in his mouth several miles.
+
+"A gentleman once sent a coat to the tailor to be mended--it was left
+upon a counter in the shop. His dog had accompanied the servant to the
+tailor's. The animal watched his opportunity, pulled the coat down
+from the counter, and brought it home in triumph to his master.
+
+"There is a tendency in the pride of man to deny the power of
+reasoning in animals, while it is the belief of some that reason is
+often a more sure guide to the brute beast, for the purposes designed
+by Providence, than that of their detractors. The fact is, I think,
+few persons who reflect deny the power, in a degree, to the less
+gifted of Nature's works. Certainly not some of the wisest of our
+race. Bishop Butler in his 'Analogy,' I think, assumes it; while the
+following beautiful inscription, designed for the epitaph of a
+favourite Newfoundland dog, was penned by no less a person than the
+late wise and venerable Earl of Eldon: from it his views on this
+subject may, I fancy, be easily discerned. They are published in the
+life of him, written by Horace Twiss:--
+
+   'You who wander hither,
+      Pass not unheeded
+    The spot where poor Cæsar
+      Is deposited.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    To his rank among created beings
+    The power of reasoning is denied!
+        Cæsar manifested joy,
+      For days before his master
+        Arrived at Encombe;
+        Cæsar manifested grief
+    For days before his master left it.
+        What name shall be given
+          To that faculty,
+      Which thus made expectation
+          A source of joy,
+      Which thus made expectation
+          A source of grief?'"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEY, OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.]
+
+THE COLLEY, OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.
+
+   "My dog (the trustiest of his kind)
+    With gratitude inflames my mind:
+    I mark his true, his faithful way,
+    And in my service copy Tray."--GAY.
+
+
+Who that has seen has not been delighted with the charming picture by
+Mr. Landseer of the shepherd's dog, resting his head on the coffin
+which contained the body of his dead master! Grief, fidelity, and
+affection are so strongly portrayed in the countenance of the poor
+dog, that they cannot be mistaken. We may fancy him to have been the
+constant companion of the old shepherd through many a dreary day of
+rain, and frost, and snow on the neighbouring hills, gathering the
+scattered flock with persevering industry, and receiving the reward of
+his exertions in the approbation of his master. On returning to the
+humble cottage at night, he partakes of the "shepherd's scanty fare;"
+and then, coiled up before the flickering light of a few collected
+sticks, cold and shivering with wet, he awakes to greet his master at
+the first glimmering of morn, and is ready to renew his toils. Poor
+dog! what a lesson do you afford to those who are incapable of your
+gratitude, fidelity, and affection! and what justice has the charming
+artist done to these noble qualities! I trust he will receive this
+fanciful description of his dog as a little tribute paid to his
+talents, as well as to his good feeling.
+
+The late Mr. Satterthwaite, grandfather of Thomas Rogerson, Esq., of
+Liverpool and Ballamillaghyn, Isle of Man, who died some years ago at
+Coulthouse, near Hawkshead, soon after his marriage, resided near the
+Low Wood Inn, on the borders of Windermere Lake. He left home early
+one morning, accompanied by his shepherd's dog, to look after some
+sheep on the mountains near Rydal, about four miles distant; and
+discovering two at the bottom of a precipice between two rocks he
+descended, with the view of extricating them; but when he got to the
+bottom, he could neither assist them nor get up himself, and there he
+was confined until midnight. The faithful dog remained at the top of
+the precipice watching his master; but at nightfall he proceeded home,
+scratched the door, and was let in by his mistress, who expressed her
+surprise at the barking of the dog and non-arrival of her husband. She
+had no sooner sat down than the dog ran barking towards her, and then
+went to the door: but as she did not follow, the dog ran to her again,
+seized her apron, and endeavoured to pull her to the door; which
+circumstance caused her to suppose some accident had befallen her
+husband. She immediately called up the servant-man, and told him she
+was sure, from the strange conduct of the dog, that something must
+have happened to his master. She told the man to take a lantern and
+some ropes, and follow the dog, taking care to get assistance at
+Ambleside; which he did. No sooner had the man opened the door than
+the dog bounded out, leaped up at him, barked, and then ran forward,
+but quickly returned, leaped up again, barked, and then ran forward,
+as if to hasten the man's speed. The faithful dog led the man and his
+companions to the prison of his master. The ropes were instantly
+lowered, and Mr. Satterthwaite was providentially released from his
+perilous situation. The sheep also were recovered.
+
+How well do I recollect the Ettrick Shepherd descanting on the
+sagacity and perseverance of his favourite sheep-dog! His name was
+Sirrah, and he told me the following extraordinary anecdote of him,
+which I give in his own words:--
+
+"About seven hundred lambs, which were once under my care at weaning
+time, broke up at midnight, and scampered off in three divisions
+across the hills, in spite of all that I and an assistant lad could do
+to keep them together. 'Sirrah, my man!' said I in great affliction,
+'they are awa'.' The night was so dark that I could not see Sirrah,
+but the faithful animal heard my words--words such as of all others
+were sure to set him most on the alert; and without much ado he
+silently set off in search of the recreant flock. Meanwhile I and my
+companion did not fail to do all in our power to recover our lost
+charge. We spent the whole night in scouring the hills for miles
+around, but of neither the lambs nor Sirrah could we obtain the
+slightest trace. It was the most extraordinary circumstance that had
+occurred in my pastoral life. We had nothing for it (day having
+dawned), but to return to our master, and inform him that we had lost
+his whole flock of lambs, and knew not what had become of them. On our
+way home, however, we discovered a body of lambs at the bottom of a
+deep ravine, called the Flesh Cleuch, and the indefatigable Sirrah
+standing in front of them, looking all around for some relief, but
+still standing true to his charge. The sun was then up; and when we
+first came in view of them, we concluded that it was one of the
+divisions which Sirrah had been unable to manage until he came to
+that commanding situation. But what was our astonishment, when we
+discovered by degrees that not one lamb of the whole flock was
+wanting! How he had got all the divisions collected in the dark, is
+beyond my comprehension. The charge was left entirely to himself, from
+midnight until the rising of the sun; and if all the shepherds in the
+forest had been there to have assisted him, they could not have
+effected it with greater propriety. All that I can farther say is,
+that I never felt so grateful to any creature below the sun, as I did
+to my honest Sirrah that morning."
+
+"I once sent you," says Mr. Hogg, some years later, in a letter to the
+Editor of "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine," "an account of a notable
+dog of my own, named Sirrah, which amused a number of your readers a
+great deal, and put their faith in my veracity somewhat to the test;
+but in this district, where the singular qualities of the animal were
+known, so far from any of the anecdotes being disputed, every shepherd
+values himself to this day on the possession of facts far outstripping
+any of those recorded by you formerly. With a few of these I shall
+conclude this paper. But, in the first place, I must give you some
+account of my own renowned Hector, which I promised long ago. He was
+the son and immediate successor of the faithful old Sirrah; and though
+not nearly so valuable a dog as his father, he was a far more
+interesting one. He had three times more humour and whim about him;
+and though exceedingly docile, his bravest acts were mostly tinctured
+with a grain of stupidity, which showed his reasoning faculty to be
+laughably obtuse.
+
+"I shall mention a striking instance of it. I was once at the farm of
+Shorthope on Ettrick Head, receiving some lambs that I had bought, and
+was going to take to market, with some more, the next day. Owing to
+some accidental delay, I did not get final delivery of the lambs till
+it was growing late; and being obliged to be at my own house that
+night, I was not a little dismayed lest I should scatter and lose my
+lambs if darkness overtook me. Darkness did overtake me by the time I
+got half-way, and no ordinary darkness for an August evening. The
+lambs having been weaned that day, and of the wild black-faced breed,
+became exceedingly unruly, and for a good while I lost hopes of
+mastering them. Hector managed the point, and we got them safe home;
+but both he and his master were alike sore forefoughten. It had become
+so dark that we were obliged to fold them with candles; and, after
+closing them safely up, I went home with my father and the rest to
+supper. When Hector's supper was set down, behold he was awanting! and
+as I knew we had him at the fold, which was within call of the house,
+I went out and called and whistled on him for a good while, but he did
+not make his appearance. I was distressed about this; for, having to
+take away the lambs next morning, I knew I could not drive them a
+mile without my dog if it had been to save the whole drove.
+
+"The next morning, as soon as it was day, I arose and inquired if
+Hector had come home? No; he had not been seen. I knew not what to do;
+but my father proposed that he would take out the lambs and herd them,
+and let them get some meat to fit them for the road, and that I should
+ride with all speed to Shorthope to see if my dog had gone back there.
+Accordingly we went together to the fold to turn out the lambs, and
+there was poor Hector, sitting trembling in the very middle of the
+fold-door, on the inside of the flake that closed it, with his eyes
+still steadfastly fixed on the lambs. He had been so hardly set with
+them after it grew dark, that he durst not for his life leave them,
+although hungry, fatigued, and cold, for the night had turned out a
+deluge of rain. He had never so much as lain down; for only the small
+spot that he sat on was dry, and there had he kept watch the whole
+night. Almost any other colley would have discerned that the lambs
+were safe enough in the fold, but honest Hector had not been able to
+see through this. He even refused to take my word for it; for he would
+not quit his watch, though he heard me calling both at night and
+morning.
+
+"Another peculiarity of his was, that he had a mortal antipathy to the
+family-mouser, which was ingrained in his nature from his very
+puppyhood; yet so perfectly absurd was he, that no impertinence on
+her side, and no baiting on, could ever induce him to lay his mouth
+on her, or injure her in the slightest degree. There was not a day and
+scarcely an hour passed over, that the family did not get some
+amusement with these two animals. Whenever he was within doors, his
+whole occupation was watching and _pointing_ the cat from morning to
+night. When she flitted from one place to another, so did he in a
+moment; and then squatting down, he kept his _point_ sedulously, till
+he was either called off or fell asleep.
+
+"He was an exceedingly poor eater of meat, always had to be pressed to
+it, and often would not take it till we brought in the cat. The
+malicious looks that he cast at her from under his eyebrows on such
+occasions were exceedingly ludicrous, considering his utter
+disinclination to injure her. Whenever he saw her, he drew near his
+bicker and looked angry; but still he would not taste till she was
+brought to it, and then he cocked his tail, set up his birses, and
+began lapping furiously as if in utter desperation. His good nature,
+however, was so immovable, that he would never refuse her a share of
+what was placed before him; he even lapped close to the one side of
+the dish, and left her room,--but mercy! how he did ply!
+
+"It will appear strange to you to hear a dog's reasoning faculty
+mentioned as I have done; but I declare I have hardly ever seen a
+shepherd's dog do anything without believing that I perceived his
+reasons for it. I have often amused myself in calculating what his
+motives were for such and such things, and I generally found them very
+cogent ones. But Hector had a droll stupidity about him, and took up
+forms and rules of his own, for which I could never perceive any
+motive that was not even farther out of the way than the action
+itself. He had one uniform practice, and a very bad one it was; during
+the time of family worship, and just three or four seconds before the
+conclusion of the prayer, he started to his feet and ran barking round
+the apartment like a crazed beast. My father was so much amused with
+this, that he would never suffer me to correct him for it, and I
+scarcely ever saw the old man rise from the prayer without his
+endeavouring to suppress a smile at the extravagance of Hector. None
+of us ever could find out how he knew that the prayer was near done,
+for my father was not formal in his prayers; but certes he did
+know,--and of that we had nightly evidence. There never was anything
+for which I was so puzzled to discover a motive as this, but from
+accident I did discover it; and, however ludicrous it may appear, I am
+certain I was correct. It was much in character with many of Hector's
+feats, and rather, I think, the most _outré_ of any principle he ever
+acted on. As I said, his great daily occupation was pointing the cat.
+Now, when he saw us kneel all down in a circle, with our faces couched
+on our paws, in the same posture with himself, it struck his absurd
+head that we were all engaged in pointing the cat. He lay on tenters
+all the while, but the acuteness of his ear enabling him, through
+time, to ascertain the very moment when we would all spring to our
+feet, he thought to himself, 'I shall be first after her, for you
+all.'
+
+"He inherited his dad's unfortunate ear for music, not perhaps in so
+extravagant a degree, but he ever took care to exhibit it on the most
+untimely and ill-judged occasions. Owing to some misunderstanding
+between the minister of the parish and the session-clerk, the
+precenting in church devolved on my father, who was the senior elder.
+Now, my father could have sung several of the old church-tunes
+middling well in his own family-circle; but it so happened that, when
+mounted in the desk, he never could command the starting notes of any
+but one (St. Paul's), which were always in undue readiness at the root
+of his tongue, to the exclusion of every other semibreve in the whole
+range of sacred melody. The minister gave out psalms four times in the
+course of every day's service; consequently the congregation were
+treated with St. Paul's in the morning at great length, twice in the
+course of the service, and then once again at the close. Nothing but
+St. Paul's. And it being itself a monotonous tune, nothing could
+exceed the monotony that prevailed in the primitive church of Ettrick.
+Out of pure sympathy for my father alone, I was compelled to take the
+precentorship in hand; and having plenty of tunes, for a good while I
+came on as well as could be expected, as men say of their wives. But,
+unfortunately for me, Hector found out that I attended church every
+Sunday, and though I had him always closed up carefully at home, he
+rarely failed in making his appearance in church at some time of the
+day. Whenever I saw him a tremor came over my spirits, for I well knew
+what the issue would be. The moment that he heard my voice strike up
+the psalm 'with might and majesty,' then did he fall in with such
+overpowering vehemence, that he and I seldom got any to join in the
+music but our two selves. The shepherds hid their heads, and laid them
+down on the backs of their seats rowed in their plaids, and the lasses
+looked down to the ground and laughed till their faces grew red. I
+despised to _stick_ the tune, and therefore was obliged to carry on in
+spite of the obstreperous accompaniment; but I was, time after time,
+so completely put out of all countenance with the brute, that I was
+obliged to give up my office in disgust, and leave the parish once
+more to their old friend, St. Paul.
+
+"Hector was quite incapable of performing the same feats among sheep
+that his father did; but, as far as his judgment served him, he was a
+docile and obliging creature. He had one singular quality, of keeping
+true to the charge to which he was set. If we had been shearing, or
+sorting sheep in any way, when a division was turned out and Hector
+got the word to attend to them, he would have done it pleasantly for
+a whole day without the least symptom of weariness. No noise or hurry
+about the fold, which brings every other dog from his business, had
+the least effect on Hector, save that it made him a little troublesome
+on his own charge, and set him a-running round and round them, turning
+them in at corners, from a sort of impatience to be employed as well
+as his baying neighbours at the fold. Whenever old Sirrah found
+himself hard set in commanding wild sheep on steep ground, where they
+are worst to manage, he never failed, without any hint to the purpose,
+to throw himself wide in below them, and lay their faces to the hill,
+by which means he got the command of them in a minute. I never could
+make Hector comprehend this advantage with all my art, although his
+father found it out entirely of himself. The former would turn or wear
+sheep no other way but on the hill above them; and, though very good
+at it, he gave both them and himself double the trouble and fatigue.
+
+"It cannot be supposed that he could understand all that was passing
+in the little family circle, but he certainly comprehended a good part
+of it. In particular, it was very easy to discover that he rarely
+missed aught that was said about himself, the sheep, the cat, or of a
+hunt. When aught of that nature came to be discussed, Hector's
+attention and impatience soon became manifest. There was one winter
+evening I said to my mother that I was going to Bowerhope for a
+fortnight, for that I had more conveniency for writing with Alexander
+Laidlaw than at home; and I added, 'But I will not take Hector with
+me, for he is constantly quarrelling with the rest of the dogs,
+singing music, or breeding some uproar.' 'Na, na,' quoth she, 'leave
+Hector with me; I like aye best to have him at hame, poor fallow.'
+
+"These were all the words that passed. The next morning the waters
+were in a great flood, and I did not go away till after breakfast; but
+when the time came for tying up Hector, he was a-wanting. 'The deil's
+in that beast,' said I,--'I will wager that he heard what we were
+saying yesternight, and has gone off for Bowerhope as soon as the door
+was opened this morning.'
+
+"'If that should really be the case, I'll think the beast no canny,'
+said my mother.
+
+"The Yarrow was so large as to be quite impassable, so that I had to
+walk up by St. Mary's Loch, and go across by the boat; and, on drawing
+near to Bowerhope, I soon perceived that matters had gone precisely as
+I suspected. Large as the Yarrow was, and it appeared impassable by
+any living creature, Hector had made his escape early in the morning,
+had swam the river, and was sitting, 'like a drookit hen,' on a knoll
+at the east end of the house, awaiting my arrival with great
+impatience. I had a great attachment to this animal, who, to a good
+deal of absurdity, joined all the amiable qualities of his species. He
+was rather of a small size, very rough and shagged, and not far from
+the colour of a fox.
+
+"His son Lion was the very picture of his dad, had a good deal more
+sagacity, but also more selfishness. A history of the one, however,
+would only be an epitome of that of the other. Mr. William
+Nicholson[O] took a fine likeness of this latter one, which he still
+possesses. He could not get him to sit for his picture in such a
+position as he wanted, till he exhibited a singularly fine portrait of
+a small dog, on the opposite side of the room. Lion took it for a real
+animal, and, disliking its fierce and important look exceedingly, he
+immediately set up his ears and his shaggy birses, and, fixing a stern
+eye on the picture in manifest wrath, he would then sit for a whole
+day and point at it without budging or altering his position.
+
+"It is a curious fact in the history of these animals, that the most
+useless of the breed have often the greatest degree of sagacity in
+trifling and useless matters. An exceedingly good sheep-dog attends to
+nothing else but that particular branch of business to which he is
+bred. His whole capacity is exerted and exhausted on it, and he is of
+little avail in miscellaneous matters; whereas, a very indifferent
+cur, bred about the house, and accustomed to assist in every thing,
+will often put the more noble breed to disgrace in those paltry
+services. If one calls out, for instance, that the cows are in the
+corn, or the hens in the garden, the house-colley needs no other hint,
+but runs and turns them out. The shepherd's dog knows not what is
+astir; and, if he is called out in a hurry for such work, all that he
+will do is to break to the hill, and rear himself up on end to see if
+no sheep are running away. A bred sheep-dog, if coming hungry from the
+hills, and getting into a milk-house, would most likely think of
+nothing else than filling his belly with the cream. Not so his
+uninitiated brother; he is bred at home to far higher principles of
+honour. I have known such lie night and day among from ten to twenty
+pails full of milk, and never once break the cream of one of them with
+the tip of his tongue, nor would he suffer cat, rat, or any other
+creature to touch it. This latter sort, too, are far more acute at
+taking up what is said in a family.
+
+"The anecdotes of these animals are all so much alike, that were I but
+to relate the thousandth part of those I have heard, they would often
+look very much like repetitions. I shall therefore, in this paper,
+only mention one or two of the most singular, which I know to be well
+authenticated.
+
+"There was a shepherd lad near Langholm, whose name was Scott, who
+possessed a bitch famed over all the West Border for her singular
+tractability. He could have sent her home with one sheep, two sheep,
+or any given number, from any of the neighbouring farms; and, in the
+lambing season, it was his uniform practice to send her home with the
+kebbed ewes just as he got them. I must let the town reader understand
+this. A kebbed ewe is one whose lamb dies. As soon as such is found,
+she is immediately brought home by the shepherd, and another lamb put
+to her; and Scott, on going his rounds on the hill, whenever he found
+a kebbed ewe, immediately gave her in charge to his bitch to take
+home, which saved him from coming back that way again and going over
+the same ground he had visited before. She always took them carefully
+home, and put them into a fold which was close by the house, keeping
+watch over them till she was seen by some one of the family; upon
+which she instantly decamped, and hastened back to her master, who
+sometimes sent her three times home in one morning with different
+charges. It was the custom of the farmer to watch her and take the
+sheep in charge from her: but this required a good deal of caution;
+for as soon as she perceived that she was seen, whether the sheep were
+put into the fold or not, she concluded her charge was at an end, and
+no flattery could induce her to stay and assist in folding them. There
+was a display of accuracy and attention in this that I cannot say I
+have ever seen equalled.
+
+"The late Mr. Steel, flesher in Peebles, had a bitch that was fully
+equal to the one mentioned above, and that, too, in the very same
+qualification. Her feats in taking sheep from the neighbouring farms
+into the Flesh-market at Peebles, form innumerable anecdotes in that
+vicinity. But there is one related of her, that manifests so much
+sagacity with natural affection, that I do not think the history of
+the animal creation furnishes such another.
+
+"Mr. Steel had such implicit dependence on the attention of this
+animal to his orders, that, whenever he put a lot of sheep before her,
+he took a pride in leaving them to herself, and either remained to
+take a glass with the farmer of whom he had made the purchase, or took
+another road to look after bargains or other business. But one time he
+chanced to commit a drove to her charge at a place called Willenslee,
+without attending to her condition as he ought to have done. This farm
+is five miles from Peebles, over wild hills, and there is no regularly
+defined path to it. Whether Mr. Steel remained behind, or chose
+another road, I know not; but, on coming home late in the evening, he
+was astonished at hearing that his faithful animal had not made her
+appearance with the flock. He and his son, or servant, instantly
+prepared to set out by different paths in search of her; but, on their
+going out to the street, there was she coming with the drove, no one
+missing; and, marvellous to relate, she was carrying a young pup in
+her mouth! She had been taken in travail on those hills; and how the
+poor beast had contrived to manage the drove in her state of
+suffering is beyond human calculation, for her road lay through sheep
+the whole way. Her master's heart smote him when he saw what she had
+suffered and effected: but she was nothing daunted; and having
+deposited her young one in a place of safety, she again set out full
+speed to the hills, and brought another and another, till she removed
+her whole litter one by one; but the last one was dead.
+
+"The stories related of the dogs of sheep-stealers are fairly beyond
+all credibility. I cannot attach credit to some of them without
+believing the animals to have been devils incarnate, come to the earth
+for the destruction both of the souls and bodies of men. I cannot
+mention names, for the sake of families that still remain in the
+country; but there have been sundry men executed, who belonged to this
+district of the kingdom, for that heinous crime, in my own days; and
+others have absconded, just in time to save their necks. There was not
+one of these to whom I allude who did not acknowledge his dog to be
+the greatest aggressor. One young man in particular, who was, I
+believe, overtaken by justice for his first offence, stated, that
+after he had folded the sheep by moonlight, and selected his number
+from the flock of a former master, he took them out, and set away with
+them towards Edinburgh. But before he had got them quite off the farm,
+his conscience smote him, as he said (but more likely a dread of that
+which soon followed), and he quitted the sheep, letting them go again
+to the hill. He called his dog off them, and mounting his pony, he
+rode away. At that time he said his dog was capering and playing
+around him, as if glad of having got free of a troublesome business;
+and he regarded him no more, till, after having rode about three
+miles, he thought again and again that he heard something coming up
+behind him. Halting, at length, to ascertain what it was, in a few
+minutes there comes his dog with the stolen animals, driving them at a
+furious rate to keep up with his master. The sheep were all smoking,
+and hanging out their tongues, and their guide was fully as warm as
+they. The young man was now exceedingly troubled, for the sheep having
+been brought so far from home, he dreaded there would be a pursuit,
+and he could not get them home again before day. Resolving, at all
+events, to keep his hands clear of them, he corrected his dog in great
+wrath, left the sheep once more, and taking colley with him, rode off
+a second time. He had not ridden above a mile, till he perceived that
+his assistant had again given him the slip; and suspecting for what
+purpose, he was terribly alarmed as well as chagrined; for daylight
+now approached, and he durst not make a noise calling on his dog, for
+fear of alarming the neighbourhood, in a place where they were both
+well known. He resolved therefore to abandon the animal to himself,
+and take a road across the country which he was sure the other did not
+know, and could not follow. He took that road, but being on horseback,
+he could not get across the enclosed fields. He at length came to a
+gate, which he shut behind him, and went about half a mile farther, by
+a zigzag course, to a farmhouse, where both his sister and sweetheart
+lived; and at that place he remained until after breakfast time. The
+people of this house were all examined on the trial, and no one had
+either seen the sheep or heard them mentioned, save one man, who came
+up to the aggressor as he was standing at the stable-door, and told
+him that his dog had the sheep safe enough down at the Crooked Yett,
+and he needed not hurry himself. He answered, that the sheep were not
+his--they were young Mr. Thomson's, who had left them to his charge,
+and he was in search of a man to drive them, which made him come off
+his road.
+
+"After this discovery, it was impossible for the poor fellow to get
+quit of them; so he went down and took possession of the stolen drove
+once more, carried them on, and disposed of them; and, finally, the
+transaction cost him his life. The dog, for the last four or five
+miles that he had brought the sheep, could have no other guide to the
+road his master had gone but the smell of his pony's feet. I appeal to
+every unprejudiced person if this was not as like one of the deil's
+tricks as an honest colley's.
+
+"It is also well known that there was a notorious sheep-stealer in the
+county of Mid-Lothian, who, had it not been for the skins and the
+heads, would never have been condemned, as he could, with the
+greatest ease, have proved an _alibi_ every time suspicions were
+entertained against him. He always went by one road, calling on his
+acquaintances, and taking care to appear to everybody by whom he was
+known, while his dog went by another with the stolen sheep; and then,
+on the two felons meeting again, they had nothing more to do than turn
+the sheep into an associate's enclosure, in whose house the dog was
+well fed and entertained, and would have soon taken all the fat sheep
+on the Lothian edges to that house. This was likewise a female, a
+jet-black one, with a deep coat of soft hair, but smooth-headed, and
+very strong and handsome in her make. On the disappearance of her
+master she lay about the hills and places where he had frequented, but
+she never attempted to steal a drove by herself, nor the smallest
+thing for her own hand. She was kept some time by a relation of her
+master's, but never acting heartily in his service, soon came
+privately to an untimely end. Of this there is little doubt, although
+some spread the report that one evening, after uttering two or three
+loud howls, she instantly vanished! From such dogs as these, good Lord
+deliver us!"
+
+The following is, perhaps, a still more extraordinary anecdote of the
+fidelity shown by a sheep-dog to its charge. It was communicated by
+Robert Murray, shepherd to Mr. Samuel Richmond, Path of Coudie, near
+Dunning, in Perthshire.
+
+Murray had purchased for his master four score of sheep at the Falkirk
+Tryst, but having occasion to stop another day, and confident in the
+faithfulness and sagacity of his colley, which was a female, he
+committed the drove to her care, with orders to drive them home,--a
+distance of about seventeen miles. The poor animal, when a few miles
+on the road, dropped two whelps, but, faithful to her charge, she
+drove the sheep on a mile or two further--then, allowing them to stop,
+returned for her pups, which she carried for about two miles in
+advance of the sheep. Leaving her pups, the colley again returned for
+the sheep, and drove them onwards a few miles. This she continued to
+do, alternately carrying her own young ones and taking charge of the
+flock, till she reached home. The manner of her acting on this
+occasion was afterwards gathered by the shepherd from various
+individuals, who had observed these extraordinary proceedings of the
+dumb animal on the road. However, when the colley reached her home,
+and delivered her charge, it was found that the two pups were dead. In
+this extremity, the instinct of the poor brute was, if possible, still
+more remarkable. She went to a rabbit-brae in the vicinity, and dug
+out of the earth two young rabbits, which she deposited on some straw
+in a barn, and continued to suckle for some time, until one of the
+farm servants unluckily let down a full sack upon them and smothered
+them.
+
+The following anecdote is related by Captain Brown:--
+
+A shepherd had driven a part of his flock to a neighbouring farm,
+leaving his dog to watch the remainder during that day and the next
+night, expecting to revisit them the following morning. Unfortunately,
+however, when at the fair, the shepherd forgot both his dog and his
+sheep, and did not return home till the morning of the third day. His
+first inquiry was, whether his dog had been seen? The answer was, No.
+"Then he must be dead," replied the shepherd in a tone of anguish,
+"for I know he was too faithful to desert his charge." He instantly
+repaired to the heath. The dog had sufficient strength remaining to
+crawl to his master's feet, and express his joy at his return, and
+almost immediately after expired.
+
+Mr. Blaine relates the following circumstance:--I remember watching a
+shepherd boy in Scotland, who was sitting on the bank of a wide but
+shallow stream. A sheep had strayed to a considerable distance on the
+other side of the water; the boy, calling to his dog, ordered him to
+fetch that sheep back, but to do it gently, for she was heavy in lamb.
+I do not affect to say that the dog understood the reason for which he
+was commanded to perform this office in a more gentle manner than
+usual; but that he did understand he was to do it gently was very
+evident, for he immediately marched away through the water, came
+gently up to the side of the sheep, turned her towards the rest, and
+then they both walked quietly side by side to the flock. I was
+scarcely ever more pleased at a trifling incident in rural scenery
+than this.
+
+The sense and recollection of the sheep-dog were shown in the
+following instance:--
+
+When I occupied a small farm in Surrey, I was in the habit of joining
+with a friend in the purchase of two hundred Cheviot sheep. The first
+year we had them, the shepherd who drove them from the North was asked
+by us how he had got on. "Why, very badly," said the man; "for I had a
+young dog, and he did not manage well in keeping the sheep from
+running up lanes and out-of-the-way places." The next year we had the
+same number of sheep brought up, and by the same man. In answer to our
+question about his journey, he informed us that he had got on very
+well, for his dog had recollected all the turnings of the road which
+the sheep had passed the previous year, and had kept them straight the
+whole of the way.
+
+It has always appeared to me that the patriarchal flocks, the
+shepherds and their dogs, are seen to more advantage on the wild hills
+of Cumberland and Westmorland, than in any other situation. When I
+have wandered along the sides of some of the beautiful lakes of those
+counties, and have witnessed the effects of light and shade at
+different times of the day, on the water and distant hills and
+valleys, and seen the numerous sheep scattered over the latter, how
+delightful has been the prospect! During the early morning the bright
+beams of the sun did not produce too much glare and heat, but served
+to give a charming glitter to the dew-drops as they besparkled the
+grass and flowers. The tracts of the sheep might be seen by the
+disappearance of the "gentle dew" from their path as they proceeded to
+their pasture, driven by the watchful colley. It was a scene of
+cheerfulness, which every lover of nature would admire.
+
+In the evening the calmness of the lake was delightful. The light
+hovered over it, and the reflection of the trees in the transparent
+water beautified the scene. The beams of the setting sun glowed first
+over the valleys, and then illumined the tops of the hills; then
+gradually disappeared: but the grey tints of evening still had their
+beauty, and a diversity of them was preserved long after the greater
+effects of the setting sun had vanished. Deep shade was contrasted
+with former splendour, till at last the lovely moon appeared with her
+modest light, and formed a streak across the lake, which was
+occasionally broken as a ripple, raised by a breeze of the gentlest
+kind, passed over it.
+
+While the sun still gleamed on the mountain's side the shepherd might
+be observed resting at its foot, while his patient dog ranged about
+collecting the flock, and bringing them towards his master.
+
+Dear, lovely lake!--Never shall I forget your beauteous scenery.
+Seated in the cool of the evening under one of the noble trees on your
+shore, the only sounds I heard were the soft ripple of the water, and
+the late warbling of the redbreast--Yes, I forget the humming beetle
+as it rapidly passed, and the owl calling to its mate in the distant
+wood. How peaceful were my feelings!--
+
+   "Happy the man whose tranquil mind
+    Sees Nature in her changes kind,
+      And pleased the whole surveys;
+    For him the morn benignly smiles,
+    And evening shades reward the toils
+      That measure out his days.
+
+    The varying year may shift the scene,
+    The sounding tempest lash the main,
+      And heaven's own thunder roll;
+    Calmly he views the bursting storm,
+    Tempests nor thunders can deform
+      The quiet of his soul."--C. B.
+
+Nor is the scenery from the Lakes the only thing to be admired in this
+delightful country. Lanes may be traversed sheltered by the oak, the
+ash, and the hazel, and only those who have seen the Cumberland hazels
+can form an idea of the beauty of their silvery bark and luxuriant
+growth. From these lanes there are occasional openings, through which
+a placid lake or a distant range of hills may be seen. And what
+picturesque and rugged hills they are! Huge, projecting rocks and
+verdant lawns, and deep channels of rugged stone, over which a foaming
+torrent forces its way in the rainy season, and is succeeded in dry
+weather by a sparkling rivulet, which trickles down to swell a little
+brooklet at the foot of the hill, as it winds its way to the
+neighbouring lake. These may be seen, and the patches of heather, and
+the patient colley watching for a signal to collect the scattered
+flock, dotted, as it appears to be, over the almost inaccessible
+heights. At some distance it is difficult to see the sheep, at least
+by a stranger, partly on account of the dark colour of their fleeces
+(for they have not the whiteness of our flocks in the midland downs),
+and partly from the shadow on the hills. Separated as they are from
+each other, as the evening closes in the sagacious dog receives a hint
+from his master, and the sheep are quickly collected from places to
+which the shepherd could with difficulty make his way. Snow and frost
+are no check to the labours of the colley dog. His exertions are
+indefatigable, and the only reward he appears to expect is the
+approbation of his master.
+
+The following amusing anecdote of a sort of sheep-dog was communicated
+to me by its owner. The dog's name was Hero. His habits were odd
+enough, and he gave many instances of his sagacity. The following was
+one of them:--
+
+Hero was in the constant habit of accompanying the farm-horses in
+their daily labour, pacing the ploughed field regularly aside the
+team, and returning with them to and from his meals, always taking
+care to scamper home at a certain hour for a more dainty portion when
+his mistress dined.
+
+During one of these hasty visits he met a young woman, whom he had
+never seen before, wearing his mistress's cloak. After looking at her
+with a scrutinising eye, he turned round, and followed her closely, to
+her great dismay, to a neighbouring village four miles off, where the
+brother of his mistress lived, and into whose house the woman entered.
+Probably concluding from this circumstance that she was a privileged
+person, he returned quietly back again. Had she passed the house, the
+dog would most probably have seized the cloak, in order to restore it
+to his mistress.
+
+I trust my readers will begin to feel some interest in this sagacious
+and useful animal, and I will add one or two more well-authenticated
+anecdotes of him.
+
+Captain Brown says that his friend, Mr. Peter Macarthur, related to
+him the following anecdote of a shepherd's dog, which belonged to his
+grandfather, who at that time resided in the Island of Mull:--Upon one
+occasion a cow had been missed for some days, and no trace of it could
+be found; and a shepherd's dog, called Drummer, was also absent. On
+the second or third day the dog returned, and taking Mr. Macarthur's
+father by the coat, pulled him towards the door, but he did not follow
+it; he then went to his grandfather, and pulled him in the same way by
+the coat, but without being attended to; he next went to one of the
+men-servants, and tugged him also by the coat. Conceiving at last
+there was something particular which the dog wanted, they agreed to
+follow him: this seemed to give him great pleasure, and he ran
+barking and frisking before them, till he led them to a cow-shed, in
+the middle of a field. There they found the cow fixed by the horns to
+a beam, from which they immediately extricated her and conducted her
+home, much exhausted for want of food. It is obvious, that but for the
+sagacity of this faithful animal she certainly would have died.
+
+Mr. John Cobb, farmer at Tillybirnie, parish of Lethnot, near Brechin,
+during a severe snow-storm in the year 1798, had gone with his dog,
+called Cæsar, to a spot on the small stream of Paphry (a tributary of
+the North Esk), where his sheep on such occasions used to take shelter
+beneath some lofty and precipitous rocks called Ugly Face, which
+overhung the stream. While employed in driving them out, an immense
+avalanche fell from these rocks, and completely buried him and his
+dog. He found all his endeavours to extricate himself from this
+fearful situation in vain; and at last, worn out, fell asleep.
+However, his dog had contrived to work his way out, and returned home
+next day about noon. The dog, by whining and looking in the faces of
+the family, and afterwards running to the door, showed that he wished
+them to follow him; they accordingly did so, accompanied by a number
+of men provided with spades. He led them to the spot where his master
+was, and, after scraping away the snow which had fallen from the time
+he had quitted the spot, he quickly disappeared in the hole by which
+he had effected his escape. They began to dig, and by nightfall they
+found Mr. Cobb quite benumbed, standing in an upright posture; but as
+life was not quite extinguished he was rolled in warm blankets, and
+soon recovered. As may well be conceived, he felt the greatest regard
+for his preserver, and treated him ever afterwards with much
+tenderness. The colley lived to a great age, and when he died, his
+master said it gave him as much pain as the death of a child; and he
+would have buried him in a coffin, had he not thought that his
+neighbours would turn it into ridicule.
+
+A gentleman of my acquaintance had a sheep-dog, which was generally
+kept in a yard by the side of his house in the country. One day a
+beggar made his way into the yard armed with a stout stick, with which
+he defended himself from the attacks of the dog, who barked at and
+attempted to bite him. On the appearance of a servant the dog ceased
+barking, and watching his opportunity, he got behind the beggar,
+snatched the stick from his hand, and carried it into the road, where
+he left it.
+
+A shepherd named Clark, travelling home to Hunt-Law, parish of Minto,
+near Jedburgh, with some sheep, had occasion to pass through a small
+village, where he went into a public-house to take a dram with some
+cronies whom he had met on the road, leaving the sheep in charge of
+the dog. His friends and he had indulged in a crack for several hours,
+till he entirely forgot his drove. In the meantime the dog had
+wearied, and determined to take the sheep home himself, a distance of
+about ten miles. The shepherd, on coming to the spot where he had left
+the animals, found they were gone, but knowing well that he might
+depend on the fidelity of his dog, he followed the straight way to
+Hunt-Law. On coming to a gateway which had interrupted their progress,
+he perceived the dog and sheep quietly reposing; and had it not been
+for that bar to their course he would have taken them home. Two miles
+of their way was by a made road, and the rest through an open moor.
+
+"One of the most interesting anecdotes I have known," says Sir Patrick
+Walker, who related this anecdote to Captain Brown, and the one which
+follows, "relates to a sheep-dog. The names of the parties have
+escaped me just now, but I recollect perfectly that it came from an
+authentic source. The circumstances were these:--A gentleman sold a
+considerable flock of sheep to a dealer, which the latter had not
+hands to drive. The seller, however, told him he had a very
+intelligent dog, which he would send to assist him to a place about
+thirty miles off; and that when he reached the end of his journey, he
+had only to feed the dog, and desire him to go home. The dog
+accordingly received his orders, and set off with the flock and the
+drover; but he was absent for so many days that his master began to
+have serious alarms about him, when one morning, to his great
+surprise, he found the dog returned with a very large flock of sheep,
+including the whole that he had lately sold. The fact turned out to
+be, that the drover was so pleased with the colley that he resolved to
+steal him, and locked him up until the time when he was to leave the
+country. The dog grew sulky, and made various attempts to escape, and
+one evening he fortunately succeeded. Whether the brute had discovered
+the drover's intention, and supposed the sheep were also stolen, it is
+difficult to say; but by his conduct it looked so, for he immediately
+went to the field, collected the sheep, and drove them all back to his
+master."
+
+"A few years ago, when upon a shooting party in the Braes of Ranoch,
+the dogs were so worn out as to be unfit for travel. Our guide said he
+knew the shepherd, who had a dog that perhaps might help us. He
+called, and the young man came with his little black colley, to which,
+as soon as he had conversed with the guide, he said something in Erse.
+The dog set off in a sneaking sort of manner up the hill, and, when he
+showed any degree of keenness, we hastened to follow, lest he should
+set up the birds; but the lad advised us 'to be canny, as it was time
+eneuch when Lud came back to tell.' In a short space Lud made his
+appearance on a knoll, and sat down, and the shepherd said we might go
+up now, for Lud had found the birds. The dog waited till we were
+ready, and trotted on at his master's command, who soon cautioned us
+to be on the alert, for Lud signified we were in the midst of the
+covey. We immediately found this to be the case, and in the course of
+the day the same thing occurred frequently."
+
+The following anecdote will serve to show the strong affection of the
+sheep-dog; I will give it in the words of a gentleman who witnessed
+the fact in the north of England.
+
+"The following instance of canine affection came under my observation
+at a farm-steading, where I happened to be. A colley belonging to the
+shepherd on the farm appeared very restless and agitated: she
+frequently sent forth short howls, and moaned as if in great agony.
+'What on earth is the matter with the dog?' I asked. 'Ye see, sur,'
+said the shepherd, 'au drownt a' her whelps i' the pond the day, and
+she's busy greeting for them.' Of course, I had no objection to offer
+to this explanation, but resolved to watch her future operations. She
+was not long in setting off to the pond and fishing out her offspring.
+One strong brindled pup she seemed to lament over the most. After
+looking at it for some time, she again set off at a quick rate to a
+new house then in the course of erection, and scooped out a deep hole
+among the rubbish. She then, one by one, deposited the remains of her
+young in it, and covered them up most carefully. After she had
+fulfilled this task, she resumed her labours among her woolly charge
+as usual."
+
+In the winter of the year 1795, as Mr. Boulstead's son, of Great
+Salkeld, in Cumberland, was attending the sheep of his father upon
+Great Salkeld Common, he had the misfortune to fall and break his
+leg. He was then at the distance of three miles from home--there was
+no chance of any person's coming in so unfrequented a place within
+call, and evening was fast approaching. In this dreadful dilemma,
+suffering extreme pain from the fracture, and laying upon the damp
+ground at so dreary a season of the year, his fearful situation
+suggested to him the following expedient. Folding one of his gloves in
+his pocket-handkerchief, he fastened it round the neck of the dog, and
+rather emphatically ordered him 'home.' These dogs, trained so
+admirably to orders and signals during their attendance upon the
+flock, are well known to be under the most minute subjection, and to
+execute the commands of their masters with an alacrity scarcely to be
+conceived.
+
+Perfectly convinced of some inexplicable disquietude from the
+situation in which his master lay, he set off at a pace which soon
+brought him to the house, where he scratched with great violence at
+the door for immediate admittance. This obtained, the parents were in
+the utmost alarm and consternation at his appearance, especially when
+they had examined the handkerchief and its contents. Instantly
+concluding that some accident had befallen their son, they did not
+delay a moment to go in search of him. The dog, apparently conscious
+that the principal part of his duty was yet to be performed, anxiously
+led the way, and conducted the agitated parents to the spot where
+their son lay overwhelmed with pain, increased by the awful
+uncertainty of his situation. Happily he was removed just at the close
+of day; and the necessary assistance being procured, he soon
+recovered. He was never more pleasingly engaged than when reciting the
+sagacity and affection of his faithful follower, who then became his
+constant companion.
+
+Mr. Hawkes, farmer of Halling, returning much intoxicated from
+Maidstone market, with his dog, when the whole face of the country was
+covered with snow, mistook his path, and passed over a ditch on his
+right-hand towards the river; fortunately he was unable to get up the
+bank, or he must have fallen into the Medway, at nearly high water.
+Overcome with the liquor, Hawkes fell amongst the snow, in one of the
+coldest nights ever remembered: turning on his back, he was soon
+asleep; his dog scratched the snow about him, and then mounted upon
+the body, rolled himself round, and laid him on his master's bosom,
+for which his shaggy hide proved a seasonable covering. In this state,
+with snow falling all the time, the farmer and his dog lay the whole
+of the night; in the morning, a Mr. Finch, who was out with his gun,
+perceiving an uncommon appearance, proceeded towards it; at his
+approach, the dog got off the body, shook the snow from him, and by
+significant actions encouraged Mr. Finch to advance. Upon wiping the
+snow from the face, the person was immediately recognised, and was
+conveyed to the first house, when a pulsation in the heart being
+evident, the necessary means to recover him were employed, and in a
+short time Hawkes was able to relate his own story. In gratitude for
+his faithful friend, a silver collar was made for his wearing, and
+thus inscribed:--
+
+   "In man, true friendship I long strove to find, but missed my aim;
+    At length I found it in my dog most kind; man! blush for shame."
+
+The following tale is copied from the "Glasgow Post:"--
+
+"A few days since, while Hector Macalister was on the Aran Hills
+looking after his sheep, six miles from home or other habitation, his
+two colley dogs started a rabbit, which ran under a large block of
+granite. He thrust his arm under the stone, expecting to catch it; but
+instead of doing so, he removed the supports of the block, which
+instantly came down on his arm, holding him as fast as a vice. His
+pain was great; but the pangs he felt were greater when he thought of
+home, and the death he seemed doomed to die. In this position he lay
+from ten in the morning till four in the afternoon; when, finding that
+all his efforts to extricate himself were unavailing, he tried several
+times, without effect, to get his knife out of his pocket to cut his
+arm off.
+
+"His only chance now was to send home his dogs, with the view of
+alarming his friends. After much difficulty, as the faithful creatures
+were most unwilling to leave him, he succeeded; and Mrs. Macalister,
+seeing them return alone, took the alarm, and collecting the
+neighbours, went in search of her husband, led on by the faithful
+colleys. When they came to the spot, poor Macalister was speechless
+with crying for assistance. It required five strong men to remove the
+block from his arm.
+
+"A further instance of reason and self-judgment was shown in the
+colley, which, having to collect some sheep from the sides of a gorge,
+through which ran a morass, saw one of the animals precipitate itself
+into the shifting mass, where it sank immediately up to the neck,
+leaving nothing but its small black head visible. The dog looked at
+the sheep and then at its master with an embarrassed, what-shall-I-do
+kind of expression; but the latter, being too far off to notice the
+difficulty or to assist, the dog, with infinite address, seized the
+struggling animal by the neck, and dragged it by main force to the dry
+land, and then compelled it to join the flock he was collecting."
+
+The care a sheep-dog will take of the sheep committed to his charge is
+extraordinary, and he will readily chastise any other dog which
+happens to molest them. Col. Hamilton Smith relates that a strange cur
+one day bit a sheep in rear of the flock, unseen by the shepherd. The
+assault was committed by a tailor's dog, but not unnoticed by the
+other, which immediately seized the delinquent by the ear and dragged
+him into a puddle, where he kept dabbling him in the mud with the
+utmost gravity. The cur yelled. The tailor came slipshod with his
+goose to the rescue, and flung it at the sheep-dog, but missed him,
+and did not venture to pick it up till the castigation was over.
+
+And here I cannot do better than introduce Dr. Walcot's (Peter Pindar)
+charming lines on "The Old Shepherd's Dog:"--
+
+   "The old shepherd's dog, like his master, was grey,
+    His teeth all departed, and feeble his tongue;
+    Yet where'er Corin went he was follow'd by Tray:
+    Thus happy through life did they hobble along.
+
+    When fatigued on the grass the shepherd would lie
+    For a nap in the sun, 'midst his slumbers so sweet
+    His faithful companion crawl'd constantly nigh,
+    Placed his head on his lap, or laid down at his feet.
+
+    When winter was heard on the hill and the plain,
+    When torrents descended, and cold was the wind;
+    If Corin went forth 'mid the tempest and rain,
+    Tray scorn'd to be left in the chimney behind.
+
+    At length, in the straw, Tray made his last bed--
+    For vain against death is the stoutest endeavour--
+    To lick Corin's hand he rear'd up his weak head,
+    Then fell back, closed his eyes, and ah! closed them for ever.
+
+    Not long after Tray did the shepherd remain,
+    Who oft o'er his grave with true sorrow would bend;
+    And when dying, thus feebly was heard the poor swain,
+    'O bury me, neighbours, beside my old friend!'"
+
+There can be little doubt but that the dog I have been describing is
+possessed of almost human sagacity. The following is an extraordinary
+instance of it. It is related by Dr. Anderson:--
+
+A young farmer in the neighbourhood of Innerleithen, whose
+circumstances were supposed to be good, and who was connected with
+many of the best store-farming families in the county, had been
+tempted to commit some extensive depredations upon the flocks of his
+neighbours, in which he was assisted by his shepherd. The pastoral
+farms of Tweeddale, which generally consist each of a certain range of
+hilly ground, had in those days no enclosures: their boundaries were
+indicated only by the natural features of the country. The sheep were,
+accordingly, liable to wander, and to become intermixed with each
+other; and at every reckoning of a flock a certain allowance had to be
+made for this, as for other contingencies. For some time Mr. William
+Gibson, tenant in Newby, an extensive farm stretching from the
+neighbourhood of Peebles to the borders of Selkirkshire, had remarked
+a surprising increase in the amount of his annual losses. He
+questioned his shepherds severely, taxed them with carelessness in
+picking up and bringing home the dead, and plainly intimated that he
+conceived some unfair dealing to be in progress. The men, finding
+themselves thus exposed to suspicions of a very painful kind, were as
+much chagrined as the worthy farmer himself, and kept their minds
+alive to every circumstance which might tend to afford any elucidation
+of the mystery. One day, while they were summering their lambs, the
+eye of a very acute old shepherd, named Hyslop, was caught by a
+black-faced ewe which they had formerly missed (for the shepherds
+generally know every particular member of their flocks), and which
+was now suckling its own lamb as if it had never been absent. On
+inspecting it carefully, it was found to bear an additional birn upon
+its face. Every farmer, it must be mentioned, impresses with a hot
+iron a particular letter upon the faces of his sheep, as a means of
+distinguishing his own from those of his neighbours. Mr. Gibson's birn
+was the letter T, and this was found distinctly enough impressed on
+the face of the ewe. But above this mark there was an O, which was
+known to be the mark of the tenant of Wormiston, the individual
+already mentioned. It was immediately suspected that this and the
+other missing sheep had been abstracted by that person; a suspicion
+which derived strength from the reports of the neighbouring shepherds,
+by whom, it appeared, the black-faced ewe had been tracked for a
+considerable way in a direction leading from Wormiston to Newby. It
+was indeed ascertained that instinctive affection for her lamb had led
+this animal across the Tweed, and over the lofty heights between
+Cailzie and Newby; a route of very considerable difficulty, and
+probably quite different from that by which she had been led away, but
+the most direct that could have been taken. Mr. Gibson only stopped to
+obtain the concurrence of a neighbouring farmer, whose losses had been
+equally great, before proceeding with some of the legal authorities to
+Wormiston, where Millar the shepherd, and his master, were taken into
+custody, and conducted to the prison of Peebles. On a search of the
+farm, no fewer than thirty-three score of sheep belonging to various
+individuals were found, all bearing the condemnatory O above the
+original birns; and it was remarked that there was not a single ewe
+returned to Grieston, the farm on the opposite bank of the Tweed,
+which did not minny her lambs--that is, assume the character of mother
+towards the offspring from which she had been separated.
+
+The magnitude of this crime, the rareness of such offences in the
+district, and the station in life of at least one of the offenders,
+produced a great sensation in Tweeddale, and caused the elicitation of
+every minute circumstance that could possibly be discovered respecting
+the means which had been employed for carrying on such an extensive
+system of depredation. The most surprising part of the tale is the
+extent to which it appears that the instinct of dumb animals had been
+instrumental, both in the crime and in its detection. While the farmer
+seemed to have deputed the business chiefly to his shepherd, the
+shepherd seemed to have deputed it again, in many instances, to a dog
+of extraordinary sagacity, which served him in his customary and
+lawful business. This animal, which bore the name of "Yarrow," would
+not only act under his immediate direction in cutting off a portion of
+a flock, and bringing it home to Wormiston, but is said to have been
+able to proceed solitarily, and by night, to a sheepwalk, and there
+detach certain individuals previously pointed out by its master,
+which it would drive home by secret ways, without allowing one to
+straggle. It is mentioned that, while returning home with their stolen
+droves, they avoided, even in the night, the roads along the banks of
+the river, or those that descend to the valley through the adjoining
+glens. They chose rather to come along the ridge of mountains that
+separate the small river Leithen from the Tweed. But even here there
+was sometimes danger, for the shepherds occasionally visit their
+flocks even before day; and often when Millar had driven his prey from
+a distance, and while he was yet miles from home, and the
+weather-gleam of the eastern hills began to be tinged with the
+brightening dawn, he has left them to the charge of his dog, and
+descended himself to the banks of the Leithen, off his way, that he
+might not be seen connected with their company. Yarrow, although
+between three and four miles from his master, would continue, with
+care and silence, to bring the sheep onward to Wormiston, where his
+master's appearance could be neither a matter of question nor
+surprise.
+
+Near to the thatched farmhouse was one of those old square towers, or
+peel-houses, whose picturesque ruins were then seen ornamenting the
+course of the Tweed, as they had been placed alternately along the
+north and south bank, generally from three to six hundred yards from
+it--sometimes on the shin, and sometimes in the hollow of a hill. In
+the vault of this tower it was the practice of these men to conceal
+the sheep they had recently stolen; and while the rest of their
+people were absent on Sunday at the church, they used to employ
+themselves in cancelling with their knives the ear-marks, and
+impressing with a hot iron a large O upon the face, that covered both
+sides of the animal's nose, for the purpose of obliterating the brand
+of the true owner. While his accomplices were so busied, Yarrow kept
+watch in the open air, and gave notice, without fail, by his barking,
+of the approach of strangers.
+
+The farmer and his servant were tried at Edinburgh in January 1773,
+and the proceedings excited an extraordinary interest, not only in the
+audience, but amongst the legal officials. Hyslop, the principal
+witness, gave so many curious particulars respecting the instincts of
+sheep, and the modes of distinguishing them both by natural and
+artificial marks, that he was highly complimented by the bench. The
+evidence was so complete, that both culprits were found guilty and
+expiated their crime on the scaffold.
+
+The general tradition is, that Yarrow was also put to death, though in
+a less ceremonious manner; but this has probably no other foundation
+than a _jeu d'esprit_, which was cried through the streets of
+Edinburgh as his dying speech. We have been informed that the dog was
+in reality purchased, after the execution of Millar, by a sheep-farmer
+in the neighbourhood, but did not take kindly to honest courses, and
+his new master having no work of a different kind in which to engage
+him, he was remarked to show rather less sagacity than the ordinary
+shepherd's dog.
+
+An instance of shrewd discrimination in the shepherd's dog, almost as
+remarkable as that of poor Yarrow, was mentioned a few years ago in a
+Greenock newspaper. In the course of last summer, says the narrator,
+it chanced that the sheep on the farm of a friend of ours, on the
+water of Stinchar, were, like those of his neighbours, partially
+affected with that common disease, maggots in the skin, to cure which
+distemper it is necessary to cut off the wool over the part affected,
+and apply a small quantity of tobacco juice, or some other liquid. For
+this purpose the shepherd set off to the hill one morning, accompanied
+by his faithful canine assistant, Ladie. Arrived among the flock, the
+shepherd pointed out a diseased animal; and making the accustomed
+signal for the dog to capture it, "poor Mailie" was speedily sprawling
+on her back, and gently held down by the dog till the arrival of her
+keeper, who proceeded to clip off a portion of her wool, and apply the
+healing balsam. During the operation, Ladie continued to gaze on the
+operator with close attention; and the sheep having been released, he
+was directed to capture in succession two or three more of the flock,
+which underwent similar treatment. The sagacious animal had now become
+initiated into the mysteries of his master's vocation, for off he set
+unbidden through the flock, and picked out with unerring precision
+those sheep which were affected with maggots in their skin, and held
+them down until the arrival of his master; who was thus, by the
+extraordinary instinct of Ladie, saved a world of trouble, while the
+operation of clipping and smearing was also greatly facilitated.
+
+Often as I have attempted to make acquaintance with a colley-dog, I
+have never been able to succeed in producing any degree of
+familiarity. On the contrary, he has always regarded me with looks of
+shyness and suspicion. His master appears to be the only being to whom
+he is capable of showing any degree of attachment; and coiled up on
+his great-coat, or reposing at his feet, he eyes a stranger with
+distrust, if not with anger. At the same time there is a look of
+extraordinary intelligence, which perhaps is possessed by no other
+animal in a greater degree. It has been said of him, that although he
+has not the noble port of the Newfoundland dog, the affectionate
+fondling of the spaniel, nor the fierce attachment which renders the
+mastiff so efficient a guard, yet he exceeds them all in readiness and
+extent of intelligence, combined with a degree of docility unequalled,
+perhaps, by any other animal in existence. There is, if the expression
+may be used, a philosophic look about him, which shows thought,
+patience, energy, and vigilance. During a recent visit in Cumberland,
+I took some pains to make myself acquainted with the character of this
+dog, and I am now convinced that too much cannot be said of his
+wonderful properties. He protects with indefatigable exertions the
+flock committed to his charge. When we consider the dreary wilds, the
+almost inaccessible heights, the rugged hills and lofty mountains to
+which sheep have access, and to which man could scarcely
+penetrate--that some sheep will stray and intermix with other
+flocks--that the dog knows the extent of his walk as well as every
+individual of his flock, and that he will select his own as well as
+drive away intruders, we must admit his utility and admire his
+sagacity.
+
+Let me give another instance of this in the words of the Ettrick
+Shepherd. It was related to me by himself, and has since been
+published in the "Percy Anecdotes."
+
+"I once witnessed a very singular feat performed by a dog belonging to
+John Graham, late tenant in Ashiesteel. A neighbour came to his house
+after it was dark, and told him that he had lost a sheep on his farm,
+and that if he (Graham) did not secure her in the morning early, she
+would be lost, as he had brought her far. John said he could not
+possibly get to the hill next morning, but if he would take him to the
+very spot where he lost the sheep, perhaps his dog Chieftain would
+find her that night. On that they went away with all expedition, lest
+the traces of the feet should cool; and I, then a boy, being in the
+house, went with them. The night was pitch dark, which had been the
+cause of the man losing his ewe, and at length he pointed out a place
+to John by the side of the water where he had lost her. 'Chieftain,
+fetch that!' said John. 'Bring her back, sir!' The dog jumped around
+and around, and reared himself up on end; but not being able to see
+anything, evidently misapprehended his master, on which John fell to
+scolding his dog, calling it a great many hard names. He at last told
+the man that he must point out the very track that the sheep went,
+otherwise he had no chance of recovering it. The man led him to a grey
+stone, and said he was sure she took the brae (hill side) within a
+yard of that. 'Chieftain, come hither to my foot, you great numb'd
+whelp!' said John. Chieftain came--John pointed with his finger to the
+ground, 'Fetch that, I say, sir--bring that back--away!' The dog
+scented slowly about on the ground for some seconds, but soon began to
+mend his pace, and vanished in the darkness. 'Bring her back!--away,
+you great calf!' vociferated John, with a voice of exultation, as the
+dog broke to the hill; and as all these good dogs perform their work
+in perfect silence, we neither saw nor heard any more of him for a
+long time. I think, if I remember right, we waited there about half an
+hour, during which time all the conversation was about the small
+chance which the dog had to find the ewe, for it was agreed on all
+hands that she must long ago have mixed with the rest of the sheep on
+the farm. How that was, no man will ever be able to decide. John,
+however, still persisted in waiting until his dog came back, either
+with the ewe or without her. At last the trusty animal brought the
+individual lost sheep to our very feet, which the man took on his
+back, and went on his way rejoicing."
+
+The care the shepherds of the north of England take in preserving a
+pure breed of these dogs is very great, and the value set upon them is
+proportionably high. Nor must the shepherds themselves be passed over
+without notice. They are a shrewd, sagacious set of men, many of them
+by no means uneducated, as is the case generally with the peasantry in
+the north of England. Indeed, it is from this class that many scholars
+and mathematicians have done so much credit, and I may add honour, to
+the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland. An anecdote is related of
+a shepherd, who was found by a gentleman attending his flock, and
+reading a volume of Milton. "What are you reading?" asked the
+gentleman. "Why," replied the shepherd, "I am reading an odd sort of a
+poet; he would fain rhyme, but does not quite know how to set about
+it."
+
+The valleys, or glens, which intersect the Grampian mountains, are
+chiefly inhabited by shepherds. The pastures over which each flock is
+permitted to range extend many miles in every direction. The shepherd
+never has a view of his whole flock at once, except when they are
+collected for sale or shearing. His occupation is to make daily
+excursions to the different extremities of his pastures in succession,
+and to turn back, by means of his dog, any stragglers that may be
+approaching the boundaries of his neighbours. In one of these
+excursions, a shepherd happened to carry along with him one of his
+children, about three years old. This is a usual practice among the
+Highlanders, who accustom their children from their earliest infancy
+to endure the rigours of the climate. After traversing his pasture for
+some time, attended by his dog, the shepherd found himself under the
+necessity of ascending a summit at some distance, in order to have a
+more extensive view of his range. As the ascent was too fatiguing for
+the child, he left him on a small plain at the bottom, with strict
+injunctions not to stir from it till his return. Scarcely, however,
+had he gained the summit, when the horizon was suddenly darkened by
+one of those impenetrable mists which frequently descend so rapidly
+amidst these mountains, as almost to turn day into night, and that in
+the course of a few minutes. The anxious father instantly hastened
+back to find his child, but, owing to the unusual darkness, he missed
+his way in the descent. After a search of many hours amongst the
+dangerous morasses and cataracts with which these mountains abound, he
+was at length overtaken by night. Still wandering on without knowing
+whither, he at length came to the verge of the mist, and, by the light
+of the moon, discovered that he had reached the bottom of his valley,
+and was within a short distance of his cottage. To renew the search
+that night was equally fruitless and dangerous. He was, therefore,
+obliged to return to his cottage, having lost both his child and his
+dog, who had attended him faithfully for years.
+
+Next morning by daybreak, the shepherd, accompanied by a band of his
+neighbours, set out in search of the child, but, after a day spent in
+fruitless fatigue, he was at last compelled, by the approach of night,
+to descend from the mountain. On returning to his cottage he found
+that the dog, which he had lost the day before, had been home, and on
+receiving a piece of cake, had instantly gone off again. For several
+successive days the shepherd renewed the search for his child, but
+still, on returning at evening disappointed to his cottage, he found
+that the dog had been home, and, on receiving his usual allowance of
+cake, had instantly disappeared. Struck with this circumstance, he
+remained at home one day, and when the dog, as usual, departed with
+his piece of cake, he resolved to follow him, and find out the cause
+of his strange procedure. The dog led the way to a cataract, at some
+distance from the spot where the shepherd had left his child. The
+banks of the cataract almost joined at the top, yet separated by an
+abyss of immense depth, presenting that appearance which so often
+astonishes and appals travellers who frequent the Grampian Mountains,
+and indicates that these stupendous chasms were not the silent work of
+time, but the sudden effect of some violent convulsion of the earth.
+Down one of these rugged and almost perpendicular descents, the dog
+began, without hesitation, to make his way, and at last disappeared
+into a cave, the mouth of which was almost on a level with the
+torrent. The shepherd with some difficulty followed, but upon entering
+the cave, what were his emotions when he beheld his lost child eating
+with much satisfaction the cake which the dog had just brought to him,
+while the faithful animal stood by, eyeing his young charge with the
+utmost complacence.
+
+From the situation in which the child was found, it appears that he
+had wandered to the brink of the precipice, and then either fallen or
+scrambled down till he reached the cave, which the dread of the
+torrent had probably prevented him from quitting. The dog had traced
+him to the spot, and afterwards prevented him from starving by giving
+up to him the whole, or the greater part of his own daily allowance.
+He appears never to have quitted the child by night or day, except
+when it was necessary to go for food, and then he was always seen
+running at full speed to and from the cottage.
+
+This extraordinary and interesting anecdote is taken from the "Monthly
+Magazine" of April, 1802, and bears every appearance of authenticity.
+It affords an instance of the sense, affection, and self-denial of a
+faithful animal, and is recorded to his honour, and as an example to
+the whole race of human beings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Daniel, in the Supplement to his "Rural Sports," gives the
+following account of the shepherds' dogs in North Wales. He says,
+"The sheep in this country are the ancient Alpine sort, (how excellent
+the mutton is!) and that from their varying mode of life they assume
+very different habits to the sheep of an inland country, while those
+of the shepherds' dogs are no less conspicuous. The excellency of
+these animals renders sheep-pens in a great degree unnecessary. If a
+shepherd wishes to inspect his flock in a cursory way, he places
+himself in the middle of the field, or the piece of ground they are
+depasturing, and giving a whistle or a shout, the dogs and the sheep
+are equally obedient to the sound, and draw towards the shepherd, and
+are kept within reach by one or more dogs, until the business which
+required them to be assembled is finished. In such estimation was this
+breed of dogs, when cattle constituted one of the grand sources of
+wealth to the country, that in the laws of Hywell Dda, the legal price
+of one perfectly broken in for conducting the flocks or herds to or
+from their pasturage, was equal to that of an ox, viz. sixty denarii,
+while the price of the house-dog was estimated at only four, which was
+the value of a sheep. If any doubt arose as to the genuineness of the
+breed, or his having been _pastorally_ trained, then the owner and a
+neighbour were to make oath that he went with the flocks or herds in
+the morning, and drove them, with the stragglers, home in the
+evening."
+
+I delight in seeing a shepherd's dog in full activity, anxious to
+obey the directions of his master. He runs with his utmost speed,
+encompassing a large space of open country in a short time, and brings
+those sheep that are wanted to the feet of his master. Indeed the
+natural talents and sagacity of this dog are so great, partly by being
+the constant companion of his master, and partly by education, that he
+may almost be considered a rational being. Mr. Smellie says, "that he
+reigns at the head of his flock, and that his _language_, whether
+expressive of blandishment or of command, is better heard and better
+understood than the voice of his master. Safety, order, and discipline
+are the effects of his vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are
+his subjects. These he conducts and protects with prudence and
+bravery, and never employs force against them, except for the
+preservation of peace and good order. He not only understands the
+language of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows
+how to act by signals made with the hand." How well Delille describes
+this faithful animal!--
+
+                  "Aimable autant qu'utile,
+    Superbe et caressant, courageux et docile,
+    Formé pour le conduire et pour le protéger.
+    Du troupeau qu'il gouverne il est le vrai berger;
+    Le Ciel l'a fait pour nous; et dans leur cours rustique,
+    Il fut des rois pasteurs le premier domestique."
+
+Mr. Charles Darwin, in his interesting travels in South America,
+informs us, that when riding it is a common thing to meet a large
+flock of sheep, guarded by one or two dogs, at the distance of some
+miles from any house or man. He often wondered how so firm a
+friendship had been established, till he found that the method of
+education consisted in separating the puppy, while very young, from
+the mother, and in accustoming it to its future companions. In order
+to do this, a ewe is held three or four times a-day for the little
+thing to suck, and a nest of wool is made for it in the sheep-pen. At
+no time is it allowed to associate with other dogs, or with the
+children of the family. From this education, it has no wish to leave
+the flock, and just as another dog will defend his master, so will
+these the sheep. It is amusing to observe, when approaching a flock,
+how the dog immediately advances barking, and the sheep all close in
+his rear, as if round the oldest ram. These dogs are also easily
+taught to bring home the flock at a certain hour in the evening. Their
+most troublesome fault, when young, is their desire of playing with
+the sheep; for, in their sport, they sometimes gallop their poor
+subjects most unmercifully. The shepherd dog comes to the house every
+day for some meat, and immediately it is given him he skulks away as
+if ashamed of himself. On these occasions the house-dogs are very
+tyrannical, and the least of them will attack and pursue the stranger.
+The minute, however, the latter has reached the flock, he turns round
+and begins to bark, and then all the house-dogs take very quietly to
+their heels. In a similar manner, a whole pack of hungry wild dogs
+will scarcely ever venture to attack a flock when under the protection
+of even one of these faithful shepherds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ST. BERNARD DOG.]
+
+THE ST. BERNARD DOG.
+
+   "Thrill sounds are breaking o'er the startled ear,
+    The shriek of agony, the cry of fear;--
+    And the sad tones of childhood in distress,
+    Are echoing through the snow-clad wilderness!
+    And who the first to waken to the sound,
+    And quickly down the icy path to bound;
+    To dare the storm with anxious step and grave,
+    The first to answer and the first to save?--
+    'T is he--the brave old dog, who many a day
+    Hath saved lost wand'rers in that dreary way;
+    And now, with head close crouched along the ground,
+    Is watching eagerly each coming sound.
+    Sudden he starts--the cry is near--
+    On, gallant Bruno!--know no fear!
+    On!--for that cry may be the last,
+    And human life is ebbing fast!
+    And now he hurries on with heaving side,
+    Dashing the snow from off its shaggy hide;--
+    He nears the child!--he hears his gasping sighs,
+    And, with a tender care, he bears away the prize."
+                                                       MRS. HOUSTOUN.
+
+
+Sir Walter Scott said that he would believe anything of a St. Bernard
+dog. Their natural sagacity is, indeed, so sharpened by long practice
+and careful training, that a sort of language is established between
+them and the good monks of St. Bernard, by which mutual communications
+are made, such as few persons living in situations of less constant
+and severe trials can have any just conceptions of. When we look at
+the extraordinary sagacity of the animal, his great strength, and his
+instinctive faculties, we shall feel convinced how admirably he is
+adapted to fulfil the purpose for which he is chiefly employed,--that
+of saving lives in snow-storms.
+
+The peculiar faculty of the St. Bernard dogs is shown by the curious
+fact, that if a whelp of this breed is placed upon snow for the first
+time, it will begin to scratch it, and sniff about as if in search of
+something. When they have been regularly trained, they are generally
+sent out in pairs during heavy snow-storms in search of travellers,
+who may have been overwhelmed by the snow. In this way they pass over
+a great extent of country, and by the acuteness of their scent
+discover if any one is buried in the snowdrift. When it is considered
+that Mount St. Bernard is situated about 8000 feet above the level of
+the sea, and that it is the highest habitable spot in Europe, and
+that the road which passes across it is constantly traversed, the
+great utility of the dogs is sufficiently manifest. Neither is the
+kindness, charity, and hospitality of the good monks less to be
+admired than the noble qualities of these dogs.
+
+"Under every circumstance," says Mr. Brockedon, "in which it is
+possible to render assistance, the worthy religieuses of St. Bernard
+set out upon their fearful duty unawed by the storm, and obeying a
+higher Power; they seek the exhausted or overwhelmed traveller,
+accompanied by their dogs, whose sagacity will generally detect the
+victim though buried in the snow. The dogs, also, as if conscious of a
+high duty, will roam alone through the day and night in these desolate
+regions, and if they discover an exhausted traveller will lie on him
+to impart warmth, and bark and howl for assistance."[P]
+
+Mr. Mathews, in his "Diary of an Invalid," gives this testimony in
+praise of the inmates of St. Bernard. "The approach," he says, "to the
+convent for the last hour of the ascent is steep and difficult. The
+convent is not seen till you arrive within a few hundred yards of it;
+when it breaks upon the view all at once, at a turn in the rock. Upon
+a projecting crag near it stood one of the celebrated dogs, baying at
+our advance, as if to give notice of strangers. These dogs are of a
+large size, particularly high upon the legs, and generally of a milk
+white, or of a tabby colour. They are most extraordinary creatures, if
+all the stories the monks tell of them are true. They are used for the
+purpose of searching for travellers who may be buried in the snow; and
+many persons are rescued annually from death by their means. During
+the last winter, a traveller arrived at the convent in the midst of a
+snow-storm, having been compelled to leave his wife, who was unable to
+proceed further, at about a quarter of a mile's distance. A party of
+the monks immediately set out to her assistance, and found her
+completely buried under the snow. The sagacity of the dogs alone was
+the cause of her deliverance, for there was no visible trace, and it
+is difficult to understand how the scent can be conveyed through a
+deep covering of snow.
+
+"It is stated that the monks themselves, when out upon search for
+travellers, have frequently owed their preservation to their dogs, in
+a manner which would seem to show that the dogs are endued with a
+presentiment of danger.
+
+"Many stories of this kind have been told, and I was anxious to
+ascertain their truth. The monks stated two or three cases where the
+dogs had actually prevented them from returning to the convent by
+their accustomed route, when it afterwards turned out, that if they
+had not followed the guidance of their dog in his deviation, they
+would have been overwhelmed by an avalanche. Whether the dog may be
+endued with an intuitive foreboding of danger, or whether he may have
+the faculty of detecting symptoms not perceptible to our duller
+senses, must be determined by philosophers."
+
+That dogs and other animals, especially elephants, have this faculty,
+cannot be doubted. There is an instance on record of a dog having, by
+his importunity and peculiar gestures, induced his mistress to quit a
+washhouse in which she was at work, the roof of which fell in almost
+immediately afterwards. Dogs have been known to give the alarm of
+fire, by howling and other signs, before it was perceived by any of
+the inmates of the house. Their apprehension of danger is indeed very
+acute and very extraordinary, and may serve to account for and prove
+the accuracy of what has been stated respecting the instinct of the
+St. Bernard dogs.
+
+These dogs, however, do not always escape being overwhelmed by a
+sudden avalanche, which falls, as is most usual, in the spring of the
+year. Two of the domestics of the convent, with two or three dogs,
+were escorting some travellers, and were lost in an avalanche. One of
+the predecessors of these dogs, an intelligent animal, which had
+served the hospital for the space of twelve years, had, during that
+time, saved the lives of many individuals. Whenever the mountain was
+enveloped in fogs and snow, he set out in search of lost travellers.
+He was accustomed to run barking until he lost his breath, and would
+frequently venture on the most perilous places. When he found his
+strength was insufficient to draw from the snow a traveller benumbed
+with cold, he would run back to the hospital in search of the monks.
+
+One day this interesting animal found a child in a frozen state
+between the Bridge of Drouaz and the Ice-house of Balsora. He
+immediately began to lick him, and having succeeded in restoring
+animation, and the perfect recovery of the boy, by means of his
+caresses, he induced the child to tie himself round his body. In this
+way he carried the poor little creature, as if in triumph, to the
+hospital. When old age deprived him of strength, the prior of the
+convent pensioned him at Berne by way of reward. He is now dead, and
+his body stuffed and deposited in the museum of that town. The little
+phial, in which he carried a reviving liquor for the distressed
+travellers whom he found among the mountains, is still suspended from
+his neck.
+
+The story of this dog has been often told, but it cannot be too
+frequently repeated. Its authenticity is well established, and it
+affords another proof of the utility and sense of the St. Bernard
+dogs. Neither can the benevolence of the good monks be too highly
+praised. To those accustomed to behold the habitations of man,
+surrounded by flowery gardens, green and pleasing meadows, rivulets
+winding and sparkling over their pebbly bottoms, and groves in which
+songsters haunt and warble, the sight of a large monastery, situated
+on a gigantic eminence, with clouds rolling at its foot, and
+encompassed only by beds of ice and snow, must be awfully impressive.
+Yet amidst these boundless labyrinths of rugged glens and precipices,
+in the very rudest seasons, as often as it snows or the weather is
+foggy, do some of those benevolent persons go forth, with long poles,
+guided by their sagacious dogs. In this way they seek the high road,
+which these animals, with their instinctive faculty, never miss, how
+difficult soever to find. If an unfortunate traveller has sunk beneath
+the force of the falling snows, or should be immersed among them, the
+dogs never fail to find the place of his interment, which they point
+out by scratching and snuffing; when the sufferer is dug out, and
+carried to the monastery, where means are used for his recovery.
+
+The Count de Monte Veccios had a St. Bernard dog, which, as his master
+always had reported, could understand whatever he said to him; and the
+following short account deserves to be recorded, as it at once
+indicates memory, compassion, love, gratitude, and resentment in the
+faithful animal, even if we do not allow it to make good his master's
+opinion. The story is this:--
+
+The Count had served long in the wars, and always had this faithful
+attendant with him. The republic of Venice had been signally indebted
+to his courage, but had not rewarded him. He had a favour to ask of
+the then General Morosini; and as that commander was a man of singular
+pride and arrogance, he was obliged to wait a favourable opportunity
+of presenting his suit. One day when the General himself had a favour
+to ask of the Doge (who was a person of high elegance, and celebrated
+for his love of expensive entertainments), he laid out half his
+fortune on a cold collation, to which he had invited the Doge, to put
+him in humour for his suit. Thinking this the most suitable time for
+his purpose, as he who was about to ask a favour for himself would
+hardly at that instant deny one to another, the Count went to him some
+hours before the Doge was expected, and was graciously received in the
+room where the table was prepared. Here he began to make his court to
+the General, by praising the elegance and pomp of the preparation,
+which consisted of many thousands of finely-cut vessels of Venetian
+glass, filled with the richest sweetmeats and cold provisions, and
+disposed on fine tables, all covered with one vast cloth, with a deep
+gold fringe, which swept the ground. The Count said a thousand fine
+things about the elegance and richness of the dessert, and
+particularly admired the profusion of expense in the workmanship of
+the crystal and the weight of the gold fringe. Thus far he was very
+courteously treated; and the lord of the feast pompously told him
+that all the workmen in Venice had been half a year employed about
+them. From this he proceeded to the business of his suit; but this met
+with a very different reception, and was not only refused, but the
+denial attended with very harsh language. The Count was shocked at the
+ill-nature of the General, and went away in a very melancholy mood. As
+he went out, he patted his dog upon the head, and, out of the fulness
+of his heart, said to him with an afflicted air, "_Tu vois, mon ami,
+comme l'on nous traite_,--You see, my friend, how I am used." The dog
+looked up wistfully in his face, and returned him an answer with his
+tears. He accompanied him till he was at some distance from the
+General's, when, finding him engaged in company, he took that
+opportunity of leaving him with people who might justify him if
+accused. Upon which the dog, returning back to the house of the
+haughty officer, entered the great room, and taking hold of the gold
+tassel at one of the corners of the cloth, ran forcibly back, and drew
+after him the whole preparation, which in a moment lay strewed on the
+ground in a vast heap of broken glasses; thus revenging his master's
+quarrel, and ensuring as unexpected a reception to the General's
+requests as the latter had given to those of the Count.
+
+One of the St. Bernard dogs, named Barry, had a medal tied round his
+neck as a badge of honourable distinction, for he had saved the lives
+of forty persons. He at length died nobly in his vocation. In the
+winter of 1816, a Piedmontese courier arrived at St. Bernard on a
+very stormy day, labouring to make his way to the little village of
+St. Pierre, in the valley beneath the mountain, where his wife and
+children lived. It was in vain that the monks attempted to check his
+resolution to reach his family. They at last gave him two guides, each
+of whom was accompanied by a dog, one of which was the remarkable
+creature whose services had been so valuable. They set forth on their
+way down the mountain. In the mean time the anxious family of the poor
+courier, alarmed at his long absence, commenced the ascent of the
+mountain, in hopes of meeting him, or obtaining some information
+respecting him. Thus at the moment he and his guides were descending,
+his family were toiling up the icy steep, crowned with the snows of
+ages. A sudden crackling noise was heard, and then a thundering roar
+echoing through the Alpine heights--and all was still. Courier, and
+guides, and dogs, and the courier's family, were at the same moment
+overwhelmed by one common destruction--not one escaped. Two avalanches
+had broken away from the mountain pinnacles, and swept with impetuous
+force into the valley below.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHASSEUR AND CUBA BLOODHOUNDS.]
+
+THE BLOODHOUND.
+
+        "His snuffling nose, his active tail,
+    Attest his joy; then with deep op'ning mouth,
+    That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims
+    Th' audacious felon; foot by foot he marks
+    His winding way, while all the listening crowd
+    Applaud his reasonings. O'er the watery ford,
+    Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren hills,
+    O'er beaten paths, with men and beasts distain'd,
+    Unerring he pursues; till at the cot
+    Arriv'd, and seizing by his guilty throat
+    The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey:
+    So exquisitely delicate his sense!"--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+These noble dogs were also called "Slough dogs," in consequence of
+their exploring the sloughs, mosses, and bogs, in pursuit of
+offenders, called Moss-troopers. They were used for this purpose as
+late as the reign of James the First. In Scotland they are called the
+Sleuth-hound. It is the largest of any variety of hound, some of them
+having measured from twenty-six to twenty-eight inches to the top of
+the shoulder. They are beautifully formed, and have a noble expression
+of countenance, so finely portrayed in Sir Edwin Landseer's well-known
+and beautiful picture of "Dignity and Impudence." There is, as Colonel
+Hamilton Smith has observed, a kind of sagacious, or serious, solemn
+dignity about him, admirably calculated to impress the marauder with
+dread and awe. Indeed, so much is this the case, that I knew an
+instance of a bloodhound having traced a sheep-stealer to his cottage
+in Bedfordshire; and so great was the dread afterwards of the peculiar
+instinct of this dog, that sheep-stealing, which had before been very
+common in the neighbourhood, was put an end to. It has, therefore,
+often occurred to me, that if bloodhounds were kept for the general
+good in different districts, sheep-stealing would be less frequent
+than it is at present. They might also be usefully employed in the
+detection of rick-burners. At all events the suggestion is worth
+some consideration, especially from insurance offices. In 1803,
+the Thrapston Association for the Prosecution of Felons in
+Northamptonshire, procured and trained a bloodhound for the detection
+of sheep-stealers. In order to prove the utility of the dog, a man was
+dispatched from a spot where a great concourse of people were
+assembled, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and an hour afterwards the
+hound was laid on the scent. After a chase of an hour and a half, the
+hound found him secreted in a tree many miles from the place of
+starting. The very knowledge that farmers could readily have recourse
+to the assistance of such a dog, would serve to prevent the commission
+of much crime.
+
+To try whether a young bloodhound was well instructed, a nobleman
+(says Mr. Boyle) caused one of his servants to walk to a town four
+miles off, and then to a market-town three miles from thence. The dog,
+without seeing the man he was to pursue, followed him by the scent to
+the above-mentioned places, notwithstanding the multitude of people
+going the same road, and of travellers that had occasion to cross it.
+When the hound came to the chief market-town, he passed through the
+streets, without noticing any of the people there, till he got to the
+house where the man he sought was, and there found him in an upper
+room.
+
+A sure way of stopping the dog was to spill blood upon the track,
+which destroyed the discriminating fineness of his scent. A captive
+was sometimes sacrificed on such occasions. Henry the Minstrel tells
+us a romantic story of Wallace, founded on this circumstance. The
+hero's little band had been joined by an Irishman named Fawdon, or
+Fadzean, a dark, savage, and suspicious character. After a sharp
+skirmish at Black Erneside, Wallace was forced to retreat with only
+sixteen followers. The English pursued with a border sleuth-bratch, or
+bloodhound. In the retreat, Fawdon, tired, or affecting to be so,
+would go no farther. Wallace having in vain argued with him, in hasty
+anger struck off his head, and continued the retreat. When the English
+came up, their hound stayed upon the dead body.
+
+To the present group has been referred by some naturalists a dog of
+Spanish descent, termed the Cuban bloodhound. A hundred of these
+sagacious but savage dogs were sent, in 1795, from the Havanna to
+Jamaica, to extinguish the Maroon war, which at that time was fiercely
+raging. They were accompanied by forty Spanish chasseurs, chiefly
+people of colour, and their appearance and that of the dogs struck
+terror into the negroes. The dogs, muzzled and led in leashes, rushed
+ferociously upon every object, dragging along the chasseurs in spite
+of all their endeavours. Dallas, in his "History of the Maroons,"
+informs us that General Walpole ordered a review of these dogs and the
+men, that he might see in what manner they would act. He set out for
+a place called Seven Rivers, accompanied by Colonel Skinner, whom he
+appointed to conduct the attack. "Notice of his coming having preceded
+him, a parade of the chasseurs was ordered, and they were taken to a
+distance from the house, in order to be advanced when the general
+alighted. On his arrival, the commissioner (who had procured the
+dogs), having paid his respects, was desired to parade them. The
+Spaniards soon appeared at the end of a gentle acclivity drawn out in
+a line, containing upwards of forty men, with their dogs in front
+unmuzzled, and held by cotton ropes. On receiving the command, 'Fire!'
+they discharged their fusils, and advanced as upon a real attack. This
+was intended to ascertain what effect would be produced on the dogs if
+engaged under a fire of the Maroons. The volley was no sooner
+discharged than the dogs rushed forward with the greatest fury, amid
+the shouts of the Spaniards, who were dragged on by them with
+irresistible force. Some of the dogs, maddened by the shout of attack
+while held back by the ropes, seized on the stocks of the guns in the
+hands of their keepers, and tore pieces out of them. Their impetuosity
+was so great that they were with difficulty stopped before they
+reached the general, who found it necessary to get expeditiously into
+the chaise from which he had alighted; and if the most strenuous
+exertions had not been made, they would have seized upon his horses."
+This terrible exhibition produced the intended effect--the Maroons at
+once capitulated, and were subsequently sent to Halifax, North
+America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. John Lawrence, says that a servant, discharged by a sporting
+country gentleman, broke into his stables by night, and cut off the
+ears and tail of a favourite hunter. As soon as it was discovered, a
+bloodhound was brought into the stable, who at once detected the scent
+of the miscreant, and traced it more than twenty miles. He then
+stopped at a door, whence no power could move him. Being at length
+admitted, he ran to the top of the house, and, bursting open the door
+of a garret, found the object that he sought in bed, and would have
+torn him to pieces, had not the huntsman, who had followed him on a
+fleet horse, rushed up after him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Colonel Hamilton Smith says, that he was favoured with the following
+interesting notice of this dog from Sir Walter Scott, and which agrees
+exactly with some I have seen bred by Lord Bagot at Blithfield in
+Staffordshire, and some belonging to Her present Majesty.
+
+"The only sleuth-hound I ever saw was one which was kept at Keeldar
+Castle. He was like the Spanish pointer, but much stronger, and
+untameably fierce,--colour, black and tawny, long pendulous ears,--had
+a deep back, broad nostrils, and was strongly made, something like
+the old English mastiff, now so rare."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wanley, in his "Wonders of the Little World," relates the following
+anecdote:--
+
+"Anno Dom. 867.--Lothbroke, of the blood-royal of Denmark, and father
+to Humbar and Hubba, entered with his hawk into a boat alone, and by
+tempest was driven upon the coast of Norfolk in England; where being
+found, he was detained, and presented to Edmund, at that time King of
+the East Angles. The king entertained him at his court; and perceiving
+his singular dexterity and activity in hawking and hunting, bore him
+particular favour. By this means he fell into the envy of Berick, the
+king's falconer, who one day, as they hunted together, privately
+murdered and threw him into a bush. It was not long before he was
+missed at court. When no tidings could be heard of him, his dog, who
+had continued in the wood with the corpse of his master, till famine
+forced him thence, at sundry times came to court, and fawned on the
+king; so that the king, suspecting some ill matter, at length followed
+the trace of the hound, and was led by him to the place where
+Lothbroke lay. Inquisition was made; and by circumstance of words, and
+other suspicions, Berick, the king's falconer, was pronounced to be
+his murderer. The king commanded him to be set alone in Lothbroke's
+boat, and committed to the mercy of the sea, by the working of which
+he was carried to the same coast of Denmark from whence Lothbroke
+came. The boat was well known, and the occupant, Berick, examined by
+torments. To save himself, he asserted that Lothbroke had been slain
+by King Edmund. And this was the first occasion of the Danes' arrival
+in this land."
+
+A planter had fixed his residence at the foot of the Blue Mountains,
+in the back settlements of America. One day the youngest of his
+family, a child of about four years old, disappeared. The father,
+becoming alarmed, explored the woods in every direction, but without
+success. On the following day the search was renewed, during which a
+native Indian happened to pass, accompanied by his dog, one of the
+true bloodhound breed. Being informed of the distress of the planter,
+he requested that the shoes and stockings last worn by the child might
+be brought to him. He made the dog smell to them, and patted him. The
+intelligent animal seemed to comprehend all about it, for he began
+immediately to sniff around. The Indian and his dog then plunged into
+the wood. They had not been there long before the dog began to bay; he
+thought that he had hit upon the scent, and presently afterwards,
+being assured of it, he uttered a louder and more expressive note, and
+darted off at full speed into the forest. The Indian followed, and
+after a considerable time met his dog bounding back, his noble
+countenance beaming with animation. The hound turned again into the
+wood, his master not being far behind, and they found the child lying
+at the foot of a tree, fatigued and exhausted, but otherwise unhurt.
+
+Some of these dogs are kept by the keepers in the royal parks and
+forests, and are used to trace wounded deer. An officer in the 1st
+Life Guards has two noble dogs of this description, for one of which,
+I am informed, he gave fifty pounds. In fact, they are by no means
+uncommon in England. One distinguishing trait of purity in the breed
+is the colour, which is almost invariably a reddish tan, progressively
+darkening to the upper part, with a mixture of black upon the back.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In the Spanish West India Islands," says Bingley, "there are officers
+called chasseurs, kept in continual employment. The business of these
+men is to traverse the country with their dogs, for the purpose of
+pursuing and taking up all persons guilty of murder, or other crimes;
+and no activity on the part of the offenders will enable them to
+escape. The following is a very remarkable instance, which happened
+not many years ago.
+
+"A fleet from Jamaica, under convoy to Great Britain, passing through
+the Gulf of Mexico, beat upon the north side of Cuba. One of the
+ships, manned with foreigners (chiefly renegado Spaniards), in
+standing in with the land at night, was run on shore. The officers,
+and the few British seamen on board, were murdered, and the vessel was
+plundered by the renegadoes. The part of the coast on which the
+vessel was stranded being wild and unfrequented, the assassins retired
+with their booty to the mountains, intending to penetrate through the
+woods to some remote settlements on the southern side, where they
+hoped to secure themselves, and elude all pursuit. Early intelligence
+of the crime had, however, been conveyed to Havanna. The assassins
+were pursued by a detachment of the Chasseurs del Rey, with their
+dogs; and in the course of a very few days they were every one
+apprehended and brought to justice.
+
+"The dogs carried out by the Chasseurs del Rey are all perfectly
+broken in. On coming up with the fugitive, they bark at him till he
+stops; they then crouch near him, terrifying him with a ferocious
+growling if he attempts to stir. In this position they continue
+barking, to give notice to the chasseurs, who come up and secure their
+prisoner.
+
+"Each chasseur can only hunt with two dogs. These people live with
+their dogs, and are inseparable from them. At home the animals are
+kept chained; and when walking out with their masters, they are never
+unmuzzled nor let out of ropes, but for attack.
+
+"Bloodhounds were formerly used in certain districts lying between
+England and Scotland, that were much infested by robbers and
+murderers; and a tax was laid on the inhabitants for keeping and
+maintaining a certain number of these animals. But as the arm of
+justice is now extended over every part of the country, and as there
+are now no secret recesses where villany can be concealed, their
+services in this respect are become no longer necessary.
+
+"Some few of these dogs, however, are yet kept in the northern parts
+of the kingdom, and in the lodges of the royal forests, where they are
+used in pursuit of deer that have been previously wounded. They are
+also sometimes employed in discovering deer-stealers, whom they
+infallibly trace by the blood that issues from the wounds of their
+victims.
+
+"A very extraordinary instance of this occurred in the New Forest, in
+the year 1810, and was related to me by the Right Hon. G. H. Rose. A
+person, in getting over a stile into a field near the Forest, remarked
+that there was blood upon it. Immediately afterwards he recollected
+that some deer had been killed, and several sheep stolen in the
+neighbourhood; and that this might possibly be the blood of one that
+had been killed in the preceding night. The man went to the nearest
+lodge to give information; but the keeper being from home, he was
+under the necessity of going to Rhinefield Lodge, which was at a
+considerable distance. Toomer, the under-keeper, went with him to the
+place, accompanied by a bloodhound. The dog, when brought to the spot,
+was laid on the scent; and after following for about a mile the track
+which the depredator had taken, he came at last to a heap of furze
+fagots belonging to the family of a cottager. The woman of the house
+attempted to drive the dog away, but was prevented; and on the fagots
+being removed a hole was discovered in the ground, which contained the
+body of a sheep that had recently been killed, and also a considerable
+quantity of salted meat. The circumstance which renders this account
+the more remarkable is, that the dog was not brought to the scent
+until more than sixteen hours had elapsed after the man had carried
+away the sheep."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An old writer--the author of "The History of the Buccaneers"--though
+full of prejudice against the Indians, thus describes some of the
+atrocities practised by the Spaniards:--
+
+"The Spaniards having possessed themselves of these isles (South
+America), found them peopled with Indians, a barbarous people, sensual
+and brutish, hating all labour, and only inclined to killing and
+making war against their neighbours; not out of ambition, but only
+because they agreed not with themselves in some common terms of
+language; and perceiving that the dominion of the Spaniards laid great
+restrictions upon their lazy and brutish customs, they conceived an
+irreconcileable hatred against them, but especially because they saw
+them take possession of their kingdoms and dominions. Hereupon they
+made against them all the resistance they could, everywhere opposing
+their designs to the utmost; and the Spaniards, finding themselves
+cruelly hated by the Indians, and nowhere secure from their
+treacheries, resolved to extirpate and ruin them, since they could
+neither tame them by civility nor conquer them by the sword. But the
+Indians, it being their custom to make the woods their chief places of
+defence, at present made these their refuge whenever they fled from
+the Spaniards: hereupon those first conquerors of the New World made
+use of dogs to range and search the intricate thickets of woods and
+forests for those their implacable and unconquerable enemies; thus
+they forced them to leave their old refuge and submit to the sword,
+seeing no milder usage would do it: hereupon they killed some of them,
+and quartering their bodies, placed them in the highways, that others
+might take warning from such a punishment. But this severity proved of
+ill consequence, for instead of frightening them, and reducing them to
+civility, they conceived such horror of the Spaniards, that they
+resolved to detest and fly their sight for ever; hence the greatest
+part died in caves and subterraneous places of woods and mountains, in
+which places I myself have often seen great numbers of human bones."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been already stated, that in the West Indies bloodhounds were
+employed to hunt the runaway blacks. I had one of these Cuban
+bloodhounds given to me a few years ago, and finding him somewhat more
+ferocious than I liked, I made a present of him to a keeper in the
+neighbourhood. He was put into a kennel with other dogs, and soon
+killed some of them. Keepers, however, in going their rounds at night,
+are frequently accompanied by bloodhounds, and poachers are said to
+have a great dread of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE TERRIER.]
+
+THE TERRIER.
+
+   "Little favourite! rest thee here,
+    With the tribute of a tear!
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    Thou hast fondled at my feet,
+    Greeted those I lov'd to greet;
+    When in sorrow or in pain,
+    On my bosom thou hast lain.
+    I have seen thy little eye
+    Full as if with sympathy."
+
+
+There are so many varieties of terriers, and so many celebrated breeds
+of these dogs, that it would be a difficult task to give a separate
+account of each. Some have a cross of the bull-dog; and these,
+perhaps, are unequalled for courage and strength of jaw. In the latter
+quality they are superior to the bull-dog. Then there is the
+pepper-and-mustard breed, the Isle of Sky, the rough and smooth
+English terrier, and a peculiar breed, of which my own sensible little
+Judy, now reposing at my feet, is one, besides some others.
+
+Perhaps there is no breed of dogs which attach themselves so strongly
+to man as the terrier. They are his companions in his walks, and their
+activity and high spirit enable them to keep up with a horse through a
+long day's journey. Their fidelity to their master is unbounded, and
+their affection for him unconquerable. When he is ill they will repose
+for hours by the side of his bed, as still as a mother watching over a
+sick and slumbering child; and when he is well they will frisk around
+him, as if their pleasure was renewed with his returning health. How
+well do I remember this to have been the case with my faithful old dog
+Trim! Nothing would induce him to make the slightest noise till I
+called him on my bed, when I awoke in the morning. Night or day, he
+never left me for many years; and when at last I was obliged to take a
+journey without him, his life fell a sacrifice to his affection for
+me. Alas, poor Trim!
+
+This breed of dogs, the true English terrier, shows an invincible
+ardour in all that he is required to do, as well as persevering
+fortitude. In drawing badgers and foxes from their holes, the severe
+bites of these animals only seem to animate them to greater
+exertions; and they have been known to suffer themselves to be killed
+by the former sooner than give over the unequal contest.
+
+The vignette at the end of this notice represents a favourite
+wire-haired terrier of mine, called Peter, well known for many years
+at Hampton Court. He had wonderful courage and perseverance, and was
+the best dog to hunt rabbits in thick hedge-rows I ever met with. He
+was also a capital water-dog; and he was frequently enticed by some of
+the officers quartered at Hampton Court to accompany them to the
+neighbouring lock of the river Thames, in which an unfortunate duck
+was to be hunted. I was assured that on these occasions Peter
+distinguished himself greatly, diving after the duck whenever it
+dived, and beating all the other dogs by his energy and perseverance.
+Peter was a general favourite, and perhaps this was partly owing to
+his being a great pickle. He was always getting into scrapes. Twice he
+broke either his shoulder-bone or his leg by scrambling up a ladder.
+He was several times nearly killed by large dogs, of which he was
+never known to show the slightest fear; and with those of about his
+own size he would fight till he died. He has killed sixty rats in a
+barn in about as many minutes; and he was an inveterate foe to cats. I
+remember once taking him with me on a rabbit-ferreting excursion.
+Before the ferrets were put in the holes, I made Peter quite aware
+that he was not to touch them; and he was so sensible a dog that
+there was no difficulty in doing this, although it was the first time
+he had seen a ferret. If a rabbit bolted from the hole he was
+watching, he killed it in an instant; but when the ferret made its
+appearance, Peter retreated a step or two, showing his teeth a little
+as if he longed to attack it. Towards the end of the day I had gone to
+a little distance, leaving Peter watching a hole. Presently I heard a
+squeak, and on turning round I saw the ferret dead, and Peter standing
+over it, looking exceedingly ashamed at what he had done, and
+perfectly conscious that he had disobeyed orders. The temptation,
+however, was too great for him to resist. Peter at last got into bad
+company, for he suffered himself to be enticed by the ostlers and
+others into the taps at Hampton Court, and they indulged him in his
+fondness for killing vermin and cats. He was a dog of extraordinary
+sense. I once gave him some milk and water at my breakfast, which was
+too hot. He afterwards was in the habit of testing the heat by dipping
+one of his paws into the basin, preferring rather to scald his foot
+than to run the risk of burning his tongue. He had other
+peculiarities. When I mounted my horse and wanted him to follow me, he
+would come a little distance, and then all at once pretend to be lame.
+The more I called the lamer he became. He was, in fact, aware of my
+long rides, and was too lazy to follow me. He played this trick very
+frequently. If I called him while I had my snuff-box in my hand, he
+would come to me, pretending to sneeze the whole of the time. I have
+said so much about Peter, because he was a good specimen of one of the
+small breed of terriers.
+
+Terriers, more than any other breed of dogs, live so much in our
+rooms, and are so generally our companions during our walks and rides,
+that they naturally imbibe a great degree of sensibility of the least
+look or word of their master. This very sensibility makes them
+extremely jealous of any preference or attention shown by their master
+to another dog. I had an old terrier who never could bear to see me do
+this. He showed it not only by his countenance in a remarkable way,
+but would fall upon any dog he saw me caress. Mons. Blaze gives an
+instance of a dog having killed a young child, who had been in the
+habit of fondling a dog belonging to the same owner, and showing fear
+and dislike of him. Another dog was so strongly attached to his master
+that he was miserable when he was absent. When the gentleman married,
+the dog seemed to feel a diminution of affection towards him, and
+showed great uneasiness. Finding, however, that his new mistress grew
+fond of him, he became perfectly happy. Somewhat more than a year
+after this they had a child. There was now a decided inquietude about
+the dog, and it was impossible to avoid noticing that he felt himself
+miserable. The attention paid to the child increased his wretchedness;
+he loathed his food, and nothing could content him, though he was
+treated on this account with the utmost tenderness. At last he hid
+himself in the coal-cellar, and every means were used to induce him to
+return, but all in vain. He was deaf to entreaty, rejected all
+kindness, refused to eat, and continued firm in his resolution, till
+exhausted nature yielded to death.
+
+I have seen so much of the sensitiveness and jealousy of dogs, owing
+to their unbounded affection for their masters, that I cannot doubt
+the truth of this anecdote, which was related by Mr. Dibdin. A lady
+had a favourite terrier, whose jealousy of any attentions shown to her
+by strangers was so great, that in her walks he guarded her with the
+utmost care, and would not suffer any one to touch her. The following
+anecdote will prove the unchanging affection of these dogs. It was
+communicated to me by the best and most amiable man I have ever met
+with, either in public or private life.
+
+He had a small terrier, which was much attached to him. On leaving
+this country for America, he placed the dog under the care of his
+sister, who resided in London. The dog at first was inconsolable, and
+could scarcely be persuaded to eat anything. At the end of three years
+his owner returned, and upon knocking at the door of his sister's
+house, the dog recognised the well-known knock, ran down-stairs with
+the utmost eagerness, fondled his master with the greatest affection;
+and when he was in the sitting-room, the faithful animal jumped upon
+the piano-forte, that he might get as near to him as possible. The
+dog's attachment remained to the last moment of his life. He was taken
+ill, and was placed in his master's dressing-room on one of his
+cloaks. When he could scarcely move, his kind protector met him
+endeavouring to crawl to him up the stairs. He took the dog in his
+arms, placed him on his cloak, when the dog gave him a look of
+affection which could not be mistaken, and immediately died. There
+can, I think, be no doubt but that this affectionate animal, in his
+endeavour to get up the steps to his master, was influenced by
+sensations of love and gratitude, which death alone could extinguish,
+and which the approach of death prompted him to show. How charming are
+these instances of the affection of dogs to a kind master! and how
+forcibly may we draw forth the strongest testimonials of love from
+them, by treating them as they deserve to be treated! Few people
+sufficiently appreciate the attachment, fidelity, and sagacity of
+these too-often persecuted animals, or are aware how much they suffer
+from unkindness or harsh treatment.
+
+Every one is acquainted with the pretty picture Sir Walter Scott has
+drawn of the affectionate terrier, which was the companion of his hero
+in "Guy Mannering." We see the faithful Wasp "scampering at large in a
+thousand wheels round the heath, and come back to jump up to his
+master, and assure him that he participated in the pleasures of the
+journey." We see him during the fight with the robbers, "annoying
+their heels, and repeatedly effecting a moment's diversion in his
+master's favour, and pursuing them when they ran away." We hear the
+jolly farmer exclaim--"De'il, but your dog's weel entered wi' the
+vermin;" and when he goes to see his friend in prison, and brings Wasp
+with him, we see the joy of the latter, and hear the remark elicited
+by it--"Whisht, Wasp--man! Wow, but he's glad to see you, poor thing."
+The whole race of pepper-and-mustard are brought before us--that breed
+which are held in such high estimation, not only as vermin-killers,
+but for their intelligence and fidelity, and other companionable
+qualities.
+
+I could not deny myself the pleasure of introducing this account of
+the terrier, as it describes so well their courage, fidelity, and
+attachment. "Wasp," we are told, at the close of an eventful day,
+"crouched himself on the coverlet at his master's feet, having first
+licked his master's hand to ask leave." This is part of the natural
+language of the dog, and how expressive it is! They speak by their
+eyes, their tail, and by various gestures, and it is almost impossible
+to misunderstand their meaning. There is a well-known anecdote of two
+terriers who were in the habit of going out together to hunt rabbits.
+One of them got so far into a hole that he could not extricate
+himself. His companion returned to the house, and by his importunity
+and significant gestures induced his master to follow him. He led him
+to the hole, made him understand what was the matter, and his
+associate was at last dug out.
+
+The following affords another proof of the sagacity of these dogs:--
+
+A respectable farmer, residing in a village near Gosport, had a
+terrier dog who was his constant companion. His business frequently
+led him across the water to Portsmouth, to which place the dog
+regularly attended him. The farmer had a son-in-law, a bookseller at
+Portsmouth, to whose house he frequently went, taking the dog with
+him. One day, the animal having lost his master in Portsmouth, after
+searching for him at his usual haunts, went to the bookseller, and by
+various gesticulations gave him to understand that he had lost his
+master; his supplications were not in vain, for the bookseller, who
+understood his language, immediately called his boy, gave him a penny,
+and ordered him to go directly to the beach, and give the ferryman the
+money for his passage to the opposite shore. The dog, who seemed to
+understand the whole proceeding, was much pleased, and jumped directly
+into the boat, and when landed at Gosport, immediately ran home. He
+always afterwards went to the bookseller, if he had lost his master at
+Portsmouth, feeling sure that his boat-hire would be paid, and which
+was always done.
+
+The same dog, when he was wet or dirty, would go into the barn till he
+was clean and dry, and then scratch at the parlour-door for
+admittance.
+
+The Rev. Leonard Jenyns, in his "Observations in Natural History,"
+records the following.--
+
+"A lady,[Q] living in the neighbourhood of my own village, had some
+years back a favourite Scotch terrier, which always accompanied her in
+her rides, and was also in the habit of following the carriage to
+church every Sunday morning. One summer day the lady and her family
+were from home several weeks, the dog being left behind. The latter,
+however, continued to come to church by itself for several Sundays in
+succession, galloping off from the house at the accustomed hour, so as
+to arrive at the time of service commencing. After waiting in the
+churchyard a short time, it was seen to return home quiet and
+dispirited. The distance from the house to the church is three miles,
+and beyond that at which the ringing of the bells could be ordinarily
+heard. This was probably an instance of the force of habit, assisted
+by some association of recollections connected with the movements of
+the household on that particular day of the week."
+
+An old house being under repair, the bells on the ground-floor were
+taken down. The mistress of the house had an old favourite terrier,
+and when she wanted her servants, sent the dog to ring the bell in her
+dressing-room, having previously attached a bit of wood to the
+bell-rope. When the dog pulled at the rope, he listened, and if the
+bell did not ring, he pulled till he heard it, and then returned to
+the room he had left. If a piece of paper were put into his mouth,
+with a message written on it, he would carry it to the person he was
+told to go to, and waited to bring back the answer.
+
+Mr. Laing, who was steward to General Sharp, of Houston, near Uphall,
+had a terrier dog which gave many proofs of his sagacity. Upon one
+occasion his wife lent a white petticoat to a neighbour in which to
+attend a christening; the dog observed his mistress make the loan,
+followed the woman home who borrowed the article, never quitted her,
+but accompanied her to the christening, and leaped several times on
+her knee: nor did he lose sight of her till the piece of dress was at
+last fairly restored to Mrs. Laing. During the time this person was at
+the christening she was much afraid the dog would attempt to tear the
+petticoat off her, as she well knew the object of his attendance.
+
+One of the most extraordinary terriers I ever met with belonged to a
+man named T----y, well known for many years in the neighbourhood of
+Hampton Court. The father of this man had been in a respectable way of
+life, but his son wanted steadiness of character, and, indeed, good
+conduct, and had it not been for the kindness of his late Majesty,
+King William the Fourth, he would have been reduced to poverty long
+before he was. T----y, through the interest of the king, then Duke of
+Clarence, was tried in several situations, but failed in them all. At
+last he was made a postman, but was found drunk one evening with all
+his letters scattered about him, and, of course, lost his situation.
+He then took up the employment of rat-catcher, for which, perhaps, he
+was better qualified than any other. His stock-in-trade consisted of
+some ferrets and an old terrier dog, and a more extraordinary dog was
+seldom seen. He was rough, rather strongly made, and of a sort of
+cinnamon colour, having only one eye; his appearance being in direct
+contrast to what Bewick designates the _genteel_ terrier. The other
+eye had a fluid constantly exuding from it, which made a sort of
+furrow down the side of his cheek. He always kept close to the heels
+of his master, hanging down his head, and appearing the
+personification of misery and wretchedness. He was, however, a
+wonderful vermin-killer, and wherever his master placed him, there he
+remained, waiting with the utmost patience and resignation till an
+unfortunate rat bolted from the hole, which he instantly killed in a
+most philosophical manner. The poor dog had to undergo the
+vicissitudes of hard fare, amounting almost to starvation, of cold,
+rain, and other evils, but still he was always to be seen at his
+master's feet, and his fidelity to him was unshaken. No notice, no
+kind word, seemed to have any effect upon him if offered by a
+stranger, but he obeyed and understood the slightest signal from his
+owner. This man was an habitual drunkard, at least whenever he could
+procure the means of becoming one. It was a cold, frosty night in
+November, when T----y was returning from a favourite alehouse, along
+one of the Thames Ditton lanes, some of which, owing to the flatness
+of the country, have deep ditches by their sides. Into one of these
+the unfortunate man staggered in a fit of brutal intoxication, and was
+drowned. When the body was discovered the next morning, the dog was
+seen using his best endeavours to drag it out of the ditch. He had
+probably been employed all night in this attempt, and in his efforts
+had torn the coat from the shoulders of his master. It should be
+mentioned that this faithful animal had saved his master's life on two
+former occasions, when he was in nearly similar circumstances.
+
+It may interest some of the readers of this little story to be
+informed, that a few years before the event which has been related
+took place, the unhappy man's wife died, leaving four very young
+children. She was a most industrious woman, of excellent character,
+and her great misery on her death-bed was the reflection that these
+children--two boys and two girls--would be left to the care of her
+drunken husband. She was comforted, however, in her dying moments, by
+one whose heart and hand have always been ready to relieve the
+distressed, with the assurance that her children should be taken care
+of. So when the excellent Queen Adelaide heard of the circumstance,
+she immediately sent for the four children, placed them under the
+charge of a proper person, educated and maintained them, placed them
+in respectable situations in life, and continued to be their friend
+till her death. This is one of numerous instances which could be
+related by the author of her Majesty's silent, but unbounded
+benevolence.
+
+It is time, however, to resume my anecdotes of terriers.
+
+A gentleman of my acquaintance had a favourite dog of this
+description, which generally slept in his bed-room. My friend was in
+the habit of reading in bed. On calling upon him one morning, he took
+me into his bed-room, and showed me his bed-curtains much burnt, and
+one of his sheets. The night before he had been reading the newspaper
+in bed, with a candle near him, and had gone to sleep. The newspaper
+had fallen on the candle, and thus set fire to the curtain. He was
+awoke by his dog scratching him violently with his fore-feet, and was
+thus in time to call for assistance, and save the house from being
+burnt down, and also probably to save his own life.
+
+Another of my acquaintances has a very small pet terrier, a capital
+rat-killer, who always evinces great antipathy to those animals. She
+lately produced three puppies, two of which were drowned. After
+hunting for them in every direction, she returned to her litter, where
+she was found the next morning not only suckling her own whelp, but a
+young rat; and thus she continued to do till it reached maturity. The
+morning on which her puppies were drowned there had been a battue of
+rats, some of which were wounded and escaped. One of these latter was
+the young rat in question. This, no doubt, was taken possession of for
+the purpose of relieving her of her superabundant milk.
+
+A gentleman who had befriended an ill-used terrier acquired such an
+influence over the grateful dog, that he was obedient to the least
+look or sign of his master, and attached himself to him and his
+children in a most extraordinary manner. One of the children having
+behaved ill, his father attempted to put the boy out of the room, who
+made some resistance. The dog seeing the bustle, supposed his master
+was going to beat the boy, and therefore tried to pull him away by the
+skirts of his coat, thus showing his affection and sagacity at the
+same time.
+
+Captain Brown relates the following:--
+
+Sir Patrick Walker writes me:--"Pincer, in appearance, is of the
+English terrier breed, but in manner indicates a good deal of the
+Scotch colley, or shepherd's dog. He has a remarkably good nose, is a
+keen destroyer of vermin, and is in the habit of coming to the house
+for assistance ever since the following occurrence:--He came into the
+parlour one evening when some friends were with us, and looking in my
+face, by many expressive gestures, evinced great anxiety that I should
+follow him. Upon speaking to him, he leaped, and his whine got to a
+more determined bark, and pulled me by the collar or sleeve of the
+coat, until I was induced to follow him; and when I got up, he began
+leaping and gambolling before me, and led the way to an outhouse, to
+a large chest filled with pieces of old wood, and which he continued
+by the same means to solicit to be moved. This was done, and he took
+out a large rat, killed it, and returned to the parlour quite composed
+and satisfied.
+
+"Similar occurrences have frequently taken place since, with this
+addition, that as I sometimes called the servant, he often leaves me
+and runs in the same manner to get his assistance, as soon as he finds
+me quitting the room to follow him. In no instance has Pincer ever
+been wrong, his scent is so very good. Once, when he had got
+assistance, he directed our attention to some loose wood in the yard;
+and when part of it was removed, he suddenly manifested
+disappointment, and that the object of pursuit was gone. His manner
+and look seemed more than instinct, and at once told his story. After
+a little pause, and some anxious looks, he dashed up a ladder that
+rested against a low out-house, and took a large rat out of the spout,
+whither it had apparently escaped whilst Pincer came for assistance."
+
+Terriers appear to have a strong instinctive faculty of finding their
+way back to their homes, when removed from them to long distances, and
+even when they have seas to cross. There are instances of their having
+done this from France, Ireland, and even Germany. Their powers of
+endurance, therefore, must be very great, and their energies as well
+as affections equally strong. They have also an invincible
+perseverance in all they do, to which every fox-hunter will bear his
+testimony. In my youth, when following the hounds, I have been
+delighted in witnessing the energy of a brace of terriers, who were
+sure to make their appearance at the slightest check, running with an
+ardour quite extraordinary, and incessant in their exertions to be
+with the busiest of the pack in their endeavours to find. If the fox
+takes to earth, the little brave terrier eagerly follows, and shows by
+his baying whether the fox lays deep or not, so that those who are
+employed in digging it out can act accordingly. In rabbit-shooting in
+thick furze or breaks, the terrier, as I have often witnessed, will
+take covert with the eagerness and impetuosity of a foxhound. On one
+of these occasions I saw an enormous wild cat started, which a small
+terrier pursued and never quitted, notwithstanding the unequal
+contest, till it was shot by a keeper. As vermin-killers, they are
+superior to all other dogs. The celebrated terrier Billy was known to
+have killed one hundred rats in seven minutes.
+
+Nor are their affections less strong than their courage. A gentleman
+in the neighbourhood of Bath had a terrier which produced a litter of
+four puppies. He ordered one of them to be drowned, which was done by
+throwing it into a pail of water, in which it was kept down by a mop
+till it appeared to be dead. It was then thrown into a dust-hole, and
+covered with ashes. Two mornings afterwards, the servant discovered
+that the bitch had still four puppies, and amongst them was the one
+which it was supposed had been drowned. It was conjectured that in the
+course of a short time the terrier had, unobserved, raked her whelp
+from the ashes, and had restored it to life.
+
+An excellent clergyman, residing close to Brighton, gave me the
+following curious anecdote of a dog which his son, the late
+greatly-lamented Major R---- brought to England with him from Spain.
+This dog was a sort of Spanish terrier, and his disposition and habits
+were very peculiar indeed, unlike those of any dog I ever heard of.
+One day a teacher of music was going to one of her pupils, and as she
+was passing at some little distance from the house of the owner of
+this dog, had her attention attracted to him. He first looked at her
+very significantly, pulled her by the gown the contrary way to which
+she was going, and evidently wanted her to follow him. Partly
+instigated by curiosity, but chiefly because he held her gown tight in
+his mouth, she suffered herself to be led some distance, when the dog
+brought her into a field in which some houses were in the course of
+being built. She then became alarmed, and seeing two or three
+labourers, she asked them to drive away the dog. Finding, however,
+that he would not quit his hold, they advised her to see where the dog
+would lead her, promising to accompany and protect her. Thus assured,
+she allowed him to lead her where he pleased. The dog brought her to
+the houses which were being built. On arriving at them, it was found
+that the area had been dug out, and a strong plank placed across it,
+one end resting on a heap of earth. At this end the dog began to
+scratch eagerly; and on the plank being lifted up, a large beef bone
+was discovered, which the dog seized in his mouth, and trotted away
+with it perfectly satisfied. My informant said that he had taken some
+pains to ascertain the accuracy of this anecdote from the young lady
+herself, and that I might depend on its truth.
+
+A somewhat similar occurrence took place in my own neighbourhood, very
+recently. A lady, going to make a morning's call, passed the gateway
+of a house, when her gown was seized by a dog, who pulled her the
+contrary way to which she was going. She at last disengaged herself,
+and made her call. On coming out, the dog was waiting for her, and
+again took her gown in his mouth, and led her to the gateway she had
+previously passed. Here he stopped, and as the dog held a tight hold,
+she rang the bell; and on a servant opening the gate the animal,
+perfectly satisfied, trotted in, when she found that he belonged to
+the house, but had been shut out.
+
+It may be also mentioned as an instance of courage and fidelity in a
+terrier, that as a gentleman was returning home, a man armed with a
+large stick seized him by the breast, and striking him a violent blow
+on the head, desired him instantly to deliver his watch and money. As
+he was preparing to repeat the blow, the terrier sprung at him, and
+seized him by the throat. His master, at the same time, giving the man
+a violent blow, he fell backwards and dropped his stick. The gentleman
+took it up, and ran off, followed by his dog, but not before the
+animal had torn off and carried away in his mouth a portion of the
+man's waistcoat.
+
+The following fact will serve to prove that dogs are capable of
+gratitude in no ordinary degree:--
+
+A surgeon at Dover, seeing a terrier in the street which had received
+some injury, took it home; and having cured it in a couple of days,
+let it go. For many weeks the grateful animal used to pay him a daily
+visit of a few minutes, and after a vehement wagging of his tail,
+scampered off again to his own home.
+
+A neighbour of mine has a terrier which has shown many odd
+peculiarities in his habits. He has contracted a great friendship for
+a white cat, and evinced his affection for it the other day in a
+curious manner. The dog was observed to scratch a large deep hole in
+the garden. When he had finished it he sought out the cat, dragged her
+by the neck to the hole, endeavoured to place her in it, and to cover
+her with the soil. The cat, not liking this proceeding, at last made
+her escape.
+
+While two terriers were hunting together in a wood, one was caught by
+the leg in a trap set for foxes. His companion finding that he could
+not extricate the other, ran to the house of his owner, and by his
+significant gesticulations induced him to follow; and by this means he
+was extricated.
+
+Mr. Morritt, well known to the readers of the Life of Sir Walter
+Scott, as his intimate and confidential friend, had two terriers of
+the pepper-and-mustard breed, or rather, as we prefer him to any other
+character Sir Walter Scott has delighted us with, the Dandy Dinmont
+breed. These dogs (for we avoid the feminine appellation when we can)
+were strongly attached to their excellent master, and he to them. They
+were mother and daughter, and each produced a litter of puppies about
+the same time. Mr. Morritt was seriously ill at this period, and
+confined to his bed. Fond as these dogs were of their puppies, they
+had an equal affection for their master, and in order to prove to him
+that such was the case, they adopted the following expedient. They
+conveyed their two litters of puppies to one place, and while one of
+the mothers remained to suckle and take care of them, the other went
+into Mr. Morritt's bedroom and continued there from morning until the
+evening. When the evening arrived, she went and relieved the other
+dog, who then came into the bedroom, and remained quietly all night by
+the side of the bed, and this they continued to do day after day in
+succession.
+
+This charming anecdote was communicated to me from a quarter which
+cannot leave a doubt of its authenticity, and affords an affecting
+proof of gratitude and love in animals towards those who have treated
+them with kindness, and made them their friends. Such an anecdote as
+this should be sufficient to preserve dogs from much of the
+ill-treatment they meet with.
+
+I knew a very clever terrier belonging to a friend of mine. His name
+was Snap. Now Snap one fine, hot, summer's day, accompanied his
+master, who was on horseback, on his way from London to the
+neighbourhood of Windsor. The road was very dusty, and, as I have
+said, the weather hot, and Snap was very thirsty. No water was met
+with until Hounslow had been passed. At last a woman crossed the road
+with a bucket of water, which she had drawn from a neighbouring pump.
+On arriving at her cottage she placed it outside her door, and left it
+there. Snap saw it and lapped up some of the water with evident
+satisfaction, his master waiting for him. When he had finished his
+lapping, instead of following, he deliberately inserted his
+hind-quarters into the bucket--took a good cooling bath--shook himself
+in the bucket--jumped out--gave himself another shake, and then
+followed his master. If Snap was lost in London, he would go to every
+house usually frequented by his master; and if he then could not find
+him, would return home. Snap, in fact, was an extraordinary dog.
+
+One night, a gentleman, between fifty and sixty years of age, went
+into a house of a particular description near the Admiralty. He had
+not been long there when he died suddenly. He had with him a small dog
+of the terrier kind, which immediately left the room. There was
+nothing found on the gentleman's person to lead to a discovery of his
+name or residence. About twelve o'clock, however, on the following
+night, three interesting young ladies, of very genteel appearance,
+between the ages of sixteen and twenty, arrived at the house in which
+the gentleman died, accompanied by the dog. They came in a chaise from
+Richmond. It appears that the dog, immediately after the decease of
+his master, ran off to Richmond, where he usually resided. As soon as
+the door was opened he rushed into the apartment of the young ladies,
+who were in the act of dressing themselves. He began to solicit their
+attention by whines and cries, and his eyes turned to the door, as if
+to invite them to follow him. Failing in this, he became more earnest,
+seized their clothes, and pulled them towards the door with so much
+violence, that one of their gowns was torn. This excited great alarm;
+and from the intelligence shown by the animal, it was resolved by the
+young ladies to resign themselves to the dog, which continued to
+entice them away. A chaise was accordingly ordered, and they
+immediately took their seats in it. The dog led the way, with its head
+almost constantly turned back, and his eyes fixed upon the carriage,
+until he led them to the house near the Admiralty, where his master
+had died. There they alighted; but how great was their grief, horror,
+and surprise, to find their father dead in such a situation!
+
+The deceased proved to be Mr. ----, an inhabitant of Lewisham, in
+Kent, where he possessed a farm of considerable extent, and followed
+the business of an auctioneer, and was greatly respected in his
+neighbourhood. That night he dropped down in the house alluded to,
+when the people, supposing him dead, immediately gave the alarm, and
+the body was conveyed to the Lord Cochrane hotel, within a few doors,
+in Spring Gardens. Here it was discovered that the spark of life was
+not totally extinguished. He was carried up-stairs and put to bed, and
+medical assistance was called in; but in vain,--in a few minutes he
+was a corpse. As the people of the house were carrying him up-stairs,
+a sum of 1100_l._ fell from his pocket in bank-notes, tied up in a
+bundle, and marked on the outside, "To be paid into Snow's,"--a
+circumstance sufficient in itself to show that he had not been
+dishonestly treated by the female who accompanied him into the house
+from which he was brought, or any other person belonging to it. The
+interesting little dog, after his return, remained at his post, the
+faithful guardian of his beloved master's remains. He lay on the foot
+of the bed, with his eyes constantly fixed on the body, with an eager,
+anxious, melancholy expression.
+
+The place was crowded with people, led by curiosity to this
+interesting scene. The dog never appeared to take any notice of these
+strange visitors, and no rude hand attempted to interrupt the little
+mourner in his melancholy office. The verdict of the coroner's inquest
+was,--"Died by the visitation of God."
+
+Another of the same breed of dogs evinced much sagacity on the
+following occasion:--
+
+His master occupied furnished lodgings near the Inns of Court in
+London. In the hurry of removing from them, neither he nor his
+servants thought of the dog, who was not in the way when they quitted
+the house. When the dog returned to it, finding his master gone, he
+trotted off to Kensington, where an intimate friend of his master
+resided, and very quietly and patiently made himself at home in the
+house. As he was well known, he was fed and taken care of, and at the
+end of three days his master called, and he then gladly went away with
+him.
+
+In this instance it is, I think, evident, that the dog possessed a
+sort of reasoning faculty, which induced him to suppose that the best
+chance he had of finding his master was by going to a place to which
+he had formerly accompanied him; and he was correct in his
+calculation.
+
+This faculty was again exercised in the following manner:--
+
+A gentleman residing in the Tower of London had a terrier which he one
+day lost, about seven miles from town. The dog attached himself to a
+soldier, and notwithstanding the man went to town in an omnibus, the
+dog followed the vehicle. When the soldier alighted from it, he went
+to the barracks in St. James's Park, the dog continuing close behind
+him. On examining the collar, the name and residence of the owner of
+the dog were found on it. The soldier therefore brought him to the
+Tower, and gave the above particulars. From this account it may be
+supposed that the dog, having been familiar with the sight of
+Guardsmen at the Tower, had followed one of them in hopes that he
+belonged to that place, and therefore would conduct him to it.
+
+I am not aware that any writer upon dogs has noticed one of their
+peculiarities, that of curiosity. Let me give a curious and
+well-authenticated instance of this property, which was communicated
+to me by the owner of the dog. This animal was a Scotch terrier, named
+Snob, and certainly a more singular dog has seldom been met with. His
+master was commander of the fleet on the South American station, and
+Snob embarked with him. He soon began to give proofs of his
+extraordinary curiosity, for he liked to see everything that was going
+forward in the ship. Snob, in fact, was a sort of Paul Pry. He watched
+everything that was to be done. One night the sailors were kept up
+aloft for some hours doing something to the sails; Snob remained on
+the deck the whole time, looking very wise, and watching the sailors
+with one paw lifted up. He would at other times wander between the
+decks, looking at everything going forward; and when he had been shut
+in the cabin he has frequently been observed standing on his hind legs
+looking through the keyhole of the door, in order to watch the
+proceedings which were carried on. I have a great respect for Snob,
+who is still alive, and I have no doubt his curiosity is as great as
+ever.
+
+A curious instance of ferocity and affection in a terrier bitch is
+recorded by Mr. Daniel:--After a very severe burst of upwards of an
+hour, a fox was, by Mr. Daniel's hounds, run to earth, at Heney
+Dovehouse, near Sudbury, in Suffolk. The terriers were lost; but as
+the fox went to ground in view of the headmost hounds, and it was the
+concluding day of the season, it was resolved to dig him out, and two
+men from Sudbury brought a couple of terriers for that purpose. After
+considerable labour, the hunted fox was got, and given to the hounds;
+whilst they were breaking him, one of the terriers slipped back into
+the earth, and again laid. After more digging, a bitch-fox was taken
+out, and the terrier killed two cubs in the earth; three others were
+saved from her fury, and which were begged by the owner of the bitch,
+who said he should make her suckle them. This was laughed at as
+impossible; however, the man was positive, and the cubs were given to
+him. The bitch-fox was carried away, and turned into an earth in
+another county. The terrier had behaved so well at earth, that she was
+some days afterwards bought, with the cubs she had fostered, by Mr.
+Daniel. The bitch continued regularly to suckle, and reared them until
+able to shift for themselves. What adds to this singularity is, that
+the terrier's whelp was nearly five weeks old, and the cubs could just
+see, when this exchange of progeny was made.
+
+The following is a proof not only of the kind disposition, but the
+sense of a terrier.
+
+A gentleman, from whom I received the anecdote, was walking one day
+along a road in Lancashire, when he was _accosted_, if the term may be
+used, by a terrier dog. The animal's gesticulations were at first so
+strange and unusual, that he felt inclined to get out of its way. The
+dog, however, at last, by various significant signs and expressive
+looks, made his meaning known, and the gentleman, to the dog's great
+delight, turned and followed him for a few hundred yards. He was led
+to the banks of a canal, which he had not before seen, and there he
+discovered a small dog struggling in the water for his life, and
+nearly exhausted by his efforts to save himself from drowning. The
+sides of the canal were bricked, with a low parapet wall rather higher
+than the bank. The gentleman, by stooping down, with some difficulty
+got hold of the dog and drew him out, his companion all the time
+watching the proceedings. It cannot be doubted, but that in this
+instance the terrier made use of the only means in his power to save
+the other dog, and this in a way which showed a power of reasoning
+equally strong with that of a human being, under a similar
+circumstance.
+
+I may here mention another instance of a terrier finding his way back
+to his former home.
+
+A gentleman residing near York went to London, and on his return
+brought with him a young terrier dog, which had never been out of
+London. He brought him to York in one of the coaches, and thence
+conveyed him to his residence. Impatient of separation from his former
+master, he took the first opportunity of escaping from the stable in
+which he had been confined, and was seen running on the turnpike road
+towards York by the boy who had him in charge, and who followed him
+for some distance. A few days afterwards, the gentleman who had lost
+the dog received a letter front London, acquainting him that the dog
+was found lying at the door of his lodgings, his feet quite sore, and
+in a most emaciated condition.
+
+A few years ago, a blind terrier dog was brought from Cashiobury Park,
+near Watford, to Windsor. On arriving at the latter place he became
+very restless, and took the first opportunity of making his escape,
+and, blind as he was, made his way back to Cashiobury Park, his native
+place.
+
+A correspondent informs me, that whilst he was taking a walk one
+summer's evening, he observed two rough-looking men, having a bull-dog
+with them, annoying a sickly-looking young gentleman, who was
+accompanied by a terrier. The bull-dog at last seized the latter, and
+would soon have killed it, had not my correspondent interfered. He was
+then informed that a few years previous, when his master was in bed,
+this little terrier came to his bedroom door, and scratched and
+yelled to be admitted. When this had been done, he immediately rushed
+to a closet-door in the room, at which he barked most furiously. His
+master, becoming alarmed, fastened the door, and having obtained the
+assistance of his servants, a notorious thief was discovered in the
+closet.
+
+Mr. White, of Selborne, relates a pleasing anecdote of affection,
+which existed between two incongruous animals--a horse and a hen, and
+which showed a mutual fellowship and kindness for each other. The
+following anecdote, communicated to me by a clergyman in Devonshire,
+affords another proof of affection between two animals of opposite
+natures. I will give it in his own words:--
+
+"Some few months since it was necessary to confine our little terrier
+bitch, on account of distemper. The prison-door was constructed of
+open bars; and shortly after the dog was placed in durance, we
+observed a bantam cock gazing compassionately at the melancholy
+inmate, who, doubtless, sadly missed its warm rug by the parlour fire.
+At last the bantam contrived to squeeze through the bars, and a
+friendship of a most unusual kind commenced. Pylades and Orestes,
+Nisus and Euryalus, could not have been bound by closer bonds of
+affection. The bantam scarcely forsook the poor prisoner's cell for
+its daily food, and when it did the dog became uneasy, whining till
+her friend returned, and then it was most amusing to watch the actions
+of the biped and quadruped. As the dog became worse, so did the
+bantam's attentions redouble; and by way of warming the dog, it took
+its place between the forelegs, and then the little animal settled
+luxuriously down on the bird, seeming to enjoy the warmth imparted by
+the feathers. In this position, and nestled closely side by side, did
+this curious pair pass some weeks, till death put an end to the poor
+dog and this singular friendship. It must be added for the bantam's
+honour, that he was most melancholy for some time afterwards."
+
+The same clergyman also communicated to me the following anecdote
+illustrative of the sagacity of terriers.
+
+He says that "his brother-in-law, who has a house in Woburn Place, and
+another in the City, had a wire-haired terrier named Bob, of
+extraordinary sagacity. The dog's knowledge of London and his
+adventures would form a little history. His master was in the habit,
+occasionally, of spending a few days at Gravesend, but did not always
+take his dog with him. Bob, left behind one day against his liking,
+scampered off to London Bridge, and out of the numerous steamers
+boarded the Gravesend boat, disembarked at that place, went to the
+accustomed inn, and not finding his master there, got on board the
+steamer again and returned to town. He then called at several places
+usually frequented by his master, and afterwards went home to Woburn
+Place. He has frequently been stolen, but always returns, sometimes in
+sad plight, with a broken cord round his neck, and with signs of
+ill-usage; but still he contrives to escape from the dog-stealers."
+
+I once took a favourite terrier with me to a house I had hired in
+Manchester Street. He had never been in London before. While the
+carriage was unloading in which the dog had been conveyed, he was
+missed, and I could hear nothing of him for nearly a fortnight; at the
+end of that time he found his way back to the house, with a short cord
+round his neck, which he had evidently gnawed off. How he came to find
+his way back is not a little to be wondered at. His joy on seeing me
+again I cannot forget. Poor Peter! when he got old, and my rides
+became too long for him, he pretended to be lame after accompanying me
+a short distance, and would then trot back without any appearance of
+lameness.
+
+The following anecdote proves the kind disposition of a terrier. A
+kitten, only a few hours old, had been put into a pail of water, in
+the stable-yard of an inn, for the purpose of drowning it. It had
+remained there for a minute or two, until it was to all appearance
+dead, when a terrier bitch, attached to the stables, took the kitten
+from the water, and carried it off in her mouth. She suckled and
+watched over it with great care, and it throve well. The dog was at
+the same time suckling a puppy about ten weeks old, but which did not
+seem at all displeased with the intruder.
+
+I had once an opportunity of witnessing the sense of a terrier. I was
+riding on Sunbury Common, where many roads diverge, when a terrier
+ran up, evidently in pursuit of his master. On arriving at one of the
+three roads, he put his nose to the ground and snuffed along it; he
+then went to the second, and did the same; but when he came to the
+third, he ran along it as fast as he could, without once putting down
+his nose to the ground. This fact has been noticed by others, but I
+never before witnessed it myself.
+
+At Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherlandshire (then the seat of the Marquis
+of Stafford now of the Duke of Sutherland), there was to be seen, in
+May 1820, a terrier bitch nursing a brood of ducklings. She had a
+litter of whelps a few weeks before, which were taken from her and
+drowned. The unfortunate mother was quite disconsolate till she
+perceived the brood of ducklings, which she immediately seized and
+carried to her lair, where she retained them, following them out and
+in with the greatest care, and nursing them, after her own fashion,
+with the most affectionate anxiety. When the ducklings, following
+their natural instinct, went into the water, their foster-mother
+exhibited the utmost alarm; and as soon as they returned to land she
+snatched them up in her mouth, and ran home with them. What adds to
+the singularity of this circumstance is, that the same animal when
+deprived of a litter of puppies the year preceding, seized two
+cock-chickens, which she reared with the like care she bestows upon
+her present family. When the young cocks began to try their voices,
+their foster-mother was as much annoyed as she now seems to be by the
+swimming of the ducklings, and never failed to repress their attempts
+at crowing.
+
+The foreman of a brickmaker, at Erith in Kent, went from home in
+company with his wife, and left her at the Plough at Northend with his
+brother, while he proceeded across the fields to inspect some repairs
+at a cottage. In about an hour after his departure, his dog, a small
+Scotch terrier, which had accompanied him, returned to the Plough,
+jumped into the lap of his mistress, pawed her about, and whined
+piteously. She at first took no particular notice of the animal, but
+pushed him from her. He then caught hold of her clothes, pulled at
+them repeatedly, and continued to whine incessantly. He endeavoured,
+also, in a similar way to attract the attention of the brother. At
+last all present noticed his importunate anxiety, and the wife then
+said she was convinced something had happened to her husband. The
+brother and the wife, with several others, went out and followed the
+dog, who led them through the darkness of the night, which was very
+great, to the top of a precipice, nearly fifty feet deep; and standing
+on the bank, held his head over, and howled in a most distressing
+manner. They were convinced that the poor man had fallen over; and
+having gone round to the bottom of the pit, they found him, lying
+under the spot indicated by the dog, quite dead.
+
+The following anecdote is copied from a recent number of "The
+Field:"--
+
+I well remember, when a boy, at Barton-upon-Humber, a certain "keel"
+employed in the Yorkshire corn-trade, on board which the captain had a
+dog, possessed of some traces of terrier blood, smooth-coated, and of
+a pure white colour, his neck and back adorned with stumpy bristles,
+which ruffled up at the slightest provocation--altogether he looked a
+mongrel cur enough, but he was an excellent sailor, for he attended
+his master on all his trading expeditions, and never deserted his
+ship. One day, while the keel lay in Barton Haven, the dog was lost,
+and great was the consternation in consequence. Diligent search was
+made in the town and neighbourhood, but every effort to discover the
+missing animal proved unavailing. Month after month passed away, the
+keel went and came on her accustomed avocations, and poor Keeper was
+forgotten--considered by his master to be dead. Judge, therefore, the
+man's surprise when one day steering with difficulty his vessel into
+Goole Harbour, which was crowded with shipping at the time, his glance
+suddenly fell upon his faithful and long-lost dog, buffeting the water
+at a considerable distance from the keel, but making eagerly towards
+her. By the aid of a piece of tar-rope, which was dangling round the
+dog's neck, and a friendly boat-hook, he was lifted quite exhausted on
+to the deck of his master's craft, when it became at once apparent
+that he had long been kept a prisoner, most probably on board a
+vessel, by some one who had stolen him at Barton. The cause of the
+poor dog's sudden reappearance was undoubtedly his having heard his
+master's well-remembered voice; but it is strange he should have been
+able to distinguish at so great a distance, and when swelling that
+chorus of hoarse bawling which arises from a hundred husky throats
+when a Yorkshire keelman is engaged forcing his craft into a crowded
+harbour; and it is also equally touching, that when roused by the
+distant sound, the poor beast should have plunged, encumbered as he
+was with the rope he had just burst asunder, so gallantly into the
+water--an element he was ill-adapted to move in, and in which his
+master declared he had never seen him before.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BLENHEIM SPANIEL.]
+
+THE SPANIEL.
+
+   "Though once a puppy, and a fop by name,
+    Here moulders one whose bones some honour claim;
+    No sycophant, although of Spanish race,
+    And though no hound, a martyr to the chase.
+    Ye pheasants, rabbits, leverets rejoice,
+    Your haunts no longer echo to his voice;
+    This record of his fate, exulting view--
+    He died worn out with vain pursuit of you.
+    'Yes,' the indignant shade of _Fop_ replies,
+    'And worn with _vain pursuits_, man also dies.'"
+                                                    COWPER.
+
+
+Poor Doll! the very name of spaniel reminds me of you. How well do I
+now see your long pendent ears, your black expressive eyes, your
+short, well-rounded mouth, your diminutive but strong legs, almost
+hidden by the long, silky hair from your stomach, and hear you sing
+as you lie on the rug before a good fire in the winter, after a hard
+day's cock or snipe-shooting, wet and tired with your indefatigable
+exertions! Yes--strange as it may sound, Doll would sing in her way,
+as I have stated in a previous page; and such was her sagacity, that
+in process of time when I said, "Sing, Doll," she gave vent to the
+sounds, and varied them as I exclaimed, "Louder, louder." All this
+time she appeared to be fast asleep.--And what a dog she was in thick
+cover, or in rushy swamps! No day was too long for her, nor could a
+woodcock or snipe escape her "unerring nose:"--
+
+   "Still her unerring nose would wind it--
+    If above ground was sure to find it."
+
+Monsieur Blaze also tells us, that a gentleman had a dog which he
+taught to utter a particular musical note, and that the animal made a
+cry which very much resembled it. He then sounded another note close
+to the ear of the dog, saying to him, "Too high, or too low,"
+according to the degree of intonation. The animal finished by pretty
+correctly giving the note which was required.
+
+An account is given in the "Bibliothèque Universelle," of a spaniel,
+who, if he heard any one play or sing a certain air, "L'âne de notre
+moulin est mort, la pauvre bête," &c., which is a lamentable ditty, in
+the minor key, the dog looked very pitifully, then gaped repeatedly,
+showing increasing signs of impatience and uneasiness. He would then
+sit upright on his hind-legs, and begin to howl louder and louder till
+the music stopped. No other air ever affected him, and he never
+noticed any music till the air in question was played or sung. He then
+manifested, without exception or variation, the series of actions
+which have been described.
+
+I knew a dog which howled whenever it was pitied, and another whose
+ear was so sensitive, that it could never bear to hear me make a
+moaning noise. I have likewise seen a dog affected by peculiar notes
+played on a violoncello.
+
+It is only now and then that such dogs as Doll are to be met with, and
+when they are, they are invaluable, either as sporting dogs or as
+companions. In the latter capacity Doll was quite delightful. In an
+early May morning, when she knew that no shooting was going forward,
+she would frisk around me as I strolled in a meadow, gay with my
+favourite cowslips, or run before me as I passed along a lane, where
+primroses were peeping out of its mossy sides, looking back every now
+and then to see if I was following her. There was the dew still
+glittering on the flowers, which, from their situation, had not yet
+felt the influence of the morning sun, reminding me of some favourite
+lines by my favourite poet, Herrick:--
+
+   "Fall on me like a silent dew,
+      Or like those maiden showers,
+    Which, by the peep of day, do strew
+     _A baptism o'er the flowers_."
+
+How delightful it is to think of these bygone walks, and how pleasant
+to call to mind these traits of a favourite and faithful animal! The
+poet Cowper was never more engaging than when he describes his vain
+attempts to reach the flower of a water-lily, as he was strolling
+along the banks of a stream attended by his spaniel, and afterwards
+discovering that the sagacious animal had been in the river and
+plucked it for him.
+
+Another instance of wonderful sagacity in this breed of dogs may be
+here noticed.
+
+A gentleman shooting wild fowl one day on a lake in Ireland, was
+accompanied by a sagacious spaniel. He wounded a wild duck, which swam
+about the lake, and dived occasionally, followed by the dog. The bird
+at last got to some distance, and lowered itself in the water, as
+ducks are known to do when they are wounded and pursued, leaving
+nothing but his head out of it. The dog swam about for some time in
+search of his prey, but all scent was lost, and he obeyed his master's
+call, and returned to the shore. He had no sooner arrived there,
+however, than he ran with the greatest eagerness to the top of some
+high ground close to the lake. On arriving there, he was seen looking
+round in every direction; and having at last perceived the spot where
+the duck was endeavouring to conceal itself, he again rushed into the
+water, made directly to the spot he had previously marked, and at last
+succeeded in securing the wounded bird.
+
+A spaniel which had been kindly treated and fed, during the absence of
+his master, in the kitchen of a neighbour, showed his gratitude not
+only by greeting the cook when he met her, but on one occasion he laid
+down at her feet a bird which he had caught, wagged his tail and
+departed; thus showing that he had not forgotten the favours he had
+received.
+
+The following old, but interesting anecdote, is taken from Daniel's
+"Rural Sports:"--
+
+"A few days before the overthrow of Robespierre, a revolutionary
+tribunal had condemned M. R----, an upright magistrate and a most
+estimable man, on a pretence of finding him guilty of a conspiracy.
+His faithful dog, a spaniel, was with him when he was seized, but was
+not suffered to enter the prison. He took refuge with a neighbour of
+his master's, and every day at the same hour returned to the door of
+the prison, but was still refused admittance. He, however, uniformly
+passed some time there, and his unremitting fidelity won upon the
+porter, and the dog was allowed to enter. The meeting may be better
+imagined than described. The gaoler, however, fearful for himself,
+carried the dog out of the prison; but he returned the next morning,
+and was regularly admitted on each day afterwards. When the day of
+sentence arrived, the dog, notwithstanding the guards, penetrated into
+the hall, where he lay crouched between the legs of his master. Again,
+at the hour of execution, the faithful dog is there; the knife of the
+guillotine falls--he will not leave the lifeless and headless body.
+The first night, the next day, and the second night, his absence
+alarmed his new patron, who, guessing whither he had retired, sought
+him, and found him stretched upon his master's grave. From this time,
+for three months, every morning the mourner returned to his protector
+merely to receive food, and then again retreated to the grave. At
+length he refused food, his patience seemed exhausted, and with
+temporary strength, supplied by his long-tried and unexhausted
+affection, for twenty-four hours he was observed to employ his
+weakened limbs in digging up the earth that separated him from the
+being he had served. His powers, however, here gave way; he shrieked
+in his struggles, and at length ceased to breathe, with his last look
+turned upon the grave."
+
+The late Rev. Mr. Corsellis, of Wivenhoe, in Essex, had an old
+gamekeeper who had reared a spaniel, which became his constant
+companion, day and night. Wherever the keeper appeared Dash was close
+behind him, and was of infinite use in his master's nocturnal
+excursions. The game at night was never regarded, although in the day
+no spaniel could find it in better style, or in a greater quantity. If
+at night, however, a strange foot entered the coverts, Dash, by a
+significant whine, informed his master that an enemy was abroad, and
+thus many poachers have been detected. After many years of friendly
+companionship the keeper was seized with a disease which terminated
+in death. Whilst the slow but fatal progress of his disorder allowed
+him to crawl about, Dash, as usual, followed his footsteps; and when
+nature was nearly exhausted, and he took to his bed, the faithful
+animal unweariedly attended at the foot of it. When he died the dog
+would not quit the body, but lay on the bed by its side. It was with
+difficulty he could be induced to eat any food; and though after the
+burial he was caressed with all the tenderness which so fond an
+attachment naturally called forth, he took every opportunity to steal
+back to the room where his old master died. Here he would remain for
+hours, and from thence he daily visited his grave. At the end,
+however, of fourteen days, notwithstanding every kindness and
+attention shown him, the poor faithful animal died, a victim of grief
+for the loss of his master.
+
+In recording such an instance of affection, it is impossible not to
+feel regret that animals capable of so much attachment should ever be
+subjected to ill-usage. Whenever they are treated with kindness and
+affection, they are ready to return it four-fold. It is generally
+ill-treatment which produces ferocity or indifference, and the former
+must be very great before the love of their master can be conquered.
+
+Mr. Blaine records the following story of a dog which he had found:--
+
+"I one day picked up in the streets an old spaniel bitch, that some
+boys were worrying, from which her natural timidity rendered her
+incapable of defending herself. Grateful for the protection, she
+readily followed me home, where she was placed among other dogs, in
+expectation of finding an owner for her; but which not happening, she
+spent the remainder of her life (three or four years) in this asylum.
+Convinced she was safe and well treated, I had few opportunities of
+particularly noticing her afterwards, and she attached herself
+principally to the man who fed her. At a future period, when
+inspecting the sick dogs, I observed her in great pain, occasionally
+crying out. Supposing her to be affected in her bowels, and having no
+suspicion she was in pup, I directed some castor-oil to be given her.
+The next day she was still worse, when I examined her more
+attentively, and, to my surprise, discovered that a young one
+obstructed the passage, and which she was totally unable to bring
+forth. I placed her on a table, and, after some difficulty, succeeded
+in detaching the puppy from her. The relief she instantly felt
+produced an effect I shall never forget; she licked my hands, and when
+put on the ground she did the same to my feet, danced round me, and
+screamed with gratitude and joy.
+
+"From this time to her death, which did not happen till two years
+after, she never forgot the benefit she had received; on the contrary,
+whenever I approached, she was boisterous in evincing her gratitude
+and regard, and would never let me rest till, by noticing her, I had
+convinced her that I was sensible of her caresses. The difference
+between her behaviour before this accident and after it was so pointed
+and striking, that it was impossible to mistake the grateful sense she
+had ever retained of the kindness which had been shown to her."
+
+Spaniels in cover are merry and cheerful companions, all life and
+animation. They hunt, they frisk about, watching the movements of
+their master, and are indefatigable in their exertions to find game
+for him. Their neat shape, their beautiful coats, their cleanly
+habits, their insinuating attention, incessant attendance, and
+faithful obedience, insure for them general favour. It is almost
+impossible, therefore, not to have the greatest attachment and
+affection for them, especially as few dogs evince so much sagacity,
+sincerity, patience, fidelity, and gratitude. From the time they are
+thrown off in the field, as a proof of the pleasure they feel in being
+employed, the tail is in perpetual motion, upon the increased
+vibration of which the experienced sportsman well knows when he is
+getting nearer to the game. As the dog approaches it, the more
+energetic he becomes. Tremulous whimpers escape him as a matter of
+doubt occurs, and he is all eagerness as he hits again on the scent.
+The Clumber breed of spaniels have long been celebrated for their
+strength and powers of endurance, their unerring nose, and for hunting
+mute--a great qualification where game abounds. This breed has been
+preserved in its purity by the successive Dukes of Newcastle, and may
+be considered as an aristocratic apanage to their country seats. Nor
+should the fine breed of spaniels belonging to the Earl of Albemarle
+be passed by in silence. They are black and tan, of a large size, with
+long ears, and very much feathered about the legs. They are excellent
+retrievers; and those who have seen will not soon forget Sir Edwin
+Landseer's charming picture of the late Lord Albemarle's celebrated
+dog Chancellor, and one of his progeny, holding a dead rabbit between
+them, as if equally eager to bring it to their amiable master. These
+dogs, like those of the Clumber breed, hunt mute, and seldom range out
+of shot.
+
+While on the subject of Lord Albemarle's breed of dogs, I may mention
+an extraordinary fact which I noticed in a former work, and which I
+witnessed myself. I allude to the circumstance of a favourite dog
+having died after producing a litter of puppies, which were adopted,
+suckled, and brought up by a young bitch of the same breed, who never
+had any whelps of her own, or indeed was in the way of having any. The
+flow of milk of the foster-mother was quite sufficient for the
+sustenance of the adopted offspring, and enabled her to support and
+bring them up with as much care and affection as if they had been her
+own. Here was an absence of that _notus odor_ which enables animals to
+distinguish their young from those of others, and also of that
+distension of milk which makes the suckling their young so delightful
+to them. Indeed it may be observed how beautifully and providentially
+it has been ordered, that the process of suckling their young is as
+pleasurable to the parent animal as it is essential to the support of
+the infant progeny. The mammæ of animals become painful when
+over-distended with milk. Drawing off that fluid removes positive
+uneasiness and affords positive pleasure. In the present instance,
+however, nothing of the sort was the case, and therefore we can only
+look to that kindliness of disposition and intelligence with which
+many animals are so strongly endowed as the reason of the singular
+adoption referred to. I am aware that this fact has been doubted, but
+it is too well known and authenticated to admit of the possibility of
+any mistake. In this instance it must be allowed that the usually
+defined bounds of instinct were exceeded. If so, distress at hearing
+the cries of the helpless young must have acted forcibly on the kindly
+feelings of a poor brute, and thus induced her to act in the manner I
+have described.
+
+Spaniels, like other dogs, possess the power of finding their way to
+their homes from distances of considerable extent, and over ground
+they have not before traversed.
+
+A lady residing at Richmond (Mrs. Grosvenor) gave the Rev. Leonard
+Jenyns the following anecdote of a dog and cat. A little Blenheim
+spaniel of hers once accompanied her to the house of a relative, where
+it was taken into the kitchen to be fed, when two large favourite cats
+flew at it several times, and scratched it severely. The spaniel was
+in the habit of following its mistress in her walks in the garden, and
+by degrees it formed a friendship with a young cat of the gardener's,
+which it tempted into the house,--first into the hall, and then into
+the kitchen,--where, on finding one of the large cats, the spaniel and
+its ally fell on it together, and, without further provocation, beat
+it well; they then waited for the other, which they served in the same
+manner, and finally drove both cats from the kitchen. The two friends
+continued afterwards to eat off the same plate as long as the spaniel
+remained with her mistress in the house.
+
+A gentleman residing at Worcester had a favourite spaniel, which he
+brought with him to London inside the coach. After having been in town
+a day or two he missed the dog, and wrote to acquaint his family at
+Worcester of his loss. He received an answer informing him that he
+need not distress himself about "Rose," as she had arrived at her old
+house at Worcester five days after she had been lost in London, but
+very thin and out of condition. This same dog was a great favourite,
+and much domesticated. She formed a friendship with the cat, and when
+before the fire the latter would lie down in the most familiar manner
+by the side of the dog. When the dog had puppies, the cat was in the
+habit of sucking her; and it happened more than once that both had
+young ones at the same time, when the cat might be seen sucking the
+bitch, and the kittens taking their nourishment from the cat.
+
+A friend of mine, who then resided in South Wales, had a team of
+spaniels, which he used for woodcock shooting. As he was leaving the
+country for a considerable length of time, he gave permission to some
+of his neighbours to take out his spaniels when they wanted them. One
+of these was a remarkably good dog, but of rather a surly disposition,
+and had, in consequence, been but little petted or noticed by his
+master. Notwithstanding this, nothing could induce him either to
+follow or hunt with those to whom he was lent. In order, therefore, to
+make him of any use, it was necessary to get his feeder to accompany
+the shooting party, and the dog would then take to hunt in cover; but
+if this man returned home, the dog would find it out and be there
+before him. At the end of nearly six years his master returned into
+Wales, and near the house discovered his old dog, apparently asleep.
+Knowing his ferocious disposition, he did not venture to go close to
+him, but called him by name, which did not appear to excite the
+animal's attention. No sooner, however, did the dog hear an old
+exciting _cover-call_, than he jumped up, sprang to his old master,
+and showed his affection for him in every possible way. When the
+shooting season came, he proved himself to be as good a dog as ever.
+
+Mons. Blaze says, that a fondness for the chase does not always make a
+dog forget his fidelity to his master. He was one day shooting wild
+ducks with a friend near Versailles, when, as soon as the first shot
+was fired, a fine spaniel dog joined and began to caress them. They
+shot during the whole day, and the dog hunted with the greatest zeal
+and alacrity. Supposing him to be a stray dog, they began to think of
+appropriating him to themselves; but as soon as the sport was over,
+the dog ran away. They afterwards discovered that he belonged to one
+of the keepers, who was confined to his house by illness. His duty,
+however, was to shoot ducks on one particular day of the week, when he
+was accompanied by this spaniel; he lived six miles from the spot, and
+the dog, knowing the precise day, had come there to enjoy his usual
+sport, and then returned to his master.
+
+One of the most extraordinary cases on record of a friendship between
+two most dissimilar animals, a spaniel and a partridge, is narrated by
+a writer in whom implicit confidence may be placed:--"We were lately
+(in 1823) visiting in a house, where a very pleasing and singular
+portrait attracted our observation: it was that of a young lady,
+represented with a partridge perched upon her shoulder, and a dog with
+his feet on her arm. We recognised it as a representation of the lady
+of the house; but were at a loss to account for the odd association of
+her companions. She observed our surprise, and at once gave the
+history of the bird and the spaniel. They were both, some years back,
+domesticated in her family. The dog was an old parlour favourite, who
+went by the name of Tom; the partridge was more recently introduced
+from France, and answered to the equally familiar name of Bill. It
+was rather a dangerous experiment to place them together, for Tom was
+a lively and spirited creature, very apt to torment the cats, and to
+bark at any object which roused his instinct. But the experiment was
+tried; and Bill, being very tame, did not feel much alarm at his
+natural enemy. They were, of course, shy at first; but this shyness
+gradually wore off: the bird became less timid, and the dog less bold.
+The most perfect friendship was at length established between them.
+When the hour of dinner arrived, the partridge invariably flew on his
+mistress's shoulder, calling with that shrill note which is so well
+known to sportsmen; and the spaniel leapt about with equal ardour. One
+dish of bread and milk was placed on the floor, out of which the
+spaniel and bird fed together. After their social meal, the dog would
+retire to a corner to sleep, while the partridge would nestle between
+his legs, and never stir till his favourite awoke. Whenever the dog
+accompanied his mistress out, the bird displayed the utmost
+disquietude till his return; and once, when the partridge was shut up
+by accident a whole day, the dog searched about the house, with a
+mournful cry which indicated the strength of his affection. The
+friendship of Tom and Bill was at length fatally terminated. The
+beautiful little dog was stolen; and the bird from that time refused
+food, and died on the seventh day, a victim to his grief."
+
+A friend of mine has a small spaniel, which very recently showed
+great sagacity. This dog, which is much attached to him, was left
+under the care of a servant while his master paid a visit of a few
+weeks in Hampshire. The poor animal was so miserable during his
+absence, that he was informed of it, and directed the dog to be sent
+to him in a hamper, which was done. He was overjoyed at the sight of
+his kind master, and remained perfectly contented at his new abode.
+When preparations were making for his departure, the day before it
+took place, the dog was evidently aware of what was going forward, and
+showed his dread of being again left behind, by keeping as close as
+possible to the feet of his master during the evening. On getting up
+very early the next morning, before daylight, he found on opening his
+door that the apprehensive animal was lying before it, although it was
+winter, and very cold. At breakfast the dog not only nestled against
+his feet, but rubbed himself so much against them, that he was at last
+turned out of the room. On going into his dressing-room, where the dog
+had been in the habit of sleeping in a warm basket before a good fire,
+he found him coiled up in his portmanteau, which had been left open
+nearly packed.
+
+In this instance, the animal's knowledge of what was going forward was
+very evident, and his fear of being left behind could not be more
+strongly expressed; thus affording another proof that animals are
+possessed of a faculty much beyond mere instinct.
+
+A young gentleman lately residing in Edinburgh was master of a
+handsome spaniel bitch, which he had bought from a dealer in dogs. The
+animal had been educated to steal for the benefit of its protector;
+but it was some time ere his new master became aware of this
+irregularity of morals, and he was not a little astonished and teazed
+by its constantly bringing home articles of which it had feloniously
+obtained possession. Perceiving, at length, that the animal proceeded
+systematically in this sort of behaviour, he used to amuse his
+friends, by causing the spaniel to give proofs of her sagacity in the
+Spartan art of privately stealing; putting, of course, the shopkeepers
+where he meant she should exercise her faculty on their guard as to
+the issue.
+
+The process was curious, and excites some surprise at the pains which
+must have been bestowed to qualify the animal for these practices. As
+soon as the master entered the shop, the dog seemed to avoid all
+appearance of recognizing or acknowledging any connexion with him, but
+lounged about in an indolent, disengaged, and independent sort of
+manner, as if she had come into the shop of her own accord. In the
+course of looking over some wares, his master indicated by a touch on
+the parcel and a look towards the spaniel, that which he desired she
+should appropriate, and then left the shop. The dog, whose watchful
+eye caught the hint in an instant, instead of following his master out
+of the shop, continued to sit at the door, or lie by the fire,
+watching the counter, until she observed the attention of the people
+of the shop withdrawn from the prize which she wished to secure.
+Whenever she saw an opportunity of doing so, as she imagined,
+unobserved, she never failed to jump upon the counter with her fore
+feet, possess herself of the gloves, or whatever else had been pointed
+out to her, and escape from the shop to join her master.
+
+A gentleman lately communicated to me the following fact:--
+
+His avocations frequently took him by the side of St. Bride's
+Churchyard, in London. Whenever he passed it, in the course of some
+two or three years, he always saw a spaniel at one particular
+grave--it was the grave of his master. There, month after month, and
+year after year, did this faithful animal remain, as if to guard the
+remains of the being he loved. No cold, however severe, no rain,
+however violent, no sun, however hot, could drive this affectionate
+creature from a spot which was so endeared to him. The good-natured
+sexton of the churchyard, (and the fact is recorded to his honour,)
+brought food daily to the dog, and then pitying his exposure to the
+weather, scooped out a hole by the side of the grave, and thatched it
+over.
+
+The following is from the Percy collection of Anecdotes:--
+
+Two spaniels, mother and son, were self-hunting in Mr. Drake's woods,
+near Amersham, in Bucks. The gamekeeper shot the mother; the son,
+frightened, ran away for an hour or two, and then returned to look
+for his mother. Having found her dead body, he laid himself down by
+her, and was found in that situation the next day by his master, who
+took him home, together with the body of the mother. Six weeks did
+this affectionate creature refuse all consolation, and almost all
+nutriment. He became, at length, universally convulsed, and died of
+grief.
+
+These two anecdotes would form a pretty picture of fidelity and
+kindness, and there is one (I need not mention Sir Edwin Landseer) who
+would do justice to them.
+
+I may here remark, that the dogs of poor people generally show more
+attachment to their masters than those of the rich. Their fidelity
+appears greater, and more lasting. Misery would seem to tighten the
+cord of affection between them. They both suffer the same privations
+together of hunger, cold, and thirst, but these never shake the
+affection of a dog for his master. The animal's resignation is
+perfect, and his love unbounded. How beautifully has Sir Walter Scott
+described the affection of a dog for his master, who fell down a
+precipice in a fog near the Helvellyn Mountains, in Cumberland, and
+was dashed to pieces. It was not till more than three months
+afterwards that his remains were discovered, when his faithful dog was
+still guarding them.
+
+   "Dark green was the spot 'mid the brown mountain heather,
+      Where the pilgrim of nature lay stretch'd in decay;
+    Like the corpse of an outcast abandon'd to weather,
+      'Till the mountain winds wasted the tenantless clay.
+    Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,
+    For faithful in death his mute fav'rite attended,
+    The much-lov'd remains of his master defended,
+      And chas'd the hill fox and the raven away."
+
+Nor are the preceding anecdotes solitary instances of the affection of
+dogs for their departed masters. Mr. Youatt, in his work on "Humanity
+to Brutes," which does him so much credit, has recorded the following
+fact, very similar to the one already given:--
+
+Opposite to the house of a gentleman, near the churchyard of St.
+Olave, Southwark, where the receptacles of humanity are in many parts
+dilapidated, was an aperture just large enough to admit a dog. It led
+along a kind of sink to a dark cavity, close to which a person had
+recently been buried. It was inhabited by his dog, who was to be seen
+occasionally moving into or out of the cavern, which he had taken
+possession of the day of the funeral. How he obtained any food during
+the first two or three months no one knew, but he at length attracted
+the attention of a gentleman who lived opposite, and who ordered his
+servant regularly to supply the dog with food. He used, after a while,
+to come occasionally to this house for what was provided for him. He
+was not sullen, but there was a melancholy expression in his
+countenance, which, once observed, would never be forgotten. As soon
+as he had finished his hasty meal, he would gaze for a moment on his
+benefactor. It was an expressive look, but one which could not be
+misunderstood. It conveyed all the thanks that a broken heart could
+give. He then entombed himself once more for three or four days, when
+he crawled out again with his eyes sunk and his coat dishevelled. Two
+years he remained faithful to the memory of the being he had lost, and
+then, according to the most authentic account of him, having been
+missing several days, he was found dead in his retreat.
+
+From a letter written by a gentleman at Dijon in France, to his friend
+in London, dated August 15, 1764, we have the following account of a
+murder discovered by a dog:--
+
+"Since my arrival here a man has been broken on the wheel, with no
+other proof to condemn him than that of a water-spaniel. The
+circumstances attending it being so very singular and striking, I beg
+leave to communicate them to you. A farmer, who had been to receive a
+sum of money, was waylaid, robbed, and murdered, by two villains. The
+farmer's dog returned with all speed to the house of the person who
+had paid the money, and expressed such amazing anxiety that he would
+follow him, pulling him several times by the sleeve and skirt of the
+coat, that, at length, the gentleman yielded to his importunity. The
+dog led him to the field, a little from the roadside, where the body
+lay. From thence the gentleman went to a public-house, in order to
+alarm the country. The moment he entered, (as the two villains were
+there drinking,) the dog seized the murderer by the throat, and the
+other made his escape. This man lay in prison three months, during
+which time they visited him once a-week with the spaniel, and though
+they made him change his clothes with other prisoners, and always
+stand in the midst of a crowd, yet did the animal always find him out,
+and fly at him. On the day of trial, when the prisoner was at the bar,
+the dog was let loose in the court-house, and in the midst of some
+hundreds he found him out (though dressed entirely in new clothes),
+and would have torn him to pieces had he been allowed; in consequence
+of which he was condemned, and at the place of execution he confessed
+the fact. Surely so useful, so disinterestedly faithful an animal,
+should not be so barbarously treated as I have often seen them,
+particularly in London."
+
+The following anecdote has been well authenticated, and the fact which
+it records is still remembered by many individuals yet alive:--
+
+Mr. Alderman Yearsley, of Congleton, in Cheshire, had a favourite
+large water-spaniel named Fanny, which, in the hands of Providence,
+was the instrument of saving a very valuable life.
+
+In the year 1774 Mr. Yearsley had gone out one evening with a friend
+to a tavern, and the dog accompanied him. A short time before he was
+expected home, and while Mrs. Yearsley happened to be washing her
+hands in the back kitchen, the spaniel returned and scratched at the
+door for admittance. Being let in, she followed her mistress into the
+kitchen, where she set up a strange sort of whining, or barking, and
+turned towards the street-door, as if beckoning her mistress to
+follow. This she repeated several times, to the great astonishment of
+the lady. At length a thought struck her that Mr. Yearsley might have
+met with some accident in the street, and that the spaniel was come to
+guide her to her husband. Alarmed at this idea, she hastily followed
+the animal, which led her to Mr. Yearsley, whom she found in perfect
+health, sitting in the house to which he had gone. She told him the
+cause of her coming, and got herself laughed at for her pains. But
+what were the feelings of both, when they were informed by their next
+neighbours that the kitchen fell in almost the very instant Mrs.
+Yearsley had shut the street-door, and that the wash-hand basin she
+had left was crushed into a thousand pieces! The animal was ever
+afterwards treated with no ordinary attention, and died thirteen years
+later, at the age of sixteen. Her death, we regret to add, was
+occasioned by the bite of a mad dog.
+
+In the "Notes of a Naturalist," published in Chambers' "Edinburgh
+Journal," a work which cannot be too much commended for its agreeable
+information, is the following anecdote, which I give with the remarks
+of the author upon it:--
+
+"It appears to me, that in the general manifestations of the animal
+mind, some one of the senses is employed in preference to the
+others--that sense, for instance, which is most acute and perfect in
+the animal. In the dog, for example, the sense of smell predominates;
+and we accordingly find that, through the medium of this sense, his
+mental faculties are most commonly exercised. A gentleman had a
+favourite spaniel, which for a long time was in the habit of
+accompanying him in all his walks, and became his attached companion.
+This gentleman had occasion to leave home, and was absent for more
+than a year, during which time he had never seen the dog. On his
+return along with a friend, while yet at a little distance from the
+house, they perceived the spaniel lying beside the gate. He thought
+that this would be a good opportunity of testing the memory of his
+favourite; and he accordingly arranged with his companion, who was
+quite unknown to the dog, that they should both walk up to the animal,
+and express no signs of recognition. As they both approached nearer,
+the dog started up, and gazed at them attentively; but he discovered
+no signs of recognition, even at their near approach. At last he came
+up to the stranger, put his nose close to his clothes, and smelt him,
+without any signs of emotion. He then did the same to his old master;
+but no sooner had he smelt him, than recognition instantly took place;
+he leaped up to his face repeatedly, and showed symptoms of the most
+extravagant joy. He followed him into the house, and watched his every
+movement, and could by no means be diverted from his person. Here was
+an instance of deficient memory through the organs of sight, but an
+accurate recollection through the organs of smell." In a preceding
+anecdote, I have recorded an instance of a spaniel recognising the
+voice of his master after a lapse of six years. In that case, it was
+evident that the recollection of a particular sound enabled the dog to
+know his master, without having had recourse to the sense of smelling,
+which, however, would probably have been equally available had it been
+exercised.
+
+About the year 1800, Mrs. Osburn, who lived a few miles out of London,
+went to town to receive a large sum of money granted her by Parliament
+for discovering a lithontryptic medicine. She received the money, and
+returned back with it in her own carriage to the country, without
+anything particular happening to her on the road. It was evening when
+she arrived at home; and being fatigued with her journey, she retired
+early to rest. On her stepping into bed, she was somewhat surprised at
+the importunities of a small King Charles's dog, which was a great
+pet, and always slept in her bedchamber. He became exceedingly
+troublesome, and kept pulling the bedclothes with all his strength.
+She chid him repeatedly, and in an angry tone of voice desired him to
+lie still, that she might go to sleep. The dog, however, still
+persisted in his efforts, and kept pulling the bedclothes; and at
+length leaped on the bed, and endeavoured with the most determined
+perseverance to pull off the bedclothes. Mrs. Osburn then conceived
+there must be some extraordinary cause for this unusual conduct on
+the part of her dog, and leaped out of bed; and being a lady of some
+courage, put on her petticoat, and placed a brace of pistols by her
+side, which she had always ready loaded in a closet adjoining her
+bed-room, and proceeded down-stairs. When she had reached the first
+landing-place, she saw her coachman coming down the private staircase,
+which led to the servants' rooms, with a lighted candle in his hand,
+and full dressed. Suspecting his intentions were bad, and with heroic
+presence of mind, she presented one of her pistols, and threatened to
+lodge the contents of it in him, unless he returned to bed forthwith.
+Subdued by her determined courage, he quietly and silently obeyed. She
+then went into a back-parlour, when she heard a distant whispering of
+voices; she approached the window, and threw it up, and fired one of
+her pistols out of it, in the direction from which the noise
+proceeded. Everything became silent, and not a whisper was to be
+heard. After looking through the different rooms on the lower floor,
+and finding all right, she proceeded to bed and secured the door, and
+nothing further occurred that night. Next morning she arose at an
+early hour, went into the garden, and in the direction which she had
+fired the preceding night she discovered drops of blood, which she
+traced to the other end of the garden. This left no doubt on her mind
+of what had been intended. Thinking it imprudent to keep so large a
+sum of money in her house, she ordered her carriage to drive to town,
+where she deposited her cash. She then repaired to the house of Sir
+John Fielding, and related to him the whole affair, who advised her to
+part with her coachman immediately, and that he would investigate the
+matter, and, if possible, discover and convict the offenders. But the
+parties concerned in this affair were never discovered; for the mere
+fact of the coachman being found coming down the stair was not
+sufficient to implicate him, although there were strong grounds of
+suspicion. Thus, by the instinct and fidelity of this little animal,
+was robbery, and most likely murder, prevented.
+
+A spaniel belonging to a medical gentleman, with whom I am acquainted,
+residing at Richmond in Surrey, was in the habit of accompanying him
+when he went out at night to visit his patients. If he was shut out of
+the house of a patient, as was frequently the case, he would return
+home; and whatever the hour of the night might be, he would take the
+knocker in his mouth, and knock till the door was opened. It should be
+mentioned that the knocker was below a half-glazed door, so that it
+was easily within the dog's reach.
+
+"In the capital of a German principality," says Capt. Brown, "the
+magistrates once thought it expedient to order all dogs that had not
+the mark of having been wormed, to be seized and confined for a
+certain time in a large yard without the walls of the town. These
+dogs, which were of all possible varieties, made a hideous noise while
+thus confined together; but a spaniel, which, as the person that had
+the care of them observed, sat apart from the rest in a corner of the
+yard, seemed to consider the circumstances with greater deliberation.
+He attended to the manner in which the gate of the yard was opened and
+shut; and, taking a favourable opportunity, leapt with his forepaws
+upon the latch, opened the gate, looked round upon the clamorous
+multitude, and magnanimously led them the way out of the prison. He
+conducted them in triumph through the gate of the town; upon which
+every dog ran home exulting to his master."
+
+The following anecdote, which was sent to me by the gentleman who
+witnessed the occurrence, proves the sense and observation of a
+spaniel. He possessed one which was a great favourite, and a constant
+companion in all his rambles. One day, in passing through a field of
+young turnips, he pulled up one of them, and after washing it
+carefully in a rivulet, he cut off the top, and ate the other part.
+During this time the dog eyed him attentively, and then proceeded to
+one of the growing turnips, drew it from the earth, went up briskly to
+the rivulet, and after dashing it about some time till he caused the
+water to froth considerably, he laid it down, and holding the turnip
+inverted, and by the top, he deliberately gnawed the whole of it off,
+and left the top, thus closely imitating the actions of his master.
+
+A gentleman, who generally resided at Boston in Lincolnshire, had also
+a house at Chepstow in Monmouthshire, to which he occasionally went in
+the summer. While at the latter place, a small spaniel dog which a
+friend at Chepstow had given him was taken on his return in a carriage
+to Boston. On the Sunday evening after the arrival at that place, the
+spaniel was attacked by a large dog, when out walking with his master
+on the river bank, and ran away. Nothing was heard of him until the
+receipt of a letter from Chepstow, announcing his arrival at that
+place in a famished and travel-worn condition. The distance is one
+hundred and eighty-four miles.
+
+The following anecdote is related by Mr. Blaine:--
+
+"I was once called from dinner in a hurry to attend to something that
+had occurred; unintentionally I left a favourite cat in the room,
+together with a no less favourite spaniel. When I returned I found the
+latter, which was not a small figure, extending her whole length along
+the table by the side of a leg of mutton which I had left. On my
+entrance she showed no signs of fear, nor did she immediately alter
+her position. I was sure, therefore, that none but a good motive had
+placed her in this extraordinary situation, nor had I long to
+conjecture. Puss was skulking in a corner, and though the mutton was
+untouched, yet her conscious fears clearly evinced that she had been
+driven from the table in the act of attempting a robbery on the meat,
+to which she was too prone, and that her situation had been occupied
+by this faithful spaniel to prevent a repetition of the attempt. Here
+was fidelity united with great intellect, and wholly free from the aid
+of instinct. This property of guarding victuals from the cat, or from
+other dogs, was a daily practice of this animal; and, while cooking
+was going forward, the floor might have been strewed with eatables,
+which would have been all safe from her own touch, and as carefully
+guarded from that of others. A similar property is common to many
+dogs, but to spaniels particularly."
+
+It is impossible in a work on dogs to omit the insertion of some
+pretty lines on a spaniel by Mrs. Barrett Browning, and which do so
+much credit to her kindly feelings and poetic talents:--
+
+   "Yet, my pretty sportive friend,
+    Little is't to such an end
+      That I praise thy rareness!
+    Other dogs may be thy peers,
+    Haply, in those drooping ears,
+      And this glossy fairness.
+
+    But of thee it shall be said,
+    'This dog watched beside a bed
+      Day and night unweary,--
+    Watched within a curtained room
+    Where no sunbeam broke the gloom
+      Round the sick and dreary.
+
+    Roses, gathered for a vase,
+    In that chamber died apace,
+      Beam and breeze resigning--
+    This dog only waited on,
+    Knowing that when light is gone
+      Love remains for shining.
+
+    Other dogs, in thymy dew,
+    Tracked the hares and followed through
+      Sunny moor or meadow--
+    This dog only crept and crept
+    Next a languid cheek that slept,
+      Sharing in the shadow.
+
+    Other dogs of loyal cheer
+    Bounded at the whistle clear,
+      Up the woodside hieing--
+    This dog only watched in reach
+    Of a faintly uttered speech,
+      Or a louder sighing.
+
+    And if one or two quick tears
+    Dropped upon his glossy ears,
+      Or a sigh came double,--
+    Up he sprang in eager haste,
+    Fawning, fondling, breathing fast,
+      In a tender trouble.'"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH POODLE.]
+
+THE POODLE.
+
+   "With all the graces of his fatherland;
+    With well-cut coat, and ever ready hand--
+    See--the French poodle sports his life away;
+    Obedient, wise, affectionate, and gay."
+                                             _Chronicles of Animals._
+
+
+These dogs, like all others, possess many amiable qualities, and are
+remarkable for the facility with which they learn several amusing
+tricks, and for their extraordinary sagacity. This latter quality has
+frequently made them a great source of profit to their masters, so
+that it may be said of them, "c'est encore une des plus profitables
+manières d'être chien qui existent." A proof of this is related by M.
+Blaze in his history of the dog, and was recorded by myself many years
+before his work appeared.
+
+A shoe-black on the Pont Neuf at Paris had a poodle dog, whose
+sagacity brought no small profit to his master. If the dog saw a
+person with well-polished boots go across the bridge, he contrived to
+dirty them, by having first rolled himself in the mud of the Seine.
+His master was then employed to clean them. An English gentleman, who
+had suffered more than once from the annoyance of having his boots
+dirtied by a dog, was at last induced to watch his proceedings, and
+thus detected the tricks he was playing for his master's benefit. He
+was so much pleased with the animal's sagacity, that he purchased him
+at a high price and conveyed him to London. On arriving there, he was
+confined to the house till he appeared perfectly satisfied with his
+new master and his new situation. He at last, however, contrived to
+escape, and made his way back to Paris, where he rejoined his old
+master, and resumed his former occupation. I was at Paris some years
+ago, where this anecdote was related to me, and it is now published in
+the records of the French Institute.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable instance known of what are called "Learned
+Dogs," is that of two poodles, which were trained at Milan, and
+exhibited at Paris in the spring of 1830. The account of them is given
+by a lady, whose veracity is not doubtful, and who herself saw their
+performance. "The elder, named Fido," says she, "is white, with some
+black patches on his head and back; and the younger, who is called
+Bianco, is also white, but with red spots. Fido is a grave and serious
+personage, walks with dignity round the circle assembled to see him,
+and appears much absorbed in reflection. Bianco is young and giddy,
+but full of talent when he chooses to apply it. Owing to his more
+sedate disposition, however, Fido is called upon to act the principal
+part of the exhibition. A word is dictated to him from the Greek,
+Latin, Italian, German, French, or English language, and selected from
+a vocabulary where fifty words in each tongue are inscribed, and which
+all together make three hundred different combinations. An alphabet is
+placed before Fido, and from it he takes the letters which compose the
+given word, and lays them in proper order at the feet of his master.
+On one occasion he was told to spell the word Heaven, and he quickly
+placed the letters till he came to the second e; he stood for an
+instant as if puzzled, but in a moment after he took the e out of the
+first syllable, and put it into the second. His attainments in
+orthography, however, are not so surprising as those in arithmetic. He
+practises the four rules with extraordinary facility, arranges the
+double ciphers as he did the double vowels in the word Heaven, and
+rarely makes an error. When such does occur, his more thoughtless
+companion is called in to rectify it, which he invariably does with
+the greatest quickness; but as he had rather play than work, and pulls
+Fido by the ears to make him as idle as himself, he is quickly
+dismissed. One day, the steady Fido spelt the word Jupiter with a _b_
+instead of a _p_; Bianco was summoned to his aid, who, after
+contemplating the word, pushed out the _b_ with his nose, and seizing
+a _p_ between his teeth, put it into the vacancy. Fido is remarkable
+for the modest firmness with which he insists upon his correctness
+when he feels convinced of it himself; for a lady having struck a
+repeating watch in his ear, he selected an 8 for the hour, and a 6 for
+the three-quarters. The company present, and his master, called out to
+him he was wrong. He reviewed his numbers and stood still. His master
+insisted, and he again examined his ciphers; after which he went
+quietly, but not in the least abashed, into the middle of the carpet,
+and looked at his audience. The watch was then sounded again, and it
+was found to have struck two at every quarter; and Fido received the
+plaudits which followed with as gentle a demeanour as he had borne the
+accusation of error.
+
+"One occupation seems to bring the giddy Bianco to the gravity of the
+elder savant; and when the spectators are tired of arithmetic and
+orthography, the two dogs either sit down to _écarté_, or become the
+antagonists of one of the company. They ask for, or refuse cards, as
+their hands require, with a most important look; they cut at the
+proper times, and never mistake one suit for another. They have
+recourse to their ciphers to mark their points; and on one occasion
+Bianco having won, he selected his number, and on being asked what
+were the gains of his adversary, he immediately took an O between his
+teeth, and showed it to the querist; and both seemed to know all the
+terms of the game as thoroughly as the most experienced card-players.
+All this passes without the slightest visible or audible sign between
+the poodles and their master; the spectators are placed within three
+steps of the carpet on which the performance goes forward; people have
+gone for the sole purpose of watching the master; everybody visits
+them, and yet no one has hitherto found out the mode of communication
+established between them and their owner. Whatever this communication
+may be, it does not deduct from the wonderful intelligence of these
+animals; for there must be a multiplicity of signs, not only to be
+understood with eyes and ears, but to be separated from each other in
+their minds, or to be combined one with another, for the various
+trials in which they are exercised.
+
+"I have seen learned pigs and ponies, and can, after these spectacles,
+readily imagine how the extraordinary sagacity of a dog may be brought
+to a knowledge of the orthography of three hundred words; but I must
+confess myself puzzled by the acquirements of these poodles in
+arithmetic, which must depend upon the will of the spectator who
+proposes the numbers; but that which is most surprising of all is the
+skill with which they play _écarté_. The gravity and attention with
+which they carry on their game is almost ludicrous; and the
+satisfaction of Bianco when he marks his points is perfectly evident."
+
+Nor is this a solitary instance of the extraordinary sagacity of the
+poodle. A lady of my acquaintance had one for many years, who was her
+constant companion both in the house and in her walks. When, however,
+either from business or indisposition, her mistress did not take her
+usual walk on Wimbledon Common, the dog, by jumping on a table, took
+down the maid-servant's bonnet, and held it in her month till she
+accompanied the animal to the Common.
+
+A friend of mine had a poodle dog, who was not very obedient to his
+call when he was taken out to run in the fields. A small whip was
+therefore purchased, and the dog one day was chastised with it. The
+whip was placed on a table in the hall of the house, and the next
+morning it could not be found. It was soon afterwards discovered in
+the coal-cellar. The dog was a second time punished with it, and again
+the whip was missed. It was afterwards discovered that the dog had
+attempted to hide the instrument by which pain had been inflicted on
+him. There certainly appears a strong approach to reason in this
+proceeding of the dog. _Cause_ and _effect_ seem to have been
+associated in his mind, if his mode of proceeding may be called an
+effort of it.
+
+In Messrs. Chambers' brochure of amusing anecdotes of dogs we find the
+following:--
+
+An aged gentleman has mentioned to us that, about fifty years ago, a
+Frenchman brought to London from eighty to a hundred dogs, chiefly
+poodles, the remainder spaniels, but all nearly of the same size, and
+of the smaller kind. On the education of these animals their
+proprietor had bestowed an immense deal of pains. From puppyhood
+upwards they had been taught to walk on their hind-legs, and maintain
+their footing with surprising ease in that unnatural position. They
+had likewise been drilled into the best possible behaviour towards
+each other; no snarling, barking, or indecorous conduct took place
+when they were assembled in company. But what was most surprising of
+all, they were able to perform in various theatrical pieces of the
+character of pantomimes, representing various transactions in heroic
+and familiar life, with wonderful fidelity. The object of their
+proprietor was, of course, to make money by their performances, which
+the public were accordingly invited to witness in one of the minor
+theatres.
+
+Amongst their histrionic performances was the representation of a
+siege. On the rising of the curtain there appeared three ranges of
+ramparts, one above the other, having salient angles and a moat, like
+a regularly-constructed fortification. In the centre of the fortress
+arose a tower, on which a flag was flying; while in the distance
+behind appeared the buildings and steeples of a town. The ramparts
+were guarded by soldiers in uniform, each armed with a musket or
+sword, of an appropriate size. All these were dogs, and their duty
+was to defend the walls from an attacking party, consisting also of
+dogs, whose movements now commenced the operations of the siege. In
+the foreground of the stage were some rude buildings and irregular
+surfaces, from among which there issued a reconnoitring party; the
+chief, habited as an officer of rank, with great circumspection
+surveyed the fortification; and his sedate movements, and his
+consultations with the troops that accompanied him, implied that an
+attack was determined upon. But these consultations did not pass
+unobserved by the defenders of the garrison. The party was noticed by
+a sentinel and fired upon; and this seemed to be the signal to call
+every man to his post at the embrasures.
+
+Shortly after, the troops advanced to the escalade; but to cross the
+moat, and get at the bottom of the walls, it was necessary to bring up
+some species of pontoon, and, accordingly, several soldiers were seen
+engaged in pushing before them wicker-work scaffoldings, which moved
+on castors, towards the fortifications. The drums beat to arms, and
+the bustle of warfare opened in earnest. Smoke was poured out in
+volleys from shot-holes; the besieging forces pushed forward in
+masses, regardless of the fire; the moat was filled with the crowd;
+and, amid much confusion and scrambling, scaling-ladders were raised
+against the walls. Then was the grand tug of war. The leaders of the
+forlorn hope who first ascended were opposed with great gallantry by
+the defenders; and this was, perhaps, the most interesting part of
+the exhibition. The chief of the assailants did wonders; he was seen
+now here, now there, animating his men, and was twice hurled, with
+ladder and followers, from the second gradation of ramparts: but he
+was invulnerable, and seemed to receive an accession of courage on
+every fresh repulse. The rattle of the miniature cannon, the roll of
+the drums, the sound of trumpets, and the heroism of the actors on
+both sides, imparted an idea of reality to the scene.
+
+After numerous hairbreadth escapes, the chief surmounted the third
+line of fortifications, followed by his troops; the enemy's standard
+was hurled down, and the British flag hoisted in its place; the
+ramparts were manned by the conquerors; and the smoke cleared away, to
+the tune of "God save the King."
+
+It is impossible to convey a just idea of this performance, which
+altogether reflected great credit on its contriver, as also on the
+abilities of each individual dog. We must conclude that the firing
+from the embrasures, and some other parts of the _méchanique_, were
+effected by human agency; but the actions of the dogs were clearly
+their own, and showed what could be effected with animals by dint of
+patient culture.
+
+Another specimen of these canine theatricals was quite a contrast to
+the bustle of the siege. The scene was an assembly-room, on the sides
+and the further end of which seats were placed; while a music-gallery,
+and a profusion of chandeliers, gave a richness and truth to the
+general effect. Livery-servants were in attendance on a few of the
+company, who entered and took their seats. Frequent knockings now
+occurred at the door, followed by the entrance of parties attired in
+the fashion of the period. These were, of course, the same individuals
+who had recently been in the deadly breach; but now all was
+tranquillity, elegance, and ease. Parties were formally introduced to
+each other with an appearance of the greatest decorum. The dogs
+intended to represent ladies were dressed in silks, gauzes, laces, and
+gay ribbons. Some wore artificial flowers, with flowing ringlets;
+others wore the powdered and pomatumed head-dress, with caps and
+lappets, in ludicrous contrast to the features of the animals. The
+animals which represented gentlemen were judiciously equipped; some as
+youthful and others as aged beaux, regulated by their degrees of
+proficiency, since those most youthfully dressed were most attentive
+to the ladies. The frequent bow and return of curtsey produced great
+mirth in the audience. On a sudden the master of the ceremonies
+appeared; he wore a superb court-dress, and his manners were in
+agreement with his costume. To some of the gentlemen he gave merely a
+look of recognition; to the ladies he was generally attentive; to some
+he projected his paw familiarly, to others he bowed with respect; and
+introduced one to another with an air of elegance that surprised and
+delighted the spectators.
+
+As the performance advanced the interest increased. The music was
+soon interrupted by a loud knocking, which announced the arrival of
+some important visitor. Several livery servants entered, and then a
+sedan-chair was borne in by appropriately dressed dogs; they removed
+the poles, raised the head, and opened the door of the sedan; forth
+came a lady, splendidly attired in spangled satin and jewels, and her
+head decorated with a plume of ostrich feathers! She made a great
+impression, and appeared as if conscious of her superior attraction;
+meanwhile the chair was removed, the master of the ceremonies, in his
+court-dress, was in readiness to receive the _élégante_, and the bow
+and curtsey were admirably interchanged. The band now struck up an air
+of the kind to which ball-room companies are accustomed to promenade,
+and the company immediately quitted their seats and began to walk
+ceremoniously in pairs round the room. Three of the ladies placed
+their arms under those of their attendant gentlemen. On seats being
+resumed, the master of the ceremonies and the lady who came in the
+sedan-chair arose; he led her to the centre of the room; Foote's
+minuet struck up; the pair commenced the movements with an attention
+to time; they performed the crossings and turnings, the advancings,
+retreatings, and obeisances, during which there was a perfect silence,
+and they concluded amid thunders of applause. What ultimately became
+of the ingenious manager with his company, our informant never heard.
+
+The following anecdotes prove the strong affection and perseverance
+of the poodle. The late Duke of Argyll had a favourite dog of this
+description, who was his constant companion. This dog, on the occasion
+of one of the Duke's journeys to Inverary Castle, was, by some
+accident or mistake, left behind in London. On missing his master, the
+faithful animal set off in search of him, and made his way into
+Scotland, and was found early one morning at the gate of the castle.
+The anecdote is related by the family, and a picture shown of the dog.
+
+A poor German artist, who was studying at Rome, had a poodle dog, who
+used to accompany him, when his funds would allow it, to an ordinary
+frequented by other students. Here the dog got scraps enough to
+support him. His master, not being able to keep up the expense,
+discontinued his visits to the ordinary. The dog fared badly in
+consequence, and at last his master returned to his friends in
+Germany, leaving the dog behind him. The poor animal slept at the top
+of the stairs leading to his master's room, but watched in the day
+time at the door of the ordinary, and when he saw his former
+acquaintances crowding in, he followed at their heels, and thus
+gaining admittance was fed till his owner came back to resume his
+studies.
+
+A gentleman possessed a poodle dog and a terrier, between whom a great
+affection existed. When the terrier was shut up, as was sometimes the
+case, the poodle always hid such bones or meat as he could procure,
+and afterwards brought the terrier to the spot where they were
+concealed. He was constantly watched, and observed to do this act of
+kindness.
+
+The sagacity of the poodle is strongly shown by the following fact.
+Mr. B----t, who was constantly in the habit of making tours on the
+Continent, was always accompanied by a poodle dog. In one of his
+journeys he was seated at a table-d'hôte next to a person whose
+conversation he found so agreeable, that a sort of intimacy sprung up
+between them. The dog, however, for the first time he had ever done so
+to any one, showed a dislike to the stranger, and so much so, that Mr.
+B----t could not help remarking it. In the course of his tour he again
+fell in with the stranger, when the intimacy was renewed, and Mr.
+B----t offered him a seat in his carriage as they were both going the
+same way. No sooner, however, had the stranger entered the carriage,
+than the dog showed an increased dislike of him, which continued
+during the course of the journey. At night they slept at a small inn,
+in a wild and somewhat unfrequented country, and on separating in the
+evening to go to their respective beds, the poodle evinced the
+greatest anger, and was with difficulty restrained from attacking the
+stranger. In the middle of the night Mr. B----t was awoke by a noise
+in his room, and there was light enough for him to perceive that his
+dog had seized his travelling companion, who, upon being threatened,
+confessed that he had entered the room for the purpose of
+endeavouring to purloin Mr. B----t's money, of which he was aware
+that he possessed a considerable quantity. This is not a solitary
+instance of an instinctive faculty which enables dogs to discriminate,
+by showing a strong dislike, the characters of particular individuals.
+
+A friend has sent me the following account of a poodle he once had:--
+
+"Many years ago I had a poodle who was an excellent retriever. He was
+a middle-sized, active dog, a first-rate waterman, with a nose so
+particularly sensitive that no object, however minute, could escape
+its 'delicate investigation.' Philip was the hardiest animal in the
+world--no sea would prevent him from carrying a dead bird through the
+boiling breakers, and I have seen him follow and secure a wounded
+mallard, although in the attempt his legs were painfully scarified in
+breaking through a field of ice scarcely the thickness of a
+crown-piece. Philip, though of French extraction, had decidedly Irish
+partialities. He delighted in a glass of grog; and no matter with what
+labour and constancy he had returned from retrieving, he still enjoyed
+a glass of punch. When he had drunk it, he was in high glee, running
+round and round to try and catch his own tail, and even then allowing
+the cat to approach him, which he was by no means disposed to do at
+other times."
+
+When my daughter was in Germany, she sent me the following interesting
+anecdote of a poodle, the accuracy of which she had an opportunity of
+ascertaining.
+
+An inhabitant of Dresden had a poodle that he was fond of, and had
+always treated kindly. For some reason or another he gave her to a
+friend of his, a countryman in Possenderf, who lived three leagues
+from Dresden. This person, who well knew the great attachment of the
+dog to her former master, took care to keep her tied up, and would not
+let her leave the house till he thought she had forgotten him. During
+this time the poodle had young ones, three in number, which she
+nourished with great affection, and appeared to bestow upon them her
+whole attention, and to have entirely given up her former uneasiness
+at her new abode. From this circumstance her owner thought she had
+forgotten her old master, and therefore no longer kept her a close
+prisoner. Very soon, however, the poodle was missing, and also the
+three young ones, and nothing was heard of her for several days. One
+morning his friend came to him from Dresden, and informed him that the
+preceding evening the poodle had come to his house with one of the
+puppies in her mouth, and that another had been found dead on the road
+to Possenderf. It appeared that the dog had started in the night,
+carrying the puppies (who were not able to walk) one after the other,
+a certain distance on the road to Dresden, with the evident intention
+of conveying them all to her much-loved home and master. The third
+puppy was never found, and is supposed to have been carried off by
+some wild animal or bird, while the poor mother was in advance with
+the others. The dead one had apparently perished from cold.
+
+The late Dr. Chisholm of Canterbury had a remarkable poodle, which a
+correspondent informs me he has often seen. On one occasion he was
+told, for the first time, by way of trial, to fetch his master's
+slippers. He went up-stairs, and brought down one only. He was then
+told, "You have brought one only, go and fetch the other;" and the
+other was brought. The next evening the dog was again told to bring
+the slippers. He went up-stairs, put one slipper within the other, and
+brought both down. This dog appeared to understand much of our
+language. When dining with Dr. Chisholm and others, his intelligence
+was put to the proof by my correspondent. Some one would hide an
+article, open the door, and bring in the dog, saying, "Find
+so-and-so." The poodle used to look up steadily in the face of the
+speaker, until he was told whether the article was hid high or low; he
+would then search either on the ground, or on the chairs and
+furniture, and bring the article, never taking any notice of any other
+thing that was lying about. He would, upon being ordered, go up-stairs
+and bring down a snuff-box, stick, pocket-handkerchief, or anything,
+understanding as readily what was said to him as if spoken to a
+servant.
+
+Another poodle would go through the agonies of dying in a very
+systematic manner. When he was ordered to die, he would tumble over on
+one side, and then stretch himself out, and move his hind legs in
+such a way as expressed that he was in great pain, first slowly and
+afterwards very quickly. After a few convulsive throbs, indicated by
+putting his head and whole body in motion, he would stretch out all
+his limbs and cease to move, lying on his back with his legs turned
+upwards, as if he had expired. In this situation he remained
+motionless until he had his master's commands to get up.
+
+The following anecdote was communicated to the Rev. Mr. Jenyns by Mrs.
+Grosvenor, of Richmond, Surrey:--
+
+A poodle dog belonging to a gentleman in Cheshire was in the habit of
+not only going to church, but of remaining quietly in the pew during
+service, whether his master was there or not. One Sunday the dam at
+the head of a lake in that neighbourhood gave way, so that the whole
+road was inundated. The congregation, in consequence, consisted of a
+very few, who came from some cottages close by, but nobody attended
+from the great house. The clergyman informed the lady, that whilst
+reading the Psalms he saw his friend, the poodle, come slowly up the
+aisle dripping with wet, having swam above a quarter of a mile to get
+to church. He went into the usual pew, and remained quietly there to
+the end of the service.
+
+The Marquess of Worcester (the late Duke of Beaufort), who served in
+the Peninsular war, had a poodle which was taken from the grave of his
+master, a French officer, who fell at the battle of Salamanca, and
+was buried on the spot. The dog had remained on the grave until he was
+nearly starved, and even then was removed with difficulty; so faithful
+are these animals in protecting the remains of those they loved.
+
+A poodle dog followed his master, a French officer, to the wars; the
+latter was soon afterwards killed at the battle of Castella, in
+Valencia, when his comrades endeavoured to carry the dog with them in
+their retreat; but the faithful animal refused to leave the corpse,
+and they left him. A military marauder, in going over the field of
+battle, discovering the cross of the legion of honour on the dead
+officer's breast, attempted to capture it, but the poodle instantly
+seized him by the throat, and would have ended his career had not a
+comrade run the honest canine guardian through the body.
+
+Mr. Blaine, in his "Account of Dogs," says that, "strange as it may
+appear, it is no less true, that a poodle dog actually scaled the high
+buildings of my residence in Wells Street, Oxford Street, proceeded
+along several roofs of houses, and made his way down by progressive
+but very considerable leaps into distant premises; from whence, by
+watching and stratagem, he gained the street, and returned home in
+order to join his mistress, for whose sake he had encountered these
+great risks."
+
+I am always glad to have an opportunity of acknowledging the kindness
+of my correspondents, and now do so to the clergyman who very kindly
+sent me the following anecdote, which I give in his own words:--
+
+"I have a distinct remembrance of Froll or Frolic, a dog belonging to
+an aged relation, once the property of her deceased only son, which
+animal, in his earlier days, doubtless gave evidence that his name was
+not given him unadvisedly, but during the yearly visits of myself to
+that kind and indulgent person, I can remember nothing but a rather
+small though fat unwieldy poodle, whose curly, glossy coat (preserved
+after his death), long yellow ears, and black nose, the rest of his
+body being perfectly white, betokened that he had been a beauty in his
+time. Froll was still a prodigious favourite with his mistress,
+although I confess my feelings towards him were rather those of fear
+than any other, for to touch him was quite sufficient to evoke a
+growl, or perchance a snap, from this pet of a dozen years or more. A
+cross, snappish fellow he was at best, and well he knew the length of
+Trusty the house-dog's chain, which less favoured quadruped was never
+let loose by day, from a well-grounded fear that he might, if allowed,
+resent, by summary punishment, the constant insults he was doomed to
+submit to from this most petted and presumptuous myrmidon of the
+drawing-room. With all this, although time and over-feeding had soured
+his temper, Froll still retained much of, if not all, his former
+intelligence (a trait so peculiar to his species), declared by many
+long-past but still vaunted proofs of his being a wonder in his way.
+One of his peculiarities was a fondness for apples--not indeed all
+apples, but those which grew on a particular tree, called 'Froll's
+tree,' and no others; this tree was, by the way, the best in the
+garden, and the small, sweet, delicate fruit therefrom (my
+reminiscence is distinct on this point) were carefully preserved for
+this canine favourite. Nothing would entice him to eat any other sort
+of apple. And in the season he would constantly urge his mistress into
+the garden by repeated barking, and other unmistakable symptoms. His
+daily meals, too, of which I think there were three regular ones, were
+events in themselves, the careful attention to which tended perhaps to
+relieve the monotony of a country life: they are indeed not speedily
+to be forgotten by those who witnessed them. He would take food from
+no one but his mistress or her maid, which latter person was his chief
+purveyor, who had been an inmate of the house contemporary with
+himself, or I believe long before; but this feeding was generally a
+task of great trouble, such coaxing and humouring on the one hand,
+such growling and snarling on the other, has been perhaps seldom
+heard. At length, after much beseeching on the part of the maid, and a
+few words of entreaty from the mistress, he would condescend to eat;
+but never, I believe, without some symptoms of discontent, how savoury
+soever the morsel, submitting to that as a favour which is generally
+snatched at and devoured with so much gusto and avidity by most others
+of his tribe. I should not have entered into these peculiarities,
+which are scarcely evidence of any intelligence beyond that of other
+dogs, were it not that the circumstances attending his death were
+really extraordinary, the more so when the character of the dog is
+considered; and as we have so often heard of a presentiment of that
+great change being strongly imprinted on human minds, so there were
+not wanting some of the then inmates of the house, who attributed his
+unwonted behaviour on the eve of his death to the same cause. The dog
+slept constantly in his mistress's bed-room, but, contrary to custom
+on the night in question, he pertinaciously refused to remain there.
+My brother and myself, who were then little boys, were, to our great
+surprise, aroused in the course of the night by an unwonted scratching
+at the door of our apartment, which we immediately opened, and, to our
+equal delight and wonder, were saluted by Froll's jumping up and
+licking our hands and faces--certainly he never appeared in better
+health and spirits in his life. Whether he did this to atone for his
+former uncourteous behaviour towards us, or was urged by some
+unaccountable feeling of amiability as well as restlessness, I cannot
+say, but certain it is his gentler faculties were that night for once
+aroused, for this unaccustomed compliment I can safely affirm we never
+personally received at any former period of our acquaintance. After a
+time he left us, charmed at experiencing these new and flattering
+demonstrations; which joy was, alas! doomed to be sadly and speedily
+extinguished. When the morning came, the distressed countenance of
+the servant who called us, portended some evil tidings, which was
+quickly followed by the unexpected intelligence of the demise of poor
+Froll. We hastily accompanied the servant into the coachman's sleeping
+apartment, and there, under the bed, lay the poor dog. It had pleased
+him to go there to die, having previously aroused every individual in
+the house during the night by scratching at their several chambers one
+after another, and saluting them in the same amiable manner he had my
+brother and myself."
+
+This anecdote could be well authenticated by most of the persons then
+in the house, who are still alive.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.
+
+
+Dr. Richardson, in his "American Fauna," mentions as a curious fact,
+that those Indian nations who still preserve their ancient mode of
+life, have dogs which bear a strong resemblance to wolves. Thus it is
+with the Esquimaux dogs. They are extremely like the grey wolves of
+the Arctic Circle in form and colour, and nearly equal to them in
+size. They also bear some resemblance to the Pomeranian breed,
+although the latter are much smaller.
+
+It is curious that almost every nation on earth has some particular
+traditions regarding the dog. The Esquimaux, a nation inhabiting the
+polar regions, have a singular fable amongst them respecting the
+origin of the Dog-Rib Indians, a tribe which inhabits the northern
+confines of the American continent. It is thus detailed in Captain
+Franklin's "Second Journey to the Polar Sea:"--
+
+"For a long time Chapawee's descendants were united as one family, but
+at length some young men being accidentally killed in a game, a
+quarrel ensued, and a general dispersion of mankind took place. One
+Indian fixed his residence on the borders of the lake, taking with him
+a dog big with young. The pups in due time were littered, and the
+Indian, when he went out to fish, carefully tied them up to prevent
+their straying. Several times, as he approached his tent, he heard a
+noise of children talking and playing; but on entering it, he only
+perceived the pups tied up as usual. His curiosity being excited by
+the voices he had heard, he determined to watch; and one day
+pretending to go out and fish, according to custom, he concealed
+himself in a convenient place. In a short time he again heard voices,
+and rushing suddenly into the tent, beheld some beautiful children
+sporting and laughing, with the dog-skins lying by their side. He
+threw the skins into the fire, and the children, retaining their
+proper forms, grew up, and were the ancestors of the Dog-Rib nation."
+
+Captain Lyon, who had so many opportunities of studying the habits of
+the Esquimaux dog, has given so interesting an account of it that I
+cannot do better than quote his own words:--
+
+"Having myself possessed, during our hard winter, a team of eleven
+fine dogs, I was enabled to become better acquainted with their good
+qualities than could possibly have been the case by the casual visits
+of the Esquimaux to the ships. The form of the Esquimaux dog is very
+similar to that of our shepherds' dog in England, but it is more
+muscular and broad-chested, owing to the constant and severe work to
+which he is brought up. His ears are pointed, and the aspect of the
+head is somewhat savage. In size a fine dog is about the height of the
+Newfoundland breed, but broad like a mastiff in every part except the
+nose. The hair of the coat is in summer, as well as in winter, very
+long, but during the cold season a soft, downy under-covering is
+found, which does not appear in warm weather. Young dogs are put into
+harness as soon as they can walk, and being tied up, soon acquire a
+habit of pulling, in their attempts to recover their liberty, or to
+roam in quest of their mother. When about two months old, they are put
+into the sledge with the grown dogs, and sometimes eight or ten little
+ones are under the charge of some steady old animal, where, with
+frequent and sometimes severe beatings, they soon receive a competent
+education. Every dog is distinguished by a particular name, and the
+angry repetition of it has an effect as instantaneous as an
+application of the whip, which instrument is of an immense length,
+having a lash from eighteen to twenty-four feet, while the handle is
+one foot only; with this, by throwing it on one side or the other of
+the leader, and repeating certain words, the animals are guided or
+stopped. When the sledge is stopped they are all taught to lie down,
+by throwing the whip gently over their backs, and they will remain in
+this position even for hours, until their master returns to them. A
+walrus is frequently drawn along by three or four of these dogs, and
+seals are sometimes carried home in the same manner, though I have in
+some instances seen a dog bring home the greater part of a seal in
+panniers placed across his back. The latter mode of conveyance is
+often used in summer, and the dogs also carry skins or furniture
+overland to the sledges when their masters are going on any
+expedition. It might be supposed that in so cold a climate these
+animals had peculiar periods of gestation, like the wild creatures,
+but, on the contrary, they bear young at every season of the year, and
+seldom exceed five at a litter. Cold has very little effect on them;
+for although the dogs at the huts slept within the snow passages, mine
+at the ships had no shelter, but lay alongside, with the thermometer
+at 42° and 44°, and with as little concern as if the weather had been
+mild. I found, by several experiments, that three of my dogs could
+draw me on a sledge, weighing one hundred pounds, at the rate of one
+mile in six minutes; and as a proof of the strength of a well-grown
+dog, my leader drew one hundred and ninety-six pounds singly, and to
+the same distance, in eight minutes. At another time seven of my dogs
+ran a mile in four minutes, drawing a heavy sledge full of men.
+Afterwards, in carrying stores to the Fury, one mile distant, nine
+dogs drew one thousand six hundred and eleven pounds in the space of
+nine minutes. My sledge was on runners, neither shod nor iced; but had
+the runners been iced, at least forty pounds weight would have been
+added for each dog."
+
+Captain Lyon, in another passage, observes:--"Our eleven dogs were
+large, and even majestic-looking animals; and an old one of peculiar
+sagacity was placed at their head by having a longer trace, so as to
+lead them through the safest and driest places, these animals having
+such a dread of water as to receive a severe beating before they would
+swim a foot. The leader was instant in obeying the voice of the
+driver, who never beat, but repeatedly called to him by name. When the
+dogs slackened their pace, the sight of a seal or bird was sufficient
+to put them instantly to their full speed; and even though none of
+these might be seen on the ice, the cry of "a seal!"--"a bear!"--or "a
+bird!" &c., was enough to give play to the legs and voices of the
+whole pack. It was a beautiful sight to observe the two sledges racing
+at full speed to the same object, the dogs and men in full cry, and
+the vehicles splashing through the holes of water with the velocity
+and spirit of rival stage-coaches. There is something of the spirit of
+professed whips in these wild races, for the young men delight in
+passing each other's sledge, and jockeying the hinder one by crossing
+the path. In passing on different routes the right hand is yielded,
+and should an inexperienced driver endeavour to take the left, he
+would have some difficulty in persuading his team to do so. The only
+unpleasant circumstance attending these races is, that a poor dog is
+sometimes entangled and thrown down, when the sledge, with perhaps a
+heavy load, is unavoidably drawn over his body. The driver sits on the
+fore part of the vehicle, from whence he jumps when requisite to pull
+it clear of any impediments which may lie in the way, and he also
+guides it by pressing either foot on the ice. The voice and long whip
+answer all the purposes of reins, and the dogs can be made to turn a
+corner as dexterously as horses, though not in such an orderly manner,
+since they are constantly fighting; and I do not recollect to have
+seen one receive a flogging without instantly wreaking his passion on
+the ears of his neighbours. The cries of the men are not more
+melodious than those of the animals; and their wild looks and gestures
+when animated, give them an appearance of devils driving wolves before
+them. Our dogs had eaten nothing for forty-eight hours, and could not
+have gone over less than seventy miles of ground; yet they returned,
+to all appearance, as fresh and active as when they first set out."
+
+Such is the Esquimaux dog, an animal of the greatest value in the cold
+regions of the Arctic circle. In addition to Captain Lyon's very
+interesting account of them, it may be mentioned that they are of
+great use to their masters in discovering by the scent the winter
+retreats which the bears make under the snow. Their endurance, too,
+never tires, and their fidelity is never shaken by blows and starving:
+they are obstinate in their nature, but the women, who treat them with
+more kindness than the men, and who nurse them in their helpless
+state, or when they are sick, have an unbounded command over their
+affections.
+
+I am indebted to Colonel Hamilton Smith for the following account of
+an Esquimaux dog brought to this country, and which he received from
+Mr. Cleghorn, the owner of the animal:--
+
+"The Esquimaux dog is possessed of very great sagacity--in some
+respects, more than any dog I have ever seen. I may mention an
+instance. In coming along a country road a hare started, and in place
+of running after the hare in the usual way, the dog pushed himself
+through the hedge, crossed the field, and, when past the hare, through
+the hedge again, as if to meet her direct. It is needless to remark,
+that the hare doubled through the hedge; but had it been in an open
+country, there would have been a fine chase. One particular
+characteristic of the dog is, that he forms a strong attachment to his
+master, and however kind others may be, they never can gain his
+affection, even from coaxing with food or otherwise; and, whenever set
+at liberty, he rushes to the spot where the individual of his
+attachment is. I may give one or two instances among many. One morning
+he was let loose by some of the men on the ground, when he instantly
+bounded from them to my house, and the kitchen-door being open, found
+his way through it; when, to the great amazement of all, he leaped
+into the bed where I was sleeping, and fawned in the most affectionate
+manner upon me. Another instance was, when the dog was with me going
+up the steep bank of the Prince's Street garden, I slipped my foot and
+came down, when he immediately seized me by the coat, as if to render
+assistance in raising me. Notwithstanding this particular affection to
+some, he was in the habit of biting others, without giving the least
+warning or indication of anger. He was remarkably cunning, for he was
+in the practice of strewing his meat around him, to induce fowls or
+rats to come within his reach while he lay watching, as if asleep,
+when he instantly pounced upon them, and always with success. He was
+swift, and had a noble appearance when running."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: OTTER HUNTING.]
+
+THE OTTER TERRIER.
+
+                                  "How greedily
+    They snuff the fishy steam, that to each blade
+    Rank scenting clings! See! how the morning dews
+    They sweep, that from their feet besprinkling drop
+    Dispersed, and leave a track oblique behind.
+    Now on firm land they range, then in the flood
+    They plunge tumultuous; or through reedy pools
+    Rustling they work their way; no holt escapes
+    Their curious search. With quick sensation now
+    The fuming vapour stings; flutter their hearts,
+    And joy redoubled bursts from every mouth
+    In louder symphonies. Yon hollow trunk,
+    That with its hoary head incurv'd salutes
+    The passing wave, must be the tyrant's fort
+    And dread abode. How these impatient climb,
+    While others at the root incessant bay!--
+    They put him down."--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+The above is an animated and beautiful description of an otter hunt,
+an old English sport fast falling into disuse, and the breed of the
+real otter-hound is either extinct or very nearly so. In stating this,
+I am aware that there are still many dogs which are called
+otter-hounds; but it may be doubted whether they possess that peculiar
+formation which belongs exclusively to the true breed. Few things in
+nature are more curious and interesting than this formation, and it
+shows forcibly how beautifully everything has been arranged for the
+instincts and several habits of animals. The true otter-hound is
+completely web-footed, even to the roots of its claws; thus enabling
+it to swim with much greater facility and swiftness than other dogs.
+But it has another extraordinary formation; the ear possesses a sort
+of flap, which covering the aperture excludes the entrance of the
+water, and thus the dog is enabled to dive after the otter without
+that inconvenience which it would otherwise experience. The Earl of
+Cadogan has, what his Lordship considers, the last of the breed of the
+true otter-hound. It was a present from Sir Walter Scott. Lord Cadogan
+offered one hundred pounds for another dog of the same breed, but of a
+different sex; but I believe without being able to procure one with
+those true marks which are confined to the authentic breed. A gipsy
+was, indeed, said to have possessed one, but he refused to part with
+it.
+
+Those who saw the exhibition of pictures in the Royal Academy in 1844
+will recollect a large, interesting, and beautiful picture by Sir
+Edwin Landseer of a pack of otter-hounds. The picture describes the
+hunt at the time of the termination of the chase and the capture of
+the otter. The animal is impaled on the huntsman's spear, while the
+rough, shaggy, and picturesque-looking pack are represented with eyes
+intently fixed on the amphibious beast, and howling in uncouth chorus
+round their agonized and dying prey.
+
+An otter-hunt is a cheerful and inspiriting sport, and it is still
+carried on in some of the lakes of Cumberland. Indeed, as lately as
+the year 1844, a pack of otter-hounds was advertised in the newspapers
+to be sold by private contract. The alleged cause of the owner's
+parting with them was in consequence of their having cleared the
+rivers of three counties (Staffordshire being one) of all the otters,
+and the number captured and killed in the last few years was
+mentioned. "Good otter-hounds," as an old writer observes, "will come
+chanting, and trail along by the river-side, and will beat every
+tree-root, every osier-bed, and tuft of bulrushes; nay, sometimes they
+will take the water and beat it like a spaniel, and by these means the
+otter can hardly escape you." The otter swims and dives with great
+celerity, and in doing the latter it throws up _sprots_, or
+air-bubbles, which enable the hunters to ascertain where it is, and to
+spear it. The best time to find it is early in the morning. It may
+frequently be traced by the dead fish and fish-bones strewed along the
+banks of the river. The prints, also, of the animal's feet, called
+his _seal_, are of a peculiar formation, and thus it is readily
+traced. The otter preys during the night, and conceals himself in the
+daytime under the banks of lakes and rivers, where he generally forms
+a kind of subterraneous gallery, running for several yards parallel to
+the water's edge, so that if he should be assailed from one end, he
+flies to the other. When he takes to the water, it is necessary that
+those who have otter-spears should watch the bubbles, for he generally
+vents near them. When the otter is seized, or upon the point of being
+caught by the hounds, he turns upon his pursuers with the utmost
+ferocity. Instances are recorded of dogs having been drowned by
+otters, which they had seized under water, for they can sustain the
+want of respiration for a much longer time than the dog.
+
+Mr. Daniell, in his "Rural Sports," remarks that hunting the otter was
+formerly considered as excellent sport, and that hounds were kept
+solely for that purpose. The sportsmen went on each side of the river,
+beating the banks and sedges with the dogs. If an otter was not soon
+found, it was supposed that he had gone to _couch_ more inland, and
+was sought for accordingly. If one was found, the sportsmen viewed his
+track in the mud, to find which way he had taken.
+
+                              "On the soft sand,
+    See there his seal impress'd! And on that bank
+    Behold the glitt'ring spoils, half-eaten fish,
+    Scales, fins, and bones, the leavings of his feast."
+
+The spears were used in aid of the dogs. When an otter is wounded, he
+makes directly to land, where he maintains an obstinate defence:--
+
+                              "Lo! to yon sedgy bank
+    He creeps disconsolate; his numerous foes
+    Surround him, hounds and men. Pierc'd through and through,
+    On pointed spears they lift him high in air;
+    Bid the loud horns, in gaily warbling strains,
+    Proclaim the spoiler's fate: he dies, he dies."
+
+The male otter never makes any complaint when seized by the dogs, or
+even when transfixed with a spear, but the females emit a very shrill
+squeal. In the year 1796, near Bridgenorth, on the river Wherfe, four
+otters were killed. One stood three, another four hours before the
+dogs, and was scarcely a minute out of sight. In April 1804, the
+otter-hounds of Mr. Coleman, of Leominster, killed an otter of
+extraordinary size. It measured from the nose to the end of the tail,
+four feet ten inches, and weighed thirty-four and a half pounds. This
+animal was supposed to be eight years old, and to have destroyed for
+the last five years a ton of fish annually. The destruction of fish by
+this animal is, indeed, very great, for he will eat none unless it be
+perfectly fresh, and what he takes himself. By his mode of eating them
+he causes a still greater consumption, for so soon as an otter catches
+a fish he drags it on shore, devours it to the vent, and, unless
+pressed by extreme hunger, always leaves the remainder, and takes to
+the water in search of more. In rivers it is always observed to swim
+against the stream, in order to meet its prey.
+
+Otters bite very severely, and they will seize upon a dog with the
+utmost ferocity, and will shake it as a terrier does a rat. The jaws
+of the otter are so constructed, that even when dead it is difficult
+to separate them, as they adhere with the utmost tenacity. Otters are
+frequently found on the banks of the Thames, and a large one was
+caught in an eel-basket, near Windsor, but the hunting of them is
+discontinued.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GREYHOUNDS.]
+
+THE GREYHOUND.
+
+   "Ah! gallant Snowball! what remains,
+    Up Fordon's banks, o'er Flixton's plains,
+    Of all thy strength--thy sinewy force,
+    Which rather flew than ran the course?
+    Ah! what remains? Save that thy breed
+    May to their father's fame succeed;
+    And when the prize appears in view,
+    May prove that they are Snowballs too."
+
+
+The perfection to which the greyhound has been brought by persevering
+care and attention to its breed, distinguishes it alike for beauty,
+shape, and high spirit, while its habits are mild and gentle in the
+extreme. These dogs were brought to this great perfection by the late
+Lord Orford, Major Topham, and others. Snowball,--perhaps one of the
+best greyhounds that ever ran,--won four cups, couples, and upwards
+of thirty matches, at Malton, and upon the wolds of Yorkshire. In
+fact, no dog had any chance with him except his own blood. In the
+November Malton coursing-meeting in 1799, a Scotch greyhound was
+produced, which had beat every opponent in Scotland. It was then
+brought to England, and challenged any dog in the kingdom. The
+challenge was accepted, and Snowball selected for the trial of speed;
+after a course of two miles, the match (upon which considerable sums
+were depending) was decided in his favour.
+
+Another dog, which belonged to Sir Henry Bate Dudley, won seventy-four
+successive matches, without having been once beaten.
+
+Various have been the opinions upon the difference of speed between a
+well-bred greyhound and a racehorse, if opposed to each other. Wishes
+had been frequently indulged by the sporting world, that some
+criterion could be adopted by which the superiority of speed could be
+fairly ascertained, when the following circumstance accidentally took
+place, and afforded some information upon what had been previously
+considered a matter of great uncertainty. In the month of December,
+some years ago, a match was to have been run over Doncaster
+race-course for one hundred guineas; but one of the horses having been
+drawn, a mare started alone, that by running the ground she might
+ensure the wager, when having run about one mile in the four, she was
+accompanied by a greyhound bitch, which joined her from the side of
+the course, and emulatively entering into the competition, continued
+to race with the mare for the other three miles, keeping nearly head
+and head, and affording an excellent treat to the field by the
+energetic exertions of each. At passing the distance-post, five to
+four was betted in favour of the greyhound; when parallel with the
+stand, it was even betting, and any person might have taken his choice
+from five to ten: the mare, however, had the advantage by a head at
+the termination of the course.
+
+The courage and spirit of these dogs is very great. A greyhound ran a
+hare single-handed and raced her so hard, that, not having time to run
+through an opening at the bottom of some paling, she and the greyhound
+made a spring at the same moment at the top of the pales. The dog
+seized her at the instant she reached it, and in the momentary
+struggle he slipt between two broken pales, each of which ran into the
+top of his thighs. In this situation he hung till the horsemen came
+up, when, to their great surprise, he had the hare fast in his mouth,
+which was taken from him before he could be released.
+
+I saw a hare coursed on the Brighton Downs some years ago by two
+celebrated greyhounds. Such was the length of the course, some of it
+up very steep hills, that the hare fell dead before the dogs, who were
+so exhausted that they only reached to within six feet of her. This
+was one of the severest courses ever witnessed.
+
+On another occasion, two dogs ran a hare for several miles, and with
+such speed as to be very soon out of sight of the coursing party.
+After a considerable search, both the dogs and the hare were found
+dead within a few yards of each other; nor did it appear that the
+former had touched the hare. Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," states
+that a brace of greyhounds, in Lincolnshire, ran a hare from her seat
+to where she was killed, a distance, measuring straight, of upwards of
+four miles, in twelve minutes. During the course there was a good
+number of turns, which must have very considerably increased the space
+gone over. The hare ran till she died before the greyhounds touched
+her.
+
+In the year 1798, a brace of greyhounds, the property of Mr. Courtall
+of Carlisle, coursed a hare from the Swift, near that city, and killed
+her at Clemmell, seven miles distant. Both greyhounds were so
+exhausted, that unless the aid of medical men, who happened to be on
+the spot, had been immediately given, they would have died, and it was
+with difficulty they were recovered.
+
+In the year 1818, a black greyhound bitch, the property of Mr. John
+Heaton, of Scarisbrick, in Lancashire, left her master, forsook the
+habitation where she had been reared, betook herself to the fields and
+thickets, and adopted a life of unlimited freedom, defying all the
+restraints of man. In this state she killed a great number of hares
+for food, and occasionally made free with the sheep; she, therefore,
+very soon became a nuisance in the neighbourhood. She had taken her
+station at the distance of two miles from her master's house, and was
+generally found near this spot. In consequence of her depredations,
+many attempts were made to shoot her, but in vain. She eluded, for
+more than six months, the vigilance of her pursuers. At length she was
+observed to go into a barn that stood in a field which she frequented.
+She entered the building through a hole in the wall, and, by means of
+a rope-snare, was caught as she came out. On entering the barn, three
+whelps were found about a week old; so that in her savage state she
+had evidently been visited by a male of her own species. The whelps
+were (foolishly enough) immediately destroyed. As the bitch herself
+evinced the utmost ferocity, and, though well secured, vainly
+attempted to seize every person that approached, she was taken home,
+and treated with the greatest kindness. By degrees her ferocity
+abated, and in the course of two months she became perfectly
+reconciled to her original abode. The following season she ran several
+courses. There continued a wildness in her look; yet, although at
+perfect liberty, she did not attempt again to stray away, but seemed
+quite reconciled to her domestic life.
+
+Few facts can show the high courage of the greyhound more than the
+following:--
+
+As a gamekeeper of Lord Egremont's was leading a brace of greyhounds
+in couples, a hare accidentally crossed the road in view. This
+temptation proved so irresistible, that the dogs, by a joint effort,
+broke suddenly from their conductor, and gave chase, shackled as they
+were together. When they got up and gave the hare the first turn, it
+was evidently much to her advantage, as the greyhounds were so
+embarrassed that it was with great difficulty they could change the
+direction. Notwithstanding this temporary delay, they sustained no
+diminution of natural energy, but continued the course through and
+over various obstructions, till the object of their pursuit fell a
+victim to their invincible perseverance, after a run of between three
+and four miles.
+
+In addition to the beauty, elegance, high spirit, and speed of the
+greyhound, may be mentioned his mild and affectionate disposition, as
+well as his fidelity and attachment to those who treat him with
+kindness. They will also show sometimes considerable sagacity, of
+which the following is an instance:--
+
+Two young gentlemen went to skate, attended only by a greyhound. About
+the time they were expected home, the dog arrived at the house full
+speed, and by his great anxiety, by laying hold of the clothes of some
+of the inmates, and by his significant gestures, he convinced them
+that something was wrong. They followed the greyhound, and came to the
+pond. A hat was seen on the ice, near which was a fresh aperture. The
+bodies of the young gentlemen were soon found, but life was extinct.
+In this instance the sagacity of the dog was extraordinary. Had he
+possessed the power of speech, he could scarcely have communicated
+what had taken place more significantly than he did.
+
+I have received the following anecdote from a friend, on whose
+veracity I can depend:--In the year 1816, a greyhound bitch in pup was
+sent from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh by a carrier, _viâ_ Dumfries,
+to the neighbourhood of Castle Douglas, in the stewartry of
+Kirkeudbright. She brought up her litter of pups there, and in the
+following year was returned by the same route to Edinburgh, from
+whence she was sent by way of Douglas and Muirkirk to the
+neighbourhood of Cumnock, in Ayrshire. After remaining there five or
+six months, she found her way across the country to the house near
+Castle Douglas where she had brought up her pups. The fact of her
+crossing the country was ascertained by shepherds, who saw her,
+accompanied by a pointer-dog. She arrived, accompanied by this dog,
+who left her almost immediately, and found his way home again. The
+bitch was bred in East Lothian, and had never been previously either
+in Ayrshire or Dumfriesshire.
+
+A small Italian greyhound in Bologna, which used at nights to have a
+kind of jacket put on, to guard him from the cold, went out generally
+very early in the morning to a neighbouring house, to visit another
+dog of the same breed which lived there. He always endeavoured, by
+various coaxing gestures, to prevail upon the people of the house to
+take off his night-jacket, in order that he might play more at ease
+with his companion. It once happened, when he could not get any one to
+do him this service, that he found means, by various contortions of
+his body, rubbing himself against tables and chairs, and working with
+his limbs, to undress himself without any other assistance. After this
+trial had succeeded, he continued to practise it for some time, until
+his master discovered it, who after that undressed him every morning,
+and let him out of the house. At noon, and in the evening, he always
+returned home. Sometimes, when he made his morning call, he found the
+door of the house in which his friend dwelt not yet open. In these
+cases he placed himself opposite to the house, and by loud barking
+solicited admittance. But as the noise which he made became
+troublesome both to the inhabitants of the house and to the
+neighbours, they not only kept the door shut against him, but
+endeavoured also to drive him away from the house by throwing stones
+at him from the windows. He crept, however, so close to the door, that
+he was perfectly secure against the stones, and now they had to drive
+him away with a whip. After some time the dog went again to the house,
+and waited without barking till the door was opened. He was again
+driven away, upon which he discontinued his visits for a long time. At
+length, however, he ventured to go once more to the house, and set up
+a loud barking; placing himself in a situation where he was both
+secure against the stones, and could not be seized by the people of
+the house when they opened the door.
+
+After a considerable time, he one morning saw a boy come to the house,
+lay hold of the knocker, and strike it against the door, and he
+observed that upon this process the door was opened. After the boy had
+been let in, the dog crept along the side of the house to the door,
+and took his station upon the spot where the boy had stood when he
+knocked, and where no one who stood close to the door could be seen
+from within. Here he leaped several times at the knocker, till he
+raised it and made it strike the door. A person from within
+immediately called, "Who is there?" but receiving no answer, opened
+the door, upon which the dog ran in with tokens of great delight, and
+soon found his way to his friend. Often after this he availed himself
+of the fortunate discovery which he had made, and his ingenuity was so
+much admired that it procured him thenceforward free access to his
+companion's habitation.
+
+While on the subject of greyhounds, I cannot resist the insertion of
+the following account of one extracted from Froissart:--
+
+When Richard II. was confined in the Castle of Flint, he possessed a
+greyhound, which was so remarkably attached to him, as not to notice
+or fawn upon any one else. Froissart says,--"It was informed me Kynge
+Richard had a grayhounde, called Mathe, who always waited upon the
+kynge, and would know no one else. For whenever the kynge did ryde, he
+that kept the grayhounde did let him lose, and he wolde streyght runne
+to the kynge and fawne upon him, and leape with his fore-fete upon the
+kynge's shoulders. And as the kynge and the Erle of Derby talked
+togyder in the courte, the grayhounde, who was wont to leape upon the
+kynge, left the kynge and came to the Erle of Derby, duke of
+Lancaster, and made to hym the same friendly countenance and chere he
+was wont to do the kynge. The Duke, who knew not the grayhounde,
+demanded of the kynge what the grayhounde would do. 'Cosin,' quod the
+kynge, 'it is a great good token to you, and an evil sygne to me.'
+'Sir, how know ye that?' quod the duke. 'I know it well,' quod the
+kynge: 'the grayhounde maketh you chere this daye as kynge of
+Englande, as ye shall be, and I shall be deposed; the grayhounde hath
+this knowledge naturally, therefore take hym to you: he will follow
+you and forsake me.' The duke understoode well those words, and
+cheryshed the grayhounde, who would never after followe Kynge
+Richarde, but followed the Duke of Lancaster." It is not, however,
+improbable, that the dog thus mentioned was the Irish wolf-dog, as the
+fact related is more characteristic of that noble animal.
+
+The mild, affable, and serene aspect of the greyhound, constitutes no
+drawback to its innate sagacity, or grateful attention to its
+protector, of which the unfortunate king Charles I. was so observant,
+that the remark he made during his troubles is on record, and strictly
+just as applicable to the instinctive fidelity of the animal. He said
+the greyhound possessed all the good nature of the spaniel without the
+fawning.
+
+Washington Irving mentions, that in the course of his reading he had
+fallen in with the following anecdote, which illustrates in a
+remarkable manner the devoted attachment of these dogs to their
+masters:--
+
+"An officer named St. Leger, who was imprisoned in Vincennes (near
+Paris) during the wars of St. Bartholomew, wished to keep with him a
+greyhound that he had brought up, and which was much attached to him;
+but they harshly refused him this innocent pleasure, and sent away the
+greyhound to his house in the Rue des Lions Saint Paul. The next day
+the greyhound returned alone to Vincennes, and began to bark under the
+windows of the tower, where the officer was confined. St. Leger
+approached, looked through the bars, and was delighted again to see
+his faithful hound, who began to jump and play a thousand gambols to
+show her joy. He threw a piece of bread to the animal, who ate it with
+great good will; and, in spite of the immense wall which separated
+them, they breakfasted together like two friends. This friendly visit
+was not the last. Abandoned by his relations, who believed him dead,
+the unfortunate prisoner received the visits of his greyhound only,
+during four years' confinement. Whatever weather it might be, in
+spite of rain or snow, the faithful animal did not fail a single day
+to pay her accustomed visit. Six months after his release from prison
+St. Leger died. The faithful greyhound would no longer remain in the
+house; but on the day after the funeral returned to the castle of
+Vincennes, and it is supposed she was actuated by a motive of
+gratitude. A jailor of the outer court had always shown great kindness
+to this dog, which was as handsome as affectionate. Contrary to the
+custom of people of that class, this man had been touched by her
+attachment and beauty, so that he facilitated her approach to see her
+master, and also insured her a safe retreat. Penetrated with gratitude
+for this service, the greyhound remained the rest of her life near the
+benevolent jailor. It was remarked, that even while testifying her
+zeal and gratitude for her second master, one could easily see that
+her heart was with the first. Like those who, having lost a parent, a
+brother, or a friend, come from afar to seek consolation by viewing
+the place which they inhabited, this affectionate animal repaired
+frequently to the tower where St. Leger had been imprisoned, and would
+contemplate for hours together the gloomy window from which her dear
+master had so often smiled to her, and where they had so frequently
+breakfasted together."
+
+The natural simplicity and peaceable demeanour of the greyhound may
+have sometimes induced a doubt of its possessing the sagacity,
+fidelity, and attachment of other dogs; but when he is kindly treated
+and domesticated, he is capable of showing them to an equal degree
+with any of the canine race.
+
+Some of the best coursing in England takes place on the Wiltshire
+Downs, where it is no uncommon sight to see a hare run away from two
+good dogs without a single turn. Nearly three hundred years ago, Sir
+Philip Sidney referred to this sport on the Wiltshire Downs in one of
+his poems, in which he remarks:--
+
+   "So, on the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
+    A hasten'd hare from greedy greyhounds go."
+
+The following account of the Persian greyhound appeared in the "Book
+of Sports:"--
+
+"The Persian greyhound is much esteemed in its native country, where
+the nobles, who are excessively fond of the chase, keep a great number
+of them at a considerable expense, the best and most favoured dogs
+frequently having their collars and housings covered with precious
+stones and embroidery.
+
+"These greyhounds are employed in coursing hares in the plains, and in
+chasing the antelope. As the speed of the antelope is greater than
+that of the greyhound, the Persians train hawks for the purpose of
+assisting the dog in this kind of chase. The hawks when young are fed
+upon the head of a stuffed antelope, and thus taught to fly at that
+part of the animal. When the antelope is discovered, the hawk is cast
+off, which, fastening its talons in the animal's head, impedes its
+progress, and thus enables the greyhounds to overtake it. The chase,
+however, in which the Persians chiefly delight, and for which those
+greyhounds are most highly valued, is that of the ghoo-khur, or wild
+ass. This animal, which generally inhabits the mountainous districts,
+is extremely shy, and of great endurance, and is considered by the
+Persians as one of the swiftest of all quadrupeds. These qualities,
+and the nature of the ground over which it is usually chased, render
+the capture of the wild ass very uncertain, and its pursuit extremely
+hazardous to the sportsman.
+
+"When the Persians go out to hunt the wild ass, relays of greyhounds
+are placed at various distances in the surrounding country, in such
+directions as are most likely to be traversed by the object of
+pursuit; so that when one relay is tired, there is another fresh to
+continue the chase. Such, however, is the speed and endurance of the
+ghoo-khur, that it is seldom fairly run down by the greyhounds; its
+death generally being achieved by the rifle of some lucky horseman.
+The Persians evince great skill and courage in this arduous sport;
+riding, rifle in hand, up and down precipitous hills, over stony
+paths, and across ravines and mountain streams, which might well daunt
+our boldest turf-skimming Meltonians.
+
+"Though several Persian greyhounds have at different times been
+brought to this country, the breed can scarcely be considered as
+established here. The specimen, however, (a female), from which Mr.
+Hamilton painted the picture from which our engraving is taken, was
+bred in this country. She was then supposed to be the only Persian
+greyhound bitch in England."
+
+The Persian greyhound is very handsome. "One of the finest species of
+dog I have ever seen," says an interesting writer, "is a sort of
+greyhound which the Persians rear to assist them in the chase. They
+have generally long silken hair upon their quarters, shoulders, ears,
+and tail; and I think them as handsome, and considerably more powerful
+and sagacious, than our own greyhounds. I have sometimes seen a
+spirited horse break loose, and run away at full speed, when one of
+these dogs has set after him like an arrow, and soon getting ahead of
+him, taken an opportunity of seizing the bridle in his teeth, which he
+held so firmly, that though he was not strong enough to stop the
+horse, yet, as he was dragged along, he continued to pull and confine
+the horse, so as to impede him very much, till some person was able to
+overtake and secure him."
+
+Col. Hutchinson says, that "In Persia and many parts of the East
+greyhounds are taught to assist the falcon in the capture of deer.
+When brought within good view of a herd the bird is flown, and at the
+same moment the dog is slipped. The rapid sweep of the falcon soon
+carries him far in advance. It is the falcon who makes the selection
+of the intended victim--which appears to be a matter of chance--and a
+properly-trained greyhound will give chase to none other, however
+temptingly close the alarmed animals may pass him. The falcon is
+instructed to aim at the head only of the gazelle, who soon becomes
+bewildered; sometimes receiving considerable injury from the quick
+stroke of its daring adversary. Before long the gazelle is overtaken
+by the greyhound. It is not always easy to teach a dog to avoid
+injuring the bird, which is so intent upon its prey as utterly to
+disregard the approach of the hound. Death would probably be the
+penalty adjudged to him for so heinous an offence; for a well-trained
+falcon is of great value. You can readily imagine that neither it nor
+the greyhound could be properly broken unless the instructor possessed
+much judgment and perseverance. The sport is very exciting; but the
+spectator must be well-mounted, and ride boldly, who would closely
+watch the swift, varying evolutions of the assailing party, and the
+sudden evasions of the helpless defendant."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POINTER.]
+
+THE POINTER.
+
+   "The subtle dog scours with sagacious nose
+    Along the field, and snuffs each breeze that blows;
+    Against the wind he takes his prudent way,
+    While the strong gale directs him to the prey.
+    Now the warm scent assures the covey near;
+    He treads with caution, and he points with fear.
+    The fluttering coveys from the stubble rise,
+    And on swift wing divide the sounding skies;
+    The scatt'ring lead pursues the certain sight,
+    And death in thunder overtakes their flight."--GAY.
+
+
+This dog has been crossed and re-crossed so often with the fox-hound,
+the setter, and the old Spanish pointer, that the originality of the
+present breed may be questioned, especially as the pointer has been
+less noticed by writers on dogs than any other of the species. How
+well do I recollect in my early youth seeing the slow, heavy,
+solemn-looking, and thick-shouldered Spanish pointer, tired with two
+or three hours' work in turnips, and so stiff after it the next day,
+as to be little capable of resuming his labours. And yet this dog,
+fifty years ago, was to be met with all through England. How different
+is the breed at the present time! By crossing with the fox-hound, they
+have acquired wonderful speed, and a power of endurance equally
+surprising, while their shape is beautiful and their sense and
+animation strongly marked in their intelligent countenances.
+
+The old pointers were either nearly white or variegated with large
+liver-coloured patches. We now see them either completely
+liver-coloured, or of a flea-bitten blue or grey, or else black, with
+fine sterns showing much blood, and extremely thin ears. There can be
+no doubt but that the crosses by which they have obtained the
+qualities and appearance I have mentioned, render the task of breaking
+them in to point, back, and drop to charge, one of no small
+difficulty. These habits, having been acquired in the original breed,
+had probably become hereditary; but the mixture with dogs which had
+not these inherent qualities, has introduced volatility and impatience
+not easily to be overcome. It is also a fact, that if a pointer,
+notwithstanding this disposition, should at last become perfectly well
+broke in, or, as it is called, highly broke, he loses much of his
+natural sagacity. His powers of endurance are, however, very great. A
+friend of mine, an ardent sportsman, had a pointer crossed with a
+foxhound, and it was the only one he had. Day after day he took this
+dog out with him, from day-break till late in the evening, and he
+never flagged or showed fatigue. It was calculated that he could not
+traverse less than one hundred and twenty miles each day. This dog
+showed extraordinary sagacity. While hunting in a large fallow field
+he made a point, and then slowly and cautiously proceeded, closely
+followed by his master. In this way he led him over a good part of the
+field, till it was supposed the dog was drawing on the scent of a
+hare, which had stolen away. At last he set off running as hard as he
+could, made a large circuit to the left, and then came to a point
+immediately opposite to his master, who then advanced and put up a
+covey of birds between him and the dog.
+
+The following is a proof of the perfection to which pointers may be
+brought. The friend above referred to went out shooting with a
+gentleman celebrated for the goodness of his breed. They took the
+field with eight of these dogs. If one pointed, all the rest
+immediately backed steadily. If a partridge was shot, they all dropped
+to charge, and whichsoever dog was called to bring the bird, the rest
+never stirred till they were told to do so. Dogs thus broke in are of
+great value, and bring large prices; from fifty to a hundred guineas
+have been given for a good dog.
+
+Pointers frequently show extraordinary sense, especially in their own
+peculiar vocation. Thus a pointer has been known to refuse to hunt for
+a person who had previously missed every bird the dog had found. He
+left him with every mark of disgust, nor could any coaxing induce him
+to continue with his unsportsman-like companion.
+
+Three pointers were taken out grouse-shooting in Ireland. They were
+all of the same breed, or rather nearly related to each other, one
+being the grandmother, the other her daughter, and the third her
+granddaughter. The latter, who could get over the ground quicker than
+the others, put up first one pack of grouse, and then another, for
+which faults she was flogged again and again. Having done the same
+thing the third time, the steady old grandmother was so provoked, that
+she ran at the culprit, knocked her over and over, and did not cease
+to attack her till she had driven her home. The authenticity of this
+anecdote need not be doubted. It is a proof of the extraordinary sense
+of a dog, and is corroborated by a fact already mentioned in the
+introductory remarks (p. 33), of one dog attacking another for having
+misconducted himself.
+
+Some very bad shots went out partridge-shooting, attended by a very
+good, old, steady pointer. After shooting for some hours with very
+little success, they began to amuse themselves by firing at a piece of
+paper stuck on a post. The disgust of the old dog at this proceeding
+may be imagined--he ran home.
+
+In further proof of the dislike a pointer will show to a bad shot, I
+will adduce the following anecdote mentioned by Captain Brown. A
+gentleman, on his requesting the loan of a pointer-dog from a friend,
+was informed by him that the dog would behave very well so long as he
+could kill his birds; but if he frequently missed them, it would run
+home and leave him. The dog was sent, and the following day was fixed
+for trial; but, unfortunately, his new master was a remarkably bad
+shot. Bird after bird rose and was fired at, but still pursued its
+flight untouched, till, at last, the pointer became careless, and
+often missed his game. As if seemingly willing, however, to give one
+chance more, he made a dead stop at a fern-bush, with his nose pointed
+downward, the fore-foot bent, and his tail straight and steady. In
+this position he remained firm till the sportsman was close to him,
+with both barrels cocked, then moving steadily forward for a few
+paces, he at last stood still near a bunch of heather, the tail
+expressing the anxiety of the mind by moving regularly backwards and
+forwards. At last out sprung a fine old blackcock. Bang, bang, went
+both barrels, but the bird escaped unhurt. The patience of the dog was
+now quite exhausted; and, instead of dropping to charge, he turned
+boldly round, placed his tail between his legs, gave one howl, long
+and loud, and set off as fast as he could to his own home.
+
+I have seen a pointer leap on the top of a high gate, in going from
+one field to another, and remain steadily there till I came up to him.
+He had suddenly come on the scent of birds, and made his point from
+his uncomfortable situation on the gate. Captain Brown also relates a
+nearly similar instance of the stanchness of a pointer, which he
+received from a friend of his. This gentleman was shooting in
+Scotland, when one of his dogs, in going over a stone wall, about four
+feet high, got the scent of some birds on the other side of the wall,
+just as she made the leap. She hung by her fore-legs, appearing at a
+distance as if they had got fastened among the stones, and that she
+could not extricate herself. In this position she remained until her
+master came up. It was then evident that it was her caution for fear
+of flushing some birds on the other side of the wall, which prevented
+her from taking the leap, or rather, which was the cause of her making
+this extraordinary point.
+
+Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," mentions the circumstance of two
+pointers having stood at one point an hour and a quarter, while an
+artist took a sketch of them.
+
+A dog of the pointer kind, brought from South Carolina in an English
+merchant vessel, was a remarkable prognosticator of bad weather.
+Whenever he was observed to prick up his ears, scratch the deck, and
+rear himself to look to the windward, whence he would eagerly snuff up
+the wind, if it was then the finest weather imaginable, the crew were
+sure of a tempest succeeding; and the dog became so useful, that
+whenever they perceived the fit upon him, they immediately reefed the
+sails, and took in their spare canvas, to prepare for the worst. Other
+animals are prognosticators of weather also; and there is seldom a
+storm at sea, but it is foretold by some of the natural marine
+barometers on board, many hours before the gale.
+
+The following circumstance serves also to prove the extreme stanchness
+of a pointer. It is related by Captain Brown:--
+
+"A servant who used to shoot for Mr. Clutterbuck of Bradford, had, on
+one occasion, a pointer of this gentleman's, which afforded him an
+excellent day's sport. On returning, the night being dark, he dropped,
+by some chance, two or three birds out of his bag, and on coming home
+he missed them. Having informed a fellow-servant of his loss, he
+requested him to get up early the next morning, and seek for them near
+the turnpike, being certain that he had brought them as far as that
+place. The man accordingly went there, and not a hundred yards from
+the spot mentioned by his companion, he, to his surprise, found the
+pointer lying near the birds, and where he probably had remained all
+night, although the poor animal had been severely hunted the day
+before."
+
+For the following instance of the sagacity of a pointer, I am indebted
+to Lord Stowell. Mr. Edward Cook, after having lived some time with
+his brother at Tugsten, in Northumberland, went to America, and took
+with him a pointer-dog, which he lost soon afterwards, while shooting
+in the woods near Baltimore. Some time after, Mr. and Mrs. Cook, who
+continued to reside at Tugsten, were alarmed at hearing a dog in the
+night. They admitted it into the house, and found that it was the same
+their brother had taken with him to America. The dog lived with them
+until his master returned home, when they mutually recognised each
+other. Mr. Cook was never able to trace by what vessel the dog had
+left America, or in what part of England it had been landed. This
+anecdote confirms others which I have already mentioned relative to
+dogs finding their way back to this country from considerable
+distances.
+
+Lieutenant Shipp, in his Memoirs, mentions the case of a soldier in
+India, who, having presented his dog to an acquaintance, by whom he
+was taken a distance of four hundred miles, was surprised to see him
+back in a few days afterwards. When the faithful animal returned, he
+searched through the whole barracks for his master, and at length
+finding him asleep, he awoke him by licking his face.
+
+Pointers have been known to go out by themselves for the purpose of
+finding game, and when they have succeeded, have returned to their
+master, and by significant signs and gestures have led them directly
+to the spot.
+
+The mental faculties of pointers are extremely acute. When once they
+become conscious of their own powers, and of what is required of them,
+they seldom commit a fault, and do their duty with alacrity and
+devotion. Old pointers are apt to hunt the hedgerows of a field before
+they begin to quarter the ground. I have seen dogs severely rated and
+punished for doing this, but the cause is obvious. They are aware that
+game is more frequently to be found in hedgerows than in the open
+ground, and therefore very naturally take the readiest way of finding
+it.
+
+An interesting exhibition of clever dogs took place in London in the
+summer of 1843, under the auspices of M. Léonard, a French gentleman
+of scientific attainments and enlightened character, who had for some
+years directed his attention to the reasoning powers of animals, and
+their cultivation. Two pointers, Braque and Philax, had been the
+especial objects of his instruction, and their intellectual capacities
+had been excited in an extraordinary degree. A writer in the "Atlas"
+newspaper thus speaks of the exhibition of these animals:--M.
+Léonard's dogs are not merely clever, well-taught animals, which, by
+dint of practice, can pick up a particular letter, or can, by a sort
+of instinct, indicate a number which may be asked for; they call into
+action powers which, if not strictly intellectual, approximate very
+closely to reason. For instance, they exert memory. Four pieces of
+paper were placed upon the floor, which the company numbered
+indiscriminately, 2, 4, 6, 8. The numbers were named but once, and yet
+the dogs were able to pick up any one of them at command, although
+they were not placed in regular order. The numbers were then changed,
+with a similar result. Again, different objects were placed upon the
+floor, and when a similar thing--say a glove--was exhibited, one or
+other of the animals picked it up immediately. The dogs distinguish
+colours, and, in short, appear to understand everything that is said
+to them.
+
+The dog Braque plays a game of dominoes with any one who likes. We are
+aware that this has been done before; but when it is considered that
+it is necessary to distinguish the number of spots, it must be
+admitted that this requires the exercise of a power little inferior to
+reason. The dog sits on the chair with the dominoes before him, and
+when his adversary plays, he scans each of his dominoes with an air of
+attention and gravity which is perfectly marvellous. When he could not
+match the domino played, he became restless and shook his head, and
+gave other indications of his inability to do so. No human being
+could have paid more attention. The dog seemed to watch the game with
+deep interest, and what is more, he won.
+
+Another point strongly indicative of the close approach to the
+reasoning powers, was the exactness with which the dogs obeyed an
+understood signal. It was agreed that when three blows were struck
+upon a chair, Philax should do what was requested; and when five were
+given, that the task should devolve on Braque. This arrangement was
+strictly adhered to. We do not intend to follow the various proofs
+which were afforded of the intelligence of the dogs; it is sufficient
+to say that a multiplicity of directions given to them were obeyed
+implicitly, and that they appeared to understand what their master
+said as well as any individual in the room.
+
+M. Léonard entered into a highly-interesting explanation of his theory
+regarding the intellectual powers of animals, and the mode he adopts
+to train and subdue horses, exhibiting the defects of the system
+generally pursued. His principle is, that horses are not vicious by
+nature, but because they have been badly taught, and that, as with
+children, these defects may be corrected by proper teaching. M.
+Léonard does not enter into these inquiries for profit, but solely
+with a scientific and humane view, being desirous of investigating the
+extent of the reasoning powers of animals.
+
+It does not appear possible that dogs should be educated to the
+extent of those of M. Léonard, unless we can suppose that they acquire
+a tolerably exact knowledge of language. That they in reality learn to
+know the meaning of certain words, not merely when addressed to them,
+but when spoken in ordinary conversation, is beyond a doubt; although
+the accompanying looks and movements in all likelihood help them in
+their interpretation. We have known a small spaniel, for instance,
+which thoroughly understood the meaning of "out," or "going out," when
+spoken in the most casual way in conversation. A lady of our
+acquaintance has a dog which lives at enmity with another dog in the
+neighbourhood, called York, and angrily barks when the word York is
+pronounced in his hearing.
+
+A well-known angler was in the habit of being attended by a
+pointer-dog, who saved him the trouble of a landing-net in his
+trout-fishing excursions. When he had hooked a fish and brought it
+near the bank, the dog would be in readiness, and taking the fish
+behind the head, would bring it out to his master.
+
+A writer, who endeavours to prove the existence of souls analogous to
+the human in animals, relates the following remarkable fact, of which
+he was himself an eye-witness. He says:--
+
+"I was with a gentleman who resides in the country, in his study, when
+a pointer-dog belonging to him came running to the door of the room,
+which was shut, scratching and barking till he was admitted. He then
+used supplicating gestures of every kind, running from his master to
+the stair behind which his gun stood, then again to his master, and
+back to the gun. The gentleman now comprehended something of his dog's
+meaning, and took up his gun. The dog immediately gave a bark of joy,
+ran out at the door, returned, and then ran to the back-door of the
+house, from whence he took the road to a neighbouring hill.
+
+"His master and I followed him. The dog ran, highly pleased, a little
+distance before us, showing us the way we should take. After we had
+proceeded about forty paces, he gave us to understand that we should
+turn to the left, by pressing repeatedly against his master, and
+pushing him towards the road that turned to the left. We followed his
+direction, and he accompanied us a few paces, but suddenly he turned
+to the right, running round the whole of the hill. We still proceeded
+to the left, slowly up the ascent, till we were nearly arrived at its
+summit, the dog in the meantime making the circuit of the hill to the
+right. He was now already higher than we were, when he gave a sudden
+bark, and that moment a hare ran before the muzzle of his master's
+gun, and, of course, met her fate."
+
+A gentleman had a pointer so fleet that he often backed him to find
+birds in a ten-acre field within two minutes, if there were birds in
+it. On entering the field, he seemed to know by instinct where the
+birds would lie, generally going up to them at once. His nose was so
+good, that with a brisk wind, he would find his game a hundred and
+fifty yards off across the furrows. He could tell whether a bird was
+hit, and if so would retrieve it some fields off from where it was
+shot. He would never follow a hare unless it was wounded. He would
+point water-fowl as well as all birds of game, and has been seen
+pointing a duck or a moor-hen with the water running over his back at
+the time. Nothing seemed to spoil this dog, not even rat and otter
+hunting, in both of which he was an adept, as he knew his business;
+and although he would rattle through a wood, he was perfectly steady
+the next minute out of cover. He has been known to continue at a point
+two hours. In high turnips he would contrive to show his master where
+he was, standing sometimes on his hind legs only, so that his head and
+fore-quarters might be seen. On one occasion he came at full speed so
+suddenly on a hare, that he slipped up, and fell nearly on his back.
+In this position he did not move, and it was thought he was in a fit,
+till the hare jumped up and was killed, when the dog righted himself.
+So steady was he in backing another dog when game was found, that he
+once caught sight of a point at the moment of jumping a stile, and
+balanced himself on it for several seconds till he fell. Once when
+hunting with a young pointer, who had only been taken into the field
+two or three times, in order to show him some birds before the
+shooting season, the following occurrence took place. The old dog
+found some birds in the middle of the field, and pointed them
+steadily. The puppy had been jumping and gambolling about, with no
+great hunt in him, and upon seeing the old dog stand, ran playfully up
+to him. He was, however, seized by the neck, and received a good
+shaking, which sent him away howling, and his companion then turned
+round and steadied himself on his point, without moving scarcely a
+yard. This anecdote is extracted from Hone's "Year Book," and the
+writer of it goes on to say,--"What dog is there possessing the
+singular self-denial of the pointer or setter? The hound gives full
+play to his feelings; chases, and babbles, and kicks up as much riot
+as he likes, provided he is true to his game; the spaniel has no
+restraint, except being kept within gun-shot; the greyhound has it all
+his own way as soon as he is loosed; and the terrier watches at a
+rat's hole, because he cannot get into it: but the pointer, at the
+moment that other dogs satisfy themselves, and rush upon their game,
+suddenly stops, and points with almost breathless anxiety to that
+which we might naturally suppose he would eagerly seize. The birds
+seen, the dog creeps after them cautiously, stopping at intervals,
+lest by a sudden movement he should spring them too soon. And then let
+us observe and admire his delight when his anxiety--for it is
+anxiety--is crowned with success--when the bird falls, and he lays it
+joyfully at his master's feet. A pointer should never be ill-used. He
+is too much like one of us. He has more headpiece than all the rest of
+the dogs put together. Narrowly watch a steady pointer on his game,
+and see how he holds his breath. It is evident he must stand in a
+certain degree of pain, for we all know how quickly a dog respires.
+And when he comes up to you in the field he puffs and blows, and his
+tongue is invariably hanging out of his mouth. We never see this on a
+point, and to check it suddenly must give the dog pain. And yet, how
+silent he is! how eager he looks! and if a sudden hysteric gasp is
+heard, it ceases in a moment. Surely he is the most perfect artist of
+the canine race."
+
+Some of my readers may like to know that the best breaker of pointers
+I have yet met with is Mr. Lucas, one of the keepers of Richmond Park.
+He perfectly understands his business, and turns out his pointers in a
+way which few can equal.
+
+In August 1857, a gentleman residing at Ludlow, in Shropshire, had a
+pointer bitch, which produced seven puppies. Six of them were drowned,
+and one left. On the servant going the next morning to give her some
+milk, she found, besides the puppy, a hedgehog, which had been in the
+garden some years, most comfortably curled up with them. She took it
+away, but my informant being told that it had got back again, he went
+to see it. The pointer was licking it, and appeared quite as fond of
+it as of her own puppy. He again had it removed, the bitch following,
+and whining with evident anxiety to have it restored to her. This was
+the more remarkable, as on previous occasions she had tried to kill
+the hedgehog. This strange affection can only be accounted for by an
+abundant flow of milk, which distended and hurt her, occasioned by her
+other puppies having been destroyed, and she, therefore, seized on the
+hedgehog to relieve her, however incongruous it might be to her former
+feelings towards it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE SETTER.]
+
+THE SETTER.
+
+
+The old English setter (says Capt. Brown), was originally derived from
+a cross between the Spanish pointer and the large water-spaniel, and
+was justly celebrated for his fine scent. It is difficult now to say
+what a setter really is, as the original breed has been crossed with
+springers, stag and blood-hounds. The Irish breed of setters is
+considered better than either the English or Scotch, and a fine brace
+has been frequently known to fetch fifty guineas. Youatt says that the
+setter is evidently the large spaniel improved in size and beauty, and
+taught to mark his game by setting or crouching. He is more active
+than the pointer, but has not so much patient steadiness. It is
+extremely difficult to decide between the merits of the setter and
+pointer as dogs for shooting over. Some authors prefer one, some the
+other. "Craven" says, that in his opinion Russian setters are better
+than English, in nose, sagacity, and every other qualification that a
+dog ought to possess.
+
+Col. Hutchinson relates that he was "partridge-shooting the season
+before last with an intimate friend. The air was soft, and there was a
+good breeze. We came upon a large turnip-field, deeply trenched on
+account of its damp situation. A white setter, that habitually carried
+a lofty head, drew for awhile, and then came to a point. We got up to
+her. She led us across some ridges, when her companion, a jealous dog
+(a pointer), which had at first backed correctly, most improperly
+pushed on in front, but, not being able to acknowledge the scent, went
+off, clearly imagining the bitch was in error. She, however, held on,
+and in beautiful style brought us up direct to a covey. My friend and
+I agreed that she must have been but little, if at all, less than one
+hundred yards off when she first winded the birds; and it was clear to
+us that they could not have been running, for the breeze came directly
+across the furrows, and she had led us in the wind's eye. We thought
+the point the more remarkable, as it is generally supposed that the
+strong smell of turnips diminishes a dog's power of scenting birds."
+
+The same able author says, that on one occasion when a near relation
+of his was shooting on the banks of the Forth, he killed a partridge
+that was flying across the river. As he had no retriever with him, he
+almost regretted having fired; but, to his surprise, his setter, Dove,
+jumped into the river, although she had never previously (to the
+writer's knowledge), attempted to swim, seized it, and deposited it
+safely on the bank. She never had retrieved before, and was not
+particularly good at "seeking dead."
+
+"During my residence in the country," says M. Huet, "I had a
+gamekeeper who was very skilful in the art of training dogs. Among
+others of various kinds which he trained was a large old English
+setter, with which he had succeeded so well that he could use him both
+for hunting and shooting.
+
+"This dog did always as much as could be done by any of his race, in
+whatever kind of sport he was employed; he even invented advantageous
+manoeuvres himself, which the gamekeeper affirmed he had never taught
+him.
+
+"Once, after I had been already several hours returned from hunting
+with my people, the dog came running across the yard with a hare upon
+his back, which he held by the ear, so as to carry her in the most
+convenient manner to the kitchen from the considerable distance where
+he must have killed her.
+
+"Upon another occasion he showed an extraordinary degree of judgment
+and fidelity. The gamekeeper had, on one of the short days of
+December, shot at and wounded a deer. Hoping to run him down before
+night, he instantly put the dog upon the track, which followed it at
+full speed, and soon was out of sight. At length it grew dark, and the
+gamekeeper returned home, thinking he should find the setter arrived
+there before him; but he was disappointed, and became apprehensive
+that his dog might have lost himself, or fallen a prey to some
+ravenous animal. The next morning, however, we were all greatly
+rejoiced to see him come running into the yard, whence he directly
+hastened to the door of my apartment, and, on being admitted, ran,
+with gestures expressive of solicitude and eagerness, to a corner of
+the room where guns were placed. We understood the hint, and, taking
+the guns, followed him. He led us not by the road which he himself had
+taken out of the wood, but by beaten paths half round it, and then by
+several wood-cutters' tracks in different directions, to a thicket,
+where, following him a few paces, we found the deer which he had
+killed. The dog seems to have rightly judged that we should have been
+obliged to make our way with much difficulty through almost the whole
+length of the wood, in order to come to the deer in a straight
+direction, and he therefore led us a circuitous but open and
+convenient road. Between the legs of the deer, which he had guarded
+during the night against the beasts of prey that might otherwise have
+seized upon it, he had scratched a hole in the snow, and filled it
+with dry leaves for his bed. The extraordinary sagacity which he had
+displayed upon this occasion rendered him doubly valuable to us, and
+it therefore caused us very serious regret when, in the ensuing
+summer, the poor animal went mad, possibly in consequence of his
+exposure to the severe frost of that night, and it became necessary
+for the gamekeeper to shoot him, which he could not do without
+shedding tears. He said he would willingly have given his best cow to
+save him; and I confess myself that I would not have hesitated to part
+with my best horse upon the same terms."
+
+Mr. Torry, of Edinburgh, had a setter bitch which possessed great
+powers, and especially in finding lost articles, as she would,
+whenever she was desired, go in search of anything. On one occasion
+his servant lost a favourite whip in the middle of a moor, and he did
+not discover or make known this loss till they were about a mile
+distant from the spot where it was dropped. Mr. Torry ordered the
+servant to go back and bring it, as he stated he was quite certain of
+the spot where he had dropped it; but after searching for nearly an
+hour, the servant returned and said he could not recover it, upon
+which Mr. Torry told his setter to go back for the whip. She started
+off instantly, and in less than five minutes the lost article was at
+his feet.
+
+The same dog did a great many other curious things: she would ring the
+bell, fetch her master's slippers, or bring his youngest son, when
+required to do so, from another room; which last she effected by
+taking hold of his pinafore with her mouth, and running before him
+sideways to his master's chair.
+
+A large setter, ill with the distemper, had been most tenderly nursed
+by a lady for three weeks. At length he became so weak as to be placed
+on a bed, where he remained three days in a dying situation. After a
+short absence, the lady, on re-entering the room, observed him to fix
+his eyes attentively on her, and make an effort to crawl across the
+bed towards her. This he accomplished evidently for the sole purpose
+of licking her hands, which, having done, he expired without a groan.
+"I am," says Mr. Blaine, "as convinced that the animal was sensible of
+his approaching dissolution, and that this was a last forcible effort
+to express his gratitude for the care taken of him, as I am of my own
+existence; and had I witnessed this proof of excellence alone, I
+should think a life devoted to the amelioration of the condition of
+dogs far too little for their deserts."
+
+There is a curious and interesting anecdote related of a setter who
+had formed a great friendship with a cat. They were, in fact,
+inseparable companions, and evidently had a great love for each other.
+As a sporting dog the setter had few equals, but he constantly showed
+his disgust when obliged to accompany a bad shot into the fields.
+After one of the shooting seasons was over, his master took a house in
+London, and carried his setter with him, who was seated with the
+footman on the box of the carriage. It appears that the dog had not
+forgotten his favourite, the cat, for he disappeared from the house,
+and was absent for some days. He at length returned to his master's
+house in the country, and brought back the cat with him. How he
+contrived to find his way backwards and forward, and how he persuaded
+the cat to accompany him, are mysteries which it would be useless to
+attempt to solve. The fact, however, would seem to be satisfactorily
+vouched for.
+
+Setters are known to be subject to strange freaks. A gentleman had one
+which he had shot to for three years. Upon one occasion he took the
+dog out, and fired seven or eight times at birds the dog had found
+him; but having missed them all, the animal returned home, evidently
+disgusted. In the evening his owner took him out again and killed
+every shot, which procured a reconciliation between the dog and its
+master.
+
+The late Dr. Hugh Smith related the following circumstance of a setter
+dog, and maintained that a bitch and a dog may fall passionately in
+love with each other. As the doctor was travelling from Midhurst into
+Hampshire, the dogs, as usual in country places, ran out barking as he
+was passing through a village; and amongst them he observed a little
+ugly mongrel, that was particularly eager to ingratiate himself with a
+setter bitch that accompanied him. Whilst stopping to water his horse,
+he remarked how amorous the mongrel continued, and how courteous the
+setter seemed to her admirer. Provoked to see a creature of Dido's
+high blood so obsequious to such mean addresses, the doctor drew one
+of his pistols and shot the dog; he then had the bitch carried on
+horseback for several miles. From that day, however, she lost her
+appetite, ate little or nothing, had no inclination to go abroad with
+her master, or attend to his call, but seemed to repine like a
+creature in love, and express sensible concern for the loss of her
+gallant. Partridge season came, but Dido had no nose. Some time after
+she was coupled to a setter of great excellence, which with no small
+difficulty had been procured to get a breed from, and all the caution
+which even the doctor himself could take was strictly exerted, that
+the whelps might be pure and unmixed; yet not a puppy did Dido bring
+forth but what was the picture and colour of the mongrel that he had
+so many months before destroyed. The doctor fumed, and, had he not
+personally paid such attention to preserve the intercourse
+uncontaminated, would have suspected that some negligence had
+occasioned this disappointment; but his views were in many subsequent
+litters also defeated, for Dido never produced a whelp which was not
+exactly similar to the unfortunate dog which was her first and
+murdered lover.
+
+This anecdote may appear strange or untrue to some people; but it is
+an undoubted fact, and in some degree corroborates Dr. Smith's account
+that the late Sir Gore Ouseley had a Persian mare which produced her
+first foal by a zebra in Scotland. She was afterwards a brood-mare in
+England, and had several foals, every one of which had the zebra's
+stripes on it. That the force of imagination influences some brutes
+cannot be doubted. A gentleman had a small spaniel which had one of
+her legs broken when pregnant. When she littered, one of the whelps
+had one of her hind legs broken--the limb was contracted--a perfect
+callus formed, in everything resembling the leg of the dam.
+
+Setters are difficult to break; but when well broken are invaluable as
+sporting dogs, for they will work all day if they can occasionally
+find water. John Dudley, duke of Northumberland, is said to have been
+the first that broke a setter dog to the net, about the year 1555.
+
+Col. Hutchinson says that a French lady, who is fond of animals, at
+his request committed the following anecdote to paper:--
+
+"My dear Médor, a beautiful red-and-white setter, was remarkable, I am
+told, for many rare qualities as a sporting dog; but, of course, none
+of these could be compared, in _my_ eyes, to his faithfulness and
+sagacity. I looked upon him as a friend; and I know that our affection
+was mutual. I could mention several instances of his intelligence--I
+might say, reflection; but one in particular gave me such delight
+that, though years have since passed away, all the circumstances are
+as fresh in my memory as if they had occurred but yesterday. I was
+returning from school at Versailles; and having rang uselessly for a
+little time at the front door, I went round to the carriage-gate to
+have a chat with my silky-haired favourite. He barked anxiously,
+thrust his cold nose through an opening near the ground, scratched
+vigorously to increase its size, and in numerous ways testified great
+joy at again hearing my voice. I put my hand under the gate to caress
+him; and while he was licking it, I said in jest, but in a distinct,
+loud voice, 'Dear Médor, I am shut out--go, bring me the keys.' It so
+happened that the stable where they usually hung was not closed. Médor
+ran off, and in a few seconds returned and placed them in my hands. I
+will not attempt to describe _my_ gratification at such a striking
+proof of his intelligence, nor _his_ evident pride at seeing me enter
+the hall, nor yet the fright of the servant at thinking how long the
+street-door must have been carelessly left open. 'Médor deserves that
+his life should be written,' said I to my uncle, when afterwards
+telling him the whole story; 'I am sure his deeds are as wonderful as
+those related of the 'Chiens célèbres' by De Fréville.'
+
+"My setter was immediately declared 'Keeper of the Keys,' and
+forthwith invested with all the rights of office. Nor was this
+confidence misplaced. He would never give up his charge to any one but
+to my uncle or myself; and always seemed fully sensible of the dignity
+and responsibility of his new position."
+
+Tolfrey gives, in his "Sportsman in France," so beautiful an instance
+of a setter's untutored intelligence leading him to see the advantage
+of placing running birds between himself and the gun, that I will
+relate it.
+
+"On gaining some high ground, the dog drew and stood. She was walked
+up to, but to my astonishment we found no birds. She was encouraged,
+and with great difficulty coaxed off her point. She kept drawing on,
+but with the same ill success.
+
+"I must confess I was for the moment sorely puzzled; but knowing the
+excellence of the animal, I let her alone. She kept drawing on for
+nearly a hundred yards--still no birds. At last, of her own accord,
+and with a degree of instinct amounting almost to the faculty of
+reason, she broke from her point, and dashing off to the right made a
+_détour_, and was presently straight before me, some three hundred
+yards off, setting the game whatever it might be, as much as to say,
+'I'll be ---- if you escape me this time.' We walked steadily on; and
+when within about thirty yards of her, up got a covey of red-legged
+partridges, and we had the good fortune to kill a brace each.
+
+"It is one of the characteristics of these birds to run for an amazing
+distance before they take wing; but the sagacity of my faithful dog
+baffled all their efforts to escape. We fell in with several coveys of
+these birds during the day, and my dog ever after gave them the
+double, and kept them between the gun and herself."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE COMFORTER, OR LAP-DOG PUG.]
+
+THE PUG DOG.
+
+   "My pug makes a bad pet; he is useless in the field, is somewhat
+    snappish, has little sagacity, and is very cowardly: but there is
+    an air of _bon ton_ about him which renders him a fashionable
+    appendage to a fine lady."--_Parisian Gossip._
+
+
+Pugs came into fashion, and probably first into this country, in the
+early part of the reign of William the Third, and were then called
+Dutch pugs. At that time they were generally decorated with orange
+ribbons, and were in great request amongst the courtiers, from the
+king being very partial to them.
+
+It is difficult to say how this partiality arose, though it may
+perhaps be accounted for by the following anecdote, related in a
+scarce old book, called "Sir Roger Williams' Actions in the Low
+Countries," printed in 1618.
+
+"The Prince of Orange (father of William III.) being retired into the
+camp, Julian Romero, with earnest persuasions, procured license of the
+Duke D'Alva to hazard a _camisado_, or night attack, upon the prince.
+At midnight Julian sallied out of the trenches with a thousand armed
+men, mostly pikes, who forced all the guards that they found in their
+way into the place of arms before the Prince's tent, and killed two of
+his secretaries. The Prince himself escaped very narrowly, for I have
+often heard him say that he thought but for a dog he should have been
+taken or slain. The attack was made with such resolution, that the
+guards took no alarm until their fellows were running to the place of
+arms, with their enemies at their heels, when this dog, hearing a
+great noise, fell to scratching and crying, and awakened him before
+any of his men; and though the Prince slept armed, with a lacquey
+always holding one of his horses ready bridled and saddled, yet, at
+the going out of his tent, with much ado he recovered his horse before
+the enemy arrived. Nevertheless, one of his equerries was slain
+taking horse presently after him, as were divers of his servants. The
+Prince, to show his gratitude, until his dying day kept one of that
+dog's race, and so did many of his friends and followers. These
+animals were not remarkable for their beauty, being little white dogs,
+with crooked noses, called _Camuses_ (flat-nosed)."
+
+It is difficult to account for the origin of this breed of dogs. So
+far from having any of the courage of the bulldog, which they resemble
+somewhat in miniature, they are extremely cowardly. They are also
+occasionally treacherous in their disposition, and will take strong
+dislikes to particular persons.
+
+The passion of the late Lady Penrhyn for pugs was well known. Two of
+these, a mother and daughter, were in the eating-room of Penrhyn
+Castle during the morning call of a lady, who partook of luncheon. On
+bonnets and shawls being ordered for the purpose of taking a walk in
+the grounds, the oldest dog jumped on a chair, and looked first at a
+cold fowl, and then at her daughter. The lady remarked to Lady Penrhyn
+that they certainly had a design on the tray. The bell was therefore
+rung, and a servant ordered to take it away. The instant the tray
+disappeared, the elder pug, who had previously played the agreeable
+with all her might to the visitor, snarled and flew at her, and during
+the whole walk followed her, growling and snapping at her heels
+whenever opportunity served. The dog certainly went through two or
+three links of inference, from the disappearance of the coveted spoil
+to Lady Penrhyn's order, and from Lady Penrhyn's order to the remark
+made by her visitor.
+
+Monsieur Blaze, in his "History of Dogs," mentions one who was taught
+to pronounce several words. The editor of the "Dumfries Courier" has
+declared most solemnly that he "heard a pug repeatedly pronounce the
+word 'William,' almost as distinctly as ever it was enunciated by the
+human voice. He saw the dog lying on a rug before the fire, when one
+of his master's sons, whose name is William, and to whom he is more
+obedient than to any one else, happened to give him a shove, when the
+animal ejaculated, for the first time, the word 'William.' The whole
+party were as much amazed as Balsam was when his ass spoke; and though
+they could hardly believe their own ears, one of them exclaimed,
+'Could you really find it in your heart to hurt the poor dog after he
+has so distinctly pronounced your name?' This led to a series of
+experiments, which have been repeated for the satisfaction of various
+persons, but still the animal performs with difficulty. When his
+master seizes his fore-legs, and commands him to say 'William,' he
+treats the hearer With a gurring voluntary; and after this species of
+music has been protracted for a longer or a shorter period, his voice
+seems to fall a full octave before he comes out with the important
+word."
+
+In the "Bibliothèque Germanique," published in 1720, there is an
+account of a dog at Berlin, who was made to pronounce a few words, but
+the one which he ejaculated most distinctly was "Elizabeth." Sir
+William Gell also had a dog which was well known to repeat some words,
+but it should be mentioned that he never did this except his master
+held his jaws in a peculiar way.[R]
+
+It has been said of the pug dog that he is applicable to no sport,
+appropriated to no useful purpose, susceptible of no predominant
+passion, and in no way remarkable for any pre-eminent quality. He
+seems, indeed, intended to be the patient follower of a ruminating
+philosopher, or the adulatory and consolatory companion of an old
+maid; but is now gradually becoming discarded as a pet, and is seldom
+seen peeping out of a carriage window or basking in a London balcony.
+
+The Comforter, of which a portrait is given at the head of the present
+chapter, is a rare and beautiful little dog, apparently a cross
+between the Maltese and King Charles spaniel. His colour is generally
+white, with black or brown patches; his ears are long, and his head
+broad on the upper part, with an acute muzzle; the hair is long over
+the whole body, with the fore legs feathered; his tail is curled, and
+feathered with very long hairs. This is the smallest of any of the
+distinct races of dogs, and is frequently not above a foot from the
+tip of the nose to the point of the tail.
+
+[Illustration: "A PUGNACIOUS PAIR."]
+
+
+
+
+THE TURNSPIT.
+
+
+How well do I recollect, in the days of my youth, watching the
+operations of a turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman
+in Worcestershire, who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a
+bushy wig, black worsted stockings, and large plated buckles in his
+shoes. As he had several boarders, as well as day-scholars, his two
+turnspits had plenty to do. They were long-bodied, crooked-legged, and
+ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy look about them, as if they were
+weary of the task they had to do, and expected every moment to be
+seized upon to perform it. Cooks in those days, as they are said to be
+at present, were very cross, and if the poor animal, wearied with
+having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a moment, the
+voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle terms.
+When we consider that a large solid piece of beef would take at least
+three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrier worries rats with
+considerable glee, the greyhound pursues hares with eagerness and
+delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the greatest energy,
+while the poor turnspit performs his task by compulsion, like a
+culprit on a tread-wheel, subject to scolding or beating if he stops a
+moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the kitchen
+when the task is over. There is a story (it is an old one) of the Bath
+turnspits, who were in the habit of collecting together in the abbey
+church of that town during divine service. It is said, but I will not
+vouch for the truth of the story, that hearing one day the word
+"spit," which occurred in the lesson for the day, they all ran out of
+the church in the greatest hurry, evidently associating the word with
+the task they had to perform.
+
+These dogs are still used in Germany, and her Majesty has two or three
+of them amongst her collection of these quadrupeds. They are extremely
+bandy-legged, so as to appear almost incapable of running, with long
+bodies and rather large heads. They are very strong in the jaws, and
+are what are called hard-bitten. It is a peculiarity in these dogs
+that they generally have the iris of one eye black and the other
+white. Their colour varies, but the usual one is a bluish grey,
+spotted with black. The tail is generally curled on the back.
+
+As two turnspits were generally kept to do the roasting work of a
+family, each dog knew his own day, and it was not an easy task to make
+one work two days running. Even on his regular day a dog would
+frequently hide himself, so cordially did he hate his prescribed
+duties. A story is said to have been related to a gentleman by the
+Duke de Liancourt, of two turnspits employed in his kitchen, who had
+to take their turns every other day to get into the wheel. One of
+them, in a fit of laziness, hid himself on the day he should have
+worked, so that his companion was forced to mount the wheel in his
+stead, who, when his employment was over, began crying and wagging his
+tail, and making signs for those in attendance to follow him. This was
+done, and the dog conducted them into a garret, where he dislodged his
+idle companion, and killed him immediately.
+
+The following circumstance is said to have taken place in the Jesuits'
+College at La Flèche.
+
+After the cook had prepared his meat for roasting, he looked for the
+dog whose turn it was to work the spit, but not being able to find
+him, he attempted to employ for this service another that happened to
+be in the kitchen. The dog, however, resisted, and, having bitten the
+cook, ran away. The man, with whom the dog was a particular favourite,
+was much astonished at his ferocity. The wound he had received was a
+severe one, and bled profusely, so that it was necessary to dress it.
+While this was doing, the dog, which had run into the garden, and
+found out the one whose turn it was to work the spit, came driving him
+before him into the kitchen, when the latter immediately went of his
+own accord into the wheel.
+
+Buffon calls the turnspit the _Basset à jambes torses_, but some of
+the breed are said to have straight legs. Short as they are, the body
+is extremely strong and heavy in proportion to the height of the dog,
+and this weight must facilitate the turning of the wheel.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FOXHOUND.]
+
+THE FOXHOUND.
+
+   "Warn'd by the streaming light and merry lark,
+    Forth rush the jolly clan; with tuneful throats
+    They carol loud, and in grand chorus joined,
+    Salute the new-born day.
+
+                              Then to the copse
+    Thick with entangled grass, or prickly furze,
+    With silence lead thy many-coloured hounds
+    In all their beauty's pride."--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+It is impossible to enter upon a description of the foxhound without
+considerable diffidence. Whether we consider the enthusiastic
+admiration it excites amongst sportsmen, the undeviating perseverance
+and high courage of the animal, its perfect symmetry, and the music of
+its tongue, which warms the heart and gives life and spirit to man and
+horse, it must be difficult to do justice to his merits. I will,
+however, endeavour to do my best; and should I fail, it will not be
+for want of admiration of the noble animal whose qualifications I am
+about to illustrate with characteristic anecdotes.
+
+In giving a description of the various breeds of dogs, every one must
+be aware that by crossing and recrossing them many of those we now see
+have but little claim to originality. The foxhound, the old Irish
+wolf-dog, and the colley or shepherd's dog, may, perhaps, be
+considered as possessing the greatest purity of blood. My opinion
+respecting the foxhound is partly founded on the following curious
+fact:--
+
+In Wilkinson's "Manners and Customs of the Egyptians," there is a
+representation of as varmint a pack of foxhounds as modern eye could
+wish to see. It is copied from a painting found in the interior of the
+tomb of the Pharaoh under whom Joseph served. Every individual hound
+is characteristic of the present breed, with all their courage and
+animation. Each dog's tail was as an old Irish huntsman, who used to
+glory in seeing his hounds carry their sterns after the hardest day,
+once said to his master, "not behind them at all, plaize your honour,
+but curling out over their shoulders."
+
+If the copy be correct, and there is no reason to doubt it, the dog of
+this breed must be considered of a much more ancient date than is
+generally supposed. There is every reason to believe that the first
+dogs came from Asia. Indeed, history, both sacred and profane,
+confirms this. At all events, the fact just mentioned is sufficiently
+curious, and may serve to confirm the supposition I have ventured to
+make of the purity of the blood of our modern foxhound.
+
+A volume might be written on the characteristics of these dogs, both
+in the kennel and the field, and I will endeavour to illustrate this
+by a few anecdotes.
+
+It is well known to those who have lived near a kennel, that every
+morning at the first gleam of light the hounds invariably salute the
+glorious return of day, by joining simultaneously in a full chorus of
+voices, 'a musical discord,' called by huntsmen "their morning hymn."
+This concert does not consist of barking and yapping as many may
+suppose, but something like the "Hullah system," yet far more sonorous
+to a sportsman's ear.
+
+Those who have witnessed the process of feeding hounds cannot but
+acknowledge that it is a most pleasing sight. We see the anxiety
+depicted in their countenances to detect the huntsman's eye, who calls
+them singly by name in a low tone of voice, nor does one offer to stir
+till his time comes. Each dog also takes every day the same position,
+like children at school, except that all are obedient, and there is
+no noise. His late Majesty George IV., in his younger days, was a
+constant attendant at the royal kennel at feeding-time, and many of
+the royal family have also been to see the hounds fed at that place.
+
+Close to the Duke of Beaufort's kennel at Badmington a tame fox was
+confined, and between it and the foxhounds a great friendship existed.
+When the hounds were let out they played with the fox, who, on his
+part, was equally ready to greet them. This reciprocal kindness had
+continued some time, until one day a hunted fox, much exhausted, ran
+for shelter into a bush close to the hutch of the tame one. The
+hounds, in the eagerness of the chase, ran into the latter, mistaking
+him for the other, and instantly killed him. No sooner, however, were
+they aware of their having occasioned the death of their old
+acquaintance, than each hound slunk away, appearing conscious and
+ashamed of what had been done, nor could they be induced to touch the
+dead fox when thrown amongst them.
+
+Amongst other curious anecdotes of foxhounds, the following may be
+mentioned. Some years ago, Sir John Cope had a hound called Clermont,
+which was in the constant habit, when the pack killed a fox, of taking
+possession of the animal's head. This he invariably carried in his
+mouth, as if it was a trophy, and on arriving at the kennel would put
+it down at the kennel door. In this way he must have imposed a severe
+task on himself, as the pack had frequently twenty miles to go home
+when the chase was over. The weight was not indeed great; but the
+dog's mouth being distended the whole time must have made the task
+anything but a pleasant one.
+
+Some hounds are possessed of extraordinary instinct, which enables
+them to find their way back to their kennels over country which they
+had never before traversed. When George III. kept hounds in the Home
+Park, Windsor, General Manners, one of the equerries, took a hound
+named Bustler with him in his carriage to London. He remained there a
+few days, and then travelled to Bloxholm in Lincolnshire, the dog
+being still his companion inside the carriage. In less than a month,
+however, Bustler found his way back to Frogmore.
+
+The captain of a vessel informed me that he had once picked up a dog
+in mid-channel between Brighton and Calais, swimming boldly and
+strongly towards the French coast. If this dog was endeavouring to
+make his way back to a beloved master, it was an extraordinary
+instance of affection.
+
+A few years ago some hounds were embarked at Liverpool for Ireland,
+and were safely delivered at a kennel far up in that country. One of
+them, not probably liking his quarters, found his way back to the port
+at which he had been landed from Liverpool. On arriving at it, some
+troops were being embarked in a ship bound to that place. This was a
+fortunate circumstance for the old hound, as during the bustle he was
+not noticed. He safely arrived at Liverpool, and on his old master, or
+huntsman rather, coming down stairs one morning, he recognised his
+former acquaintance waiting to greet him.
+
+A similar circumstance happened to some hounds sent by the late Lord
+Lonsdale to Ireland. Three of them escaped from the kennel in that
+country, and made their appearance again in Leicestershire.
+
+The love of home, or most probably affection for a particular
+individual, must be strongly implanted in dogs to induce them to
+search over unexplored and unknown regions for the being and home they
+love. Hunger, it might be supposed, would alone stop the ardour of
+their pursuit, and induce them to seek for nourishment and shelter at
+a stranger's door. But such is not the case. Hungry, foot-sore,
+fatigued, and exhausted, the noble and faithful animal presses onward,
+guided by an instinct which man does not possess, and proving the
+strength of his love by his indefatigable and ardent exertions. Poor,
+faithful animal! and is it possible that you are subjected to ill
+treatment, cruelty, and neglect by those who owe you a large debt of
+gratitude? Your exertions procure amusement, your watchfulness and
+fidelity give protection, and neither sickness nor misfortune will
+induce you to forsake the object of your attachment.
+
+But it is time to resume our anecdotes of foxhounds, and the following
+is a proof of the high courage they so often display, as well as
+their emulative spirit.
+
+In drawing a strong covert, a young bitch gave tongue very freely,
+whilst none of the other hounds challenged. The whipper-in rated to no
+purpose, the huntsman insisted she was wrong, and the whip was applied
+with great severity, in doing which the lash most unfortunately took
+the orb of the eye out of the socket. Notwithstanding the excruciating
+pain she must inevitably have laboured under, the poor suffering
+animal again flew to the scent, and exultingly proved herself to be
+right, for a fox having stole away, she broke covert after him
+unheeded, and continued the chase alone. After much delay and cold
+hunting the pack at length hit off the chase. At some distance a
+farmer made a signal with much vehemence to the company, who, upon
+coming up to him, were informed that they were very far behind the
+fox, for that a single hound, very bloody about the head, had passed a
+field from him, and was running breast-high, and that there was little
+chance of getting up to him. The pack, however, at her coming to a
+check, did at length get up, and, after some cold hunting, the bitch
+again hit off the scent, and the fox was killed after a severe run.
+The eye of the poor but high-spirited dog, which had hung pendent
+during the chase, was removed by a pair of scissors after the fox was
+dead.
+
+The following is another instance of the persevering strength and
+spirit of foxhounds:--
+
+A gentleman of the name of Pearson, residing in Essex, had a couple
+and a half of young and newly-entered hounds. One day they
+accidentally followed him in his ride, and strayed into a large covert
+by the roadside, and presently found something which they eagerly
+hunted. After trying a long time to halloo them off, Mr. Pearson
+proceeded to Colchester, where his business detained him some hours.
+Upon his return he heard them in the covert, and found, by some people
+at work by the side of it, that they had continued running during his
+absence, and had driven a fox over the field in which they were at
+work backward and forward several times. Mr. Pearson got as near to
+them as possible, continuing to give them every encouragement. After
+hunting the fox a long time in the covert he at last broke, and was
+killed after a run of some miles. The time these hounds were hunting
+was seven hours. Hounds have even been known to have continued a chase
+for ten hours, great part of the time being hard running. A fox was
+once unkennelled near Boroughbridge in Yorkshire, at twenty-seven
+minutes past nine, and except half-an-hour taken up in bolting him
+from a rabbit-burrow, the hounds had a continued run until fourteen
+minutes past five in the evening, when they killed the fox in good
+style. During this space of nearly eight hours of most severe
+running, several horses died in the field, and others were severely
+injured.
+
+A hound, the property of Mr. Teasdale of Ousby, Cumberland, during a
+storm, took the quest of a fox, which he pursued for the extraordinary
+space of thirty hours, four of which were run within view of some
+miners, who were employed upon Dalton Fell. The dog and fox were at
+that time running round the bottom of a hill. The arch dog, still
+keeping on the side of Reynard which led to his clift in the rock, at
+last came up to him; but being so much exhausted by his toilsome
+chase, he was unable to make him his prey for some time, and they lay
+as if lifeless together. The miners then made up to his assistance;
+but so ardent was his desire to finish Reynard himself, that he would
+not suffer them to come near till he had destroyed him.
+
+A foxhound bitch, in the middle of a chase, was taken in labour, and
+brought forth a puppy. Ardour for the pursuit, united to attachment
+for her progeny, induced her to snatch it up in her mouth, and follow
+her companions, with whom she soon came up, and in this interesting
+situation she continued the whole day,--a discredit to the huntsman,
+and all who joined in the pursuit, to allow the poor animal to undergo
+so violent an exercise under such circumstances.
+
+In order to account for the power of endurance which foxhounds are
+known to possess, it should be mentioned that their strength is very
+great. A well-bred hound has been known to measure as much round the
+arm of the fore-leg as a moderate-sized horse does below the knee. I
+was assured of this fact by a well-known huntsman, and it may serve in
+some measure to account for the following instance of undeviating
+perseverance in a foxhound, related by Mr. Daniel in his Supplement to
+his "Rural Sports."
+
+The circumstance took place in the year 1808, in the counties of
+Inverness and Perth, and perhaps surpasses any length of pursuit known
+in the annals of hunting. On the 8th of June in that year, a fox and
+hound were seen near Dunkeld in Perthshire, on the high road,
+proceeding at a slow trotting pace. The dog was about fifty yards
+behind the fox, and each was so fatigued as not to gain on the other.
+A countryman very easily caught the fox, and both it and the dog were
+taken to a gentleman's house in the neighbourhood, where the fox died.
+It was afterwards ascertained that the hound belonged to the Duke of
+Gordon, and that the fox was started on the morning of the 4th of
+June, on the top of those hills called Monaliadh, which separate
+Badenoch from Fort Augustus. From this it appeared that the chase
+lasted four days, and that the distance traversed from the place where
+the fox was unkennelled to the spot where it was caught, without
+making any allowances for doubles, crosses, &c., and as the crow
+flies, exceeded seventy miles.
+
+It is a curious fact, that if a foxhound is taken for the first time
+into a new and strange country, and he is lost, when he returns to his
+kennel he does so across fields where he had never been before, and
+not by roads along which he had been taken out. A gentleman who kept
+foxhounds had an opportunity of observing this. His house and kennel
+were on the banks of a river, and a new hound accompanied the pack,
+which went across a bridge near the kennel. He was lost, and came back
+over the fields direct upon the kennel, and howled when he arrived on
+the banks of the river. We know but little of the peculiar instinct
+which thus enables dogs to find their way across a strange country.
+
+Let me here give an anecdote that was communicated to me by the
+brother of the gentleman to whom it occurred. This gentleman was a
+rigid Roman Catholic, and his constant companion was a foxhound. As
+soon as the forty days of Lent began, this dog left his master and
+came to the house of my informant, some miles distant, where he found
+food to his liking, and stayed with him during Lent, at the end of
+which he returned to his owner. He must have measured time very
+accurately, and has continued the practice for some years.
+
+In the year 1813 some hounds belonging to his late Majesty, George
+III., were sold to Mr. Walker, of Mitchell Grove, near Worthing. A few
+weeks after their arrival at that place, one couple of them were sent
+in a stage-waggon to Dr. Willis, then living near Stamford in
+Lincolnshire. The wagon went through London, and from thence to Dr.
+Willis's seat. However surprising it may appear, one of these dogs, in
+less than a month after he had left the kennel near Windsor, found his
+way back to it. It might be supposed that in this length of time all
+recollection would have ceased, but such we have seen was not the
+case.
+
+The circumstance which happened to the late Duke of Northumberland's
+pack proves the foxhound's eagerness after his game. In 1796 the
+hounds ran a fox into a very large furze-cover near Alnwick, called
+Bunker's Hill, where he was lost in an earth which no one knew of.
+Upon the dogs coming to the kennel two couple and a half of the best
+of them were missing, and not returning that night, it was thought
+they had found a fox, and had gone off by themselves in pursuit of
+him. Several men were sent in search of them to all the earths and
+crags for twenty miles round, but no tidings could be gained of them.
+The course where the fox was lost was then searched, and the earth
+discovered, and in digging about two yards deep, one dog was found;
+several yards further three more, fast in the ground; and two yards
+deeper the fifth was dug up. They were all dead.
+
+It is well known to those who served in the Peninsular War, that the
+late Lord Hill kept a pack of foxhounds while he commanded a division
+of the army. During a period of repose a fox was unkennelled in the
+neighbourhood of Corja, in Spain. The run was severe for the space of
+thirty minutes, when the fox, being sharply pressed by the leading
+hounds, leaped down a precipice of sixty yards perpendicular. Seven
+couple of the hounds immediately dashed after him, six couple of which
+were killed on the spot. The remainder of the pack (twenty-two couple)
+would probably have shared the same fate, had not the most forward
+riders arrived in time to flog them off, which they did with
+difficulty, being scarcely able to restrain their impetuosity. The fox
+was found at the bottom, and covered with the bodies of the hounds.
+
+I might have hesitated to mention the following fact, had it not been
+witnessed by some well-known sportsmen of the present day.
+
+During a severe chase, and towards the termination of it, when the fox
+was in view, another fox was seen, to the astonishment of the forward
+riders, running in the middle of the pack of hounds, perfectly
+unnoticed by them. It is supposed that the dogs ran over this fox,
+who, finding himself in the midst of them, probably thought it the
+safest and wisest plan he could pursue to continue with them till he
+had an opportunity of making his escape.
+
+In relating anecdotes of foxhounds it is almost unavoidable not to
+mention fox-hunters, and we know not how we can give to our readers a
+better notion of the stirring spirit and devotion to their sport,
+distinguishing them beyond all other sportsmen, than by offering some
+extracts from the pen of the late Colonel Cook, a master of hounds,
+beloved by all who knew him, and venerated by those who hunted with
+him.
+
+Hounds will not work through difficulties, nor will they exert
+themselves in that killing sort of manner when they are out of blood.
+If after all you should, owing to ill-luck and bad weather, be in want
+of it, the best way is to leave an earth open in a country where you
+can spare a fox, and where you can without much trouble dig him, give
+him to the hounds on the earth, and go home. But whatever you do,
+never turn out a bag-fox; it is injurious to your hounds, and makes
+them wild and unsteady: besides, nothing is more despicable, or held
+in greater contempt by real sportsmen, than the practice of hunting
+bag-foxes. It encourages a set of rascals to steal from other hunts;
+therefore keep in mind, that if there were no receivers there would be
+no thieves. What chiefly contributes to make fox-hunting so very far
+superior to other sports is the wildness of the animal you hunt, and
+the difficulty in catching him. It is rather extraordinary, but
+nevertheless a well-known fact, that a pack of hounds, which are in
+sport and blood, will not eat a bag-fox. I remember hearing an
+anecdote (when I was in Shropshire many years ago) of the late Lord
+Stamford's hounds, which I will relate to you as I heard it. Lord
+Forester, and his brother, Mr. Frank Forester, then boys, were at
+their uncle's for the holidays. A farmer came to inform them a fox had
+just been seen in a tree. All the nets about the premises were
+collected, and the fox was caught; but the Squire of Wiley, a
+sportsman himself, and a strict preserver of foxes, sent the fox
+immediately to Lord Stamford by one of his tenants, that he might be
+informed of the real circumstance. The next day the hounds were out,
+and also the Squire's tenant; they had drawn some time without
+finding, when the farmer reminded his Lordship of the fox caught. 'Do
+you think,' said he, 'I will allow my hounds to hunt a bag-fox? I
+should never be forgiven by my huntsman!' At last, after drawing
+several coverts without finding, his Lordship gave his consent (but it
+was to be kept a great secret), and the bag was to be touched upon the
+ground in a line for a covert they were going to draw, to have the
+appearance of a disturbed fox, and the fox to be turned down in it.
+
+On going to covert, a favourite hound, called Partner, feathered on
+the scent. The huntsman exclaimed in ecstacy, 'Old Partner touches on
+him; we shall certainly find in the next covert.' They found the
+bag-fox, and had a tolerable run; but when they killed him, not a
+hound would eat him! 'Now, Sir,' said his lordship to the farmer, 'you
+have deceived the huntsman and the field, but you cannot deceive my
+hounds.'
+
+Next to turning out bag-men, lifting of hounds is the most
+prejudicial. They should seldom be taken 'off their noses,' nothing is
+gained by it in the end; hounds that are seldom lifted will kill more
+foxes in the course of a season than those that frequently are. Some
+years ago, when hunting with the Duke of Grafton's hounds in Suffolk,
+they came to a check all in a moment, at a barn near some cross-roads;
+they were left alone, and made a fling of themselves, in a perfect
+circle, without hitting the scent; many gentlemen exclaimed, 'It is
+all over now, Tom; the only chance you have is to make _a wide cast_.'
+'No,' answered the huntsman, 'if the fox is not in that barn, my
+hounds ought to be hung.'
+
+Dick Foster, the whipper-in, now huntsman to Mr. Villebois (and a very
+good one he is), was ordered to dismount and see if he could discover
+the fox; he returned and said he was _not_ there.' Tom Rose still was
+positive; at last he was viewed on a beam in the barn, and they killed
+him, after a further run of about a mile. I mention this trivial
+circumstance to show you clearly, that if the hounds had been hurried
+up either of the roads on a wide cast, made by an ignorant huntsman,
+the fox would inevitably have been lost.
+
+Were I to have some sporting friends coming to see my hounds in the
+field, I should prefer going away _close at him_ for twenty minutes,
+then a short check, to bring the hounds to a hunting scent, and a
+quick thing at last, and run into him, in order that my friends might
+be convinced the hounds could _hunt_ as well as run; for of this I am
+certain, if they cannot do _both_, they merit not the name of
+foxhounds.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF A FAVORITE FOX-HOUND.]
+
+[Illustration: HOUNDS IN A BATH.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BEAGLE.]
+
+THE BEAGLE.
+
+
+The beagle may be mentioned as a sort of foxhound in miniature, and
+nothing can well be more perfect than the shape of these small dogs.
+But how different are they in their style of hunting! The beagle,
+which has always his nose to the ground, will puzzle for a length of
+time on one spot, sooner than he will leave the scent. The foxhound,
+on the contrary, full of life, spirit, and high courage, is always
+dashing and trying forward. The beagle, however, has extraordinary
+perseverance, as well as nicety of scent, and also a liveliness of
+manner in hunting, which, joined to its musical and melodious note,
+will always afford pleasure to the lovers of the chase, or at least to
+those who are unable to undertake the more exciting sport of
+fox-hunting. In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing
+can be more cheerful than the beagle; and they have been called
+rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly
+qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired.
+
+In the reign of Queen Elizabeth a race of beagles had been bred so
+small, that a pack of them could be carried out to the field in a pair
+of panniers. That Princess is said to have had little _singing
+beagles_, a single one of which could be placed in a man's glove, and
+they probably at this time received the name of _lap-dog_ beagles.
+Dryden, in his "Fables," alludes to these dogs as follows:--
+
+   "The graceful goddess was array'd in green;
+    About her feet were little beagles seen,
+    That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their queen."
+
+Pope also mentions them,--
+
+   "To plains with well-bred beagles we repair,
+    And trace the mazes of the circling hare."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE MASTIFF.]
+
+THE MASTIFF.
+
+    "Great Brittain was so noted for its Mastiffs, that the Roman
+    Emperors appointed an Officer in this Island, with the title of
+    Procurator Cynegii, whose sole business was to breed, and transmit
+    from hence to the Amphitheatre, such as would prove equal to the
+    combats of the place:
+
+               Magnaque taurorum fracturi colla Britanni."
+
+
+This noble dog, which, like the bull-dog, is supposed to be an
+original breed peculiar to this country, is now seldom to be met with
+in its pure state, it having been crossed and recrossed with other
+dogs. Perhaps the finest specimen now to be found is one at
+Chatsworth (where also is to be seen a noble Alpine mastiff). It is a
+dog of gigantic size, of a yellowish colour, with a black muzzle.
+There is also another at Elvaston Castle in Derbyshire, not so large
+as the one at Chatsworth, but apparently of the true breed, and for
+which we believe Lord Harrington gave the sum of fifty guineas.
+
+These dogs are brave, faithful to their trust in an extraordinary
+degree, and have a noble disposition.
+
+Their strength also is very great, and their bark deep and loud. Sir
+Walter Scott's remarks on the character of the dog may be well applied
+to the mastiff,--"The Almighty, who gave the dog to be the companion
+of our pleasures and our toils, hath invested him with a nature noble
+and incapable of deceit. He forgets neither friend nor foe--remembers,
+and with accuracy, both benefit and injury. He hath a share of man's
+intelligence, but no share of man's falsehood. You may bribe a soldier
+to slay a man with his sword, or a witness to take life by false
+accusation, but you cannot make a dog tear his benefactor. He is the
+friend of man, save when man justly incurs his enmity."
+
+The mastiff, indeed, usually shows a remarkable and peculiar warmth in
+his attachments; and, on the other hand, he will evince his dislike in
+the strongest manner. It has been observed of him, that if he is once
+severely corrected or insulted, it is almost impossible to eradicate
+the feeling from his memory, and it is no less difficult to attain a
+reconciliation with him. He seems conscious of his own strength,
+power, and authority, and will seldom condescend to lower his dignity
+by servile fawning; while he appears to consider his services as only
+befitting a trust of the highest importance. He is naturally possessed
+of strong instinctive sensibility, speedily obtains a knowledge of all
+the duties required of him, and discharges them with the most punctual
+assiduity. His vigilance is very striking. He makes regular rounds of
+the premises committed to his care, examines every part of them, and
+sees that everything is in a state of perfect security. During the
+night he will give a signal of his presence by repeated barkings,
+which are increased upon the least cause of alarm. Unlike the
+bull-dog, the mastiff always warns before he attacks. His voice is
+deep and powerful in tone.
+
+Such is the animal of which I now propose to give a few characteristic
+anecdotes.
+
+About the year 1742, a lady, who resided in a lone house in Cheshire,
+permitted all her servants, except one female, to go to a supper and
+dance at a Christmas merry-meeting, held at an inn about three miles
+distant, and kept by the uncle of the maid who had remained in the
+house with her mistress. The servants were not expected back till the
+morning; consequently the doors and windows were, as usual, secured,
+and the lady and her servant were going to bed, when they were
+alarmed by the voice of some persons apparently attempting to break
+into the house. Fortunately a great mastiff dog, named Cæsar, was in
+the kitchen, and set up a tremendous barking, which, however, had not
+the effect of intimidating the robbers. The maid-servant distinctly
+heard that the attempt to enter the house was made by the villains
+endeavouring to force a way through a hole under the sunk story in the
+adjoining back-kitchen or scullery. Being a young woman of courage,
+she went towards the spot, accompanied by the dog, and patting him on
+the back, exclaimed, "At him, Cæsar!" The dog made a furious attack on
+the person who seemed to be at the hole, and gave something a violent
+shake, when all became quiet, and the animal returned to her with his
+mouth all besmeared with blood. She afterwards heard some little
+bustle outside of the house, which soon was stilled. The lady and
+servant sat up until morning, without farther molestation, when, on
+going into the court, a quantity of blood was found on the outside of
+the wall. The other servants, on their return, brought word to the
+maid that her uncle, the innkeeper, had died suddenly during the
+course of the night--they understood of a fit of apoplexy--and was
+intended to be buried that day. The maid got leave to go to the
+funeral, and was surprised to find the coffin on her arrival screwed
+down. She insisted on taking a last view of the body, which was most
+unwillingly granted; when, to her great surprise and horror, she found
+his death had been occasioned from his throat being torn open. What
+had happened the evening before immediately rushed to her imagination,
+and it appeared too evident to her that she had been the innocent
+cause of her uncle's death; and, upon further inquiry, it was proved
+that he and one of his servants had formed the design of robbing the
+house and murdering the lady, in her unprotected condition, during the
+absence of her servants; but, by the watchfulness and courage of her
+dog, their design was frustrated.
+
+An anecdote is related of a mastiff, who, in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth, when Lord Buckhurst was ambassador at the Court of Charles
+the Ninth, alone and unassisted, successively engaged a bear, a
+leopard, and a lion, and pulled them all down.
+
+Very extraordinary stories have been told of these and some other
+kinds of dogs discovering and circumventing plans to injure the
+persons of their masters, in which it is difficult to place implicit
+credit. We give one of the most marvellous of these anecdotes, as it
+is usually related:--
+
+Sir H. Lee, of Ditchley, in Oxfordshire, ancestor of the late Earls of
+Lichfield, had a mastiff which guarded the house and yard, but had
+never met with any particular attention from his master. In short, he
+was not a favourite dog, and was retained for his utility only, and
+not from any partial regard.
+
+One night, as Sir Harry was retiring to his chamber, attended by his
+favourite valet, an Italian, the mastiff silently followed them
+up-stairs, which he had never been known to do before, and, to his
+master's astonishment, presented himself in the bed-room. Being deemed
+an intruder, he was instantly ordered to be turned out; which, being
+complied with, the poor animal began scratching violently at the door,
+and howling loudly for admission. The servant was sent to drive him
+away. Discouragement, however, could not check his intended labour of
+love; he returned again, and was more importunate to be let in than
+before. Sir Harry, weary of opposition, though surprised beyond
+measure at the dog's apparent fondness for the society of a master who
+had never shown him the least kindness, and wishing to retire to rest,
+bade the servant open the door, that they might see what he wanted to
+do. This done, the mastiff, with a wag of the tail, and a look of
+affection at his lord, deliberately walked up, and crawling under the
+bed, laid himself down, as if desirous to take up his night's lodging
+there.
+
+To save farther trouble, and not from any partiality for his company,
+this indulgence was allowed. The valet withdrew, and all was still.
+About the solemn hour of midnight the chamber door opened, and a
+person was heard stepping across the room. Sir Harry started from
+sleep; the dog sprung from his covert, and seizing the unwelcome
+disturber, fixed him to the spot. All was dark: Sir Harry rang his
+bell in great trepidation, in order to procure a light. The person
+who was pinned to the floor by the courageous mastiff roared for
+assistance. It was found to be the favourite valet, who little
+expected such a reception. He endeavoured to apologise for his
+intrusion, and to make the reasons which induced him to take this step
+appear plausible; but the importunity of the dog, the time, the place,
+the manner of the valet, raised suspicions in Sir Harry's mind, and he
+determined to refer the investigation of the business to a magistrate.
+
+The perfidious Italian, alternately terrified by the dread of
+punishment and soothed by the hope of pardon, at length confessed that
+it was his intention to murder his master, and then rob the house.
+This diabolical design was frustrated solely by the unaccountable
+sagacity of the dog and his devoted attachment to his master. A
+full-length picture of Sir Harry, with the mastiff by his side, and
+the words, "More faithful than favoured," is still preserved among the
+family pictures.
+
+Presentiments of approaching danger, such as those now related, are to
+be traced only to the animal's close observation and watchful jealousy
+of disposition. Looks, signs, and movements are noticed by him which
+escape an ordinary observer. The idea that dogs have presentiments of
+death, and howl on such occasions, is a superstition now all but
+vanished.
+
+In October 1800, a young man going into a place of public
+entertainment at Paris, was told that his dog (a fine mastiff) could
+not be permitted to enter, and he was accordingly left with the guard
+at the door. The young man was scarcely entered into the lobby, when
+his watch was stolen. He returned to the guard, and prayed that his
+dog might be admitted, as, through his means, he might discover the
+thief: the dog was suffered to accompany his master, who intimated to
+the animal that he had lost something; the dog set out immediately in
+quest of the strayed article, and fastened on the thief, whose guilt
+on searching him was made apparent: the fellow had no less than six
+watches in his pocket, which being laid before the dog, he
+distinguished his master's, took it up by the string, and bore it to
+him in safety.
+
+At the castle of a nobleman in Bohemia, a large English mastiff was
+kept, that never failed to go every Sunday to the village church. The
+other dogs in the neighbourhood used to follow him thither, so that
+the church was often full of these animals. This being considered a
+nuisance, orders were given by the magistrates, at one of the petty
+courts held for regulating the affairs of the village, that the
+inhabitants should be enjoined to keep all their dogs locked up every
+Sunday during the time of divine service. The magistrate who presided
+in this court said, in a loud and authoritative tone of voice, "I will
+suffer no dogs in the church; let me not see one there in future." The
+mastiff happened to be lying under the table in the court when these
+words were spoken, to which he appeared to listen with great
+attention. On the ensuing Sunday the dog rose at an early hour, ran
+from house to house through the village, barking at the windows, and
+at last took his station before the church-door, to see whether any of
+his companions would venture to approach it, notwithstanding the
+prohibition. Unfortunately one of them appeared. The mastiff
+immediately fell upon him with the utmost fury, bit him to death, and
+dragged him out into the street. He continued in the same manner for
+several subsequent Sundays to stand sentinel, without ever entering
+the church.
+
+Captain Brown gives an interesting instance of the gentleness of a
+mastiff towards a child. He says that a large and fierce mastiff,
+which had broken his chain, ran along a road near Bath, to the great
+terror and consternation of those whom he passed. When suddenly
+running by a most interesting boy, the child struck him with a stick,
+upon which the dog turned furiously on his infant assailant. The
+little fellow, so far from being intimidated, ran up to him, and flung
+his arms round the neck of the enraged animal, which instantly became
+appeased, and in return caressed the child. It is a fact well known,
+that few dogs will bite a child, or even a young puppy. Captain Brown
+adds, that he possesses a mastiff, which will not allow any one of his
+family to take a bone from him except his youngest child.
+
+A chimney-sweeper had ordered his dog, a mastiff crossed with a
+bull-dog, to lie down on his soot-bag, which he had placed
+inadvertently almost in the middle of a narrow back-street in the town
+of Southampton. A loaded coal-cart passing by, the driver desired the
+dog to move out of the way. On refusing to do so, he was scolded, then
+beaten, first gently, and afterwards with a smart application of the
+cart-whip, but all to no purpose. The fellow, with an oath, threatened
+to drive over the dog, and he did so, the faithful animal endeavouring
+to arrest the progress of the wheel by biting it. He thus allowed
+himself to be killed sooner than abandon his trust.
+
+A mastiff-dog, who owed more to the bounty of a neighbour than to his
+master, was once locked by mistake in the well-stored pantry of his
+benefactor for a whole day, where milk, butter, bread, and meat,
+within his reach, were in abundance. On the return of the servant to
+the pantry, seeing the dog come out, and knowing the time he had been
+confined, she trembled for the devastation which her negligence must
+have occasioned; but, on close examination, it was found that the
+honest creature had not tasted of anything, although, on coming out,
+he fell on a bone that was given to him, with all the voraciousness of
+hunger.
+
+These dogs are alive to injuries, and not slow in resenting them.
+
+A carrier had a mastiff remarkable for his sagacity. It happened
+unfortunately one day, that one of the waggon-horses trod accidentally
+upon him in the yard. The dog became furious, and would have attacked
+the horse had he not been prevented. It was usual for the dog to
+remain with the horses at night in the stable. After the men had
+retired, the mastiff selected out the animal which had trod upon him,
+and, no doubt, would have put an end to his existence, had not the
+carters, who were at hand, hearing an unusual noise, come to his
+assistance.
+
+The widow of a farmer had two mastiffs, which, from their fierceness,
+rendered some precaution necessary in approaching the house. Their
+mistress was taken suddenly ill and died, and in the afternoon of her
+death the benevolent wife of the clergyman of the parish called to see
+if she could render any assistance. After knocking in vain at the
+front door, she went to the back of the house with fear and trembling.
+On entering the kitchen, to her dismay she saw the two dogs on the
+hearth. They appeared, however, to be sensible of what had taken
+place, for they only lifted up their heads mournfully, looked at the
+intruder, and resumed their former attitude.
+
+My neighbour, Mr. Penrhyn, has two noble mastiffs of the Lyme breed,
+which I believe is now nearly extinct. It is probably, however,
+preserved by Thomas Leigh, Esq. of Lyme Park, in Cheshire, who has
+also the wild breed of cattle, now only, I believe, found at Lyme
+Park, and at Chillington, in Yorkshire, the seat of Lord Tankerville.
+There is a story current at Lyme Park, that some years ago a dog of
+the breed in question, whilst walking with the steward in the park,
+took offence at one of the wild bulls, and would instantly have
+attacked it, but was with difficulty restrained by the steward. The
+dog returned home, evidently bearing the offence in mind, and the next
+morning, the steward, seeing him covered with blood, suspected
+something amiss, and on going into the park, found that not only the
+bull, but two cows had been worried by him.
+
+A mastiff belonging to a tanner had taken a great dislike to a man,
+whose business frequently brought him to the house. Being much annoyed
+at his antipathy and fearful of the consequences, he requested the
+owner of the dog to endeavour to remove the dislike of the animal to
+him. This he promised to do, and brought it about in the following
+manner, by acting on the noble disposition of the dog. Watching his
+opportunity, he one day, as if by accident, pushed the dog into a well
+in the yard, in which he allowed it to struggle a considerable time.
+When the dog seemed to be getting tired, the tanner desired his
+companion to pull it out, which he did. The animal, on being
+extricated, after shaking himself, fawned upon his deliverer, as if
+sensible that he had saved his life, and never molested him again. On
+the contrary he received him with kindness whenever they met, and
+often accompanied him a mile or two on his way home.
+
+A personal friend of the writer's, some time since, on a visit at a
+gentleman's house in the country, was taking a moonlight walk through
+the shrubbery and pleasure-grounds, when he was startled by a noise
+behind him; on turning his head, he perceived a large mastiff, which
+was ordinarily let loose as evening closed, and which had tracked him
+through the grounds. The dog with a fierce growl roughly seized him;
+our friend wisely deemed passive obedience and non-resistance the most
+prudent if not the most courageous part for him to play, and was
+unceremoniously led back through the grounds to the hall-door; here he
+was relieved by the master of the house. Subsequently assured that he
+had no cause to fear, he repeated his walk; the dog was again at his
+side, but walked quietly with him, and acknowledged in the usual way
+his words of conciliation. On these instances of sagacity (sagacity of
+a kind very different from that displayed by the shepherd's dog or the
+setter) there needs no comment.
+
+A gentleman in Ireland had a mastiff which was kept to guard his
+premises. A small dog, belonging to a poor man who came to the house
+on business, had barked at and annoyed him, but he was obliged to
+submit to the insult at the time with sullen patience, as his chain
+prevented him from taking any immediate revenge. A few evenings
+afterwards, however, he contrived to escape from the back-yard, and
+immediately made his way to the cabin of the cur's master. Finding the
+door open, _more Hibernicorum_, he entered without even a premonitory
+growl, to the dismay of the humble inmates, who were eating their
+supper of potatoes and milk, seized the offender, and killed it.
+
+Another mastiff behaved in a very different manner. He had also been
+annoyed by a little cur as he passed along the streets, which he bore
+with great patience for a long time; at last his persecutor became so
+troublesome that he could bear it no longer. He, therefore, one day
+caught his contemptible adversary by the neck, carried him to the edge
+of a wharf, and dropped him gently into the water.[S]
+
+The instinctive appreciation of the nature of property as shown in
+dogs is exemplified in the following instance:--A lady at Bath,
+walking out one day, was impeded in her progress by a strange mastiff
+dog. She became alarmed, and at the same time perceived that she had
+lost her veil. Upon retracing her steps, the dog went on before her,
+till the lost article was discovered; and as soon as it was picked up,
+the animal hastened after his own master.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BULL-DOG.]
+
+THE BULL-DOG.
+
+    "The heroes of a bull-fight, and the champions of a cock-fight, can
+    produce but few, if any, disciples brought up under their tuition,
+    who have done service to their country, but abundant are the
+    testimonies which have been registered at the gallows of her devoted
+    victims, trained up to the pursuits of bull-baiting."--DR. BARRY.
+
+
+The bull-dog has been called the most courageous animal in the world.
+He is low in stature, although remarkably deep-chested, strong, and
+muscular. From the projection of his under jaw, which occasions his
+teeth always to be seen, and from his eyes being distant from each
+other, and somewhat prominent, he has an appearance which would
+prevent a stranger from attempting any familiarity with him. He is,
+however, a dog capable of strong attachment to his master, whom he is
+at all times ready to defend. His strength is so great, that in
+pinning a bull, one of this breed of dogs has been known, by giving a
+strong muscular twist of his body, to bring the bull flat on his side.
+In consequence also of his strength, high courage, and perseverance, a
+bull-dog has gone a greater distance in swimming than any other dog
+has been known to do.
+
+It is universally known amongst the lovers of bull-dogs, that when
+once exasperated by an opponent or encouraged by the owner, no pain or
+punishment will induce him to swerve from his purpose, or in the least
+relax the violence of his endeavours to subdue whatever may be the
+object of his dislike or resentment. Amidst the many instances which
+might be adduced in support of this assertion, we shall notice one
+which is well-authenticated. Some years since, when bull-baiting was
+more common than in the present improved state of civilization, a
+juvenile amateur, at an entertainment of this kind in the north of
+England, confident in the courage and purity of blood in his bull-dog,
+laid a wager "that he would at four distinct intervals deprive the
+animal of one of his feet by amputation, and that after every
+individual deprivation he should still attack the bull with his
+previous ferocity; and that, lastly, he should continue to do so upon
+his stumps." Shocking as the recital must prove to the feelings of
+every reader, the experiment was made, and the dog continued to seize
+the bull with the same eagerness as before. In a match which was made
+for the purpose, one of these animals fought and beat two powerful
+Newfoundland dogs.
+
+It must be a matter of congratulation to every humane person, that the
+barbarous and cruel custom of bull-baiting no longer exists in this
+country. That it tended to brutalize the working classes, whatever its
+advocates may have stated to the contrary, cannot be doubted. In the
+part of Staffordshire in which I formerly resided, and where the
+custom was extremely prevalent, idleness, drunkenness and profligacy,
+were conspicuous amongst those who kept bull-dogs. Even females might
+be seen at a bull-baiting, in their working dresses as they came out
+of a factory, their arms crossed and covered with their aprons,
+standing to enjoy the sport, if such it could be called.
+
+The breed of dogs kept by the persons referred to was said to be of
+the purest kind, and large sums were frequently given for them. Lord
+Camelford purchased one for eighty guineas; forty and fifty pounds was
+no uncommon price for one. These dogs would appear to have a natural
+antipathy to the bull, as puppies will attack them when only a few
+months old, and if permitted to continue the combat, will suffer
+themselves to be destroyed rather than relinquish the contest. A
+well-bred dog always attacks the bull in front, and endeavours to
+seize on the lip as the most sensitive part.
+
+A nobleman had a favourite bull-dog, which was his constant companion
+in his carriage to and from his seat in Scotland for many years. The
+dog was strongly attached to his master, and was gentle and
+inoffensive. As he grew old, it was determined to leave him in London.
+The carriage came to the door, his master entered it, and drove
+off, taking another dog for his companion. The packing--the
+preparations--had all been witnessed by the faithful bull-dog, who was
+evidently aware that he had been deserted by the only being he loved.
+From that moment he became melancholy. He refused to eat, and
+notwithstanding all the care taken of him, he pined and died.
+
+A bull-dog, not many years since, saved a shipwrecked crew by towing a
+rope from the vessel to the shore, after two fine Newfoundland dogs
+had perished in the attempt. This success may be attributed to his
+indomitable courage, which prevented him from giving up his exertions
+while life remained.
+
+I remember many years ago hearing of some robberies, which took place
+by means of a bull-dog in the neighbourhood of London, one of which
+was near my own residence. A gentleman in riding home one winter's
+evening, had one of the hocks of his horse seized, as he was trotting
+along the road, by a bull-dog, who kept his hold, and brought the
+horse to the ground. A man then came up, and robbed the gentleman of
+his purse.
+
+It was common in Staffordshire, before young dogs were able to cope
+with a bull, to practise them with a man, who stood proxy for the
+bull. On one occasion of this sort, Mr. _Deputy_ Bull being properly
+staked, began to perform his part by snorting and roaring lustily. The
+dog ran at him, but was repulsed,--the courage of the animal, however,
+increased with every struggle, and at last he seized his biped
+antagonist by the cheek, who, with rueful countenance, endured it for
+some time, till at length he was compelled to cry out to his companion
+to take the dog off; but he, unwilling to damp the courage of his
+_élève_, vociferated, "_Woot_ spoil the pup, _mun_?--let 'em taste
+_bloode_ first!"
+
+Bull-dogs are now much less common than they were. A cross breed
+between them and a good terrier is said to produce better fighters and
+harder biters than the pure bull-dog. If one of these dogs is crossed
+with a greyhound, the offspring is found to be too courageous, and
+from this cause in attacking deer they have been frequently killed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.
+
+
+This dog, says Mr. Bewick, has been erroneously called the Danish dog
+by some authors, and by Buffon the harrier of Bengal; but his native
+country is Dalmatia, a mountainous district on the Adriatic coast. He
+has been domesticated in Italy for upwards of two centuries, and is
+the common harrier of that country.
+
+The Dalmatian is also used there as a pointer, to which his natural
+propensity more inclines him than to be a dog of the chase: he is said
+to be easily broken, and to be very staunch. He is handsome in shape,
+something between the British foxhound and English pointer; his head
+more acute than that of the latter, and something longer: his general
+colour white, and his whole body and legs covered with small
+irregular-sized black or reddish-brown spots. The pure breed has
+tanned cheeks and black ears. He is much smaller than the large Danish
+dog. A singular opinion prevailed at one time in this country, that
+this beautiful dog was rendered more handsome by having his ears
+cropped: this barbarous fancy is now fast dying away.
+
+The only use to which this elegant dog is applied is as an attendant
+upon a carriage, for which the symmetry of his form and beauty of his
+skin peculiarly fit him. He familiarises readily with horses, and is
+therefore invariably entrusted to the stables. A most erroneous notion
+has long prevailed that neither this nor the great Danish dog has the
+sense of smell. They have been indiscriminately called the Coach-dog.
+
+Mr. Dibdin, in his "Tour through England," says, "I took with me last
+summer one of those spotted dogs called Danish, but the breed is
+Dalmatian. It was impossible for anything to be more sportive, yet
+more inoffensive, than this dog. Throughout the mountainous parts of
+Cumberland and Scotland his delight was to chase the sheep, which he
+would follow with great alertness even to the summits of the most
+rugged steeps; and when he had frightened them, and made them scamper
+to his satisfaction (for he never attempted to injure them), he
+constantly came back wagging his tail, and appearing very happy at
+those caresses which we, perhaps absurdly, bestowed upon him.
+
+"About seven miles on this side of Kinross, in the way from Stirling,
+he had been amusing himself playing these pranks, the sheep flying
+from him in all directions, when a black lamb turned upon him, and
+looked him full in the face; he seemed astonished for an instant, but
+before he could rally his resolution, the lamb began to paw and play
+with him. It is impossible to describe the effect this had upon him;
+his tail was between his legs, he appeared in the utmost dread, and
+slunk away confused and distressed: presently his new acquaintance
+invited him, by all manner of gambols, to be friendly with him. What a
+moment for Pythagoras or Lavater! Gradually overcoming his fears, he
+accepted this brotherly challenge, and they raced away together, and
+rolled over one another like two kittens. Presently appeared another
+object of distress. The shepherd's boy came to reclaim his lamb; but
+it paid no attention except to the dog, and they were presently at a
+considerable distance. We slackened our pace for the convenience of
+the boy, but nothing would do; we could no more call off the dog than
+he could catch the lamb. They continued sporting in this manner for
+more than a mile and a half. At length, having taken a circuit, they
+were in our rear; and after we had crossed a small bridge, the boy
+with his pole kept the lamb at bay, and at length caught him; and
+having tied his plaid round him, it was impossible for him to escape.
+Out of fear of the boy, and in obedience to us, the dog followed
+reluctantly; but the situation of the lamb all this time cannot be
+pictured; he made every possible attempt to escape from the boy, even
+at the risk of tumbling into the river, rather than not follow the
+dog. This continued till the prospect closed, and we had lost sight of
+our new ally, whose unexpected offer of amity to the Dalmatian seemed
+ever after to operate as a friendly admonition, for from that day he
+was cured of following sheep."
+
+Lord Maynard, some years since, lost a coach-dog in France, which he
+in vain endeavoured to find. He returned to England, where he had not
+long arrived before the dog appeared; but the mode of his return
+remained for ever unexplained, though it is more than probable that
+the dog's sagacity, when he had made his escape from confinement,
+prompted him to go to the sea-coast, where he found means to get on
+board some vessel bound for the opposite shore.
+
+The late Mr. Thomas Walker, of Manchester, had a small Dalmatian dog,
+which was accustomed to be in the stable with two of his
+carriage-horses, and to lie in a stall with one of them, to which he
+was particularly attached. The servant who took care of the horses was
+ordered to go to Stockport (which is distant about seven miles), upon
+one of the horses, and took the one above mentioned (the favourite of
+the dog), with him, and left the other with the dog in the stable;
+being apprehensive lest the dog, which was much valued by his master,
+should be lost upon the road. After the man and horse had been gone
+about an hour, some person coming accidentally into the stable, the
+dog took the opportunity of quitting his confinement, and immediately
+set off in quest of his companion. The man, who had finished the
+business he was sent upon, was just leaving Stockport, when he was
+surprised to meet the dog he had left in the stable, coming with great
+speed down the hill into the town, and seemed greatly rejoiced to meet
+with his friendly companion, whom he had followed so far by scent. The
+friendship between these animals was reciprocal; for the servant,
+going one day to water the carriage-horses at a large stone trough,
+which was then at one end of the exchange, the dog as usual
+accompanying them, was attacked by a large mastiff, and in danger of
+being much worried, when the horse (his friend), which was led by the
+servant with a halter, suddenly broke loose from him, and went to the
+place where the dogs were fighting, and with a kick of one of his
+heels struck the mastiff from the other dog clean into a cooper's
+cellar opposite; and having thus rescued his companion, returned
+quietly with him to drink at the conduit.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT DANISH DOG.
+
+
+Buffon was of opinion that this variety, which is chiefly found in
+Denmark, Russia, and Northern Germany, is only the Mâtin (the usual
+sheep-dog of France) transported into a northern latitude. The colour
+of this dog is generally white, marked all over his body with black
+spots and patches, in general larger than those of the Dalmatian, of
+which some have supposed him to be a congener. His ears are for the
+most part white, while those of the Dalmatian are usually black.
+
+The great Danish dog is a fine sprightly animal, but is of little use
+either for sporting or watching. Like the Dalmatian, he is chiefly
+used in this country as an attendant on carriages, to which he forms
+an elegant appendage.
+
+Mr. Johnson, a traveller from Manchester, on his route through
+Scotland on horseback, was benighted, and coming to a small
+public-house on the road, he thought it better to take up his
+lodgings there, if possible, than to proceed further that night. On
+entering the house, he found only an old woman, who, to his inquiries,
+answered she would accommodate him with a bed, and provide for the
+horse in a small shed, if he would assist her in carrying hay and
+litter, as there was no other person then in the house. This was
+readily agreed to by Mr. Johnson, who, after having done so, and taken
+a little refreshment, was shown by the old woman to his bedroom.
+
+A large Danish dog, which accompanied him on his journey, offered to
+go up to the room with him, which the old woman strongly objected to,
+but Mr. Johnson firmly persisted in having him admitted. The dog, on
+entering the room, began to growl, and was altogether very unruly. His
+master in vain attempted to quiet him,--he kept growling and looking
+angrily under the bed, which induced Mr. Johnson to look there
+likewise, when, to his utter astonishment, he saw a man concealed at
+the farther end. On encouraging the dog, he sprang immediately at him,
+whilst Mr. Johnson seized his pistols, and presenting one at the
+stranger, who had a large knife in his hand, and was struggling with
+the dog, declared he would instantly shoot him if he made further
+resistance. The man then submitted to be bound, and acknowledged that
+his intention was to rob and murder Mr. Johnson, which was thus
+providentially prevented by the wonderful sagacity of his faithful
+dog. Mr. Johnson, after securely binding the man and fastening the
+door, went (accompanied by his dog) to the shed where his horse was
+left, which he instantly mounted, and escaped without injury to the
+next town, where he gave to a magistrate a full account of the
+murderous attempt, and the culprit was taken into custody and
+afterwards executed.
+
+A gamekeeper belonging to the castle of Holstein (in Denmark),
+returned one evening from a long and fatiguing chase, and deposited
+the game in the larder, without being aware that he had locked up his
+dog at the same time. Business of importance unexpectedly called him
+away immediately afterwards, and he did not return for five days;
+when, mindful of his game, he went to the larder, and beheld his dog
+stretched dead at the door. The gamekeeper stood extremely affected;
+but what were his sensations, when he saw on the table eleven brace of
+partridges, and five grouse untouched! This admiration increased his
+grief, when he found the poor dog had suffered starvation rather than
+transgress his duty.
+
+At a convent in France, twenty paupers were served with a dinner at a
+certain hour every day. A mâtin dog belonging to the convent did not
+fail to be regularly present at this repast, to receive the scraps
+which were now and then thrown to him. The guests, however, were poor
+and hungry, and of course not very wasteful, so that their pensioner
+did little more than scent the feast, of which he would fain have
+partaken. The portions were served by a person at the ringing of a
+bell, and delivered out by means of what in religious houses is termed
+a _tour_--a machine like the section of a cask, that, by turning round
+on a pivot, exhibits whatever is placed on the concave side, without
+discovering the person who moves it. One day this dog, who had only
+received a few scraps, waited till the paupers were all gone, took the
+rope in his mouth, and rang the bell. His stratagem succeeded. He
+repeated it the next day with the same good fortune. At length the
+cook, finding that twenty-one portions were given out instead of
+twenty, was determined to discover the culprit. In doing which he had
+no great difficulty; for, lying in wait, and noticing the paupers as
+they came for their different portions, and that there was no intruder
+except the dog, he began to suspect the truth; which he was confirmed
+in when he saw the animal continue with great deliberation till the
+visitors were all gone, and then pull the bell. The matter was related
+to the community; and to reward him for his ingenuity, the dog was
+permitted to ring the bell every day for his dinner, on which a mess
+of broken victuals was always afterwards served out to him.
+
+
+
+
+THE CUR DOG.
+
+
+Almost every dog which is cross-bred is ranked as a cur dog or
+mongrel, but that which is specially described by Youatt, is the
+shepherd's dog crossed with the terrier, and is nearly smooth; but he
+is considerably longer in the legs in proportion to the size of his
+body, is stronger in the make, has half-pricked ears, is generally
+black and white, although sometimes all black, and has rather a short
+tail. In the north of England and southern counties of Scotland great
+attention is paid to the breeding of this dog, and to breaking him in
+for driving and tending cattle, which he does with great intelligence;
+indeed his sagacity in everything is uncommonly great, and he is very
+trusty. These dogs bite very keenly, and always make their attack at
+the heels of cattle, who, on this account, having no defence against
+them, are quickly compelled to run.
+
+The cur has long and somewhat deservedly obtained a very bad name as a
+bully and a coward; and certainly his habit of barking at everything
+that passes, and flying at the heels of the horse, renders him often a
+very dangerous nuisance. He is, however, valuable to the cottager; he
+is a faithful defender of his humble dwelling; no bribe can seduce him
+from his duty; and he is a useful and an effectual guard over the
+clothes and scanty provisions of the labourer, who may be working in
+some distant part of the field. All day long he will lie upon his
+master's clothes seemingly asleep, but giving immediate warning of the
+approach of a supposed marauder. He has a propensity, when at home, to
+fly at every horse and every strange dog; and of young game of every
+kind there is not a more ruthless destroyer than the village cur.
+
+The following story is strictly authentic:--"Not long ago a young man,
+an acquaintance of Lord Fife's coachman, was walking, as he had often
+done, in his lordship's stables at Banff. Taking an opportunity when
+the servants were not regarding him, he put a bridle into his pocket.
+A Highland cur that was generally about the stables observed the
+theft, and immediately began to bark at him; and when he got to the
+stable door would not let him pass, but held him fiercely by the leg
+to prevent him. As the servants had never seen the dog act thus
+before, and the same young man had been often with them, they could
+not imagine what could be the reason of the dog's conduct. However,
+when they perceived the end of a valuable bridle peeping out of the
+young man's pocket they were able to account for it, and on his giving
+it up the dog let go his hold and allowed him to pass."
+
+"I recollect," says Mr. Hall, "when I passed some time at the Viscount
+Arbuthnot's at Hatton, in the parish of Marykirk, one of his
+lordship's estates, that when the field-servants went out one morning
+they found a man whom they knew, and who lived a few miles' distance,
+lying on the road a short way from the stable with a number of
+bridles, girths, &c. &c. near him, and the house-dog, which was of the
+Highland breed, lying also at his ease, holding the seat of the man's
+breeches in his mouth. The man confessed his crime, and told them that
+the log had struggled with him, and held him in that position for
+five hours; but that immediately after the servants came up he let go
+his hold."
+
+The following anecdote is well known. In London, a few years since, a
+box, properly directed, was sent to a merchant's shop to lie there all
+night, and be shipped off with other goods next morning. A dog, which
+accidentally came into the shop with a customer, by smelling the box,
+and repeatedly barking in a peculiar way, led to the discovery that it
+did not contain goods, but a fellow who intended to admit his
+companions and plunder the shop in the night-time.
+
+John Lang, Esq., deputy-sheriff of Selkirk, had a female cur big with
+pups, which on one occasion, when out in the fields attending the
+cattle, was taken in travail, and pupped on the moor. She concealed
+her litter in a whin-bush, brought the cattle home at the usual time
+with the utmost care, and, having delivered her charge, returned to
+the moor and brought home the puppies one by one. Mr. Lang, with that
+humanity which marks his character, preserved the whole litter, that
+he might not give the least cause of pain to so faithful and so
+affectionate an animal.
+
+In Lambeth Church there is a painting of a man with a dog on one of
+the windows. In reference to this, we learn by tradition that a piece
+of ground near Westminster Bridge, containing one acre and nineteen
+roods (named Pedlar's Acre), was left to this parish by a pedlar, upon
+condition that his picture, and that of the dog, should be
+perpetually preserved on painted glass on one of the windows of the
+church, which the parishioners have carefully performed. The time of
+this gift was in 1504, when the ground was let at 2_s._ 8_d._ per
+annum; but in the year 1762 it was let on lease at 100_l._ per year,
+and a fine of 800_l._; and is now worth more than 250_l._ yearly. The
+reason alleged for the pedlar's request is, that being very poor, and
+passing the aforementioned piece of ground, he could by no means get
+his dog away, which kept scratching a particular spot of earth, until
+he attracted his master's notice; who going back to examine the cause,
+and pressing with his stick, found something hard, which, on a nearer
+inspection, proved to be a pot of gold. With part of this money he
+purchased the land, and settled in the parish; to which he bequeathed
+it on the conditions aforesaid.
+
+"It was with pleasure," observes Mr. Taylor, in his "General Character
+of the Dog," "that I watched the motions of a grateful animal
+belonging to one of the workmen employed at Portsmouth dockyard. This
+man had a large cur dog, who regularly every day brought him his
+dinner upwards of a mile. When his wife had prepared the repast, she
+tied it up in a cloth, and put it in a hand-basket; then calling
+Trusty (for so he was properly named), desired him to be expeditious,
+and carry his master's dinner, and be sure not to stop by the way. The
+dog, who perfectly well understood his orders, immediately obeyed, by
+taking the handle of the basket in his mouth, and began his journey.
+It was laughable to observe that, when tired by the way, he would very
+cautiously set the basket on the ground; but by no means would suffer
+any person to come near it. When he had sufficiently rested himself,
+he again took up his load, and proceeded forward until he came to the
+dock gates. Here he was frequently obliged to stop, and wait with
+patience until the porter, or some other person, opened the door. His
+joy was then visible to every one. His pace increased; and with
+wagging tail, expressive of his pleasure, he ran to his master with
+the refreshment. The caresses were then mutual; and after receiving
+his morsel as a recompense for his fidelity, he was ordered home with
+the empty basket and plates, which he carried back with the greatest
+precision, to the high diversion of all spectators."
+
+Some years since, a distiller, who lived at Chelsea, in Middlesex, had
+a middle-sized brown cur dog, crossed with the spaniel, which had
+received so complete an education from the porter, that he was
+considered a very valuable acquisition. This porter used generally to
+carry out the liquors to the neighbouring customers in small casks,
+tied up in a coarse bag, or put in a barrow; and whenever the man
+thought proper to refresh himself (which was frequently the case), he
+would stop the barrow, and calling Basto (which was the dog's name),
+in a very peremptory manner bid him mind the bag; and away he went to
+drink; and frequently left the barrow in the middle of the street.
+Basto always rested near his trust, and sometimes apparently asleep;
+which induced many idle people, who, seeing a bag in the road without
+an owner, to attempt stealing the same. But no sooner had they
+endeavoured to decamp with the prize, than this vigilant creature flew
+at them with such outrage, as obliged them immediately to relinquish
+the undertaking; and glad were they to escape with a few bites and
+whole bones, and leave the tempting bait to catch other dishonest
+rogues, as it had done them.
+
+One day, a person having particular business with the master, which
+required dispatch, went to the distillery adjoining the
+dwelling-house, thinking it very likely he might meet him there giving
+orders to the servant; and finding the outward door open, walked into
+the still-room: but no sooner had he gone a few steps than a fierce
+growl assailed his ears, and almost imperceptibly he was pinioned by
+fear to the wall. The affrighted person called loudly for help; but
+the family being at the other part of the house, his cries were
+fruitless. The generous animal, however, who had the frightened man
+close in custody, scorned to take a mean advantage of his situation by
+recommencing hostilities. He remained perfectly quiet, unless the
+delinquent attempted to stir--he then became as furious as ever; so
+that the prisoner prudently remained like a statue fixed against the
+wall, while Basto, like a sentinel on his post, kept a strict guard,
+lest he should escape before the family arrived. In about twenty
+minutes the master, in coming from the parlour to the counting-house,
+beheld the prisoner, and Basto walking backwards and forwards beside
+him. The dog, by a thousand gesticulations, seemed to wish a proper
+explanation might take place. The master laughed heartily at the poor
+fellow's expense, as did he likewise when liberated; but he had ever
+after the prudence, when business brought him to the house, to ring
+loudly at the door, notwithstanding it frequently stood wide open.
+
+A carrier on his way to Dumfries had occasion to leave his cart and
+horse upon the public road, under the protection of a passenger and
+his dog Trusty. Upon his return, he missed a led horse belonging to a
+gentleman in the neighbourhood, which he had tied to the end of a
+cart, and likewise one of the female passengers. On inquiry he was
+informed that, during his absence, the female, who had been anxious to
+try the mettle of the pony, had mounted it, and that the animal had
+set off at full speed. The carrier expressed much anxiety for the
+safety of the young woman, casting at the same time an expressive look
+at his dog. Trusty observed his master's eye, and aware of its
+meaning, instantly set off in pursuit of the pony, which he came up
+with soon after he had passed the first toll-bar on the Dalbeattie
+road; when he made a sudden spring, seized the bridle, and held the
+animal fast. Several people having observed the circumstance, and the
+perilous situation of the girl, came to her relief. The dog, however,
+notwithstanding their repeated endeavours, would not quit his hold of
+the bridle; and the pony was actually led into the stable with the
+dog, till such time as the carrier should arrive. Upon the carrier
+entering the stable, Trusty wagged his tail in token of satisfaction,
+and immediately relinquished the bridle to his master.
+
+A short time ago a large cur, belonging to a gentleman at Richmond, in
+Yorkshire, accidentally fell into a well, and for the moment he gave
+him up as lost. But as a sort of desperate effort to save the dog, he
+directed a boy to let down a rope he had into the well, in the hope
+that possibly it might catch around his leg or neck. No sooner,
+however, did the rope come within reach, than the dog seized it with
+his teeth, and the parties above finding it had secured him, began to
+draw up; when, about half-way up, he lost his hold and fell back.
+Again the rope was let down, and again the dog seized it, and he was
+drawn nearly to the mouth of the well; when his bite gave way, and the
+third time he fell into the water. Once more the rope was let down,
+and this time the dog took so thorough a hold, that he was brought
+triumphantly up; and when set down in safety, shook the water from his
+hair, and wagged his tail, apparently as proud of the exploit as the
+other parties were gratified with it.
+
+
+
+
+THE LURCHER.
+
+
+This variety is smaller than the greyhound, with its limbs stronger
+and shorter, the head less acute, with short, erect, and half-pricked
+ears: the whole body and tail are covered with rough coarse hair; it
+is grizzly about the muzzle, of a pale sand-colour, or iron-grey, and
+of sullen aspect.
+
+The lurcher is supposed to have been originally a cross between the
+greyhound and the shepherd's dog, re-crossed with the terrier; hence
+the quickness of his scent, his speed, and intelligence. The habits of
+this dog lead him to concealment and cunning, and he is seldom found
+in the possession of honourable sportsmen. He is often employed by
+poachers in killing hares and rabbits in the obscurity of night; and
+when taken to the warren, he lies squat, or steals out with the utmost
+precaution, and on seeing or scenting the rabbits, darts upon them
+with exceeding quickness or runs them down at a stretch, without
+barking or making the least noise. He is trained to bring the booty to
+his master, who often waits at some distance to receive it. One of
+these dogs will kill a great many rabbits in the course of a night.
+Col. Hamilton Smyth says, "The lurcher occasionally makes great havoc
+among sheep and deer, and acquires the wild scent of game. Sometimes
+these dogs become feral, when their owners happen to be captured and
+imprisoned. They have been regularly hunted with hounds, but seldom
+destroyed, because when the chase came up with them, the pack seemed
+to be surprised at finding that it was only a dog they had followed.
+At other times, however, when a lurcher had snapped up, or attacked
+the game the pack was hunting, the dogs on coming up have torn him to
+pieces, as if he had been a wild beast."
+
+Bewick says that in his time this breed was so destructive that it was
+proscribed, and is now almost extinct. "I have seen a dog and bitch of
+this kind," he observes, "in the possession of a man who had formerly
+used them for the purpose above described. He declared, that by their
+means he could procure in an evening as many rabbits as he could carry
+home."
+
+"In the year 1809," says Capt. Brown, "I resided for some time on Holy
+Island, coast of Northumberland, and had occasion one day to be in
+Berwick at an early hour. I left the island on horseback at low-water,
+by moonlight. When I reached Goswick-warren, I came upon two men
+sitting by the side of a turf-dyke. I spoke to them; and while I was
+in the act of doing so, a dog of this breed approached with a rabbit
+in his mouth, which he laid down and scampered off. Being convinced
+they were engaged in rabbit-stealing, I entered into conversation
+respecting the qualities of their dogs, which I was anxious to learn;
+and upon my declaring that I was a stranger, and that I would not
+divulge their delinquency, they readily gave me a detail of them.
+They had scarcely commenced when another dog made his appearance with
+a rabbit, and laid it down, but did not, like his companion, make off
+when he had done so. One of the men said to him, 'Go off, sir,' when
+he immediately left them; and he told me he was a young dog, little
+more than a year old. They informed me, that such was the keenness of
+the older dog, and another which had shortly before died, for hunting
+rabbits and hares, that they would frequently go out of their own
+accord, when it was inconvenient for their owners to attend them, and
+that they invariably fetched in a hare or rabbit. Indeed, their ardour
+was such, that they would sometimes go to a rabbit-warren, at a
+distance of eight miles from their dwelling, in pursuit of game; in
+consequence of which it became necessary for their masters to chain
+them every night when they did not accompany them in this pursuit. The
+dogs never attempted to leave home during the day, for which reason
+they were allowed to go at full liberty. When the men intended on an
+evening to hunt rabbits, they threw down the sacks in which they
+carried their booty in a corner of their house, when the dogs lay down
+beside them, and would not stir till their masters took them up. These
+dogs scarcely ever barked, except on the way either to or from this
+plunder; on which occasions they always preceded their owners about
+fifty yards. If they met any person coming, they invariably made a
+noise, but never were known to bite any one. I asked them if this was
+an instinctive property, and they informed me they were trained to it.
+As they found it necessary in various places to leave the highway to
+avoid villages, their dogs never failed to quit the road at the very
+places where they usually deviated, although at that distance before
+them. Sometimes one of the dogs would return back to the party while
+on the road, and wag his tail, but they seldom or never did so
+together; and if he showed a desire to remain by his master, the
+latter had only to say, 'Go on, sir,' when he set off at full speed to
+his post as one of the advanced guard. During the time I was
+conversing with them these dogs brought in seven rabbits."
+
+The following curious relation, in which a lurcher signalised himself
+characteristically but fatally, we had from a sporting clergyman of
+one of the midland counties. A gentleman kept a pack of
+five-and-twenty couple of good hounds, among which were some of the
+highest-bred modern foxhounds, and some as near to the old bloodhound
+as could be procured. They were high-fed and underworked; of course,
+somewhat riotous. One day, after a sharp run of considerable length,
+in which the whole field, huntsman, whipper-in, and all, were suddenly
+thrown out, Reynard, in running up a hedgerow, was espied by a
+lurcher, accompanying the farmer his master. The dog instantly ran at
+the chase; and being fresh, chopped upon it as he would have done upon
+a rabbit or hare. The fox turned and fought bravely; and whilst the
+farmer was contemplating with astonishment this singular combat, he
+was destined to behold a spectacle still more remarkable. The hounds
+arrived in full cry, and with indiscriminate fury tore both the
+combatants to pieces; the whipper-in, and the proprietor of the pack,
+and two or three gentlemen the best mounted, arriving in time to whip
+the dogs off, obtain the brush, and pick up some scattered remnants of
+the limbs and carcase of the poor lurcher.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAN DOG.
+
+
+This variety, which seems almost extinct, is lighter, smaller, and
+more active than the mastiff, from which he is descended by a cross
+with the foxhound. He is not nearly so powerful a dog as the former,
+but is more fierce in his natural disposition; and from his descent
+possesses a finer sense of smelling. His hair is rougher, generally of
+a yellowish or sandy grey, streaked with shades of black, or brown,
+and semi-curled over his whole body, excepting his legs, which are
+smooth. Although he generally attacks his adversary in front, like the
+mastiff and bull-dog, it is not his invariable practice, for, he is
+sometimes seen to seize cattle by the flank. His bite, says Bewick, is
+keen and dangerous.
+
+Two near neighbours in the county of Suffolk, a tanner and a farmer,
+entertained great friendship for each other, and kept up a close
+intimacy by frequent visits. The tanner had a large ban-dog for
+watching his yard, which, from some unknown cause, had conceived such
+an inveterate hatred to the farmer, that he could not go with safety
+to call on his friend when the dog was loose, and on this account the
+tanner loaded him with a heavy clog, that he might not be able to fly
+at him.
+
+As the farmer and one of his ploughmen were going about the grounds
+together one day, the latter espied at a distance something on a
+stile. As they drew near, they perceived it was the tanner's dog,
+which, in attempting to leap the wall, had left the clog on the other
+side, and was thereby almost strangled. The ploughman, knowing the
+enmity which the dog had to his master, proposed to despatch him by
+knocking him on the head; but the latter was unwilling to kill a
+creature which he knew was useful to his friend. Instead of doing so,
+he disengaged the poor beast, laid him down on the grass, watched till
+he saw him recover so completely as to be able to get up on his legs,
+and then pursued his walk. When the farmer returned to the stile, he
+saw the dog standing by it, quite recovered, and expected an attack;
+but, to his great astonishment, the creature fawned upon him, and
+expressed his gratitude in the most lively manner; and from that time
+to the day of his death he attached himself to his benefactor, and
+never could be prevailed upon to go back to his former master.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FEEDING HOUNDS.]
+
+ON THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGS.
+
+_Gathered from various authorities by H. G. Bohn._
+
+
+A few words may not be out of place here on the feeding and management
+of dogs. For all else which concerns Canine Science the reader cannot
+do better than consult, among modern works, "Youatt on the Dog,"
+"Blaine's Canine Pathology," the article "Dog" in the Encyclopædia
+Britannica or Penny Cyclopædia, "Hutchinson on Dog-Breaking,"
+"Radcliffe on Fox-Hunting," "Mayhew on the Dog," or, "Colonel Hamilton
+Smith on Dogs," forming two of the vols. of Jardine's Naturalists'
+Library.
+
+The natural food of the dog is flesh, and it is found that those in a
+wild state prefer it to every other kind of nutriment, but as raw meat
+engenders ferocity, it should not be given too freely, especially to
+house-dogs and such as are not actively exercised. The dog can subsist
+on many kinds of food, and it is a curious fact, that when fed
+entirely on flesh he will sometimes get lean; because, as has been
+well observed, it is not on what animals eat that they thrive, but on
+what they digest. The diet of sporting dogs in full work should, it is
+said by some, consist of at least two-thirds of flesh, with a
+judicious mixture of farinaceous vegetables; but there is great
+diversity of opinion on this subject, and in France they are fed
+almost exclusively on soaked bread. Dogs, it is generally said, should
+have free access to fresh water, and the pans be cleaned out daily;
+but some feeders, we are told, and it seems strange, limit the supply
+of water, and substitute moistened food. A piece of rock brimstone
+kept in the pan will be found useful.
+
+Although the dog is naturally a voracious animal, he can endure hunger
+for a very great length of time, and be brought by habit to subsist on
+a very scanty meal. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences it is
+stated, that a bitch which was forgotten in a country-house, where she
+had access to no other nourishment, lived forty days on the wool of an
+old mattress which she had torn to pieces and digested.
+
+An extraordinary instance of a similar kind occurred with a terrier
+bitch, named Gipsy. One day, when following her master through a
+grass-park near Gilmerton, it happened that she started a hare. During
+the pursuit her master suddenly lost sight of her, and in a few days
+she was considered either killed or lost. Six weeks afterwards a
+person happening to look down an old coal-pit, was surprised to hear a
+dog howling. He lost no time in returning to the village, and having
+procured a hand-basket, let it down by a rope into the shaft; the dog
+immediately leapt into it, and on being brought to the surface, proved
+to be Gipsy, worn to perfect skin and bone. How she had existed in
+this subterranean abode, and what she had found to support her there,
+it is impossible to tell.
+
+Stag-hounds, fox-hounds, harriers, and beagles, are generally fed on
+oatmeal,--some add well-boiled flesh to it once in two days,--and the
+older the meal is the better. Store sufficient for twelve or eighteen
+months' consumption ought, therefore, always to be kept by those who
+have a pack; and before used should be well dried, and broken into
+grits, but not too fine. It is best kept in bins in a granary, well
+trodden down. Some persons are in the habit of using barleymeal
+unprepared, but this is thought by many to be less nutritious. Others
+are of opinion that oatmeal and barleymeal in equal proportions form a
+preferable food. In either case the meal should be made into porridge,
+with the addition of a little milk, and occasionally the kitchen
+offal, such as remnants of butchers' meat, broth, and soups, the
+raspings and refuse of bakers' shops, or hard, coarse, sea-biscuit
+(sold as dog-biscuit), well soaked and boiled with bullocks' liver or
+horseflesh.
+
+Well-boiled greens--or mangel-wurzel boiled to a jelly--are an
+excellent addition to the food of all dogs, and may be given twice
+a-week; but they ought to be discontinued during the shooting-season
+with pointers, setters, cockers, and greyhounds; and also during the
+hunting season with foxhounds, harriers, and beagles, as they are apt
+to render the bowels too open for hard work.
+
+Flesh for dogs should be first thoroughly boiled and then taken out
+before the oatmeal is added to the broth, and left to cool. Indeed,
+some feeders think that the food of a dog should always be perfectly
+cold. At any rate, care must be taken not to serve it out "too hot,"
+although, in general, dogs are sagacious enough not to scald
+themselves, as we see in Landseer's exquisite little picture on the
+opposite page.
+
+Dogs which are hard worked are by some said to be the better for
+having two meals a-day--a very light one of mixed food in the morning
+before going out, and a full meal, principally of flesh, on their
+return in the evening; but, as a general rule, one good meal a day,
+towards the evening, is sufficient, and they may be left to pick up
+what they can: indeed the dealers never give more than one meal a-day.
+Bones to pick may be allowed them occasionally, but hard bones in
+excess are likely to wear and damage the teeth. Nothing is better than
+paunch, tripe, or good wholesome horse or cow-flesh, boiled, and the
+liquor mixed well with oatmeal porridge; the quantity of each about
+equal. If horse or cow-flesh is not to be had, graves, in moderate
+quantity and well scalded, are a tolerable, though not very desirable,
+substitute. They are generally broken small, mixed with about one-half
+the quantity of oatmeal, then thoroughly soaked in boiling water, and
+well stirred; or, a better way still is to boil them together like
+porridge.
+
+Dogs, like men, require a change of food, and it has been strongly
+asserted that barleymeal and oatmeal, without change, predisposes to
+cutaneous disease, and even produces it; therefore, a judicious
+feeder, like a good cook, will contrive to vary his bill of fare.
+Porridge and milk, dog-biscuit, farinaceous food, the scraps of the
+kitchen, the offal of bullocks or sheep, which should be well boiled,
+make an excellent variety;--but we would by no means recommend too
+frequent a repetition of the latter food. Potatoes are also good, and
+although not so nutritious, or easy of digestion, as oatmeal, are less
+heating.
+
+Care should be taken never to present more to a dog than he will eat
+with a good appetite; and when oatmeal and barleymeal are given mixed,
+the former should first be boiled for twenty minutes, and then the
+latter added, and boiled only for about eight or ten minutes. This
+meal should, however, never be given in the hunting season, as it is
+too heating, and occasions the dogs to be perpetually drinking. Their
+food ought, as a general rule, to be given to them pretty thick, as
+thin porridge does not stay the stomach so well. The feeding-troughs
+for hounds should be sufficiently wide at the bottom and carefully
+cleaned out and scalded with hot water every second day.
+
+During the hunting season hounds should have sulphur mixed up with
+their mess once a-week, in the proportion of 3 drachms to each. At the
+end of the season the same quantity of sulphur should be given, with
+the addition of 1½ drachms of antimony. After a hard day's work a meal
+of horse-flesh may be given them, as fresh-killed as possible, or
+bullocks' paunches or sheeps' trotters, all of which should be well
+boiled.
+
+_Greyhounds_ should be fed principally on animal food, such as sheeps'
+trotters or neats' feet, boiled or stewed down and mixed with bread,
+and given moderately in the morning and afternoon, (the dog never
+being allowed on any occasion to eat a great quantity at once,) or on
+other hand meat, as it will enlarge and strengthen the muscular fibre
+without increasing the cellular tissue and adipose substance, which
+has an invariable tendency to affect their breathing. The butchers'
+meat should be of the best quality, and not over-fat, as greasy
+substances of all kinds are apt to render the body gross and the skin
+diseased. After they have been coursed they should be well brushed, a
+little oil being used in the operation.
+
+The kennels of greyhounds should be kept comfortably warm and dry, be
+frequently replenished with dry and clean straw, and properly
+ventilated. Indeed, nothing is more essential to the health and
+efficiency of all dogs than pure air and cleanliness. Their beds
+should, if possible, be placed on a wooden bench, or at least on some
+dry position. On attention to cleanliness depends, in some degree, the
+dog's exquisite sense of smelling; for, if accustomed to strong or
+disagreeable effluvia, he will be but ill-adapted to trace the fall of
+a deer, or scent of a fox. Indeed, even animal food too freely given
+is said to have a prejudicial effect upon the nose of a sporting dog.
+
+A dog employed in watching premises should not be needlessly exposed
+to the damp or cutting night winds; but placed in as dry and sheltered
+a situation as possible. If kept in the dwelling-house he should have
+a place appropriated to his night's rest; this may be an open box, or
+a basket, with a piece of carpet or blanket, or clean straw at the
+bottom: if either of the former it should be often beaten, to free it
+from fleas or nits, which soon infest it, and frequently washed and
+dried.
+
+Damp is exceedingly injurious to dogs, and is very likely to produce
+diseased lungs, rheumatism, and lameness in the shoulder and limbs.
+
+To the preceding instructions, for which the compiler is chiefly
+indebted to the works of Capt. Thomas Brown, Youatt, and Blaine, and
+to the practical information obtained from Mr. Herring of the New
+Road, and Mr. William George, an extensive dog-fancier at Kensall New
+Town, may be appropriately subjoined a lively chapter from the recent
+work of Mr. Francis Butler, a leading American authority on the
+subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It is more important to understand the management of a dog, than to
+be possessed of a thousand nominal remedies for the cure of his
+various ailments; inasmuch as the antidote is at all times preferable
+to the cure.
+
+"I shall first throw out a few hints on the Management of Pets. Whilst
+many are sacrificed for lack of necessary attendance, there are
+thousands who perish prematurely from overdoses of kindness. Delicate
+breeds of dogs certainly require great care and attention in rearing;
+but overstrained tenderness is often more dangerous than culpable
+neglect. The dear little creature that is allowed to lay under the
+stove, is stuffed with delicacies two or three times a-day, and is
+never allowed to breathe the fresh air, except under a cloudless sky,
+is more subject to colds, fits, rheumatism, sore eyes and ears, worms,
+&c., than the worthless mongrel which was raised on the street,
+neglected and despised. The tenderly-nursed pet is affected by every
+change of atmosphere, and subjected to a variety of diseases unknown
+to the dog that has been hardened from his birth. I ask you, then,
+neither to stuff nor starve; neither to chill nor burn.
+
+"A house-pet should always have a sleeping-place allotted to him, warm
+and comfortable, not near the fire, nor in the damp. Anything round is
+best for an animal to lay in; such as a tastefully ornamented box. In
+cold weather it should not be larger than to contain him comfortably.
+It is best for the following reasons: he may keep himself perfectly
+warm, and his bed may be made exactly to fit him; it also takes up
+less available space than any other shape. He should never be fed to
+the full; neither excited to eat when he appears disinclined. Lack of
+appetite, so common to pampered favourites, is generally the result of
+an overloaded stomach and disordered digestion. This is easily cured
+by medicine, but more safely and simply without it. Fast him for
+twenty-four hours; after which, keep him on half his ordinary
+allowance. If this agrees with him, and he keeps in fair condition,
+continue the regimen.
+
+"Nursing in the lap is injurious; not in itself, but the animal is
+thereby subjected to constant chills, in emerging from a snoozy
+warmth to a cold carpet or chilly bed. A dog accustomed to the lap is
+always shivering after it, and renders himself quite troublesome by
+his importunate addresses. A moderate share of nursing is well enough,
+but should be indulged in only as an occasional treat. Great care
+should be taken in the washing of delicate dogs. When this operation
+is performed, they should be rubbed perfectly dry; after which they
+should be covered, and remain so till the shivering has completely
+subsided.[T] The water should be only blood-warm; it is far better
+than hot, and not so likely to give the animal cold. Injudicious
+washing and bad drying are productive of running sore eyes, more
+especially visible in white poodles, where the hair is long and
+woolly, retaining the moisture.
+
+"Once a fortnight is often enough to wash any dog but a white one.
+Washing has very little effect in the destruction of vermin. Fleas can
+live some time under water; which I have often thought only makes them
+bite the harder and stick the closer, when reanimated from their
+temporary torpidity. If 'Butler's Mange Liniment and Flea
+Exterminator' cannot be obtained, the animal may be well sodden with
+soft soap and washed about ten minutes after. This cannot be done with
+safety, except in warm weather. In cold weather, the comb may be used
+immediately after the application of the soap, as the fleas will then
+be too stupid to effect their escape. 'Butler's Liniment' destroys all
+vermin instantaneously, without risk of injuring the animal; and the
+quadruped may be rinsed one minute after. No flea will remain alive;
+the skin will be thoroughly cleansed, and the coat beautified. Dogs
+should never be allowed to suffer the torment imposed on them by these
+detestable vermin. If the owners could only realise the importance of
+ridding them of these ever-noisome pests, there would be far less of
+snappishness, mange, fits, &c. I have seen animals literally worried
+to death by fleas, perfectly exhausted from incessant irritation, at
+last worn to a skeleton, and gradually extinguished by a creeping
+consumption. Besides, who (for his own personal comfort), would not
+rid his immediate vicinity of a worthless mob of blood-suckers
+awaiting the first favourable opportunity of regaling themselves on
+human blood? If your dog lie on straw, burn it once a week, as fleas
+harbour and propagate in the tubes of the straw. If the bed be carpet,
+or anything similar, let it be often cleansed or changed. Vermin
+revel in filth, and their extirpation depends mainly on cleanliness.
+
+"By attending to the general health of a dog, much disease may be
+avoided; indeed, this is far more essential than prescriptions for a
+cure. It is very easy to carry off a slight indisposition by gentle
+purgatives and a reformed diet: whilst confirmed disease is often
+difficult to combat, as few of the canine race can have the advantages
+which are ofttimes essential to their restoration. The eyes, the nose,
+the gums, the hair, the breath, should be carefully noted. The eyes
+may be red or pale, sunken or protruded; the nose may be hot, or dry,
+or matted with dirt; the gums may be pale, &c. It will require but
+little experience to discover a disorganisation, which may be easily
+detected by him who has noticed the healthful appearance of the
+different parts and their variation under indisposition.
+
+"If you are in the habit of keeping your dog on the chain, let him at
+least run a few minutes every day. If he be kept indoors, he should
+also be allowed a little daily exercise outside. Change of air[U] and
+diet will sometimes renovate when all remedies fail: a change from
+city to country, from greasy meat to fresh milk, from a confined yard
+to the green fields, will generally recruit him without the aid of
+medicine. Nature (to whom physicians are so deeply indebted for so
+many wonderful restorations), often effects a cure unaided, which
+might have defied the efforts of Apothecaries' Hall.
+
+"In summer, particularly, be careful to provide a supply of fresh
+water and a cool shelter from the sun. Never take your dog out during
+the intense heat of the day; this is very apt to produce fits, often
+resulting in sudden death. Early in the morning is preferable for
+summer exercise.
+
+"The kennel should be located in a shady spot during the summer; in
+winter it should be sheltered from the wind, and so placed as to
+enable the dog to enjoy the sunshine at will. Above all things, never
+chain a dog where he cannot screen himself from the sun's rays. He
+must have the option of sunshine or shade. He should not be allowed to
+drink water that has been standing in the sun, or is otherwise
+damaged. If you should chance to forget to feed him for forty-eight
+hours, he would not run as much risk of injury, as during three hours
+of thirst in hot weather. There should be a piece of joist under each
+end of the dog-house, to keep it off the ground, in order to avoid
+dampness. In summer an excavation, two or three feet in depth, should
+be made under it, and left open at both ends, that the animal may have
+a cool retreat during the heat. Those who do not object to a trifling
+expense, may have the house posted on a large paving-stone, with an
+excavation under it, as before recommended. All burrowing animals seek
+the earth in hot weather. Everything on the surface is heated; their
+own instinct dictates the most reasonable method of sheltering
+themselves from the heat, at the same time absorbing the cool
+exhalations from the ground. In southern climates, especially, this
+method is all important. In this manner I have kept dogs from the
+polar regions, in comparative comfort, whilst many native-born and
+neglected have been scalded into fits, paralysis, rabies, or
+hydrophobia.
+
+"In the hot season, with young dogs, raw meat should be avoided,
+except it be quite fresh, and then they should not be over-fed,
+especially if debarred of abundant exercise, and excluded from their
+own natural medicine, grass. A dog will often thrive better on raw
+meat than on any other food, and will grow larger; but he should be
+fed with discretion, and his health attended to, should his diet
+visibly disagree with him.[V] He will grow fatter and be more healthy
+on moderate meals than if overgorged. The better plan is to ascertain
+his average consumption, and then allow him a little less. Keep his
+digestion in good order, and disease will rarely trouble him. His coat
+and ribs will generally indicate whether he be sufficiently cared for,
+whether he be sick or sound in his digestive organs; feed him always
+in the same place, and at the same hour: once a day is sufficient, if
+he be over six months old. By being fed only once a day he is less
+choice, and will consume what he might refuse, if his appetite were
+dulled by a previous meal.
+
+"Should you require your dog to be watchful at night, feed him in the
+morning; if you would have him quiet at night, feed him late, and
+don't leave him bones to gnaw. Dogs are pretty quiet, during the
+digestive process, when left to themselves, and should not have much
+exercise after a heavy meal. They should only be lightly fed before
+training-lessons, or on sporting days; on the latter occasions a
+little refreshment may be administered as occasion may require. Those
+kept in-doors should be allowed to run a little after meals, when they
+generally require an evacuation.
+
+"If a dog be regularly exercised he will seldom even soil around his
+kennel, and a healthy house pet is rarely troublesome, except after
+eating. If a dog be uncleanly in the house, he should decidedly be
+broken of it, although it would be useless to correct him unless he
+has a fair opportunity of avoiding it. He should be invariably taken
+to the spot, be sufficiently twigged there, and unceremoniously
+scolded into the yard. The punishment will be far more justly
+administered if the animal be let out at regular intervals; this being
+done he will not attempt to infringe the law, except in cases of dire
+necessity.
+
+"I am satisfied as a general rule, that a well-amalgamated mixture of
+animal and vegetable is the most healthful diet for dogs of all ages,
+breeds, and conditions. Dogs living in the house should on no account
+be fed on raw meat, as it gives them a very offensive smell, and is in
+other respects very unsuitable."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Daniel's "Rural Sports."
+
+[B] Daniel's "Rural Sports."
+
+[C] Thornton's "Instincts."
+
+[D] "Sportsman's Cabinet."
+
+[E] Ballet, in his "Dissertations sur la Mythologie Française," shows
+that this popular story of the dog of Montargis is much older than the
+time of Charles V.; and that Albericus, an old monkish chronicler,
+records it as happening in the reign of Charlemagne, anno 780.
+
+[F] See the entire poem in Tomkins' "Beauties of English Poetry."
+18mo. 1847.
+
+[G] "I fear this is a sad geological anachronism; however, I cannot
+but hope that the Irish wolf-dog will yet be found in some cavern,
+associated with the prototypes of Ireland's earliest heroes who
+peopled the land soon after it emerged from the deep,
+
+                'Great, glorious, and free,
+    First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea.'"
+
+[H] O'Keefe, "Wicklow Gold Mines."
+
+[I] A similar instance of canine intelligence will be found in p. 51
+of the present volume.
+
+[J] "The Sportsman's Cabinet."
+
+[K] Tenbeia portus est Cambriæ meridionalis, ubi Belgarum colonis a
+rege, ut fertur, Henrico primo locata est. Horum posteri a
+circumjacente Celticæ originis populo lingua etiam nunc omnino
+discrepant.
+
+[L] Infinitivo, quem vocant, hoc in ier desinente solus credo, inter,
+melioris notæ, quos habemus, elegorum scriptores usus est Catullus:
+sed qualis ille Poeta! sed quantus in omni genere Latini carminis et
+artifex elegantiæ et magister!
+
+[M] His master's pocket-book, with which Tippo, the only living
+creature saved from the wreck, came ashore.
+
+[N] See Bewick's "Quadrupeds," p. 306, 1st ed.
+
+[O] A celebrated portrait painter, and Secretary to the Scottish
+Academy of Painting. This gentleman also excelled in the portraits of
+animals.
+
+[P] "Sometimes the members or domestics of the convent have been
+sufferers in their efforts to save others. On the 17th of December,
+1825, three domestics of the convent with two dogs descended to the
+vacherie, on the Piedmontese side of the mountain, and were returning
+with a traveller, when an avalanche overwhelmed them. All perished
+except one of the dogs, which escaped by its prodigious strength,
+after having been thrown over and over. Of the poor victims, none were
+found until the snow of the avalanche had melted in the returning
+summer, when the first was discovered on the 4th of June, and the last
+on the 7th of July."
+
+[Q] Mrs. Grosvenor, now of Richmond, Surrey.
+
+[R] For other instances of speaking dogs see _ante_, p. 49.
+
+[S] In p. 147 a similar anecdote has been recorded of a Newfoundland
+dog and a spaniel; and in p. 221 an instance is given of the revenge
+taken by a Colley on a tailor's dog.
+
+[T] Or if the weather be fine and warm they may run out and dry
+themselves.--Ed.
+
+[U] Sea-air, however, especially during long sea-voyages, perhaps in
+connexion with salt meat, has been known to produce the distemper in
+dogs.--Ed.
+
+[V] House-dogs fed on raw meat, bones, and liver, soon become
+offensive neighbours; the more so in proportion to their want of
+outdoor exercise.--Ed.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+                                      PAGE
+
+    BAN DOG                            479
+    BEAGLE                             438
+    BLOODHOUND                         250
+    BULL DOG                           454
+    BULL-DOG TERRIER                    16
+
+    COACH DOG                          459
+    COLLEY (SCOTCH)                    185
+    CUR DOG                            466
+
+    DALMATIAN                          459
+    DANISH DOG                         463
+    DEER-HOUND                         119
+
+    ESQUIMAUX DOG                      353
+
+    FOXHOUND                           421
+
+    GREYHOUND                          367
+    GREYHOUND (PERSIAN)                380
+
+    LURCHER                            475
+
+    MASTIFF                            440
+    MÂTIN (FRENCH)                     465
+
+    NEWFOUNDLAND DOG               67, 133
+
+    OTTER TERRIER                      361
+
+    POINTER                            383
+    POODLE                             331
+    PUG DOG                            412
+
+    ST. BERNARD DOG                    240
+    SETTER                             400
+    SHEPHERD'S DOG                     185
+    SPANIEL                        77, 300
+    STAG-HOUND                         116
+
+    TERRIER                        20, 264
+    TURNSPIT                           418
+
+    WATER SPANIEL                      300
+    WOLF DOG (IRISH AND HIGHLAND)  85, 107
+
+
+London:--Printed by G. BARCLAY, Castle St. Leicester Sq.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Anecdotes of Dogs
+
+Author: Edward Jesse
+
+Release Date: September 1, 2008 [EBook #26500]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANECDOTES OF DOGS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h1>ANECDOTES</h1>
+<h4>OF</h4>
+<h1>DOGS.</h1>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h2><span class="person">EDWARD JESSE, Esq.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="facing_quote">&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />
+"Histories are more full of examples of the fidelity of dogs than of friends."&mdash;<span class="person">Pope.</span>
+<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<h3>With numerous Engravings.<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<h3>LONDON:<br />
+HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.<br />
+MDCCCLVIII.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<h5>LONDON:<br />
+Printed by <span class="person">G. Barclay</span>, Castle St. Leicester Sq.</h5>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The character, sensibilities, and intellectual faculties of animals
+have always been a favourite study, and they are, perhaps, more
+strongly developed in the dog than in any other quadruped, from the
+circumstance of his being the constant companion of man. I am aware
+how much has been written on this subject, but having accumulated many
+original and interesting anecdotes of this faithful animal, I have
+attempted to enlarge the general stock of information respecting it.
+It is a pleasing task, arising from the conviction that the more the
+character of the dog is known, the better his treatment is likely to
+be, and the stronger the sympathy excited in his behalf.</p>
+
+<p>Let me hope, that the examples which are given in the following pages
+will help to produce this effect, and that a friend so faithful, a
+protector so disinterested and courageous, will meet with that
+kindness and affection he so well deserves.</p>
+
+<p>It is now my grateful duty to express my thanks to those friends who
+have so kindly contributed original anecdotes to this work, and
+especially to Lady Morgan and Mrs. S. Carter Hall for their remarks on
+the Irish wolf-dog.</p>
+
+<p>I have also to acknowledge my obligations for various anecdotes
+illustrative of the character of peculiar dogs, extracted from Colonel
+Hamilton Smith's volumes in the Naturalist's Library and Captain
+Brown's interesting sketches; as well to the Editor of the "Irish
+Penny Magazine" for his extremely well-written account of the Irish
+wolf-dog; and to other sources too numerous to mention.</p>
+
+<p>The present new edition is considerably enlarged, both in matter and
+plates, and, to suit the taste of the age is presented in a cheap and
+popular form.</p>
+
+<p>My Publisher has, as usual, lent his aid, and is responsible for some
+of the additional anecdotes, for the account of the <em>Setter</em>, and for
+all after <a href="#Page_458">page 458</a>, including the chapter "<a href="#ON_THE_FEEDING_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DOGS">On Feeding and Management</a>."</p>
+
+<p class="signed">Edward Jesse.</p>
+
+<p><em>East Sheen, Sept. 1858.</em></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2><a name="ENGRAVINGS_ON_WOOD" id="ENGRAVINGS_ON_WOOD"></a>ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.</h2>
+
+<table summary="Engravings On Wood">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+  <th>&nbsp;</th>
+  <th>Title.</th>
+  <th>Painter.</th>
+  <th>Engraver.</th>
+  <th class="table_right">Page</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Spaniel &amp; Newfoundland Dogs</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_SPANIEL_AND_NEWFOUNDLAND_DOGS">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Retriever</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_RETRIEVER">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">3.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_INTRO">83</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">4.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Deer-hounds</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_DEER_HOUNDS">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">5.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_IRISH">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">6.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Newfoundland Dog</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_NEWFOUNDLAND">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">7.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_NEWFOUNDLAND">184</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">8.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Colley, or Shepherd's Dog</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Stewart</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Pearson</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_COLLEY">185</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">9.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_COLLEY">239</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">10.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">St. Bernard Dog</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_ST_BERNARD">240</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">11.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Chasseur &amp; Cuba Bloodhounds</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Freeman</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Whiting</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_CHASSEUR_AND_CUBA_BLOODHOUNDS">250</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">12.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_BLOODHOUND">263</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">13.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Terrier</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TERRIER">264</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">14.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_TERRIER">299</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">15.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Blenheim Spaniel</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Pearson</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_SPANIEL">300</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">16.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_SPANIEL">330</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">17.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Poodle</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Carpendale</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Pearson</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_FRENCH_POODLE">331</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">18.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_POODLE">352</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">19.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Vignette</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_HEAD_ESQUIMAUX">353</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">20.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Otter Hunting</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_OTTER_HUNT">361</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">21.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Vizitelly</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_OTTER">366</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">22.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Greyhounds</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Vizitelly</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_GREYHOUNDS">367</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">23.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">C. D. Radcliffe</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">E. Landells</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_GREYHOUND">382</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">24.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Pointer</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_POINTER">383</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">25.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. P. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_POINTER">399</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">26.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Setter</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Branston</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_SETTER">400</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">27.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Bewick</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Bewick</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_SETTER">411</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">28.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Comforter</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. R. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Pearson</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_THE_COMFORTER_OR_LAP-DOG_PUG">412</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">29.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">A Pugnacious Pair</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Cruickshank</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Cruickshank</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_PUGNACIOUS">417</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">30.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Foxhound</td>
+  <td><span class="person">C. D. Radcliffe</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">E. Landells</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_FOXHOUND">421</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">31.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Hounds in a Bath</td>
+  <td><span class="person">C. D. Radcliffe</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">E. Landells</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_HOUNDS_BATH">437</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">32.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Beagle</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. R. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_BEAGLE">438</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">33.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">C. D. Radcliffe</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">E. Landells</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_BEAGLE">439</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">34.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Mastiff</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Whimper</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_MASTIFF">440</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">35.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. R. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_MASTIFF">453</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">36.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">The Bull-dog</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. Harvey</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Vizitelly</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_BULLDOG">454</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">37.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. R. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_BULLDOG">458</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">38.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">Seymour</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">Pearson</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_BANDOG">481</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">39.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Feeding Hounds</td>
+  <td><span class="person">C. D. Radcliffe</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">E. Landells</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_FEEDING_HOUNDS">482</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">40.</td>
+  <td class="table_left">Tail-piece</td>
+  <td><span class="person">W. R. Smith</span></td>
+  <td><span class="person">T. Gilks</span></td>
+  <td class="table_right"><a href="#Illustration_TAIL_FEEDHOUNDS">490</a></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="topic">Introduction</span>&mdash;Value, propensities, and origin of the dog, <a href="#Page_1">1</a> <em>et
+passim</em>&mdash;the wolf partially domesticated, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>&mdash;wild dogs of Ceylon,
+<a href="#Page_15">15</a>&mdash;Sir Walter Scott's bull-dog terrier Camp, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>&mdash;the dog and the
+pieman, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>&mdash;death of a dog from affection for its deceased
+mistress, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>&mdash;frozen fowls rescued by a house-dog, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>&mdash;Sir R.
+Brownrigg's dog, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>&mdash;the author's terrier Phiz, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>&mdash;a dog fond of
+travelling by himself, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>&mdash;runaway horse caught by a dog, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>&mdash;lost
+money guarded by, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>&mdash;dogs can reckon time, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>&mdash;death of a dog
+from joy at the return of his master, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>&mdash;faithfulness of a dog to
+its charge, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>&mdash;the dog's character influenced by that of its
+master, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>&mdash;sense of smelling, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>&mdash;duel about a dog, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>&mdash;murder
+prevented by, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>&mdash;a faithful dog killed by mistake, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>&mdash;sporting
+anecdotes of Smoaker, Bachelor, Blunder, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>&mdash;intelligence of
+the dog, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>&mdash;tact in cat-hunting, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>&mdash;find their way home from
+long distances, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>&mdash;bantam rescued from a game cock,
+<a href="#Page_46">46</a>&mdash;perception of right and wrong, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>&mdash;turkey punished for
+gluttony, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>&mdash;speaking dogs, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-9&mdash;a singing dog, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>&mdash;creatures of
+habit, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>&mdash;Caniche and the breeches, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>&mdash;distinguishes his
+master's customers, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>&mdash;a robber killed by a dog, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>&mdash;Dr. Hooper's
+dog, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>&mdash;the fireman's dog, Tyke, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>&mdash;the fireman's dog, Bill,
+<a href="#Page_60">60</a>&mdash;dog used as a servant, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>&mdash;Mr. Backhouse's dog, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>&mdash;the
+post-dog's revenge, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>&mdash;dog returns from Bangalore to Pondicherry,
+<a href="#Page_63">63</a>&mdash;Mr. Decouick's dog, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>&mdash;a dog saves human life, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>&mdash;guards a
+chair dropped from a waggon, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>&mdash;rescues his master from an
+avalanche, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>&mdash;spaniel tracks his master to Drury Lane, and
+discovers him in the pit, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>&mdash;large dog rescues a small one from
+drowning, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>&mdash;a canine messenger, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>&mdash;contrivance of a
+Newfoundland to get a bun, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>&mdash;dog lost for nine weeks in the dome
+of St. Paul's, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>&mdash;support themselves in a wild state,
+<a href="#Page_69">69</a>&mdash;laughable account of the transmigration of souls in connexion
+with dogs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>&mdash;sheep-dogs in the Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>&mdash;Mrs. S. C. Hall's
+dog, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>&mdash;musical spaniel of Darmstadt, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>&mdash;Lord Grenville's lines
+on the dog, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>History of the Irish wolf-dog, <a href="#Page_86">86</a> <em>et seq. passim</em>&mdash;supposed
+recognition of a wolf-dog of the Irish blood royal, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>&mdash;lines on
+the Irish wolf-dog, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>&mdash;anecdotes from Plutarch, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>&mdash;the dog of
+Montargis, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>&mdash;the dog of Aughrim, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>&mdash;wolf-hunting in Tyrone,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>&mdash;sheep-killing wolf-dog, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>&mdash;Buskar and Bran, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>&mdash;incident
+with Lord Ossulton's hounds, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>&mdash;Bruno and O'Toole, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>&mdash;a
+deer-hound recovers a glove from a boy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>&mdash;Sir W. Scott's dog
+Maida, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>&mdash;a deer-hound detains a suspicious person, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>&mdash;follows
+a wounded deer for three days, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>&mdash;Comhstri drowns a stag,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>&mdash;Scotch dogs much prized in England, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>&mdash;Llewellyn and Beth
+Gelert, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>&mdash;Lady Morgan on the Irish wolf-dog, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Character, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>&mdash;saves people from drowning, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>&mdash;Baby,
+<a href="#Page_136">136</a>&mdash;saves a child from being run over, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>&mdash;saves a spaniel from
+being drowned, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>&mdash;saves a gentleman from drowning at Portsmouth,
+<a href="#Page_138">138</a>&mdash;saves a man in a mill-stream, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>&mdash;calculating dogs,
+<a href="#Page_138">138</a>&mdash;Sabbath party disturbed by a dog, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>&mdash;Archdeacon Wix's dog,
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a>&mdash;a Newfoundland brings away breeches containing money
+belonging to his master, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>&mdash;commits suicide, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>&mdash;saves a
+coachman in the Thames, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>&mdash;tries to drown a spaniel, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>&mdash;uses
+his paw as a fishing-bait, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>&mdash;in carrying two hats puts one
+inside other, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>&mdash;three dogs previously enemies unite against a
+common foe, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>&mdash;a dog saves his drowning enemy, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>&mdash;releases
+himself and companions from captivity, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>&mdash;a swimming-wager
+amusingly lost by a dog's care, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>&mdash;the dog as postman,
+<a href="#Page_153">153</a>&mdash;swims for ten hours in a tempestuous sea, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>&mdash;saves his dead
+master's pocket-book, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>&mdash;Lord Grenville's lines on the,
+<a href="#Page_155">155</a>&mdash;Newfoundland dog ducks his aggressor, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>&mdash;carries a rope to
+the shore, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>&mdash;saves an ungrateful master, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>&mdash;guardian of a
+lady's honour, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>&mdash;anecdotes of Mr. M'Intyre's dog Dandie,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>-5&mdash;a Newfoundland causes the detection of a dishonest porter,
+<a href="#Page_165">165</a>&mdash;saves twelve persons from drowning, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>&mdash;watches over his
+drunken master, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>&mdash;his humanity occasions a disturbance at
+Woolwich Theatre, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>&mdash;carries a lanthorn before his master,
+<a href="#Page_168">168</a>&mdash;saves the lives of all on board the Durham Packet,
+<a href="#Page_170">170</a>&mdash;drowns a pet lamb out of jealousy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>&mdash;rescues a canary
+which had flown into the sea, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>&mdash;saves his old master from
+robbers, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>&mdash;St. John's and Labrador dogs, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>&mdash;long remembrance
+of injuries, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>&mdash;discovers a poacher, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>&mdash;discretion and
+revenge, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>&mdash;returns from Berwick to London, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>&mdash;the Romans had
+some dog of the same kind, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>&mdash;liberates a man who had fallen
+into a gravel-pit, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>&mdash;Boatswain provides his mistress a dinner,
+<a href="#Page_181">181</a>&mdash;a trespasser detained, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>&mdash;Victor at the Battle of
+Copenhagen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>&mdash;a Newfoundland dog retrieves on the ice,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>&mdash;fetches a coat from the tailor's, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>&mdash;lines by Lord Eldon,
+<a href="#Page_184">184</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE COLLEY OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Saves the life of Mr. Satterthwaite, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>&mdash;the Ettrick Shepherd's
+dog, Sirrah, collects a scattered flock at midnight, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>&mdash;Hector,
+<a href="#Page_189">189</a>&mdash;points the cat, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>&mdash;has an ear for music, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>&mdash;hears where
+his master is going, and precedes him, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>&mdash;a wonderful sheep-dog,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a>&mdash;a bitch having pupped deposits her young in the hills, and
+afterwards fetches them home, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>&mdash;cunning of sheep-stealing dogs,
+<a href="#Page_202">202</a>-5&mdash;a sheep-dog dies of starvation whilst tending his charge,
+<a href="#Page_206">206</a>&mdash;discrimination of a sheep-dog, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>&mdash;a sheep-dog remembers all
+the turnings of a road, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>&mdash;follows a young woman who had
+borrowed his mistress's cloak, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>&mdash;Drummer saves a cow,
+<a href="#Page_212">212</a>&mdash;C&aelig;sar rescues his master from an avalanche, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>&mdash;a sheep-dog
+snatches away a beggar's stick, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>&mdash;a colley conducts the flock
+whilst his master is drinking, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>&mdash;dishonesty punished, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>&mdash;a
+sporting colley, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>&mdash;a colley buries her drowned offspring,
+<a href="#Page_217">217</a>&mdash;brings assistance to her helpless master, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>&mdash;saves his
+master from being frozen to death, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>&mdash;his master having broken
+his arm sends home his dog for assistance, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>&mdash;a colley punishes
+a tailor's dog for worrying his flock, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>&mdash;the sheep-stealing
+colley, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>&mdash;a colley distinguishes diseased sheep, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>&mdash;the
+Ettrick Shepherd's story of the dog Chieftain, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>&mdash;a colley feeds
+his master's lost child on the Grampian Hills, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>&mdash;the shepherds'
+dogs of North Wales, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>&mdash;training a colley, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE ST. BERNARD DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Houston's lines on the, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>&mdash;peculiar intelligence of,
+<a href="#Page_241">241</a>&mdash;the monks and their dogs, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>&mdash;a dog saves a woman's life,
+<a href="#Page_243">243</a>&mdash;intuitive foreboding of danger, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>&mdash;a dog saves a child,
+<a href="#Page_245">245</a>&mdash;revenges his ill-treated master, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>&mdash;a St. Bernard dog named
+Barry saves forty lives, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>&mdash;destruction of a whole party by an
+avalanche, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE BLOODHOUND.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Habits of the bloodhound, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>&mdash;its remarkable scent, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>&mdash;pursuit
+of Wallace with a bloodhound, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>&mdash;bloodhounds employed for
+hunting negroes in Cuba, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>&mdash;a bloodhound traces a miscreant
+twenty miles, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>&mdash;Sir W. Scott's description of a bloodhound,
+<a href="#Page_255">255</a>&mdash;extract from Wanley's "Wonders," <a href="#Page_256">256</a>&mdash;a bloodhound discovers
+a lost child, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>&mdash;the Spanish chasseurs and their dogs, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>&mdash;a
+sheepstealer discovered by a bloodhound, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>&mdash;atrocities of the
+Spaniards, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE TERRIER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Its varieties, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>&mdash;Peter, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>&mdash;a terrier kills a child from
+jealousy, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>&mdash;pines to death from jealousy, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>&mdash;guards a lady in
+her walks, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>&mdash;affection of a terrier, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>&mdash;Sir Walter Scott's
+description of Wasp, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>&mdash;brings assistance to his imprisoned
+master, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>&mdash;gets a friend to pay his boat-hire, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>&mdash;Mrs.
+Grosvenor's dog, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>&mdash;a bell-ringing and message-carrying terrier,
+<a href="#Page_273">273</a>&mdash;a dog knows his mistress's dress, and follows the wearer,
+<a href="#Page_274">274</a>&mdash;anecdotes of a terrier at Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>&mdash;a terrier saves
+his master from being burnt to death, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>&mdash;suckles a rat,
+<a href="#Page_277">277</a>&mdash;tries to prevent his master from beating his son, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>&mdash;Pincer
+seeks assistance in dislodging rats, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>&mdash;a terrier rescues her
+two drowned pups, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>&mdash;seeks assistance in getting a bone,
+<a href="#Page_281">281</a>&mdash;gets a lady to ring the bell for him, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>&mdash;flies at the
+throat of a man who attacks his master, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>&mdash;a grateful terrier,
+<a href="#Page_283">283</a>&mdash;attachment to a cat, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>&mdash;clever expedient of two
+affectionate dogs, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>&mdash;Snap, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>&mdash;the fate of a gentleman
+revealed to his family by means of a terrier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>&mdash;a terrier in
+the Tower follows a soldier to find his master, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>&mdash;Snob, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>&mdash;a
+terrier suckles fox-cubs, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>&mdash;brings assistance to his canine
+friend, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>&mdash;returns from York to London, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>&mdash;finds a thief in
+the cupboard, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>&mdash;friendship between a terrier and bantam,
+<a href="#Page_293">293</a>&mdash;traces his master to Gravesend, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>&mdash;Peter, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>&mdash;a terrier
+suckles a kitten, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>&mdash;a terrier discovers where his master has
+travelled by the scent, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>&mdash;nurses a brood of ducklings and
+chickens, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>&mdash;brings his master's wife to the dead body of her
+husband, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>&mdash;Keeper recognises his master's vessel after a long
+interval, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE SPANIEL.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sings, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>&mdash;affected by a particular air, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>&mdash;gathers a
+water-lily, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>&mdash;retrieves a wild duck, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>&mdash;a grateful spaniel,
+<a href="#Page_304">304</a>&mdash;faithful to his guillotined master, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>&mdash;Dash, her
+intelligence and fidelity, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>&mdash;gratitude for surgical assistance,
+<a href="#Page_306">306</a>&mdash;spaniels in cover, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>&mdash;the Clumber spaniels, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>&mdash;Lord
+Albemarle's spaniels, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>&mdash;suckling, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>&mdash;friendship between a dog
+and cat, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>&mdash;Rose travels from London to Worcester,
+<a href="#Page_311">311</a>&mdash;recognition of his master after a long absence,
+<a href="#Page_312">312</a>&mdash;friendship between a spaniel and partridge, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>&mdash;a spaniel
+avoids being left behind, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>&mdash;an adept in shoplifting, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>&mdash;takes
+up his abode at a grave in St. Bride's churchyard, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>&mdash;dies of
+grief for his dam's death, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>&mdash;dogs of the poor the most
+affectionate, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>&mdash;a spaniel takes up his abode in St. Olave's
+churchyard, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>&mdash;causes a man to be executed for murder,
+<a href="#Page_320">320</a>&mdash;saves the life of Mrs. Alderman Yearsley, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>&mdash;a spaniel's
+recognition of his old master by scent, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>&mdash;a King Charles
+spaniel alarms his mistress and saves her from being robbed,
+<a href="#Page_324">324</a>&mdash;a spaniel knocks at the door, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>&mdash;opens the gate to release
+other dogs, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>&mdash;imitates his master in eating turnips, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>&mdash;finds
+his way from Boston to Chepstow, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>&mdash;prevents a cat from stealing
+meat, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>&mdash;Mrs. Browning's lines on, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE POODLE.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Shoeblack's poodle, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>&mdash;two learned poodles exhibited at
+Milan, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>&mdash;a poodle reminds the servant that he wants a walk,
+<a href="#Page_336">336</a>&mdash;hides the whip, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>&mdash;performance in a London theatre,
+<a href="#Page_337">337</a>&mdash;finds his way from London to Inverary, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>&mdash;supports himself
+during his master's absence, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>&mdash;friendship with a terrier,
+<a href="#Page_342">342</a>&mdash;discerns a rogue at first sight, and causes him to be
+detected, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>&mdash;enjoys a glass of grog, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>&mdash;carries three puppies
+a long distance, one at a time, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>&mdash;fetches his master's
+slippers, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>&mdash;imitates the agonies of death, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>&mdash;goes to
+church by habit without the family, the road being overflowed,
+<a href="#Page_347">347</a>&mdash;watches over the dead body of his master, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>&mdash;protects his
+master's body, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>&mdash;climbs up a house in Wells Street, Oxford
+Street, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>&mdash;anecdote of Froll, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Traditions, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>&mdash;Capt. Lyons' account of the, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>&mdash;Col. Hamilton
+Smith's account of one, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE OTTER TERRIER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Somerville's description of an otter-hunt, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>&mdash;otter-hounds
+almost extinct, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>&mdash;otter-hunting, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> to end of chapter. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE GREYHOUND.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Match between a Scotch greyhound and Snowball, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>&mdash;Match between
+a greyhound and a racehorse, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>&mdash;its courage and perseverance,
+<a href="#Page_369">369</a>&mdash;a coursed hare dies of exhaustion, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>&mdash;a hare and two dogs
+die of exhaustion, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>&mdash;a wild greyhound, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>&mdash;greyhounds coupled
+pursue a hare, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>&mdash;a greyhound brings assistance to his drowning
+master, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>&mdash;finds his way from Cumnock to Castle Douglas,
+<a href="#Page_373">373</a>&mdash;canine friendship, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>&mdash;King Richard's greyhound,
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a>&mdash;attachment between St. Leger and his greyhound, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>&mdash;the
+Persian greyhound, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE POINTER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Its origin and present breed, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>&mdash;a pointer punished by her
+grand-dam, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>&mdash;disgust at a bad shot, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>&mdash;pointing on the top of
+a wall, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>&mdash;steady pointing, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>&mdash;a weather-wise pointer,
+<a href="#Page_389">389</a>&mdash;guards some dropped birds all night, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>&mdash;finds his way back
+from America, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>&mdash;traces his master four hundred miles, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>&mdash;M.
+L&eacute;onard's dogs, Brague and Philax, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>&mdash;a pointer acts as a
+landing-net, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>&mdash;calls the attention of his master to a hare,
+<a href="#Page_394">394</a>&mdash;an extraordinary pointer, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>&mdash;a pointer suckles a hedgehog,
+<a href="#Page_398">398</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE SETTER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Its origin and present breed, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>&mdash;smells birds a hundred yards
+off, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>&mdash;acts as a retriever, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>&mdash;traces a wounded deer, and
+brings her master to it next morning, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>&mdash;finds a lost whip,
+<a href="#Page_404">404</a>&mdash;gratitude of a dying setter, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>&mdash;friendship with a cat,
+<a href="#Page_406">406</a>&mdash;a setter angry with his master for missing birds, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>&mdash;falls
+in love with a mongrel, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>&mdash;effect of imagination on pregnant
+bitches, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>&mdash;M&eacute;dor brings the keys to his shut-out mistress,
+<a href="#Page_409">409</a>&mdash;sagacity in hunting red-legged partridges, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE PUG DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Its history and progress, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>&mdash;a pug saves the life of the Prince
+of Orange, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>&mdash;a lady incurs a pug's displeasure for preventing
+him from stealing, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>&mdash;a pug pronounces the word William,
+<a href="#Page_415">415</a>&mdash;ditto Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>&mdash;the Comforter, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE TURNSPIT.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Recollections of it, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>&mdash;an industrious dog punishes his lazy
+fellow-labourer, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>&mdash;one dog forces another to take his turn at
+the wheel, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE FOXHOUND.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Somerville's lines on, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>&mdash;friendship between a fox and a pack of
+hounds, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>&mdash;dog always attacks the fox's head, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>&mdash;a hound finds
+its way back from Lincolnshire to Frogmore, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>&mdash;dog found
+swimming across the Channel, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>&mdash;dog finds its way back from
+Ireland to Liverpool, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>&mdash;three hounds escape from their kennel
+in Ireland and return to Leicestershire, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>&mdash;bitch after losing
+her eye continues to follow the fox, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>&mdash;three hounds hunt a fox
+alone for seven hours, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>&mdash;pack of hounds hunt a fox for eight
+hours, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>&mdash;a hound follows a fox for thirty hours, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>&mdash;foxhound
+follows with her new-born pup in mouth, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>&mdash;hounds follow a fox
+for four days, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>&mdash;fox leaps a precipice of sixty yards and is
+followed by the hounds, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>&mdash;foxhounds refuse to eat a bag-fox,
+<a href="#Page_435">435</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>BEAGLE.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Description of, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>&mdash;lines on, by Dryden and Pope, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>MASTIFF.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Description of, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>&mdash;detects and kills a housebreaker,
+<a href="#Page_443">443</a>&mdash;mastiff engages a bear, a leopard, and a lion, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>&mdash;prevents
+his master from being murdered by his valet, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>&mdash;gentle towards
+children, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>&mdash;killed by the wheel of a cart rather than desert
+his charge, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>&mdash;attacks a horse which had trodden upon him,
+<a href="#Page_450">450</a>&mdash;drops a snarling cur into the water, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>BULL-DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Description of, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>&mdash;saves a shipwrecked crew, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Finds its way from France to England, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>&mdash;affection for a horse,
+<a href="#Page_462">462</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>GREAT DANISH DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Discovers a murderer under the bed, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>&mdash;dies of starvation rather
+than eat his master's game within reach, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>&mdash;rings a convent bell
+for his dinner, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>CUR DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prevents a man from stealing a bridle, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>&mdash;carries his master's
+dinner to him daily, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>&mdash;pursues a pony and conducts him to the
+stable, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>LURCHER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Hunting rabbits, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>&mdash;attacks a fox and is killed by the hounds,
+<a href="#Page_479">479</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h3>BAN DOG.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Gratitude for a favour conferred, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>. </p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">Page 1</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 328px;"><a name="Illustration_SPANIEL_AND_NEWFOUNDLAND_DOGS" id="Illustration_SPANIEL_AND_NEWFOUNDLAND_DOGS"></a>
+<img src="images/spaniel_newfoundland.jpg" width="328" height="500" alt="SPANIEL AND NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS." title="SPANIEL AND NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS." />
+<span class="caption">SPANIEL AND NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>A French writer has boldly affirmed, that with the exception of women
+there is nothing on earth so agreeable, or so necessary to the comfort
+of man, as the dog. This assertion may readily be disputed, but still
+it will be allowed that man, deprived of the com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">Page 2</a></span>panionship and
+services of the dog, would be a solitary and, in many respects, a
+helpless being. Let us look at the shepherd, as the evening closes in
+and his flock is dispersed over the almost inaccessible heights of
+mountains; they are speedily collected by his indefatigable dog&mdash;nor
+do his services end here: he guards either the flock or his master's
+cottage by night, and a slight caress, and the coarsest food, satisfy
+him for all his trouble. The dog performs the services of a horse in
+the more northern regions; while in Cuba and some other hot countries,
+he has been the scourge and terror of the runaway negroes. In the
+destruction of wild beasts, or the less dangerous stag, or in
+attacking the bull, the dog has proved himself to possess pre-eminent
+courage. In many instances he has died in the defence of his master.
+He has saved him from drowning, warned him of approaching danger,
+served him faithfully in poverty and distress, and if deprived of
+sight has gently led him about. When spoken to, he tries to hold
+conversation with him by the movement of his tail or the expression of
+his eyes. If his master wants amusement in the field or wood, he is
+delighted to have an opportunity of procuring it for him; if he finds
+himself in solitude, his dog will be a cheerful and agreeable
+companion, and maybe, when death comes, the last to forsake the grave
+of his beloved master.</p>
+
+<p>There are a thousand little facts connected with dogs, which many, who
+do not love them as much as I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">Page 3</a></span> do, may not have observed, but which
+all tend to develope their character. For instance, every one knows
+the fondness of dogs for warmth, and that they never appear more
+contented than when reposing on the rug before a good fire. If,
+however, I quit the room, my dog leaves his warm berth, and places
+himself at the door, where he can the better hear my footsteps, and be
+ready to greet me when I re-enter. If I am preparing to take a walk,
+my dog is instantly aware of my intention. He frisks and jumps about,
+and is all eagerness to accompany me. If I am thoughtful or
+melancholy, he appears to sympathise with me; and, on the contrary,
+when I am disposed to be merry, he shows by his manner that he
+rejoices with me. I have often watched the effect which a change in my
+countenance would produce. If I frown or look severe, but without
+saying a word or uttering a sound, the effect is instantly seen by the
+ears dropping, and the eyes showing unhappiness, together with a
+doubtful movement of the tail. If I afterwards smile and look pleased,
+the tail wags joyously, the eyes are filled with delight, and the ears
+even are expressive of happiness. Before a dog, however, arrives at
+this knowledge of the human countenance, he must be the companion of
+your walks, repose at your feet, and receive his food from your hands:
+treated in this manner, the attachment of the dog is unbounded; he
+becomes fond, intelligent, and grateful. Whenever Stanislas, the
+unfortunate King of Poland, wrote to his daughter, he always
+concluded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">Page 4</a></span> his letter with these words&mdash;"Tristan, my companion in
+misfortune, licks your feet:" thus showing that he had still one
+friend who stuck to him in his adversity. Such is the animal whose
+propensities, instincts, and habits, I propose to illustrate by
+various anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>The propensities of the dog, and some of them are most extraordinary,
+appear to be independent of that instinct which Paley calls, "a
+propensity previous to experience, and independent of instruction."
+Some of these are hereditary, or derived from the habits of the
+parents, and are suited to the purposes to which each breed has long
+been and is still applied. In fact, their organs have a fitness or
+unfitness for certain functions without education;&mdash;for instance, a
+very young puppy of the St. Bernard breed of dogs, when taken on snow
+for the first time, will begin to scratch it with considerable
+eagerness. I have seen a young pointer of three or four weeks old
+stand steadily on first seeing poultry, and a well-bred terrier puppy
+will show a great deal of ferocity at the sight of a rat or mouse.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Sebright, perhaps the best authority that can be quoted on
+this subject, says that he had a puppy of the wild breed of Australia;
+that the mother was with young when caught, and the puppy was born in
+the ship that brought her over. This animal was so like a wolf, not
+only in its appearance, but in all its habits, that Sir John at first
+doubted if it really were a dog, but this was afterwards proved by
+experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the propensities of the brute creation, the well-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">Page 5</a></span>known
+attachment of the dog to man is the most remarkable, arising probably
+from his having been for so many years his constant companion, and the
+object of his care. That this propensity is not instinctive is proved,
+by its not having existed, even in the slightest degree, in the
+Australian dog.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Sebright kept this animal for about a year, almost always in
+his room. He fed him himself, and took every means that he could think
+of to reclaim him, but with no effect. He was insensible to caresses,
+and never appeared to distinguish Sir John from any other person. The
+dog would never follow him, even from one room to another; nor would
+he come when called, unless tempted by the offer of food. Wolves and
+foxes have shown much more sociability than he did. He appeared to be
+in good spirits, but always kept aloof from the other dogs. He was
+what would be called tame for an animal in a menagerie; that is, he
+was not shy, but would allow strangers to handle him, and never
+attempted to bite. If he were led near sheep or poultry, he became
+quite furious from his desire to attack them.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, we see that the propensities that are the most marked, and
+the most constant in every breed of domestic dogs, are not to be found
+in animals of the same species in their natural state, or even in
+their young, although subjected to the same treatment from the moment
+of their birth.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the above-mentioned fact, we may,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">Page 6</a></span> I think, consider
+the domestic dog as an animal <em>per se</em>; that is, that it neither owes
+its origin to the fox nor wolf, but is sprung from the wild dog. In
+giving this opinion, I am aware that some naturalists have endeavoured
+to trace the origin of the dog from the fox; while others, and some of
+the most eminent ones, are of opinion that it sprung from the wolf. I
+shall be able to show that the former is out of the question. The
+wolf, perhaps, has some claim to be considered as the parent animal,
+and that he is susceptible of as strong attachment as the dog is
+proved by the following anecdote, related by Cuvier.</p>
+
+<p>He informs us, that a young wolf was brought up as a dog, became
+familiar with every person whom he was in the habit of seeing, and in
+particular, followed his master everywhere, evincing evident chagrin
+at his absence, obeying his voice, and showing a degree of submission
+scarcely differing in any respect from that of the domesticated dog.
+His master, being obliged to be absent for a time, presented his pet
+to the M&eacute;nagerie du Roi, where the animal, confined in a den,
+continued disconsolate, and would scarcely eat his food. At length,
+however, his health returned, he became attached to his keepers, and
+appeared to have forgotten all his former affection; when, after an
+absence of eighteen months, his master returned. At the first word he
+uttered, the wolf, who had not perceived him amongst the crowd,
+recognised him, and exhibited the most lively joy. On being set at
+liberty, the most affectionate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">Page 7</a></span> caresses were lavished on his old
+master, such as the most attached dog would have shown after an
+absence of a few days.</p>
+
+<p>A second separation was followed by similar demonstrations of sorrow,
+which, however, again yielded to time. Three years passed, and the
+wolf was living happily in company with a dog, which had been placed
+with him, when his master again returned, and again the long-lost but
+still-remembered voice was instantly replied to by the most impatient
+cries, which were redoubled as soon as the poor animal was set at
+liberty; when, rushing to his master, he threw his fore-feet on his
+shoulders, licking his face with the most lively joy, and menacing his
+keepers, who offered to remove him, and towards whom, not a moment
+before, he had been showing every mark of fondness.</p>
+
+<p>A third separation, however, seemed to be too much for this faithful
+animal's temper. He became gloomy, desponding, refused his food, and
+for a long time his life appeared in great danger. His health at last
+returned, but he no longer suffered the caresses of any but his
+keepers, and towards strangers manifested the original savageness of
+his species.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bell, in his "History of Quadrupeds," mentions a curious fact,
+which, I think, still more strongly proves the alliance of the dog
+with the wolf, and is indeed exactly similar to what is frequently
+done by dogs when in a state of domestication. He informs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">Page 8</a></span> us, that he
+"remembers a bitch-wolf at the Zoological Gardens, which would always
+come to the front bars of her den to be caressed as soon as he, or any
+other person whom she knew, approached. When she had pups, she used to
+bring them in her mouth to be noticed; and so eager, in fact, was she
+that her little ones should share with her in the notice of her
+friends, that she killed all of them in succession by rubbing them
+against the bars of her den, as she brought them forwards to be
+fondled."</p>
+
+<p>Other instances might be mentioned of the strong attachment felt by
+wolves to those who have treated them kindly, but I will now introduce
+some remarks on the anatomical affinities between the dog, the fox,
+and the wolf, which serve to prove that the dog is of a breed distinct
+from either of the last-mentioned animals.</p>
+
+<p>It must, in fact, be always an interesting matter of inquiry
+respecting the descent of an animal so faithful to man, and so
+exclusively his associate and his friend, as the dog. Accordingly,
+this question has been entertained ever since Natural History took the
+rank of a science. But the origin of the dog is lost in antiquity. We
+find him occupying a place in the earliest pagan worship; his name has
+been given to one of the first-mentioned stars of the heavens, and his
+effigy may be seen in some of the most ancient works of art. Pliny was
+of opinion that there was no domestic animal without its unsubdued
+counterpart, and dogs are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">Page 9</a></span> known to exist absolutely wild in various
+parts of the old and new world. The Dingo of New Holland, a
+magnificent animal of this kind, has been shown to be susceptible of
+mutual attachment in a singular degree, though none of the experiments
+yet made have proved that he is capable, like the domestic dog, of a
+similar attachment to man. The parentage of the wild dogs has been
+assigned to the tame species, strayed from the dominion of their
+masters. This, however, still remains a question, and there is reason
+to believe that the wild dog is just as much a native of the
+wilderness as the lion or tiger. If there be these doubts about an
+animal left for centuries in a state of nature, how can we expect to
+unravel the difficulties accumulated by ages of domestication? Who
+knows for a certainty the true prototype of the goat, the sheep, or
+the ox? To the unscientific reader such questions might appear idle,
+as having been settled from time immemorial; yet they have never been
+finally disposed of. The difficulty, as with the dog, may be connected
+with modifications of form and colour, resulting from the
+long-continued interference of man with the breed and habits of
+animals subjected to his sway.</p>
+
+<p>Buffon was very eloquent in behalf of the claim of the sheep-dog to be
+considered as the true ancestor of all the other varieties. Mr. Hunter
+would award this distinction to the wolf; supposing also that the
+jackal is the same animal a step further advanced towards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">Page 10</a></span>
+civilization, or perhaps the dog returned to its wild state. As the
+affinity between wolf, jackal, fox, and dog, cannot fail to attract
+the notice of the most superficial observer; so he may ask if they do
+not all really belong to one species, modified by varieties of
+climate, food, and education? If answered in the negative, he would
+want to know what constitutes a species, little thinking that this
+question, apparently so simple, involves one of the nicest problems in
+natural history. Difference of form will scarcely avail us here, for
+the pug, greyhound, and spaniel, are wider apart in this respect, than
+many dogs and the wild animals just named. It has often been said that
+these varieties in the dog have arisen from artificial habits and
+breeding through a long succession of years. This seems very like mere
+conjecture. Can the greyhound be trained to the pointer's scent or the
+spaniel to the bulldog's ferocity? But admitting the causes assigned
+to be adequate to the effects, then the forms would be temporary, and
+those of a permanent kind only would serve our purpose. Of this nature
+is the shape of the pupil of the eye, which may be noticed somewhat
+particularly, not merely to make it plain to those who have never
+thought on the subject, but with the hope of leading them to
+reflections on this wondrous inlet to half our knowledge, the more
+especially as the part in question may be examined by any one in his
+own person by the help of a looking-glass. In the front of the eye
+then, just behind the transparent surface, there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">Page 11</a></span> is a sort of curtain
+called the <em>iris</em>, about the middle of which is a round hole. This is
+the pupil, and you will observe that it contracts in a strong light,
+and dilates in a weaker one, the object of which is to regulate the
+quantity of light admitted into the eye. Now the figure of the pupil
+is not the same in all animals. In the horse it is oval; in the wolf,
+jackal, and dog, it is round, like our own, however contracted; but in
+the fox, as in the cat, the pupil contracts vertically into an
+elongated figure, like the section of a lens, and even to a sort of
+slit, if the light be very strong.</p>
+
+<p>This is a permanent character, not affected, as far as is at present
+known, by any artificial or natural circumstances to which the dog has
+been subjected. Naturalists, therefore, have seized upon this
+character as the ground for a division of animals of the dog kind, the
+great genus <em>Canis</em> of Linn&aelig;us, into two groups, the diurnal and
+nocturnal; not to imply that these habits necessarily belong to all
+the individuals composing either of these divisions, for that would be
+untrue, but simply that the figure of the pupils corresponds with that
+frequently distinguishing day-roaming animals from those that prowl
+only by night. It is remarkable that a more certain and serviceable
+specific distinction is thus afforded by a little anatomical point,
+than by any of the more obvious circumstances of form, size, or
+colour. Whether future researches into the minute structure of animals
+may not discover other means to assist the naturalist in
+distinguishing nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">Page 12</a></span> allied species, is a most important subject for
+inquiry, which cannot be entertained here. But to encourage those who
+may be disposed to undertake it, I must mention the curious fact, that
+the group to which the camel belongs is not more certainly indicated
+by his grotesque and singular figure than by the form of the red
+particles which circulate in his blood. And here again the inherent
+interest of the matter will lead me to enter a little into
+particulars, which may engage any one who has a good microscope in a
+most instructive course of observations, not the least recommendation
+of which is, that a just and pleasing source of recreation may be thus
+pursued by evening parties in the drawing-room, since the slightest
+prick of the finger will furnish blood enough for a microscopic
+entertainment, and you may readily procure a little more for
+comparison from any animal.</p>
+
+<p>Now the redness of the blood is owing to myriads of minute objects in
+which the colour of the vital fluid resides. They were formerly called
+globules, but as they are now known to be flattened and disc-like,
+they are more properly termed particles or corpuscles. Their form is
+wonderfully regular, and so is their size within certain limits; in
+birds, reptiles, or fishes, the corpuscles are oval. They are circular
+in man, and all other mammalia, except in the camel tribe, in which
+the corpuscles are oval, though much smaller than in the lower
+animals. Thus, in the minutest drop of blood, any one of the camel
+family can be surely dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">Page 13</a></span>tinguished from all other animals, even from
+its allies among the ruminants; and what is more to our purpose, in
+pursuing this inquiry, Mr. Gulliver has found that the
+blood-corpuscles of the dog and wolf agree exactly, while those of all
+the true foxes are slightly though distinctly smaller.</p>
+
+<p>These curious facts are all fully detailed in Mr. Gulliver's Appendix
+to the English version of Gerber's Anatomy, but I think that they are
+now for the first time enlisted into the service of Natural History.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we dismiss the fox as an alien to the dog, or, at all events, as
+a distinct species. Then comes the claim of the wolf as the true
+original of the dog. Before considering this, let us revert to the
+question of what constitutes a species. Mr. Hunter was of opinion that
+it is the power of breeding together and of continuing the breed with
+each other; that this is partially the case between the dog and the
+wolf is certain, for Lord Clanbrassil and Lord Pembroke proved the
+fact beyond a doubt, above half-a-century ago; and the following
+epitaph in the garden at Wilton House is a curious record of the
+particulars:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="epitaph">Here lies Lupa,<br />
+Whose Grandmother was a Wolf,<br />
+Whose Father and Grandfather were Dogs, and whose<br />
+Mother was half Wolf and half Dog.<br />
+She died on the 16th of October, 1782,<br />
+Aged 12 years.</p>
+
+<p>Conclusive as this fact may appear, as proving the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">Page 14</a></span> descent of the dog
+from the wolf, it is not convincing, the dog having characters which
+do not belong to the wolf.</p>
+
+<p>The dog, for instance, guards property with strictest vigilance, which
+has been entrusted to his charge; all his energies seem roused at
+night, as though aware that that is the time when depredations are
+committed. His courage is unbounded, a property not possessed by the
+wolf: he appears never to forget a kindness, but soon loses the
+recollection of an injury, if received from the hand of one he loves,
+but resents it if offered by a stranger. His docility and mental
+pliability exceed those of any other animal; his habits are social,
+and his fidelity not to be shaken; hunger cannot weaken, nor old age
+impair it. His discrimination is equal, in many respects, to human
+intelligence. If he commits a fault, he is sensible of it, and shows
+pleasure when commended. These, and many other qualities, which might
+have been enumerated, are distinct from those possessed by the wolf.
+It may be said that domestication might produce them in the latter.
+This may be doubted, and is not likely to be proved; the fact is, the
+dog would appear to be a precious gift to man from a benevolent
+Creator, to become his friend, companion, protector, and the
+indefatigable agent of his wishes. While all other animals had the
+fear and dread of man implanted in them, the poor dog alone looked at
+his master with affection, and the tie once formed was never broken to
+the present hour.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">Page 15</a></span>It should also be mentioned, in continuation of my argument, that the
+experiment of the wolf breeding with the dog is of no value, because
+it has never been carried sufficiently far to prove that the progeny
+would continue fertile <em>inter se</em>. The wolf has oblique eyes&mdash;the eyes
+of dogs have never retrograded to that position. If the dog descended
+from the wolf, a constant tendency would have been observed in the
+former to revert to the original type or species. This is a law in all
+other cross-breeds&mdash;but amongst all the varieties of dogs, this
+tendency has not existed. I may also add, that as far as I have been
+able to ascertain the fact, the number of teats of the female wolf
+have never been known to vary. With respect to the dog, it is known
+that they do vary, some having more, and others a less number.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus brought forward such arguments as have occurred to me to
+prove that the dog is a breed <em>sui generis</em>, I will give a few
+anecdotes to show how different this animal is in his specific
+character to the wolf, and that he has a natural tendency to
+acknowledge man as his friend and protector, an instinct never shown
+by the wolf.</p>
+
+<p>In Ceylon there are a great number of what are called wild dogs, that
+is, dogs who have no master, and who haunt villages and jungles,
+picking up what food they are able to find. If you meet one of these
+neglected animals, and only look at him with an expression of
+kindness, from that moment he attaches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">Page 16</a></span> himself to you, owns you for
+his master, and will remain faithful to you for the remainder of his
+life.</p>
+
+<p>"Man," says Burns, "is the God of the dog; he knows no other; and see
+how he worships him! With what reverence he crouches at his feet, with
+what reverence he looks up to him, with what delight he fawns upon
+him, and with what cheerful alacrity he obeys him!"</p>
+
+<p>Such is the animal which the brutality of man subjects to so much
+ill-treatment; its character depends very much on that of his master,
+kindness and confidence produce the same qualities in the dog, while
+ill-usage makes him sullen and distrustful of beings far more brutal
+than himself.</p>
+
+<p>I have had many opportunities of observing how readily dogs comprehend
+language, and how they are aware when they are the subject of
+conversation. A gentleman once said in the hearing of an old and
+favourite dog, who was at the time basking in the sun,&mdash;"I must have
+Ponto killed, for he gets old and is offensive." The dog slunk away,
+and never came near his master afterwards. Many similar anecdotes
+might be brought forward, but I will mention one which Captain Brown
+tells us he received himself from Sir Walter Scott.</p>
+
+<p>"The wisest dog I ever had," said Sir Walter, "was what is called the
+bulldog terrier. I taught him to understand a great many words,
+insomuch that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">Page 17</a></span> I am positive that the communication betwixt the canine
+species and ourselves might be greatly enlarged. Camp once bit the
+baker, who was bringing bread to the family. I beat him, and explained
+the enormity of his offence; after which, to the last moment of his
+life, he never heard the least allusion to the story, in whatever
+voice or tone it was mentioned, without getting up and retiring into
+the darkest corner of the room, with great appearance of distress.
+Then if you said, 'the baker was well paid,' or, 'the baker was not
+hurt after all,' Camp came forth from his hiding-place, capered, and
+barked, and rejoiced. When he was unable, towards the end of his life,
+to attend me when on horseback, he used to watch for my return, and
+the servant would tell him 'his master was coming down the hill, or
+through the moor,' and although he did not use any gesture to explain
+his meaning, Camp was never known to mistake him, but either went out
+at the front to go up the hill, or at the back to get down to the
+moor-side. He certainly had a singular knowledge of spoken language."
+An anecdote from Sir Walter Scott must be always pleasing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smellie, in his "Philosophy of Natural History," mentions a
+curious instance of the intellectual faculty of a dog. He states that
+"a grocer in Edinburgh had one which for some time amused and
+astonished the people in the neighbourhood. A man who went through the
+streets ringing a bell and selling pies, happened one day to treat
+this dog with a pie. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">Page 18</a></span> next time he heard the pieman's bell he ran
+impetuously toward him, seized him by the coat, and would not suffer
+him to pass. The pieman, who understood what the animal wanted, showed
+him a penny, and pointed to his master, who stood at the street-door,
+and saw what was going on. The dog immediately supplicated his master
+by many humble gestures and looks, and on receiving a penny he
+instantly carried it in his mouth to the pieman, and received his pie.
+This traffic between the pieman and the grocer's dog continued to be
+daily practised for several months."</p>
+
+<p>The affection which some dogs show to their masters and mistresses is
+not only very often surprising, but even affecting. An instance of
+this lately occurred at Brighton. The wife of a member of the town
+council at that place had been an invalid for some time, and at last
+was confined to her bed. During this period she was constantly
+attended by a faithful and affectionate dog, who either slept in her
+room or outside her door. She died, was buried, and the dog followed
+the remains of his beloved mistress to her grave. After the funeral
+the husband and his friends returned to the house, and while they were
+partaking of some refreshment the dog put its paws on his master's
+arm, as if to attract his attention, looked wistfully in his face, and
+then laid down and instantly expired.</p>
+
+<p>In giving miscellaneous anecdotes in order to show the general
+character of the dog, I may mention the following very curious one.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">Page 19</a></span>During a very severe frost and fall of snow in Scotland, the fowls did
+not make their appearance at the hour when they usually retired to
+roost, and no one knew what had become of them; the house-dog at last
+entered the kitchen, having in his mouth a hen, apparently dead.
+Forcing his way to the fire, the sagacious animal laid his charge down
+upon the warm hearth, and immediately set off. He soon came again with
+another, which he deposited in the same place, and so continued till
+the whole of the poor birds were rescued. Wandering about the
+stack-yard, the fowls had become quite benumbed by the extreme cold,
+and had crowded together, when the dog observing them, effected their
+deliverance, for they all revived by the warmth of the fire.</p>
+
+<p>That dogs possess a faculty nearly allied to reason cannot, I think,
+be doubted. Mr. Davy, in his "Angler in the Lake District," (a
+charming work), gives one or two anecdotes in proof of this.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Davy was at Ceylon, the Governor of that Island, the late Sir
+Robert Brownrigg, had a dog of more than ordinary sagacity. He always
+accompanied his master, being allowed to do so, except on particular
+occasions, such as going to church or council, or to inspect his
+troops, when the Governor usually wore his sword; but when the dog saw
+the sword girded on, he would only follow to the outer door. Without a
+word being said, he would return and wait the coming back of his
+master, patiently remaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">Page 20</a></span> up-stairs at the door of his private
+apartment. So it is with respect to my own pet terrier, Phiz. When he
+sees me putting on my walking-shoes, my great-coat, or hat, he is all
+eagerness to accompany me, jumping about me and showing his joy. But
+on Sundays it is very different. My shoes, great-coat or hat, may be
+put on, but he remains perfectly resigned on the rug before the fire,
+and never attempts or shows any inclination to follow me. Is the dog
+guided in acting thus by instinct or reason?</p>
+
+<p>Let me give another instance from Mr. Davy's work.</p>
+
+<p>Once when he was fishing in the highlands of Scotland, he saw a party
+of sportsmen, with their dogs, cross the stream, the men wading, the
+dogs swimming, with the exception of one, who stopped on the bank
+piteously howling. After a few minutes he suddenly ceased, and started
+off full speed for a higher part of the stream. Mr. Davy was able to
+keep him in view, and he did not stop till he came to a spot where a
+plank connected the banks, on which he crossed dry-footed, and soon
+joined his companions.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs have sometimes strange fancies with respect to moving from one
+place to another. A Fellow of a College at Cambridge had a dog, which
+sometimes took it into his head to visit his master's usual places of
+resort in London. He would then return to his home in Suffolk, and
+then go to Cambridge, remaining at each place as long as he felt
+disposed to do so, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">Page 21</a></span> going and returning with the most perfect
+indifference and complacency.</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary sense of a dog was shown in the following instance.
+A gentleman, residing near Pontypool, had his horse brought to his
+house by a servant. While the man went to the door, the horse ran away
+and made his escape to a neighbouring mountain. A dog belonging to the
+house saw this, and of his own accord followed the horse, got hold of
+the bridle and brought him back to the door.</p>
+
+<p>I have been informed of two instances of dogs having slipped their
+collars and put their heads into them again of their own accord, after
+having committed depredations in the night, and I have elsewhere
+mentioned the fact of a dog, now in my possession, who undid the
+collar of another dog chained to a kennel near him. These are curious
+instances of sense and sagacity.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bell, in his "History of British Quadrupeds," gives us the
+following fact of a dog belonging to a friend of his. This gentleman
+dropped a louis d'or one morning, when he was on the point of leaving
+his house. On returning late at night, he was told by his servant that
+the dog had fallen sick, and refused to eat, and, what appeared very
+strange, she would not suffer him to take her food away from before
+her, but had been lying with her nose close to the vessel, without
+attempting to touch it. On Mr. Bell's friend entering the room, the
+dog instantly jumped upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">Page 22</a></span> him, laid the money at his feet, and began
+to devour her victuals with great voracity.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious fact that dogs can count time. I had, when a boy, a
+favourite terrier, which always went with me to church. My mother,
+thinking that he attracted too much of my attention, ordered the
+servant to fasten him up every Sunday morning. He did so once or
+twice, but never afterwards. Trim concealed himself every Sunday
+morning, and either met me as I entered the church, or I found him
+under my seat in the pew. Mr. Southey, in his "Omniana," informs us
+that he knew of a dog, which was brought up by a Catholic and
+afterwards sold to a Protestant, but still he refused to eat anything
+on a Friday.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs have been known to die from excess of joy at seeing their masters
+after a long absence. An English officer had a large dog, which he
+left with his family in England, while he accompanied an expedition to
+America during the war of the Colonies. Throughout his absence, the
+animal appeared very much dejected. When the officer returned home,
+the dog, who happened to be lying at the door of an apartment into
+which his master was about to enter, immediately recognised him, leapt
+upon his neck, licked his face, and in a few minutes fell dead at his
+feet. A favourite spaniel of a lady recently died on seeing his
+beloved mistress after a long absence.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman who had a dog of a most endearing disposition, was obliged
+to go a journey periodically<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">Page 23</a></span> once a-month. His stay was short, and
+his departure and return very regular, and without variation. The dog
+always grew uneasy when he first lost his master, and moped in a
+corner, but recovered himself gradually as the time for his return
+approached; which he knew to an hour, nay, to a minute. When he was
+convinced that his master was on the road, at no great distance from
+home, he flew all over the house; and if the street door happened to
+be shut, he would suffer no servant to have any rest until it was
+opened. The moment he obtained his freedom away he went, and to a
+certainty met his benefactor about two miles from town. He played and
+frolicked about him till he had obtained one of his gloves, with which
+he ran or rather flew home, entered the house, laid it down in the
+middle of the room, and danced round it. When he had sufficiently
+amused himself in this manner, out of the house he flew, returned to
+meet his master, and ran before him, or gambolled by his side, till he
+arrived with him at home. "I know not (says Mr. Dibdin, who relates
+this anecdote), how frequently this was repeated; but it lasted till
+the old gentleman grew infirm, and incapable of continuing his
+journeys. The dog by this time was also grown old, and became at
+length blind; but this misfortune did not hinder him from fondling his
+master, whom he knew from every other person, and for whom his
+affection and solicitude rather increased than diminished. The old
+gentleman, after a short illness, died. The dog knew the
+circumstance,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">Page 24</a></span> watched the corpse, blind as he was, and did his utmost
+to prevent the undertaker from screwing up the body in the coffin, and
+most outrageously opposed its being taken out of the house. Being past
+hope, he grew disconsolate, lost his flesh, and was evidently verging
+towards his end. One day he heard a gentleman come into the house, and
+he ran to meet him. His master being old and infirm, wore ribbed
+stockings for warmth. The gentleman had stockings on of the same kind.
+The dog perceived it, and thought it was his master, and began to
+exhibit the most extravagant signs of pleasure; but upon further
+examination finding his mistake, he retired into a corner, where in a
+short time he expired."</p>
+
+<p>Some dogs are so faithful that they will never quit a thing entrusted
+to their charge, and will defend it to the utmost of their power. This
+may be often observed in the case of a cur, lying on the coat of a
+labourer while he is at work in the fields, and in those of carriers'
+and bakers' dogs. An instance is on record of a chimney-sweeper having
+placed his soot-bag in the street under the care of his dog, who
+suffered a cart to drive over and crush him to death, sooner than
+abandon his charge. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in the "Cyclop&aelig;dia of
+Natural History," mentions a curious instance of fidelity and sagacity
+in a dog. He informs us that "in the neighbourhood of Cupar, in the
+county of Fife, there lived two dogs, mortal enemies to each other,
+and who always fought desperately whenever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">Page 25</a></span> they met. Capt. R&mdash;&mdash; was
+the master of one of them, and the other belonged to a neighbouring
+farmer. Capt. R&mdash;&mdash;'s dog was in the practice of going messages, and
+even of bringing butchers' meat and other articles from Cupar. One
+day, while returning charged with a basket containing some pieces of
+mutton, he was attacked by some of the curs of the town, who, no
+doubt, thought the prize worth contending for. The assault was fierce,
+and of some duration; but the messenger, after doing his utmost, was
+at last overpowered and compelled to yield up the basket, though not
+before he had secured a part of its contents. The piece saved from the
+wreck he ran off with, at full speed, to the quarters of his old
+enemy, at whose feet he laid it down, stretching himself beside it
+till he had eaten it up. A few snuffs, a few whispers in the ear, and
+other dog-like courtesies, were then exchanged; after which they both
+set off together for Cupar, where they worried almost every dog in the
+town; and, what is more remarkable, they never afterwards quarrelled,
+but were always on friendly terms."</p>
+
+<p>That society and culture soften and moderate the passions of dogs
+cannot be doubted, and they constantly imbibe feelings from those of
+their master. Thus, if he is a coward, his dog is generally found to
+be one. Dogs are, however, in many respects, rational beings; and some
+proofs of this will be given in the present work. They will watch the
+countenance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">Page 26</a></span> their master&mdash;they will understand words, which,
+though addressed to others, they will apply to themselves, and act
+accordingly. Thus a dog, which, from its mangy state, was ordered to
+be destroyed, took the first opportunity of quitting the ship, and
+would never afterwards come near a sailor belonging to it. If I desire
+the servant to wash a little terrier, who is apparently asleep at my
+feet, he will quit the room, and hide himself for some hours. A dog,
+though pressed with hunger, will never seize a piece of meat in
+presence of his master, though with his eyes, his movements, and his
+voice, he will make the most humble and expressive petition. Is not
+this reasoning?</p>
+
+<p>But there is one faculty in the dog which would appear perfectly
+incomprehensible. It is the sense of smelling. He will not only scent
+various kinds of game at considerable distances, but he has been known
+to trace the odour of his master's feet through all the winding
+streets of a populous city. This extreme sensibility is very
+wonderful. It would thus appear that the feelings of dogs are more
+exquisite than our own. They have sensations, but their faculty of
+comparing them, or of forming ideas, is much circumscribed. A dog can
+imitate some human actions, and is capable of receiving a certain
+degree of instruction; but his progress soon stops. It is, however, an
+animal that should always be loved and treated with kindness. It is a
+curious fact, that dogs who have had their ears and tails<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">Page 27</a></span> cut for
+many generations, transmit these defects to their descendants.
+Drovers' dogs, which may always be seen with short tails, are a proof
+of this.</p>
+
+<p>A pleasing character of the dog is given in Smellie's "Philosophy of
+Natural History." He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The natural sagacity and talents of the dog are well known, and
+justly celebrated. But when these are improved by association with
+man, and by education, he becomes, in some measure, a rational being.
+The senses of the dog, particularly that of scenting distant objects,
+give him a superiority over every other quadruped. He reigns at the
+head of a flock; and his language, whether expressive of blandishment
+or of command, is better heard and better understood than the voice of
+his master. Safety, order, and discipline, are the effects of his
+vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are his subjects. These he
+conducts and protects with prudence and bravery, and never employs
+force against them except for the preservation of peace and good
+order. But when in pursuit of his prey, he makes a complete display of
+his courage and intelligence. In this situation both natural and
+acquired talents are exerted. As soon as the horn or voice of the
+hunter is heard, the dog demonstrates his joy by the most expressive
+emotions and accents. By his movements and cries he announces his
+impatience for combat, and his passion for victory. Sometimes he moves
+silently along, reconnoitres the ground, and endeavours to discover
+and surprise the enemy. At other times he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">Page 28</a></span> traces the animal's steps,
+and by different modulations of voice, and by the movements,
+particularly of his tail, indicates the distance, the species, and
+even the age of the fugitive deer. All these movements and
+modifications of voice are perfectly understood by experienced
+hunters. When he wishes to get into an apartment he comes to the door;
+if that is shut, he scratches with his foot, makes a bewailing noise,
+and, if his petition is not soon answered, he barks with a peculiar
+and humble voice. The shepherd's dog not only understands the language
+of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows how to act
+by signals made with the hand."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brockedon, in his "Journal of Excursions in the Alps," says:&mdash;"In
+these valleys, the early hours of retirement placed us in the
+difficult situation of fighting our way to the inn door at Lanslebourg
+against a magnificent Savoyard dog, who barked and howled defiance at
+our attempts, for which he stood some chance of being shot. At length
+a man, hearing our threats, popped his head out of a window, and
+entreated our forbearance. We were soon admitted, and refreshments
+amply provided. I had heard a story of a duel fought here from Mr.
+N&mdash;&mdash;, in which he was a principal, about a dog; and upon inquiry
+learnt that this was the same animal. A party of four young officers,
+returning from Genoa, stopped here. Mr. N&mdash;&mdash; had brought with him a
+beautiful little pet dog, which had been presented to him by a lady on
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">Page 29</a></span> leaving Genoa. Struck by the appearance of the fine dog at the
+inn, one of the officers bought it. He was fairly informed that the
+dog had been already sold to an Englishman, who had taken it as far as
+Lyons, where the dog escaped, and returned (two hundred miles) to
+Lanslebourg. The officer who made the purchase intended to fasten it
+in the same place with the little dog. This Mr. N&mdash;&mdash; objected to;
+when his brother-officer made some offensive allusions to the lady
+from whom the pet had been received. An apology was demanded, and
+refused. Swords were instantly drawn; they fought in the room. Mr.
+N&mdash;&mdash; wounded and disarmed his antagonist; an apology for the
+injurious reflections followed, and the party proceeded to England.
+The dog was taken safely as far as Paris, where he again escaped, and
+returned home (five hundred miles). I was now informed that the dog
+had been sold a third time to an Englishman; and again, in spite of
+precautions having been taken, he had returned to Lanslebourg from
+Calais."</p>
+
+<p>A Scotch grazier, named Archer, having lost his way, and being
+benighted, at last got to a lone cottage; where, on his being
+admitted, a dog which had left Archer's house four years before
+immediately recognised him, fawned upon him, and when he retired for
+the night followed him into the chamber where he was to lie, and
+there, by his gestures, induced him narrowly to examine it; and then
+Archer saw sufficient to assure him that he was in the house of
+murderers. Rendered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">Page 30</a></span> desperate by the terrors of his situation, he
+burst into the room where the banditti were assembled, and wounded his
+insidious host by a pistol-shot; and in the confusion which the sudden
+explosion occasioned, he opened the door; and, notwithstanding he was
+fired at, accompanied by his dog Brutus, exerted all the speed which
+danger could call forth until daylight, which enabled him to perceive
+a house, and the main road, at no great distance. Upon his arrival at
+the house, and telling the master of it his story, he called up some
+soldiers that were there quartered, and who, by the aid of the dog,
+retraced the way back to the cottage. Upon examining the building a
+trap-door was found, which opened into a place where, amongst the
+mangled remains of several persons, was the body of the owner, who had
+received the shot from the grazier's pistol in his neck; and although
+not dead, had been, by the wretches his associates, in their quick
+retreat, thrown into this secret cemetery. He was, however, cured of
+his wound, delivered up to justice, tried, and executed.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<p>A merchant had received a large sum of money; and being fatigued with
+riding in the heat of the day, had retired to repose himself in the
+shade; and upon remounting his horse, had forgotten to take up the bag
+which contained the money. His dog tried to remind his master of his
+inadvertency by crying and barking, which so surprised the merchant,
+that, in crossing a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">Page 31</a></span> brook, he observed whether the dog drank, as he
+had his suspicions of his being mad; and which were confirmed by the
+dog's not lapping any water, and by his increased barking and howling,
+and at length by his endeavouring to bite the heels of the horse.
+Impressed with the idea of the dog's madness, to prevent further
+mischief, he discharged his pistol at him, and the dog fell. After
+riding some distance with feelings that will arise in every generous
+breast at the destruction of an affectionate animal, he discovered
+that his money was missing. His mind was immediately struck that the
+actions of the dog, which his impetuosity had construed into madness,
+were only efforts to remind him of his loss. He galloped back to where
+he had fired his pistol; but the dog was gone from thence with equal
+expedition to the spot where he had reposed. But what were the
+merchant's feelings when he perceived his faithful dog, in the
+struggles of death, lying by the side of the bag which had been
+forgotten! The dog tried to rise, but his strength was exhausted. He
+stretched out his tongue to lick the hand that was now fondling him
+with all the agony of regret for the wound its rashness had inflicted,
+and casting a look of kindness on his master, closed his eyes for
+ever.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to a well-known sportsman for the following interesting
+account of some of his dogs. It affords another proof how much
+kindness will do in bringing out the instinctive faculties of these
+animals;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">Page 32</a></span> and that, when properly educated, their sense, courage, and
+attachment are most extraordinary.</p>
+
+<p>"Smoaker was a deer greyhound of the largest size, but of his pedigree
+I know nothing. In speed he was equal to any hare greyhound; at the
+same time, in spirit he was indomitable. He was the only dog I ever
+knew who was a match for a red stag, single-handed. From living
+constantly in the drawing-room, and never being separated from me, he
+became acquainted with almost the meaning of every word&mdash;certainly of
+every sign. His retrieving of game was equal to any of the retrieving
+I ever saw in any other dogs. He would leap over any of the most
+dangerous spikes at a sign, walk up and come down any ladder, and
+catch, without hurting it, any particular fowl out of a number that
+was pointed out to him. If he missed me from the drawing-room, and had
+doubts about my being in the house, he would go into the hall and look
+for my hat: if he found it, he would return contented; but if he did
+not find it, he would proceed up-stairs to a window at the very top of
+the house, and look from the window each way, to ascertain if I were
+in sight. One day in shooting at Cranford, with his late Royal
+Highness the Duke of York, a pheasant fell on the other side of the
+stream. The river was frozen over; but in crossing to fetch the
+pheasant the ice broke, and let Smoaker in, to some inconvenience. He
+picked up the pheasant, and instead of trying the ice again, he took
+it many hundred yards round to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">Page 33</a></span> bridge. Smoaker died at the great
+age of eighteen years. His son Shark was also a beautiful dog. He was
+by Smoaker out of a common greyhound bitch, called Vagrant, who had
+won a cup at Swaffham. Shark was not so powerful as Smoaker; but he
+was, nevertheless, a large-sized dog, and was a first-rate deer
+greyhound and retriever. He took his father's place on the rug, and
+was inseparable from me. He was educated and entered at deer under
+Smoaker. When Shark was first admitted to the house, it chanced that
+one day he and Smoaker were left alone in a room with a table on which
+luncheon was laid. Smoaker might have been left for hours with meat on
+the table, and he would have died rather than have touched it; but at
+that time Shark was not proof against temptation. I left the room to
+hand some lady to her carriage, and as I returned by the window, I
+looked in. Shark was on his legs, smelling curiously round the table;
+whilst Smoaker had risen to a sitting posture, his ears pricked, his
+brow frowning, and his eyes intently fixed on his son's actions. After
+tasting several viands, Shark's long nose came in contact with about
+half a cold tongue; the morsel was too tempting to be withstood. For
+all the look of curious anger with which his father was intently
+watching, the son stole the tongue and conveyed it to the floor. No
+sooner had he done so, than the offended sire rushed upon him, rolled
+him over, beat him, and took away the tongue. Instead, though, of
+replacing it on the table,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">Page 34</a></span> the father contented himself with the
+punishment he had administered, and retired with great gravity to the
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>"I was once waiting by moonlight for wild ducks on the Ouze in
+Bedfordshire, and I killed a couple on the water at a shot. The
+current was strong; but Shark, having fetched one of the birds, was
+well aware there was another. Instead, therefore, of returning by
+water to look for the second, he ran along the banks, as if aware that
+the strong stream would have carried the bird further down; looking in
+the water till he saw it, at least a hundred yards from the spot where
+he had left it in bringing the first; when he also brought that to me.
+Nothing could induce either of these dogs to fetch a glove or a stick:
+I have often seen game fall close to me, and they would not attempt to
+touch it. It seemed as if they simply desired to be of service when
+service was to be done; and that when there were no obstacles to be
+conquered, they had no wish to interfere. Shark died at a good old
+age, and was succeeded by his son Wolfe. Wolfe's mother was a
+Newfoundland bitch. He was also a large and powerful dog, but of
+course not so speedy as his ancestors. While residing at my country
+house, being my constant companion, Wolfe accompanied me two or three
+times a-day in the breeding season to feed the young pheasants and
+partridges reared under hens. On going near the coops, I put down my
+gun, made Wolfe a sign to sit down by it, and fed the birds, with
+some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">Page 35</a></span> caution, that they might not be in any way scared. I mention
+this, because I am sure that dogs learn more from the manner and
+method of those they love, than they do from direct teaching. In front
+of the windows on the lawn there was a large bed of shrubs and
+flowers, into which the rabbits used to cross, and where I had often
+sent Wolfe in to drive them for me to shoot. One afternoon, thinking
+that there might be a rabbit, I made Wolfe the usual sign to go and
+drive the shrubs, which he obeyed; but ere he had gone some yards
+beneath the bushes, I heard him make a peculiar noise with his jaws,
+which he always made when he saw anything he did not like, and he came
+softly back to me with a sheepish look. I repeated the sign, and
+encouraged him to go; but he never got beyond the spot he had been to
+in the first instance, and invariably returned to me with a very odd
+expression of countenance. Curiosity tempted me to creep into the
+bushes to discover the cause of the dog's unwonted behaviour; when
+there, I found, congregated under one of the shrubs, eight or nine of
+my young pheasants, who had for the first time roosted at a distance
+from their coop. Wolfe had seen and known the young pheasants, and
+would not scare them.</p>
+
+<p>"Wolfe was the cause of my detecting and discharging one of my
+gamekeepers. I had forbidden my rabbits to be killed until my return;
+and the keeper was ordered simply to walk Wolfe to exercise on the
+farm. There was a large stone quarry in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">Page 36</a></span> vicinity, where there
+were a good many rabbits, some parts of which were so steep, that
+though you might look over the cliff, and shoot a rabbit below,
+neither man nor dog could pick him up without going a considerable way
+round. On approaching the edge of the quarry to look over for a
+rabbit, I was surprised at missing Wolfe, who invariably stole off in
+another direction, but always the same way. At last, on shooting a
+rabbit, I discovered that he invariably went to the only spot by which
+he could descend to pick up whatever fell to the gun; and by this I
+found that somebody had shot rabbits in his presence at times when I
+was from home.</p>
+
+<p>"Wolfe accompanied me to my residence in Hampshire, and there I
+naturalised, in a wild state, some white rabbits. For the first year
+the white ones were never permitted to be killed, and Wolfe saw that
+such was the case. One summer's afternoon I shot a white rabbit for
+the first time, and Wolfe jumped the garden fence to pick the rabbit
+up; but his astonishment and odd sheepish look, when he found it was a
+white one, were curious in the extreme. He dropped his stern, made his
+usual snap with his jaws, and came back looking up in my face, as much
+as to say, 'You've made a mistake, and shot a white rabbit, but I've
+not picked him up.' I was obliged to assure him that I intended to
+shoot it, and to encourage him before he would return and bring the
+rabbit to me. Wolfe died when he was about nine years old, and was
+succeeded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">Page 37</a></span> by my present favourite, Brenda, a hare greyhound of the
+highest caste. Brenda won the Oak stakes of her year, and is a very
+fast and stout greyhound. I have taught her to retrieve game to the
+gun, to drive home the game from dangerous sands, and, in short, to do
+everything but speak; and this she attempts, by making a beautiful
+sort of bark when she wants her dinner.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the lop-eared rabbit naturalised, and in a half-wild and wild
+state, and Brenda is often to be seen with some of the tamest of them
+asleep in the sun on the lawn together. When the rabbits have been
+going out into a dangerous vicinity, late in the evening, I have often
+sent Brenda to drive them home, and to course and kill the wild ones
+if she could. I have seen one of the wild-bred lop-ears get up before
+her, and I have seen her make a start to course it; but when she saw
+that it was not a native of the soil she would stop and continue her
+search for others. The next moment I have seen her course and kill a
+wild rabbit. She is perfectly steady from hare if I tell her not to
+run, and is, without any exception, one of the prettiest and most
+useful and engaging creatures ever seen. She is an excellent
+rat-killer also, and has an amazing antipathy to a cat. When I have
+been absent from home for some time, Mrs. B. has observed that she is
+alive to every sound of a wheel, and if the door-bell rings she is the
+first to fly to it. When walking on the sea-beach during my absence,
+she is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">Page 38</a></span> greatly interested in every boat she sees, and watches them
+with the most intense anxiety, as in the yachting season she has known
+me return by sea. Brenda would take my part in a row, and she is a
+capital house-dog. If ever the heart of a creature was given to man,
+this beautiful, graceful, and clever animal has given me hers, for her
+whole existence is either passed in watching for my return, or in
+seeking opportunities to please me when I am at home. It is a great
+mistake to suppose that severity of treatment is necessary to the
+education of a dog, or that it is serviceable in making him steady.
+Manner&mdash;<em>marked and impressive manner</em>&mdash;is that which teaches
+obedience, and example rather than command forms the desired
+character.</p>
+
+<p>"I had two foxhounds when I hunted stag,&mdash;my pack were all
+foxhounds,&mdash;they were named Bachelor and Blunder. We used to play with
+them together, and they got to know each other by name. In returning
+from hunting, my brother and myself used to amuse ourselves by saying,
+in a peculiar tone of voice,&mdash;the one we used to use in playing with
+them&mdash;'Bachelor, where's Blunder?' On hearing this, Bachelor's stern
+and bristles rose, and he trotted about among the pack, looking for
+Blunder, and when he found him he would push his nose against his ear
+and growl at him. Thus Bachelor evidently knew Blunder by name, and
+this arose from the way in which we used to play with them. At this
+moment, when far away from home, and after an absence of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">Page 39</a></span> many weeks,
+if I sing a particular song, which I always sing to a dog named
+Jessie, Brenda, though staying in houses where she had never seen
+Jessie, will get up much excited, and look to the door and out of the
+window in expectation of her friend. I have a great pleasure in the
+society of all animals, and I love to make my house a place where all
+may meet in rest and good fellowship. This is far easier to achieve
+than people would think for when dogs are kindly used, but impressed
+with ideas of obedience.</p>
+
+<p>"The gazelle which came home from Acre in the Thunderer, was one
+evening feeding from Mrs. B.'s plate at dessert, when Odion, the great
+deerhound, who was beaten in my match against the five deer by an
+unlucky stab in the first course, came in by special invitation for
+his biscuit. The last deer he had seen previous to the gazelle he had
+coursed and pulled down. The strange expression of his dark face was
+beautiful when he first saw her; and halting in his run up to me, he
+advanced more slowly directly to her, she met him also in apparent
+wonder at his great size, and they smelled each others' faces. Odion
+then kissed her, and came to me for his biscuit, and never after
+noticed her. She will at times butt him if he takes up too much of the
+fire; but this she will not do to Brenda, except in play; and if she
+is eating from Mrs. Berkeley's hand, Brenda by a peculiar look can
+send her away and take her place. Odion, the gazelle, Brenda, and the
+rabbits, will all quietly lay on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">Page 40</a></span> lawn together, and the gazelle
+and Bruiser, an immense house-dog between the bloodhound and mastiff,
+will run and play together.</p>
+
+<p>"I had forgotten to mention a bull-and-mastiff dog that I had, called
+Grumbo. He was previous to Smoaker, and was indeed the first
+four-footed companion established in my confidence. I was then very
+young, and of course inclined to anything like a row. Grumbo,
+therefore, was well entered in all kinds of strife&mdash;bulls, oxen, pigs,
+men, dogs, all came in turn as combatants; and Grumbo had the oddest
+ways of making men and animals the <em>aggressors</em> I ever knew. He seemed
+to make it a point of honour never to begin, but on receiving a hint
+from me; some one of his enemies was sure to commence the battle, and
+then he or both of us would turn to as an oppressed party. I have seen
+him walk leisurely out into the middle of a field where oxen were
+grazing, and then throw himself down. Either a bull or the oxen were
+sure to be attracted by the novel sight, and come dancing and blowing
+round him. All this he used to bear with the most stoical fortitude,
+till some one more forward than the rest touched him with the horn.
+'War to the knife, and no favour,' was then the cry; and Grumbo had
+one of them by the nose directly. He being engaged at odds, I of
+course made in to help him, and such a scene of confusion used to
+follow as was scarce ever seen. Grumbo tossed in the air, and then
+some beast pinned by the nose would lie down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">Page 41</a></span> and bellow. I should all
+this time be swinging round on to some of their tails, and so it would
+go on till Grumbo and myself were tired and our enemies happy to beat
+a retreat. If he wished to pick a quarrel with a man, he would walk
+listlessly before him till the man trod on him, and then the row
+began. Grumbo was the best assistant, night or day, for catching
+delinquents, in the world. As a proof of his thoughtful sagacity, I
+give the following fact. He was my sole companion when I watched two
+men steal a quantity of pheasants' eggs: we gave chase; but before I
+could come near them, with two hundred yards start of me, they fled.
+There was no hope of my overtaking them before they reached the
+village of Harlington, so I gave Grumbo the office. Off he went, but
+in the chase the men ran up a headland on which a cow was tethered.
+They passed the cow; and when the dog came up to the cow he stopped,
+and, to my horror, contemplated a grab at the tempting nose. He was,
+however, uncertain as to whether or not this would be right, and he
+looked back to me for further assurance. I made the sign to go ahead,
+and he understood it, for he took up the running again, and
+disappeared down a narrow pathway leading through the orchards to the
+houses. When I turned that corner, to my infinite delight I found him
+placed in the narrow path, directly in front of one of the poachers,
+with such an evident determination of purpose, that the man was
+standing stock still, afraid to stir either hand or foot. I came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">Page 42</a></span> up
+and secured the offender, and bade the dog be quiet."</p>
+
+<p>It is, I believe, a fact, and if so, it is a curious one, that the dog
+in a wild state only howls; but when he becomes the friend and
+companion of man, he has then wants and wishes, hopes and fears, joys
+and sorrows, to which in his wilder state he appears to have been a
+stranger. His vocabulary, if it may be so called, then increases, in
+order to express his enlarged and varying emotions. He anticipates
+rewards and punishments, and learns to solicit the former and
+deprecate the latter. He bounds exultingly forth to accompany his
+master in his walks, rides, and sports of the field. He acts as the
+faithful guardian of his property. He is his fire-side companion,
+evidently discerns days of household mirth or grief, and deports
+himself accordingly. Hence, his energies and his sensibilities are all
+expanded, and what he feels he seeks to tell in various accents, and
+in different ways. For instance, our little dog comes and pulls his
+mistress's gown and makes significant whines, if any one is in or
+about the premises whom he thinks has no right to be there. I have
+seen a dog pick up a stick and bring it in his mouth to his master,
+looking at the water first and then at his master, evidently that the
+stick might be thrown into it, that he might have the pleasure of
+swimming after it. In my younger days, I was in the habit of teazing a
+favourite dog by twitching his nose and pretending to pull his ears.
+He would snap gently at me, but if,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">Page 43</a></span> by accident, he gave me rather a
+harder bite than he had intended, he became instantly aware of it, and
+expressed his regret in a way not to be mistaken. Dogs who have hurt
+or cut themselves will submit patiently while the wound is being
+dressed, however much the operation may hurt them. They become
+instantly sensible that no punishment is intended to be inflicted, and
+I have seen them lick the hand of the operator, as if grateful for
+what he was doing. Those who are in the habit of having dogs
+constantly in the room with them, will have perceived how alive they
+are to the slightest change in the countenance of their master; how
+gently they will touch him with their paw when he is eating, in order
+to remind him of their own want of food; and how readily they
+distinguish the movements of any inmate of the house from those of a
+stranger. These, and many other circumstances which might be
+mentioned, show a marked distinction between a domesticated dog and
+one that is wild, or who has lived with people who are in an
+uncivilized state, such as the Esquimaux, &amp;c. Both the wild and
+domestic dog, however, appear to be possessed of and to exercise
+forethought. They will bury or hide food, which they are unable to
+consume at once, and return for it. But the domestic dog, perhaps,
+gives stronger proofs of forethought; and I will give an instance of
+it. A large metal pot, turned on one side, in which a great quantity
+of porridge had been boiled, was set before a Newfoundland puppy of
+three or four months old. At first, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">Page 44</a></span> contented himself by licking
+off portions of the oatmeal which adhered to the interior, but finding
+this unsatisfactory, he scraped the morsels with his fore-paws into a
+heap, and then ate the whole at once. I had a dog, who, having once
+scalded his tongue, always afterwards, when I gave him his milk and
+water at breakfast, put his paw very cautiously into the saucer, to
+see if the liquid was too hot, before he would touch it with his
+tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs have frequently been known to hunt in couples; that is, to assist
+each other in securing their prey: thus associating together and
+admitting of no partnership.</p>
+
+<p>At Palermo, in Sicily, there is an extraordinary quantity of dogs
+wandering about without owners. Amongst the number, two more
+particularly distinguished themselves for their animosity to cats. One
+day they were in pursuit of a cat, which, seeing no other place of
+refuge near, made her escape into a long earthen water-pipe which was
+lying on the ground. These two inseparable companions, who always
+supported each other, pursued the cat to the pipe, where they were
+seen to stop, and apparently to consult each other as to what was to
+be done to deceive and get possession of the poor cat. After they had
+stood a short time they divided, taking post at each end of the pipe,
+and began to back alternately, thus giving the cat reason to suppose
+that they were both at one end, in order to induce her to come out.
+This man&oelig;uvre had a successful result, and the cheated cat left her
+hiding-place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">Page 45</a></span> Scarcely had she ventured out, when she was seized by
+one of the dogs; the other hastened to his assistance, and in a few
+moments deprived her of life.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>The memory of dogs is quite extraordinary, and only equalled by that
+of the elephant. Mr. Swainson, in his work on the instincts of
+animals, gives the following proof of this. He says that "A spaniel
+belonging to the Rev. H. N., being always told that he must not follow
+his master to church on Sundays, used on those days to set off long
+before the service, and lie concealed under the hedge, so near the
+church, that at length the point was yielded to him." My little
+parlour dog never offers to go with me on a Sunday, although on other
+days he is perfectly wild to accompany me in my walks.</p>
+
+<p>In my younger days I had a favourite dog, which always accompanied me
+to church. My mother, seeing that he attracted too much of my
+attention, ordered the servant to shut him every Sunday morning. This
+was done once, but never afterwards; for he concealed himself early
+every Sunday morning, and I was sure to find him either under my seat
+at church, or else at the church-door. That dogs clearly distinguish
+the return of Sunday cannot be doubted.</p>
+
+<p>The almost incredible penetration and expedition with which dogs are
+known to return to their former homes, from places to which they have
+been sent, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">Page 46</a></span> carried in such a recluse way as not to retain a trace
+of the road, will ever continue to excite the greatest admiration.</p>
+
+<p>A dog having been given by a gentleman at Wivenhoe to the captain of a
+collier, he took the dog on board his vessel, and landed him at
+Sunderland; but soon after his arrival there the dog was missing, and
+in a very few days arrived at the residence of his old master, in
+Essex. A still more extraordinary circumstance is upon record, of the
+late Colonel Hardy, who, having been sent for express to Bath, was
+accompanied by a favourite spaniel bitch in his chaise, which he never
+quitted till his arrival there. After remaining there four days, he
+accidentally left his spaniel behind him, and returned to his
+residence at Springfield, in Essex, with equal expedition; where, in
+three days after, his faithful and steady adherent arrived also,
+notwithstanding the distance between that place and Bath is 140 miles,
+and she had to explore her way through London, to which she had never
+been, except in her passage to Bath, and then within the confines of a
+close carriage.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the small town of Melbourne, in Derbyshire, cocks and hens may be
+seen running about the streets. One day a game cock attacked a small
+bantam, and they fought furiously, the bantam having, of course, the
+worst of it. Some persons were standing about looking at the fight,
+when my informant's house-dog suddenly darted out, snatched up the
+bantam in his mouth, and carried it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">Page 47</a></span> into the house. Several of the
+spectators followed, believing that the poor fowl would be killed and
+eaten by the dog; but his intentions were of a more benevolent nature.
+After guarding the entrance of the kennel for some time, he trotted
+down the yard into the street, looked about to the right and left, and
+seeing that the coast was clear, he went back again, and once more
+returning with his <em>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</em> in his mouth, safely deposited him in the
+street, and then walked quietly away. How few human beings would have
+acted as this dog had done!</p>
+
+<p>Here is another curious anecdote from Mr. Davy's work. He says that
+the cook in the house of a friend of his, a lady on whose accuracy he
+could rely, and from whom he had the anecdote, missed a marrow-bone.
+Suspicion fell on a well-behaved dog&mdash;a great favourite, and up to
+that time distinguished for his honesty. He was charged with the
+theft; he hung down his tail, and for a day or two was altered in his
+manner, having become shy, sullen, and sheepish, to use these
+expressions for want of better. In this mood he continued, till, to
+the amusement of the cook, he brought back the bone and laid it at her
+feet. Then, with the restoration of her stolen property, he resumed
+his cheerful manner. How can we interpret this conduct of the dog,
+better than by supposing that he was aware he had done amiss, and that
+the evil doing preyed on him till he had made restitution? Was not
+this a kind of moral sense?</p>
+
+<p>If a dog finds a bone while he is accompanying his master in a walk,
+he does not stay behind to gnaw it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">Page 48</a></span> but runs some distance in
+advance, attacks the bone, waits till his master comes up, and then
+proceeds forward again with it. By acting in this manner, he never
+loses sight of his master.</p>
+
+<p>A dog has been known to convey food to another of his species who was
+tied up and pining for want of it. A dog has frequently been seen to
+plunge voluntarily into a rapid stream, to rescue another that was in
+danger of drowning. He has defended helpless curs from the attacks of
+other dogs, and learns to apportion punishment according to the
+provocation received, frequently disdaining to exercise his power and
+strength on a weaker adversary. Repeated provocation will, however,
+excite and revenge. For instance, a Newfoundland dog was quietly
+eating his mess of broth and broken scraps. While so employed, a
+turkey endeavoured to share the meal with him. The dog growled, and
+displayed his teeth. The intruder retired for a moment, but quickly
+returned to the charge, and was again "warned off," with a like
+result. After three or four attempts of the same kind, the dog became
+provoked, gave a sudden ferocious growl, bit off the delinquent's
+head, and then quietly finished his meal, without bestowing any
+further attention on his victim.</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated Leibnitz related to the French Academy an account of a
+dog he had seen which was taught to speak, and could call in an
+intelligible manner for tea, coffee, chocolate, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">Page 49</a></span>&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The dog was of a middling size, and the property of a peasant in
+Saxony. A little boy, the peasant's son, imagined that he perceived in
+the dog's voice an indistinct resemblance to certain words, and was,
+therefore, determined to teach him to speak distinctly. For this
+purpose he spared neither time nor pains with his pupil, who was about
+three years old when his learned education commenced; and at length he
+made such progress in language, as to be able to articulate no less
+than thirty words. It appears, however, that he was somewhat of a
+truant, and did not very willingly exert his talents, being rather
+pressed into the service of literature, and it was necessary that the
+words should be first pronounced to him each time before he spoke. The
+French Academicians who mention this anecdote, add, that unless they
+had received the testimony of so great a man as Leibnitz, they should
+scarcely have dared to relate the circumstance.</p>
+
+<p>An invalid gentleman, who resided for some years on Ham Common, in
+Surrey, had a dog which distinctly pronounced John, William, and two
+or three other words. A medical friend of mine, who attended this
+gentleman, has frequently heard the animal utter these words; and a
+female relative of his, who was often on a visit at his house, assures
+me of the fact. Indeed it need not be doubted.</p>
+
+<p>These are the only two instances I have met with of talking dogs, but
+my brother had a beautiful little spaniel, named Doll, who was an
+indefatigable hunter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">Page 50</a></span> after woodcocks and snipes. Doll would come home
+in the evening after a hard day's sport, wet, tired and dirty, and
+then deposit herself on the rug before the fire. Happening one day to
+pull her ear gently when in this state, she expressed her dislike to
+be disturbed by a sort of singing noise. By repeating this from day to
+day, and saying "Sing, Doll," she would utter notes of a somewhat
+musical tone, and continue for some time after I had ceased to touch
+her ear, to the amusement and surprise of those who heard her. Poor
+Doll! I shall never see your like again, either for beauty or
+intelligence. If she was affronted she would come to me, at a distance
+of four miles, remain some time, and then return to her master.</p>
+
+<p>A small cur, blind of one eye, lame, ugly, old, and somewhat selfish,
+yet possessed of great shrewdness, was usually fed with three large
+dogs. Watching his opportunity, he generally contrived to seize the
+best bit of offal or bone, with which he retreated into a recess, the
+opening to which was so small that he knew the other dogs could not
+follow him into it, and where he enjoyed his repast without the fear
+of molestation.</p>
+
+<p>Early habits predominate strongly in dogs, and indeed in other
+animals. At the house of a gentleman in Wexford, out of four dogs kept
+to guard the premises, three of them would always wag their tails, and
+express what might be called civility, on the approach<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">Page 51</a></span> of any
+well-dressed visitors; manifesting, on the other hand, no very
+friendly feelings towards vagrants or ill-dressed people. The
+fourth,&mdash;a sort of fox-hound,&mdash;which, as a puppy, had belonged to a
+poor man, always seemed to recognise beggars and ill-dressed
+passengers as old familiar friends, growling at well-attired
+strangers, barking vehemently at gigs, and becoming almost frantic
+with rage at a four-wheeled carriage.</p>
+
+<p>The olfactory nerves of a dog are quite extraordinary, and it is said
+that, making allowance for difference of corporeal bulk, they are
+about four times larger than those of a man. Some dogs, however, seem
+to excel in acuteness of hearing, and others in peculiar powers of
+vision.</p>
+
+<p>We quote the following from the "Percy Anecdotes:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"One day, when Dumont, a tradesman of the Rue St. Denis, was walking
+in the Boulevard St. Antoine with a friend, he offered to lay a wager
+with the latter, that if he were to hide a six-livre piece in the
+dust, his dog would discover and bring it to him. The wager was
+accepted, and the piece of money secreted, after being carefully
+marked. When the two had proceeded some distance from the spot, M.
+Dumont called to his dog that he had lost something, and ordered him
+to seek it. Caniche immediately turned back, and his master and his
+companion pursued their walk to the Rue St. Denis. Meanwhile a
+traveller, who happened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">Page 52</a></span> to be just then returning in a small chaise
+from Vincennes, perceived the piece of money, which his horse had
+kicked from its hiding-place; he alighted, took it up, and drove to
+his inn, in the Rue Pont-aux-Choux. Caniche had just reached the spot
+in search of the lost piece when the stranger picked it up. He
+followed the chaise, went into the inn, and stuck close to the
+traveller. Having scented out the coin which he had been ordered to
+bring back in the pocket of the latter, he leaped up incessantly at
+and about him. The traveller, supposing him to be some dog that had
+been lost or left behind by his master, regarded his different
+movements as marks of fondness; and as the animal was handsome, he
+determined to keep him. He gave him a good supper, and on retiring to
+bed took him with him to his chamber. No sooner had he pulled off his
+breeches, than they were seized by the dog; the owner conceiving that
+he wanted to play with them, took them away again. The animal began to
+bark at the door, which the traveller opened, under the idea that the
+dog wanted to go out. Caniche snatched up the breeches, and away he
+flew. The traveller posted after him with his night-cap on, and
+literally <em>sans culottes</em>. Anxiety for the fate of a purse full of
+gold Napoleons, of forty francs each, which was in one of the pockets,
+gave redoubled velocity to his steps. Caniche ran full speed to his
+master's house, where the stranger arrived a moment afterwards,
+breathless and enraged. He accused the dog of robbing him. 'Sir,' said
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">Page 53</a></span> master, 'my dog is a very faithful creature; and if he has run
+away with your breeches, it is because you have in them money which
+does not belong to you.' The traveller became still more exasperated.
+'Compose yourself, sir,' rejoined the other, smiling; 'without doubt
+there is in your purse a six-livre piece, with such and such marks,
+which you have picked up in the Boulevard St. Antoine, and which I
+threw down there with the firm conviction that my dog would bring it
+back again. This is the cause of the robbery which he has committed
+upon you.' The stranger's rage now yielded to astonishment; he
+delivered the six-livre piece to the owner, and could not forbear
+caressing the dog which had given him so much uneasiness, and such an
+unpleasant chase."</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman in Cornwall possessed a dog, which seemed to set a value
+on white and shining pebble stones, of which he had made a large
+collection in a hole under an old tree. A dog in Regent Street is said
+to have barked with joy on hearing the wheels of his master's carriage
+driven to the door, when he could not by any possibility see the
+vehicle, and while many other carriages were at the time passing and
+repassing. This, I believe, is a fact by no means uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>My retriever will carry an egg in his mouth to a great distance, and
+during a considerable length of time, without ever breaking or even
+cracking the shell. A small bird having escaped from its cage and
+fallen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">Page 54</a></span> into the sea, a dog conveyed it in his mouth to the ship,
+without doing it the slightest injury.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;"><a name="Illustration_RETRIEVER" id="Illustration_RETRIEVER"></a>
+<img src="images/retriever.jpg" width="454" height="500" alt="RETRIEVER." title="RETRIEVER." />
+<span class="caption">RETRIEVER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the carriers of a New York paper called the "Advocate," having
+become indisposed, his son took his place; but not knowing the
+subscribers he was to supply, he took for his guide a dog which had
+usually attended his father. The animal trotted on a-head of the boy,
+and stopped at every door where the paper was in use to be left,
+without making a single omission or mistake.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from a newspaper of this year:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">Page 55</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A most extraordinary circumstance has just occurred at the Hawick
+toll-bar, which is kept by two old women. It appears that they had a
+sum of money in the house, and were extremely alarmed lest they should
+be robbed of it. Their fears prevailed to such an extent, that, when a
+carrier whom they knew was passing by, they urgently requested him to
+remain with them all night, which, however, his duties would not
+permit him to do; but, in consideration of the alarm of the women, he
+consented to leave with them a large mastiff dog. In the night the
+women were disturbed by the uneasiness of the dog, and heard a noise
+apparently like an attempt to force an entrance into the premises,
+upon which they escaped by the back-door, and ran to a neighbouring
+house, which happened to be a blacksmith's shop. They knocked at the
+door, and were answered from within by the smith's wife. She said her
+husband was absent, but that she was willing to accompany the
+terrified women to their home. On reaching the house, they heard a
+savage but half-stifled growling from the dog. On entering they saw
+the body of a man hanging half in and half out of their little window,
+whom the dog had seized by the throat, and was still worrying. On
+examination, the man proved to be their neighbour the blacksmith,
+dreadfully torn about the throat, and quite dead."</p>
+
+<p>A dog, belonging to the late Dr. Robert Hooper, had been in the
+constant habit of performing various little personal services for his
+master, such as fetching<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">Page 56</a></span> his slippers, &amp;c. It happened one day that
+Dr. Hooper had been detained by his professional duties much beyond
+his usual dinner hour. The dog impatiently waited for his arrival, and
+he at last returned, weary and hungry. After showing his pleasure at
+the arrival of his master, greeting him with his usual attention, the
+animal remained tolerably quiet until he conceived a reasonable time
+had elapsed for the preparation of the Doctor's dinner. As it did not,
+however, make its appearance, the dog went into the kitchen, seized
+with his mouth a half-broiled beefsteak, with which he hastened back
+to his master, placing it on the table-cloth before him.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago, the public were amused with an account given in the
+newspapers of a dog which possessed the strange fancy of attending all
+the fires that occurred in the metropolis. The discovery of this
+predilection was made by a gentleman residing a few miles from town,
+who was called up in the middle of the night by the intelligence that
+the premises adjoining his house of business were on fire. "The
+removal of my books and papers," said he, in telling the story, "of
+course claimed my attention; yet, notwithstanding this, and the bustle
+which prevailed, my eye every now and then rested on a dog, which,
+during the hottest progress of the conflagration, I could not help
+noticing running about, and apparently taking a deep interest in what
+was going on; contriving to keep himself out of everybody's way, and
+yet always present amidst the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">Page 57</a></span> thickest of the stir. When the fire was
+got under, and I had leisure to look about me, I again observed the
+dog, which, with the firemen, appeared to be resting from the fatigues
+of duty, and was led to make some inquiries respecting him. 'Is this
+your dog, my friend?' said I to a fireman. 'No, sir,' answered he; it
+does not belong to me, or to any one in particular. We call him the
+firemen's dog.' 'The firemen's dog!' I replied. 'Why so? Has he no
+master?' 'No, sir,' rejoined the fireman; 'he calls none of us master,
+though we are all of us willing enough to give him a night's lodging
+and a pennyworth of meat. But he won't stay long with any of us. His
+delight is to be at all the fires in London; and, far or near, we
+generally find him on the road as we are going along, and sometimes,
+if it is out of town, we give him a lift. I don't think there has been
+a fire for these two or three years past which he has not been at.'</p>
+
+<p>"The communication was so extraordinary, that I found it difficult to
+believe the story, until it was confirmed by the concurrent testimony
+of several other firemen. None of them, however, were able to give any
+account of the early habits of the dog, or to offer any explanation of
+the circumstances which led to this singular propensity.</p>
+
+<p>"Some time afterwards, I was again called up in the night to a fire in
+the village in which I resided (Camberwell, in Surrey), and to my
+surprise here I again met with 'the firemen's dog,' still alive and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">Page 58</a></span>
+well, pursuing, with the same apparent interest and satisfaction, the
+exhibition of that which seldom fails to bring with it disaster and
+misfortune, oftentimes loss of life and ruin. Still, he called no man
+master, disdained to receive bed or board from the same hand more than
+a night or two at a time, nor could the firemen trace out his
+resting-place."</p>
+
+<p>Such was the account of this interesting animal as it appeared in the
+newspapers, to which were shortly afterwards appended several
+circumstances communicated by a fireman at one of the police offices.
+A magistrate having asked him whether it was a fact that the dog was
+present at most of the fires that occurred in the metropolis, the
+fireman replied that he never knew "Tyke," as he was called, to be
+absent from a fire upon any occasion that he (the fireman) attended
+himself. The magistrate said the dog must have an extraordinary
+predilection for fires. He then asked what length of time he had been
+known to possess that propensity. The fireman replied that he knew
+Tyke for the last nine years; and although he was getting old, yet the
+moment the engines were about, Tyke was to be seen as active as ever,
+running off in the direction of the fire. The magistrate inquired
+whether the dog lived with any particular fireman. The fireman replied
+that Tyke liked one fireman as well as another; he had no particular
+favourites, but passed his time amongst them, sometimes going to the
+house of one, and then to another, and off to a third when he was
+tired. Day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">Page 59</a></span> or night, it was all the same to him; if a fire broke out,
+there he was in the midst of the bustle, running from one engine to
+another, anxiously looking after the firemen; and, although pressed
+upon by crowds, yet, from his dexterity, he always escaped accidents,
+only now and then getting a ducking from the engines, which he rather
+liked than otherwise. The magistrate said that Tyke was a most
+extraordinary animal; and having expressed a wish to see him, he was
+shortly after exhibited at the office, and some other peculiarities
+respecting him were related. There was nothing at all particular in
+the appearance of the dog; he was a rough-looking small animal, of the
+terrier breed, and seemed to be in excellent condition, no doubt from
+the care taken of him by the firemen belonging to the different
+companies. There was some difficulty experienced in bringing him to
+the office, as he did not much relish going any distance from where
+the firemen are usually to be found, except in cases of attending with
+them at a conflagration, and then distance was of no consequence. It
+was found necessary to use stratagem for the purpose. A fireman
+commenced running. Tyke, accustomed to follow upon such occasions, set
+out after him; but this person, having slackened his pace on the way,
+the sagacious animal, knowing there was no fire, turned back, and it
+was necessary to carry him to the office.</p>
+
+<p>The following striking anecdote, of a similar kind, appeared in the
+first number of the new issue of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">Page 60</a></span> Cassell's "Illustrated Family
+Paper." After giving a short account of a fire-escape man, named
+Samuel Wood, the writer thus alludes to his dog Bill:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"As to Bill, he regards him evidently in the light of a friend; he had
+him when he was a pup from a poor fellow who died in the service, and
+he and his 'Bill' have been on excellent terms ever since.</p>
+
+<p>"The fire-escape man's dog takes after his master in courage and
+perseverance. He is of the terrier breed, six years old. An alarm of
+fire calls forth all his energy. He is the first to know that
+something is wrong&mdash;the first to exert himself in setting it right. He
+has not been trained to the work&mdash;'it is a gift,' as his master says;
+and if we all used our gifts as efficiently as the dog Bill, it would
+be the better for us. On an alarm of fire Bill barks his loudest,
+dashes about in a frantic manner, till his master and the escape are
+on their way to it. He, of course, is there first, giving the police
+and the crowd to understand that Wood and his fire-escape are coming.
+When the escape is fixed, and Wood begins to ascend the ladder, Bill
+runs up the canvas; as soon as a window is opened, Bill leaps in and
+dashes about to find the occupants, loudly barking for assistance as
+soon as he has accomplished his errand of mercy. His watchfulness and
+sagacity are never at fault, although on more than one occasion he has
+stood a fair chance of losing his life, and has sustained very severe
+injury. Not long ago a collar was presented to Bill as a reward for
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">Page 61</a></span> services; unfortunately for him, he has since lost this token of
+public regard&mdash;a misfortune much to be regretted. The following verse
+was engraved on the collar:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'I am the fire-escape man's dog: my name is Bill.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When 'fire' is called I am never still:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I bark for my master, all danger brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To bring the escape&mdash;human life to save.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Collared or collarless, Bill is always ready to lend a helping bark.
+May his life be long, and his services properly esteemed!"</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote shows extraordinary sense, if not reasoning
+faculty, in a dog:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A lady of high rank has a sort of colley, or Scotch sheep-dog. When he
+is ordered to ring the bell, he does so; but if he is told to ring the
+bell when the servant is in the room whose duty it is to attend, he
+refuses, and then the following occurrence takes place. His mistress
+says, "Ring the bell, dog." The dog looks at the servant, and then
+barks his bow wow, once or twice. The order is repeated two or three
+times. At last the dog lays hold of the servant's coat in a
+significant manner, just as if he had said to him&mdash;"Don't you hear
+that I am to ring the bell for you?&mdash;come to my lady." His mistress
+always had her shoes warmed before she put them on, but one day during
+the hot weather her maid was putting them on without their having been
+previously placed before the fire. When the dog saw this he
+immediately interfered, expressing the greatest indignation at the
+maid's negli<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">Page 62</a></span>gence. He took the shoes from her, carried them to the
+fire, and after they had been warmed as usual, he brought them back to
+his mistress with much apparent satisfaction, evidently intending to
+say, if he could, "It is all right now."</p>
+
+<p>The dispositions and characters of dogs, as well as their
+intelligence, vary very much. Let me give a few instances of this.</p>
+
+<p>When that benevolent man, Mr. Backhouse, went to Australia, in hopes
+of doing good among the convicts, he was residing in the house of a
+gentleman who had a son about four years of age. This boy strayed one
+morning into the bush, and could not be found after a long search had
+been made for him. In the evening a little dog, which had accompanied
+the child, scratched at the door, and on its being opened showed
+unmistakeable signs of wishing to be followed. This was done; and he
+led the way to the child, who was at last found sitting by the side of
+a river three or four miles from the house.</p>
+
+<p>At Albany in Worcestershire, at the seat of Admiral Maling, a dog went
+every day to meet the mail, and brought the bag in his mouth to the
+house. The distance was about a half-a-quarter of a mile. The dog
+usually received a meal of meat as his reward. The servants having, on
+<em>one day only</em>, neglected to give him his accustomed meal, the dog on
+the arrival of the next mail buried the bag, nor was it found without
+considerable search.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">Page 63</a></span>M. D'Obsonville had a dog which he had brought up in India from two
+months old; and having to go with a friend from Pondicherry to
+Bengalore, a distance of more than nine hundred miles, he took the
+animal along with him. "Our journey," says M. D'O., "occupied nearly
+three weeks; and we had to traverse plains and mountains, and to ford
+rivers, and go along by-paths. The animal, which had certainly never
+been in that country before, lost us at Bengalore, and immediately
+returned to Pondicherry. He went directly to the house of my friend,
+M. Beglier, then commandant of artillery, and with whom I had
+generally lived. Now the difficulty is not so much to know how the dog
+subsisted on the road (for he was very strong, and able to procure
+himself food), but how he should so well have found his way after an
+interval of more than a month! This was an effort of memory greatly
+superior to that which the human race is capable of exerting."</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman residing in Denmark, Mr. Decouick, one of the king's privy
+councillors, found that he had a remarkable dog. It was the habit of
+Mr. Decouick to leave Copenhagen on Fridays for Drovengourd, his
+country seat. If he did not arrive there on the Friday evening, the
+dog would invariably be found at Copenhagen on Saturday morning, in
+search of his master. Hydrophobia becoming common, all dogs were shot
+that were found running about, an exception being made in the case of
+Mr. Decouick's dog on account of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">Page 64</a></span> his sagacity and fidelity, a
+distinctive mark being placed upon him.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdotes are from Daniel's "Rural Sports:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Upon the fidelity of dogs, the following facts deserve to be here
+recorded: of this property, or other peculiar traits, if they
+appertain to any class of sporting dogs, in that class they will be
+noticed.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Beattie, in one of his ingenious and elegant essays, relates a
+story, in his own knowledge, of a gentleman's life being saved, who
+fell beneath the ice, by his dog's going in quest of assistance, and
+almost forcibly dragging a farmer to the spot.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Vaillant describes the losing of a bitch while travelling in
+Africa, when after firing his gun, and fruitlessly searching for her,
+he despatched one of his attendants, to return by the way they had
+proceeded; when she was found at about two leagues' distance, seated
+by the side of a chair and basket, which had dropped unperceived from
+his waggon: an instance of attentive fidelity, which must have proved
+fatal to the animal, either from hunger or beasts of prey, had she not
+been luckily discovered.</p>
+
+<p>As instances of the dog's sagacity, the following are submitted. In
+crossing the mountain St. Gothard, near Airola, the Chevalier Gaspard
+de Brandenberg and his servant were buried by an avalanche; his dog,
+who escaped the heap of snow, did not quit the place where he had lost
+his master: this was, fortunately, not far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">Page 65</a></span> from the convent; the
+animal howled, ran to the convent frequently, and then returned.
+Struck by his perseverance, the next morning the people from the house
+followed him; he led them directly to the spot, scratched the snow,
+and after thirty-six hours passed beneath it, the chevalier and his
+domestic were taken out safe, hearing distinctly during their
+confinement the howling of the dog and the discourse of their
+deliverers. Sensible that to the sagacity and fondness of this
+creature he owed his life, the gentleman ordered by his will that he
+should be represented on his tomb with his dog; and at Zug, in the
+church of St. Oswald, where he was buried in 1728, they still show the
+monument and the effigy of this gentleman, with the dog lying at his
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>In 1792, a gentleman, who lived in Vere Street, Clare Market, went
+with his family to the pit of Drury Lane Theatre, at about half-past
+five in the evening, leaving a small spaniel, of King Charles's breed,
+locked up in the dining-room, to prevent the dog from being lost in
+his absence. At eight o'clock his son opened the door, and the dog
+immediately went to the playhouse and found out his master, though the
+pit was unusually thronged, and his master seated near its centre.</p>
+
+<p>A large dog of Mr. Hilson's, of Maxwelhaugh, on the 21st of October,
+1797, seeing a small one that was following a cart from Kelso carried
+by the current of the Tweed, in spite of all its efforts to bear up
+against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">Page 66</a></span> the stream, after watching its motions attentively, plunged
+voluntarily into the river, and seizing the tired animal by the neck,
+brought it safely to land.</p>
+
+<p>The docility of the dog is such, that he may be taught to practise
+with considerable dexterity a variety of human actions: to open a door
+fastened by a latch, and pull a bell when desirous to be admitted.
+Faber mentions one belonging to a nobleman of the Medici family, which
+always attended at its master's table, took from him his plates, and
+brought him others; carried wine to him in a glass upon a salver,
+which it held in its mouth, without spilling; the same dog would also
+hold the stirrup in its teeth while its master was mounting his horse.
+Mr. Daniel had formerly a spaniel, which he gave the honourable Mr.
+Greville, that, beyond the common tricks which dogs trained to fetch
+and carry exhibit, would bring the bottles of wine from the corner of
+the room to the table by the neck, with such care as never to break
+one; and, in fact, was the <em>boots</em> of the mess-room.</p>
+
+<p>Some few years since, the person who lived at the turnpike-house,
+about a mile from Stratford-upon-Avon, had trained a dog to go to the
+town for any small parcels of grocery, &amp;c. which he wanted. A note,
+mentioning the things required, was tied round his neck, and in the
+same manner the articles were fastened, and arrived safe to his
+master.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Hutchinson relates the following anecdote:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">Page 67</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A cousin of one of my brother-officers was taking a walk at Tunbridge
+Wells, when a strange Newfoundland snatched her parasol from her hand,
+and carried it off. The lady followed the dog, who kept ahead,
+constantly looking back to see if she followed. The dog at length
+stopped at a confectioner's, and went in, followed by the lady, who,
+as the dog would not resign it, applied to the shopman for assistance.
+He then told her that it was an old trick of the dog's to get a bun,
+and that if she would give him one he would return the property. She
+cheerfully did so, and the dog as willingly made the exchange."</p>
+
+<p>The above anecdote proves that dogs are no mean observers of
+countenances, and that he had satisfied himself by a previous scrutiny
+as to the probability of his delinquencies being forgiven.</p>
+
+<p>Of the abstinence and escape of a dog, the following narrative may not
+be uninteresting:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In 1789, when preparations were making at St. Paul's for the reception
+of his majesty, a favourite dog followed its master up the dark stairs
+of the dome. Here, all at once, it was missing; and calling and
+whistling were to no purpose. Nine weeks after this, all but two days,
+some glaziers were at work in the cathedral, and heard a faint noise
+amongst the timbers which support the dome. Thinking it might be some
+unfortunate human being, they tied a rope round a boy, and let him
+down near the place whence the sound came. At the bottom he found a
+dog lying on its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">Page 68</a></span> side, the skeleton of another dog, and an old shoe
+half eaten. The humanity of the boy led him to rescue the animal from
+its miserable situation, and it was accordingly drawn up. Much
+emaciated, and scarce able to stand, the workmen placed it in the
+porch of the church, to die or live as it might happen. This was about
+ten o'clock in the morning. Some time after, the dog was seen
+endeavouring to cross the street at the top of Ludgate Hill; but its
+weakness was so great, that, unsupported by a wall, it could not
+accomplish it. The miserable appearance of the dog again excited the
+compassion of a boy, who carried it over. By the aid of the houses it
+was enabled to get to Fleet Market, and over two or three narrow
+crossings in its way to Holborn Bridge, and about eight o'clock in the
+evening it reached its master's house in Red Lion Street, Holborn, and
+laid itself down on the steps, having been ten hours in its journey
+from St. Paul's to that place. The dog was so much altered, its eyes
+being so sunk in its head as to be scarce discernible, that the master
+would not encourage his faithful old companion, who when lost was
+supposed to weigh twenty pounds, but now only weighed three pounds
+fourteen ounces. The first indication it gave of knowing its master
+was by wagging its tail when he mentioned its name, Phillis; for a
+long time it was unable to eat or drink, and it was kept alive by the
+sustenance it received from its mistress, who used to feed it with a
+teaspoon. At length it recovered. It must not be supposed that this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">Page 69</a></span>
+animal existed for nine weeks without food; she was in whelp when
+lost, and doubtless ate her young. The remains of another dog, killed
+by a similar fall, were likewise found, and were most probably
+converted by the survivor to the most urgent of all natural purposes;
+and when this treat was done, the shoe succeeded, which was almost
+half devoured. What famine and a thousand accidents could not do, was
+effected a short time after by the wheels of a coach, which
+unfortunately went over her, and ended the life of poor Phillis.</p>
+
+<p>Of dogs that have supported themselves in a wild state, to the great
+loss and annoyance of the farmer, there are two instances worthy of
+notice, from the cunning with which both these dogs frustrated, for a
+length of time, every secret and open attack. In December, 1784, a dog
+was left by a smuggling vessel near Boomer, on the coast of
+Northumberland. Finding himself deserted, he began to worry sheep, and
+did so much damage that he was the terror of the country, within the
+circuit of above twenty miles. It is asserted, that when he caught a
+sheep, he bit a hole in its right side, and after eating the fat about
+the kidneys, left it. Several of them, thus lacerated, were found
+alive by the shepherds; and being properly taken care of, some of them
+recovered, and afterwards had lambs. From this delicacy of his
+feeding, the destruction may in some measure be conceived, as the fat
+of one sheep in a day would scarcely satisfy his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">Page 70</a></span> hunger. Various were
+the means used to destroy him: frequently was he pursued with hounds,
+greyhounds, &amp;c., but when the dogs came up with him, he laid down on
+his back, as if supplicating for mercy, and in that position they
+never hurt him; he therefore laid quietly, taking his rest, until the
+hunters approached, when he made off without being followed by the
+hounds, until they were again excited to the pursuit, which always
+terminated unsuccessfully. He was one day pursued from Howick to
+upwards of thirty miles' distance, but returned thither and killed
+sheep the same evening. His constant residence was upon a rock on the
+Heugh Hill, near Howick, where he had a view of four roads that
+approached it; and there, in March 1785, after many fruitless
+attempts, he was at last shot.</p>
+
+<p>Another wild dog, which had committed similar devastation among the
+sheep, near Wooler, in the same county (Northumberland), was, on the
+6th of June, 1799, advertised to be hunted on the Wednesday following,
+by three packs of hounds, which were to meet at different places; the
+aid of men and fire-arms was also requested, with a reward promised of
+twenty guineas to the person killing him. This dog was described by
+those who had seen him at a distance as a large greyhound, with some
+white in his face, neck and one fore-leg white, rather grey on the
+back, and the rest of a jet-black. An immense concourse of people
+assembled at the time appointed, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">Page 71</a></span> the chase was unprosperous; for
+he eluded his pursuers among the Cheviot Hills, and, what is singular,
+returned that same night to the place from whence he had been hunted
+in the morning, and worried an ewe and her lamb. During the whole
+summer he continued to destroy the sheep, but changed his quarters,
+for he infested the fells, sixteen miles south of Carlisle, where
+upwards of sixty sheep fell victims to his ferocity. In September,
+hounds and firearms were again employed against him, and after a run
+from Carrock Fell, which was computed to be thirty miles, he was shot
+whilst the hounds were in pursuit by Mr. Sewel of Wedlock, who laid in
+ambush at Moss Dale. During the chase, which occupied six hours, he
+frequently turned upon the headmost hounds, and wounded several so
+badly as to disable them. Upon examination, he appeared of the
+Newfoundland breed, of a common size, wire-haired, and extremely lean.
+This description does not tally with the dog so injurious to the
+farmers in Northumberland, although, from circumstances, there is
+little doubt but it was the same animal.</p>
+
+<p>With a laughably philosophical account of dogs, under the supposition
+of a transmigration of souls, and with their general natural history
+from Linn&aelig;us and Buffon, this introductory chapter will be concluded.</p>
+
+<p>A facetious believer in the art of distinguishing at the sight of any
+creature from what class of animals his soul is derived, thus allots
+them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The souls of deceased bailiffs and common con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">Page 72</a></span>stables are in the
+bodies of setting dogs and pointers; the terriers are inhabited by
+trading justices; the bloodhounds were formerly a set of informers,
+thief-takers, and false evidences; the spaniels were heretofore
+courtiers, hangers-on of administrations, and hack journal-writers,
+all of whom preserve their primitive qualities of fawning on their
+feeders, licking their hands, and snarling and snapping at all who
+offer to offend their master; a former train of gamblers and
+black-legs are now embodied in that species of dog called lurchers;
+bull-dogs and mastiffs were once butchers and drovers; greyhounds and
+hounds owe their animation to country squires and foxhunters; little
+whiffling, useless lap-dogs, draw their existence from the quondam
+beau; macaronies, and gentlemen of the tippy, still being the
+playthings of ladies, and used for their diversion. There are also a
+set of sad dogs derived from attornies; and puppies, who were in past
+time attornies' clerks, shopmen to retail haberdashers, men-milliners,
+&amp;c. &amp;c. Turnspits are animated by old aldermen, who still enjoy the
+smell of the roast meat; that droning, snarling species, styled Dutch
+pugs, have been fellows of colleges; and that faithful, useful tribe
+of shepherds' dogs, were, in days of yore, members of parliament, who
+guarded the flock, and protected the sheep from wolves and thieves,
+although indeed of late some have turned sheep-biters, and worried
+those they ought to have defended.</p>
+
+<p>Linn&aelig;us informs us, the dog eats flesh, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">Page 73</a></span> farinaceous vegetables,
+but not greens, (this is a mistake, for they will eat greens when
+boiled); its stomach digests bones; it uses the tops of grass as a
+vomit; is fond of rolling in carrion; voids its excrements on a stone;
+its dung (the <em>album gr&aelig;cum</em>) is one of the greatest encouragers of
+putrefaction; it laps up its drink with its tongue; makes water
+side-ways, by lifting up one of its hind-legs; is most diuretic in the
+company of a strange dog, and very apt to repeat it where another dog
+has done the same: <em>Odorat anum alterius, menstruans catulit cum
+variis; mordet illa illos; coh&aelig;ret copula junctus</em>. Its scent is most
+exquisite when its nose is moist; it treads lightly on its toes;
+scarce ever sweats, but when hot, lolls out its tongue; generally
+walks frequently round the place it intends to lie down on; its sense
+of hearing is very quick when asleep; it dreams. It goes with young
+sixty-three days, and commonly brings from four to ten; the male
+puppies resemble the dog, the female the bitch (an assertion by no
+means accurate, any more than the tail always bending to the left is a
+common character of the species). It is the most faithful of animals,
+is very docile, fawns at his master's approach, runs before him on a
+journey, often passing over the same ground; on coming to crossways,
+stops and looks back; drives cattle home from the field; keeps herds
+and flocks within bounds, protects them from wild beasts; points out
+to the sportsman the game; brings the birds that are shot to its
+master; will turn a spit; at Brussels,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">Page 74</a></span> and in Holland, draws little
+carts to the herb-market; in more northern regions, draws sledges with
+provisions, travellers, &amp;c.; will find out what is dropped; watchful
+by night, and when the charge of a house or garden is at such times
+committed to him, his boldness increases, and he sometimes becomes
+perfectly ferocious; when it has been guilty of a theft, slinks away
+with its tail between its legs; eats voraciously, with oblique eyes;
+enemy to beggars; attacks strangers without provocation; hates strange
+dogs; howls at certain notes in music, and often urines on hearing
+them; will snap at a stone thrown at it; is sick at the approach of
+bad weather, (a remark vague and uncertain); is afflicted with worms;
+spreads its madness; grows blind with age; <em>s&aelig;pe gonorrh&aelig;&acirc; infectus</em>;
+driven as unclean from the houses of the Mahometans; yet the same
+people establish hospitals for, and allow them daily food.</p>
+
+<p>The dog, says Buffon, like every other animal which produces above one
+or two at a time, is not perfectly formed immediately after birth.
+Dogs are always brought forth blind; the two eyelids are not simply
+glued together, but shut up with a membrane, which is torn off, as
+soon as the muscles of the upper eyelids acquire strength sufficient
+to overcome this obstacle to vision, which generally happens the tenth
+or twelfth day. At this period, the bones of the head are not
+completed, the body and muzzle are bloated, and the whole figure is
+ill defined; but in less than two months, they learn to use all their
+senses; their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">Page 75</a></span> growth is rapid, and they soon gain strength. In the
+fourth month, they lose some of their teeth, which, as in other
+animals, are soon replaced, and never again fall out: they have six
+cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw, and fourteen grinders in the
+upper, and twelve in the under, making in all forty-two teeth; but the
+number of grinders sometimes varies in particular dogs.</p>
+
+<p>The time of gestation is nine weeks, or sixty-three days; sometimes
+sixty-two or sixty-one, but never less than sixty.</p>
+
+<p>The bitch produces six, seven, and even so far as twelve puppies, and
+generally has more at the subsequent litters than she has at the
+first; but the observation of Buffon, that a female hound, covered by
+a dog of her own kind, and carefully shut up from all others, has been
+known to produce a mixed race, consisting of hounds and terriers, is
+totally void of foundation. A curious circumstance, in the account of
+the setter, will be mentioned, of an impression made upon the mind of
+a bitch of that sort by the attention of a cur, which never had access
+to her, and yet her whelps were always like him, and possibly this
+hound bitch had a violent hankering after some terrier.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs continue to propagate during life, which is commonly limited to
+fourteen or fifteen years, yet some have been known to exceed twenty,
+but that is rare. The duration of life in this, as in other animals,
+bears propor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">Page 76</a></span>tion to the time of his growth, which in the dog is not
+completed in less than two years, and he generally lives fourteen. His
+age may be discovered by his teeth; when young, they are white, sharp,
+and pointed; as he increases in years, they become black, blunt, and
+unequal: it may likewise be known by the hair, which turns grey on the
+muzzle, front, and round the eyes.</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which the shepherds of the Pyrenees employ their
+peculiar breed of dogs, which are large, long-haired, of a tawny white
+colour, and a very strong build, with a ferocious temper, exhibits a
+vivid instance of the trust they repose in the courage and fidelity of
+these animals, and of the virtues by which they merit and reward it.
+Attended by three or more dogs, the shepherds will take their numerous
+flocks at early dawn to the part of the mountain side which is
+destined for their pasture. Having counted them, they descend to
+follow other occupations, and commit the guardianship of the sheep to
+the sole watchfulness of the dogs. It has been frequently known, that
+when wolves have approached, the three sentinels would walk round and
+round the flock, gradually compressing them into so small a circle
+that one dog might with ease overlook and protect them, and that this
+measure of caution being executed, the remaining two would set forth
+to engage the enemy, over whom, it is said, they invariably triumph.</p>
+
+<p>The following interesting remarks are extracted from Chambers:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">Page 77</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The educability of the dog's perceptive faculties has been exemplified
+in a remarkable manner by his acquired knowledge of musical sounds. On
+some dogs fine music produces an apparently painful effect, causing
+them gradually to become restless, to moan piteously, and, finally, to
+fly from the spot with every sign of suffering and distress. Others
+have been seen to sit and listen to music with seeming delight, and
+even to go every Sunday to church, with the obvious purpose of
+enjoying the solemn and powerful strains of the organ. Some dogs
+manifest a keen sense of false notes in music. Mrs. Samuel Carter
+Hall, at Old Brompton, possesses an Italian greyhound, which screams
+in apparent agony when a jarring combination of notes is produced,
+accidentally or intentionally, on the piano. These opposite and
+various manifestations show what might be done by education to teach
+dogs a critical knowledge of sounds. A gentleman of Darmstadt, in
+Germany, as we learn, has taught a poodle dog to detect false notes in
+music. We give the account of this remarkable instance of educability
+as it appears in a French newspaper.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;, having acquired a competency by commercial industry,
+retired from business, and devoted himself, heart and soul, to the
+cultivation and enjoyment of music. Every member of his little
+household was by degrees involved more or less in the same occupation,
+and even the housemaid could in time bear a part in a chorus, or
+decipher a melody of Schubert.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">Page 78</a></span> One individual alone in the family
+seemed to resist this musical entrancement; this was a small spaniel,
+the sole specimen of the canine race in the mansion. Mr. S&mdash;&mdash; felt
+the impossibility of instilling the theory of sounds into the head of
+Poodle, but he firmly resolved to make the animal bear <em>some</em> part or
+other in the general domestic concert; and by perseverance, and the
+adoption of ingenious means, he attained his object. Every time that a
+<em>false note</em> escaped either from the instrument or voice&mdash;as often as
+any blunder, of whatever kind, was committed by the members of the
+musical family (and such blunders were sometimes committed
+intentionally)&mdash;down came its master's cane on the back of the
+unfortunate poodle, till she howled and growled again. Poodle
+perceived the meaning of these unkind chastisements, and instead of
+becoming sulky, showed every disposition to howl on the instant a
+false note was uttered, without waiting for the formality of a blow.
+By and by, a mere glance of Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;'s eye was sufficient to make the
+animal howl to admiration. In the end, Poodle became so thoroughly
+acquainted with, and attentive to, false notes and other musical
+barbarisms, that the slightest mistake of the kind was infallibly
+signalised by a yell from her, forming the most expressive commentary
+upon the misperformance.</p>
+
+<p>When extended trials were made of the animal's acquirements, they were
+never found to fail, and Poodle became, what she still is, the most
+famous, impartial, and conscientious connoisseur in the Duchy of
+Hesse.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">Page 79</a></span> But, as may be imagined, her musical appreciation is entirely
+negative; if you sing with expression, and play with ability, she will
+remain cold and impassible. But let your execution exhibit the
+slightest defect, and you will have her instantly showing her teeth,
+whisking her tail, yelping, barking, and growling. At the present
+time, there is not a concert or an opera at Darmstadt to which Mr.
+S&mdash;&mdash; and his wonderful dog are not invited; or, at least, <em>the dog</em>.
+The voice of the prima donna, the instruments of the band&mdash;whether
+violin, clarionet, hautbois, or bugle&mdash;all of them must execute their
+parts in perfect harmony, otherwise Poodle looks at its master, erects
+its ears, shows its grinders, and howls outright. Old or new pieces,
+known or unknown to the dog, produce on it the same effect.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be supposed that the discrimination of the creature is
+confined to the mere <em>execution</em> of musical compositions. Whatever may
+have been the case at the outset of its training, its present and
+perfected intelligence extends even to the secrets of composition.
+Thus, if a vicious modulation, or a false relation of parts, occur in
+a piece of music, the animal shows symptoms of uneasy hesitation; and
+if the error be continued, will infallibly give the grand condemnatory
+howl. In short, Poodle is the terror of all the middling composers of
+Darmstadt, and a perfect nightmare to the imagination of all poor
+singers and players. Sometimes Mr. S&mdash;&mdash; and his friends take a
+pleasure in annoying the canine critic, by emitting all sorts of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">Page 80</a></span>
+discordant sounds from instrument and voice. On such occasions the
+creature loses all self-command, its eyes shoot forth fiery flashes,
+and long and frightful howls respond to the immelodious concert of the
+mischievous bipeds. But the latter must be careful not to go too far;
+for when the dog's patience is tried to excess, it becomes altogether
+wild, and flies fiercely at the tormentors and their instruments.</p>
+
+<p>This dog's case is a very curious one, and the attendant phenomena not
+very easy of explanation. From the animal's power of discerning the
+correctness of musical composition, as well as of execution, one would
+be inclined to imagine that Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;, in training his dog, had only
+called into play faculties existing (but latent) before, and that dogs
+have in them the natural germs of a fine musical ear. This seems more
+likely to be the case, than that the animal's perfect musical taste
+was wholly an acquirement, resulting from the training. However this
+may be, the Darmstadt dog is certainly a marvellous creature, and we
+are surprised that, in these exhibiting times, its powers have not
+been displayed on a wider stage. The operatic establishments of London
+and Paris might be greatly the better, perhaps, for a visit from the
+critical Poodle.</p>
+
+<p>It is now settled, as a philosophical question, that the instruction
+communicated to dogs, as well as various other animals, has an
+hereditary effect on the progeny. If a dog be taught to perform
+certain feats,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">Page 81</a></span> the young of that dog will be much easier initiated in
+the same feats than other dogs. Thus, the existing races of English
+pointers are greatly more accomplished in their required duties than
+the original race of Spanish pointers. Dogs of the St. Bernard variety
+inherit the faculty of tracking footsteps in the snow. A gentleman of
+our acquaintance, and of scientific acquirements, obtained some years
+ago a pup, which had been produced in London by a female of the
+celebrated St. Bernard breed. The young animal was brought to
+Scotland, where it was never observed to give any particular tokens of
+a power of tracking footsteps until winter, when the ground became
+covered with snow. It <em>then</em> showed the most active inclination to
+follow footsteps; and so great was its power of doing so under these
+circumstances, that, when its master had crossed a field in the most
+curvilinear way, and caused other persons to cross his path in all
+directions, it nevertheless followed his course with the greatest
+precision. Here was a perfect revival of the habit of its Alpine
+fathers, with a degree of specialty as to external conditions at
+which, it seems to us, we cannot sufficiently wonder.</p>
+
+<p>Such are some of the qualities of dogs in a state of domestication,
+and let me hope that the anecdotes related of them will tend to insure
+for them that love and gratitude to which their own fine disposition
+and noble character give them a claim from us.</p>
+
+<p>It is pleasing to observe that men of the highest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">Page 82</a></span> acquirements and
+most elevated minds have bestowed their sincere attachment upon their
+favourite canine companions; for kindness to animals is, perhaps, as
+strong an indication of the possession of generous sentiments as any
+that can be adduced. The late Lord Grenville, a distinguished
+statesman, an elegant scholar, and an amiable man, affords an
+illustration of the opinion: It is thus that he eloquently makes his
+favourite Zephyr speak:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Captum oculis, senioque hebetem, morboque gravatum,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dulcis here, antiquo me quod amore foves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Suave habet et carum Zephyrus tuus, et leviore<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Se sentit mortis conditione premi.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Interi&ecirc;re quidem, tibi qu&aelig; placuisse solebant,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Et form&aelig; dotes, et facile ingenium:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deficiunt sensus, tremul&aelig; scintillula vit&aelig;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Vix micat, in cinerem mox abitura brevem.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sola manet, vetuli tibi nec despecta ministri,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Mens grata, ipsaque in morte memor domini.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hanc tu igitur, pro blanditiis mollique lepore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Et prompta ad nutus sedulitate tuos,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pro saltu cursuque levi, lusuque protervo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hanc nostri extremum pignus amoris habe.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jamque vale! Elysii subeo loca l&aelig;ta, piorum<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Qu&aelig; dat Persephone manibus esse canum."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the previous pages I have endeavoured to give my readers some idea
+of the general character of the dog, and I will now proceed to
+illustrate it more fully by anecdotes peculiar to different breeds.
+These animals will then be found to deserve the encomiums bestowed
+upon them by Buffon, "as possessing such an ardour of sentiment, with
+fidelity and constancy in their affec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">Page 83</a></span>tion, that neither ambition,
+interest, nor desire of revenge, can corrupt them, and that they have
+no fear but that of displeasing. They are, in fact, all zeal, ardour,
+and obedience. More inclined to remember benefits than injuries; more
+docile and tractable than any other animal, the dog is not only
+instructed, but conforms himself to the manners, movements, and habits
+of those who govern him. He is always eager to obey his master, and
+will defend his property at the risk of his own life." Pope says, that
+history is more full of examples of fidelity in the dog than in
+friends; and Lord Byron characterises him as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"in life the firmest friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The first to welcome, foremost to defend;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose honest heart is still his master's own;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and truly indeed may he be called</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The rich man's guardian, and the poor man's friend."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_INTRO" id="Illustration_TAIL_INTRO"></a>
+<img src="images/t-intro.jpg" width="500" height="177" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">Page 84</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">Page 85</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 319px;"><a name="Illustration_DEER_HOUNDS" id="Illustration_DEER_HOUNDS"></a>
+<img src="images/deerhounds.jpg" width="319" height="500" alt="DEER-HOUNDS." title="DEER-HOUNDS." />
+</div>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"His bulk and beauty speak no vulgar praise.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh had you seen him, vigorous, bold, and young,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swift as a stag, and as a lion strong;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Him no fell savage in the plain withstood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">None 'scap'd him, bosomed in the gloomy wood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His eye how piercing!"&mdash;<span class="person">Pope.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h2>THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A certain degree of romance will always be attached to the history of
+the Irish wolf-dog, but so contradictory are the accounts handed down
+to us respecting it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">Page 86</a></span> that, with every disposition to do justice to
+the character of this noble animal, the task is one of no small
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>This dog seems to have flourished, and to have become nearly extinct,
+with the ancient kings of Ireland, and, with the harp and shamrock, is
+regarded as one of the national emblems of that country. When princely
+hospitality was to be found in the old palaces, castles, and baronial
+halls of fair Erin, it is hardly possible to imagine anything more
+aristocratic and imposing than the aspect of these dogs, while
+attending the banquets of their masters. So great, indeed, was their
+height, that it has been affirmed, that when their chieftain was
+seated at table these dogs could rest their heads on his shoulders.
+However this may have been, it is certain that the bold, majestic, and
+commanding appearance of the animal, joined to the mild and softened
+look with which he regarded those to whom he was attached, and whom he
+was always ready to defend, must have rendered him worthy of the
+enthusiasm with which the remembrance of him is still cherished by the
+warm-hearted people of Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote, which has been communicated to me by an
+amiable Irish nobleman, will at all events serve to show the peculiar
+instinct which the Irish wolf-dog was supposed to possess.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman of an ancient family, whose name it is unnecessary to
+mention, from his having been engaged in the troubles which agitated
+Ireland about fifty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">Page 87</a></span> or sixty years since, went into a coffee-room at
+Dublin during that period, accompanied by a noble wolf-dog, supposed
+to be one of the last of the breed. There was only one other gentleman
+in the coffee-room, who, on seeing the dog, went up to him, and began
+to notice him. His owner, in considerable alarm, begged him to desist,
+as the dog was fierce, and would never allow a stranger to touch him.
+The gentleman resumed his seat, when the dog came to him, showed the
+greatest pleasure at being noticed, and allowed himself to be fondled.
+His owner could not disguise his astonishment. "You are the only
+person," he said, "whom that dog would ever allow to touch him without
+showing resentment. May I beg of you the favour to tell me your
+name?"&mdash;mentioning his own at the same time. The stranger announced
+it, (he was the last of his race, one of the most ancient and noble in
+Ireland, and descended from one of its kings.) "I do not wonder," said
+the owner of the dog, "at the homage this animal has paid to you. He
+recognizes in you the descendant of one of our most ancient race of
+gentlemen to whom this breed of dogs almost exclusively belonged, and
+the peculiar instinct he possesses has now been shown in a manner
+which cannot be mistaken by me, who am so well acquainted with the
+ferocity this dog has hitherto shown to all strangers."</p>
+
+<p>Few persons, Sir Walter Scott excepted, would perhaps be inclined to
+give credit to this anecdote. So convinced was he of the extraordinary
+instinct<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">Page 88</a></span> exhibited by dogs generally, that he has been heard to
+declare that he would believe anything of a dog. The anecdote,
+however, above related, was communicated to me with the strongest
+assurance of its strict accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>In a poem, written by Mrs. Catherine Philips, about the year 1660, the
+character of the Irish wolf-hound is well portrayed, and proves the
+estimation in which he was held at that period.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Behold this creature's form and state!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Him Nature surely did create,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That to the world might be exprest<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">What mien there can be in a beast;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">More nobleness of form and mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Than in the lion we can find:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yea, this heroic beast doth seem<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In majesty to rival him.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Yet he vouchsafes to man to show<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His service, and submission too&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And here we a distinction have;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That brute is fierce&mdash;the dog is brave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">He hath himself so well subdued,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That hunger cannot make him rude;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And all his manners do confess<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That courage dwells with gentleness.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">War with the wolf he loves to wage,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And never quits if he engage;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But praise him much, and you may chance<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To put him out of countenance.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And having done a deed so brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He looks not sullen, yet looks grave.</span>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">Page 89</a></span></p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">No fondling play-fellow is he;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His master's guard he wills to be:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Willing for him his blood be spent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His look is never insolent.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Few men to do such noble deeds have learn'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor having done, could look so unconcern'd."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This is one of the finest descriptions of a noble dog which I have yet
+met with in English poetry. Courage and modesty are well portrayed,
+and contrasted.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdotes relate to an animal which must have strongly
+resembled the Irish wolf-dog:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Plutarch mentions a certain Roman in the civil wars, whose head nobody
+durst cut off for fear of the dog that guarded his body, and fought in
+his defence. The same author relates that King Pyrrhus, in the course
+of one of his journies, observed a dog watching over a dead body; and
+hearing that he had been there three days without meat or drink,
+ordered the body to be buried, and the dog taken care of and brought
+to him. A few days afterwards there was a muster of the soldiers, so
+that every man had to march in order before the king. The dog lay
+quiet for some time; but when he saw the murderers of his late master
+pass by, he flew upon them with extraordinary fury, barking, and
+tearing their garments, and frequently turning about to the king;
+which both excited the king's suspicion, and that of all who stood
+about him. The men were in consequence apprehended, and though the
+circumstances which appeared in evidence against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">Page 90</a></span> them were very
+slight, they confessed the crime, and were accordingly punished.</p>
+
+<p>Montfaucon mentions a similar case of attachment and revenge which
+occurred in France, in the reign of Charles V.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> The anecdote has
+been frequently related, and is as follows:&mdash;A gentleman named
+Macaire, an officer of the king's body-guard, entertained, for some
+reason, a bitter hatred against another gentleman, named Aubry de
+Montdidier, his comrade in service. These two having met in the Forest
+of Bondi, near Paris, Macaire took an opportunity of treacherously
+murdering his brother-officer, and buried him in a ditch. Montdidier
+was unaccompanied at the moment, excepting by a dog (probably a
+wolf-hound), with which he had gone out, perhaps to hunt. It is not
+known whether the dog was muzzled, or from what other cause it
+permitted the deed to be accomplished without its interference. Be
+this as it might, the hound lay down on the grave of its master, and
+there remained till hunger compelled it to rise. It then went to the
+kitchen of one of Aubry de Montdidier's dearest friends, where it was
+welcomed warmly, and fed. As soon as its hunger was appeased the dog
+disappeared. For several days this coming and going was repeated, till
+at last the curiosity of those who saw its movements was excited, and
+it was resolved to follow the animal,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">Page 91</a></span> and see if anything could be
+learned in explanation of Montdidier's sudden disappearance. The dog
+was accordingly followed, and was seen to come to a pause on some
+newly-turned-up earth, where it set up the most mournful wailings and
+howlings. These cries were so touching, that passengers were
+attracted; and finally digging into the ground at the spot, they found
+there the body of Aubry de Montdidier. It was raised and conveyed to
+Paris, where it was soon afterwards interred in one of the city
+cemeteries.</p>
+
+<p>The dog attached itself from this time forth to the friend, already
+mentioned, of its late master. While attending on him, it chanced
+several times to get a sight of Macaire, and on every occasion it
+sprang upon him, and would have strangled him had it not been taken
+off by force. This intensity of hate on the part of the animal
+awakened a suspicion that Macaire had had some share in Montdidier's
+murder, for his body showed him to have met a violent death. Charles
+V., on being informed of the circumstances, wished to satisfy himself
+of their truth. He caused Macaire and the dog to be brought before
+him, and beheld the animal again spring upon the object of its hatred.
+The king interrogated Macaire closely, but the latter would not admit
+that he had been in any way connected with Montdidier's murder.</p>
+
+<p>Being strongly impressed by a conviction that the conduct of the dog
+was based on some guilty act of Macaire, the king ordered a combat to
+take place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">Page 92</a></span> between the officer and his dumb accuser, according to the
+practice in those days between human plaintiffs and defendants. This
+remarkable combat took place on the isle of Notre Dame at Paris, in
+presence of the whole court. The king allowed Macaire to have a strong
+club, as a defensive weapon; while, on the other hand, the only
+self-preservative means allowed to the dog consisted of an empty cask,
+into which it could retreat if hard pressed. The combatants appeared
+in the lists. The dog seemed perfectly aware of its situation and
+duty. For a short time it leapt actively round Macaire, and then, at
+one spring, it fastened itself upon his throat, in so firm a manner
+that he could not disentangle himself. He would have been strangled
+had he not cried for mercy, and avowed his crime. The dog was pulled
+from off him; but he was only liberated from its fangs to perish by
+the hands of the law. The fidelity of this dog has been celebrated in
+many a drama and poem, and there is a monument of him in basso relievo
+still to be seen in the castle of Montargis. The dog which attracted
+such celebrity has been usually called 'the dog of Montargis,' from
+the combat having taken place at the ch&acirc;teau of that name.</p>
+
+<p>The strength of these dogs must have been very great. A nobleman
+informed me, that when he was a boy, and staying on a visit with the
+Knight of Kerry, two Irish wolf-dogs made their escape from the place
+in which they were confined, and pulled down and killed a horse, which
+was in an adjoining paddock.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">Page 93</a></span>The following affecting anecdote of an Irish wolf-dog, called "the dog
+of Aughrim," affords a proof of the extraordinary fidelity of these
+animals to their masters, and puts to shame the vaunted superiority of
+many human brutes.</p>
+
+<p>At the hard-fought battle of Aughrim, or Vidconnel, an Irish officer
+was accompanied by his wolf-hound. This gentleman was killed and
+stripped in the battle, but the dog remained by his body both by day
+and night. He fed upon some of the other bodies with the rest of the
+dogs, yet he would not allow them or anything else to touch that of
+his master. When all the other bodies were consumed, the other dogs
+departed, but this used to go in the night to the adjacent villages
+for food, and presently to return again to the place where his
+master's bones were only then left. This he continued to do from July,
+when the battle was fought, until the January following, when a
+soldier being quartered near, and going that way by chance, the dog,
+fearing he came to disturb his master's bones, flew upon the soldier,
+who, being surprised at the suddenness of the thing, unslung his
+carbine, he having been thrown on his back, and killed the noble
+animal. He expired with the same fidelity to the remains of his
+unfortunate master, as that master had shown devotion to the cause of
+his unhappy country.</p>
+
+<p>In the "Irish Penny Journal" there is an interesting account of the
+Irish wolf-dog, from which the following anecdote is taken.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">Page 94</a></span>In the mountainous parts of the county Tyrone, the inhabitants
+suffered much from the wolves, and gave from the public fund as much
+for the head of one of these animals, as they would now give for the
+capture of a notorious robber on the highway. There lived in those
+days an adventurer, who, alone and unassisted, made it his occupation
+to destroy these ravagers. The time for attacking them was in the
+night, and midnight was fixed upon for doing so, as that was their
+wonted time for leaving their lairs in search of food, when the
+country was at rest and all was still; then, issuing forth, they fell
+on their defenceless prey, and the carnage commenced. There was a
+species of dog for the purpose of hunting them, called the wolf-dog;
+the animal resembled a rough, stout, half-bred greyhound, but was much
+stronger. In the county Tyrone there was then a large space of ground
+enclosed by a high stone wall, having a gap at each of the two
+opposite extremities, and in this were secured the flocks of the
+surrounding farmers. But, secure as this fold was deemed, it was often
+entered by the wolves, and its inmates slaughtered. The neighbouring
+proprietors having heard of the noted wolf-hunter above mentioned, by
+name Rory Carragh, sent for him, and offered the usual reward, with
+some addition, if he would undertake to destroy the two remaining
+wolves that had committed such devastation. Carragh, undertaking the
+task, took with him two wolf-dogs, and a little boy twelve years of
+age, the only person who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">Page 95</a></span> would accompany him, and repaired at the
+approach of midnight to the fold in question. "Now," said Carragh to
+the boy, "as the two wolves usually enter the opposite extremities of
+the sheep-fold at the same time, I must leave you and one of the dogs
+to guard this one while I go the other. He steals with all the caution
+of a cat, nor will you hear him, but the dog will, and will give him
+the first fall. If, therefore, you are not active when he is down to
+rivet his neck to the ground with this spear, he will rise up and kill
+both you and the dog. So good night."</p>
+
+<p>"I'll do what I can," said the little boy, as he took the spear from
+the wolf-hunter's hand.</p>
+
+<p>The boy immediately threw open the gate of the fold, and took his seat
+in the inner part, close to the entrance, his faithful companion
+crouching at his side, and seeming perfectly aware of the dangerous
+business he was engaged in. The night was very dark and cold, and the
+poor little boy, being benumbed with the chilly air, was beginning to
+fall into a kind of sleep, when at that instant the dog, with a roar,
+leaped across, and laid his mortal enemy upon the earth. The boy was
+roused into double activity by the voice of his companion, and drove
+the spear through the wolf's neck as he had been directed, at which
+time Carragh appeared, bearing the head of the other.</p>
+
+<p>This anecdote is taken from a biography of a Tyrone family, published
+in Belfast in 1829.</p>
+
+<p>It is now time to attempt a description of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">Page 96</a></span> celebrated dog, and
+here our difficulties commence. Some writers have affirmed that it was
+rough-coated, and had the appearance of a greyhound&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The greyhound! the great hound! the graceful of limb!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rough fellow! tall fellow! &amp;c.;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>while others assert that it was of a mastiff-like appearance, and
+smooth, strong, and tall. All we can do is to bring forward the
+different evidence we have been able to collect, and then to let our
+readers judge for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>In an old print of Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, there are two
+wolf-dogs, which are represented as smooth, prick-eared, and with
+somewhat bushy tails. Lord Lucan distinguished himself in several
+engagements, and commanded the second troop of Irish Horse Guards, to
+which he was appointed by James II., and received his death wound,
+behaving most gallantly at the head of his countrymen, in 1693, when
+the allies, under William III., were defeated by Marshal Luxembourg at
+the battle of Landen. He was probably attended by his faithful
+wolf-dogs on that occasion, when he uttered those sublime words which
+no Irishman will ever forget&mdash;"Oh that this was for Ireland!" thus
+showing his love and affection for his native country as he was
+expiring in the arms of victory.</p>
+
+<p>An old and amiable acquaintance, Mr. Aylmer Bourke Lambert, now, alas!
+no more, communicated an account of the wolf-hound to the Linnean
+Society,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">Page 97</a></span> which may be found in the third volume of their
+"Transactions." He had in his possession an old picture of one of
+these dogs, which, at the sale of his effects, was purchased by the
+Earl of Derby; the dog is represented as smooth-haired, with a
+somewhat wide forehead, and having no appearance of the greyhound, but
+more of that of the mastiff.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1841, Mr. Webber presented to the Royal Irish Academy an
+ancient stone, on which was carved a rude bas-relief, supposed to be
+the representation of a dog killing a wolf. Mr. Webber accompanied the
+present with a communication, to the effect that the stone was taken
+from the castle of Ardnaglass, in the barony of Tireragh, and county
+of Sligo, and was said to commemorate the destruction of the last wolf
+in Ireland. The current tradition in the place from whence it came
+was, that some years after it was supposed that the race of wolves was
+extinct, the flocks in the county of Leitrim were attacked by a wild
+animal, which turned out to be a wolf; that thereupon the chieftains
+of Leitrim applied to O'Dowd, the chieftain of Tireragh (who possessed
+a celebrated dog of the breed of the ancient Irish wolf-dog), to come
+and hunt the wolf. This application having been complied with by
+O'Dowd, there ensued a chase, which forms the subject of an ancient
+Irish legend, detailing the various districts through which it was
+pursued, until at length the wolf was overtaken and killed in a small
+wood of pine-trees, at the foot of one of the mountains of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">Page 98</a></span> Tireragh.
+The quarter of land on which the wolf was killed is to this day called
+<em>Carrow na Madhoo</em>, which means "the dog's quarter." In commemoration
+of the event, O'Dowd had a representation of it carved on stone, and
+placed in the wall of his baronial residence. It is difficult to form
+an opinion of the shape of a dog from so rude a representation, except
+that it appears to have had a wide forehead and pricked ears.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman, who in his youth saw one of these dogs, informs me that
+it was smooth, strong, and partaking somewhat of the character and
+appearance of a powerful Danish dog. This agrees with the account
+given of it by some writers, especially in "The Sportsman's Cabinet,"
+a work more remarkable for the truth and fineness of its engravings,
+than for the matter contained in it. Buffon also forms much the same
+opinion. That great strength must be necessary to enable a dog to
+compete with a wolf, cannot be doubted, and perhaps there is no breed
+of the rough greyhound now known capable of competing with a wolf
+single-handed. Her Majesty has now in her possession one of the finest
+specimens of the Highland deer-hound. He has great strength and
+height, is rough-coated, wide across the loins, and altogether a noble
+animal. Powerful, however as he is, it may be questioned whether such
+a dog would be a match for a wolf, which the Irish hounds undoubtedly
+were. This circumstance alone would lead us to suppose, that we must
+look to a different<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">Page 99</a></span> breed than that of greyhounds as the antagonists
+of the wolf.</p>
+
+<p>But it is time to turn to the other side of the question.</p>
+
+<p>In a very agreeable, well-written article in the "Irish Penny Journal"
+of May, 1841, the author brings forward strong evidence to prove that
+the celebrated Irish wolf-dog resembled a greyhound in form. He will,
+I hope, allow me to quote some of his arguments, which show
+considerable research and historical information. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Public opinion has long been divided respecting the precise
+appearance and form of this majestic animal, and so many different
+ideas have been conceived of him, that many persons have been induced
+to come to the conclusion that no particular breed of dogs was ever
+kept for wolf-hunting in Ireland, but that the appellation of
+'wolf-dog' was bestowed upon any dog swift enough to overtake and
+powerful enough to contend with and overcome that formidable animal.
+While some hold this opinion, others suppose that though a particular
+breed was used, it was a sort of heavy mastiff-like dog, now extinct.
+It is the object of the present paper to show, that not only did
+Ireland possess a peculiar race of dogs, exclusively devoted to
+wolf-hunting, but that those dogs, instead of being of the mastiff
+kind, resembled the greyhound in form; and instead of being extinct
+are still to be met with, although they are very scarce. I myself was
+once in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">Page 100</a></span> very gross error respecting this dog, for I conceived him
+to have been a mastiff, and implicitly believed that the dogs of Lord
+Altamont, described in the third volume of the Linnean 'Transactions'
+by Mr. Lambert, were the sole surviving representatives of the Irish
+wolf-dog. An able paper, read by Mr. Haffield about a year ago, before
+the Dublin Natural History Society, served to stagger me in my belief,
+and subsequent careful inquiry and research have completed my
+conversion. I proceed to lay before my readers the result of that
+inquiry, and I feel confident that no individual, after reading the
+evidence which I shall adduce, will continue to harbour a doubt
+respecting the true appearance and form of the ancient Irish wolf-dog.</p>
+
+<p>"We are informed by several disjointed scraps of Celtic verse, that in
+the times of old, when Fionn Mac Cumhaill, popularly styled Finn Mac
+Cool, wielded the sceptre of power and justice, we possessed a
+prodigious and courageous dog, used for hunting the deer and wild
+boar, and also the wolf, which ravaged the folds and slaughtered the
+herds of our ancestors. We learn from the same source that these dogs
+were also frequently employed as auxiliaries in war, and that they
+were 'mighty in combat, their breasts like plates of brass, and
+greatly to be feared.' We might adduce the songs of Ossian, where the
+epithets 'hairy-footed,' 'white-breasted,' and 'bounding,' are
+singularly characteristic of some of the striking peculiarities of the
+dog in question, and strangely coincide with the descrip<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">Page 101</a></span>tions
+furnished by other writers respecting him. Mac Pherson must, at all
+events, have been at the pains of considerable research if he actually
+forged the beautiful poems, which he put forth to the world under
+Ossian's name. The word 'Bran,' the name given to Fingal's noble
+hound, employed by others than Ossian, is Celtic, and signifies
+'Mountain Torrent,' implying that impetuosity of course and headlong
+courage which the dog possessed. I have said that many assert the
+Irish wolf-dog to be no longer in existence. I have ventured a denial
+of this, and refer to the wolf-dog or deer-dog of the Highlands of
+Scotland, as his actual and faithful living representative. Perhaps I
+am wrong in saying representative. I hold that the Irish wolf-dog and
+the Highland deer-dog are one and the same, and I now proceed to cite
+a few authorities in support of my position.</p>
+
+<p>"The Venerable Bede, as well as the Scotch historian John Major,
+informs us that Scotland was originally peopled from Ireland under the
+conduct of Renda, and that one half of Scotland spoke the Irish
+language as their mother-tongue. Many persons, also, are doubtless
+aware that, even at this present time, the Gaelic and Erse are so much
+alike, that a Connaught man finds no difficulty in comprehending and
+conversing with a Highlander. Scotland also was called by the early
+writers Scotia Minor, and Ireland, Scotia Major. The colonization,
+therefore, of Scotland from Ireland admits of little doubt. As the
+Irish wolf-dog<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">Page 102</a></span> was at that time in the enjoyment of his most extended
+fame, it was not to be expected that the colonists would omit taking
+with them such a fine description of dog, and which would prove so
+useful to them in a newly established settlement, and that, too, at a
+period when hunting was not merely an amusement, but one of their main
+occupations, and also their main source of subsistence. The Irish
+wolf-dog was thus carried into Scotland, and became the Highland or
+Scottish wolf-dog, changing in process of time his name with his
+country; and when wolves disappeared from the land, his occupation was
+that of deer-hunting, and thus his present name.</p>
+
+<p>"In Ireland the wolves were in existence longer than in Scotland, but
+as soon as wolves ceased to exist in the former country, the dogs were
+suffered to become extinct also, while in Scotland there was still
+abundant employment for them after the days of wolf-hunting were
+over&mdash;the deer still remained; and useful as they had been as
+wolf-dogs, they proved themselves, if possible, still more so as
+deer-hounds.</p>
+
+<p>"That the Irish wolf-dog was a tall, rough greyhound, similar in every
+respect to the Highland dog of the present day (of which an engraving
+is given) cannot be doubted from the following authorities. Strabo
+mentions a tall greyhound in use among the Pictish and Celtic nations,
+which he states was held in high esteem by our ancestors, and was even
+imported into Gaul for the purposes of the chase.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">Page 103</a></span> Campion expressly
+speaks of the Irish wolf-dog as a 'greyhound of great bone and limb.'
+Silaus calls it also a greyhound, and asserts that it was imported
+into Ireland by the Belg&aelig;, and is the same with the renowned Belgic
+dog of antiquity, and that it was, during the days of Roman grandeur,
+brought to Rome for the combats of the Amphitheatre. Pliny relates a
+combat in which the Irish wolf-dog took a part: he calls them 'Canes
+Graii Hibernici,' and describes them as much taller than the mastiff.
+Holinshed, in speaking of the Irish, says, 'They are not without
+wolves, and greyhounds to hunt them.' Evelyn, speaking of the
+bear-garden, says, 'The bull-dogs did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog exceeded; which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature, and
+beat a cruel mastiff.'</p>
+
+<p>"Llewellyn, prince of Wales, was presented by King John with a
+specimen of this kind of dog. These animals were in those days
+permitted to be kept only by princes and chiefs; and in the Welsh laws
+of the ninth century we find heavy penalties laid down for the maiming
+or injuring of the Irish greyhound, or, as it was styled in the code
+alluded to, 'Canis Graius Hibernicus;' and a value was set on them,
+equal to more than double that set on the ordinary greyhound.</p>
+
+<p>"Moryson, secretary to Lord-deputy Mountjoy, says, 'The Irishmen and
+greyhounds are of great stature.' Lombard remarks, that the finest
+hunting dogs in Europe were produced in Ireland: 'Greyhounds useful to
+take the stag, wild boar, or wolf.' Pennant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">Page 104</a></span> describes these dogs as
+scarce, and as being led to the chase in leather slips or thongs, and
+calls them 'the Irish greyhound.' Bay mentions him as the greatest dog
+he had ever seen. Buffon says, he saw an Irish greyhound, which
+measured five feet in height when in a sitting posture, and says that
+all other sorts of greyhounds are descended from him, and that in
+Scotland it is called the Highland greyhound: that it is very large,
+deep-chested, and covered with long rough hair.</p>
+
+<p>"Scottish noblemen were not always content with such specimens of this
+dog as their own country produced, but frequently sent for them to
+Ireland, conceiving, doubtless, that they would be found better and
+purer in their native land. The following is a copy of a letter
+addressed by Deputy Falkland to the Earl of Cork, in 1623:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>'I have lately received letters from my Lord Duke of Buccleuch and
+others of my noble friends, who have entreated me to send them
+some greyhound dogs and bitches, out of this kingdom, of the
+largest sort, which I perceive they intend to present unto divers
+princes and other noble persons; and if you can possibly, let them
+be white, which is the colour most in request here. Expecting your
+answer by the bearer, I commit you to the protection of the
+Almighty, and am your Lordship's attached friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">'Falkland.' </p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">Page 105</a></span>"Smith, in his 'History of Waterford,' says, 'the Irish greyhound is
+nearly extinct: it is much taller than a mastiff, but more like a
+greyhound, and for size, strength, and shape, cannot be equalled.
+Roderick, king of Connaught, was obliged to furnish hawks and
+greyhounds to Henry II. Sir Thomas Rue obtained great favour from the
+Great Mogul in 1615, for a brace of Irish greyhounds presented by him.
+Henry VIII. presented the Marquis of Dessarages, a Spanish grandee,
+with two goshawks and four Irish greyhounds.'</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps sufficient evidence has now been adduced to demonstrate the
+identity of the Irish wolf-dog with the Highland deer-hound. I may,
+however, in conclusion, give an extract from the excellent paper of
+Mr. Haffield, already alluded to, as having been read before the
+Dublin Natural History Society, and which was received by that
+gentleman from Sir William Betham, Ulster King-at-Arms, an authority
+of very high importance on any subject connected with Irish
+antiquities. Sir William says,&mdash;'From the mention of the wolf-dogs in
+the old Irish poems and stories, and also from what I have heard from
+a very old person, long since dead, of his having seen them at 'The
+Neale,' in the county of Mayo, the seat of Sir John Browne, ancestor
+to Lord Kilmaine, I have no doubt they were a gigantic greyhound. My
+departed friend described them as being very gentle, and says that Sir
+John Browne allowed them to come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">Page 106</a></span> into his dining-room, where they put
+their heads over the shoulders of those who sat at table. They were
+not smooth-skinned, like our greyhounds, but rough and curly-haired.
+The Irish poets call the wolf-dog 'Cu,' and the common greyhound
+'Gayer;' a marked distinction, the word 'Cu' signifying a champion.'</p>
+
+<p>"The colour of these dogs varies, but the most esteemed are dark
+iron-grey, with white breast. They are, however, to be found of a
+yellowish or sandy hue, brindled, or even white. In former times, as
+will be seen from Lord Falkland's letter quoted above, this latter
+colour was by many preferred. It is described as a stately, majestic
+animal, extremely good-tempered and quiet in his disposition, unless
+when irritated or excited, when he becomes furious; and is, in
+consequence of his tremendous strength, a truly formidable animal."</p>
+
+<p>Goldsmith asserts that he had seen a dozen of these dogs, and informs
+us "that the largest was about four feet high, or as tall as a calf of
+a year old. They are generally of a white or cinnamon colour, and more
+robust than the greyhound&mdash;their aspect mild, and their disposition
+gentle and peaceable. It is said that their strength is so great, that
+in combat the mastiff or bull-dog is far from equal to them. They
+commonly seize their antagonists by the back and shake them to death.
+These dogs were never serviceable for hunting, either the stag, the
+fox, or the hare.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">Page 107</a></span> Their chief utility was in hunting wolves, and to
+this breed may be attributed the final extirpation of those ferocious
+animals in England and Wales in early times in the woody districts."</p>
+
+<p>Having thus given these different accounts of the Irish wolf-dog, I
+may add that some persons are of opinion that there were two kinds of
+them&mdash;one partaking of the shape and disposition of the mastiff, and
+the other of the Highland deer-hound. It is not improbable that a
+noble cross of dogs might have been made from these two sorts. At all
+events I have fairly stated the whole of the information I have been
+able to obtain respecting these dogs, and my readers must form their
+own opinions. The following anecdote, recently communicated to me, is
+given in the words of the writer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Two whelps were made a present to my brother by Harvey Combe, of a
+breed between the old Irish wolf-dog and the blood-hound. My brother
+gave them to Robert Evatt, of Mount Louise, county Monaghan. One died
+young, but the other grew to be a very noble animal indeed.
+Unfortunately he took to chasing sheep, and became an incorrigible
+destroyer of that inoffensive but valuable stock. Evatt found he could
+not afford to keep such a marauder, and as he was going to Dublin he
+took up the sheep-killer, in order to present him to the Zoological
+Society as a fine specimen of the breed. His servant was holding him
+at the door of the hotel when a gig drove up, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">Page 108</a></span> the gentleman
+alighted. The dog sprung from the servant's hold, and jumping into the
+gig with one bound, seized the mat at the bottom of the gig, which was
+made of sheepskin, and with another bound made away with his woolly
+prize, and was brought back with difficulty, after a long and
+fatiguing pursuit."</p>
+
+<p>This is one of the most desperate cases of sheep-hunting in dogs I
+ever met with. It is said, that this propensity may be got rid of by
+tying a cord covered with wool to the dog's lower jaw, so that the
+wool may be kept in the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>I should mention, that in a manuscript of Froissart in the British
+Museum, which is highly illuminated, there is a representation of the
+grand entrance of Queen Isabel of England into Paris, in the year
+1324. She is attended by a noble greyhound, who has a flag, <em>powdered</em>
+with fleurs-de-lys, bound to his neck.</p>
+
+<p>Greyhounds were a favourite species of dog in the middle ages. In the
+ancient pipe-rolls, payments are frequently made in greyhounds. In
+Hawes' "Pastime of Pleasure," (written in the time of Henry VII.) Fame
+is attended by two greyhounds, on whose golden collars, "Grace" and
+"Governaunce" are inscribed in diamond letters.</p>
+
+<p>In the pictures of Rubens, Snyders, and other old masters, some of the
+powerful dogs there represented would appear to be a breed between the
+greyhound and mastiff. Nothing can exceed the majestic and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">Page 109</a></span> commanding
+appearance of these dogs, and such a breed would be most likely to
+produce the sort of animal most capable of contending with the wolf.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish wolf-dogs were formerly placed as the supporters of the arms
+of the ancient Monarchs of Ireland. They were collared <em>or</em>, with the
+motto,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Gentle when stroked&mdash;fierce when provoked."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scrope, in his agreeable book on deer-stalking in Scotland, has
+communicated an account from Mr. Macneill, of Colonsay, of the
+Highland deer-hound, in which are some interesting remarks relative to
+the Irish wolf-dog, and from which I shall make a few extracts.</p>
+
+<p>In making these extracts, it is impossible not to be struck with a
+remark in the work referred to, that from modern writers we learn
+nothing further respecting the Irish wolf-dog, than that such a race
+of dogs at one time existed in Ireland, that they were of a gigantic
+size, and that they are now extinct.</p>
+
+<p>One great obstacle in the way of investigating the history of this dog
+has arisen from the different appellations given to it, according to
+the fancy of the natives in different parts of the country, such as
+Irish wolf-dog, Irish greyhound, Highland deer-hound, and Scotch
+greyhound, and this circumstance may have produced the confusion in
+fixing its identity.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth century a number of dogs, of a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">Page 110</a></span> size, were sent in
+iron cages from Ireland to Rome, and it is not improbable that the
+dogs so sent were greyhounds, particularly as we learn from the
+authority of Evelyn and others, that the Irish wolf-dog was used for
+the fights of the bear-garden. "Greyhound" probably means a "great
+hound."</p>
+
+<p>Holinshed, in his "Description of Ireland and the Irish," written in
+1586, has the following notice:&mdash;"They are not without wolves, and
+greyhounds to hunt them, bigger of bone and limb than a colt;" and in
+a frontispiece to Sir James Ware's "History of Ireland," an
+allegorical representation is given of a passage from the Venerable
+Bede, in which two dogs are introduced, bearing a strong resemblance
+to that given by Gesner, in his "History of Quadrupeds," published in
+1560.</p>
+
+<p>The term <em>Irish</em> is applied to Highland dogs, as everything Celtic
+(not excepting the language) was designated in England; probably in
+consequence of Ireland being, at that period, better known to the
+English than Scotland. This is, perhaps, a proof of the similarity of
+the Irish and Scotch deer-hounds.</p>
+
+<p>Of the courage of the ancient deer-hound there can be little doubt,
+from the nature of the game for which he was used. If any proof were
+wanting, an incident mentioned by Evelyn in his Diary, in 1670, when
+present at a bull-fight in the bear-garden, is conclusive. He says,
+"The bulls (meaning the bull-dogs) did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">Page 111</a></span>ceeded, which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature,
+indeed, who beat a cruel mastiff."</p>
+
+<p>Here, perhaps, is a proof that the Irish wolf-dog was a greyhound; and
+there can be little doubt that it is the same dog we find mentioned
+under the name of the Irish greyhound.</p>
+
+<p>Buffon remarks that "the Irish greyhounds are of a very ancient race.
+They were called by the ancients, dogs of Epirus, and Albanian dogs.
+Pliny gives an account of a combat between one of these dogs, first
+with a lion, and then with an elephant. In France they are so rare,
+that I never saw above one of them, which appeared, when sitting, to
+be about five feet high. He was totally white, and of a mild and
+peaceable disposition."</p>
+
+<p>The following description of these dogs, translated from a Celtic
+poem, is probably an accurate one:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"An eye of sloe, with ear not low,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With horse's breast, with depth of chest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With breadth of loin, and curve in groin<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And nape set far behind the head&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such were the dogs that Fingal bred."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is probable that even in Scotland very few of the pure breed of
+dogs are left, but those which are show a surprising combination of
+speed, strength, size, endurance, courage, sagacity, docility, and it
+may be added, dignity. The purest specimens of the deer-hound now to
+be met with are supposed to be those belonging to Captain M'Neill of
+Colonsay, two of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">Page 112</a></span> them being called Buskar and Bran. And here let me
+give an extract from an interesting and graphic account, published by
+Mr. Scrope, of the performance of these dogs in the chase of a stag.
+Let us fancy a party assembled over-night in a Highland glen,
+consisting of sportsmen, deer-stalkers, a piper and two deer-hounds,
+cooking their supper, and concluding it with the never-failing
+accompaniment of whisky-toddy. Let us fancy them reposing on a couch
+of dried fern and heather, and being awoke in the morning with the
+lively air of "Hey, Johnny Cope." While their breakfast is preparing,
+they wash and refresh themselves at a pure mountain stream, and are
+soon ready to issue forth with Buskar and Bran. The party proceeds up
+a rocky glen, where the stalker sees a stag about a mile off. He
+immediately prostrates himself on the ground, and in a second the rest
+follow his example. We will not follow all the different man&oelig;uvres
+of the deer-stalker and his followers, but bring them at once near the
+unconscious stag. After performing a very considerable circuit, moving
+sometimes forwards and sometimes backwards, the party at length arrive
+at the back of a hillock, on the opposite side of which the stalker
+said, in a whisper, the deer was lying, and that he was not distant a
+hundred yards. The whole party immediately moved forward in silent and
+breathless expectation, with the dogs in front straining in the slips.
+On reaching the top of the hillock, a full view of the noble stag
+pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">Page 113</a></span>sented itself, who, having heard the footsteps, had sprung on his
+legs, and was staring at his enemies, at the distance of about sixty
+yards.</p>
+
+<p>"The dogs were slipped; a general halloo burst from us all, and the
+stag, wheeling round, set off at full speed, with Buskar and Bran
+straining after him.</p>
+
+<p>"The brown figure of the deer, with his noble antlers laid back,
+contrasted with the light colour of the dogs stretching along the dark
+heath, presented one of the most exciting scenes that it is possible
+to imagine.</p>
+
+<p>"The deer's first attempt was to gain some rising ground to the left
+of the spot where we stood, and rather behind us, but, being closely
+pursued by the dogs, he soon found that his only safety was in speed;
+and (as a deer does not run well up-hill, nor like a roe, straight
+down hill) on the dogs approaching him, he turned, and almost retraced
+his footsteps, taking, however, a steeper line of descent than the one
+by which he ascended. Here the chase became most interesting&mdash;the dogs
+pressed him hard, and the deer getting confused, found himself
+suddenly on the brink of a small precipice of about fourteen feet in
+height, from the bottom of which there sloped a rugged mass of stones.
+He paused for a moment, as if afraid to take the leap, but the dogs
+were so close that he had no alternative.</p>
+
+<p>"At this time the party were not above one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">Page 114</a></span> hundred and fifty yards
+distant, and most anxiously waited the result, fearing, from the
+ruggedness of the ground below, that the deer would not survive the
+leap. They were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety, for though
+he took the leap, he did so more cunningly than gallantly, dropping
+himself in the most singular manner, so that his hind legs first
+reached the broken rocks below; nor were the dogs long in following
+him. Buskar sprang first, and, extraordinary to relate, did not lose
+his legs. Bran followed, and, on reaching the ground, performed a
+complete somerset. He soon, however, recovered his legs, and the chase
+was continued in an oblique direction down the side of a most rugged
+and rocky brae, the deer, apparently more fresh and nimble than ever,
+jumping through the rocks like a goat, and the dogs well up, though
+occasionally receiving the most fearful falls.</p>
+
+<p>"From the high position in which we were placed, the chase was visible
+for nearly half a mile. When some rising ground intercepted our view,
+we made with all speed for a higher point, and, on reaching it, we
+could perceive that the dogs, having got upon smooth ground, had
+gained on the deer, who was still going at speed, and were close up
+with him. Bran was then leading, and in a few seconds was at his
+heels, and immediately seized his hock with such violence of grasp, as
+seemed in a great measure to paralyse the limb, for the deer's speed
+was immediately checked. Buskar was not far behind, for soon
+afterwards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">Page 115</a></span> passing Bran, he seized the deer by the neck.
+Notwithstanding the weight of the two dogs which were hanging to him,
+having the assistance of the slope of the ground, he continued
+dragging them along at a most extraordinary rate (in defiance of their
+utmost exertions to detain him), and succeeded more than once in
+kicking Bran off. But he became at length exhausted&mdash;the dogs
+succeeded in pulling him down; and though he made several attempts to
+rise, he never completely regained his legs.</p>
+
+<p>"On coming up, we found him perfectly dead, with the joints of both
+his forelegs dislocated at the knee, his throat perforated, and his
+chest and flanks much lacerated.</p>
+
+<p>"As the ground was perfectly smooth for a considerable distance round
+the place where he fell, and not in any degree swampy, it is difficult
+to account for the dislocation of his knees, unless it happened during
+his struggles to rise. Buskar was perfectly exhausted, and had lain
+down, shaking from head to foot much like a broken-down horse; but on
+our approaching the deer he rose, walked round him with a determined
+growl, and would scarcely permit us to get near him. He had not,
+however, received any cut or injury, while Bran showed several
+bruises, nearly a square inch having been taken off the front of his
+fore-leg, so that the bone was visible, and a piece of burnt heather
+had passed quite through his foot.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing could exceed the determined courage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">Page 116</a></span> displayed by both dogs,
+particularly by Buskar, throughout the chase, and especially in
+preserving his hold, though dragged by the deer in a most violent
+manner."</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that this account of the high spirit and perseverance of
+the Scotch deer-hound will not be found uninteresting. This noble
+creature was the pride and companion of our ancestors, and for a long
+period in the history of this country, particularly in Ireland, the
+only dog used in the sports of the field. When we consider the great
+courage, combined with the most perfect gentleness of this animal, his
+gigantic, picturesque, and graceful form, it must be a subject of
+regret that the breed is likely to become extinct. Where shall we find
+dogs possessing such a combination of fine and noble qualities?</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The following anecdote, which with the accompanying fine engraving is
+taken from the New Sporting Magazine for January 1839, presents a
+striking example of the same kind:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The incident which the artist has made the subject for our
+embellishment occurred with Lord Ossulston's stag-hounds, on Tuesday,
+the 1st of May, when the stag, after a fast run of an hour, jumped
+over a precipice, and broke his neck. The hounds were, at this time,
+close to his haunches, and a couple and a half of the leading dogs
+went over with the stag. Two of the hounds were so hurt that they
+could not move, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">Page 117</a></span> the third was found by the greencoat first up,
+lying on the dead deer."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>I am indebted to that clever and intelligent authoress, Mrs. S. Carter
+Hall, for her recollections of an Irish wolf-dog and his master, which
+I cannot do better than give in her own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When I was a child, I had a very close friendship with a genuine old
+wolf-dog, Bruno by name. He was the property of an old friend of my
+grandmother's, who claimed descent from the Irish kings. His name was
+O'Toole. His manners were the most courtly you can imagine; as they
+might well be, for he had spent much time and fortune at the French
+court, when Marie Antoinette was in her prime and beauty. His visits
+were my jubilees&mdash;there was the kind, dignified old gentleman, who
+told me tales&mdash;there was his tall, gaunt dog, grey with age, and yet
+with me full of play; and there were two rough terriers, whom Bruno
+kept in admirable order. He managed the little one by simply placing
+his paw upon it when it was too frisky; but Vixen, the large one, like
+many ladies, had a will of her own, and entertained some idea of being
+mistress. Bruno would bear a good deal from her, giving, however, now
+and then, a low deep growl; but when provoked too much, he would
+quietly lift the dog off the ground by the strength of his jaws (his
+teeth were gone), stand with her in his mouth at the doors until they
+were opened, and then deposit her, half<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">Page 118</a></span> strangled as she was, in a
+nettle-bed some distance from the house. The dog's discrimination was
+curious. If Vixen was thrown upon him, or if we forced her to insult
+him, he never punished her; but if she of her own accord teazed him
+more than his patience could bear, the punishment was certain to
+follow.</p>
+
+<p>"O'Toole and his dogs always occupied the same room, the terriers
+being on the bed with their master. No entreaty, however, ever induced
+Bruno to sleep on anything softer than stone. He would remove the
+hearth-rug and lay on the marble. His master used to instance the
+dog's disdain of luxury as a mark of his noble nature.</p>
+
+<p>"I should not omit to tell you, as characteristic of my old friend,
+that O'Toole was proud, and never would submit to be called 'Mr.'
+Meeting, one day, Lord Arne in Dame Street, Dublin, while the old man
+was followed by his three wolf-dogs, of which Bruno was the last, the
+young nobleman, who had also his followers in the shape of 'Parliament
+men,' said to the descendant of Irish kings, nodding to him familiarly
+at the same time, 'How do you do, <em>Mr.</em> O'Toole?' The old man paused,
+drew himself up, lifted his hat, made his courtly bow, and answered,
+'O'Toole salutes Arne.' I can recall nothing more picturesque than
+that majestic old gentleman and his dog, both remnants of a bygone
+age. Bruno was rough, but not long-coated, very grave, observant,
+enduring every one, very fond of children, playing with them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">Page 119</a></span> gently,
+but only crouching and fawning on his master; 'and that,' O'Toole
+would say, 'is a proof of my royal blood.' I could fill a volume with
+memoirs of that fine old man. He was more than six feet in height, and
+his dog always sat with his head on his master's knee."</p>
+
+<p>This is altogether a pretty and interesting picture.</p>
+
+<p>The sagacity of this fine breed is well illustrated in what follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman walking along the road on Kingston Hill, accompanied by a
+friend and a noble deer-hound, which was also a retriever, threw his
+glove into a ditch; and having walked on for a mile, sent his dog back
+for it. After waiting a considerable time, and the dog not returning,
+they retraced their steps. Hearing loud cries in the distance, they
+hastened on, and at last saw the dog dragging a boy by his coat
+towards them. On questioning the boy, it appeared that he had picked
+up the glove and put it into his pocket. The sagacious animal had no
+other means of conveying it to his master than by compelling the boy
+to accompany him.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The following anecdotes are from Capt. Thomas Brown's now scarce work,
+"Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of Dogs." He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Sir Walter Scott has most obligingly furnished me with the following
+anecdotes of his celebrated dog Maida:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">Page 120</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was once riding over a field on which the reapers were at work, the
+stooks being placed behind them, as is usual. Maida having found a
+hare, began to chase her, to the great amusement of the spectators, as
+the hare turned very often and very swiftly among the stooks. At
+length, being hard pressed, she fairly bolted into one of them. Maida
+went in headlong after her, and the stook began to be much agitated in
+various directions. At length the sheaves tumbled down; and the hare
+and the dog, terrified alike at their overthrow, ran different ways,
+to the great amusement of the spectators."</p>
+
+<p>"Among several peculiarities which Maida possessed, one was a strong
+aversion to a certain class of artists, arising from the frequent
+restraints he was subjected to in having his portrait taken, on
+account of his majestic appearance. The instant he saw a pencil and
+paper produced he prepared to beat a retreat; and, if forced to
+remain, he exhibited the strongest marks of displeasure."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Ranaldson Macdonell, Esq. of Glengarry, has most kindly furnished the
+following interesting notices and anecdotes of the Scottish Highland
+greyhound:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Not many years since one of Glengarry's tenants, who had some
+business with his chief, happened to arrive at Glengarry House at
+rather an early hour in the morning. A deer-hound perceiving this
+person sauntering about before the domestics were astir, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">Page 121</a></span>walked
+quietly up to him, took him gently by the wrist with his teeth, and
+proceeded to lead him off the ground. The man, finding him forbearing,
+attempted resistance; but the dog, instantly seizing his wrist with
+redoubled pressure, soon convinced him that his attempt was in vain.
+Thus admonished, the man took the hint, and quietly yielded to his
+canine conductor, who, without farther injury, led him to the outside
+of the gate, and then left him. The whole of the dogs at Glengarry
+House were allowed to go at liberty at all times.</p>
+
+<p>"The Highland greyhounds, or deer-hounds as they are called in the
+Highlands, have a great antipathy to the sheep-dogs, and never fail to
+attack them whenever an opportunity offers. A shepherd, whose colley
+had frequently been attacked by the deer-dogs of Glengarry singly, and
+always succeeded in beating them off on such occasions, was one day
+assailed by them in a body; and his life would have been in
+considerable danger, but for one of the keepers, who happened to pass
+at the time, and called them off.</p>
+
+<p>"The following circumstance will prove the exquisite sense of smell
+possessed by the deer-hound. One of this breed, named Bran, when held
+in the leash, followed the track of a wounded stag, and that in most
+unfavourable rainy weather, for three successive days, at the end of
+which time the game was shot. He was wounded first within nine miles
+of Inver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">Page 122</a></span>garry House, and was traced that night to the estate of
+Glenmoriston. At dusk in the evening the deer-stalkers placed a stone
+on each side of the last fresh print of his hoof, and another over it;
+and this they did each night following. On the succeeding morning they
+removed the upper stone, when the dog recovered the scent, and the
+deer was that day traced over a great part of Glenmoriston's ground.
+On the third day he was retraced to the lands of Glengarry, and there
+shot.</p>
+
+<p>"My present dog, Comhstri, to great courage unites the quality of a
+gentle disposition, with much fidelity and attachment. Though not so
+large as some of his kindred, he is nevertheless as high-spirited and
+determined as any of his race, which the following circumstance will
+testify: 'About three years ago, a deer from the wood of Derrygarbh,
+whose previous hurts had been healed, came out of Glengarry's pass,
+who wounded it severely in the body with a rifle bullet. The
+deer-hounds were immediately laid on the blood-track. The stag was
+started in the course of a few minutes; the dogs were instantly
+slipped, and the fine animal ran to bay in a deep pool of water, below
+a cascade, on the Garyquulach burn. Comhstri immediately plunged in,
+and seized the stag by the throat; both went under water, surrounded
+with the white foam, slightly tinged with the deer's blood. The dog
+soon came to the surface to recover his breath;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">Page 123</a></span> and before the other
+could do so, Comhstri dived, and again seized him by the throat. The
+stag was soon after taken out of the pool dead.</p>
+
+<p>"Comhstri's colour is grey, with a white chest; but we have had them
+of different colours at Glengarry, such as pure white, black,
+brindled, and sand-colour.</p>
+
+<p>"When the Highlanders dream of a <em>black</em> dog, it is interpreted to
+mean one of the clan of Macdonell; but if of a deer-hound, it denotes
+a chief, or one of the principal persons of that clan."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>That the Scottish dogs were much prized in England from the earliest
+times, the following interesting account, taken from Holinshed's
+Chronicles, 'Historie of Scotland,' p. 71, printed in 1586, will show.
+"And shortlie after the return of these ambassadors into their
+countrie, divers young gentlemen of the Pictish nobilitie repaired
+unto King Crathlint, to hunt and make merie with him; but when they
+should depart homewards, perceiving that the Scotish dogs did farre
+excell theirs, both in fairnesse, swiftnesse, hardinesse, and also in
+long standing up and holding out, they got diverse both dogs and
+bitches of the best kinds for breed to be given them by the Scotish
+Lords; and yet not so contented, they stole one belonging to the king
+from his keeper, being more esteemed of him than all the others which
+he had about him. The master of the leash being informed hereof,
+pursued after them which had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">Page 124</a></span> stollen that dog, thinking indeed to
+have taken him from them; but they not willing to part with him, fell
+at altercation, and in the end chanced to strike the maister of the
+leash through with their horsespeares that he died presentlie:
+whereupon noise and crie being raised in the countrie by his servants,
+diverse of the Scots, as they were going home from hunting, returned,
+and, falling upon the Picts to revenge the death of their fellow,
+there ensued a shrewd bickering betwixt them, so that of the Scots
+there died three score gentlemen, besides a great number of the
+commons, not one of them understanding (till all was done) what the
+matter meant. Of the Picts there were about an hundred slaine. This
+circumstance led to a bloody war betwixt the two nations."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The following interesting anecdote, related by Mr. Carr in his
+"Stranger in Ireland," there can be no doubt, I think, refers to the
+Irish wolf-dog. Mr. Carr says, that while on his journey to Ireland he
+"wandered to a little church, which owed its elevation to the
+following circumstance. Llewelyn the Great, who resided near the base
+of Snowdon, had a beautiful dog named Gelert, which had been presented
+to him by King John in 1205. One day, in consequence of the faithful
+animal, which at night always 'sentinelled his master's bed,' not
+making his appearance in the chase, Llewelyn returned home very angry,
+and met the dog, covered with blood, at the door of the chamber of
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">Page 125</a></span> child. Upon entering it, he found the bed overturned, and the
+coverlet stained with gore. He called to his boy; but receiving no
+answer, he rashly concluded that he had been killed by Gelert, and in
+his anguish instantly thrust his sword through the poor animal's body.
+The Hon. Robert Spencer has beautifully told the remainder of the
+story.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'His suppliant looks, as prone he fell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">No pity could impart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But still his Gelert's dying yell<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Passed heavy on his heart.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Arous'd by Gelert's dying yell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Some slumb'rer waken'd nigh:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What words the parent's joy could tell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To hear his infant's cry?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor scathe had he, nor harm, nor dread:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But the same couch beneath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lay a gaunt wolf all torn and dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tremendous still in death.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! what was then Llewelyn's pain?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For now the truth was clear:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His gallant hound the wolf had slain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To save Llewelyn's heir.'<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In order to mitigate his offence, Llewelyn built this chapel, and
+raised a tomb to poor Gelert; and the spot to this day is called
+<em>Beth-Gelert</em>, or the Grave of Gelert."</p>
+
+<p>I should not omit to mention, that in Mr. Windle's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">Page 126</a></span> account of Cork,
+Kerry, &amp;c., there is the following notice of the wolf and Irish
+wolf-dog.</p>
+
+<p>"The last wolf seen in Ireland was killed in the neighbourhood of
+Annascuit, near Dingle, in 1710. The place is still known by the name
+of the Wolf's Step. The Irish called the wolf-dog <em>Sagh cliun</em>; and
+old Campion, speaking of the Irish, says, They are not without wolves,
+and greyhounds to hunt them bigger of bone and limne than a colt."</p>
+
+<p>This noble animal is also described as "similar in shape to a
+greyhound, larger than a mastiff, and tractable as a spaniel."</p>
+
+<p>The following fact will serve to prove that the deer-hound is
+possessed of a fine sense of smelling, a circumstance which has been
+doubted by many persons.</p>
+
+<p>The head keeper of Richmond Park is possessed of a famous old
+deer-hound bitch, remarkable for her sagacity, and for having taken
+five bucks in one day. After a battue in the Park in the winter of
+1845, he directed one of the under-keepers to examine the ground
+carefully, which had been shot over the day before. He was accompanied
+by the old dog, who was to act as retriever. She came to a point in
+one of the covers, as was her custom when she seemed to find a rabbit;
+but the keeper, finding that it was a hare, called her off. After
+going some distance, the dog went back and pointed the hare a second
+time. The keeper put her up, and then found that she had been wounded,
+having had her hind leg broken. Here the fine sense<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">Page 127</a></span> of smelling was
+the more remarkable, as this old dog will not look at a hare, nor
+indeed can she be induced to run after one.</p>
+
+<p>One of her progeny ran a wounded buck into the large pond in the Park,
+swam after it, killed it in the water, and then seizing it by the
+foot, swam with it to the shore.</p>
+
+<p>Having now given my reader all the information I can gather on this
+dog of bygone times, I will gratify him with a letter I have received
+from a lady whose name is dear to Ireland, and highly placed in the
+ranks of English Literature:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I am much flattered by your compliment to my national erudition,
+a very scanty stock in my best of times, and now nearly used up,
+in 'furnishing forth' the pages of many an idle tale, worked out
+in the 'Irish Interest,' as the mouse nibbled at the lion's
+net,&mdash;the same presumption, if not with the same results! However,
+I will rub up my old '<em>Shannos</em>,' as Elizabeth said of her Latin,
+and endeavour to recollect the little I have ever known on the
+subject of the Irish wolf-dog.</p>
+
+<p>"Natural history is too much a matter of fact to have ever
+interested the poetic temperament of the Irish; Schools of Poetry,
+Heraldry, and Music, were opened (says the Irish historians),
+'time immemorial.' St. Patrick found the Academies of Lismore
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">Page 128</a></span> Armagh in a flourishing condition, when he arrived on his
+great mission; and the more modern College of Clonard (founded in
+the fifth century by Bishop Finnan), had a great reputation for
+its learning and learned professors. But it does not appear that
+there was any Chair of Natural History or Philosophy in these
+scholastic Seminaries. Their Transactions recorded the miracles of
+saints rather than the miracles of nature. And had some daring
+Cuvier, or enterprising Lyell or Murchison, opened those spacious
+cabinets, once</p>
+
+<p class="morganquote">'In the deep bosom of the ocean buried,'</p>
+
+<p>or entombed in mountain layers for unnumbered ages, the Druid
+priests would probably have immolated the daring naturalist under
+his highest oak. Is it quite sure that the Prior of Armagh, or the
+founder of the Royal Academy of Clonard, the good Saint Finnan
+himself, would have served them much better? Certain, however, it
+is, that the Druids, Bards, Filiahs, Senachies and Saints of
+Ireland, who left such mighty reputations behind them for
+learning, have not dropped one word on the subject of the natural
+history of their 'Isle of Song;' and though they may have dabbled
+a little in that prosaic pursuit, they probably soon discovered
+its perilous tendency, and sang with the last and most charming of
+Irish Bards,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="morganquote">'No, Science, to you<br />
+We have long bade a last and careless adieu.'</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">Page 129</a></span>"Nearly two thousand years after the foundation of the most
+learned Academies of Ireland, a pretty little Zoological Garden
+was opened in the capital of the country; but no living type of
+the Irish wolf-dog is to be found there, nor were any 'fossil
+remains' of the noble animal discovered in the Wicklow Mines,<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a>
+which were worked some fifty years back, but which, for want of
+capital or perseverance, only furnished a few Cronobane halfpence,
+and materials for a musical farce to one of the most delightful
+farcical Irish writers of his time;<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> for in Ireland,</p>
+
+<p class="morganquote">'Tout finis par un chanson,'</p>
+
+<p>(as Figaro had it of the France of his age,) when worse results do
+not follow disappointment.</p>
+
+<p>"The Irish wolf-dog, therefore, it may be asserted, belongs to the
+poetical traditions of Ireland, or to its remote Milesian
+histories. 'Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, and others, the
+immediate posterity of Noah, after the dispersion of mankind at
+Babel, ventured (it is said), to 'commit themselves by ships upon
+the sea,' to search out the unknown corners of the world, and thus
+found out a western land called Ireland.'&mdash;(Dr. Warner.)</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">Page 130</a></span>"It is probable they were the first to disturb its tranquillity by
+the introduction of wolves, a fragment of the menagerie of the
+Ark; for all noxious and destructive animals and reptiles were
+brought into Ireland by her invaders. The soil and clime of the
+'woody Morven,' however, though not genial to their
+naturalisation, was long a prey to one of the most ferocious
+animals imported by foreign aggression to increase and multiply.
+Ireland swarmed with wolves, and its colonists and aborigines
+would in time have alike shared the fate of 'little Red Riding
+Hood;' when, lo! up started the noble <em>Canis familiaris
+Hibernicus</em>, which, greatly improved by a cross with the wolf
+itself, was found everywhere in fierce antagonism with foreign
+ferocity; and for his eminent services was not only speedily
+adopted by patriot kings and heroes, as part of their courtly and
+warlike parade, but sung by bards and immortalised by poets, as
+worthy of such illustrious companionship. It is thus Bran, the
+famous and beloved hound of Fingal, has become as immortal as his
+master; and a track is still shown on a mountain in Tyrone, near
+New Town Stuart, called 'The Track of the Foot of Bran, the Hound
+of Fionne Mac Cumhall.' So much for poetry and tradition. Modern
+naturalists, however, in their animal biography and prosaic view
+of things, have assigned the introduction of the wolf-dog in
+Ireland to the Danes, who brought it over in their first invasion;
+and its resemblance to '<em>Le gros Danois</em>' of Buffon favours the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">Page 131</a></span>
+supposition. 'When Ireland swarmed with wolves,' says Pennant,
+'these dogs were confined to the chase; but as soon as these
+animals were extirpated, the number of the dogs decreased, and
+from that period were kept chiefly for state.' Goldsmith mentions
+having only seen in his time in Ireland one Irish wolf-hound that
+was four feet high. And though the father of the late Marquis of
+Sligo endeavoured to preserve the breed, his kennels in latter
+years exhibited but a scanty specimen. These majestic and
+beautiful animals are now, I believe, quite extinct in Ireland,
+where their scarcity is accounted for by Mr. Pennant as 'the
+consequence of the late King of Poland having procured from thence
+by his agents as many as could be purchased.' The last notice
+taken of the Irish wolf-dog in fictitious narrative may, I
+believe, be found in one of my own national novels, 'O'Donnel,'
+where the hero and his hound are first introduced to the reader
+together. I borrowed the picture, as I gave it, from living
+originals, which in my earliest youth struck forcibly on my
+imagination, in the person of the celebrated Archibald Hamilton
+Rowan, accompanied by his Irish hound Bran!</p>
+
+<p>"This is all I know or can recollect of my noble and beautiful
+compatriot; but I remember that when some writer in 'Fraser's
+Magazine' styled me 'that Irish she wolf-dog,' I felt complimented
+by the epithet, since to attack the enemies of Ireland, and to
+worry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">Page 132</a></span> when they could not destroy them, was the peculiar
+attribute of the species.</p>
+
+<p class="honourtobe">"I have the honour to be, dear Sir,</p>
+<p class="trulyyours">"Most truly yours,</p>
+<p class="signed">"Sydney Morgan."</p>
+<p>"<em>William Street, Albert Gate.</em>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_IRISH" id="Illustration_TAIL_IRISH"></a>
+<img src="images/t-irish.jpg" width="500" height="335" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">Page 133</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_NEWFOUNDLAND" id="Illustration_NEWFOUNDLAND"></a>
+<img src="images/newfoundland.jpg" width="500" height="264" alt="NEWFOUNDLAND." title="NEWFOUNDLAND." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Nor will it less delight th' attentive sage,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">T' observe that instinct which unerring guides<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The brutal race, which mimics reason's lore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And oft transcends.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dog, whom nothing can mislead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Must be a dog of parts indeed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is often wiser than his master."&mdash;<span class="person">Sommerville.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>This noble dog may be justly styled the friend and guardian of his
+master. I had some doubts in making out my list of dogs, whether he
+ought not to take precedence of all others; but, after duly weighing
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">Page 134</a></span> matter in my own mind, I have given the palm to the Irish
+wolf-hound, and the honest Newfoundland immediately follows him. I not
+only think that this precedence will gratify some of my friends in
+Ireland, who have called upon me to do justice to one of their
+favourite and national emblems, but it is, perhaps, due in strict
+justice to an animal who proved himself so great a benefactor to his
+native country. There is, moreover, such a degree of romance attached
+to the recollection of his fine qualities and imposing appearance,
+that I should be sorry to lessen them by appearing to give the
+preference to any other dog. At the same time I may be allowed to add,
+that I have seen such courage, perseverance, and fidelity in the
+Newfoundland dog, and am acquainted with so many well-authenticated
+facts of his more than ordinary sense and utility, that I think him
+entitled to be considered as little inferior to the Irish wolf-dog.</p>
+
+<p>When we reflect on the docility of the Newfoundland dog, his
+affectionate disposition, his aptitude in receiving instruction, and
+his instantaneous sense of impending danger, we shall no longer wonder
+at his being called the friend of his master, whom he is at all times
+ready to defend at the risk of his own life. How noble is his
+appearance, and at the same time how serene is his countenance!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Sa fiert&eacute;, sa beaut&eacute;, sa jeunesse agr&eacute;able<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Le fit cherir de vous, et il est redoutable<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A vos fiers ennemis par sa courage."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">Page 135</a></span>No animal, perhaps, can show more real courage than this dog. His
+perseverance in what he undertakes is so great, that he never
+relinquishes an attempt which has been enjoined him as long as there
+is a chance of success. I allude more particularly to storms at sea
+and consequent shipwreck, when his services, his courage, and
+indefatigable exertions, have been truly wonderful. Numerous persons
+have been saved from a watery grave by these dogs, and ropes have been
+conveyed by them from a sinking ship to the shore amidst foaming
+billows, by which means whole crews have been saved from destruction.
+Their feet are particularly well adapted to enable them to swim, being
+webbed very much like those of a duck, and they are at all times ready
+to plunge into the water to save a human being from drowning. Some
+dogs delight in following a fox, others in hunting the hare, or
+killing vermin. The delight of the Newfoundland dog appears to be in
+the preservation of the lives of the human race. A story is related on
+good authority of one of these dogs being in the habit, when he saw
+persons swimming in the Seine at Paris, of seizing them and bringing
+them to the shore. In the immediate neighbourhood of Windsor a servant
+was saved from drowning by a Newfoundland dog, who seized him by the
+collar of his coat when he was almost exhausted, and brought him to
+the banks, where some of the family were assembled watching with great
+anxiety the exertions of the noble animal.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">Page 136</a></span>Those who were much at Windsor, not many years since, must have seen a
+fine Newfoundland dog, called Baby, reposing occasionally in front of
+the White Hart Hotel. Baby was a general favourite, and he deserved to
+be so; for he was mild in his disposition, brave as a lion, and very
+sensible. When he was thirsty, and could not procure water at the pump
+in the yard, he has frequently been seen to go to the stable, fetch an
+empty bucket, and stand with it in his mouth at the pump till some one
+came for water. He then, by wagging his tail and expressive looks,
+made his want known, and had his bucket filled. Exposed as Baby was to
+the attacks of all sorts of curs, as he slumbered in the sun in front
+of the hotel, he seemed to think that a pat with his powerful paw was
+quite sufficient punishment for them, but he never tamely submitted to
+insult from a dog approaching his own size, and his courage was only
+equalled by his gentleness.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote, which is well authenticated, shows the
+sagacity as well as the kindliness of disposition of these dogs. In
+the city of Worcester, one of the principal streets leads by a gentle
+declivity to the river Severn. One day a child, in crossing the
+street, fell down in the middle of it, and a horse and cart, which
+were descending the hill, would have passed over it, had not a
+Newfoundland dog rushed to the rescue of the child, caught it up in
+his mouth, and conveyed it in safety to the foot pavement.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">Page 137</a></span>My kind friend, Mr. T&mdash;&mdash;, took a Newfoundland dog and a small spaniel
+into a boat with him on the river Thames, and when he got into the
+middle of the river, he turned them into the water. They swam
+different ways, but the spaniel got into the current, and after
+struggling some time was in danger of being drowned. As soon as the
+Newfoundland dog perceived the predicament of his companion, he swam
+to his assistance, and brought him safe to the shore.</p>
+
+<p>A vessel went down in a gale of wind near Liverpool, and every one on
+board perishes. A Newfoundland dog was seen swimming about the place
+where the vessel was lost for some time, and at last came on shore
+very much exhausted. For three days he swam off to the same spot, and
+was evidently trying to find his lost master, so strong was his
+affection.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>I have always been pleased with that charming remark of Sir Edwin
+Landseer, that the Newfoundland dog was a "distinguished Member of the
+Humane Society." How delightfully has that distinguished artist
+portrayed the character of dogs in his pictures! and what justice has
+he done to their noble qualities! We see in them honesty, fidelity,
+courage, and sense&mdash;no exaggeration&mdash;no flattery. He makes us feel
+that his dogs will love us without selfishness, and defend us at the
+risk of their own lives&mdash;that though friends may forsake us, they
+never will&mdash;and that in misfortune, poverty, and death, their
+affection will be unchanged,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">Page 138</a></span> and their gratitude unceasing. But to
+return to the Newfoundland dog, and we shall again find him acting his
+part as a Member of the Humane Society.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman bathing in the sea at Portsmouth, was in the greatest
+danger of being drowned. Assistance was loudly called for, but no boat
+was ready, and though many persons were looking on, no one could be
+found to go to his help. In this predicament, a Newfoundland dog
+rushed into the sea and conveyed the gentleman in safety to land. He
+afterwards purchased the dog for a large sum, treated him as long as
+he lived with gratitude and kindness, and had the following words
+worked on his table-cloths and napkins&mdash;"<em>Virum extuli mari</em>."</p>
+
+<p>A person, in crossing a plank at a mill, fell into the stream at
+night, and was saved by his Newfoundland dog, and who afterwards
+recovered his hat, which had fallen from his head, and was floating
+down the stream.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt but that dogs calculate, and almost reason. A
+dog who had been in the habit of stealing from a kitchen, which had
+two doors opening into it, would never do so if one of them was shut,
+as he was afraid of being caught. If both the doors were open, his
+chance of escape was greater, and he therefore seized what he could.
+This sort of calculation, if I may call it is so, was shown by a
+Newfoundland bitch. She had suckled two whelps until they were able to
+take care of themselves. They were,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">Page 139</a></span> however, constantly following and
+disturbing her in order to be suckled, when she had little or no milk
+to give them. She was confined in a shed, which was separated from
+another by a wooden partition some feet high. Into this shed she
+conveyed her puppies, and left them there while she returned to the
+other to enjoy a night's rest unmolested. This shows that the animal
+was capable of reflecting to a degree beyond what would have been the
+result of mere instinct.</p>
+
+<p>The late Rev. James Simpson, of the Potterrow congregation, Edinburgh,
+had a large dog of the Newfoundland breed. At that time he lived at
+Libberton, a distance of two miles from Edinburgh, in a house to which
+was attached a garden. One Sacrament Sunday the servant, who was left
+at home in charge of the house, thought it a good opportunity to
+entertain her friends, as her master and mistress were not likely to
+return home till after the evening's service, about nine o'clock.
+During the day the dog accompanied them through the garden, and indeed
+wherever they went, in the most attentive manner, and seemed well
+pleased. In the evening, when the time arrived that the party meant to
+separate, they proceeded to do so; but the dog, the instant they went
+to the door, interposed, and placing himself before it, would not
+allow one of them to touch the handle. On their persisting and
+attempting to use force he became furious, and in a menacing manner
+drove them back into the kitchen, where he kept them until the arrival
+of Mr. and Mrs. Simpson,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">Page 140</a></span> who were surprised to find the party at so
+late an hour, and more so to see the dog standing sentinel over them.
+Being thus detected, the servant acknowledged the whole circumstance,
+when her friends were allowed to depart, after being admonished by the
+worthy divine in regard to the proper use of the Sabbath. They could
+not but consider the dog as an instrument in the hand of Providence to
+point out the impropriety of spending this holy day in feasting rather
+than in the duties of religion.</p>
+
+<p>After the above circumstance, it became necessary for Mr. Simpson, on
+account of his children's education, to leave his country residence,
+when he took a house in Edinburgh in a common stair. Speaking of this,
+one day, to a friend who had visited him, he concluded that he would
+be obliged to part with his dog, as he was too large an animal to be
+kept in such a house. The animal was present, and heard him say so,
+and must have understood what he meant, as he disappeared that
+evening, and was never afterwards heard of. These circumstances have
+been related to me by an elder of Mr. Simpson's congregation, who had
+them from himself.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>I am indebted to the late amiable Lord Stowell for the following
+anecdote, which has since been verified by Mr. Henry Wix, brother of
+the archdeacon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A Newfoundland dog belonging to Archdeacon Wix, which had never
+quitted the island, was brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">Page 141</a></span> over to London by him in January
+1834, and when he and his family landed at Blackwall the dog was left
+on board the vessel. A few days afterwards the Archdeacon went from
+the Borough side of the Thames in a boat to the vessel, which was then
+in St. Katherine's Docks, to see about his luggage, but did not intend
+at that time to take the dog from the ship; however, on his leaving
+the vessel the dog succeeded in extricating himself from his
+confinement, jumped overboard, and swam after the boat across the
+Thames, followed his master into a counting-house on Gun-shot Wharf,
+Tooley Street, and then over London Bridge and through the City to St.
+Bartholomew's Hospital. The dog was shut within the square whilst the
+Archdeacon went into his father's house, and he then followed him on
+his way to Russell Square, but strayed somewhere in Holborn; and as
+several gentlemen had stopped to admire him in the street, saying he
+was worth a great deal of money, the Archdeacon concluded that some
+dog-stealer had enticed him away. He however wrote to the captain of
+the vessel to mention his loss, and made inquiries on the following
+morning at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, when he learnt that the dog had
+come to the gates late in the evening, and howled most piteously for
+admission, but was driven away. Two days afterwards the captain of the
+vessel waited on the Archdeacon with the dog, who had not only found
+his way back to the water's edge, on the Borough side, but, what is
+more surprising, swam across the Thames,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">Page 142</a></span> where no scent could have
+directed him, and found out the vessel in St. Katherine's Docks.</p>
+
+<p>This sagacious and affectionate creature had, previous to his leaving
+Newfoundland, saved his master's life by directing his way home when
+lost in a snow-storm many miles from any shelter.</p>
+
+<p>The dog was presented to the Archdeacon's uncle, Thomas Poynder, Esq.,
+Clapham Common, in whose possession it continued until its death.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Every particular has been faithfully given of this extraordinary
+occurrence. Here we see a dog brought for the first time from
+Newfoundland, and who can scarcely be said to have put his feet on
+ground in England, not only finding his way through a crowded city to
+the banks of the river, but also finding the ship he wanted in that
+river, and in which he evidently thought he should discover his lost
+master. It is an instance of sense of so peculiar a kind that it is
+difficult to define it, or the faculty which enables animals to find
+their way to a place over ground which they had not previously
+traversed.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>A gentleman of Suffolk, on an excursion with his friend, was attended
+by a Newfoundland dog, which soon became the subject of conversation.
+The master, after a warm eulogium upon the perfections of his canine
+favourite, assured his companion that he would, upon receiving the
+order, return and fetch any article<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">Page 143</a></span> he should leave behind, from any
+distance. To confirm this assertion, a marked shilling was put under a
+large square stone by the side of the road, being first shown to the
+dog. The gentlemen then rode for three miles, when the dog received
+his signal from the master to return for the shilling he had seen put
+under the stone. The dog turned back; the gentlemen rode on, and
+reached home; but to their surprise and disappointment the hitherto
+faithful messenger did not return during the day. It afterwards
+appeared that he had gone to the place where the shilling was
+deposited, but the stone being too large for his strength to remove,
+he had stayed howling at the place till two horsemen riding by, and
+attracted by his seeming distress, stopped to look at him, when one of
+them alighting, removed the stone, and seeing the shilling, put it
+into his pocket, not at the time conceiving it to be the object of the
+dog's search. The dog followed their horses for twenty miles, remained
+undisturbed in the room where they supped, followed the chambermaid
+into the bedchamber, and secreted himself under one of the beds. The
+possessor of the shilling hung his trousers upon a nail by the
+bed-side; but when the travellers were both asleep, the dog took them
+in his mouth, and leaping out of the window, which was left open on
+account of the sultry heat, reached the house of his master at four
+o'clock in the morning with the prize he had made free with, in the
+pocket of which were found a watch and money, that were returned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">Page 144</a></span> upon
+being advertised, when the whole mystery was mutually unravelled, to
+the admiration of all the parties.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many years ago, I saw a horse belonging to a quartermaster in the 1st
+Dragoon Guards, when the regiment was quartered at Ipswich, find a
+shilling, which was covered with sawdust, in the riding-school at the
+Cavalry Barracks at that place, and give it to his owner. I thought
+this a wonderful instance of sagacity as well as docility, but how
+very far does this fall short of the intellectual faculty of dogs! I
+do not intend to assert that they are endowed with mental powers equal
+to those which the human race possess, but to contend that there is
+not a faculty of the human mind of which some evident proofs of its
+existence may not be found in dogs. Thus we find them possessed of
+memory, imagination, the powers of imitation, curiosity, cunning,
+revenge, ingenuity, gratitude, devotion, or affection, and other
+qualities. They are able to communicate their wants, their pleasures,
+and their pains, their apprehensions of danger, and their prospects of
+future good, by modulating their voices accordingly, and by
+significant gestures. They perfectly comprehend our wishes, and live
+with us as friends and companions. When the fear of man and dread of
+him were inflicted as a curse on the animal creation, the dog-kind
+alone seems an exception, and their sagacity and fidelity to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">Page 145</a></span> the
+human race was an incalculable blessing bestowed upon them. These
+remarks are fully borne out in a very interesting article on the dog
+in the "Quarterly Review" of September, 1843.</p>
+
+<p>A fine, handsome, and valuable black dog of the Newfoundland species,
+belonging to Mr. Floyd, solicitor, Holmfirth, committed suicide by
+drowning itself in the river which flows at the back of its owner's
+habitation. For some days previous the animal seemed less animated
+than usual, but on this particular occasion he was noticed to throw
+himself into the water and endeavour to sink by preserving perfect
+stillness of the legs and feet. Being dragged out of the stream, the
+dog was tied up for a time, but had no sooner been released than he
+again hastened to the water and again tried to sink, and was again got
+out. This occurred many times, until at length the animal with
+repeated efforts appeared to get exhausted, and by dint of keeping his
+head determinedly under water for a few minutes succeeded at last in
+obtaining his object, for when taken out this time he was indeed dead.
+The case is worth recording, as affording another proof of the general
+instinct and sagacity of the canine race.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nicol, late of Pall Mall, told me he saw an old foxhound
+deliberately drown itself, and was ready to make oath of it.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Kaye, residing opposite Windsor Park Wall, Datchet, had a
+beautiful Newfoundland dog. For the convenience of the family a boat
+was kept, that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">Page 146</a></span> might at times cross the water without the
+inconvenience of going a considerable way round to Datchet Bridge. The
+dog was so delighted with the aquatic trips, that he very rarely
+permitted the boat to go without him. It happened that the coachman,
+who had been but little accustomed to the depths and shallows of the
+water, intending a forcible push with the punt pole, which was not
+long enough to reach the bottom, fell over the side of the boat in the
+deepest part of the water, and in the central part of the current,
+which accident was observed by a part of the family then at the front
+windows of the house; sudden and dreadful as the alarm was, they had
+the consolation of seeing the sagacious animal instantaneously follow
+his companion, when after diving, and making two or three abortive
+attempts, by laying hold of different parts of his apparel, which as
+repeatedly gave way or overpowered his exertions, he then, with the
+most determined and energetic fortitude, seized him by the arm, and
+brought him to the edge of the bank, where the domestics of the
+terrified family were ready to assist in extricating him from his
+perilous situation.<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have mentioned that revenge had been shown by dogs, and the
+following is an instance of it. A gentleman was staying at Worthing,
+where his Newfoundland dog was teased and annoyed by a small cur,
+which snapped and barked at him. This he bore, without appearing to
+notice it, for some time; but at last the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">Page 147</a></span> Newfoundland dog seemed to
+lose his usual patience and forbearance, and he one day, in the
+presence of several spectators, took the cur up by his back, swam with
+it into the sea, held it under the water, and would probably have
+drowned it, had not a boat been put off and rescued it. There was
+another instance communicated to me. A fine Newfoundland dog had been
+constantly annoyed by a small spaniel. The former, seizing the
+opportunity when they were on a terrace under which a river flowed,
+took up the spaniel in his mouth, and dropped it over the parapet into
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>Jukes, in his "Excursions in and about Newfoundland," says, "A thin,
+short-haired black dog, belonging to George Harvey, came off to us
+to-day; this animal was of a breed very different from what we
+understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin
+tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin but powerful legs,
+with a lank body, the hair short and smooth. These are the most
+abundant dogs of the country, the long-haired curly dogs being
+comparatively rare. They are by no means handsome, but are generally
+more intelligent and useful than the others. This one caught his own
+fish; he sat on a projecting rock beneath a fish-lake or stage, where
+the fish are laid to dry, watching the water, which had a depth of six
+or eight feet, the bottom of which was white with fish-bones. On
+throwing a piece of codfish into the water, three or four heavy,
+clumsy-looking fish, called in Newfoundland sculpins, with great heads
+and mouths,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">Page 148</a></span> and many spines about them, and generally about a foot
+long, would swim in to catch it. These he would '<em>set</em>' attentively,
+and the moment one turned his broadside to him, he darted down like a
+fish-hawk, and seldom came up without the fish in his mouth. As he
+caught them he carried them regularly to a place a few yards off,
+where he laid them down; and they told us that in the summer he would
+sometimes make a pile of fifty or sixty a-day just at that place. He
+never attempted to eat them, but seemed to be fishing purely for his
+own amusement. I watched him for about two hours, and when the fish
+did not come I observed he once or twice put his right foot in the
+water, and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he
+did it to <em>toll</em> or entice the fish; but whether it was for that
+specific reason, or merely a motion of impatience, I could not exactly
+decide."</p>
+
+<p>Extraordinary as the following anecdote may appear to some persons, it
+is strictly true, and strongly shows the sense, and I am almost
+inclined to add, reason of the Newfoundland dog.</p>
+
+<p>A friend of mine, while shooting wild fowl with his brother, was
+attended by a sagacious dog of this breed. In getting near some reeds
+by the side of a river, they threw down their hats, and crept to the
+edge of the water, when they fired at some birds. They soon afterwards
+sent the dog to bring their hats, one of which was smaller than the
+other. After several attempts to bring them both together in his
+mouth, the dog at last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">Page 149</a></span> placed the smaller hat in the larger one,
+pressed it down with his foot, and thus was able to bring them both at
+the same time.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman residing in Fifeshire, and not far from the city of St.
+Andrews, was in possession of a very fine Newfoundland dog, which was
+remarkable alike for its tractability and its trustworthiness. At two
+other points, each distant about a mile, and at the same distance from
+this gentleman's mansion, there were two dogs of great power, but of
+less tractable breeds than the Newfoundland one. One of these was a
+large mastiff, kept as a watch-dog by a farmer, and the other a stanch
+bull-dog, that kept guard over the parish mill. As each of these three
+was lord-ascendant of all animals at his master's residence, they all
+had a good deal of aristocratic pride and pugnacity, so that two of
+them seldom met without attempting to settle their respective
+dignities by a wager of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The Newfoundland dog was of some service in the domestic arrangements,
+besides his guardianship of the house; for every forenoon he was sent
+to the baker's shop in the village, about half-a-mile distant, with a
+towel containing money in the corner, and he returned with the value
+of the money in bread. There were many useless and not over-civil curs
+in the village, as there are in too many villages throughout the
+country; but generally the haughty Newfoundland treated this ignoble
+race in that contemptuous style in which great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">Page 150</a></span> dogs are wont to
+treat little ones. When the dog returned from the baker's shop, he
+used to be regularly served with his dinner, and went peaceably on
+house-duty for the rest of the day.</p>
+
+<p>One day, however, he returned with his coat dirtied and his ears
+scratched, having been subjected to a combined attack of the curs
+while he had charge of his towel and bread, and so could not defend
+himself. Instead of waiting for his dinner as usual, he laid down his
+charge somewhat sulkily, and marched off; and, upon looking after him,
+it was observed that he was crossing the intervening hollow in a
+straight line for the house of the farmer, or rather on an embassy to
+the farmer's mastiff. The farmer's people noticed this unusual visit,
+which they were induced to do from its being a meeting of peace
+between those who had habitually been belligerents. After some
+intercourse, of which no interpretation could be given, the two set
+off together in the direction of the mill; and having arrived there,
+they in brief space engaged the miller's bull-dog as an ally.</p>
+
+<p>The straight road to the village where the indignity had been offered
+to the Newfoundland dog passed immediately in front of his master's
+house, but there was a more private and more circuitous road by the
+back of the mill. The three took this road, reached the village,
+scoured it in great wrath, putting to the tooth every cur they could
+get sight of; and having taken their revenge, and washed themselves in
+a ditch, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">Page 151</a></span> returned, each dog to the abode of his master; and,
+when any two of them happened to meet afterwards, they displayed the
+same pugnacity as they had done previous to this joint expedition.</p>
+
+<p>There is a well-authenticated anecdote of two dogs at Donaghadee, in
+which the instinctive daring of the one by the other caused a
+friendship, and, as it should seem, a kind of lamentation for the
+dead, after one of them had paid the debt of nature. This happened
+while the Government harbour or pier for the packets at Donaghadee was
+in the course of building, and it took place in the sight of several
+witnesses. The one dog in this case was also a Newfoundland, and the
+other was a mastiff. They were both powerful dogs; and though each was
+good-natured when alone, they were very much in the habit of fighting
+when they met. One day they had a fierce and prolonged battle on the
+pier, from the point of which they both fell into the sea; and as the
+pier was long and steep, they had no means of escape but by swimming a
+considerable distance. Throwing water upon fighting dogs is an
+approved means of putting an end to their hostilities; and it is
+natural to suppose that two combatants of the same species tumbling
+themselves into the sea would have the same effect. It had; and each
+began to make for the land as best he could. The Newfoundland being an
+excellent swimmer, very speedily gained the pier, on which he stood
+shaking himself; but at the same time watching the motions of his late
+antagonist, which,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">Page 152</a></span> being no swimmer, was struggling exhausted in the
+water, and just about to sink. In dashed the Newfoundland dog, took
+the other gently by the collar, kept his head above water, and brought
+him safely on shore. There was a peculiar kind of recognition between
+the two animals; they never fought again; they were always together:
+and when the Newfoundland dog had been accidentally killed by the
+passage of a stone waggon on the railway over him, the other
+languished and evidently lamented for a long time.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman had a pointer and Newfoundland dog, which were great
+friends. The former broke his leg, and was confined to a kennel.
+During that time the Newfoundland never failed bringing bones and
+other food to the pointer, and would sit for hours together by the
+side of his suffering friend.</p>
+
+<p>During a period of very hot weather, the Mayor of Plymouth gave orders
+that all dogs found wandering in the public streets should be secured
+by the police, and removed to the prison-yard. Among them was a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to a shipowner of the port, who, with
+several others, was tied up in the yard. The Newfoundland soon gnawed
+the rope which confined him, and then hearing the cries of his
+companions to be released, he set to work to gnaw the ropes which
+confined them, and had succeeded in three or four instances, when he
+was interrupted by the entrance of the jailor.</p>
+
+<p>A nearly similar case has frequently occurred in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">Page 153</a></span> the Cumberland
+Gardens, Windsor Great Park. Two dogs of the Newfoundland breed were
+confined in kennels at that place. When one of them was let loose, he
+has been frequently seen to set his companion free.</p>
+
+<p>A boatman once plunged into the water to swim with another man for a
+wager. His Newfoundland dog, mistaking the purpose, and supposing that
+his master was in danger, plunged after him, and dragged him to the
+shore by his hair, to the great diversion of the spectators.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peter Macarthur informs me, that in the year 1821, when opposite
+to Falmouth, he was at breakfast with a gentleman, when a large
+Newfoundland dog, all dripping with water, entered the room, and laid
+a newspaper on the table. The gentleman (who was one of the Society of
+Friends) informed the party, that this dog swam regularly across the
+ferry every morning, and went to the post-office, and fetched the
+papers of the day.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine, in his "Encyclop&aelig;dia of Rural Sports," tells the following
+story:&mdash;A Newfoundland dog, of the small, smooth-haired variety, in
+coming to England from his native country, was washed overboard during
+a tempestuous night. As daylight appeared the gale ceased, when a
+sailor at the mast-head descried something far in the wake of the
+vessel, which, by the help of his glass, he was led to believe was the
+dog, which was so great a favourite with the crew that it was
+unanimously requested of the captain of the vessel to <em>lie to</em>, and
+wait for the chance of saving the poor brute.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">Page 154</a></span> The captain, who had
+probably lost some time already by the storm, peremptorily refused to
+listen to the humane proposal. Whether it was the kindly feeling of
+the sailors, or the superstitious dread that if the dog were suffered
+to perish nothing would afterwards prosper with them, we are not
+informed; but we do know that, as soon as a refusal was made, the
+steersman left the helm, roundly asserting that he for one would never
+lend a hand to steer away from either Christian or brute in distress.
+The feeling was immediately caught by the rest of the crew, and
+maintained so resolutely, that the captain was forced to accede to the
+general wish; and the poor dog eventually reached the ship in safety,
+after having been, as we were informed, and implicitly believe, some
+hours in a tempestuous sea.</p>
+
+<p>Bewick mentions an instance which shows the extraordinary sagacity of
+these dogs.</p>
+
+<p>In a severe storm, a ship was lost off Yarmouth, and no living
+creature escaped, except a Newfoundland dog, which swam to the shore
+with the captain's pocket-book in his mouth. Several of the bystanders
+attempted to take it from him, but he would not part with it. At
+length, selecting one person from the crowd, whose appearance probably
+pleased him, he leaped against his breast in a fawning manner, and
+delivered the book to his care.</p>
+
+<p>After mentioning this anecdote it will not be displeasing to read Lord
+Grenville's lines on his faithful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">Page 155</a></span> Newfoundland, as they may now be
+seen at Dropmore, with the translation of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tippo_title">TIPPO.</p>
+
+<p class="tippo_where">In Villa.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tippo ego hic jaceo, lapidem ne sperne, viator,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Qui tali impositus stat super ossa cani.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Larga m&icirc; natura manu dedit omnia, nostrum<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Qu&aelig;cunque exornant nobilitantque genus:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robur erat validum, form&aelig; concinna venustas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ingenui mores, intemerata fides.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nec pudet invisi nomen gessisse tyranni,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Si tam dissimili viximus ingenio.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Naufragus in nuda Tenbei&aelig;<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> ejectus arena,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ploravi domino me superesse meo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quem mihi, luctanti frustra, frustraque juvanti,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Abreptum, oceani in gurgite mersit hyems.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Solus ego sospes, sed quas miser ille tabellas<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Morte mihi in media credidit, ore ferens.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dulci me hospitio Belg&aelig; excepere coloni,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ipsa etiam his olim gens aliena plagis;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et mihi gratum erat in longa spatiarier<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> ora,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Et quanquam infido membra lavare mari;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gratum erat &aelig;stivis puerorum adjungere turmis<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Participem lusus me, comitemque vi&aelig;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Verum ubi, de multis captanti frustula mensis,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bruma aderat, seniique hora timenda mei,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Insperata adeo illuxit fortuna, novique<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Perfugium et requiem cura dedit domini.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Exinde hos saltus, h&aelig;c inter florea rura,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Et vixi felix, et tumulum hunc habeo.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">Page 156</a></span></p>
+<p class="tippo_title">TIPPO.</p>
+
+<p class="tippo_translated"><em>Translated by a young Lady, a near Relation of the Author.</em></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Here, stranger, pause, nor view with scornful eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stone which marks where faithful Tippo lies.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Freely kind Nature gave each liberal grace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which most ennobles and exalts our race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Excelling strength and beauty joined in me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ingenuous worth, and firm fidelity.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor shame I to have borne a tyrant's name,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So far unlike to his my spotless fame.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cast by a fatal storm on Tenby's coast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reckless of life, I wailed my master lost.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whom long contending with the o'erwhelming wave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In vain with fruitless love I strove to save.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I, only I, alas! surviving bore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His dying trust, his tablets,<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> to the shore.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kind welcome from the Belgian race I found,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who, once in times remote, to British ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strangers like me came from a foreign strand.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I loved at large along the extended sand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To roam, and oft beneath the swelling wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tho' known so fatal once, my limbs to lave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or join the children in their summer play,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">First in their sports, companion of their way.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus while from many a hand a meal I sought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Winter and age had certain misery brought;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But Fortune smiled, a safe and blest abode<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A new-found master's generous love bestowed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And midst these shades, where smiling flow'rets bloom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gave me a happy life and honoured tomb.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Abell, in one of his lectures on phrenology, related a very
+striking anecdote of a Newfoundland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">Page 157</a></span> dog at Cork. This dog was of a
+noble and generous disposition, and when he left his master's house
+was often assailed by a number of little noisy dogs in the street. He
+usually passed them with apparent unconcern, as if they were beneath
+his notice. One little cur, however, was particularly troublesome, and
+at length carried his petulance so far as to bite the Newfoundland dog
+in the back of his foot. This was too much to be patiently endured. He
+instantly turned round, ran after the offender, and seized him by the
+skin of his back. In this way he carried him in his mouth to the quay,
+and holding him some time over the water, at length dropped him into
+it. He did not seem, however, to wish to punish the culprit too much,
+for he waited a little while the poor animal, who was unused to that
+element, was not only well ducked, but near sinking, when he plunged
+in himself, and brought the other safe to land.</p>
+
+<p>An officer, late in the 15th Hussars, informed me that he had
+witnessed a similar occurrence at St. Petersburg. These certainly are
+instances of a noble and generous disposition, as well as of great
+forbearance in not resenting an injury.</p>
+
+<p>I may add the following instance of sagacity from the same quarter.</p>
+
+<p>A vessel was driven by a storm on the beach of Lydd, in Kent. The surf
+was rolling furiously. Eight men were calling for help, but not a boat
+could be got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">Page 158</a></span> off to their assistance. At length a gentleman came on
+the beach, accompanied by his Newfoundland dog. He directed the
+attention of the noble animal to the vessel, and put a short stick
+into his mouth. The intelligent and courageous dog at once understood
+his meaning, and sprung into the sea, fighting his way through the
+foaming waves. He could not, however, get close enough to the vessel
+to deliver that with which he was charged, but the crew joyfully made
+fast a rope to another piece of wood, and threw it towards him. The
+sagacious dog saw the whole business in an instant; he dropped his own
+piece, and immediately seized that which had been cast to him; and
+then, with a degree of strength and determination almost incredible,
+he dragged it through the surge and delivered it to his master. By
+this means a line of communication was formed, and every man on board
+saved.</p>
+
+<p>The keeper of a ferry on the banks of the Severn had a sagacious
+Newfoundland dog. If a dog was left behind by his owner in crossing,
+and was afraid of taking to the water, the Newfoundland dog has been
+frequently known to take the yelping animal in his mouth and convey it
+into the river. A person while rowing a boat, pushed his Newfoundland
+dog into the stream. The animal followed the boat for some time, till,
+probably finding himself fatigued, he endeavoured to get into it by
+placing his feet on the side. His owner repeatedly pushed the dog
+away, and in one of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">Page 159</a></span> his efforts to do so he overbalanced himself and
+fell into the river, and would probably have been drowned, had not the
+noble and generous animal immediately seized and held him above water
+till assistance arrived from the shore.</p>
+
+<p>About twelve years ago a fine dog of a cross-breed, between a
+Newfoundland and a pointer, had been left by the captain of a vessel
+in the care of Mr. Park, of the White Hart Inn, Greenock. A friend of
+his, a gentleman from Argyllshire, took a fancy to this dog; and, when
+returning home, requested the loan of him for some time from Mr. Park,
+which he granted. This gentleman had some time before married a lady
+much to the dissatisfaction of his friends, who, in consequence,
+treated her with some degree of coldness and neglect. While he
+remained at home, the dog constantly attended him, and paid no
+apparent attention to the lady, who, on her part, never evinced any
+particular partiality for the dog. One time, however, the gentleman
+was called from home on business, and was to be absent several days.
+He wished to take the dog with him; but no entreaties could induce him
+to follow. The animal was then tied up to prevent his leaving the
+house in his absence; but he became quite furious till he was
+released, when he flew into the house and found his mistress, and
+would not leave her. He watched at the door of whatever room she was
+in, and would allow no one to approach without her special permission.
+When the gentleman returned home, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">Page 160</a></span> dog seemed to take no more
+notice of the lady, but returned quietly to his former lodging in the
+stable. The whole circumstance caused considerable surprise; and the
+gentleman, wishing to try if the dog would again act in the same
+manner, left home for a day or two, when the animal actually resumed
+the faithful guardianship of his mistress as before; and this he
+continued to do whenever his master was absent, all the time he
+remained in his possession, which was two years.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdotes of an astonishing dog called Dandie are
+related by Captain Brown:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. M'Intyre, patent-mangle manufacturer, Regent Bridge, Edinburgh,
+has a dog of the Newfoundland breed, crossed with some other, named
+Dandie, whose sagacious qualifications are truly astonishing and
+almost incredible. As the animal continues daily to give the most
+striking proofs of his powers, he is well known in the neighbourhood,
+and any person may satisfy himself of the reality of those feats, many
+of which the writer has himself had the pleasure to witness.</p>
+
+<p>"When Mr. M'Intyre is in company, how numerous soever it may be, if he
+but say to the dog, 'Dandie, bring me my hat,' he immediately picks
+out the hat from all the others, and puts it in his master's hand.</p>
+
+<p>"Should every gentleman in company throw a penknife on the floor, the
+dog, when commanded, will select his master's knife from the heap, and
+bring it to him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">Page 161</a></span>"A pack of cards being scattered in the room, if his master have
+previously selected one of them, the dog will find it out and bring it
+to him.</p>
+
+<p>"A comb was hid on the top of a mantel-piece in the room, and the dog
+required to bring it, which he almost immediately did, although in the
+search he found a number of articles, also belonging to his master,
+purposely strewed around, all which he passed over, and brought the
+identical comb which he was required to find, fully proving that he is
+not guided by the sense of smell, but that he perfectly understands
+whatever is spoken to him.</p>
+
+<p>"One evening, some gentlemen being in company, one of them
+accidentally dropped a shilling on the floor, which, after the most
+careful search, could not be found. Mr. M'Intyre seeing his dog
+sitting in a corner, and looking as if quite unconscious of what was
+passing, said to him, 'Dandie, find us the shilling, and you shall
+have a biscuit.' The dog immediately jumped upon the table and laid
+down the shilling, which he had previously picked up without having
+been perceived.</p>
+
+<p>"One time, having been left in a room in the house of Mrs. Thomas,
+High Street, he remained quiet for a considerable time; but as no one
+opened the door, he became impatient, and rang the bell; and when the
+servant opened the door, she was surprised to find the dog pulling the
+bell-rope. Since that period, which was the first time he was observed
+to do it, he pulls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">Page 162</a></span> the bell whenever he is desired; and what appears
+still more remarkable, if there is no bell-rope in the room, he will
+examine the table, and if he finds a hand-bell, he takes it in his
+mouth and rings it.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. M'Intyre having one evening supped with a friend, on his return
+home, as it was rather late, he found all the family in bed. He could
+not find his boot-jack in the place where it usually lay, nor could he
+find it anywhere in the room after the strictest search. He then said
+to his dog, 'Dandie, I cannot find my bootjack; search for it.' The
+faithful animal, quite sensible of what had been said to him,
+scratched at the room-door, which his master opened. Dandie proceeded
+to a very distant part of the house, and soon returned, carrying in
+his mouth the bootjack, which Mr. M. now recollected to have left that
+morning under a sofa.</p>
+
+<p>"A number of gentlemen, well acquainted with Dandie, are daily in the
+habit of giving him a penny, which he takes to a baker's shop and
+purchases bread for himself. One of these gentlemen, who lives in
+James's Square, when passing some time ago, was accosted by Dandie, in
+expectation of his usual present. Mr. T&mdash;&mdash; then said to him, 'I have
+not a penny with me to-day, but I have one at home.' Having returned
+to his house some time after, he heard a noise at the door, which was
+opened by the servant, when in sprang Dandie to receive his penny. In
+a frolic Mr. T&mdash;&mdash; gave him a bad one, which he, as usual, carried to
+the baker, but was refused his bread, as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">Page 163</a></span> money was bad. He
+immediately returned to Mr. T&mdash;&mdash;'s, knocked at the door, and when the
+servant opened it, laid the penny down at her feet, and walked off,
+seemingly with the greatest contempt.</p>
+
+<p>"Although Dandie, in general, makes an immediate purchase of bread
+with the money which he receives, yet the following circumstance
+clearly demonstrates that he possesses more prudent foresight than
+many who are reckoned rational beings.</p>
+
+<p>"One Sunday, when it was very unlikely that he could have received a
+present of money, Dandie was observed to bring home a loaf. Mr.
+M'Intyre being somewhat surprised at this, desired the servant to
+search the room to see if any money could be found. While she was
+engaged in this task, the dog seemed quite unconcerned till she
+approached the bed, when he ran to her, and gently drew her back from
+it. Mr. M. then secured the dog, which kept struggling and growling
+while the servant went under the bed, where she found 7&frac12;<em>d.</em> under a
+bit of cloth; but from that time he never could endure the girl, and
+was frequently observed to hide his money in a corner of a saw-pit,
+under the dust.</p>
+
+<p>"When Mr. M. has company, if he desire the dog to see any one of the
+gentlemen home, it will walk with him till he reach his home, and then
+return to his master, how great soever the distance may be.</p>
+
+<p>"A brother of Mr. M.'s and another gentleman went one day to Newhaven,
+and took Dandie along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">Page 164</a></span> with them. After having bathed, they entered a
+garden in the town; and having taken some refreshment in one of the
+arbours, they took a walk around the garden, the gentleman leaving his
+hat and gloves in the place. In the meantime some strangers came into
+the garden, and went into the arbour which the others had left. Dandie
+immediately, without being ordered, ran to the place and brought off
+the hat and gloves, which he presented to the owner. One of the
+gloves, however, had been left; but it was no sooner mentioned to the
+dog than he rushed to the place, jumped again into the midst of the
+astonished company, and brought off the glove in triumph.</p>
+
+<p>"A gentleman living with Mr. M'Intyre, going out to supper one
+evening, locked the garden-gate behind him, and laid the key on the
+top of the wall, which is about seven feet high. When he returned,
+expecting to let himself in the same way, to his great surprise the
+key could not be found, and he was obliged to go round to the front
+door, which was a considerable distance about. The next morning strict
+search was made for the key, but still no trace of it could be
+discovered. At last, perceiving that the dog followed him wherever he
+went, he said to him, 'Dandie, you have the key&mdash;go, fetch it.' Dandie
+immediately went into the garden and scratched away the earth from the
+root of a cabbage, and produced the key, which he himself had
+undoubtedly hid in that place.</p>
+
+<p>"If his master place him on a chair, and request<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">Page 165</a></span> him to sing, he will
+instantly commence a howling, which he gives high or low as signs are
+made to him with the finger.</p>
+
+<p>"About three years ago a mangle was sent by a cart from the warehouse,
+Regent Bridge, to Portobello, at which time the dog was not present.
+Afterwards, Mr. M. went to his own house, North Back of the Canongate,
+and took Dandie with him, to have the mangle delivered. When he had
+proceeded a little way the dog ran off, and he lost sight of him. He
+still walked forward; and in a little time he found the cart in which
+the mangle was, turned towards Edinburgh, with Dandie holding fast by
+the reins, and the carter in the greatest perplexity; the man stated
+that the dog had overtaken him, jumped on his cart, and examined the
+mangle, and then had seized the reins of the horse and turned him
+fairly round, and that he would not let go his hold, although he had
+beaten him with a stick. On Mr. M.'s arrival, however, the dog quietly
+allowed the carter to proceed to his place of destination."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The following is another instance of extraordinary sagacity. A
+Newfoundland dog, belonging to a grocer, had observed one of the
+porters of the house, and who was often in the shop, frequently take
+money from the till, and which the man was in the habit of concealing
+in the stable. The dog, having witnessed these thefts, became
+restless, pulling persons by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">Page 166</a></span> skirts of their coats, and
+apparently wishing them to follow him. At length, an apprentice had
+occasion to go to the stable; the dog followed him, and having drawn
+his attention to the heap of rubbish under which the money was buried,
+began to scratch till he had brought the booty to view. The apprentice
+brought it to his master, who marked the money and restored it to the
+place where it had been hidden. Some of the marked money was soon
+afterwards found on the porter, who was taken before a magistrate, and
+convicted of the theft.</p>
+
+<p>A Newfoundland dog, which was frequently to be seen in a tavern in the
+High Street of Glasgow, lay generally at the door. When any person
+came to the house, he trotted before them into an apartment, rang the
+bell, and then resumed his station at the door.</p>
+
+<p>The great utility and sagacity of the Newfoundland dog, in cases of
+drowning, were shown in the following instance. Eleven sailors, a
+woman, and the waterman, had reached a sloop of war in Hamoaze in a
+shore-boat. One of the sailors, stooping rather suddenly over the side
+of the boat to reach his hat, which had fallen into the sea, the boat
+capsized, and they were all plunged into the water. A Newfoundland
+dog, on the quarter-deck of the sloop, seeing the accident, instantly
+leaped amongst the unfortunate persons, and seizing one man by the
+collar of his coat, he supported his head above water until a boat had
+hastened to the spot and saved the lives of all but the waterman.
+After delivering his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">Page 167</a></span> burden in safety, the noble animal made a wide
+circuit round the ship in search of another person; but not finding
+one, he took up an oar in his mouth which was floating away, and
+brought it to the side of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>A sailor, attended by a Newfoundland dog, became so intoxicated, that
+he fell on the pavement in Piccadilly, and was unable to rise, and
+soon fell asleep. The faithful dog took a position at his master's
+head, and resisted every attempt made to remove him. The man, having
+at last slept off the fumes of his intoxicating libations, awoke, and
+being told of the care his dog had taken of him, exclaimed, "This is
+not the first time he has kept watch over me."</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday evening, January 28, 1858, as the play of "Jessie Vere"
+was being performed at Woolwich Theatre, and when a scene in the third
+act had been reached, in which a "terrific struggle" for the
+possession of a child takes place between the fond mother and two
+"hired ruffians," a large Newfoundland dog, which had by some means
+gained admittance with its owner into the pit, leaped over the heads
+of the musicians in the orchestra, and flew to the rescue, seizing one
+of the assassins, and almost dragging him to the ground. It was with
+difficulty removed, and dragged off the stage. The dog, which is the
+property of the chief engineer of Her Majesty's ship Buffalo, has been
+habitually accustomed to the society of children, for whom he has on
+many occasions evinced strong proofs of affection.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">Page 168</a></span>Mr. Bewick, in his history of Quadrupeds, mentions some instances of
+the sagacity and intellect of Newfoundland dogs; and it may not be
+uninteresting to the admirers of that celebrated wood-engraver to be
+informed, on the authority of his daughters, that the group on the
+bridge in his print of the Newfoundland dog represents Mr. Preston, a
+Printer of Newcastle, Mr. Vint, of Whittingham, Mr. Bell, House
+Steward, and Mr. Bewick. Their initials, P. V. B. and B., are
+introduced in the woodcut. The dog was drawn at Eslington, the seat of
+Mr. Liddell, the eldest son of Lord Ravensworth.<a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Newfoundland, this dog is invaluable, and answers the purpose of a
+horse. He is docile, capable of strong attachment, and is easy to
+please in the quality of his food, as he will live on scraps of boiled
+fish, either salted or fresh, and on boiled potatoes and cabbage. The
+natural colour of this dog is black, with the exception of a very few
+white spots. Their sagacity is sometimes so extraordinary, as on many
+occasions to show that they only want the faculty of speech to make
+themselves fully understood.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. L. Anspach, in his history of the Island of Newfoundland,
+mentions some instances of this intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Magistrates of Harbour-Grace, the late Mr. Garland, had an
+old dog, which was in the habit of carrying a lantern before his
+master at night, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">Page 169</a></span> steadily as the most attentive servant could do;
+stopping short when his master made a stop, and proceeding when he saw
+him disposed to follow him. If his master was absent from home, on the
+lantern being fixed to his mouth, and the command given, "Go, fetch
+your master," he would immediately set off and proceed directly to the
+town, which lay at the distance of more than a mile from the place of
+his master's residence. He would then stop at the door of every house
+which he knew his master was in the habit of frequenting, and, laying
+down his lantern, would growl and strike the door, making all the
+noise in his power until it was opened. If his master was not there,
+he would proceed further until he had found him. If he accompanied him
+only once into a house, it was sufficient to induce him to take that
+house in his round.</p>
+
+<p>The principal use of this animal in Newfoundland, in addition to his
+qualities as a good watch-dog and a faithful companion, is to assist
+in fetching from the woods the <em>lumber</em> intended either for repairing
+the fish stages, or for fuel; and this is done by dragging it on the
+snow or ice, or else on sledges, the dog being tackled to it.</p>
+
+<p>These animals bark only when strongly provoked. They are not
+quarrelsome, but treat the smaller species with a great degree of
+patience and forbearance. They will defend their masters on seeing the
+least appearance of an attack on his person. The well-known partiality
+of these dogs for the water, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">Page 170</a></span> which they appear as if in their
+proper element, diving and keeping their heads under the surface for a
+considerable time, seems to give them some connexion with the class of
+amphibious animals. At the same time, the several instances of their
+superior sagacity, and the essential services which they have been
+frequently known to render to humanity, give them a distinguished rank
+in the scale of the brute creation. I will mention another instance of
+this.</p>
+
+<p>The Durham packet of Sunderland was, in 1815, wrecked near Clay, in
+Norfolk. A faithful dog was employed to use his efforts to carry the
+lead-line on shore from the vessel; but there being a very heavy sea,
+and a deep beach, it appeared that the drawback of the surf was too
+powerful for the animal to contend with. Mr. Parker, ship-builder, of
+Wells, and Mr. Jackson, jun., of Clay, who were on the spot, observing
+this, instantly rushed into the sea, which was running very high, and
+gallantly succeeded, though at a great risk, in catching hold of the
+dog, which was much exhausted, but which had all this time kept the
+line in his mouth. The line being thus obtained, a communication with
+the vessel was established; and a warp being passed from the ship to
+the shore, the lives of all on board, nine in number, including two
+children, were saved.</p>
+
+<p>Some dogs are of an extremely jealous disposition; and the following
+extraordinary instance of it was communicated to me by Mr. Charles
+Davis, the well-known<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">Page 171</a></span> and highly-respected huntsman of Her Majesty's
+stag-hounds, a man who has gained many friends, and perhaps never lost
+one, by his well-regulated conduct and sporting qualifications.</p>
+
+<p>He informed me that a friend of his had a fine Newfoundland dog, which
+was a great favourite with the family. While this dog was confined in
+the yard, a pet lamb was given to one of the children, which the
+former soon discovered to be sharing a great portion of those caresses
+which he had been in the habit of receiving. This circumstance
+produced so great an effect on the poor animal, that he refused to
+eat, and fretted till he became extremely unwell. Thinking that
+exercise might be of use to him, he was let loose. No sooner was this
+done, than the dog watched his opportunity, and seized the lamb in his
+mouth. He was seen conveying it down a lane, about a quarter of a mile
+from his master's house, at the bottom of which the river Thames
+flowed. On arriving at it, he held the lamb under water till it was
+drowned, and thus effectually got rid of his rival. On examining the
+lamb, it did not appear to have been bitten, or otherwise injured; and
+it might almost be supposed that the dog had chosen the easiest death
+in removing the object of his dislike.</p>
+
+<p>The sense of these animals is, indeed, perfectly wonderful. A
+lieutenant in the navy informed me, that while his ship was under sail
+in the Mediterranean, a favourite canary bird escaped from its cage,
+and flew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">Page 172</a></span> into the sea. A Newfoundland dog on board witnessed the
+circumstance, immediately jumped into the sea, and swam to the bird,
+which he seized in his mouth, and then swam back with it to the ship.
+On arriving on board and opening the dog's mouth, it was found that
+the bird was perfectly uninjured, so tenderly had it been treated, as
+though the dog had been aware that the slightest pressure would have
+destroyed it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Youatt, whose remarks on the usefulness and good qualities of the
+inferior animals, in his work on Humanity to Brutes, do him so much
+credit, gives the following anecdote as a proof of the reasoning power
+of a Newfoundland dog.</p>
+
+<p>Wanting one day to go through a tall iron gate, from one part of his
+premises to another, he found a lame puppy lying just within it, so
+that he could not get in without rolling the poor animal over, and
+perhaps injuring it. Mr. Youatt stood for awhile hesitating what to
+do, and at length determined to go round through another gate. A fine
+Newfoundland dog, however, who had been waiting patiently for his
+wonted caresses, and perhaps wondering why his master did not get in
+as usual, looked accidentally down at his lame companion. He
+comprehended the whole business in a moment&mdash;put down his great paw,
+and as gently and quickly as possible rolled the invalid out of the
+way, and then drew himself back in order to leave room for the opening
+of the gate.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">Page 173</a></span>We may be inclined to deny reasoning faculties to dogs; but if this
+was not reason, it may be difficult to define what else it could be.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Youatt also says, that his own experience furnishes him with an
+instance of the memory and gratitude of a Newfoundland dog, who was
+greatly attached to him. He says, as it became inconvenient to him to
+keep the dog, he gave him to one who he knew would treat him kindly.
+Four years passed, and he had not seen him; when one day, as he was
+walking towards Kingston, and had arrived at the brow of the hill
+where Jerry Abershaw's gibbet then stood, he met Carlo and his master.
+The dog recollected Mr. Youatt in a moment, and they made much of each
+other. His master, after a little chat, proceeded towards Wandsworth,
+and Carlo, as in duty bound, followed him. Mr. Youatt had not,
+however, got half-way down the hill when the dog was again at his
+side, lowly but deeply growling, and every hair bristling. On looking
+about, he saw two ill-looking fellows making their way through the
+bushes, which occupied the angular space between Roehampton and
+Wandsworth roads. Their intention was scarcely questionable, and,
+indeed, a week or two before, he had narrowly escaped from two
+miscreants like them. "I can scarcely say," proceeds Mr. Youatt, "what
+I felt; for presently one of the scoundrels emerged from the bushes,
+not twenty yards from me; but he no sooner saw my companion, and heard
+his growling, the loudness and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">Page 174</a></span> depth of which were fearfully
+increasing, than he retreated, and I saw no more of him or of his
+associate. My gallant defender accompanied me to the direction-post at
+the bottom of the hill, and there, with many a mutual and honest
+greeting, we parted, and he bounded away to overtake his rightful
+owner. We never met again; but I need not say that I often thought of
+him with admiration and gratitude."</p>
+
+<p>It is pleasing to record such instances of kindness in a brute. Here
+we see a recollection of, and gratitude for, previous good treatment,
+and that towards one whom the dog had not seen for four years. There
+is a sort of bewilderment in the human mind, when we come to analyse
+the feelings, affections, and peculiar instinctive faculties of dogs.
+A French writer (Mons. Blaze) has asserted, that the dog most
+undoubtedly has all the qualities of a man possessed of good feeling,
+and adds that man has not the fine qualities of the dog. We make a
+virtue of that gratitude which is nothing more than a duty incumbent
+upon us, while it is an inherent quality in the dog.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Canis gratus est, et amiciti&aelig; memor."</p>
+
+<p>We repudiate ingratitude, and yet every one is more or less guilty of
+it. Indeed, where shall we find the man who is free from it? Take,
+however, the first dog you meet with, and the moment he has adopted
+you for his master, from that moment you are sure of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">Page 175</a></span> gratitude
+and affection. He will love you without calculating what he shall gain
+by it&mdash;his greatest pleasure will be to be near you&mdash;and should you be
+reduced to beg your bread, no poverty will induce him to abandon you.
+Your friends may, and probably will, do so&mdash;the object of your love
+and attachment will not, perhaps, like to encounter poverty with you.
+Your wife, by some possibility (it is a rare case, however, if she has
+received kind treatment) may forget her vows, but your dog will never
+leave you&mdash;he will either die at your feet, or if he should survive
+you, will accompany you to the grave.</p>
+
+<p>An intelligent correspondent, to whom I am indebted for some sensible
+remarks on the faculties of dogs, has remarked that large-headed dogs
+are generally possessed of superior faculties to others. This fact
+favours the phrenological opinion that size of brain is evidence of
+superior power. He has a dog possessing a remarkably large head, and
+few dogs can match him in intelligence. He is a cross with the
+Newfoundland breed, and besides his cleverness in the field as a
+retriever, he shows his sagacity at home in the performance of several
+useful feats. One consists in carrying messages. If a neighbour is to
+be communicated with, the dog is always ready to be the bearer of a
+letter. He will take orders to the workmen who reside at a short
+distance from the house, and will scratch impatiently at their door
+when so employed, although at other times, desirous of sharing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">Page 176</a></span> the
+warmth of their kitchen fire, he would wait patiently, and then
+entering with a seriousness befitting the imagined importance of his
+mission, would carefully deliver the note, never returning without
+having discharged his trust. His usefulness in recovering articles
+accidentally lost has often been proved. As he is not always allowed
+to be present at dinner, he will bring a hat, book, or anything he can
+find, and hold it in his mouth as a sort of apology for his intrusion.
+He seems pleased at being allowed to lead his master's horse to the
+stable.</p>
+
+<p>Newfoundland dogs may readily be taught to rescue drowning persons. In
+France, this forms a part of their education, and they are now kept in
+readiness on the banks of the Seine, where they form a sort of Humane
+Society Corps. By throwing the stuffed figure of a man into a river,
+and requiring the dog to fetch it out, he is soon taught to do so when
+necessary, and thus he is able to rescue drowning persons. This hint
+might not be thrown away on our own excellent Humane Society.</p>
+
+<p>Many dogs are called of the Newfoundland breed who have but small
+relationship with that sensible animal. The St. John's and Labrador
+dogs are also very different from each other. The former is strong in
+his limbs, rough-haired, small in the head, and carries his tail very
+high. The other, by far the best for every kind of shooting, is
+oftener black than of another colour, and scarcely bigger than a
+pointer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">Page 177</a></span> He is made rather long in the head and nose, pretty deep in
+the chest, very fine in the legs, has short or smooth hair, does not
+carry his tail so much curled as the other, and is extremely quick and
+active in running, swimming, or fighting. The St. John's breed of
+these dogs is chiefly used on their native coast by fishermen. Their
+sense of smelling is scarcely to be credited. Their discrimination of
+scent, in following a wounded pheasant through a whole covert full of
+game, appears almost impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The real Newfoundland dog may be broken into any kind of shooting,
+and, without additional instruction, is generally under such command,
+that he may be safely kept in, if required to be taken out with
+pointers. For finding wounded game of every description there is not
+his equal in the canine race, and he is a <em>sine qu&acirc; non</em> in the
+general pursuit of wildfowl. These dogs should be treated gently, and
+much encouraged when required to do anything, as their faults are
+easily checked. If used roughly, they are apt to turn sulky. They will
+also recollect and avenge an injury. A traveller on horseback, in
+passing through a small village in Cumberland, observed a Newfoundland
+dog reposing by the side of the road, and from mere wantonness gave
+him a blow with his whip. The animal made a violent rush at and
+pursued him a considerable distance. Having to proceed through the
+same place the next journey, which was about twelve months afterwards,
+and while in the act<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">Page 178</a></span> of leading his horse, the dog, no doubt
+recollecting his former assailant, instantly seized him by the boot,
+and bit his leg. Some persons, however, coming up, rescued him from
+further injury.</p>
+
+<p>A gamekeeper had a Newfoundland dog which he used as a retriever.
+Shooting in a wood one day, he killed a pheasant, which fell at some
+distance, and he sent his dog for it. When half way to the bird, he
+suddenly returned, refusing to go beyond the place at which he had
+first stopped. This being an unusual circumstance, the man endeavoured
+more and more to enforce his command; which being unable to effect,
+either by words or his whip, he at last, in a great passion, gave the
+dog a violent kick in the ribs, which laid it dead at his feet. He
+then proceeded to pick up the bird, and on returning from the spot,
+discovered a man concealed in the thicket. He immediately seized him,
+and upon examination, several snares were found on his person. This
+may be a useful hint to those who are apt to take violent measures
+with their dogs.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman who had a country house near London, discovered on
+arriving at it one day that he had brought away a key, which would be
+wanted by his family in town. Having an intelligent Newfoundland dog,
+which had been accustomed to carry things, he sent him back with it.
+While passing with the key, the animal was attacked by a butcher's
+dog, against which he made no resistance, but got away from him. After
+safely delivering the key, he returned to rejoin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">Page 179</a></span> his master, but
+stopped in the way at the butcher's shop, whose dog again sallied
+forth. The Newfoundland this time attacked him with a fury, which
+nothing but revenge could have inspired, nor did he quit the aggressor
+till he had killed him.</p>
+
+<p>The following fact affords another proof of the extraordinary sagacity
+of these dogs.</p>
+
+<p>A Newfoundland dog of the true breed was brought from that country,
+and given to a gentleman who resided near Thames Street, in London. As
+he had no means of keeping the animal, except in close confinement, he
+sent him to a friend in Scotland by a Berwick smack. When he arrived
+in Scotland he took the first opportunity of escaping, and though he
+certainly had never before travelled one yard of the road, he found
+his way back to his former residence on Fishstreet Hill; but in so
+exhausted a state, that he could only express his joy at seeing his
+master, and then died.</p>
+
+<p>So wonderful is the sense of these dogs, that I have heard of three
+instances in which they have voluntarily guarded the bed-chamber doors
+of their mistresses, during the whole night, in the absence of their
+masters, although on no other occasion did they approach them.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans appear to have had a dog, which seems to have been very
+similar in character to our Newfoundland. In the Museum at Naples
+there is an antique bronze, discovered amongst the ruins of
+Her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">Page 180</a></span>culaneum, which represents two large dogs dragging from the sea
+some apparently drowned persons.</p>
+
+<p>The following interesting fact affords another instance of the
+sagacity and good feeling of the Newfoundland dog:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1841, as a labourer, named Rake, in the parish of Botley,
+near Southampton, was at work in a gravel-pit, the top stratum gave
+way, and he was buried up to his neck by the great quantity of gravel
+which fell upon him. He was at the same time so much hurt, two of his
+ribs being broken, that he found it impossible to make any attempt to
+extricate himself from his perilous situation. Indeed, nothing could
+be more fearful than the prospect before him. No one was within
+hearing of his cries, nor was any one likely to come near the spot. He
+must almost inevitably have perished, had it not been for a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to his employer. This animal had been
+watching the man at his work for some days, as if he had been aware
+that his assistance would be required; for no particular attachment to
+each other had been exhibited on either side. As soon, however, as the
+accident occurred, the dog jumped into the pit, and commenced removing
+the gravel with his paws; and this he did in so vigorous and
+expeditious a manner, that the poor man was at length able to liberate
+himself, though with extreme difficulty. What an example of kindness,
+sensibility, and I may add reason, does this instance afford us!</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">Page 181</a></span>A gentleman in Ireland had a remarkably fine and intelligent
+Newfoundland dog, named Boatswain, whose acts were the constant theme
+of admiration. On one occasion, an aged lady who resided in the house,
+and the mother-in-law of the owner of the dog, was indisposed and
+confined to her bed. The old lady was tired of chickens and other
+productions of the farmyard, and a consultation was held in her room
+as to what could be procured to please her fancy for dinner. Various
+things were mentioned and declined, in the midst of which Boatswain,
+who was greatly attached to the old lady, entered her room with a fine
+young rabbit in his mouth, which he laid at the foot of the bed,
+wagging his tail with great exultation. It is not meant to infer that
+the dog knew anything of the difficulty of finding a dinner to the
+lady's taste, but seeing her distressed in mind and body, it is not
+improbable that he had brought his offering in the hopes of pleasing
+her.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, his master found this dog early one summer's
+morning keeping watch over an unfortunate countryman, who was standing
+with his back to a wall in the rear of the premises, pale with terror.
+He was a simple, honest creature, living in the neighbourhood. Having
+to attend some fair or market, about four o'clock in the morning, he
+made a short cut through the grounds, which were under the protection
+of Boatswain, who drove the intruder to the wall, and kept him there,
+showing his teeth, and giving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">Page 182</a></span> a growl whenever he offered to stir
+from the spot. In this way he was kept a prisoner till the owner of
+the faithful animal released him.</p>
+
+<p>There was a Newfoundland dog on board H. M. S. Bellona, which kept the
+deck during the battle of Copenhagen, running backward and forward
+with so brave an anger, that he became a greater favourite with the
+men than ever. When the ship was paid off, after the peace of Amiens,
+the sailors had a parting dinner on shore. Victor was placed in the
+chair, and fed with roast beef and plum-pudding, and the bill was made
+out in Victor's name. This anecdote is taken from Southey's "Omniana."</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to a kind correspondent for the following anecdotes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A friend of mine, who in the time of the war commanded the Sea
+Fencibles, in the neighbourhood of Southend, possessed in those days a
+magnificent Newfoundland dog, named Venture. This noble creature my
+friend was accustomed to take with him in the pursuit of wild fowl.
+One cold evening, after having tolerable sport, the dog was suddenly
+missed; he had been last seen when in pursuit of a winged bird. As the
+ice was floating in the river, and the dog was true to his name, and
+would swim any distance for the recovery of wounded game, it was
+feared he must have fallen a victim to the hazards of the sport, and
+his owner returned home in consequence much dispirited. On his arrival
+at his house,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">Page 183</a></span> what was his extreme surprise, on entering the
+drawing-room, to find his wife accompanied by the dog, and a fine
+mallard lying on the table: the lady had, on her part, been
+overwhelmed with anxiety by the dog's having returned alone some time
+before, knowing the frequently perilous amusement in which her husband
+had embarked. The dog had straight on his return rushed to the
+drawing-room where the lady sat, and had laid the wild duck at her
+feet, having brought it safely in his mouth several miles.</p>
+
+<p>"A gentleman once sent a coat to the tailor to be mended&mdash;it was left
+upon a counter in the shop. His dog had accompanied the servant to the
+tailor's. The animal watched his opportunity, pulled the coat down
+from the counter, and brought it home in triumph to his master.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a tendency in the pride of man to deny the power of
+reasoning in animals, while it is the belief of some that reason is
+often a more sure guide to the brute beast, for the purposes designed
+by Providence, than that of their detractors. The fact is, I think,
+few persons who reflect deny the power, in a degree, to the less
+gifted of Nature's works. Certainly not some of the wisest of our
+race. Bishop Butler in his 'Analogy,' I think, assumes it; while the
+following beautiful inscription, designed for the epitaph of a
+favourite Newfoundland dog, was penned by no less a person than the
+late wise and venerable Earl of Eldon: from it his views on this
+subject may,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">Page 184</a></span> I fancy, be easily discerned. They are published in the
+life of him, written by Horace Twiss:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">'You who wander hither,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Pass not unheeded<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The spot where poor C&aelig;sar<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Is deposited.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To his rank among created beings<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The power of reasoning is denied!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">C&aelig;sar manifested joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For days before his master<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Arrived at Encombe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">C&aelig;sar manifested grief<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For days before his master left it.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">What name shall be given<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To that faculty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which thus made expectation<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">A source of joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which thus made expectation<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">A source of grief?'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_NEWFOUNDLAND" id="Illustration_TAIL_NEWFOUNDLAND"></a>
+<img src="images/t-newf.jpg" width="500" height="239" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">Page 185</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_COLLEY" id="Illustration_COLLEY"></a>
+<img src="images/colley.jpg" width="500" height="346" alt="COLLEY." title="COLLEY." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE COLLEY, OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"My dog (the trustiest of his kind)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With gratitude inflames my mind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I mark his true, his faithful way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in my service copy Tray."&mdash;<span class="person">Gay.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Who that has seen has not been delighted with the charming picture by
+Mr. Landseer of the shepherd's dog, resting his head on the coffin
+which contained the body of his dead master! Grief, fidelity, and
+affection are so strongly portrayed in the countenance of the poor
+dog, that they cannot be mistaken. We may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">Page 186</a></span> fancy him to have been the
+constant companion of the old shepherd through many a dreary day of
+rain, and frost, and snow on the neighbouring hills, gathering the
+scattered flock with persevering industry, and receiving the reward of
+his exertions in the approbation of his master. On returning to the
+humble cottage at night, he partakes of the "shepherd's scanty fare;"
+and then, coiled up before the flickering light of a few collected
+sticks, cold and shivering with wet, he awakes to greet his master at
+the first glimmering of morn, and is ready to renew his toils. Poor
+dog! what a lesson do you afford to those who are incapable of your
+gratitude, fidelity, and affection! and what justice has the charming
+artist done to these noble qualities! I trust he will receive this
+fanciful description of his dog as a little tribute paid to his
+talents, as well as to his good feeling.</p>
+
+<p>The late Mr. Satterthwaite, grandfather of Thomas Rogerson, Esq., of
+Liverpool and Ballamillaghyn, Isle of Man, who died some years ago at
+Coulthouse, near Hawkshead, soon after his marriage, resided near the
+Low Wood Inn, on the borders of Windermere Lake. He left home early
+one morning, accompanied by his shepherd's dog, to look after some
+sheep on the mountains near Rydal, about four miles distant; and
+discovering two at the bottom of a precipice between two rocks he
+descended, with the view of extricating them; but when he got to the
+bottom, he could neither assist them nor get up himself, and there he
+was confined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">Page 187</a></span> until midnight. The faithful dog remained at the top of
+the precipice watching his master; but at nightfall he proceeded home,
+scratched the door, and was let in by his mistress, who expressed her
+surprise at the barking of the dog and non-arrival of her husband. She
+had no sooner sat down than the dog ran barking towards her, and then
+went to the door: but as she did not follow, the dog ran to her again,
+seized her apron, and endeavoured to pull her to the door; which
+circumstance caused her to suppose some accident had befallen her
+husband. She immediately called up the servant-man, and told him she
+was sure, from the strange conduct of the dog, that something must
+have happened to his master. She told the man to take a lantern and
+some ropes, and follow the dog, taking care to get assistance at
+Ambleside; which he did. No sooner had the man opened the door than
+the dog bounded out, leaped up at him, barked, and then ran forward,
+but quickly returned, leaped up again, barked, and then ran forward,
+as if to hasten the man's speed. The faithful dog led the man and his
+companions to the prison of his master. The ropes were instantly
+lowered, and Mr. Satterthwaite was providentially released from his
+perilous situation. The sheep also were recovered.</p>
+
+<p>How well do I recollect the Ettrick Shepherd descanting on the
+sagacity and perseverance of his favourite sheep-dog! His name was
+Sirrah, and he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">Page 188</a></span> told me the following extraordinary anecdote of him,
+which I give in his own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"About seven hundred lambs, which were once under my care at weaning
+time, broke up at midnight, and scampered off in three divisions
+across the hills, in spite of all that I and an assistant lad could do
+to keep them together. 'Sirrah, my man!' said I in great affliction,
+'they are awa'.' The night was so dark that I could not see Sirrah,
+but the faithful animal heard my words&mdash;words such as of all others
+were sure to set him most on the alert; and without much ado he
+silently set off in search of the recreant flock. Meanwhile I and my
+companion did not fail to do all in our power to recover our lost
+charge. We spent the whole night in scouring the hills for miles
+around, but of neither the lambs nor Sirrah could we obtain the
+slightest trace. It was the most extraordinary circumstance that had
+occurred in my pastoral life. We had nothing for it (day having
+dawned), but to return to our master, and inform him that we had lost
+his whole flock of lambs, and knew not what had become of them. On our
+way home, however, we discovered a body of lambs at the bottom of a
+deep ravine, called the Flesh Cleuch, and the indefatigable Sirrah
+standing in front of them, looking all around for some relief, but
+still standing true to his charge. The sun was then up; and when we
+first came in view of them, we concluded that it was one of the
+divi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">Page 189</a></span>sions which Sirrah had been unable to manage until he came to
+that commanding situation. But what was our astonishment, when we
+discovered by degrees that not one lamb of the whole flock was
+wanting! How he had got all the divisions collected in the dark, is
+beyond my comprehension. The charge was left entirely to himself, from
+midnight until the rising of the sun; and if all the shepherds in the
+forest had been there to have assisted him, they could not have
+effected it with greater propriety. All that I can farther say is,
+that I never felt so grateful to any creature below the sun, as I did
+to my honest Sirrah that morning."</p>
+
+<p>"I once sent you," says Mr. Hogg, some years later, in a letter to the
+Editor of "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine," "an account of a notable
+dog of my own, named Sirrah, which amused a number of your readers a
+great deal, and put their faith in my veracity somewhat to the test;
+but in this district, where the singular qualities of the animal were
+known, so far from any of the anecdotes being disputed, every shepherd
+values himself to this day on the possession of facts far outstripping
+any of those recorded by you formerly. With a few of these I shall
+conclude this paper. But, in the first place, I must give you some
+account of my own renowned Hector, which I promised long ago. He was
+the son and immediate successor of the faithful old Sirrah; and though
+not nearly so valuable a dog as his father, he was a far more
+interesting one. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">Page 190</a></span> three times more humour and whim about him;
+and though exceedingly docile, his bravest acts were mostly tinctured
+with a grain of stupidity, which showed his reasoning faculty to be
+laughably obtuse.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall mention a striking instance of it. I was once at the farm of
+Shorthope on Ettrick Head, receiving some lambs that I had bought, and
+was going to take to market, with some more, the next day. Owing to
+some accidental delay, I did not get final delivery of the lambs till
+it was growing late; and being obliged to be at my own house that
+night, I was not a little dismayed lest I should scatter and lose my
+lambs if darkness overtook me. Darkness did overtake me by the time I
+got half-way, and no ordinary darkness for an August evening. The
+lambs having been weaned that day, and of the wild black-faced breed,
+became exceedingly unruly, and for a good while I lost hopes of
+mastering them. Hector managed the point, and we got them safe home;
+but both he and his master were alike sore forefoughten. It had become
+so dark that we were obliged to fold them with candles; and, after
+closing them safely up, I went home with my father and the rest to
+supper. When Hector's supper was set down, behold he was awanting! and
+as I knew we had him at the fold, which was within call of the house,
+I went out and called and whistled on him for a good while, but he did
+not make his appearance. I was distressed about this; for, having to
+take away the lambs next morning, I knew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">Page 191</a></span> I could not drive them a
+mile without my dog if it had been to save the whole drove.</p>
+
+<p>"The next morning, as soon as it was day, I arose and inquired if
+Hector had come home? No; he had not been seen. I knew not what to do;
+but my father proposed that he would take out the lambs and herd them,
+and let them get some meat to fit them for the road, and that I should
+ride with all speed to Shorthope to see if my dog had gone back there.
+Accordingly we went together to the fold to turn out the lambs, and
+there was poor Hector, sitting trembling in the very middle of the
+fold-door, on the inside of the flake that closed it, with his eyes
+still steadfastly fixed on the lambs. He had been so hardly set with
+them after it grew dark, that he durst not for his life leave them,
+although hungry, fatigued, and cold, for the night had turned out a
+deluge of rain. He had never so much as lain down; for only the small
+spot that he sat on was dry, and there had he kept watch the whole
+night. Almost any other colley would have discerned that the lambs
+were safe enough in the fold, but honest Hector had not been able to
+see through this. He even refused to take my word for it; for he would
+not quit his watch, though he heard me calling both at night and
+morning.</p>
+
+<p>"Another peculiarity of his was, that he had a mortal antipathy to the
+family-mouser, which was ingrained in his nature from his very
+puppyhood; yet so perfectly absurd was he, that no impertinence on
+her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">Page 192</a></span> side, and no baiting on, could ever induce him to lay his mouth
+on her, or injure her in the slightest degree. There was not a day and
+scarcely an hour passed over, that the family did not get some
+amusement with these two animals. Whenever he was within doors, his
+whole occupation was watching and <em>pointing</em> the cat from morning to
+night. When she flitted from one place to another, so did he in a
+moment; and then squatting down, he kept his <em>point</em> sedulously, till
+he was either called off or fell asleep.</p>
+
+<p>"He was an exceedingly poor eater of meat, always had to be pressed to
+it, and often would not take it till we brought in the cat. The
+malicious looks that he cast at her from under his eyebrows on such
+occasions were exceedingly ludicrous, considering his utter
+disinclination to injure her. Whenever he saw her, he drew near his
+bicker and looked angry; but still he would not taste till she was
+brought to it, and then he cocked his tail, set up his birses, and
+began lapping furiously as if in utter desperation. His good nature,
+however, was so immovable, that he would never refuse her a share of
+what was placed before him; he even lapped close to the one side of
+the dish, and left her room,&mdash;but mercy! how he did ply!</p>
+
+<p>"It will appear strange to you to hear a dog's reasoning faculty
+mentioned as I have done; but I declare I have hardly ever seen a
+shepherd's dog do anything without believing that I perceived his
+reasons for it. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">Page 193</a></span> have often amused myself in calculating what his
+motives were for such and such things, and I generally found them very
+cogent ones. But Hector had a droll stupidity about him, and took up
+forms and rules of his own, for which I could never perceive any
+motive that was not even farther out of the way than the action
+itself. He had one uniform practice, and a very bad one it was; during
+the time of family worship, and just three or four seconds before the
+conclusion of the prayer, he started to his feet and ran barking round
+the apartment like a crazed beast. My father was so much amused with
+this, that he would never suffer me to correct him for it, and I
+scarcely ever saw the old man rise from the prayer without his
+endeavouring to suppress a smile at the extravagance of Hector. None
+of us ever could find out how he knew that the prayer was near done,
+for my father was not formal in his prayers; but certes he did
+know,&mdash;and of that we had nightly evidence. There never was anything
+for which I was so puzzled to discover a motive as this, but from
+accident I did discover it; and, however ludicrous it may appear, I am
+certain I was correct. It was much in character with many of Hector's
+feats, and rather, I think, the most <em>outr&eacute;</em> of any principle he ever
+acted on. As I said, his great daily occupation was pointing the cat.
+Now, when he saw us kneel all down in a circle, with our faces couched
+on our paws, in the same posture with himself, it struck his absurd
+head that we were all engaged in pointing the cat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">Page 194</a></span> He lay on tenters
+all the while, but the acuteness of his ear enabling him, through
+time, to ascertain the very moment when we would all spring to our
+feet, he thought to himself, 'I shall be first after her, for you
+all.'</p>
+
+<p>"He inherited his dad's unfortunate ear for music, not perhaps in so
+extravagant a degree, but he ever took care to exhibit it on the most
+untimely and ill-judged occasions. Owing to some misunderstanding
+between the minister of the parish and the session-clerk, the
+precenting in church devolved on my father, who was the senior elder.
+Now, my father could have sung several of the old church-tunes
+middling well in his own family-circle; but it so happened that, when
+mounted in the desk, he never could command the starting notes of any
+but one (St. Paul's), which were always in undue readiness at the root
+of his tongue, to the exclusion of every other semibreve in the whole
+range of sacred melody. The minister gave out psalms four times in the
+course of every day's service; consequently the congregation were
+treated with St. Paul's in the morning at great length, twice in the
+course of the service, and then once again at the close. Nothing but
+St. Paul's. And it being itself a monotonous tune, nothing could
+exceed the monotony that prevailed in the primitive church of Ettrick.
+Out of pure sympathy for my father alone, I was compelled to take the
+precentorship in hand; and having plenty of tunes, for a good while I
+came on as well as could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">Page 195</a></span> be expected, as men say of their wives. But,
+unfortunately for me, Hector found out that I attended church every
+Sunday, and though I had him always closed up carefully at home, he
+rarely failed in making his appearance in church at some time of the
+day. Whenever I saw him a tremor came over my spirits, for I well knew
+what the issue would be. The moment that he heard my voice strike up
+the psalm 'with might and majesty,' then did he fall in with such
+overpowering vehemence, that he and I seldom got any to join in the
+music but our two selves. The shepherds hid their heads, and laid them
+down on the backs of their seats rowed in their plaids, and the lasses
+looked down to the ground and laughed till their faces grew red. I
+despised to <em>stick</em> the tune, and therefore was obliged to carry on in
+spite of the obstreperous accompaniment; but I was, time after time,
+so completely put out of all countenance with the brute, that I was
+obliged to give up my office in disgust, and leave the parish once
+more to their old friend, St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>"Hector was quite incapable of performing the same feats among sheep
+that his father did; but, as far as his judgment served him, he was a
+docile and obliging creature. He had one singular quality, of keeping
+true to the charge to which he was set. If we had been shearing, or
+sorting sheep in any way, when a division was turned out and Hector
+got the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">Page 196</a></span> word to attend to them, he would have done it pleasantly for
+a whole day without the least symptom of weariness. No noise or hurry
+about the fold, which brings every other dog from his business, had
+the least effect on Hector, save that it made him a little troublesome
+on his own charge, and set him a-running round and round them, turning
+them in at corners, from a sort of impatience to be employed as well
+as his baying neighbours at the fold. Whenever old Sirrah found
+himself hard set in commanding wild sheep on steep ground, where they
+are worst to manage, he never failed, without any hint to the purpose,
+to throw himself wide in below them, and lay their faces to the hill,
+by which means he got the command of them in a minute. I never could
+make Hector comprehend this advantage with all my art, although his
+father found it out entirely of himself. The former would turn or wear
+sheep no other way but on the hill above them; and, though very good
+at it, he gave both them and himself double the trouble and fatigue.</p>
+
+<p>"It cannot be supposed that he could understand all that was passing
+in the little family circle, but he certainly comprehended a good part
+of it. In particular, it was very easy to discover that he rarely
+missed aught that was said about himself, the sheep, the cat, or of a
+hunt. When aught of that nature came to be discussed, Hector's
+attention and impatience soon be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">Page 197</a></span>came manifest. There was one winter
+evening I said to my mother that I was going to Bowerhope for a
+fortnight, for that I had more conveniency for writing with Alexander
+Laidlaw than at home; and I added, 'But I will not take Hector with
+me, for he is constantly quarrelling with the rest of the dogs,
+singing music, or breeding some uproar.' 'Na, na,' quoth she, 'leave
+Hector with me; I like aye best to have him at hame, poor fallow.'</p>
+
+<p>"These were all the words that passed. The next morning the waters
+were in a great flood, and I did not go away till after breakfast; but
+when the time came for tying up Hector, he was a-wanting. 'The deil's
+in that beast,' said I,&mdash;'I will wager that he heard what we were
+saying yesternight, and has gone off for Bowerhope as soon as the door
+was opened this morning.'</p>
+
+<p>"'If that should really be the case, I'll think the beast no canny,'
+said my mother.</p>
+
+<p>"The Yarrow was so large as to be quite impassable, so that I had to
+walk up by St. Mary's Loch, and go across by the boat; and, on drawing
+near to Bowerhope, I soon perceived that matters had gone precisely as
+I suspected. Large as the Yarrow was, and it appeared impassable by
+any living creature, Hector had made his escape early in the morning,
+had swam the river, and was sitting, 'like a drookit hen,' on a knoll
+at the east end of the house, awaiting my arrival with great
+impatience. I had a great attach<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">Page 198</a></span>ment to this animal, who, to a good
+deal of absurdity, joined all the amiable qualities of his species. He
+was rather of a small size, very rough and shagged, and not far from
+the colour of a fox.</p>
+
+<p>"His son Lion was the very picture of his dad, had a good deal more
+sagacity, but also more selfishness. A history of the one, however,
+would only be an epitome of that of the other. Mr. William
+Nicholson<a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> took a fine likeness of this latter one, which he still
+possesses. He could not get him to sit for his picture in such a
+position as he wanted, till he exhibited a singularly fine portrait of
+a small dog, on the opposite side of the room. Lion took it for a real
+animal, and, disliking its fierce and important look exceedingly, he
+immediately set up his ears and his shaggy birses, and, fixing a stern
+eye on the picture in manifest wrath, he would then sit for a whole
+day and point at it without budging or altering his position.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a curious fact in the history of these animals, that the most
+useless of the breed have often the greatest degree of sagacity in
+trifling and useless matters. An exceedingly good sheep-dog attends to
+nothing else but that particular branch of business to which he is
+bred. His whole capacity is exerted and exhausted on it, and he is of
+little avail in miscellaneous matters; whereas, a very indifferent
+cur, bred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">Page 199</a></span> about the house, and accustomed to assist in every thing,
+will often put the more noble breed to disgrace in those paltry
+services. If one calls out, for instance, that the cows are in the
+corn, or the hens in the garden, the house-colley needs no other hint,
+but runs and turns them out. The shepherd's dog knows not what is
+astir; and, if he is called out in a hurry for such work, all that he
+will do is to break to the hill, and rear himself up on end to see if
+no sheep are running away. A bred sheep-dog, if coming hungry from the
+hills, and getting into a milk-house, would most likely think of
+nothing else than filling his belly with the cream. Not so his
+uninitiated brother; he is bred at home to far higher principles of
+honour. I have known such lie night and day among from ten to twenty
+pails full of milk, and never once break the cream of one of them with
+the tip of his tongue, nor would he suffer cat, rat, or any other
+creature to touch it. This latter sort, too, are far more acute at
+taking up what is said in a family.</p>
+
+<p>"The anecdotes of these animals are all so much alike, that were I but
+to relate the thousandth part of those I have heard, they would often
+look very much like repetitions. I shall therefore, in this paper,
+only mention one or two of the most singular, which I know to be well
+authenticated.</p>
+
+<p>"There was a shepherd lad near Langholm, whose name was Scott, who
+possessed a bitch famed over all the West Border for her singular
+tractability. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">Page 200</a></span> could have sent her home with one sheep, two sheep,
+or any given number, from any of the neighbouring farms; and, in the
+lambing season, it was his uniform practice to send her home with the
+kebbed ewes just as he got them. I must let the town reader understand
+this. A kebbed ewe is one whose lamb dies. As soon as such is found,
+she is immediately brought home by the shepherd, and another lamb put
+to her; and Scott, on going his rounds on the hill, whenever he found
+a kebbed ewe, immediately gave her in charge to his bitch to take
+home, which saved him from coming back that way again and going over
+the same ground he had visited before. She always took them carefully
+home, and put them into a fold which was close by the house, keeping
+watch over them till she was seen by some one of the family; upon
+which she instantly decamped, and hastened back to her master, who
+sometimes sent her three times home in one morning with different
+charges. It was the custom of the farmer to watch her and take the
+sheep in charge from her: but this required a good deal of caution;
+for as soon as she perceived that she was seen, whether the sheep were
+put into the fold or not, she concluded her charge was at an end, and
+no flattery could induce her to stay and assist in folding them. There
+was a display of accuracy and attention in this that I cannot say I
+have ever seen equalled.</p>
+
+<p>"The late Mr. Steel, flesher in Peebles, had a bitch that was fully
+equal to the one mentioned above, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">Page 201</a></span> that, too, in the very same
+qualification. Her feats in taking sheep from the neighbouring farms
+into the Flesh-market at Peebles, form innumerable anecdotes in that
+vicinity. But there is one related of her, that manifests so much
+sagacity with natural affection, that I do not think the history of
+the animal creation furnishes such another.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Steel had such implicit dependence on the attention of this
+animal to his orders, that, whenever he put a lot of sheep before her,
+he took a pride in leaving them to herself, and either remained to
+take a glass with the farmer of whom he had made the purchase, or took
+another road to look after bargains or other business. But one time he
+chanced to commit a drove to her charge at a place called Willenslee,
+without attending to her condition as he ought to have done. This farm
+is five miles from Peebles, over wild hills, and there is no regularly
+defined path to it. Whether Mr. Steel remained behind, or chose
+another road, I know not; but, on coming home late in the evening, he
+was astonished at hearing that his faithful animal had not made her
+appearance with the flock. He and his son, or servant, instantly
+prepared to set out by different paths in search of her; but, on their
+going out to the street, there was she coming with the drove, no one
+missing; and, marvellous to relate, she was carrying a young pup in
+her mouth! She had been taken in travail on those hills; and how the
+poor beast had contrived to manage the drove in her state of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">Page 202</a></span>
+suffering is beyond human calculation, for her road lay through sheep
+the whole way. Her master's heart smote him when he saw what she had
+suffered and effected: but she was nothing daunted; and having
+deposited her young one in a place of safety, she again set out full
+speed to the hills, and brought another and another, till she removed
+her whole litter one by one; but the last one was dead.</p>
+
+<p>"The stories related of the dogs of sheep-stealers are fairly beyond
+all credibility. I cannot attach credit to some of them without
+believing the animals to have been devils incarnate, come to the earth
+for the destruction both of the souls and bodies of men. I cannot
+mention names, for the sake of families that still remain in the
+country; but there have been sundry men executed, who belonged to this
+district of the kingdom, for that heinous crime, in my own days; and
+others have absconded, just in time to save their necks. There was not
+one of these to whom I allude who did not acknowledge his dog to be
+the greatest aggressor. One young man in particular, who was, I
+believe, overtaken by justice for his first offence, stated, that
+after he had folded the sheep by moonlight, and selected his number
+from the flock of a former master, he took them out, and set away with
+them towards Edinburgh. But before he had got them quite off the farm,
+his conscience smote him, as he said (but more likely a dread of that
+which soon followed), and he quitted the sheep, letting them go again
+to the hill. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">Page 203</a></span> called his dog off them, and mounting his pony, he
+rode away. At that time he said his dog was capering and playing
+around him, as if glad of having got free of a troublesome business;
+and he regarded him no more, till, after having rode about three
+miles, he thought again and again that he heard something coming up
+behind him. Halting, at length, to ascertain what it was, in a few
+minutes there comes his dog with the stolen animals, driving them at a
+furious rate to keep up with his master. The sheep were all smoking,
+and hanging out their tongues, and their guide was fully as warm as
+they. The young man was now exceedingly troubled, for the sheep having
+been brought so far from home, he dreaded there would be a pursuit,
+and he could not get them home again before day. Resolving, at all
+events, to keep his hands clear of them, he corrected his dog in great
+wrath, left the sheep once more, and taking colley with him, rode off
+a second time. He had not ridden above a mile, till he perceived that
+his assistant had again given him the slip; and suspecting for what
+purpose, he was terribly alarmed as well as chagrined; for daylight
+now approached, and he durst not make a noise calling on his dog, for
+fear of alarming the neighbourhood, in a place where they were both
+well known. He resolved therefore to abandon the animal to himself,
+and take a road across the country which he was sure the other did not
+know, and could not follow. He took that road, but being on horseback,
+he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">Page 204</a></span> could not get across the enclosed fields. He at length came to a
+gate, which he shut behind him, and went about half a mile farther, by
+a zigzag course, to a farmhouse, where both his sister and sweetheart
+lived; and at that place he remained until after breakfast time. The
+people of this house were all examined on the trial, and no one had
+either seen the sheep or heard them mentioned, save one man, who came
+up to the aggressor as he was standing at the stable-door, and told
+him that his dog had the sheep safe enough down at the Crooked Yett,
+and he needed not hurry himself. He answered, that the sheep were not
+his&mdash;they were young Mr. Thomson's, who had left them to his charge,
+and he was in search of a man to drive them, which made him come off
+his road.</p>
+
+<p>"After this discovery, it was impossible for the poor fellow to get
+quit of them; so he went down and took possession of the stolen drove
+once more, carried them on, and disposed of them; and, finally, the
+transaction cost him his life. The dog, for the last four or five
+miles that he had brought the sheep, could have no other guide to the
+road his master had gone but the smell of his pony's feet. I appeal to
+every unprejudiced person if this was not as like one of the deil's
+tricks as an honest colley's.</p>
+
+<p>"It is also well known that there was a notorious sheep-stealer in the
+county of Mid-Lothian, who, had it not been for the skins and the
+heads, would never have been condemned, as he could, with the
+greatest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">Page 205</a></span> ease, have proved an <em>alibi</em> every time suspicions were
+entertained against him. He always went by one road, calling on his
+acquaintances, and taking care to appear to everybody by whom he was
+known, while his dog went by another with the stolen sheep; and then,
+on the two felons meeting again, they had nothing more to do than turn
+the sheep into an associate's enclosure, in whose house the dog was
+well fed and entertained, and would have soon taken all the fat sheep
+on the Lothian edges to that house. This was likewise a female, a
+jet-black one, with a deep coat of soft hair, but smooth-headed, and
+very strong and handsome in her make. On the disappearance of her
+master she lay about the hills and places where he had frequented, but
+she never attempted to steal a drove by herself, nor the smallest
+thing for her own hand. She was kept some time by a relation of her
+master's, but never acting heartily in his service, soon came
+privately to an untimely end. Of this there is little doubt, although
+some spread the report that one evening, after uttering two or three
+loud howls, she instantly vanished! From such dogs as these, good Lord
+deliver us!"</p>
+
+<p>The following is, perhaps, a still more extraordinary anecdote of the
+fidelity shown by a sheep-dog to its charge. It was communicated by
+Robert Murray, shepherd to Mr. Samuel Richmond, Path of Coudie, near
+Dunning, in Perthshire.</p>
+
+<p>Murray had purchased for his master four score of sheep at the Falkirk
+Tryst, but having occasion to stop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">Page 206</a></span> another day, and confident in the
+faithfulness and sagacity of his colley, which was a female, he
+committed the drove to her care, with orders to drive them home,&mdash;a
+distance of about seventeen miles. The poor animal, when a few miles
+on the road, dropped two whelps, but, faithful to her charge, she
+drove the sheep on a mile or two further&mdash;then, allowing them to stop,
+returned for her pups, which she carried for about two miles in
+advance of the sheep. Leaving her pups, the colley again returned for
+the sheep, and drove them onwards a few miles. This she continued to
+do, alternately carrying her own young ones and taking charge of the
+flock, till she reached home. The manner of her acting on this
+occasion was afterwards gathered by the shepherd from various
+individuals, who had observed these extraordinary proceedings of the
+dumb animal on the road. However, when the colley reached her home,
+and delivered her charge, it was found that the two pups were dead. In
+this extremity, the instinct of the poor brute was, if possible, still
+more remarkable. She went to a rabbit-brae in the vicinity, and dug
+out of the earth two young rabbits, which she deposited on some straw
+in a barn, and continued to suckle for some time, until one of the
+farm servants unluckily let down a full sack upon them and smothered
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote is related by Captain Brown:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A shepherd had driven a part of his flock to a neighbouring farm,
+leaving his dog to watch the re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">Page 207</a></span>mainder during that day and the next
+night, expecting to revisit them the following morning. Unfortunately,
+however, when at the fair, the shepherd forgot both his dog and his
+sheep, and did not return home till the morning of the third day. His
+first inquiry was, whether his dog had been seen? The answer was, No.
+"Then he must be dead," replied the shepherd in a tone of anguish,
+"for I know he was too faithful to desert his charge." He instantly
+repaired to the heath. The dog had sufficient strength remaining to
+crawl to his master's feet, and express his joy at his return, and
+almost immediately after expired.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine relates the following circumstance:&mdash;I remember watching a
+shepherd boy in Scotland, who was sitting on the bank of a wide but
+shallow stream. A sheep had strayed to a considerable distance on the
+other side of the water; the boy, calling to his dog, ordered him to
+fetch that sheep back, but to do it gently, for she was heavy in lamb.
+I do not affect to say that the dog understood the reason for which he
+was commanded to perform this office in a more gentle manner than
+usual; but that he did understand he was to do it gently was very
+evident, for he immediately marched away through the water, came
+gently up to the side of the sheep, turned her towards the rest, and
+then they both walked quietly side by side to the flock. I was
+scarcely ever more pleased at a trifling incident in rural scenery
+than this.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">Page 208</a></span>The sense and recollection of the sheep-dog were shown in the
+following instance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>When I occupied a small farm in Surrey, I was in the habit of joining
+with a friend in the purchase of two hundred Cheviot sheep. The first
+year we had them, the shepherd who drove them from the North was asked
+by us how he had got on. "Why, very badly," said the man; "for I had a
+young dog, and he did not manage well in keeping the sheep from
+running up lanes and out-of-the-way places." The next year we had the
+same number of sheep brought up, and by the same man. In answer to our
+question about his journey, he informed us that he had got on very
+well, for his dog had recollected all the turnings of the road which
+the sheep had passed the previous year, and had kept them straight the
+whole of the way.</p>
+
+<p>It has always appeared to me that the patriarchal flocks, the
+shepherds and their dogs, are seen to more advantage on the wild hills
+of Cumberland and Westmorland, than in any other situation. When I
+have wandered along the sides of some of the beautiful lakes of those
+counties, and have witnessed the effects of light and shade at
+different times of the day, on the water and distant hills and
+valleys, and seen the numerous sheep scattered over the latter, how
+delightful has been the prospect! During the early morning the bright
+beams of the sun did not produce too<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">Page 209</a></span> much glare and heat, but served
+to give a charming glitter to the dew-drops as they besparkled the
+grass and flowers. The tracts of the sheep might be seen by the
+disappearance of the "gentle dew" from their path as they proceeded to
+their pasture, driven by the watchful colley. It was a scene of
+cheerfulness, which every lover of nature would admire.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening the calmness of the lake was delightful. The light
+hovered over it, and the reflection of the trees in the transparent
+water beautified the scene. The beams of the setting sun glowed first
+over the valleys, and then illumined the tops of the hills; then
+gradually disappeared: but the grey tints of evening still had their
+beauty, and a diversity of them was preserved long after the greater
+effects of the setting sun had vanished. Deep shade was contrasted
+with former splendour, till at last the lovely moon appeared with her
+modest light, and formed a streak across the lake, which was
+occasionally broken as a ripple, raised by a breeze of the gentlest
+kind, passed over it.</p>
+
+<p>While the sun still gleamed on the mountain's side the shepherd might
+be observed resting at its foot, while his patient dog ranged about
+collecting the flock, and bringing them towards his master.</p>
+
+<p>Dear, lovely lake!&mdash;Never shall I forget your beauteous scenery.
+Seated in the cool of the evening under one of the noble trees on your
+shore, the only sounds I heard were the soft ripple of the water, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">Page 210</a></span>
+the late warbling of the redbreast&mdash;Yes, I forget the humming beetle
+as it rapidly passed, and the owl calling to its mate in the distant
+wood. How peaceful were my feelings!&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Happy the man whose tranquil mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sees Nature in her changes kind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And pleased the whole surveys;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For him the morn benignly smiles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And evening shades reward the toils<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That measure out his days.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The varying year may shift the scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sounding tempest lash the main,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And heaven's own thunder roll;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Calmly he views the bursting storm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tempests nor thunders can deform<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The quiet of his soul."&mdash;C. B.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Nor is the scenery from the Lakes the only thing to be admired in this
+delightful country. Lanes may be traversed sheltered by the oak, the
+ash, and the hazel, and only those who have seen the Cumberland hazels
+can form an idea of the beauty of their silvery bark and luxuriant
+growth. From these lanes there are occasional openings, through which
+a placid lake or a distant range of hills may be seen. And what
+picturesque and rugged hills they are! Huge, projecting rocks and
+verdant lawns, and deep channels of rugged stone, over which a foaming
+torrent forces its way in the rainy season, and is succeeded in dry
+weather by a sparkling rivulet, which trickles down to swell a little
+brooklet at the foot of the hill, as it winds its way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">Page 211</a></span> to the
+neighbouring lake. These may be seen, and the patches of heather, and
+the patient colley watching for a signal to collect the scattered
+flock, dotted, as it appears to be, over the almost inaccessible
+heights. At some distance it is difficult to see the sheep, at least
+by a stranger, partly on account of the dark colour of their fleeces
+(for they have not the whiteness of our flocks in the midland downs),
+and partly from the shadow on the hills. Separated as they are from
+each other, as the evening closes in the sagacious dog receives a hint
+from his master, and the sheep are quickly collected from places to
+which the shepherd could with difficulty make his way. Snow and frost
+are no check to the labours of the colley dog. His exertions are
+indefatigable, and the only reward he appears to expect is the
+approbation of his master.</p>
+
+<p>The following amusing anecdote of a sort of sheep-dog was communicated
+to me by its owner. The dog's name was Hero. His habits were odd
+enough, and he gave many instances of his sagacity. The following was
+one of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Hero was in the constant habit of accompanying the farm-horses in
+their daily labour, pacing the ploughed field regularly aside the
+team, and returning with them to and from his meals, always taking
+care to scamper home at a certain hour for a more dainty portion when
+his mistress dined.</p>
+
+<p>During one of these hasty visits he met a young woman, whom he had
+never seen before, wearing his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">Page 212</a></span> mistress's cloak. After looking at her
+with a scrutinising eye, he turned round, and followed her closely, to
+her great dismay, to a neighbouring village four miles off, where the
+brother of his mistress lived, and into whose house the woman entered.
+Probably concluding from this circumstance that she was a privileged
+person, he returned quietly back again. Had she passed the house, the
+dog would most probably have seized the cloak, in order to restore it
+to his mistress.</p>
+
+<p>I trust my readers will begin to feel some interest in this sagacious
+and useful animal, and I will add one or two more well-authenticated
+anecdotes of him.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Brown says that his friend, Mr. Peter Macarthur, related to
+him the following anecdote of a shepherd's dog, which belonged to his
+grandfather, who at that time resided in the Island of Mull:&mdash;Upon one
+occasion a cow had been missed for some days, and no trace of it could
+be found; and a shepherd's dog, called Drummer, was also absent. On
+the second or third day the dog returned, and taking Mr. Macarthur's
+father by the coat, pulled him towards the door, but he did not follow
+it; he then went to his grandfather, and pulled him in the same way by
+the coat, but without being attended to; he next went to one of the
+men-servants, and tugged him also by the coat. Conceiving at last
+there was something particular which the dog wanted, they agreed to
+follow him: this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">Page 213</a></span> seemed to give him great pleasure, and he ran
+barking and frisking before them, till he led them to a cow-shed, in
+the middle of a field. There they found the cow fixed by the horns to
+a beam, from which they immediately extricated her and conducted her
+home, much exhausted for want of food. It is obvious, that but for the
+sagacity of this faithful animal she certainly would have died.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Cobb, farmer at Tillybirnie, parish of Lethnot, near Brechin,
+during a severe snow-storm in the year 1798, had gone with his dog,
+called C&aelig;sar, to a spot on the small stream of Paphry (a tributary of
+the North Esk), where his sheep on such occasions used to take shelter
+beneath some lofty and precipitous rocks called Ugly Face, which
+overhung the stream. While employed in driving them out, an immense
+avalanche fell from these rocks, and completely buried him and his
+dog. He found all his endeavours to extricate himself from this
+fearful situation in vain; and at last, worn out, fell asleep.
+However, his dog had contrived to work his way out, and returned home
+next day about noon. The dog, by whining and looking in the faces of
+the family, and afterwards running to the door, showed that he wished
+them to follow him; they accordingly did so, accompanied by a number
+of men provided with spades. He led them to the spot where his master
+was, and, after scraping away the snow which had fallen from the time
+he had quitted the spot, he quickly disappeared in the hole by which
+he had effected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">Page 214</a></span> his escape. They began to dig, and by nightfall they
+found Mr. Cobb quite benumbed, standing in an upright posture; but as
+life was not quite extinguished he was rolled in warm blankets, and
+soon recovered. As may well be conceived, he felt the greatest regard
+for his preserver, and treated him ever afterwards with much
+tenderness. The colley lived to a great age, and when he died, his
+master said it gave him as much pain as the death of a child; and he
+would have buried him in a coffin, had he not thought that his
+neighbours would turn it into ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman of my acquaintance had a sheep-dog, which was generally
+kept in a yard by the side of his house in the country. One day a
+beggar made his way into the yard armed with a stout stick, with which
+he defended himself from the attacks of the dog, who barked at and
+attempted to bite him. On the appearance of a servant the dog ceased
+barking, and watching his opportunity, he got behind the beggar,
+snatched the stick from his hand, and carried it into the road, where
+he left it.</p>
+
+<p>A shepherd named Clark, travelling home to Hunt-Law, parish of Minto,
+near Jedburgh, with some sheep, had occasion to pass through a small
+village, where he went into a public-house to take a dram with some
+cronies whom he had met on the road, leaving the sheep in charge of
+the dog. His friends and he had indulged in a crack for several hours,
+till he entirely forgot his drove. In the meantime the dog had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">Page 215</a></span>
+wearied, and determined to take the sheep home himself, a distance of
+about ten miles. The shepherd, on coming to the spot where he had left
+the animals, found they were gone, but knowing well that he might
+depend on the fidelity of his dog, he followed the straight way to
+Hunt-Law. On coming to a gateway which had interrupted their progress,
+he perceived the dog and sheep quietly reposing; and had it not been
+for that bar to their course he would have taken them home. Two miles
+of their way was by a made road, and the rest through an open moor.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the most interesting anecdotes I have known," says Sir Patrick
+Walker, who related this anecdote to Captain Brown, and the one which
+follows, "relates to a sheep-dog. The names of the parties have
+escaped me just now, but I recollect perfectly that it came from an
+authentic source. The circumstances were these:&mdash;A gentleman sold a
+considerable flock of sheep to a dealer, which the latter had not
+hands to drive. The seller, however, told him he had a very
+intelligent dog, which he would send to assist him to a place about
+thirty miles off; and that when he reached the end of his journey, he
+had only to feed the dog, and desire him to go home. The dog
+accordingly received his orders, and set off with the flock and the
+drover; but he was absent for so many days that his master began to
+have serious alarms about him, when one morning, to his great
+surprise, he found the dog returned with a very large flock of sheep,
+including<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">Page 216</a></span> the whole that he had lately sold. The fact turned out to
+be, that the drover was so pleased with the colley that he resolved to
+steal him, and locked him up until the time when he was to leave the
+country. The dog grew sulky, and made various attempts to escape, and
+one evening he fortunately succeeded. Whether the brute had discovered
+the drover's intention, and supposed the sheep were also stolen, it is
+difficult to say; but by his conduct it looked so, for he immediately
+went to the field, collected the sheep, and drove them all back to his
+master."</p>
+
+<p>"A few years ago, when upon a shooting party in the Braes of Ranoch,
+the dogs were so worn out as to be unfit for travel. Our guide said he
+knew the shepherd, who had a dog that perhaps might help us. He
+called, and the young man came with his little black colley, to which,
+as soon as he had conversed with the guide, he said something in Erse.
+The dog set off in a sneaking sort of manner up the hill, and, when he
+showed any degree of keenness, we hastened to follow, lest he should
+set up the birds; but the lad advised us 'to be canny, as it was time
+eneuch when Lud came back to tell.' In a short space Lud made his
+appearance on a knoll, and sat down, and the shepherd said we might go
+up now, for Lud had found the birds. The dog waited till we were
+ready, and trotted on at his master's command, who soon cautioned us
+to be on the alert, for Lud signified we were in the midst of the
+covey. We immediately found this to be the case,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">Page 217</a></span> and in the course of
+the day the same thing occurred frequently."</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote will serve to show the strong affection of the
+sheep-dog; I will give it in the words of a gentleman who witnessed
+the fact in the north of England.</p>
+
+<p>"The following instance of canine affection came under my observation
+at a farm-steading, where I happened to be. A colley belonging to the
+shepherd on the farm appeared very restless and agitated: she
+frequently sent forth short howls, and moaned as if in great agony.
+'What on earth is the matter with the dog?' I asked. 'Ye see, sur,'
+said the shepherd, 'au drownt a' her whelps i' the pond the day, and
+she's busy greeting for them.' Of course, I had no objection to offer
+to this explanation, but resolved to watch her future operations. She
+was not long in setting off to the pond and fishing out her offspring.
+One strong brindled pup she seemed to lament over the most. After
+looking at it for some time, she again set off at a quick rate to a
+new house then in the course of erection, and scooped out a deep hole
+among the rubbish. She then, one by one, deposited the remains of her
+young in it, and covered them up most carefully. After she had
+fulfilled this task, she resumed her labours among her woolly charge
+as usual."</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of the year 1795, as Mr. Boulstead's son, of Great
+Salkeld, in Cumberland, was attending the sheep of his father upon
+Great Salkeld Common,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">Page 218</a></span> he had the misfortune to fall and break his
+leg. He was then at the distance of three miles from home&mdash;there was
+no chance of any person's coming in so unfrequented a place within
+call, and evening was fast approaching. In this dreadful dilemma,
+suffering extreme pain from the fracture, and laying upon the damp
+ground at so dreary a season of the year, his fearful situation
+suggested to him the following expedient. Folding one of his gloves in
+his pocket-handkerchief, he fastened it round the neck of the dog, and
+rather emphatically ordered him 'home.' These dogs, trained so
+admirably to orders and signals during their attendance upon the
+flock, are well known to be under the most minute subjection, and to
+execute the commands of their masters with an alacrity scarcely to be
+conceived.</p>
+
+<p>Perfectly convinced of some inexplicable disquietude from the
+situation in which his master lay, he set off at a pace which soon
+brought him to the house, where he scratched with great violence at
+the door for immediate admittance. This obtained, the parents were in
+the utmost alarm and consternation at his appearance, especially when
+they had examined the handkerchief and its contents. Instantly
+concluding that some accident had befallen their son, they did not
+delay a moment to go in search of him. The dog, apparently conscious
+that the principal part of his duty was yet to be performed, anxiously
+led the way, and conducted the agitated parents to the spot where
+their son lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">Page 219</a></span> overwhelmed with pain, increased by the awful
+uncertainty of his situation. Happily he was removed just at the close
+of day; and the necessary assistance being procured, he soon
+recovered. He was never more pleasingly engaged than when reciting the
+sagacity and affection of his faithful follower, who then became his
+constant companion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hawkes, farmer of Halling, returning much intoxicated from
+Maidstone market, with his dog, when the whole face of the country was
+covered with snow, mistook his path, and passed over a ditch on his
+right-hand towards the river; fortunately he was unable to get up the
+bank, or he must have fallen into the Medway, at nearly high water.
+Overcome with the liquor, Hawkes fell amongst the snow, in one of the
+coldest nights ever remembered: turning on his back, he was soon
+asleep; his dog scratched the snow about him, and then mounted upon
+the body, rolled himself round, and laid him on his master's bosom,
+for which his shaggy hide proved a seasonable covering. In this state,
+with snow falling all the time, the farmer and his dog lay the whole
+of the night; in the morning, a Mr. Finch, who was out with his gun,
+perceiving an uncommon appearance, proceeded towards it; at his
+approach, the dog got off the body, shook the snow from him, and by
+significant actions encouraged Mr. Finch to advance. Upon wiping the
+snow from the face, the person was immediately recognised, and was
+conveyed to the first house, when a pulsation in the heart being
+evident, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">Page 220</a></span> necessary means to recover him were employed, and in a
+short time Hawkes was able to relate his own story. In gratitude for
+his faithful friend, a silver collar was made for his wearing, and
+thus inscribed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In man, true friendship I long strove to find, but missed my aim;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At length I found it in my dog most kind; man! blush for shame."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The following tale is copied from the "Glasgow Post:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A few days since, while Hector Macalister was on the Aran Hills
+looking after his sheep, six miles from home or other habitation, his
+two colley dogs started a rabbit, which ran under a large block of
+granite. He thrust his arm under the stone, expecting to catch it; but
+instead of doing so, he removed the supports of the block, which
+instantly came down on his arm, holding him as fast as a vice. His
+pain was great; but the pangs he felt were greater when he thought of
+home, and the death he seemed doomed to die. In this position he lay
+from ten in the morning till four in the afternoon; when, finding that
+all his efforts to extricate himself were unavailing, he tried several
+times, without effect, to get his knife out of his pocket to cut his
+arm off.</p>
+
+<p>"His only chance now was to send home his dogs, with the view of
+alarming his friends. After much difficulty, as the faithful creatures
+were most unwilling to leave him, he succeeded; and Mrs. Macalister,
+seeing them return alone, took the alarm, and col<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">Page 221</a></span>lecting the
+neighbours, went in search of her husband, led on by the faithful
+colleys. When they came to the spot, poor Macalister was speechless
+with crying for assistance. It required five strong men to remove the
+block from his arm.</p>
+
+<p>"A further instance of reason and self-judgment was shown in the
+colley, which, having to collect some sheep from the sides of a gorge,
+through which ran a morass, saw one of the animals precipitate itself
+into the shifting mass, where it sank immediately up to the neck,
+leaving nothing but its small black head visible. The dog looked at
+the sheep and then at its master with an embarrassed, what-shall-I-do
+kind of expression; but the latter, being too far off to notice the
+difficulty or to assist, the dog, with infinite address, seized the
+struggling animal by the neck, and dragged it by main force to the dry
+land, and then compelled it to join the flock he was collecting."</p>
+
+<p>The care a sheep-dog will take of the sheep committed to his charge is
+extraordinary, and he will readily chastise any other dog which
+happens to molest them. Col. Hamilton Smith relates that a strange cur
+one day bit a sheep in rear of the flock, unseen by the shepherd. The
+assault was committed by a tailor's dog, but not unnoticed by the
+other, which immediately seized the delinquent by the ear and dragged
+him into a puddle, where he kept dabbling him in the mud with the
+utmost gravity. The cur yelled. The tailor came slipshod with his
+goose to the rescue, and flung it at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">Page 222</a></span> the sheep-dog, but missed him,
+and did not venture to pick it up till the castigation was over.</p>
+
+<p>And here I cannot do better than introduce Dr. Walcot's (Peter Pindar)
+charming lines on "The Old Shepherd's Dog:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The old shepherd's dog, like his master, was grey,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His teeth all departed, and feeble his tongue;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet where'er Corin went he was follow'd by Tray:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus happy through life did they hobble along.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When fatigued on the grass the shepherd would lie<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For a nap in the sun, 'midst his slumbers so sweet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His faithful companion crawl'd constantly nigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Placed his head on his lap, or laid down at his feet.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When winter was heard on the hill and the plain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When torrents descended, and cold was the wind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If Corin went forth 'mid the tempest and rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tray scorn'd to be left in the chimney behind.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">At length, in the straw, Tray made his last bed&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For vain against death is the stoutest endeavour&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To lick Corin's hand he rear'd up his weak head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then fell back, closed his eyes, and ah! closed them for ever.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not long after Tray did the shepherd remain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who oft o'er his grave with true sorrow would bend;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when dying, thus feebly was heard the poor swain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'O bury me, neighbours, beside my old friend!'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt but that the dog I have been describing is
+possessed of almost human sagacity. The following is an extraordinary
+instance of it. It is related by Dr. Anderson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A young farmer in the neighbourhood of Inner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">Page 223</a></span>leithen, whose
+circumstances were supposed to be good, and who was connected with
+many of the best store-farming families in the county, had been
+tempted to commit some extensive depredations upon the flocks of his
+neighbours, in which he was assisted by his shepherd. The pastoral
+farms of Tweeddale, which generally consist each of a certain range of
+hilly ground, had in those days no enclosures: their boundaries were
+indicated only by the natural features of the country. The sheep were,
+accordingly, liable to wander, and to become intermixed with each
+other; and at every reckoning of a flock a certain allowance had to be
+made for this, as for other contingencies. For some time Mr. William
+Gibson, tenant in Newby, an extensive farm stretching from the
+neighbourhood of Peebles to the borders of Selkirkshire, had remarked
+a surprising increase in the amount of his annual losses. He
+questioned his shepherds severely, taxed them with carelessness in
+picking up and bringing home the dead, and plainly intimated that he
+conceived some unfair dealing to be in progress. The men, finding
+themselves thus exposed to suspicions of a very painful kind, were as
+much chagrined as the worthy farmer himself, and kept their minds
+alive to every circumstance which might tend to afford any elucidation
+of the mystery. One day, while they were summering their lambs, the
+eye of a very acute old shepherd, named Hyslop, was caught by a
+black-faced ewe which they had formerly missed (for the shepherds
+generally know every parti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">Page 224</a></span>cular member of their flocks), and which
+was now suckling its own lamb as if it had never been absent. On
+inspecting it carefully, it was found to bear an additional birn upon
+its face. Every farmer, it must be mentioned, impresses with a hot
+iron a particular letter upon the faces of his sheep, as a means of
+distinguishing his own from those of his neighbours. Mr. Gibson's birn
+was the letter T, and this was found distinctly enough impressed on
+the face of the ewe. But above this mark there was an O, which was
+known to be the mark of the tenant of Wormiston, the individual
+already mentioned. It was immediately suspected that this and the
+other missing sheep had been abstracted by that person; a suspicion
+which derived strength from the reports of the neighbouring shepherds,
+by whom, it appeared, the black-faced ewe had been tracked for a
+considerable way in a direction leading from Wormiston to Newby. It
+was indeed ascertained that instinctive affection for her lamb had led
+this animal across the Tweed, and over the lofty heights between
+Cailzie and Newby; a route of very considerable difficulty, and
+probably quite different from that by which she had been led away, but
+the most direct that could have been taken. Mr. Gibson only stopped to
+obtain the concurrence of a neighbouring farmer, whose losses had been
+equally great, before proceeding with some of the legal authorities to
+Wormiston, where Millar the shepherd, and his master, were taken into
+custody, and conducted to the prison<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">Page 225</a></span> of Peebles. On a search of the
+farm, no fewer than thirty-three score of sheep belonging to various
+individuals were found, all bearing the condemnatory O above the
+original birns; and it was remarked that there was not a single ewe
+returned to Grieston, the farm on the opposite bank of the Tweed,
+which did not minny her lambs&mdash;that is, assume the character of mother
+towards the offspring from which she had been separated.</p>
+
+<p>The magnitude of this crime, the rareness of such offences in the
+district, and the station in life of at least one of the offenders,
+produced a great sensation in Tweeddale, and caused the elicitation of
+every minute circumstance that could possibly be discovered respecting
+the means which had been employed for carrying on such an extensive
+system of depredation. The most surprising part of the tale is the
+extent to which it appears that the instinct of dumb animals had been
+instrumental, both in the crime and in its detection. While the farmer
+seemed to have deputed the business chiefly to his shepherd, the
+shepherd seemed to have deputed it again, in many instances, to a dog
+of extraordinary sagacity, which served him in his customary and
+lawful business. This animal, which bore the name of "Yarrow," would
+not only act under his immediate direction in cutting off a portion of
+a flock, and bringing it home to Wormiston, but is said to have been
+able to proceed solitarily, and by night, to a sheepwalk, and there
+detach certain individuals previously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">Page 226</a></span> pointed out by its master,
+which it would drive home by secret ways, without allowing one to
+straggle. It is mentioned that, while returning home with their stolen
+droves, they avoided, even in the night, the roads along the banks of
+the river, or those that descend to the valley through the adjoining
+glens. They chose rather to come along the ridge of mountains that
+separate the small river Leithen from the Tweed. But even here there
+was sometimes danger, for the shepherds occasionally visit their
+flocks even before day; and often when Millar had driven his prey from
+a distance, and while he was yet miles from home, and the
+weather-gleam of the eastern hills began to be tinged with the
+brightening dawn, he has left them to the charge of his dog, and
+descended himself to the banks of the Leithen, off his way, that he
+might not be seen connected with their company. Yarrow, although
+between three and four miles from his master, would continue, with
+care and silence, to bring the sheep onward to Wormiston, where his
+master's appearance could be neither a matter of question nor
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>Near to the thatched farmhouse was one of those old square towers, or
+peel-houses, whose picturesque ruins were then seen ornamenting the
+course of the Tweed, as they had been placed alternately along the
+north and south bank, generally from three to six hundred yards from
+it&mdash;sometimes on the shin, and sometimes in the hollow of a hill. In
+the vault of this tower it was the practice of these men to conceal
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">Page 227</a></span> sheep they had recently stolen; and while the rest of their
+people were absent on Sunday at the church, they used to employ
+themselves in cancelling with their knives the ear-marks, and
+impressing with a hot iron a large O upon the face, that covered both
+sides of the animal's nose, for the purpose of obliterating the brand
+of the true owner. While his accomplices were so busied, Yarrow kept
+watch in the open air, and gave notice, without fail, by his barking,
+of the approach of strangers.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer and his servant were tried at Edinburgh in January 1773,
+and the proceedings excited an extraordinary interest, not only in the
+audience, but amongst the legal officials. Hyslop, the principal
+witness, gave so many curious particulars respecting the instincts of
+sheep, and the modes of distinguishing them both by natural and
+artificial marks, that he was highly complimented by the bench. The
+evidence was so complete, that both culprits were found guilty and
+expiated their crime on the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>The general tradition is, that Yarrow was also put to death, though in
+a less ceremonious manner; but this has probably no other foundation
+than a <em>jeu d'esprit</em>, which was cried through the streets of
+Edinburgh as his dying speech. We have been informed that the dog was
+in reality purchased, after the execution of Millar, by a sheep-farmer
+in the neighbourhood, but did not take kindly to honest courses, and
+his new master having no work of a different kind in which to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">Page 228</a></span> engage
+him, he was remarked to show rather less sagacity than the ordinary
+shepherd's dog.</p>
+
+<p>An instance of shrewd discrimination in the shepherd's dog, almost as
+remarkable as that of poor Yarrow, was mentioned a few years ago in a
+Greenock newspaper. In the course of last summer, says the narrator,
+it chanced that the sheep on the farm of a friend of ours, on the
+water of Stinchar, were, like those of his neighbours, partially
+affected with that common disease, maggots in the skin, to cure which
+distemper it is necessary to cut off the wool over the part affected,
+and apply a small quantity of tobacco juice, or some other liquid. For
+this purpose the shepherd set off to the hill one morning, accompanied
+by his faithful canine assistant, Ladie. Arrived among the flock, the
+shepherd pointed out a diseased animal; and making the accustomed
+signal for the dog to capture it, "poor Mailie" was speedily sprawling
+on her back, and gently held down by the dog till the arrival of her
+keeper, who proceeded to clip off a portion of her wool, and apply the
+healing balsam. During the operation, Ladie continued to gaze on the
+operator with close attention; and the sheep having been released, he
+was directed to capture in succession two or three more of the flock,
+which underwent similar treatment. The sagacious animal had now become
+initiated into the mysteries of his master's vocation, for off he set
+unbidden through the flock, and picked out with unerring precision
+those sheep which were affected with mag<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">Page 229</a></span>gots in their skin, and held
+them down until the arrival of his master; who was thus, by the
+extraordinary instinct of Ladie, saved a world of trouble, while the
+operation of clipping and smearing was also greatly facilitated.</p>
+
+<p>Often as I have attempted to make acquaintance with a colley-dog, I
+have never been able to succeed in producing any degree of
+familiarity. On the contrary, he has always regarded me with looks of
+shyness and suspicion. His master appears to be the only being to whom
+he is capable of showing any degree of attachment; and coiled up on
+his great-coat, or reposing at his feet, he eyes a stranger with
+distrust, if not with anger. At the same time there is a look of
+extraordinary intelligence, which perhaps is possessed by no other
+animal in a greater degree. It has been said of him, that although he
+has not the noble port of the Newfoundland dog, the affectionate
+fondling of the spaniel, nor the fierce attachment which renders the
+mastiff so efficient a guard, yet he exceeds them all in readiness and
+extent of intelligence, combined with a degree of docility unequalled,
+perhaps, by any other animal in existence. There is, if the expression
+may be used, a philosophic look about him, which shows thought,
+patience, energy, and vigilance. During a recent visit in Cumberland,
+I took some pains to make myself acquainted with the character of this
+dog, and I am now convinced that too much cannot be said of his
+wonderful properties. He protects with indefatigable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">Page 230</a></span> exertions the
+flock committed to his charge. When we consider the dreary wilds, the
+almost inaccessible heights, the rugged hills and lofty mountains to
+which sheep have access, and to which man could scarcely
+penetrate&mdash;that some sheep will stray and intermix with other
+flocks&mdash;that the dog knows the extent of his walk as well as every
+individual of his flock, and that he will select his own as well as
+drive away intruders, we must admit his utility and admire his
+sagacity.</p>
+
+<p>Let me give another instance of this in the words of the Ettrick
+Shepherd. It was related to me by himself, and has since been
+published in the "Percy Anecdotes."</p>
+
+<p>"I once witnessed a very singular feat performed by a dog belonging to
+John Graham, late tenant in Ashiesteel. A neighbour came to his house
+after it was dark, and told him that he had lost a sheep on his farm,
+and that if he (Graham) did not secure her in the morning early, she
+would be lost, as he had brought her far. John said he could not
+possibly get to the hill next morning, but if he would take him to the
+very spot where he lost the sheep, perhaps his dog Chieftain would
+find her that night. On that they went away with all expedition, lest
+the traces of the feet should cool; and I, then a boy, being in the
+house, went with them. The night was pitch dark, which had been the
+cause of the man losing his ewe, and at length he pointed out a place
+to John by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">Page 231</a></span> side of the water where he had lost her. 'Chieftain,
+fetch that!' said John. 'Bring her back, sir!' The dog jumped around
+and around, and reared himself up on end; but not being able to see
+anything, evidently misapprehended his master, on which John fell to
+scolding his dog, calling it a great many hard names. He at last told
+the man that he must point out the very track that the sheep went,
+otherwise he had no chance of recovering it. The man led him to a grey
+stone, and said he was sure she took the brae (hill side) within a
+yard of that. 'Chieftain, come hither to my foot, you great numb'd
+whelp!' said John. Chieftain came&mdash;John pointed with his finger to the
+ground, 'Fetch that, I say, sir&mdash;bring that back&mdash;away!' The dog
+scented slowly about on the ground for some seconds, but soon began to
+mend his pace, and vanished in the darkness. 'Bring her back!&mdash;away,
+you great calf!' vociferated John, with a voice of exultation, as the
+dog broke to the hill; and as all these good dogs perform their work
+in perfect silence, we neither saw nor heard any more of him for a
+long time. I think, if I remember right, we waited there about half an
+hour, during which time all the conversation was about the small
+chance which the dog had to find the ewe, for it was agreed on all
+hands that she must long ago have mixed with the rest of the sheep on
+the farm. How that was, no man will ever be able to decide. John,
+however, still persisted in waiting until his dog came back, either
+with the ewe or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">Page 232</a></span> without her. At last the trusty animal brought the
+individual lost sheep to our very feet, which the man took on his
+back, and went on his way rejoicing."</p>
+
+<p>The care the shepherds of the north of England take in preserving a
+pure breed of these dogs is very great, and the value set upon them is
+proportionably high. Nor must the shepherds themselves be passed over
+without notice. They are a shrewd, sagacious set of men, many of them
+by no means uneducated, as is the case generally with the peasantry in
+the north of England. Indeed, it is from this class that many scholars
+and mathematicians have done so much credit, and I may add honour, to
+the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland. An anecdote is related of
+a shepherd, who was found by a gentleman attending his flock, and
+reading a volume of Milton. "What are you reading?" asked the
+gentleman. "Why," replied the shepherd, "I am reading an odd sort of a
+poet; he would fain rhyme, but does not quite know how to set about
+it."</p>
+
+<p>The valleys, or glens, which intersect the Grampian mountains, are
+chiefly inhabited by shepherds. The pastures over which each flock is
+permitted to range extend many miles in every direction. The shepherd
+never has a view of his whole flock at once, except when they are
+collected for sale or shearing. His occupation is to make daily
+excursions to the different extremities of his pastures in succession,
+and to turn back, by means of his dog, any stragglers that may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">Page 233</a></span>
+approaching the boundaries of his neighbours. In one of these
+excursions, a shepherd happened to carry along with him one of his
+children, about three years old. This is a usual practice among the
+Highlanders, who accustom their children from their earliest infancy
+to endure the rigours of the climate. After traversing his pasture for
+some time, attended by his dog, the shepherd found himself under the
+necessity of ascending a summit at some distance, in order to have a
+more extensive view of his range. As the ascent was too fatiguing for
+the child, he left him on a small plain at the bottom, with strict
+injunctions not to stir from it till his return. Scarcely, however,
+had he gained the summit, when the horizon was suddenly darkened by
+one of those impenetrable mists which frequently descend so rapidly
+amidst these mountains, as almost to turn day into night, and that in
+the course of a few minutes. The anxious father instantly hastened
+back to find his child, but, owing to the unusual darkness, he missed
+his way in the descent. After a search of many hours amongst the
+dangerous morasses and cataracts with which these mountains abound, he
+was at length overtaken by night. Still wandering on without knowing
+whither, he at length came to the verge of the mist, and, by the light
+of the moon, discovered that he had reached the bottom of his valley,
+and was within a short distance of his cottage. To renew the search
+that night was equally fruitless and dangerous. He was, therefore,
+obliged to return to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">Page 234</a></span> cottage, having lost both his child and his
+dog, who had attended him faithfully for years.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning by daybreak, the shepherd, accompanied by a band of his
+neighbours, set out in search of the child, but, after a day spent in
+fruitless fatigue, he was at last compelled, by the approach of night,
+to descend from the mountain. On returning to his cottage he found
+that the dog, which he had lost the day before, had been home, and on
+receiving a piece of cake, had instantly gone off again. For several
+successive days the shepherd renewed the search for his child, but
+still, on returning at evening disappointed to his cottage, he found
+that the dog had been home, and, on receiving his usual allowance of
+cake, had instantly disappeared. Struck with this circumstance, he
+remained at home one day, and when the dog, as usual, departed with
+his piece of cake, he resolved to follow him, and find out the cause
+of his strange procedure. The dog led the way to a cataract, at some
+distance from the spot where the shepherd had left his child. The
+banks of the cataract almost joined at the top, yet separated by an
+abyss of immense depth, presenting that appearance which so often
+astonishes and appals travellers who frequent the Grampian Mountains,
+and indicates that these stupendous chasms were not the silent work of
+time, but the sudden effect of some violent convulsion of the earth.
+Down one of these rugged and almost perpendicular descents, the dog
+began, without hesitation, to make his way, and at last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">Page 235</a></span> disappeared
+into a cave, the mouth of which was almost on a level with the
+torrent. The shepherd with some difficulty followed, but upon entering
+the cave, what were his emotions when he beheld his lost child eating
+with much satisfaction the cake which the dog had just brought to him,
+while the faithful animal stood by, eyeing his young charge with the
+utmost complacence.</p>
+
+<p>From the situation in which the child was found, it appears that he
+had wandered to the brink of the precipice, and then either fallen or
+scrambled down till he reached the cave, which the dread of the
+torrent had probably prevented him from quitting. The dog had traced
+him to the spot, and afterwards prevented him from starving by giving
+up to him the whole, or the greater part of his own daily allowance.
+He appears never to have quitted the child by night or day, except
+when it was necessary to go for food, and then he was always seen
+running at full speed to and from the cottage.</p>
+
+<p>This extraordinary and interesting anecdote is taken from the "Monthly
+Magazine" of April, 1802, and bears every appearance of authenticity.
+It affords an instance of the sense, affection, and self-denial of a
+faithful animal, and is recorded to his honour, and as an example to
+the whole race of human beings.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Daniel, in the Supplement to his "Rural Sports," gives the
+following account of the shepherds' dogs in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">Page 236</a></span> North Wales. He says,
+"The sheep in this country are the ancient Alpine sort, (how excellent
+the mutton is!) and that from their varying mode of life they assume
+very different habits to the sheep of an inland country, while those
+of the shepherds' dogs are no less conspicuous. The excellency of
+these animals renders sheep-pens in a great degree unnecessary. If a
+shepherd wishes to inspect his flock in a cursory way, he places
+himself in the middle of the field, or the piece of ground they are
+depasturing, and giving a whistle or a shout, the dogs and the sheep
+are equally obedient to the sound, and draw towards the shepherd, and
+are kept within reach by one or more dogs, until the business which
+required them to be assembled is finished. In such estimation was this
+breed of dogs, when cattle constituted one of the grand sources of
+wealth to the country, that in the laws of Hywell Dda, the legal price
+of one perfectly broken in for conducting the flocks or herds to or
+from their pasturage, was equal to that of an ox, viz. sixty denarii,
+while the price of the house-dog was estimated at only four, which was
+the value of a sheep. If any doubt arose as to the genuineness of the
+breed, or his having been <em>pastorally</em> trained, then the owner and a
+neighbour were to make oath that he went with the flocks or herds in
+the morning, and drove them, with the stragglers, home in the
+evening."</p>
+
+<p>I delight in seeing a shepherd's dog in full activity,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">Page 237</a></span> anxious to
+obey the directions of his master. He runs with his utmost speed,
+encompassing a large space of open country in a short time, and brings
+those sheep that are wanted to the feet of his master. Indeed the
+natural talents and sagacity of this dog are so great, partly by being
+the constant companion of his master, and partly by education, that he
+may almost be considered a rational being. Mr. Smellie says, "that he
+reigns at the head of his flock, and that his <em>language</em>, whether
+expressive of blandishment or of command, is better heard and better
+understood than the voice of his master. Safety, order, and discipline
+are the effects of his vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are
+his subjects. These he conducts and protects with prudence and
+bravery, and never employs force against them, except for the
+preservation of peace and good order. He not only understands the
+language of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows
+how to act by signals made with the hand." How well Delille describes
+this faithful animal!&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Aimable autant qu'utile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Superbe et caressant, courageux et docile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Form&eacute; pour le conduire et pour le prot&eacute;ger.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Du troupeau qu'il gouverne il est le vrai berger;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Le Ciel l'a fait pour nous; et dans leur cours rustique,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Il fut des rois pasteurs le premier domestique."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles Darwin, in his interesting travels in South America,
+informs us, that when riding it is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">Page 238</a></span> common thing to meet a large
+flock of sheep, guarded by one or two dogs, at the distance of some
+miles from any house or man. He often wondered how so firm a
+friendship had been established, till he found that the method of
+education consisted in separating the puppy, while very young, from
+the mother, and in accustoming it to its future companions. In order
+to do this, a ewe is held three or four times a-day for the little
+thing to suck, and a nest of wool is made for it in the sheep-pen. At
+no time is it allowed to associate with other dogs, or with the
+children of the family. From this education, it has no wish to leave
+the flock, and just as another dog will defend his master, so will
+these the sheep. It is amusing to observe, when approaching a flock,
+how the dog immediately advances barking, and the sheep all close in
+his rear, as if round the oldest ram. These dogs are also easily
+taught to bring home the flock at a certain hour in the evening. Their
+most troublesome fault, when young, is their desire of playing with
+the sheep; for, in their sport, they sometimes gallop their poor
+subjects most unmercifully. The shepherd dog comes to the house every
+day for some meat, and immediately it is given him he skulks away as
+if ashamed of himself. On these occasions the house-dogs are very
+tyrannical, and the least of them will attack and pursue the stranger.
+The minute, however, the latter has reached the flock, he turns round
+and begins to bark, and then all the house-dogs take very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">Page 239</a></span> quietly to
+their heels. In a similar manner, a whole pack of hungry wild dogs
+will scarcely ever venture to attack a flock when under the protection
+of even one of these faithful shepherds.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_COLLEY" id="Illustration_TAIL_COLLEY"></a>
+<img src="images/t-colley.jpg" width="500" height="202" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">Page 240</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_ST_BERNARD" id="Illustration_ST_BERNARD"></a>
+<img src="images/stbernard.jpg" width="500" height="266" alt="ST. BERNARD." title="ST. BERNARD." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE ST. BERNARD DOG.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thrill sounds are breaking o'er the startled ear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shriek of agony, the cry of fear;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the sad tones of childhood in distress,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are echoing through the snow-clad wilderness!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And who the first to waken to the sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And quickly down the icy path to bound;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To dare the storm with anxious step and grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The first to answer and the first to save?&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'T is he&mdash;the brave old dog, who many a day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hath saved lost wand'rers in that dreary way;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And now, with head close crouched along the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is watching eagerly each coming sound.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sudden he starts&mdash;the cry is near&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On, gallant Bruno!&mdash;know no fear!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On!&mdash;for that cry may be the last,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And human life is ebbing fast!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">Page 241</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And now he hurries on with heaving side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dashing the snow from off its shaggy hide;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He nears the child!&mdash;he hears his gasping sighs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, with a tender care, he bears away the prize."&mdash;<span class="person">Mrs. Houstoun.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Sir Walter Scott said that he would believe anything of a St. Bernard
+dog. Their natural sagacity is, indeed, so sharpened by long practice
+and careful training, that a sort of language is established between
+them and the good monks of St. Bernard, by which mutual communications
+are made, such as few persons living in situations of less constant
+and severe trials can have any just conceptions of. When we look at
+the extraordinary sagacity of the animal, his great strength, and his
+instinctive faculties, we shall feel convinced how admirably he is
+adapted to fulfil the purpose for which he is chiefly employed,&mdash;that
+of saving lives in snow-storms.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar faculty of the St. Bernard dogs is shown by the curious
+fact, that if a whelp of this breed is placed upon snow for the first
+time, it will begin to scratch it, and sniff about as if in search of
+something. When they have been regularly trained, they are generally
+sent out in pairs during heavy snow-storms in search of travellers,
+who may have been overwhelmed by the snow. In this way they pass over
+a great extent of country, and by the acuteness of their scent
+discover if any one is buried in the snowdrift. When it is considered
+that Mount St. Bernard is situated about 8000 feet above the level of
+the sea, and that it is the highest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">Page 242</a></span> habitable spot in Europe, and
+that the road which passes across it is constantly traversed, the
+great utility of the dogs is sufficiently manifest. Neither is the
+kindness, charity, and hospitality of the good monks less to be
+admired than the noble qualities of these dogs.</p>
+
+<p>"Under every circumstance," says Mr. Brockedon, "in which it is
+possible to render assistance, the worthy religieuses of St. Bernard
+set out upon their fearful duty unawed by the storm, and obeying a
+higher Power; they seek the exhausted or overwhelmed traveller,
+accompanied by their dogs, whose sagacity will generally detect the
+victim though buried in the snow. The dogs, also, as if conscious of a
+high duty, will roam alone through the day and night in these desolate
+regions, and if they discover an exhausted traveller will lie on him
+to impart warmth, and bark and howl for assistance."<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mathews, in his "Diary of an Invalid," gives this testimony in
+praise of the inmates of St. Bernard. "The approach," he says, "to the
+convent for the last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">Page 243</a></span> hour of the ascent is steep and difficult. The
+convent is not seen till you arrive within a few hundred yards of it;
+when it breaks upon the view all at once, at a turn in the rock. Upon
+a projecting crag near it stood one of the celebrated dogs, baying at
+our advance, as if to give notice of strangers. These dogs are of a
+large size, particularly high upon the legs, and generally of a milk
+white, or of a tabby colour. They are most extraordinary creatures, if
+all the stories the monks tell of them are true. They are used for the
+purpose of searching for travellers who may be buried in the snow; and
+many persons are rescued annually from death by their means. During
+the last winter, a traveller arrived at the convent in the midst of a
+snow-storm, having been compelled to leave his wife, who was unable to
+proceed further, at about a quarter of a mile's distance. A party of
+the monks immediately set out to her assistance, and found her
+completely buried under the snow. The sagacity of the dogs alone was
+the cause of her deliverance, for there was no visible trace, and it
+is difficult to understand how the scent can be conveyed through a
+deep covering of snow.</p>
+
+<p>"It is stated that the monks themselves, when out upon search for
+travellers, have frequently owed their preservation to their dogs, in
+a manner which would seem to show that the dogs are endued with a
+presentiment of danger.</p>
+
+<p>"Many stories of this kind have been told, and I was anxious to
+ascertain their truth. The monks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">Page 244</a></span> stated two or three cases where the
+dogs had actually prevented them from returning to the convent by
+their accustomed route, when it afterwards turned out, that if they
+had not followed the guidance of their dog in his deviation, they
+would have been overwhelmed by an avalanche. Whether the dog may be
+endued with an intuitive foreboding of danger, or whether he may have
+the faculty of detecting symptoms not perceptible to our duller
+senses, must be determined by philosophers."</p>
+
+<p>That dogs and other animals, especially elephants, have this faculty,
+cannot be doubted. There is an instance on record of a dog having, by
+his importunity and peculiar gestures, induced his mistress to quit a
+washhouse in which she was at work, the roof of which fell in almost
+immediately afterwards. Dogs have been known to give the alarm of
+fire, by howling and other signs, before it was perceived by any of
+the inmates of the house. Their apprehension of danger is indeed very
+acute and very extraordinary, and may serve to account for and prove
+the accuracy of what has been stated respecting the instinct of the
+St. Bernard dogs.</p>
+
+<p>These dogs, however, do not always escape being overwhelmed by a
+sudden avalanche, which falls, as is most usual, in the spring of the
+year. Two of the domestics of the convent, with two or three dogs,
+were escorting some travellers, and were lost in an avalanche. One of
+the predecessors of these dogs, an intelligent animal, which had
+served the hospital for the space of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">Page 245</a></span> twelve years, had, during that
+time, saved the lives of many individuals. Whenever the mountain was
+enveloped in fogs and snow, he set out in search of lost travellers.
+He was accustomed to run barking until he lost his breath, and would
+frequently venture on the most perilous places. When he found his
+strength was insufficient to draw from the snow a traveller benumbed
+with cold, he would run back to the hospital in search of the monks.</p>
+
+<p>One day this interesting animal found a child in a frozen state
+between the Bridge of Drouaz and the Ice-house of Balsora. He
+immediately began to lick him, and having succeeded in restoring
+animation, and the perfect recovery of the boy, by means of his
+caresses, he induced the child to tie himself round his body. In this
+way he carried the poor little creature, as if in triumph, to the
+hospital. When old age deprived him of strength, the prior of the
+convent pensioned him at Berne by way of reward. He is now dead, and
+his body stuffed and deposited in the museum of that town. The little
+phial, in which he carried a reviving liquor for the distressed
+travellers whom he found among the mountains, is still suspended from
+his neck.</p>
+
+<p>The story of this dog has been often told, but it cannot be too
+frequently repeated. Its authenticity is well established, and it
+affords another proof of the utility and sense of the St. Bernard
+dogs. Neither can the benevolence of the good monks be too highly
+praised. To those accustomed to behold the habitations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">Page 246</a></span> of man,
+surrounded by flowery gardens, green and pleasing meadows, rivulets
+winding and sparkling over their pebbly bottoms, and groves in which
+songsters haunt and warble, the sight of a large monastery, situated
+on a gigantic eminence, with clouds rolling at its foot, and
+encompassed only by beds of ice and snow, must be awfully impressive.
+Yet amidst these boundless labyrinths of rugged glens and precipices,
+in the very rudest seasons, as often as it snows or the weather is
+foggy, do some of those benevolent persons go forth, with long poles,
+guided by their sagacious dogs. In this way they seek the high road,
+which these animals, with their instinctive faculty, never miss, how
+difficult soever to find. If an unfortunate traveller has sunk beneath
+the force of the falling snows, or should be immersed among them, the
+dogs never fail to find the place of his interment, which they point
+out by scratching and snuffing; when the sufferer is dug out, and
+carried to the monastery, where means are used for his recovery.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Monte Veccios had a St. Bernard dog, which, as his master
+always had reported, could understand whatever he said to him; and the
+following short account deserves to be recorded, as it at once
+indicates memory, compassion, love, gratitude, and resentment in the
+faithful animal, even if we do not allow it to make good his master's
+opinion. The story is this:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The Count had served long in the wars, and always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">Page 247</a></span> had this faithful
+attendant with him. The republic of Venice had been signally indebted
+to his courage, but had not rewarded him. He had a favour to ask of
+the then General Morosini; and as that commander was a man of singular
+pride and arrogance, he was obliged to wait a favourable opportunity
+of presenting his suit. One day when the General himself had a favour
+to ask of the Doge (who was a person of high elegance, and celebrated
+for his love of expensive entertainments), he laid out half his
+fortune on a cold collation, to which he had invited the Doge, to put
+him in humour for his suit. Thinking this the most suitable time for
+his purpose, as he who was about to ask a favour for himself would
+hardly at that instant deny one to another, the Count went to him some
+hours before the Doge was expected, and was graciously received in the
+room where the table was prepared. Here he began to make his court to
+the General, by praising the elegance and pomp of the preparation,
+which consisted of many thousands of finely-cut vessels of Venetian
+glass, filled with the richest sweetmeats and cold provisions, and
+disposed on fine tables, all covered with one vast cloth, with a deep
+gold fringe, which swept the ground. The Count said a thousand fine
+things about the elegance and richness of the dessert, and
+particularly admired the profusion of expense in the workmanship of
+the crystal and the weight of the gold fringe. Thus far he was very
+courteously treated; and the lord of the feast pompously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">Page 248</a></span> told him
+that all the workmen in Venice had been half a year employed about
+them. From this he proceeded to the business of his suit; but this met
+with a very different reception, and was not only refused, but the
+denial attended with very harsh language. The Count was shocked at the
+ill-nature of the General, and went away in a very melancholy mood. As
+he went out, he patted his dog upon the head, and, out of the fulness
+of his heart, said to him with an afflicted air, "<em>Tu vois, mon ami,
+comme l'on nous traite</em>,&mdash;You see, my friend, how I am used." The dog
+looked up wistfully in his face, and returned him an answer with his
+tears. He accompanied him till he was at some distance from the
+General's, when, finding him engaged in company, he took that
+opportunity of leaving him with people who might justify him if
+accused. Upon which the dog, returning back to the house of the
+haughty officer, entered the great room, and taking hold of the gold
+tassel at one of the corners of the cloth, ran forcibly back, and drew
+after him the whole preparation, which in a moment lay strewed on the
+ground in a vast heap of broken glasses; thus revenging his master's
+quarrel, and ensuring as unexpected a reception to the General's
+requests as the latter had given to those of the Count.</p>
+
+<p>One of the St. Bernard dogs, named Barry, had a medal tied round his
+neck as a badge of honourable distinction, for he had saved the lives
+of forty persons. He at length died nobly in his vocation. In the
+winter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">Page 249</a></span> of 1816, a Piedmontese courier arrived at St. Bernard on a
+very stormy day, labouring to make his way to the little village of
+St. Pierre, in the valley beneath the mountain, where his wife and
+children lived. It was in vain that the monks attempted to check his
+resolution to reach his family. They at last gave him two guides, each
+of whom was accompanied by a dog, one of which was the remarkable
+creature whose services had been so valuable. They set forth on their
+way down the mountain. In the mean time the anxious family of the poor
+courier, alarmed at his long absence, commenced the ascent of the
+mountain, in hopes of meeting him, or obtaining some information
+respecting him. Thus at the moment he and his guides were descending,
+his family were toiling up the icy steep, crowned with the snows of
+ages. A sudden crackling noise was heard, and then a thundering roar
+echoing through the Alpine heights&mdash;and all was still. Courier, and
+guides, and dogs, and the courier's family, were at the same moment
+overwhelmed by one common destruction&mdash;not one escaped. Two avalanches
+had broken away from the mountain pinnacles, and swept with impetuous
+force into the valley below.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">Page 250</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;"><a name="Illustration_CHASSEUR_AND_CUBA_BLOODHOUNDS" id="Illustration_CHASSEUR_AND_CUBA_BLOODHOUNDS"></a>
+<img src="images/bloodhounds.jpg" width="373" height="500" alt="CHASSEUR AND CUBA BLOODHOUNDS." title="CHASSEUR AND CUBA BLOODHOUNDS." />
+<span class="caption">CHASSEUR AND CUBA BLOODHOUNDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE BLOODHOUND.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"His snuffling nose, his active tail,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Attest his joy; then with deep op'ning mouth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th' audacious felon; foot by foot he marks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His winding way, while all the listening crowd<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Applaud his reasonings. O'er the watery ford,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren hills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'er beaten paths, with men and beasts distain'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unerring he pursues; till at the cot<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Arriv'd, and seizing by his guilty throat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So exquisitely delicate his sense!"&mdash;<span class="person">Somerville.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">Page 251</a></span>These noble dogs were also called "Slough dogs," in consequence of
+their exploring the sloughs, mosses, and bogs, in pursuit of
+offenders, called Moss-troopers. They were used for this purpose as
+late as the reign of James the First. In Scotland they are called the
+Sleuth-hound. It is the largest of any variety of hound, some of them
+having measured from twenty-six to twenty-eight inches to the top of
+the shoulder. They are beautifully formed, and have a noble expression
+of countenance, so finely portrayed in Sir Edwin Landseer's well-known
+and beautiful picture of "Dignity and Impudence." There is, as Colonel
+Hamilton Smith has observed, a kind of sagacious, or serious, solemn
+dignity about him, admirably calculated to impress the marauder with
+dread and awe. Indeed, so much is this the case, that I knew an
+instance of a bloodhound having traced a sheep-stealer to his cottage
+in Bedfordshire; and so great was the dread afterwards of the peculiar
+instinct of this dog, that sheep-stealing, which had before been very
+common in the neighbourhood, was put an end to. It has, therefore,
+often occurred to me, that if bloodhounds were kept for the general
+good in different districts, sheep-stealing would be less frequent
+than it is at present. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">Page 252</a></span> might also be usefully employed in the
+detection of rick-burners. At all events the suggestion is worth some
+consideration, especially from insurance offices. In 1803, the
+Thrapston Association for the Prosecution of Felons in
+Northamptonshire, procured and trained a bloodhound for the detection
+of sheep-stealers. In order to prove the utility of the dog, a man was
+dispatched from a spot where a great concourse of people were
+assembled, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and an hour afterwards the
+hound was laid on the scent. After a chase of an hour and a half, the
+hound found him secreted in a tree many miles from the place of
+starting. The very knowledge that farmers could readily have recourse
+to the assistance of such a dog, would serve to prevent the commission
+of much crime.</p>
+
+<p>To try whether a young bloodhound was well instructed, a nobleman
+(says Mr. Boyle) caused one of his servants to walk to a town four
+miles off, and then to a market-town three miles from thence. The dog,
+without seeing the man he was to pursue, followed him by the scent to
+the above-mentioned places, notwithstanding the multitude of people
+going the same road, and of travellers that had occasion to cross it.
+When the hound came to the chief market-town, he passed through the
+streets, without noticing any of the people there, till he got to the
+house where the man he sought was, and there found him in an upper
+room.</p>
+
+<p>A sure way of stopping the dog was to spill<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">Page 253</a></span> blood upon the track,
+which destroyed the discriminating fineness of his scent. A captive
+was sometimes sacrificed on such occasions. Henry the Minstrel tells
+us a romantic story of Wallace, founded on this circumstance. The
+hero's little band had been joined by an Irishman named Fawdon, or
+Fadzean, a dark, savage, and suspicious character. After a sharp
+skirmish at Black Erneside, Wallace was forced to retreat with only
+sixteen followers. The English pursued with a border sleuth-bratch, or
+bloodhound. In the retreat, Fawdon, tired, or affecting to be so,
+would go no farther. Wallace having in vain argued with him, in hasty
+anger struck off his head, and continued the retreat. When the English
+came up, their hound stayed upon the dead body.</p>
+
+<p>To the present group has been referred by some naturalists a dog of
+Spanish descent, termed the Cuban bloodhound. A hundred of these
+sagacious but savage dogs were sent, in 1795, from the Havanna to
+Jamaica, to extinguish the Maroon war, which at that time was fiercely
+raging. They were accompanied by forty Spanish chasseurs, chiefly
+people of colour, and their appearance and that of the dogs struck
+terror into the negroes. The dogs, muzzled and led in leashes, rushed
+ferociously upon every object, dragging along the chasseurs in spite
+of all their endeavours. Dallas, in his "History of the Maroons,"
+informs us that General Walpole ordered a review of these dogs and the
+men, that he might see in what manner they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">Page 254</a></span> would act. He set out for
+a place called Seven Rivers, accompanied by Colonel Skinner, whom he
+appointed to conduct the attack. "Notice of his coming having preceded
+him, a parade of the chasseurs was ordered, and they were taken to a
+distance from the house, in order to be advanced when the general
+alighted. On his arrival, the commissioner (who had procured the
+dogs), having paid his respects, was desired to parade them. The
+Spaniards soon appeared at the end of a gentle acclivity drawn out in
+a line, containing upwards of forty men, with their dogs in front
+unmuzzled, and held by cotton ropes. On receiving the command, 'Fire!'
+they discharged their fusils, and advanced as upon a real attack. This
+was intended to ascertain what effect would be produced on the dogs if
+engaged under a fire of the Maroons. The volley was no sooner
+discharged than the dogs rushed forward with the greatest fury, amid
+the shouts of the Spaniards, who were dragged on by them with
+irresistible force. Some of the dogs, maddened by the shout of attack
+while held back by the ropes, seized on the stocks of the guns in the
+hands of their keepers, and tore pieces out of them. Their impetuosity
+was so great that they were with difficulty stopped before they
+reached the general, who found it necessary to get expeditiously into
+the chaise from which he had alighted; and if the most strenuous
+exertions had not been made, they would have seized upon his horses."
+This terrible exhibition produced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">Page 255</a></span> the intended effect&mdash;the Maroons at
+once capitulated, and were subsequently sent to Halifax, North
+America.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Mr. John Lawrence, says that a servant, discharged by a sporting
+country gentleman, broke into his stables by night, and cut off the
+ears and tail of a favourite hunter. As soon as it was discovered, a
+bloodhound was brought into the stable, who at once detected the scent
+of the miscreant, and traced it more than twenty miles. He then
+stopped at a door, whence no power could move him. Being at length
+admitted, he ran to the top of the house, and, bursting open the door
+of a garret, found the object that he sought in bed, and would have
+torn him to pieces, had not the huntsman, who had followed him on a
+fleet horse, rushed up after him.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Hamilton Smith says, that he was favoured with the following
+interesting notice of this dog from Sir Walter Scott, and which agrees
+exactly with some I have seen bred by Lord Bagot at Blithfield in
+Staffordshire, and some belonging to Her present Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>"The only sleuth-hound I ever saw was one which was kept at Keeldar
+Castle. He was like the Spanish pointer, but much stronger, and
+untameably fierce,&mdash;colour, black and tawny, long pendulous ears,&mdash;had
+a deep back, broad nostrils, and was strongly made,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">Page 256</a></span> something like
+the old English mastiff, now so rare."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Wanley, in his "Wonders of the Little World," relates the following
+anecdote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Anno Dom. 867.&mdash;Lothbroke, of the blood-royal of Denmark, and father
+to Humbar and Hubba, entered with his hawk into a boat alone, and by
+tempest was driven upon the coast of Norfolk in England; where being
+found, he was detained, and presented to Edmund, at that time King of
+the East Angles. The king entertained him at his court; and perceiving
+his singular dexterity and activity in hawking and hunting, bore him
+particular favour. By this means he fell into the envy of Berick, the
+king's falconer, who one day, as they hunted together, privately
+murdered and threw him into a bush. It was not long before he was
+missed at court. When no tidings could be heard of him, his dog, who
+had continued in the wood with the corpse of his master, till famine
+forced him thence, at sundry times came to court, and fawned on the
+king; so that the king, suspecting some ill matter, at length followed
+the trace of the hound, and was led by him to the place where
+Lothbroke lay. Inquisition was made; and by circumstance of words, and
+other suspicions, Berick, the king's falconer, was pronounced to be
+his murderer. The king commanded him to be set alone in Lothbroke's
+boat, and committed to the mercy of the sea, by the working of which
+he was carried to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">Page 257</a></span> the same coast of Denmark from whence Lothbroke
+came. The boat was well known, and the occupant, Berick, examined by
+torments. To save himself, he asserted that Lothbroke had been slain
+by King Edmund. And this was the first occasion of the Danes' arrival
+in this land."</p>
+
+<p>A planter had fixed his residence at the foot of the Blue Mountains,
+in the back settlements of America. One day the youngest of his
+family, a child of about four years old, disappeared. The father,
+becoming alarmed, explored the woods in every direction, but without
+success. On the following day the search was renewed, during which a
+native Indian happened to pass, accompanied by his dog, one of the
+true bloodhound breed. Being informed of the distress of the planter,
+he requested that the shoes and stockings last worn by the child might
+be brought to him. He made the dog smell to them, and patted him. The
+intelligent animal seemed to comprehend all about it, for he began
+immediately to sniff around. The Indian and his dog then plunged into
+the wood. They had not been there long before the dog began to bay; he
+thought that he had hit upon the scent, and presently afterwards,
+being assured of it, he uttered a louder and more expressive note, and
+darted off at full speed into the forest. The Indian followed, and
+after a considerable time met his dog bounding back, his noble
+countenance beaming with animation. The hound turned again into the
+wood, his master not being far behind,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">Page 258</a></span> and they found the child lying
+at the foot of a tree, fatigued and exhausted, but otherwise unhurt.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these dogs are kept by the keepers in the royal parks and
+forests, and are used to trace wounded deer. An officer in the 1st
+Life Guards has two noble dogs of this description, for one of which,
+I am informed, he gave fifty pounds. In fact, they are by no means
+uncommon in England. One distinguishing trait of purity in the breed
+is the colour, which is almost invariably a reddish tan, progressively
+darkening to the upper part, with a mixture of black upon the back.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>"In the Spanish West India Islands," says Bingley, "there are officers
+called chasseurs, kept in continual employment. The business of these
+men is to traverse the country with their dogs, for the purpose of
+pursuing and taking up all persons guilty of murder, or other crimes;
+and no activity on the part of the offenders will enable them to
+escape. The following is a very remarkable instance, which happened
+not many years ago.</p>
+
+<p>"A fleet from Jamaica, under convoy to Great Britain, passing through
+the Gulf of Mexico, beat upon the north side of Cuba. One of the
+ships, manned with foreigners (chiefly renegado Spaniards), in
+standing in with the land at night, was run on shore. The officers,
+and the few British seamen on board, were murdered, and the vessel was
+plundered by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">Page 259</a></span> the renegadoes. The part of the coast on which the
+vessel was stranded being wild and unfrequented, the assassins retired
+with their booty to the mountains, intending to penetrate through the
+woods to some remote settlements on the southern side, where they
+hoped to secure themselves, and elude all pursuit. Early intelligence
+of the crime had, however, been conveyed to Havanna. The assassins
+were pursued by a detachment of the Chasseurs del Rey, with their
+dogs; and in the course of a very few days they were every one
+apprehended and brought to justice.</p>
+
+<p>"The dogs carried out by the Chasseurs del Rey are all perfectly
+broken in. On coming up with the fugitive, they bark at him till he
+stops; they then crouch near him, terrifying him with a ferocious
+growling if he attempts to stir. In this position they continue
+barking, to give notice to the chasseurs, who come up and secure their
+prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>"Each chasseur can only hunt with two dogs. These people live with
+their dogs, and are inseparable from them. At home the animals are
+kept chained; and when walking out with their masters, they are never
+unmuzzled nor let out of ropes, but for attack.</p>
+
+<p>"Bloodhounds were formerly used in certain districts lying between
+England and Scotland, that were much infested by robbers and
+murderers; and a tax was laid on the inhabitants for keeping and
+maintaining a certain number of these animals. But as the arm of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">Page 260</a></span>
+justice is now extended over every part of the country, and as there
+are now no secret recesses where villany can be concealed, their
+services in this respect are become no longer necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"Some few of these dogs, however, are yet kept in the northern parts
+of the kingdom, and in the lodges of the royal forests, where they are
+used in pursuit of deer that have been previously wounded. They are
+also sometimes employed in discovering deer-stealers, whom they
+infallibly trace by the blood that issues from the wounds of their
+victims.</p>
+
+<p>"A very extraordinary instance of this occurred in the New Forest, in
+the year 1810, and was related to me by the Right Hon. G. H. Rose. A
+person, in getting over a stile into a field near the Forest, remarked
+that there was blood upon it. Immediately afterwards he recollected
+that some deer had been killed, and several sheep stolen in the
+neighbourhood; and that this might possibly be the blood of one that
+had been killed in the preceding night. The man went to the nearest
+lodge to give information; but the keeper being from home, he was
+under the necessity of going to Rhinefield Lodge, which was at a
+considerable distance. Toomer, the under-keeper, went with him to the
+place, accompanied by a bloodhound. The dog, when brought to the spot,
+was laid on the scent; and after following for about a mile the track
+which the depredator had taken, he came at last to a heap of furze
+fagots belonging to the family of a cottager. The woman of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">Page 261</a></span> house
+attempted to drive the dog away, but was prevented; and on the fagots
+being removed a hole was discovered in the ground, which contained the
+body of a sheep that had recently been killed, and also a considerable
+quantity of salted meat. The circumstance which renders this account
+the more remarkable is, that the dog was not brought to the scent
+until more than sixteen hours had elapsed after the man had carried
+away the sheep."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>An old writer&mdash;the author of "The History of the Buccaneers"&mdash;though
+full of prejudice against the Indians, thus describes some of the
+atrocities practised by the Spaniards:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Spaniards having possessed themselves of these isles (South
+America), found them peopled with Indians, a barbarous people, sensual
+and brutish, hating all labour, and only inclined to killing and
+making war against their neighbours; not out of ambition, but only
+because they agreed not with themselves in some common terms of
+language; and perceiving that the dominion of the Spaniards laid great
+restrictions upon their lazy and brutish customs, they conceived an
+irreconcileable hatred against them, but especially because they saw
+them take possession of their kingdoms and dominions. Hereupon they
+made against them all the resistance they could, everywhere opposing
+their designs to the utmost; and the Spaniards, finding themselves
+cruelly hated by the Indians, and nowhere secure from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">Page 262</a></span> their
+treacheries, resolved to extirpate and ruin them, since they could
+neither tame them by civility nor conquer them by the sword. But the
+Indians, it being their custom to make the woods their chief places of
+defence, at present made these their refuge whenever they fled from
+the Spaniards: hereupon those first conquerors of the New World made
+use of dogs to range and search the intricate thickets of woods and
+forests for those their implacable and unconquerable enemies; thus
+they forced them to leave their old refuge and submit to the sword,
+seeing no milder usage would do it: hereupon they killed some of them,
+and quartering their bodies, placed them in the highways, that others
+might take warning from such a punishment. But this severity proved of
+ill consequence, for instead of frightening them, and reducing them to
+civility, they conceived such horror of the Spaniards, that they
+resolved to detest and fly their sight for ever; hence the greatest
+part died in caves and subterraneous places of woods and mountains, in
+which places I myself have often seen great numbers of human bones."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>It has been already stated, that in the West Indies bloodhounds were
+employed to hunt the runaway blacks. I had one of these Cuban
+bloodhounds given to me a few years ago, and finding him somewhat more
+ferocious than I liked, I made a present of him to a keeper in the
+neighbourhood. He was put into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">Page 263</a></span> a kennel with other dogs, and soon
+killed some of them. Keepers, however, in going their rounds at night,
+are frequently accompanied by bloodhounds, and poachers are said to
+have a great dread of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_BLOODHOUND" id="Illustration_TAIL_BLOODHOUND"></a>
+<img src="images/t-bloodhound.jpg" width="500" height="379" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">Page 264</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 329px;"><a name="Illustration_TERRIER" id="Illustration_TERRIER"></a>
+<img src="images/terrier.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="TERRIER." title="TERRIER." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE TERRIER.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Little favourite! rest thee here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the tribute of a tear!<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou hast fondled at my feet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Greeted those I lov'd to greet;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When in sorrow or in pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On my bosom thou hast lain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I have seen thy little eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full as if with sympathy."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>There are so many varieties of terriers, and so many celebrated breeds
+of these dogs, that it would be a difficult task to give a separate
+account of each. Some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">Page 265</a></span> have a cross of the bull-dog; and these,
+perhaps, are unequalled for courage and strength of jaw. In the latter
+quality they are superior to the bull-dog. Then there is the
+pepper-and-mustard breed, the Isle of Sky, the rough and smooth
+English terrier, and a peculiar breed, of which my own sensible little
+Judy, now reposing at my feet, is one, besides some others.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps there is no breed of dogs which attach themselves so strongly
+to man as the terrier. They are his companions in his walks, and their
+activity and high spirit enable them to keep up with a horse through a
+long day's journey. Their fidelity to their master is unbounded, and
+their affection for him unconquerable. When he is ill they will repose
+for hours by the side of his bed, as still as a mother watching over a
+sick and slumbering child; and when he is well they will frisk around
+him, as if their pleasure was renewed with his returning health. How
+well do I remember this to have been the case with my faithful old dog
+Trim! Nothing would induce him to make the slightest noise till I
+called him on my bed, when I awoke in the morning. Night or day, he
+never left me for many years; and when at last I was obliged to take a
+journey without him, his life fell a sacrifice to his affection for
+me. Alas, poor Trim!</p>
+
+<p>This breed of dogs, the true English terrier, shows an invincible
+ardour in all that he is required to do, as well as persevering
+fortitude. In drawing badgers and foxes from their holes, the severe
+bites of these animals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">Page 266</a></span> only seem to animate them to greater
+exertions; and they have been known to suffer themselves to be killed
+by the former sooner than give over the unequal contest.</p>
+
+<p>The vignette at the end of this notice represents a favourite
+wire-haired terrier of mine, called Peter, well known for many years
+at Hampton Court. He had wonderful courage and perseverance, and was
+the best dog to hunt rabbits in thick hedge-rows I ever met with. He
+was also a capital water-dog; and he was frequently enticed by some of
+the officers quartered at Hampton Court to accompany them to the
+neighbouring lock of the river Thames, in which an unfortunate duck
+was to be hunted. I was assured that on these occasions Peter
+distinguished himself greatly, diving after the duck whenever it
+dived, and beating all the other dogs by his energy and perseverance.
+Peter was a general favourite, and perhaps this was partly owing to
+his being a great pickle. He was always getting into scrapes. Twice he
+broke either his shoulder-bone or his leg by scrambling up a ladder.
+He was several times nearly killed by large dogs, of which he was
+never known to show the slightest fear; and with those of about his
+own size he would fight till he died. He has killed sixty rats in a
+barn in about as many minutes; and he was an inveterate foe to cats. I
+remember once taking him with me on a rabbit-ferreting excursion.
+Before the ferrets were put in the holes, I made Peter quite aware
+that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">Page 267</a></span> was not to touch them; and he was so sensible a dog that
+there was no difficulty in doing this, although it was the first time
+he had seen a ferret. If a rabbit bolted from the hole he was
+watching, he killed it in an instant; but when the ferret made its
+appearance, Peter retreated a step or two, showing his teeth a little
+as if he longed to attack it. Towards the end of the day I had gone to
+a little distance, leaving Peter watching a hole. Presently I heard a
+squeak, and on turning round I saw the ferret dead, and Peter standing
+over it, looking exceedingly ashamed at what he had done, and
+perfectly conscious that he had disobeyed orders. The temptation,
+however, was too great for him to resist. Peter at last got into bad
+company, for he suffered himself to be enticed by the ostlers and
+others into the taps at Hampton Court, and they indulged him in his
+fondness for killing vermin and cats. He was a dog of extraordinary
+sense. I once gave him some milk and water at my breakfast, which was
+too hot. He afterwards was in the habit of testing the heat by dipping
+one of his paws into the basin, preferring rather to scald his foot
+than to run the risk of burning his tongue. He had other
+peculiarities. When I mounted my horse and wanted him to follow me, he
+would come a little distance, and then all at once pretend to be lame.
+The more I called the lamer he became. He was, in fact, aware of my
+long rides, and was too lazy to follow me. He played this trick very
+frequently. If I called him while I had my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">Page 268</a></span> snuff-box in my hand, he
+would come to me, pretending to sneeze the whole of the time. I have
+said so much about Peter, because he was a good specimen of one of the
+small breed of terriers.</p>
+
+<p>Terriers, more than any other breed of dogs, live so much in our
+rooms, and are so generally our companions during our walks and rides,
+that they naturally imbibe a great degree of sensibility of the least
+look or word of their master. This very sensibility makes them
+extremely jealous of any preference or attention shown by their master
+to another dog. I had an old terrier who never could bear to see me do
+this. He showed it not only by his countenance in a remarkable way,
+but would fall upon any dog he saw me caress. Mons. Blaze gives an
+instance of a dog having killed a young child, who had been in the
+habit of fondling a dog belonging to the same owner, and showing fear
+and dislike of him. Another dog was so strongly attached to his master
+that he was miserable when he was absent. When the gentleman married,
+the dog seemed to feel a diminution of affection towards him, and
+showed great uneasiness. Finding, however, that his new mistress grew
+fond of him, he became perfectly happy. Somewhat more than a year
+after this they had a child. There was now a decided inquietude about
+the dog, and it was impossible to avoid noticing that he felt himself
+miserable. The attention paid to the child increased his wretchedness;
+he loathed his food, and nothing could content him, though he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">Page 269</a></span>
+treated on this account with the utmost tenderness. At last he hid
+himself in the coal-cellar, and every means were used to induce him to
+return, but all in vain. He was deaf to entreaty, rejected all
+kindness, refused to eat, and continued firm in his resolution, till
+exhausted nature yielded to death.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen so much of the sensitiveness and jealousy of dogs, owing
+to their unbounded affection for their masters, that I cannot doubt
+the truth of this anecdote, which was related by Mr. Dibdin. A lady
+had a favourite terrier, whose jealousy of any attentions shown to her
+by strangers was so great, that in her walks he guarded her with the
+utmost care, and would not suffer any one to touch her. The following
+anecdote will prove the unchanging affection of these dogs. It was
+communicated to me by the best and most amiable man I have ever met
+with, either in public or private life.</p>
+
+<p>He had a small terrier, which was much attached to him. On leaving
+this country for America, he placed the dog under the care of his
+sister, who resided in London. The dog at first was inconsolable, and
+could scarcely be persuaded to eat anything. At the end of three years
+his owner returned, and upon knocking at the door of his sister's
+house, the dog recognised the well-known knock, ran down-stairs with
+the utmost eagerness, fondled his master with the greatest affection;
+and when he was in the sitting-room, the faithful animal jumped upon
+the piano-forte, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">Page 270</a></span> he might get as near to him as possible. The
+dog's attachment remained to the last moment of his life. He was taken
+ill, and was placed in his master's dressing-room on one of his
+cloaks. When he could scarcely move, his kind protector met him
+endeavouring to crawl to him up the stairs. He took the dog in his
+arms, placed him on his cloak, when the dog gave him a look of
+affection which could not be mistaken, and immediately died. There
+can, I think, be no doubt but that this affectionate animal, in his
+endeavour to get up the steps to his master, was influenced by
+sensations of love and gratitude, which death alone could extinguish,
+and which the approach of death prompted him to show. How charming are
+these instances of the affection of dogs to a kind master! and how
+forcibly may we draw forth the strongest testimonials of love from
+them, by treating them as they deserve to be treated! Few people
+sufficiently appreciate the attachment, fidelity, and sagacity of
+these too-often persecuted animals, or are aware how much they suffer
+from unkindness or harsh treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Every one is acquainted with the pretty picture Sir Walter Scott has
+drawn of the affectionate terrier, which was the companion of his hero
+in "Guy Mannering." We see the faithful Wasp "scampering at large in a
+thousand wheels round the heath, and come back to jump up to his
+master, and assure him that he participated in the pleasures of the
+journey." We see him during the fight with the robbers, "annoying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">Page 271</a></span>
+their heels, and repeatedly effecting a moment's diversion in his
+master's favour, and pursuing them when they ran away." We hear the
+jolly farmer exclaim&mdash;"De'il, but your dog's weel entered wi' the
+vermin;" and when he goes to see his friend in prison, and brings Wasp
+with him, we see the joy of the latter, and hear the remark elicited
+by it&mdash;"Whisht, Wasp&mdash;man! Wow, but he's glad to see you, poor thing."
+The whole race of pepper-and-mustard are brought before us&mdash;that breed
+which are held in such high estimation, not only as vermin-killers,
+but for their intelligence and fidelity, and other companionable
+qualities.</p>
+
+<p>I could not deny myself the pleasure of introducing this account of
+the terrier, as it describes so well their courage, fidelity, and
+attachment. "Wasp," we are told, at the close of an eventful day,
+"crouched himself on the coverlet at his master's feet, having first
+licked his master's hand to ask leave." This is part of the natural
+language of the dog, and how expressive it is! They speak by their
+eyes, their tail, and by various gestures, and it is almost impossible
+to misunderstand their meaning. There is a well-known anecdote of two
+terriers who were in the habit of going out together to hunt rabbits.
+One of them got so far into a hole that he could not extricate
+himself. His companion returned to the house, and by his importunity
+and significant gestures induced his master to follow him. He led him
+to the hole, made him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">Page 272</a></span> understand what was the matter, and his
+associate was at last dug out.</p>
+
+<p>The following affords another proof of the sagacity of these dogs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A respectable farmer, residing in a village near Gosport, had a
+terrier dog who was his constant companion. His business frequently
+led him across the water to Portsmouth, to which place the dog
+regularly attended him. The farmer had a son-in-law, a bookseller at
+Portsmouth, to whose house he frequently went, taking the dog with
+him. One day, the animal having lost his master in Portsmouth, after
+searching for him at his usual haunts, went to the bookseller, and by
+various gesticulations gave him to understand that he had lost his
+master; his supplications were not in vain, for the bookseller, who
+understood his language, immediately called his boy, gave him a penny,
+and ordered him to go directly to the beach, and give the ferryman the
+money for his passage to the opposite shore. The dog, who seemed to
+understand the whole proceeding, was much pleased, and jumped directly
+into the boat, and when landed at Gosport, immediately ran home. He
+always afterwards went to the bookseller, if he had lost his master at
+Portsmouth, feeling sure that his boat-hire would be paid, and which
+was always done.</p>
+
+<p>The same dog, when he was wet or dirty, would go into the barn till he
+was clean and dry, and then scratch at the parlour-door for
+admittance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">Page 273</a></span>The Rev. Leonard Jenyns, in his "Observations in Natural History,"
+records the following.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A lady,<a name="FNanchor_Q_17" id="FNanchor_Q_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_17" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> living in the neighbourhood of my own village, had some
+years back a favourite Scotch terrier, which always accompanied her in
+her rides, and was also in the habit of following the carriage to
+church every Sunday morning. One summer day the lady and her family
+were from home several weeks, the dog being left behind. The latter,
+however, continued to come to church by itself for several Sundays in
+succession, galloping off from the house at the accustomed hour, so as
+to arrive at the time of service commencing. After waiting in the
+churchyard a short time, it was seen to return home quiet and
+dispirited. The distance from the house to the church is three miles,
+and beyond that at which the ringing of the bells could be ordinarily
+heard. This was probably an instance of the force of habit, assisted
+by some association of recollections connected with the movements of
+the household on that particular day of the week."</p>
+
+<p>An old house being under repair, the bells on the ground-floor were
+taken down. The mistress of the house had an old favourite terrier,
+and when she wanted her servants, sent the dog to ring the bell in her
+dressing-room, having previously attached a bit of wood to the
+bell-rope. When the dog pulled at the rope, he listened, and if the
+bell did not ring, he pulled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">Page 274</a></span> till he heard it, and then returned to
+the room he had left. If a piece of paper were put into his mouth,
+with a message written on it, he would carry it to the person he was
+told to go to, and waited to bring back the answer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Laing, who was steward to General Sharp, of Houston, near Uphall,
+had a terrier dog which gave many proofs of his sagacity. Upon one
+occasion his wife lent a white petticoat to a neighbour in which to
+attend a christening; the dog observed his mistress make the loan,
+followed the woman home who borrowed the article, never quitted her,
+but accompanied her to the christening, and leaped several times on
+her knee: nor did he lose sight of her till the piece of dress was at
+last fairly restored to Mrs. Laing. During the time this person was at
+the christening she was much afraid the dog would attempt to tear the
+petticoat off her, as she well knew the object of his attendance.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most extraordinary terriers I ever met with belonged to a
+man named T&mdash;&mdash;y, well known for many years in the neighbourhood of
+Hampton Court. The father of this man had been in a respectable way of
+life, but his son wanted steadiness of character, and, indeed, good
+conduct, and had it not been for the kindness of his late Majesty,
+King William the Fourth, he would have been reduced to poverty long
+before he was. T&mdash;&mdash;y, through the interest of the king, then Duke of
+Clarence, was tried in several <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">Page 275</a></span>situations, but failed in them all. At
+last he was made a postman, but was found drunk one evening with all
+his letters scattered about him, and, of course, lost his situation.
+He then took up the employment of rat-catcher, for which, perhaps, he
+was better qualified than any other. His stock-in-trade consisted of
+some ferrets and an old terrier dog, and a more extraordinary dog was
+seldom seen. He was rough, rather strongly made, and of a sort of
+cinnamon colour, having only one eye; his appearance being in direct
+contrast to what Bewick designates the <em>genteel</em> terrier. The other
+eye had a fluid constantly exuding from it, which made a sort of
+furrow down the side of his cheek. He always kept close to the heels
+of his master, hanging down his head, and appearing the
+personification of misery and wretchedness. He was, however, a
+wonderful vermin-killer, and wherever his master placed him, there he
+remained, waiting with the utmost patience and resignation till an
+unfortunate rat bolted from the hole, which he instantly killed in a
+most philosophical manner. The poor dog had to undergo the
+vicissitudes of hard fare, amounting almost to starvation, of cold,
+rain, and other evils, but still he was always to be seen at his
+master's feet, and his fidelity to him was unshaken. No notice, no
+kind word, seemed to have any effect upon him if offered by a
+stranger, but he obeyed and understood the slightest signal from his
+owner. This man was an habitual drunkard, at least whenever he could
+procure the means of becoming one. It was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">Page 276</a></span>a cold, frosty night in
+November, when T&mdash;&mdash;y was returning from a favourite alehouse, along
+one of the Thames Ditton lanes, some of which, owing to the flatness
+of the country, have deep ditches by their sides. Into one of these
+the unfortunate man staggered in a fit of brutal intoxication, and was
+drowned. When the body was discovered the next morning, the dog was
+seen using his best endeavours to drag it out of the ditch. He had
+probably been employed all night in this attempt, and in his efforts
+had torn the coat from the shoulders of his master. It should be
+mentioned that this faithful animal had saved his master's life on two
+former occasions, when he was in nearly similar circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>It may interest some of the readers of this little story to be
+informed, that a few years before the event which has been related
+took place, the unhappy man's wife died, leaving four very young
+children. She was a most industrious woman, of excellent character,
+and her great misery on her death-bed was the reflection that these
+children&mdash;two boys and two girls&mdash;would be left to the care of her
+drunken husband. She was comforted, however, in her dying moments, by
+one whose heart and hand have always been ready to relieve the
+distressed, with the assurance that her children should be taken care
+of. So when the excellent Queen Adelaide heard of the circumstance,
+she immediately sent for the four children, placed them under the
+charge of a proper person, educated and maintained them, placed them
+in respectable situations in life, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">Page 277</a></span> continued to be their friend
+till her death. This is one of numerous instances which could be
+related by the author of her Majesty's silent, but unbounded
+benevolence.</p>
+
+<p>It is time, however, to resume my anecdotes of terriers.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman of my acquaintance had a favourite dog of this
+description, which generally slept in his bed-room. My friend was in
+the habit of reading in bed. On calling upon him one morning, he took
+me into his bed-room, and showed me his bed-curtains much burnt, and
+one of his sheets. The night before he had been reading the newspaper
+in bed, with a candle near him, and had gone to sleep. The newspaper
+had fallen on the candle, and thus set fire to the curtain. He was
+awoke by his dog scratching him violently with his fore-feet, and was
+thus in time to call for assistance, and save the house from being
+burnt down, and also probably to save his own life.</p>
+
+<p>Another of my acquaintances has a very small pet terrier, a capital
+rat-killer, who always evinces great antipathy to those animals. She
+lately produced three puppies, two of which were drowned. After
+hunting for them in every direction, she returned to her litter, where
+she was found the next morning not only suckling her own whelp, but a
+young rat; and thus she continued to do till it reached maturity. The
+morning on which her puppies were drowned there had been a battue of
+rats, some of which were wounded and escaped.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">Page 278</a></span> One of these latter was
+the young rat in question. This, no doubt, was taken possession of for
+the purpose of relieving her of her superabundant milk.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman who had befriended an ill-used terrier acquired such an
+influence over the grateful dog, that he was obedient to the least
+look or sign of his master, and attached himself to him and his
+children in a most extraordinary manner. One of the children having
+behaved ill, his father attempted to put the boy out of the room, who
+made some resistance. The dog seeing the bustle, supposed his master
+was going to beat the boy, and therefore tried to pull him away by the
+skirts of his coat, thus showing his affection and sagacity at the
+same time.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Brown relates the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Patrick Walker writes me:&mdash;"Pincer, in appearance, is of the
+English terrier breed, but in manner indicates a good deal of the
+Scotch colley, or shepherd's dog. He has a remarkably good nose, is a
+keen destroyer of vermin, and is in the habit of coming to the house
+for assistance ever since the following occurrence:&mdash;He came into the
+parlour one evening when some friends were with us, and looking in my
+face, by many expressive gestures, evinced great anxiety that I should
+follow him. Upon speaking to him, he leaped, and his whine got to a
+more determined bark, and pulled me by the collar or sleeve of the
+coat, until I was induced to follow him; and when I got up, he began
+leaping and gambolling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">Page 279</a></span> before me, and led the way to an outhouse, to
+a large chest filled with pieces of old wood, and which he continued
+by the same means to solicit to be moved. This was done, and he took
+out a large rat, killed it, and returned to the parlour quite composed
+and satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>"Similar occurrences have frequently taken place since, with this
+addition, that as I sometimes called the servant, he often leaves me
+and runs in the same manner to get his assistance, as soon as he finds
+me quitting the room to follow him. In no instance has Pincer ever
+been wrong, his scent is so very good. Once, when he had got
+assistance, he directed our attention to some loose wood in the yard;
+and when part of it was removed, he suddenly manifested
+disappointment, and that the object of pursuit was gone. His manner
+and look seemed more than instinct, and at once told his story. After
+a little pause, and some anxious looks, he dashed up a ladder that
+rested against a low out-house, and took a large rat out of the spout,
+whither it had apparently escaped whilst Pincer came for assistance."</p>
+
+<p>Terriers appear to have a strong instinctive faculty of finding their
+way back to their homes, when removed from them to long distances, and
+even when they have seas to cross. There are instances of their having
+done this from France, Ireland, and even Germany. Their powers of
+endurance, therefore, must be very great, and their energies as well
+as affections equally strong.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">Page 280</a></span> They have also an invincible
+perseverance in all they do, to which every fox-hunter will bear his
+testimony. In my youth, when following the hounds, I have been
+delighted in witnessing the energy of a brace of terriers, who were
+sure to make their appearance at the slightest check, running with an
+ardour quite extraordinary, and incessant in their exertions to be
+with the busiest of the pack in their endeavours to find. If the fox
+takes to earth, the little brave terrier eagerly follows, and shows by
+his baying whether the fox lays deep or not, so that those who are
+employed in digging it out can act accordingly. In rabbit-shooting in
+thick furze or breaks, the terrier, as I have often witnessed, will
+take covert with the eagerness and impetuosity of a foxhound. On one
+of these occasions I saw an enormous wild cat started, which a small
+terrier pursued and never quitted, notwithstanding the unequal
+contest, till it was shot by a keeper. As vermin-killers, they are
+superior to all other dogs. The celebrated terrier Billy was known to
+have killed one hundred rats in seven minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Nor are their affections less strong than their courage. A gentleman
+in the neighbourhood of Bath had a terrier which produced a litter of
+four puppies. He ordered one of them to be drowned, which was done by
+throwing it into a pail of water, in which it was kept down by a mop
+till it appeared to be dead. It was then thrown into a dust-hole, and
+covered with ashes. Two mornings afterwards, the servant disco<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">Page 281</a></span>vered
+that the bitch had still four puppies, and amongst them was the one
+which it was supposed had been drowned. It was conjectured that in the
+course of a short time the terrier had, unobserved, raked her whelp
+from the ashes, and had restored it to life.</p>
+
+<p>An excellent clergyman, residing close to Brighton, gave me the
+following curious anecdote of a dog which his son, the late
+greatly-lamented Major R&mdash;&mdash; brought to England with him from Spain.
+This dog was a sort of Spanish terrier, and his disposition and habits
+were very peculiar indeed, unlike those of any dog I ever heard of.
+One day a teacher of music was going to one of her pupils, and as she
+was passing at some little distance from the house of the owner of
+this dog, had her attention attracted to him. He first looked at her
+very significantly, pulled her by the gown the contrary way to which
+she was going, and evidently wanted her to follow him. Partly
+instigated by curiosity, but chiefly because he held her gown tight in
+his mouth, she suffered herself to be led some distance, when the dog
+brought her into a field in which some houses were in the course of
+being built. She then became alarmed, and seeing two or three
+labourers, she asked them to drive away the dog. Finding, however,
+that he would not quit his hold, they advised her to see where the dog
+would lead her, promising to accompany and protect her. Thus assured,
+she allowed him to lead her where he pleased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">Page 282</a></span> The dog brought her to
+the houses which were being built. On arriving at them, it was found
+that the area had been dug out, and a strong plank placed across it,
+one end resting on a heap of earth. At this end the dog began to
+scratch eagerly; and on the plank being lifted up, a large beef bone
+was discovered, which the dog seized in his mouth, and trotted away
+with it perfectly satisfied. My informant said that he had taken some
+pains to ascertain the accuracy of this anecdote from the young lady
+herself, and that I might depend on its truth.</p>
+
+<p>A somewhat similar occurrence took place in my own neighbourhood, very
+recently. A lady, going to make a morning's call, passed the gateway
+of a house, when her gown was seized by a dog, who pulled her the
+contrary way to which she was going. She at last disengaged herself,
+and made her call. On coming out, the dog was waiting for her, and
+again took her gown in his mouth, and led her to the gateway she had
+previously passed. Here he stopped, and as the dog held a tight hold,
+she rang the bell; and on a servant opening the gate the animal,
+perfectly satisfied, trotted in, when she found that he belonged to
+the house, but had been shut out.</p>
+
+<p>It may be also mentioned as an instance of courage and fidelity in a
+terrier, that as a gentleman was returning home, a man armed with a
+large stick seized him by the breast, and striking him a violent blow
+on the head, desired him instantly to deliver his watch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">Page 283</a></span> and money. As
+he was preparing to repeat the blow, the terrier sprung at him, and
+seized him by the throat. His master, at the same time, giving the man
+a violent blow, he fell backwards and dropped his stick. The gentleman
+took it up, and ran off, followed by his dog, but not before the
+animal had torn off and carried away in his mouth a portion of the
+man's waistcoat.</p>
+
+<p>The following fact will serve to prove that dogs are capable of
+gratitude in no ordinary degree:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A surgeon at Dover, seeing a terrier in the street which had received
+some injury, took it home; and having cured it in a couple of days,
+let it go. For many weeks the grateful animal used to pay him a daily
+visit of a few minutes, and after a vehement wagging of his tail,
+scampered off again to his own home.</p>
+
+<p>A neighbour of mine has a terrier which has shown many odd
+peculiarities in his habits. He has contracted a great friendship for
+a white cat, and evinced his affection for it the other day in a
+curious manner. The dog was observed to scratch a large deep hole in
+the garden. When he had finished it he sought out the cat, dragged her
+by the neck to the hole, endeavoured to place her in it, and to cover
+her with the soil. The cat, not liking this proceeding, at last made
+her escape.</p>
+
+<p>While two terriers were hunting together in a wood, one was caught by
+the leg in a trap set for foxes. His companion finding that he could
+not extricate the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">Page 284</a></span> other, ran to the house of his owner, and by his
+significant gesticulations induced him to follow; and by this means he
+was extricated.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morritt, well known to the readers of the Life of Sir Walter
+Scott, as his intimate and confidential friend, had two terriers of
+the pepper-and-mustard breed, or rather, as we prefer him to any other
+character Sir Walter Scott has delighted us with, the Dandy Dinmont
+breed. These dogs (for we avoid the feminine appellation when we can)
+were strongly attached to their excellent master, and he to them. They
+were mother and daughter, and each produced a litter of puppies about
+the same time. Mr. Morritt was seriously ill at this period, and
+confined to his bed. Fond as these dogs were of their puppies, they
+had an equal affection for their master, and in order to prove to him
+that such was the case, they adopted the following expedient. They
+conveyed their two litters of puppies to one place, and while one of
+the mothers remained to suckle and take care of them, the other went
+into Mr. Morritt's bedroom and continued there from morning until the
+evening. When the evening arrived, she went and relieved the other
+dog, who then came into the bedroom, and remained quietly all night by
+the side of the bed, and this they continued to do day after day in
+succession.</p>
+
+<p>This charming anecdote was communicated to me from a quarter which
+cannot leave a doubt of its authenticity, and affords an affecting
+proof of gratitude<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">Page 285</a></span> and love in animals towards those who have treated
+them with kindness, and made them their friends. Such an anecdote as
+this should be sufficient to preserve dogs from much of the
+ill-treatment they meet with.</p>
+
+<p>I knew a very clever terrier belonging to a friend of mine. His name
+was Snap. Now Snap one fine, hot, summer's day, accompanied his
+master, who was on horseback, on his way from London to the
+neighbourhood of Windsor. The road was very dusty, and, as I have
+said, the weather hot, and Snap was very thirsty. No water was met
+with until Hounslow had been passed. At last a woman crossed the road
+with a bucket of water, which she had drawn from a neighbouring pump.
+On arriving at her cottage she placed it outside her door, and left it
+there. Snap saw it and lapped up some of the water with evident
+satisfaction, his master waiting for him. When he had finished his
+lapping, instead of following, he deliberately inserted his
+hind-quarters into the bucket&mdash;took a good cooling bath&mdash;shook himself
+in the bucket&mdash;jumped out&mdash;gave himself another shake, and then
+followed his master. If Snap was lost in London, he would go to every
+house usually frequented by his master; and if he then could not find
+him, would return home. Snap, in fact, was an extraordinary dog.</p>
+
+<p>One night, a gentleman, between fifty and sixty years of age, went
+into a house of a particular de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">Page 286</a></span>scription near the Admiralty. He had
+not been long there when he died suddenly. He had with him a small dog
+of the terrier kind, which immediately left the room. There was
+nothing found on the gentleman's person to lead to a discovery of his
+name or residence. About twelve o'clock, however, on the following
+night, three interesting young ladies, of very genteel appearance,
+between the ages of sixteen and twenty, arrived at the house in which
+the gentleman died, accompanied by the dog. They came in a chaise from
+Richmond. It appears that the dog, immediately after the decease of
+his master, ran off to Richmond, where he usually resided. As soon as
+the door was opened he rushed into the apartment of the young ladies,
+who were in the act of dressing themselves. He began to solicit their
+attention by whines and cries, and his eyes turned to the door, as if
+to invite them to follow him. Failing in this, he became more earnest,
+seized their clothes, and pulled them towards the door with so much
+violence, that one of their gowns was torn. This excited great alarm;
+and from the intelligence shown by the animal, it was resolved by the
+young ladies to resign themselves to the dog, which continued to
+entice them away. A chaise was accordingly ordered, and they
+immediately took their seats in it. The dog led the way, with its head
+almost constantly turned back, and his eyes fixed upon the carriage,
+until he led them to the house near the Admi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">Page 287</a></span>ralty, where his master
+had died. There they alighted; but how great was their grief, horror,
+and surprise, to find their father dead in such a situation!</p>
+
+<p>The deceased proved to be Mr. &mdash;&mdash;, an inhabitant of Lewisham, in
+Kent, where he possessed a farm of considerable extent, and followed
+the business of an auctioneer, and was greatly respected in his
+neighbourhood. That night he dropped down in the house alluded to,
+when the people, supposing him dead, immediately gave the alarm, and
+the body was conveyed to the Lord Cochrane hotel, within a few doors,
+in Spring Gardens. Here it was discovered that the spark of life was
+not totally extinguished. He was carried up-stairs and put to bed, and
+medical assistance was called in; but in vain,&mdash;in a few minutes he
+was a corpse. As the people of the house were carrying him up-stairs,
+a sum of 1100<em>l.</em> fell from his pocket in bank-notes, tied up in a
+bundle, and marked on the outside, "To be paid into Snow's,"&mdash;a
+circumstance sufficient in itself to show that he had not been
+dishonestly treated by the female who accompanied him into the house
+from which he was brought, or any other person belonging to it. The
+interesting little dog, after his return, remained at his post, the
+faithful guardian of his beloved master's remains. He lay on the foot
+of the bed, with his eyes constantly fixed on the body, with an eager,
+anxious, melancholy expression.</p>
+
+<p>The place was crowded with people, led by curiosity to this
+interesting scene. The dog never appeared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">Page 288</a></span> to take any notice of these
+strange visitors, and no rude hand attempted to interrupt the little
+mourner in his melancholy office. The verdict of the coroner's inquest
+was,&mdash;"Died by the visitation of God."</p>
+
+<p>Another of the same breed of dogs evinced much sagacity on the
+following occasion:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>His master occupied furnished lodgings near the Inns of Court in
+London. In the hurry of removing from them, neither he nor his
+servants thought of the dog, who was not in the way when they quitted
+the house. When the dog returned to it, finding his master gone, he
+trotted off to Kensington, where an intimate friend of his master
+resided, and very quietly and patiently made himself at home in the
+house. As he was well known, he was fed and taken care of, and at the
+end of three days his master called, and he then gladly went away with
+him.</p>
+
+<p>In this instance it is, I think, evident, that the dog possessed a
+sort of reasoning faculty, which induced him to suppose that the best
+chance he had of finding his master was by going to a place to which
+he had formerly accompanied him; and he was correct in his
+calculation.</p>
+
+<p>This faculty was again exercised in the following manner:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman residing in the Tower of London had a terrier which he one
+day lost, about seven miles from town. The dog attached himself to a
+soldier, and notwithstanding the man went to town in an omnibus, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">Page 289</a></span>
+dog followed the vehicle. When the soldier alighted from it, he went
+to the barracks in St. James's Park, the dog continuing close behind
+him. On examining the collar, the name and residence of the owner of
+the dog were found on it. The soldier therefore brought him to the
+Tower, and gave the above particulars. From this account it may be
+supposed that the dog, having been familiar with the sight of
+Guardsmen at the Tower, had followed one of them in hopes that he
+belonged to that place, and therefore would conduct him to it.</p>
+
+<p>I am not aware that any writer upon dogs has noticed one of their
+peculiarities, that of curiosity. Let me give a curious and
+well-authenticated instance of this property, which was communicated
+to me by the owner of the dog. This animal was a Scotch terrier, named
+Snob, and certainly a more singular dog has seldom been met with. His
+master was commander of the fleet on the South American station, and
+Snob embarked with him. He soon began to give proofs of his
+extraordinary curiosity, for he liked to see everything that was going
+forward in the ship. Snob, in fact, was a sort of Paul Pry. He watched
+everything that was to be done. One night the sailors were kept up
+aloft for some hours doing something to the sails; Snob remained on
+the deck the whole time, looking very wise, and watching the sailors
+with one paw lifted up. He would at other times wander between the
+decks, looking at everything going forward; and when he had been shut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">Page 290</a></span>
+in the cabin he has frequently been observed standing on his hind legs
+looking through the keyhole of the door, in order to watch the
+proceedings which were carried on. I have a great respect for Snob,
+who is still alive, and I have no doubt his curiosity is as great as
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>A curious instance of ferocity and affection in a terrier bitch is
+recorded by Mr. Daniel:&mdash;After a very severe burst of upwards of an
+hour, a fox was, by Mr. Daniel's hounds, run to earth, at Heney
+Dovehouse, near Sudbury, in Suffolk. The terriers were lost; but as
+the fox went to ground in view of the headmost hounds, and it was the
+concluding day of the season, it was resolved to dig him out, and two
+men from Sudbury brought a couple of terriers for that purpose. After
+considerable labour, the hunted fox was got, and given to the hounds;
+whilst they were breaking him, one of the terriers slipped back into
+the earth, and again laid. After more digging, a bitch-fox was taken
+out, and the terrier killed two cubs in the earth; three others were
+saved from her fury, and which were begged by the owner of the bitch,
+who said he should make her suckle them. This was laughed at as
+impossible; however, the man was positive, and the cubs were given to
+him. The bitch-fox was carried away, and turned into an earth in
+another county. The terrier had behaved so well at earth, that she was
+some days afterwards bought, with the cubs she had fostered, by Mr.
+Daniel. The bitch continued regularly to suckle, and reared them until
+able to shift for themselves. What adds to this singu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">Page 291</a></span>larity is, that
+the terrier's whelp was nearly five weeks old, and the cubs could just
+see, when this exchange of progeny was made.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a proof not only of the kind disposition, but the
+sense of a terrier.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman, from whom I received the anecdote, was walking one day
+along a road in Lancashire, when he was <em>accosted</em>, if the term may be
+used, by a terrier dog. The animal's gesticulations were at first so
+strange and unusual, that he felt inclined to get out of its way. The
+dog, however, at last, by various significant signs and expressive
+looks, made his meaning known, and the gentleman, to the dog's great
+delight, turned and followed him for a few hundred yards. He was led
+to the banks of a canal, which he had not before seen, and there he
+discovered a small dog struggling in the water for his life, and
+nearly exhausted by his efforts to save himself from drowning. The
+sides of the canal were bricked, with a low parapet wall rather higher
+than the bank. The gentleman, by stooping down, with some difficulty
+got hold of the dog and drew him out, his companion all the time
+watching the proceedings. It cannot be doubted, but that in this
+instance the terrier made use of the only means in his power to save
+the other dog, and this in a way which showed a power of reasoning
+equally strong with that of a human being, under a similar
+circumstance.</p>
+
+<p>I may here mention another instance of a terrier finding his way back
+to his former home.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">Page 292</a></span>A gentleman residing near York went to London, and on his return
+brought with him a young terrier dog, which had never been out of
+London. He brought him to York in one of the coaches, and thence
+conveyed him to his residence. Impatient of separation from his former
+master, he took the first opportunity of escaping from the stable in
+which he had been confined, and was seen running on the turnpike road
+towards York by the boy who had him in charge, and who followed him
+for some distance. A few days afterwards, the gentleman who had lost
+the dog received a letter front London, acquainting him that the dog
+was found lying at the door of his lodgings, his feet quite sore, and
+in a most emaciated condition.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago, a blind terrier dog was brought from Cashiobury Park,
+near Watford, to Windsor. On arriving at the latter place he became
+very restless, and took the first opportunity of making his escape,
+and, blind as he was, made his way back to Cashiobury Park, his native
+place.</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent informs me, that whilst he was taking a walk one
+summer's evening, he observed two rough-looking men, having a bull-dog
+with them, annoying a sickly-looking young gentleman, who was
+accompanied by a terrier. The bull-dog at last seized the latter, and
+would soon have killed it, had not my correspondent interfered. He was
+then informed that a few years previous, when his master was in bed,
+this little terrier came to his bedroom door, and scratched<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">Page 293</a></span> and
+yelled to be admitted. When this had been done, he immediately rushed
+to a closet-door in the room, at which he barked most furiously. His
+master, becoming alarmed, fastened the door, and having obtained the
+assistance of his servants, a notorious thief was discovered in the
+closet.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. White, of Selborne, relates a pleasing anecdote of affection,
+which existed between two incongruous animals&mdash;a horse and a hen, and
+which showed a mutual fellowship and kindness for each other. The
+following anecdote, communicated to me by a clergyman in Devonshire,
+affords another proof of affection between two animals of opposite
+natures. I will give it in his own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Some few months since it was necessary to confine our little terrier
+bitch, on account of distemper. The prison-door was constructed of
+open bars; and shortly after the dog was placed in durance, we
+observed a bantam cock gazing compassionately at the melancholy
+inmate, who, doubtless, sadly missed its warm rug by the parlour fire.
+At last the bantam contrived to squeeze through the bars, and a
+friendship of a most unusual kind commenced. Pylades and Orestes,
+Nisus and Euryalus, could not have been bound by closer bonds of
+affection. The bantam scarcely forsook the poor prisoner's cell for
+its daily food, and when it did the dog became uneasy, whining till
+her friend returned, and then it was most amusing to watch the actions
+of the biped and quadruped.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">Page 294</a></span> As the dog became worse, so did the
+bantam's attentions redouble; and by way of warming the dog, it took
+its place between the forelegs, and then the little animal settled
+luxuriously down on the bird, seeming to enjoy the warmth imparted by
+the feathers. In this position, and nestled closely side by side, did
+this curious pair pass some weeks, till death put an end to the poor
+dog and this singular friendship. It must be added for the bantam's
+honour, that he was most melancholy for some time afterwards."</p>
+
+<p>The same clergyman also communicated to me the following anecdote
+illustrative of the sagacity of terriers.</p>
+
+<p>He says that "his brother-in-law, who has a house in Woburn Place, and
+another in the City, had a wire-haired terrier named Bob, of
+extraordinary sagacity. The dog's knowledge of London and his
+adventures would form a little history. His master was in the habit,
+occasionally, of spending a few days at Gravesend, but did not always
+take his dog with him. Bob, left behind one day against his liking,
+scampered off to London Bridge, and out of the numerous steamers
+boarded the Gravesend boat, disembarked at that place, went to the
+accustomed inn, and not finding his master there, got on board the
+steamer again and returned to town. He then called at several places
+usually frequented by his master, and afterwards went home to Woburn
+Place. He has frequently been stolen, but always returns, sometimes in
+sad plight, with a broken cord round his neck, and with signs of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">Page 295</a></span>
+ill-usage; but still he contrives to escape from the dog-stealers."</p>
+
+<p>I once took a favourite terrier with me to a house I had hired in
+Manchester Street. He had never been in London before. While the
+carriage was unloading in which the dog had been conveyed, he was
+missed, and I could hear nothing of him for nearly a fortnight; at the
+end of that time he found his way back to the house, with a short cord
+round his neck, which he had evidently gnawed off. How he came to find
+his way back is not a little to be wondered at. His joy on seeing me
+again I cannot forget. Poor Peter! when he got old, and my rides
+became too long for him, he pretended to be lame after accompanying me
+a short distance, and would then trot back without any appearance of
+lameness.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote proves the kind disposition of a terrier. A
+kitten, only a few hours old, had been put into a pail of water, in
+the stable-yard of an inn, for the purpose of drowning it. It had
+remained there for a minute or two, until it was to all appearance
+dead, when a terrier bitch, attached to the stables, took the kitten
+from the water, and carried it off in her mouth. She suckled and
+watched over it with great care, and it throve well. The dog was at
+the same time suckling a puppy about ten weeks old, but which did not
+seem at all displeased with the intruder.</p>
+
+<p>I had once an opportunity of witnessing the sense of a terrier. I was
+riding on Sunbury Common, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">Page 296</a></span> many roads diverge, when a terrier
+ran up, evidently in pursuit of his master. On arriving at one of the
+three roads, he put his nose to the ground and snuffed along it; he
+then went to the second, and did the same; but when he came to the
+third, he ran along it as fast as he could, without once putting down
+his nose to the ground. This fact has been noticed by others, but I
+never before witnessed it myself.</p>
+
+<p>At Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherlandshire (then the seat of the Marquis
+of Stafford now of the Duke of Sutherland), there was to be seen, in
+May 1820, a terrier bitch nursing a brood of ducklings. She had a
+litter of whelps a few weeks before, which were taken from her and
+drowned. The unfortunate mother was quite disconsolate till she
+perceived the brood of ducklings, which she immediately seized and
+carried to her lair, where she retained them, following them out and
+in with the greatest care, and nursing them, after her own fashion,
+with the most affectionate anxiety. When the ducklings, following
+their natural instinct, went into the water, their foster-mother
+exhibited the utmost alarm; and as soon as they returned to land she
+snatched them up in her mouth, and ran home with them. What adds to
+the singularity of this circumstance is, that the same animal when
+deprived of a litter of puppies the year preceding, seized two
+cock-chickens, which she reared with the like care she bestows upon
+her present family. When the young cocks began to try their voices,
+their foster-mother was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">Page 297</a></span> as much annoyed as she now seems to be by the
+swimming of the ducklings, and never failed to repress their attempts
+at crowing.</p>
+
+<p>The foreman of a brickmaker, at Erith in Kent, went from home in
+company with his wife, and left her at the Plough at Northend with his
+brother, while he proceeded across the fields to inspect some repairs
+at a cottage. In about an hour after his departure, his dog, a small
+Scotch terrier, which had accompanied him, returned to the Plough,
+jumped into the lap of his mistress, pawed her about, and whined
+piteously. She at first took no particular notice of the animal, but
+pushed him from her. He then caught hold of her clothes, pulled at
+them repeatedly, and continued to whine incessantly. He endeavoured,
+also, in a similar way to attract the attention of the brother. At
+last all present noticed his importunate anxiety, and the wife then
+said she was convinced something had happened to her husband. The
+brother and the wife, with several others, went out and followed the
+dog, who led them through the darkness of the night, which was very
+great, to the top of a precipice, nearly fifty feet deep; and standing
+on the bank, held his head over, and howled in a most distressing
+manner. They were convinced that the poor man had fallen over; and
+having gone round to the bottom of the pit, they found him, lying
+under the spot indicated by the dog, quite dead.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">Page 298</a></span>The following anecdote is copied from a recent number of "The
+Field:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I well remember, when a boy, at Barton-upon-Humber, a certain "keel"
+employed in the Yorkshire corn-trade, on board which the captain had a
+dog, possessed of some traces of terrier blood, smooth-coated, and of
+a pure white colour, his neck and back adorned with stumpy bristles,
+which ruffled up at the slightest provocation&mdash;altogether he looked a
+mongrel cur enough, but he was an excellent sailor, for he attended
+his master on all his trading expeditions, and never deserted his
+ship. One day, while the keel lay in Barton Haven, the dog was lost,
+and great was the consternation in consequence. Diligent search was
+made in the town and neighbourhood, but every effort to discover the
+missing animal proved unavailing. Month after month passed away, the
+keel went and came on her accustomed avocations, and poor Keeper was
+forgotten&mdash;considered by his master to be dead. Judge, therefore, the
+man's surprise when one day steering with difficulty his vessel into
+Goole Harbour, which was crowded with shipping at the time, his glance
+suddenly fell upon his faithful and long-lost dog, buffeting the water
+at a considerable distance from the keel, but making eagerly towards
+her. By the aid of a piece of tar-rope, which was dangling round the
+dog's neck, and a friendly boat-hook, he was lifted quite exhausted on
+to the deck of his master's craft, when it became at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">Page 299</a></span> once apparent
+that he had long been kept a prisoner, most probably on board a
+vessel, by some one who had stolen him at Barton. The cause of the
+poor dog's sudden reappearance was undoubtedly his having heard his
+master's well-remembered voice; but it is strange he should have been
+able to distinguish at so great a distance, and when swelling that
+chorus of hoarse bawling which arises from a hundred husky throats
+when a Yorkshire keelman is engaged forcing his craft into a crowded
+harbour; and it is also equally touching, that when roused by the
+distant sound, the poor beast should have plunged, encumbered as he
+was with the rope he had just burst asunder, so gallantly into the
+water&mdash;an element he was ill-adapted to move in, and in which his
+master declared he had never seen him before.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_TERRIER" id="Illustration_TAIL_TERRIER"></a>
+<img src="images/t-terrier.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">Page 300</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_SPANIEL" id="Illustration_SPANIEL"></a>
+<img src="images/spaniel.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="SPANIEL." title="SPANIEL." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE SPANIEL.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Though once a puppy, and a fop by name,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here moulders one whose bones some honour claim;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No sycophant, although of Spanish race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And though no hound, a martyr to the chase.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye pheasants, rabbits, leverets rejoice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your haunts no longer echo to his voice;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This record of his fate, exulting view&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He died worn out with vain pursuit of you.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Yes,' the indignant shade of <em>Fop</em> replies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'And worn with <em>vain pursuits</em>, man also dies.'"&mdash;<span class="person">Cowper.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Poor Doll! the very name of spaniel reminds me of you. How well do I
+now see your long pendent ears, your black expressive eyes, your
+short, well-rounded mouth, your diminutive but strong legs, almost
+hidden by the long, silky hair from your stomach, and hear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">Page 301</a></span> you sing
+as you lie on the rug before a good fire in the winter, after a hard
+day's cock or snipe-shooting, wet and tired with your indefatigable
+exertions! Yes&mdash;strange as it may sound, Doll would sing in her way,
+as I have stated in a previous page; and such was her sagacity, that
+in process of time when I said, "Sing, Doll," she gave vent to the
+sounds, and varied them as I exclaimed, "Louder, louder." All this
+time she appeared to be fast asleep.&mdash;And what a dog she was in thick
+cover, or in rushy swamps! No day was too long for her, nor could a
+woodcock or snipe escape her "unerring nose:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Still her unerring nose would wind it&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If above ground was sure to find it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Monsieur Blaze also tells us, that a gentleman had a dog which he
+taught to utter a particular musical note, and that the animal made a
+cry which very much resembled it. He then sounded another note close
+to the ear of the dog, saying to him, "Too high, or too low,"
+according to the degree of intonation. The animal finished by pretty
+correctly giving the note which was required.</p>
+
+<p>An account is given in the "Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle," of a spaniel,
+who, if he heard any one play or sing a certain air, "L'&acirc;ne de notre
+moulin est mort, la pauvre b&ecirc;te," &amp;c., which is a lamentable ditty, in
+the minor key, the dog looked very pitifully, then gaped repeatedly,
+showing increasing signs of impatience and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">Page 302</a></span> uneasiness. He would then
+sit upright on his hind-legs, and begin to howl louder and louder till
+the music stopped. No other air ever affected him, and he never
+noticed any music till the air in question was played or sung. He then
+manifested, without exception or variation, the series of actions
+which have been described.</p>
+
+<p>I knew a dog which howled whenever it was pitied, and another whose
+ear was so sensitive, that it could never bear to hear me make a
+moaning noise. I have likewise seen a dog affected by peculiar notes
+played on a violoncello.</p>
+
+<p>It is only now and then that such dogs as Doll are to be met with, and
+when they are, they are invaluable, either as sporting dogs or as
+companions. In the latter capacity Doll was quite delightful. In an
+early May morning, when she knew that no shooting was going forward,
+she would frisk around me as I strolled in a meadow, gay with my
+favourite cowslips, or run before me as I passed along a lane, where
+primroses were peeping out of its mossy sides, looking back every now
+and then to see if I was following her. There was the dew still
+glittering on the flowers, which, from their situation, had not yet
+felt the influence of the morning sun, reminding me of some favourite
+lines by my favourite poet, Herrick:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Fall on me like a silent dew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or like those maiden showers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which, by the peep of day, do strew<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><em>A baptism o'er the flowers</em>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">Page 303</a></span>How delightful it is to think of these bygone walks, and how pleasant
+to call to mind these traits of a favourite and faithful animal! The
+poet Cowper was never more engaging than when he describes his vain
+attempts to reach the flower of a water-lily, as he was strolling
+along the banks of a stream attended by his spaniel, and afterwards
+discovering that the sagacious animal had been in the river and
+plucked it for him.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance of wonderful sagacity in this breed of dogs may be
+here noticed.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman shooting wild fowl one day on a lake in Ireland, was
+accompanied by a sagacious spaniel. He wounded a wild duck, which swam
+about the lake, and dived occasionally, followed by the dog. The bird
+at last got to some distance, and lowered itself in the water, as
+ducks are known to do when they are wounded and pursued, leaving
+nothing but his head out of it. The dog swam about for some time in
+search of his prey, but all scent was lost, and he obeyed his master's
+call, and returned to the shore. He had no sooner arrived there,
+however, than he ran with the greatest eagerness to the top of some
+high ground close to the lake. On arriving there, he was seen looking
+round in every direction; and having at last perceived the spot where
+the duck was endeavouring to conceal itself, he again rushed into the
+water, made directly to the spot he had previously marked, and at last
+succeeded in securing the wounded bird.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">Page 304</a></span>A spaniel which had been kindly treated and fed, during the absence of
+his master, in the kitchen of a neighbour, showed his gratitude not
+only by greeting the cook when he met her, but on one occasion he laid
+down at her feet a bird which he had caught, wagged his tail and
+departed; thus showing that he had not forgotten the favours he had
+received.</p>
+
+<p>The following old, but interesting anecdote, is taken from Daniel's
+"Rural Sports:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A few days before the overthrow of Robespierre, a revolutionary
+tribunal had condemned M. R&mdash;&mdash;, an upright magistrate and a most
+estimable man, on a pretence of finding him guilty of a conspiracy.
+His faithful dog, a spaniel, was with him when he was seized, but was
+not suffered to enter the prison. He took refuge with a neighbour of
+his master's, and every day at the same hour returned to the door of
+the prison, but was still refused admittance. He, however, uniformly
+passed some time there, and his unremitting fidelity won upon the
+porter, and the dog was allowed to enter. The meeting may be better
+imagined than described. The gaoler, however, fearful for himself,
+carried the dog out of the prison; but he returned the next morning,
+and was regularly admitted on each day afterwards. When the day of
+sentence arrived, the dog, notwithstanding the guards, penetrated into
+the hall, where he lay crouched between the legs of his master. Again,
+at the hour of execution, the faithful dog is there; the knife of the
+guillotine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">Page 305</a></span> falls&mdash;he will not leave the lifeless and headless body.
+The first night, the next day, and the second night, his absence
+alarmed his new patron, who, guessing whither he had retired, sought
+him, and found him stretched upon his master's grave. From this time,
+for three months, every morning the mourner returned to his protector
+merely to receive food, and then again retreated to the grave. At
+length he refused food, his patience seemed exhausted, and with
+temporary strength, supplied by his long-tried and unexhausted
+affection, for twenty-four hours he was observed to employ his
+weakened limbs in digging up the earth that separated him from the
+being he had served. His powers, however, here gave way; he shrieked
+in his struggles, and at length ceased to breathe, with his last look
+turned upon the grave."</p>
+
+<p>The late Rev. Mr. Corsellis, of Wivenhoe, in Essex, had an old
+gamekeeper who had reared a spaniel, which became his constant
+companion, day and night. Wherever the keeper appeared Dash was close
+behind him, and was of infinite use in his master's nocturnal
+excursions. The game at night was never regarded, although in the day
+no spaniel could find it in better style, or in a greater quantity. If
+at night, however, a strange foot entered the coverts, Dash, by a
+significant whine, informed his master that an enemy was abroad, and
+thus many poachers have been detected. After many years of friendly
+companionship the keeper was seized with a disease<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">Page 306</a></span> which terminated
+in death. Whilst the slow but fatal progress of his disorder allowed
+him to crawl about, Dash, as usual, followed his footsteps; and when
+nature was nearly exhausted, and he took to his bed, the faithful
+animal unweariedly attended at the foot of it. When he died the dog
+would not quit the body, but lay on the bed by its side. It was with
+difficulty he could be induced to eat any food; and though after the
+burial he was caressed with all the tenderness which so fond an
+attachment naturally called forth, he took every opportunity to steal
+back to the room where his old master died. Here he would remain for
+hours, and from thence he daily visited his grave. At the end,
+however, of fourteen days, notwithstanding every kindness and
+attention shown him, the poor faithful animal died, a victim of grief
+for the loss of his master.</p>
+
+<p>In recording such an instance of affection, it is impossible not to
+feel regret that animals capable of so much attachment should ever be
+subjected to ill-usage. Whenever they are treated with kindness and
+affection, they are ready to return it four-fold. It is generally
+ill-treatment which produces ferocity or indifference, and the former
+must be very great before the love of their master can be conquered.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine records the following story of a dog which he had found:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I one day picked up in the streets an old spaniel bitch, that some
+boys were worrying, from which her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">Page 307</a></span> natural timidity rendered her
+incapable of defending herself. Grateful for the protection, she
+readily followed me home, where she was placed among other dogs, in
+expectation of finding an owner for her; but which not happening, she
+spent the remainder of her life (three or four years) in this asylum.
+Convinced she was safe and well treated, I had few opportunities of
+particularly noticing her afterwards, and she attached herself
+principally to the man who fed her. At a future period, when
+inspecting the sick dogs, I observed her in great pain, occasionally
+crying out. Supposing her to be affected in her bowels, and having no
+suspicion she was in pup, I directed some castor-oil to be given her.
+The next day she was still worse, when I examined her more
+attentively, and, to my surprise, discovered that a young one
+obstructed the passage, and which she was totally unable to bring
+forth. I placed her on a table, and, after some difficulty, succeeded
+in detaching the puppy from her. The relief she instantly felt
+produced an effect I shall never forget; she licked my hands, and when
+put on the ground she did the same to my feet, danced round me, and
+screamed with gratitude and joy.</p>
+
+<p>"From this time to her death, which did not happen till two years
+after, she never forgot the benefit she had received; on the contrary,
+whenever I approached, she was boisterous in evincing her gratitude
+and regard, and would never let me rest till, by noticing her, I had
+convinced her that I was sensible of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">Page 308</a></span> caresses. The difference
+between her behaviour before this accident and after it was so pointed
+and striking, that it was impossible to mistake the grateful sense she
+had ever retained of the kindness which had been shown to her."</p>
+
+<p>Spaniels in cover are merry and cheerful companions, all life and
+animation. They hunt, they frisk about, watching the movements of
+their master, and are indefatigable in their exertions to find game
+for him. Their neat shape, their beautiful coats, their cleanly
+habits, their insinuating attention, incessant attendance, and
+faithful obedience, insure for them general favour. It is almost
+impossible, therefore, not to have the greatest attachment and
+affection for them, especially as few dogs evince so much sagacity,
+sincerity, patience, fidelity, and gratitude. From the time they are
+thrown off in the field, as a proof of the pleasure they feel in being
+employed, the tail is in perpetual motion, upon the increased
+vibration of which the experienced sportsman well knows when he is
+getting nearer to the game. As the dog approaches it, the more
+energetic he becomes. Tremulous whimpers escape him as a matter of
+doubt occurs, and he is all eagerness as he hits again on the scent.
+The Clumber breed of spaniels have long been celebrated for their
+strength and powers of endurance, their unerring nose, and for hunting
+mute&mdash;a great qualification where game abounds. This breed has been
+preserved in its purity by the successive Dukes of Newcastle, and may
+be con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">Page 309</a></span>sidered as an aristocratic apanage to their country seats. Nor
+should the fine breed of spaniels belonging to the Earl of Albemarle
+be passed by in silence. They are black and tan, of a large size, with
+long ears, and very much feathered about the legs. They are excellent
+retrievers; and those who have seen will not soon forget Sir Edwin
+Landseer's charming picture of the late Lord Albemarle's celebrated
+dog Chancellor, and one of his progeny, holding a dead rabbit between
+them, as if equally eager to bring it to their amiable master. These
+dogs, like those of the Clumber breed, hunt mute, and seldom range out
+of shot.</p>
+
+<p>While on the subject of Lord Albemarle's breed of dogs, I may mention
+an extraordinary fact which I noticed in a former work, and which I
+witnessed myself. I allude to the circumstance of a favourite dog
+having died after producing a litter of puppies, which were adopted,
+suckled, and brought up by a young bitch of the same breed, who never
+had any whelps of her own, or indeed was in the way of having any. The
+flow of milk of the foster-mother was quite sufficient for the
+sustenance of the adopted offspring, and enabled her to support and
+bring them up with as much care and affection as if they had been her
+own. Here was an absence of that <em>notus odor</em> which enables animals to
+distinguish their young from those of others, and also of that
+distension of milk which makes the suckling their young so delightful
+to them. Indeed it may be observed how beautifully and providentially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">Page 310</a></span>
+it has been ordered, that the process of suckling their young is as
+pleasurable to the parent animal as it is essential to the support of
+the infant progeny. The mamm&aelig; of animals become painful when
+over-distended with milk. Drawing off that fluid removes positive
+uneasiness and affords positive pleasure. In the present instance,
+however, nothing of the sort was the case, and therefore we can only
+look to that kindliness of disposition and intelligence with which
+many animals are so strongly endowed as the reason of the singular
+adoption referred to. I am aware that this fact has been doubted, but
+it is too well known and authenticated to admit of the possibility of
+any mistake. In this instance it must be allowed that the usually
+defined bounds of instinct were exceeded. If so, distress at hearing
+the cries of the helpless young must have acted forcibly on the kindly
+feelings of a poor brute, and thus induced her to act in the manner I
+have described.</p>
+
+<p>Spaniels, like other dogs, possess the power of finding their way to
+their homes from distances of considerable extent, and over ground
+they have not before traversed.</p>
+
+<p>A lady residing at Richmond (Mrs. Grosvenor) gave the Rev. Leonard
+Jenyns the following anecdote of a dog and cat. A little Blenheim
+spaniel of hers once accompanied her to the house of a relative, where
+it was taken into the kitchen to be fed, when two large favourite cats
+flew at it several times, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">Page 311</a></span> scratched it severely. The spaniel was
+in the habit of following its mistress in her walks in the garden, and
+by degrees it formed a friendship with a young cat of the gardener's,
+which it tempted into the house,&mdash;first into the hall, and then into
+the kitchen,&mdash;where, on finding one of the large cats, the spaniel and
+its ally fell on it together, and, without further provocation, beat
+it well; they then waited for the other, which they served in the same
+manner, and finally drove both cats from the kitchen. The two friends
+continued afterwards to eat off the same plate as long as the spaniel
+remained with her mistress in the house.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman residing at Worcester had a favourite spaniel, which he
+brought with him to London inside the coach. After having been in town
+a day or two he missed the dog, and wrote to acquaint his family at
+Worcester of his loss. He received an answer informing him that he
+need not distress himself about "Rose," as she had arrived at her old
+house at Worcester five days after she had been lost in London, but
+very thin and out of condition. This same dog was a great favourite,
+and much domesticated. She formed a friendship with the cat, and when
+before the fire the latter would lie down in the most familiar manner
+by the side of the dog. When the dog had puppies, the cat was in the
+habit of sucking her; and it happened more than once that both had
+young ones at the same time, when the cat might be seen sucking the
+bitch, and the kittens taking their nourishment from the cat.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">Page 312</a></span>A friend of mine, who then resided in South Wales, had a team of
+spaniels, which he used for woodcock shooting. As he was leaving the
+country for a considerable length of time, he gave permission to some
+of his neighbours to take out his spaniels when they wanted them. One
+of these was a remarkably good dog, but of rather a surly disposition,
+and had, in consequence, been but little petted or noticed by his
+master. Notwithstanding this, nothing could induce him either to
+follow or hunt with those to whom he was lent. In order, therefore, to
+make him of any use, it was necessary to get his feeder to accompany
+the shooting party, and the dog would then take to hunt in cover; but
+if this man returned home, the dog would find it out and be there
+before him. At the end of nearly six years his master returned into
+Wales, and near the house discovered his old dog, apparently asleep.
+Knowing his ferocious disposition, he did not venture to go close to
+him, but called him by name, which did not appear to excite the
+animal's attention. No sooner, however, did the dog hear an old
+exciting <em>cover-call</em>, than he jumped up, sprang to his old master,
+and showed his affection for him in every possible way. When the
+shooting season came, he proved himself to be as good a dog as ever.</p>
+
+<p>Mons. Blaze says, that a fondness for the chase does not always make a
+dog forget his fidelity to his master. He was one day shooting wild
+ducks with a friend near Versailles, when, as soon as the first shot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">Page 313</a></span>
+was fired, a fine spaniel dog joined and began to caress them. They
+shot during the whole day, and the dog hunted with the greatest zeal
+and alacrity. Supposing him to be a stray dog, they began to think of
+appropriating him to themselves; but as soon as the sport was over,
+the dog ran away. They afterwards discovered that he belonged to one
+of the keepers, who was confined to his house by illness. His duty,
+however, was to shoot ducks on one particular day of the week, when he
+was accompanied by this spaniel; he lived six miles from the spot, and
+the dog, knowing the precise day, had come there to enjoy his usual
+sport, and then returned to his master.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most extraordinary cases on record of a friendship between
+two most dissimilar animals, a spaniel and a partridge, is narrated by
+a writer in whom implicit confidence may be placed:&mdash;"We were lately
+(in 1823) visiting in a house, where a very pleasing and singular
+portrait attracted our observation: it was that of a young lady,
+represented with a partridge perched upon her shoulder, and a dog with
+his feet on her arm. We recognised it as a representation of the lady
+of the house; but were at a loss to account for the odd association of
+her companions. She observed our surprise, and at once gave the
+history of the bird and the spaniel. They were both, some years back,
+domesticated in her family. The dog was an old parlour favourite, who
+went by the name of Tom; the partridge was more recently introduced
+from France, and an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">Page 314</a></span>swered to the equally familiar name of Bill. It
+was rather a dangerous experiment to place them together, for Tom was
+a lively and spirited creature, very apt to torment the cats, and to
+bark at any object which roused his instinct. But the experiment was
+tried; and Bill, being very tame, did not feel much alarm at his
+natural enemy. They were, of course, shy at first; but this shyness
+gradually wore off: the bird became less timid, and the dog less bold.
+The most perfect friendship was at length established between them.
+When the hour of dinner arrived, the partridge invariably flew on his
+mistress's shoulder, calling with that shrill note which is so well
+known to sportsmen; and the spaniel leapt about with equal ardour. One
+dish of bread and milk was placed on the floor, out of which the
+spaniel and bird fed together. After their social meal, the dog would
+retire to a corner to sleep, while the partridge would nestle between
+his legs, and never stir till his favourite awoke. Whenever the dog
+accompanied his mistress out, the bird displayed the utmost
+disquietude till his return; and once, when the partridge was shut up
+by accident a whole day, the dog searched about the house, with a
+mournful cry which indicated the strength of his affection. The
+friendship of Tom and Bill was at length fatally terminated. The
+beautiful little dog was stolen; and the bird from that time refused
+food, and died on the seventh day, a victim to his grief."</p>
+
+<p>A friend of mine has a small spaniel, which very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">Page 315</a></span> recently showed
+great sagacity. This dog, which is much attached to him, was left
+under the care of a servant while his master paid a visit of a few
+weeks in Hampshire. The poor animal was so miserable during his
+absence, that he was informed of it, and directed the dog to be sent
+to him in a hamper, which was done. He was overjoyed at the sight of
+his kind master, and remained perfectly contented at his new abode.
+When preparations were making for his departure, the day before it
+took place, the dog was evidently aware of what was going forward, and
+showed his dread of being again left behind, by keeping as close as
+possible to the feet of his master during the evening. On getting up
+very early the next morning, before daylight, he found on opening his
+door that the apprehensive animal was lying before it, although it was
+winter, and very cold. At breakfast the dog not only nestled against
+his feet, but rubbed himself so much against them, that he was at last
+turned out of the room. On going into his dressing-room, where the dog
+had been in the habit of sleeping in a warm basket before a good fire,
+he found him coiled up in his portmanteau, which had been left open
+nearly packed.</p>
+
+<p>In this instance, the animal's knowledge of what was going forward was
+very evident, and his fear of being left behind could not be more
+strongly expressed; thus affording another proof that animals are
+possessed of a faculty much beyond mere instinct.</p>
+
+<p>A young gentleman lately residing in Edinburgh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">Page 316</a></span> was master of a
+handsome spaniel bitch, which he had bought from a dealer in dogs. The
+animal had been educated to steal for the benefit of its protector;
+but it was some time ere his new master became aware of this
+irregularity of morals, and he was not a little astonished and teazed
+by its constantly bringing home articles of which it had feloniously
+obtained possession. Perceiving, at length, that the animal proceeded
+systematically in this sort of behaviour, he used to amuse his
+friends, by causing the spaniel to give proofs of her sagacity in the
+Spartan art of privately stealing; putting, of course, the shopkeepers
+where he meant she should exercise her faculty on their guard as to
+the issue.</p>
+
+<p>The process was curious, and excites some surprise at the pains which
+must have been bestowed to qualify the animal for these practices. As
+soon as the master entered the shop, the dog seemed to avoid all
+appearance of recognizing or acknowledging any connexion with him, but
+lounged about in an indolent, disengaged, and independent sort of
+manner, as if she had come into the shop of her own accord. In the
+course of looking over some wares, his master indicated by a touch on
+the parcel and a look towards the spaniel, that which he desired she
+should appropriate, and then left the shop. The dog, whose watchful
+eye caught the hint in an instant, instead of following his master out
+of the shop, continued to sit at the door, or lie by the fire,
+watching the counter, until she observed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">Page 317</a></span> attention of the people
+of the shop withdrawn from the prize which she wished to secure.
+Whenever she saw an opportunity of doing so, as she imagined,
+unobserved, she never failed to jump upon the counter with her fore
+feet, possess herself of the gloves, or whatever else had been pointed
+out to her, and escape from the shop to join her master.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman lately communicated to me the following fact:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>His avocations frequently took him by the side of St. Bride's
+Churchyard, in London. Whenever he passed it, in the course of some
+two or three years, he always saw a spaniel at one particular
+grave&mdash;it was the grave of his master. There, month after month, and
+year after year, did this faithful animal remain, as if to guard the
+remains of the being he loved. No cold, however severe, no rain,
+however violent, no sun, however hot, could drive this affectionate
+creature from a spot which was so endeared to him. The good-natured
+sexton of the churchyard, (and the fact is recorded to his honour,)
+brought food daily to the dog, and then pitying his exposure to the
+weather, scooped out a hole by the side of the grave, and thatched it
+over.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from the Percy collection of Anecdotes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Two spaniels, mother and son, were self-hunting in Mr. Drake's woods,
+near Amersham, in Bucks. The gamekeeper shot the mother; the son,
+frightened, ran<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">Page 318</a></span> away for an hour or two, and then returned to look
+for his mother. Having found her dead body, he laid himself down by
+her, and was found in that situation the next day by his master, who
+took him home, together with the body of the mother. Six weeks did
+this affectionate creature refuse all consolation, and almost all
+nutriment. He became, at length, universally convulsed, and died of
+grief.</p>
+
+<p>These two anecdotes would form a pretty picture of fidelity and
+kindness, and there is one (I need not mention Sir Edwin Landseer) who
+would do justice to them.</p>
+
+<p>I may here remark, that the dogs of poor people generally show more
+attachment to their masters than those of the rich. Their fidelity
+appears greater, and more lasting. Misery would seem to tighten the
+cord of affection between them. They both suffer the same privations
+together of hunger, cold, and thirst, but these never shake the
+affection of a dog for his master. The animal's resignation is
+perfect, and his love unbounded. How beautifully has Sir Walter Scott
+described the affection of a dog for his master, who fell down a
+precipice in a fog near the Helvellyn Mountains, in Cumberland, and
+was dashed to pieces. It was not till more than three months
+afterwards that his remains were discovered, when his faithful dog was
+still guarding them.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Dark green was the spot 'mid the brown mountain heather,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the pilgrim of nature lay stretch'd in decay;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like the corpse of an outcast abandon'd to weather,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Till the mountain winds wasted the tenantless clay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For faithful in death his mute fav'rite attended,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The much-lov'd remains of his master defended,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And chas'd the hill fox and the raven away."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">Page 319</a></span>Nor are the preceding anecdotes solitary instances of the affection of
+dogs for their departed masters. Mr. Youatt, in his work on "Humanity
+to Brutes," which does him so much credit, has recorded the following
+fact, very similar to the one already given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Opposite to the house of a gentleman, near the churchyard of St.
+Olave, Southwark, where the receptacles of humanity are in many parts
+dilapidated, was an aperture just large enough to admit a dog. It led
+along a kind of sink to a dark cavity, close to which a person had
+recently been buried. It was inhabited by his dog, who was to be seen
+occasionally moving into or out of the cavern, which he had taken
+possession of the day of the funeral. How he obtained any food during
+the first two or three months no one knew, but he at length attracted
+the attention of a gentleman who lived opposite, and who ordered his
+servant regularly to supply the dog with food. He used, after a while,
+to come occasionally to this house for what was provided for him. He
+was not sullen, but there was a melancholy expression in his
+countenance, which, once observed, would never be forgotten. As soon
+as he had finished his hasty meal, he would gaze for a moment on his
+benefactor. It was an expressive look,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">Page 320</a></span> but one which could not be
+misunderstood. It conveyed all the thanks that a broken heart could
+give. He then entombed himself once more for three or four days, when
+he crawled out again with his eyes sunk and his coat dishevelled. Two
+years he remained faithful to the memory of the being he had lost, and
+then, according to the most authentic account of him, having been
+missing several days, he was found dead in his retreat.</p>
+
+<p>From a letter written by a gentleman at Dijon in France, to his friend
+in London, dated August 15, 1764, we have the following account of a
+murder discovered by a dog:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Since my arrival here a man has been broken on the wheel, with no
+other proof to condemn him than that of a water-spaniel. The
+circumstances attending it being so very singular and striking, I beg
+leave to communicate them to you. A farmer, who had been to receive a
+sum of money, was waylaid, robbed, and murdered, by two villains. The
+farmer's dog returned with all speed to the house of the person who
+had paid the money, and expressed such amazing anxiety that he would
+follow him, pulling him several times by the sleeve and skirt of the
+coat, that, at length, the gentleman yielded to his importunity. The
+dog led him to the field, a little from the roadside, where the body
+lay. From thence the gentleman went to a public-house, in order to
+alarm the country. The moment he entered, (as the two villains were
+there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">Page 321</a></span> drinking,) the dog seized the murderer by the throat, and the
+other made his escape. This man lay in prison three months, during
+which time they visited him once a-week with the spaniel, and though
+they made him change his clothes with other prisoners, and always
+stand in the midst of a crowd, yet did the animal always find him out,
+and fly at him. On the day of trial, when the prisoner was at the bar,
+the dog was let loose in the court-house, and in the midst of some
+hundreds he found him out (though dressed entirely in new clothes),
+and would have torn him to pieces had he been allowed; in consequence
+of which he was condemned, and at the place of execution he confessed
+the fact. Surely so useful, so disinterestedly faithful an animal,
+should not be so barbarously treated as I have often seen them,
+particularly in London."</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote has been well authenticated, and the fact which
+it records is still remembered by many individuals yet alive:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Alderman Yearsley, of Congleton, in Cheshire, had a favourite
+large water-spaniel named Fanny, which, in the hands of Providence,
+was the instrument of saving a very valuable life.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1774 Mr. Yearsley had gone out one evening with a friend
+to a tavern, and the dog accompanied him. A short time before he was
+expected home, and while Mrs. Yearsley happened to be washing her
+hands in the back kitchen, the spaniel returned and scratched at the
+door for admittance. Being let<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">Page 322</a></span> in, she followed her mistress into the
+kitchen, where she set up a strange sort of whining, or barking, and
+turned towards the street-door, as if beckoning her mistress to
+follow. This she repeated several times, to the great astonishment of
+the lady. At length a thought struck her that Mr. Yearsley might have
+met with some accident in the street, and that the spaniel was come to
+guide her to her husband. Alarmed at this idea, she hastily followed
+the animal, which led her to Mr. Yearsley, whom she found in perfect
+health, sitting in the house to which he had gone. She told him the
+cause of her coming, and got herself laughed at for her pains. But
+what were the feelings of both, when they were informed by their next
+neighbours that the kitchen fell in almost the very instant Mrs.
+Yearsley had shut the street-door, and that the wash-hand basin she
+had left was crushed into a thousand pieces! The animal was ever
+afterwards treated with no ordinary attention, and died thirteen years
+later, at the age of sixteen. Her death, we regret to add, was
+occasioned by the bite of a mad dog.</p>
+
+<p>In the "Notes of a Naturalist," published in Chambers' "Edinburgh
+Journal," a work which cannot be too much commended for its agreeable
+information, is the following anecdote, which I give with the remarks
+of the author upon it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It appears to me, that in the general manifestations of the animal
+mind, some one of the senses is employed in preference to the
+others&mdash;that sense, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">Page 323</a></span> instance, which is most acute and perfect in
+the animal. In the dog, for example, the sense of smell predominates;
+and we accordingly find that, through the medium of this sense, his
+mental faculties are most commonly exercised. A gentleman had a
+favourite spaniel, which for a long time was in the habit of
+accompanying him in all his walks, and became his attached companion.
+This gentleman had occasion to leave home, and was absent for more
+than a year, during which time he had never seen the dog. On his
+return along with a friend, while yet at a little distance from the
+house, they perceived the spaniel lying beside the gate. He thought
+that this would be a good opportunity of testing the memory of his
+favourite; and he accordingly arranged with his companion, who was
+quite unknown to the dog, that they should both walk up to the animal,
+and express no signs of recognition. As they both approached nearer,
+the dog started up, and gazed at them attentively; but he discovered
+no signs of recognition, even at their near approach. At last he came
+up to the stranger, put his nose close to his clothes, and smelt him,
+without any signs of emotion. He then did the same to his old master;
+but no sooner had he smelt him, than recognition instantly took place;
+he leaped up to his face repeatedly, and showed symptoms of the most
+extravagant joy. He followed him into the house, and watched his every
+movement, and could by no means be diverted from his person. Here was
+an instance of deficient me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">Page 324</a></span>mory through the organs of sight, but an
+accurate recollection through the organs of smell." In a preceding
+anecdote, I have recorded an instance of a spaniel recognising the
+voice of his master after a lapse of six years. In that case, it was
+evident that the recollection of a particular sound enabled the dog to
+know his master, without having had recourse to the sense of smelling,
+which, however, would probably have been equally available had it been
+exercised.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1800, Mrs. Osburn, who lived a few miles out of London,
+went to town to receive a large sum of money granted her by Parliament
+for discovering a lithontryptic medicine. She received the money, and
+returned back with it in her own carriage to the country, without
+anything particular happening to her on the road. It was evening when
+she arrived at home; and being fatigued with her journey, she retired
+early to rest. On her stepping into bed, she was somewhat surprised at
+the importunities of a small King Charles's dog, which was a great
+pet, and always slept in her bedchamber. He became exceedingly
+troublesome, and kept pulling the bedclothes with all his strength.
+She chid him repeatedly, and in an angry tone of voice desired him to
+lie still, that she might go to sleep. The dog, however, still
+persisted in his efforts, and kept pulling the bedclothes; and at
+length leaped on the bed, and endeavoured with the most determined
+perseverance to pull off the bedclothes. Mrs. Osburn then conceived
+there must be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">Page 325</a></span> some extraordinary cause for this unusual conduct on
+the part of her dog, and leaped out of bed; and being a lady of some
+courage, put on her petticoat, and placed a brace of pistols by her
+side, which she had always ready loaded in a closet adjoining her
+bed-room, and proceeded down-stairs. When she had reached the first
+landing-place, she saw her coachman coming down the private staircase,
+which led to the servants' rooms, with a lighted candle in his hand,
+and full dressed. Suspecting his intentions were bad, and with heroic
+presence of mind, she presented one of her pistols, and threatened to
+lodge the contents of it in him, unless he returned to bed forthwith.
+Subdued by her determined courage, he quietly and silently obeyed. She
+then went into a back-parlour, when she heard a distant whispering of
+voices; she approached the window, and threw it up, and fired one of
+her pistols out of it, in the direction from which the noise
+proceeded. Everything became silent, and not a whisper was to be
+heard. After looking through the different rooms on the lower floor,
+and finding all right, she proceeded to bed and secured the door, and
+nothing further occurred that night. Next morning she arose at an
+early hour, went into the garden, and in the direction which she had
+fired the preceding night she discovered drops of blood, which she
+traced to the other end of the garden. This left no doubt on her mind
+of what had been intended. Thinking it imprudent to keep so large a
+sum of money in her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">Page 326</a></span> house, she ordered her carriage to drive to town,
+where she deposited her cash. She then repaired to the house of Sir
+John Fielding, and related to him the whole affair, who advised her to
+part with her coachman immediately, and that he would investigate the
+matter, and, if possible, discover and convict the offenders. But the
+parties concerned in this affair were never discovered; for the mere
+fact of the coachman being found coming down the stair was not
+sufficient to implicate him, although there were strong grounds of
+suspicion. Thus, by the instinct and fidelity of this little animal,
+was robbery, and most likely murder, prevented.</p>
+
+<p>A spaniel belonging to a medical gentleman, with whom I am acquainted,
+residing at Richmond in Surrey, was in the habit of accompanying him
+when he went out at night to visit his patients. If he was shut out of
+the house of a patient, as was frequently the case, he would return
+home; and whatever the hour of the night might be, he would take the
+knocker in his mouth, and knock till the door was opened. It should be
+mentioned that the knocker was below a half-glazed door, so that it
+was easily within the dog's reach.</p>
+
+<p>"In the capital of a German principality," says Capt. Brown, "the
+magistrates once thought it expedient to order all dogs that had not
+the mark of having been wormed, to be seized and confined for a
+certain time in a large yard without the walls of the town.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">Page 327</a></span> These
+dogs, which were of all possible varieties, made a hideous noise while
+thus confined together; but a spaniel, which, as the person that had
+the care of them observed, sat apart from the rest in a corner of the
+yard, seemed to consider the circumstances with greater deliberation.
+He attended to the manner in which the gate of the yard was opened and
+shut; and, taking a favourable opportunity, leapt with his forepaws
+upon the latch, opened the gate, looked round upon the clamorous
+multitude, and magnanimously led them the way out of the prison. He
+conducted them in triumph through the gate of the town; upon which
+every dog ran home exulting to his master."</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote, which was sent to me by the gentleman who
+witnessed the occurrence, proves the sense and observation of a
+spaniel. He possessed one which was a great favourite, and a constant
+companion in all his rambles. One day, in passing through a field of
+young turnips, he pulled up one of them, and after washing it
+carefully in a rivulet, he cut off the top, and ate the other part.
+During this time the dog eyed him attentively, and then proceeded to
+one of the growing turnips, drew it from the earth, went up briskly to
+the rivulet, and after dashing it about some time till he caused the
+water to froth considerably, he laid it down, and holding the turnip
+inverted, and by the top, he deliberately gnawed the whole of it off,
+and left the top, thus closely imitating the actions of his master.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">Page 328</a></span>A gentleman, who generally resided at Boston in Lincolnshire, had also
+a house at Chepstow in Monmouthshire, to which he occasionally went in
+the summer. While at the latter place, a small spaniel dog which a
+friend at Chepstow had given him was taken on his return in a carriage
+to Boston. On the Sunday evening after the arrival at that place, the
+spaniel was attacked by a large dog, when out walking with his master
+on the river bank, and ran away. Nothing was heard of him until the
+receipt of a letter from Chepstow, announcing his arrival at that
+place in a famished and travel-worn condition. The distance is one
+hundred and eighty-four miles.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote is related by Mr. Blaine:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was once called from dinner in a hurry to attend to something that
+had occurred; unintentionally I left a favourite cat in the room,
+together with a no less favourite spaniel. When I returned I found the
+latter, which was not a small figure, extending her whole length along
+the table by the side of a leg of mutton which I had left. On my
+entrance she showed no signs of fear, nor did she immediately alter
+her position. I was sure, therefore, that none but a good motive had
+placed her in this extraordinary situation, nor had I long to
+conjecture. Puss was skulking in a corner, and though the mutton was
+untouched, yet her conscious fears clearly evinced that she had been
+driven from the table in the act of attempting a robbery on the meat,
+to which she was too prone, and that her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">Page 329</a></span> situation had been occupied
+by this faithful spaniel to prevent a repetition of the attempt. Here
+was fidelity united with great intellect, and wholly free from the aid
+of instinct. This property of guarding victuals from the cat, or from
+other dogs, was a daily practice of this animal; and, while cooking
+was going forward, the floor might have been strewed with eatables,
+which would have been all safe from her own touch, and as carefully
+guarded from that of others. A similar property is common to many
+dogs, but to spaniels particularly."</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible in a work on dogs to omit the insertion of some
+pretty lines on a spaniel by Mrs. Barrett Browning, and which do so
+much credit to her kindly feelings and poetic talents:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Yet, my pretty sportive friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Little is't to such an end<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That I praise thy rareness!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Other dogs may be thy peers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Haply, in those drooping ears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And this glossy fairness.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But of thee it shall be said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'This dog watched beside a bed<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Day and night unweary,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Watched within a curtained room<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where no sunbeam broke the gloom<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Round the sick and dreary.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Roses, gathered for a vase,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In that chamber died apace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beam and breeze resigning&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This dog only waited on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knowing that when light is gone<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Love remains for shining.<br /></span>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">Page 330</a></span></p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Other dogs, in thymy dew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tracked the hares and followed through<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sunny moor or meadow&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This dog only crept and crept<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Next a languid cheek that slept,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sharing in the shadow.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Other dogs of loyal cheer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bounded at the whistle clear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Up the woodside hieing&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This dog only watched in reach<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of a faintly uttered speech,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or a louder sighing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And if one or two quick tears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dropped upon his glossy ears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or a sigh came double,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up he sprang in eager haste,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fawning, fondling, breathing fast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In a tender trouble.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 495px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_SPANIEL" id="Illustration_TAIL_SPANIEL"></a>
+<img src="images/t-spaniel.jpg" width="495" height="500" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">Page 331</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_FRENCH_POODLE" id="Illustration_FRENCH_POODLE"></a>
+<img src="images/poodle.jpg" width="500" height="467" alt="FRENCH POODLE." title="FRENCH POODLE." />
+<span class="caption">FRENCH POODLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE POODLE.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"With all the graces of his fatherland;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With well-cut coat, and ever ready hand&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">See&mdash;the French poodle sports his life away;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Obedient, wise, affectionate, and gay."&mdash;<em>Chronicles of Animals.</em></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>These dogs, like all others, possess many amiable qualities, and are
+remarkable for the facility with which they learn several amusing
+tricks, and for their extraordinary sagacity. This latter quality has
+frequently made them a great source of profit to their masters, so
+that it may be said of them, "c'est encore une des plus profitables
+mani&egrave;res d'&ecirc;tre chien qui existent." A proof of this is related by M.
+Blaze in his history of the dog, and was recorded by myself many years
+before his work appeared.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">Page 332</a></span>A shoe-black on the Pont Neuf at Paris had a poodle dog, whose
+sagacity brought no small profit to his master. If the dog saw a
+person with well-polished boots go across the bridge, he contrived to
+dirty them, by having first rolled himself in the mud of the Seine.
+His master was then employed to clean them. An English gentleman, who
+had suffered more than once from the annoyance of having his boots
+dirtied by a dog, was at last induced to watch his proceedings, and
+thus detected the tricks he was playing for his master's benefit. He
+was so much pleased with the animal's sagacity, that he purchased him
+at a high price and conveyed him to London. On arriving there, he was
+confined to the house till he appeared perfectly satisfied with his
+new master and his new situation. He at last, however, contrived to
+escape, and made his way back to Paris, where he rejoined his old
+master, and resumed his former occupation. I was at Paris some years
+ago, where this anecdote was related to me, and it is now published in
+the records of the French Institute.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most remarkable instance known of what are called "Learned
+Dogs," is that of two poodles, which were trained at Milan, and
+exhibited at Paris in the spring of 1830. The account of them is given
+by a lady, whose veracity is not doubtful, and who herself saw their
+performance. "The elder, named Fido," says she, "is white, with some
+black patches on his head and back; and the younger, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">Page 333</a></span> is called
+Bianco, is also white, but with red spots. Fido is a grave and serious
+personage, walks with dignity round the circle assembled to see him,
+and appears much absorbed in reflection. Bianco is young and giddy,
+but full of talent when he chooses to apply it. Owing to his more
+sedate disposition, however, Fido is called upon to act the principal
+part of the exhibition. A word is dictated to him from the Greek,
+Latin, Italian, German, French, or English language, and selected from
+a vocabulary where fifty words in each tongue are inscribed, and which
+all together make three hundred different combinations. An alphabet is
+placed before Fido, and from it he takes the letters which compose the
+given word, and lays them in proper order at the feet of his master.
+On one occasion he was told to spell the word Heaven, and he quickly
+placed the letters till he came to the second e; he stood for an
+instant as if puzzled, but in a moment after he took the e out of the
+first syllable, and put it into the second. His attainments in
+orthography, however, are not so surprising as those in arithmetic. He
+practises the four rules with extraordinary facility, arranges the
+double ciphers as he did the double vowels in the word Heaven, and
+rarely makes an error. When such does occur, his more thoughtless
+companion is called in to rectify it, which he invariably does with
+the greatest quickness; but as he had rather play than work, and pulls
+Fido by the ears to make him as idle as himself, he is quickly
+dismissed. One<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">Page 334</a></span> day, the steady Fido spelt the word Jupiter with a <em>b</em>
+instead of a <em>p</em>; Bianco was summoned to his aid, who, after
+contemplating the word, pushed out the <em>b</em> with his nose, and seizing
+a <em>p</em> between his teeth, put it into the vacancy. Fido is remarkable
+for the modest firmness with which he insists upon his correctness
+when he feels convinced of it himself; for a lady having struck a
+repeating watch in his ear, he selected an 8 for the hour, and a 6 for
+the three-quarters. The company present, and his master, called out to
+him he was wrong. He reviewed his numbers and stood still. His master
+insisted, and he again examined his ciphers; after which he went
+quietly, but not in the least abashed, into the middle of the carpet,
+and looked at his audience. The watch was then sounded again, and it
+was found to have struck two at every quarter; and Fido received the
+plaudits which followed with as gentle a demeanour as he had borne the
+accusation of error.</p>
+
+<p>"One occupation seems to bring the giddy Bianco to the gravity of the
+elder savant; and when the spectators are tired of arithmetic and
+orthography, the two dogs either sit down to <em>&eacute;cart&eacute;</em>, or become the
+antagonists of one of the company. They ask for, or refuse cards, as
+their hands require, with a most important look; they cut at the
+proper times, and never mistake one suit for another. They have
+recourse to their ciphers to mark their points; and on one occasion
+Bianco having won, he selected his number, and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">Page 335</a></span> being asked what
+were the gains of his adversary, he immediately took an O between his
+teeth, and showed it to the querist; and both seemed to know all the
+terms of the game as thoroughly as the most experienced card-players.
+All this passes without the slightest visible or audible sign between
+the poodles and their master; the spectators are placed within three
+steps of the carpet on which the performance goes forward; people have
+gone for the sole purpose of watching the master; everybody visits
+them, and yet no one has hitherto found out the mode of communication
+established between them and their owner. Whatever this communication
+may be, it does not deduct from the wonderful intelligence of these
+animals; for there must be a multiplicity of signs, not only to be
+understood with eyes and ears, but to be separated from each other in
+their minds, or to be combined one with another, for the various
+trials in which they are exercised.</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen learned pigs and ponies, and can, after these spectacles,
+readily imagine how the extraordinary sagacity of a dog may be brought
+to a knowledge of the orthography of three hundred words; but I must
+confess myself puzzled by the acquirements of these poodles in
+arithmetic, which must depend upon the will of the spectator who
+proposes the numbers; but that which is most surprising of all is the
+skill with which they play <em>&eacute;cart&eacute;</em>. The gravity and attention with
+which they carry on their game is almost ludi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">Page 336</a></span>crous; and the
+satisfaction of Bianco when he marks his points is perfectly evident."</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this a solitary instance of the extraordinary sagacity of the
+poodle. A lady of my acquaintance had one for many years, who was her
+constant companion both in the house and in her walks. When, however,
+either from business or indisposition, her mistress did not take her
+usual walk on Wimbledon Common, the dog, by jumping on a table, took
+down the maid-servant's bonnet, and held it in her month till she
+accompanied the animal to the Common.</p>
+
+<p>A friend of mine had a poodle dog, who was not very obedient to his
+call when he was taken out to run in the fields. A small whip was
+therefore purchased, and the dog one day was chastised with it. The
+whip was placed on a table in the hall of the house, and the next
+morning it could not be found. It was soon afterwards discovered in
+the coal-cellar. The dog was a second time punished with it, and again
+the whip was missed. It was afterwards discovered that the dog had
+attempted to hide the instrument by which pain had been inflicted on
+him. There certainly appears a strong approach to reason in this
+proceeding of the dog. <em>Cause</em> and <em>effect</em> seem to have been
+associated in his mind, if his mode of proceeding may be called an
+effort of it.</p>
+
+<p>In Messrs. Chambers' brochure of amusing anecdotes of dogs we find the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>An aged gentleman has mentioned to us that,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">Page 337</a></span> about fifty years ago, a
+Frenchman brought to London from eighty to a hundred dogs, chiefly
+poodles, the remainder spaniels, but all nearly of the same size, and
+of the smaller kind. On the education of these animals their
+proprietor had bestowed an immense deal of pains. From puppyhood
+upwards they had been taught to walk on their hind-legs, and maintain
+their footing with surprising ease in that unnatural position. They
+had likewise been drilled into the best possible behaviour towards
+each other; no snarling, barking, or indecorous conduct took place
+when they were assembled in company. But what was most surprising of
+all, they were able to perform in various theatrical pieces of the
+character of pantomimes, representing various transactions in heroic
+and familiar life, with wonderful fidelity. The object of their
+proprietor was, of course, to make money by their performances, which
+the public were accordingly invited to witness in one of the minor
+theatres.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst their histrionic performances was the representation of a
+siege. On the rising of the curtain there appeared three ranges of
+ramparts, one above the other, having salient angles and a moat, like
+a regularly-constructed fortification. In the centre of the fortress
+arose a tower, on which a flag was flying; while in the distance
+behind appeared the buildings and steeples of a town. The ramparts
+were guarded by soldiers in uniform, each armed with a musket or
+sword, of an appropriate size. All these were dogs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">Page 338</a></span> and their duty
+was to defend the walls from an attacking party, consisting also of
+dogs, whose movements now commenced the operations of the siege. In
+the foreground of the stage were some rude buildings and irregular
+surfaces, from among which there issued a reconnoitring party; the
+chief, habited as an officer of rank, with great circumspection
+surveyed the fortification; and his sedate movements, and his
+consultations with the troops that accompanied him, implied that an
+attack was determined upon. But these consultations did not pass
+unobserved by the defenders of the garrison. The party was noticed by
+a sentinel and fired upon; and this seemed to be the signal to call
+every man to his post at the embrasures.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after, the troops advanced to the escalade; but to cross the
+moat, and get at the bottom of the walls, it was necessary to bring up
+some species of pontoon, and, accordingly, several soldiers were seen
+engaged in pushing before them wicker-work scaffoldings, which moved
+on castors, towards the fortifications. The drums beat to arms, and
+the bustle of warfare opened in earnest. Smoke was poured out in
+volleys from shot-holes; the besieging forces pushed forward in
+masses, regardless of the fire; the moat was filled with the crowd;
+and, amid much confusion and scrambling, scaling-ladders were raised
+against the walls. Then was the grand tug of war. The leaders of the
+forlorn hope who first ascended were opposed with great gallantry by
+the defenders; and this was,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">Page 339</a></span> perhaps, the most interesting part of
+the exhibition. The chief of the assailants did wonders; he was seen
+now here, now there, animating his men, and was twice hurled, with
+ladder and followers, from the second gradation of ramparts: but he
+was invulnerable, and seemed to receive an accession of courage on
+every fresh repulse. The rattle of the miniature cannon, the roll of
+the drums, the sound of trumpets, and the heroism of the actors on
+both sides, imparted an idea of reality to the scene.</p>
+
+<p>After numerous hairbreadth escapes, the chief surmounted the third
+line of fortifications, followed by his troops; the enemy's standard
+was hurled down, and the British flag hoisted in its place; the
+ramparts were manned by the conquerors; and the smoke cleared away, to
+the tune of "God save the King."</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to convey a just idea of this performance, which
+altogether reflected great credit on its contriver, as also on the
+abilities of each individual dog. We must conclude that the firing
+from the embrasures, and some other parts of the <em>m&eacute;chanique</em>, were
+effected by human agency; but the actions of the dogs were clearly
+their own, and showed what could be effected with animals by dint of
+patient culture.</p>
+
+<p>Another specimen of these canine theatricals was quite a contrast to
+the bustle of the siege. The scene was an assembly-room, on the sides
+and the further end of which seats were placed; while a music-gallery,
+and a profusion of chandeliers, gave a richness and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">Page 340</a></span> truth to the
+general effect. Livery-servants were in attendance on a few of the
+company, who entered and took their seats. Frequent knockings now
+occurred at the door, followed by the entrance of parties attired in
+the fashion of the period. These were, of course, the same individuals
+who had recently been in the deadly breach; but now all was
+tranquillity, elegance, and ease. Parties were formally introduced to
+each other with an appearance of the greatest decorum. The dogs
+intended to represent ladies were dressed in silks, gauzes, laces, and
+gay ribbons. Some wore artificial flowers, with flowing ringlets;
+others wore the powdered and pomatumed head-dress, with caps and
+lappets, in ludicrous contrast to the features of the animals. The
+animals which represented gentlemen were judiciously equipped; some as
+youthful and others as aged beaux, regulated by their degrees of
+proficiency, since those most youthfully dressed were most attentive
+to the ladies. The frequent bow and return of curtsey produced great
+mirth in the audience. On a sudden the master of the ceremonies
+appeared; he wore a superb court-dress, and his manners were in
+agreement with his costume. To some of the gentlemen he gave merely a
+look of recognition; to the ladies he was generally attentive; to some
+he projected his paw familiarly, to others he bowed with respect; and
+introduced one to another with an air of elegance that surprised and
+delighted the spectators.</p>
+
+<p>As the performance advanced the interest increased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">Page 341</a></span> The music was
+soon interrupted by a loud knocking, which announced the arrival of
+some important visitor. Several livery servants entered, and then a
+sedan-chair was borne in by appropriately dressed dogs; they removed
+the poles, raised the head, and opened the door of the sedan; forth
+came a lady, splendidly attired in spangled satin and jewels, and her
+head decorated with a plume of ostrich feathers! She made a great
+impression, and appeared as if conscious of her superior attraction;
+meanwhile the chair was removed, the master of the ceremonies, in his
+court-dress, was in readiness to receive the <em>&eacute;l&eacute;gante</em>, and the bow
+and curtsey were admirably interchanged. The band now struck up an air
+of the kind to which ball-room companies are accustomed to promenade,
+and the company immediately quitted their seats and began to walk
+ceremoniously in pairs round the room. Three of the ladies placed
+their arms under those of their attendant gentlemen. On seats being
+resumed, the master of the ceremonies and the lady who came in the
+sedan-chair arose; he led her to the centre of the room; Foote's
+minuet struck up; the pair commenced the movements with an attention
+to time; they performed the crossings and turnings, the advancings,
+retreatings, and obeisances, during which there was a perfect silence,
+and they concluded amid thunders of applause. What ultimately became
+of the ingenious manager with his company, our informant never heard.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdotes prove the strong affection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">Page 342</a></span> and perseverance
+of the poodle. The late Duke of Argyll had a favourite dog of this
+description, who was his constant companion. This dog, on the occasion
+of one of the Duke's journeys to Inverary Castle, was, by some
+accident or mistake, left behind in London. On missing his master, the
+faithful animal set off in search of him, and made his way into
+Scotland, and was found early one morning at the gate of the castle.
+The anecdote is related by the family, and a picture shown of the dog.</p>
+
+<p>A poor German artist, who was studying at Rome, had a poodle dog, who
+used to accompany him, when his funds would allow it, to an ordinary
+frequented by other students. Here the dog got scraps enough to
+support him. His master, not being able to keep up the expense,
+discontinued his visits to the ordinary. The dog fared badly in
+consequence, and at last his master returned to his friends in
+Germany, leaving the dog behind him. The poor animal slept at the top
+of the stairs leading to his master's room, but watched in the day
+time at the door of the ordinary, and when he saw his former
+acquaintances crowding in, he followed at their heels, and thus
+gaining admittance was fed till his owner came back to resume his
+studies.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman possessed a poodle dog and a terrier, between whom a great
+affection existed. When the terrier was shut up, as was sometimes the
+case, the poodle always hid such bones or meat as he could procure,
+and afterwards brought the terrier to the spot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">Page 343</a></span> where they were
+concealed. He was constantly watched, and observed to do this act of
+kindness.</p>
+
+<p>The sagacity of the poodle is strongly shown by the following fact.
+Mr. B&mdash;&mdash;t, who was constantly in the habit of making tours on the
+Continent, was always accompanied by a poodle dog. In one of his
+journeys he was seated at a table-d'h&ocirc;te next to a person whose
+conversation he found so agreeable, that a sort of intimacy sprung up
+between them. The dog, however, for the first time he had ever done so
+to any one, showed a dislike to the stranger, and so much so, that Mr.
+B&mdash;&mdash;t could not help remarking it. In the course of his tour he again
+fell in with the stranger, when the intimacy was renewed, and Mr.
+B&mdash;&mdash;t offered him a seat in his carriage as they were both going the
+same way. No sooner, however, had the stranger entered the carriage,
+than the dog showed an increased dislike of him, which continued
+during the course of the journey. At night they slept at a small inn,
+in a wild and somewhat unfrequented country, and on separating in the
+evening to go to their respective beds, the poodle evinced the
+greatest anger, and was with difficulty restrained from attacking the
+stranger. In the middle of the night Mr. B&mdash;&mdash;t was awoke by a noise
+in his room, and there was light enough for him to perceive that his
+dog had seized his travelling companion, who, upon being threatened,
+confessed that he had entered the room for the purpose of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">Page 344</a></span>endeavouring to purloin Mr. B&mdash;&mdash;t's money, of which he was aware
+that he possessed a considerable quantity. This is not a solitary
+instance of an instinctive faculty which enables dogs to discriminate,
+by showing a strong dislike, the characters of particular individuals.</p>
+
+<p>A friend has sent me the following account of a poodle he once had:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Many years ago I had a poodle who was an excellent retriever. He was
+a middle-sized, active dog, a first-rate waterman, with a nose so
+particularly sensitive that no object, however minute, could escape
+its 'delicate investigation.' Philip was the hardiest animal in the
+world&mdash;no sea would prevent him from carrying a dead bird through the
+boiling breakers, and I have seen him follow and secure a wounded
+mallard, although in the attempt his legs were painfully scarified in
+breaking through a field of ice scarcely the thickness of a
+crown-piece. Philip, though of French extraction, had decidedly Irish
+partialities. He delighted in a glass of grog; and no matter with what
+labour and constancy he had returned from retrieving, he still enjoyed
+a glass of punch. When he had drunk it, he was in high glee, running
+round and round to try and catch his own tail, and even then allowing
+the cat to approach him, which he was by no means disposed to do at
+other times."</p>
+
+<p>When my daughter was in Germany, she sent me the following interesting
+anecdote of a poodle, the accuracy of which she had an opportunity of
+ascertaining.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">Page 345</a></span>An inhabitant of Dresden had a poodle that he was fond of, and had
+always treated kindly. For some reason or another he gave her to a
+friend of his, a countryman in Possenderf, who lived three leagues
+from Dresden. This person, who well knew the great attachment of the
+dog to her former master, took care to keep her tied up, and would not
+let her leave the house till he thought she had forgotten him. During
+this time the poodle had young ones, three in number, which she
+nourished with great affection, and appeared to bestow upon them her
+whole attention, and to have entirely given up her former uneasiness
+at her new abode. From this circumstance her owner thought she had
+forgotten her old master, and therefore no longer kept her a close
+prisoner. Very soon, however, the poodle was missing, and also the
+three young ones, and nothing was heard of her for several days. One
+morning his friend came to him from Dresden, and informed him that the
+preceding evening the poodle had come to his house with one of the
+puppies in her mouth, and that another had been found dead on the road
+to Possenderf. It appeared that the dog had started in the night,
+carrying the puppies (who were not able to walk) one after the other,
+a certain distance on the road to Dresden, with the evident intention
+of conveying them all to her much-loved home and master. The third
+puppy was never found, and is supposed to have been carried off by
+some wild animal or bird, while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">Page 346</a></span> the poor mother was in advance with
+the others. The dead one had apparently perished from cold.</p>
+
+<p>The late Dr. Chisholm of Canterbury had a remarkable poodle, which a
+correspondent informs me he has often seen. On one occasion he was
+told, for the first time, by way of trial, to fetch his master's
+slippers. He went up-stairs, and brought down one only. He was then
+told, "You have brought one only, go and fetch the other;" and the
+other was brought. The next evening the dog was again told to bring
+the slippers. He went up-stairs, put one slipper within the other, and
+brought both down. This dog appeared to understand much of our
+language. When dining with Dr. Chisholm and others, his intelligence
+was put to the proof by my correspondent. Some one would hide an
+article, open the door, and bring in the dog, saying, "Find
+so-and-so." The poodle used to look up steadily in the face of the
+speaker, until he was told whether the article was hid high or low; he
+would then search either on the ground, or on the chairs and
+furniture, and bring the article, never taking any notice of any other
+thing that was lying about. He would, upon being ordered, go up-stairs
+and bring down a snuff-box, stick, pocket-handkerchief, or anything,
+understanding as readily what was said to him as if spoken to a
+servant.</p>
+
+<p>Another poodle would go through the agonies of dying in a very
+systematic manner. When he was ordered to die, he would tumble over on
+one side, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">Page 347</a></span> then stretch himself out, and move his hind legs in
+such a way as expressed that he was in great pain, first slowly and
+afterwards very quickly. After a few convulsive throbs, indicated by
+putting his head and whole body in motion, he would stretch out all
+his limbs and cease to move, lying on his back with his legs turned
+upwards, as if he had expired. In this situation he remained
+motionless until he had his master's commands to get up.</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote was communicated to the Rev. Mr. Jenyns by Mrs.
+Grosvenor, of Richmond, Surrey:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A poodle dog belonging to a gentleman in Cheshire was in the habit of
+not only going to church, but of remaining quietly in the pew during
+service, whether his master was there or not. One Sunday the dam at
+the head of a lake in that neighbourhood gave way, so that the whole
+road was inundated. The congregation, in consequence, consisted of a
+very few, who came from some cottages close by, but nobody attended
+from the great house. The clergyman informed the lady, that whilst
+reading the Psalms he saw his friend, the poodle, come slowly up the
+aisle dripping with wet, having swam above a quarter of a mile to get
+to church. He went into the usual pew, and remained quietly there to
+the end of the service.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquess of Worcester (the late Duke of Beaufort), who served in
+the Peninsular war, had a poodle which was taken from the grave of his
+master,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">Page 348</a></span> a French officer, who fell at the battle of Salamanca, and
+was buried on the spot. The dog had remained on the grave until he was
+nearly starved, and even then was removed with difficulty; so faithful
+are these animals in protecting the remains of those they loved.</p>
+
+<p>A poodle dog followed his master, a French officer, to the wars; the
+latter was soon afterwards killed at the battle of Castella, in
+Valencia, when his comrades endeavoured to carry the dog with them in
+their retreat; but the faithful animal refused to leave the corpse,
+and they left him. A military marauder, in going over the field of
+battle, discovering the cross of the legion of honour on the dead
+officer's breast, attempted to capture it, but the poodle instantly
+seized him by the throat, and would have ended his career had not a
+comrade run the honest canine guardian through the body.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine, in his "Account of Dogs," says that, "strange as it may
+appear, it is no less true, that a poodle dog actually scaled the high
+buildings of my residence in Wells Street, Oxford Street, proceeded
+along several roofs of houses, and made his way down by progressive
+but very considerable leaps into distant premises; from whence, by
+watching and stratagem, he gained the street, and returned home in
+order to join his mistress, for whose sake he had encountered these
+great risks."</p>
+
+<p>I am always glad to have an opportunity of acknowledging the kindness
+of my correspondents, and now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">Page 349</a></span> do so to the clergyman who very kindly
+sent me the following anecdote, which I give in his own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have a distinct remembrance of Froll or Frolic, a dog belonging to
+an aged relation, once the property of her deceased only son, which
+animal, in his earlier days, doubtless gave evidence that his name was
+not given him unadvisedly, but during the yearly visits of myself to
+that kind and indulgent person, I can remember nothing but a rather
+small though fat unwieldy poodle, whose curly, glossy coat (preserved
+after his death), long yellow ears, and black nose, the rest of his
+body being perfectly white, betokened that he had been a beauty in his
+time. Froll was still a prodigious favourite with his mistress,
+although I confess my feelings towards him were rather those of fear
+than any other, for to touch him was quite sufficient to evoke a
+growl, or perchance a snap, from this pet of a dozen years or more. A
+cross, snappish fellow he was at best, and well he knew the length of
+Trusty the house-dog's chain, which less favoured quadruped was never
+let loose by day, from a well-grounded fear that he might, if allowed,
+resent, by summary punishment, the constant insults he was doomed to
+submit to from this most petted and presumptuous myrmidon of the
+drawing-room. With all this, although time and over-feeding had soured
+his temper, Froll still retained much of, if not all, his former
+intelligence (a trait so peculiar to his species), declared by many
+long-past but still vaunted proofs of his being a wonder in his way.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">Page 350</a></span>
+One of his peculiarities was a fondness for apples&mdash;not indeed all
+apples, but those which grew on a particular tree, called 'Froll's
+tree,' and no others; this tree was, by the way, the best in the
+garden, and the small, sweet, delicate fruit therefrom (my
+reminiscence is distinct on this point) were carefully preserved for
+this canine favourite. Nothing would entice him to eat any other sort
+of apple. And in the season he would constantly urge his mistress into
+the garden by repeated barking, and other unmistakable symptoms. His
+daily meals, too, of which I think there were three regular ones, were
+events in themselves, the careful attention to which tended perhaps to
+relieve the monotony of a country life: they are indeed not speedily
+to be forgotten by those who witnessed them. He would take food from
+no one but his mistress or her maid, which latter person was his chief
+purveyor, who had been an inmate of the house contemporary with
+himself, or I believe long before; but this feeding was generally a
+task of great trouble, such coaxing and humouring on the one hand,
+such growling and snarling on the other, has been perhaps seldom
+heard. At length, after much beseeching on the part of the maid, and a
+few words of entreaty from the mistress, he would condescend to eat;
+but never, I believe, without some symptoms of discontent, how savoury
+soever the morsel, submitting to that as a favour which is generally
+snatched at and devoured with so much gusto and avidity by most others
+of his tribe. I should not have entered into these peculi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">Page 351</a></span>arities,
+which are scarcely evidence of any intelligence beyond that of other
+dogs, were it not that the circumstances attending his death were
+really extraordinary, the more so when the character of the dog is
+considered; and as we have so often heard of a presentiment of that
+great change being strongly imprinted on human minds, so there were
+not wanting some of the then inmates of the house, who attributed his
+unwonted behaviour on the eve of his death to the same cause. The dog
+slept constantly in his mistress's bed-room, but, contrary to custom
+on the night in question, he pertinaciously refused to remain there.
+My brother and myself, who were then little boys, were, to our great
+surprise, aroused in the course of the night by an unwonted scratching
+at the door of our apartment, which we immediately opened, and, to our
+equal delight and wonder, were saluted by Froll's jumping up and
+licking our hands and faces&mdash;certainly he never appeared in better
+health and spirits in his life. Whether he did this to atone for his
+former uncourteous behaviour towards us, or was urged by some
+unaccountable feeling of amiability as well as restlessness, I cannot
+say, but certain it is his gentler faculties were that night for once
+aroused, for this unaccustomed compliment I can safely affirm we never
+personally received at any former period of our acquaintance. After a
+time he left us, charmed at experiencing these new and flattering
+demonstrations; which joy was, alas! doomed to be sadly and speedily
+extinguished. When the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">Page 352</a></span> morning came, the distressed countenance of
+the servant who called us, portended some evil tidings, which was
+quickly followed by the unexpected intelligence of the demise of poor
+Froll. We hastily accompanied the servant into the coachman's sleeping
+apartment, and there, under the bed, lay the poor dog. It had pleased
+him to go there to die, having previously aroused every individual in
+the house during the night by scratching at their several chambers one
+after another, and saluting them in the same amiable manner he had my
+brother and myself."</p>
+
+<p>This anecdote could be well authenticated by most of the persons then
+in the house, who are still alive.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_POODLE" id="Illustration_TAIL_POODLE"></a>
+<img src="images/t-poodle.jpg" width="500" height="308" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">Page 353</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_HEAD_ESQUIMAUX" id="Illustration_HEAD_ESQUIMAUX"></a>
+<img src="images/h-esquimaux.jpg" width="500" height="267" alt="VIGNETTE." title="VIGNETTE." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Dr. Richardson, in his "American Fauna," mentions as a curious fact,
+that those Indian nations who still preserve their ancient mode of
+life, have dogs which bear a strong resemblance to wolves. Thus it is
+with the Esquimaux dogs. They are extremely like the grey wolves of
+the Arctic Circle in form and colour, and nearly equal to them in
+size. They also bear some resemblance to the Pomeranian breed,
+although the latter are much smaller.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious that almost every nation on earth has some particular
+traditions regarding the dog. The Esquimaux, a nation inhabiting the
+polar regions, have a singular fable amongst them respecting the
+origin of the Dog-Rib Indians, a tribe which inhabits the northern
+confines of the American continent. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">Page 354</a></span> is thus detailed in Captain
+Franklin's "Second Journey to the Polar Sea:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"For a long time Chapawee's descendants were united as one family, but
+at length some young men being accidentally killed in a game, a
+quarrel ensued, and a general dispersion of mankind took place. One
+Indian fixed his residence on the borders of the lake, taking with him
+a dog big with young. The pups in due time were littered, and the
+Indian, when he went out to fish, carefully tied them up to prevent
+their straying. Several times, as he approached his tent, he heard a
+noise of children talking and playing; but on entering it, he only
+perceived the pups tied up as usual. His curiosity being excited by
+the voices he had heard, he determined to watch; and one day
+pretending to go out and fish, according to custom, he concealed
+himself in a convenient place. In a short time he again heard voices,
+and rushing suddenly into the tent, beheld some beautiful children
+sporting and laughing, with the dog-skins lying by their side. He
+threw the skins into the fire, and the children, retaining their
+proper forms, grew up, and were the ancestors of the Dog-Rib nation."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Lyon, who had so many opportunities of studying the habits of
+the Esquimaux dog, has given so interesting an account of it that I
+cannot do better than quote his own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Having myself possessed, during our hard winter, a team of eleven
+fine dogs, I was enabled to become<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">Page 355</a></span> better acquainted with their good
+qualities than could possibly have been the case by the casual visits
+of the Esquimaux to the ships. The form of the Esquimaux dog is very
+similar to that of our shepherds' dog in England, but it is more
+muscular and broad-chested, owing to the constant and severe work to
+which he is brought up. His ears are pointed, and the aspect of the
+head is somewhat savage. In size a fine dog is about the height of the
+Newfoundland breed, but broad like a mastiff in every part except the
+nose. The hair of the coat is in summer, as well as in winter, very
+long, but during the cold season a soft, downy under-covering is
+found, which does not appear in warm weather. Young dogs are put into
+harness as soon as they can walk, and being tied up, soon acquire a
+habit of pulling, in their attempts to recover their liberty, or to
+roam in quest of their mother. When about two months old, they are put
+into the sledge with the grown dogs, and sometimes eight or ten little
+ones are under the charge of some steady old animal, where, with
+frequent and sometimes severe beatings, they soon receive a competent
+education. Every dog is distinguished by a particular name, and the
+angry repetition of it has an effect as instantaneous as an
+application of the whip, which instrument is of an immense length,
+having a lash from eighteen to twenty-four feet, while the handle is
+one foot only; with this, by throwing it on one side or the other of
+the leader, and repeating certain words, the animals are guided or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">Page 356</a></span>
+stopped. When the sledge is stopped they are all taught to lie down,
+by throwing the whip gently over their backs, and they will remain in
+this position even for hours, until their master returns to them. A
+walrus is frequently drawn along by three or four of these dogs, and
+seals are sometimes carried home in the same manner, though I have in
+some instances seen a dog bring home the greater part of a seal in
+panniers placed across his back. The latter mode of conveyance is
+often used in summer, and the dogs also carry skins or furniture
+overland to the sledges when their masters are going on any
+expedition. It might be supposed that in so cold a climate these
+animals had peculiar periods of gestation, like the wild creatures,
+but, on the contrary, they bear young at every season of the year, and
+seldom exceed five at a litter. Cold has very little effect on them;
+for although the dogs at the huts slept within the snow passages, mine
+at the ships had no shelter, but lay alongside, with the thermometer
+at 42&deg; and 44&deg;, and with as little concern as if the weather had been
+mild. I found, by several experiments, that three of my dogs could
+draw me on a sledge, weighing one hundred pounds, at the rate of one
+mile in six minutes; and as a proof of the strength of a well-grown
+dog, my leader drew one hundred and ninety-six pounds singly, and to
+the same distance, in eight minutes. At another time seven of my dogs
+ran a mile in four minutes, drawing a heavy sledge full of men.
+Afterwards, in carrying stores to the Fury, one mile distant,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">Page 357</a></span> nine
+dogs drew one thousand six hundred and eleven pounds in the space of
+nine minutes. My sledge was on runners, neither shod nor iced; but had
+the runners been iced, at least forty pounds weight would have been
+added for each dog."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Lyon, in another passage, observes:&mdash;"Our eleven dogs were
+large, and even majestic-looking animals; and an old one of peculiar
+sagacity was placed at their head by having a longer trace, so as to
+lead them through the safest and driest places, these animals having
+such a dread of water as to receive a severe beating before they would
+swim a foot. The leader was instant in obeying the voice of the
+driver, who never beat, but repeatedly called to him by name. When the
+dogs slackened their pace, the sight of a seal or bird was sufficient
+to put them instantly to their full speed; and even though none of
+these might be seen on the ice, the cry of "a seal!"&mdash;"a bear!"&mdash;or "a
+bird!" &amp;c., was enough to give play to the legs and voices of the
+whole pack. It was a beautiful sight to observe the two sledges racing
+at full speed to the same object, the dogs and men in full cry, and
+the vehicles splashing through the holes of water with the velocity
+and spirit of rival stage-coaches. There is something of the spirit of
+professed whips in these wild races, for the young men delight in
+passing each other's sledge, and jockeying the hinder one by crossing
+the path. In passing on different routes the right hand is yielded,
+and should an inexperienced driver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">Page 358</a></span> endeavour to take the left, he
+would have some difficulty in persuading his team to do so. The only
+unpleasant circumstance attending these races is, that a poor dog is
+sometimes entangled and thrown down, when the sledge, with perhaps a
+heavy load, is unavoidably drawn over his body. The driver sits on the
+fore part of the vehicle, from whence he jumps when requisite to pull
+it clear of any impediments which may lie in the way, and he also
+guides it by pressing either foot on the ice. The voice and long whip
+answer all the purposes of reins, and the dogs can be made to turn a
+corner as dexterously as horses, though not in such an orderly manner,
+since they are constantly fighting; and I do not recollect to have
+seen one receive a flogging without instantly wreaking his passion on
+the ears of his neighbours. The cries of the men are not more
+melodious than those of the animals; and their wild looks and gestures
+when animated, give them an appearance of devils driving wolves before
+them. Our dogs had eaten nothing for forty-eight hours, and could not
+have gone over less than seventy miles of ground; yet they returned,
+to all appearance, as fresh and active as when they first set out."</p>
+
+<p>Such is the Esquimaux dog, an animal of the greatest value in the cold
+regions of the Arctic circle. In addition to Captain Lyon's very
+interesting account of them, it may be mentioned that they are of
+great use to their masters in discovering by the scent the winter
+retreats which the bears make under the snow. Their en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">Page 359</a></span>durance, too,
+never tires, and their fidelity is never shaken by blows and starving:
+they are obstinate in their nature, but the women, who treat them with
+more kindness than the men, and who nurse them in their helpless
+state, or when they are sick, have an unbounded command over their
+affections.</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to Colonel Hamilton Smith for the following account of
+an Esquimaux dog brought to this country, and which he received from
+Mr. Cleghorn, the owner of the animal:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Esquimaux dog is possessed of very great sagacity&mdash;in some
+respects, more than any dog I have ever seen. I may mention an
+instance. In coming along a country road a hare started, and in place
+of running after the hare in the usual way, the dog pushed himself
+through the hedge, crossed the field, and, when past the hare, through
+the hedge again, as if to meet her direct. It is needless to remark,
+that the hare doubled through the hedge; but had it been in an open
+country, there would have been a fine chase. One particular
+characteristic of the dog is, that he forms a strong attachment to his
+master, and however kind others may be, they never can gain his
+affection, even from coaxing with food or otherwise; and, whenever set
+at liberty, he rushes to the spot where the individual of his
+attachment is. I may give one or two instances among many. One morning
+he was let loose by some of the men on the ground, when he instantly
+bounded from them to my house, and the kitchen-door<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">Page 360</a></span> being open, found
+his way through it; when, to the great amazement of all, he leaped
+into the bed where I was sleeping, and fawned in the most affectionate
+manner upon me. Another instance was, when the dog was with me going
+up the steep bank of the Prince's Street garden, I slipped my foot and
+came down, when he immediately seized me by the coat, as if to render
+assistance in raising me. Notwithstanding this particular affection to
+some, he was in the habit of biting others, without giving the least
+warning or indication of anger. He was remarkably cunning, for he was
+in the practice of strewing his meat around him, to induce fowls or
+rats to come within his reach while he lay watching, as if asleep,
+when he instantly pounced upon them, and always with success. He was
+swift, and had a noble appearance when running."</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">Page 361</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_OTTER_HUNT" id="Illustration_OTTER_HUNT"></a>
+<img src="images/otterhunt.jpg" width="500" height="268" alt="OTTER HUNTING." title="OTTER HUNTING." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE OTTER TERRIER.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">"How greedily<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They snuff the fishy steam, that to each blade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rank scenting clings! See! how the morning dews<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They sweep, that from their feet besprinkling drop<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dispersed, and leave a track oblique behind.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now on firm land they range, then in the flood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They plunge tumultuous; or through reedy pools<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rustling they work their way; no holt escapes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their curious search. With quick sensation now<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fuming vapour stings; flutter their hearts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And joy redoubled bursts from every mouth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In louder symphonies. Yon hollow trunk,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That with its hoary head incurv'd salutes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The passing wave, must be the tyrant's fort<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dread abode. How these impatient climb,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While others at the root incessant bay!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They put him down."&mdash;<span class="person">Somerville.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>The above is an animated and beautiful description of an otter hunt,
+an old English sport fast falling into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">Page 362</a></span> disuse, and the breed of the
+real otter-hound is either extinct or very nearly so. In stating this,
+I am aware that there are still many dogs which are called
+otter-hounds; but it may be doubted whether they possess that peculiar
+formation which belongs exclusively to the true breed. Few things in
+nature are more curious and interesting than this formation, and it
+shows forcibly how beautifully everything has been arranged for the
+instincts and several habits of animals. The true otter-hound is
+completely web-footed, even to the roots of its claws; thus enabling
+it to swim with much greater facility and swiftness than other dogs.
+But it has another extraordinary formation; the ear possesses a sort
+of flap, which covering the aperture excludes the entrance of the
+water, and thus the dog is enabled to dive after the otter without
+that inconvenience which it would otherwise experience. The Earl of
+Cadogan has, what his Lordship considers, the last of the breed of the
+true otter-hound. It was a present from Sir Walter Scott. Lord Cadogan
+offered one hundred pounds for another dog of the same breed, but of a
+different sex; but I believe without being able to procure one with
+those true marks which are confined to the authentic breed. A gipsy
+was, indeed, said to have possessed one, but he refused to part with
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Those who saw the exhibition of pictures in the Royal Academy in 1844
+will recollect a large, interesting, and beautiful picture by Sir
+Edwin Landseer of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">Page 363</a></span> pack of otter-hounds. The picture describes the
+hunt at the time of the termination of the chase and the capture of
+the otter. The animal is impaled on the huntsman's spear, while the
+rough, shaggy, and picturesque-looking pack are represented with eyes
+intently fixed on the amphibious beast, and howling in uncouth chorus
+round their agonized and dying prey.</p>
+
+<p>An otter-hunt is a cheerful and inspiriting sport, and it is still
+carried on in some of the lakes of Cumberland. Indeed, as lately as
+the year 1844, a pack of otter-hounds was advertised in the newspapers
+to be sold by private contract. The alleged cause of the owner's
+parting with them was in consequence of their having cleared the
+rivers of three counties (Staffordshire being one) of all the otters,
+and the number captured and killed in the last few years was
+mentioned. "Good otter-hounds," as an old writer observes, "will come
+chanting, and trail along by the river-side, and will beat every
+tree-root, every osier-bed, and tuft of bulrushes; nay, sometimes they
+will take the water and beat it like a spaniel, and by these means the
+otter can hardly escape you." The otter swims and dives with great
+celerity, and in doing the latter it throws up <em>sprots</em>, or
+air-bubbles, which enable the hunters to ascertain where it is, and to
+spear it. The best time to find it is early in the morning. It may
+frequently be traced by the dead fish and fish-bones strewed along the
+banks of the river. The prints, also, of the animal's feet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">Page 364</a></span> called
+his <em>seal</em>, are of a peculiar formation, and thus it is readily
+traced. The otter preys during the night, and conceals himself in the
+daytime under the banks of lakes and rivers, where he generally forms
+a kind of subterraneous gallery, running for several yards parallel to
+the water's edge, so that if he should be assailed from one end, he
+flies to the other. When he takes to the water, it is necessary that
+those who have otter-spears should watch the bubbles, for he generally
+vents near them. When the otter is seized, or upon the point of being
+caught by the hounds, he turns upon his pursuers with the utmost
+ferocity. Instances are recorded of dogs having been drowned by
+otters, which they had seized under water, for they can sustain the
+want of respiration for a much longer time than the dog.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Daniell, in his "Rural Sports," remarks that hunting the otter was
+formerly considered as excellent sport, and that hounds were kept
+solely for that purpose. The sportsmen went on each side of the river,
+beating the banks and sedges with the dogs. If an otter was not soon
+found, it was supposed that he had gone to <em>couch</em> more inland, and
+was sought for accordingly. If one was found, the sportsmen viewed his
+track in the mud, to find which way he had taken.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"On the soft sand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">See there his seal impress'd! And on that bank<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Behold the glitt'ring spoils, half-eaten fish,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Scales, fins, and bones, the leavings of his feast."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">Page 365</a></span>The spears were used in aid of the dogs. When an otter is wounded, he
+makes directly to land, where he maintains an obstinate defence:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"Lo! to yon sedgy bank<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He creeps disconsolate; his numerous foes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Surround him, hounds and men. Pierc'd through and through,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On pointed spears they lift him high in air;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bid the loud horns, in gaily warbling strains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proclaim the spoiler's fate: he dies, he dies."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The male otter never makes any complaint when seized by the dogs, or
+even when transfixed with a spear, but the females emit a very shrill
+squeal. In the year 1796, near Bridgenorth, on the river Wherfe, four
+otters were killed. One stood three, another four hours before the
+dogs, and was scarcely a minute out of sight. In April 1804, the
+otter-hounds of Mr. Coleman, of Leominster, killed an otter of
+extraordinary size. It measured from the nose to the end of the tail,
+four feet ten inches, and weighed thirty-four and a half pounds. This
+animal was supposed to be eight years old, and to have destroyed for
+the last five years a ton of fish annually. The destruction of fish by
+this animal is, indeed, very great, for he will eat none unless it be
+perfectly fresh, and what he takes himself. By his mode of eating them
+he causes a still greater consumption, for so soon as an otter catches
+a fish he drags it on shore, devours it to the vent, and, unless
+pressed by extreme hunger, always leaves the remainder, and takes to
+the water in search<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">Page 366</a></span> of more. In rivers it is always observed to swim
+against the stream, in order to meet its prey.</p>
+
+<p>Otters bite very severely, and they will seize upon a dog with the
+utmost ferocity, and will shake it as a terrier does a rat. The jaws
+of the otter are so constructed, that even when dead it is difficult
+to separate them, as they adhere with the utmost tenacity. Otters are
+frequently found on the banks of the Thames, and a large one was
+caught in an eel-basket, near Windsor, but the hunting of them is
+discontinued.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_OTTER" id="Illustration_TAIL_OTTER"></a>
+<img src="images/t-otter.jpg" width="500" height="406" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">Page 367</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_GREYHOUNDS" id="Illustration_GREYHOUNDS"></a>
+<img src="images/greyhounds.jpg" width="500" height="358" alt="GREYHOUNDS." title="GREYHOUNDS." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE GREYHOUND.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah! gallant Snowball! what remains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up Fordon's banks, o'er Flixton's plains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of all thy strength&mdash;thy sinewy force,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which rather flew than ran the course?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ah! what remains? Save that thy breed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May to their father's fame succeed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when the prize appears in view,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May prove that they are Snowballs too."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>The perfection to which the greyhound has been brought by persevering
+care and attention to its breed, distinguishes it alike for beauty,
+shape, and high spirit, while its habits are mild and gentle in the
+extreme. These dogs were brought to this great perfection by the late
+Lord Orford, Major Topham, and others. Snowball,&mdash;perhaps one of the
+best greyhounds that ever ran,&mdash;won four cups, couples, and upwards
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">Page 368</a></span> thirty matches, at Malton, and upon the wolds of Yorkshire. In
+fact, no dog had any chance with him except his own blood. In the
+November Malton coursing-meeting in 1799, a Scotch greyhound was
+produced, which had beat every opponent in Scotland. It was then
+brought to England, and challenged any dog in the kingdom. The
+challenge was accepted, and Snowball selected for the trial of speed;
+after a course of two miles, the match (upon which considerable sums
+were depending) was decided in his favour.</p>
+
+<p>Another dog, which belonged to Sir Henry Bate Dudley, won seventy-four
+successive matches, without having been once beaten.</p>
+
+<p>Various have been the opinions upon the difference of speed between a
+well-bred greyhound and a racehorse, if opposed to each other. Wishes
+had been frequently indulged by the sporting world, that some
+criterion could be adopted by which the superiority of speed could be
+fairly ascertained, when the following circumstance accidentally took
+place, and afforded some information upon what had been previously
+considered a matter of great uncertainty. In the month of December,
+some years ago, a match was to have been run over Doncaster
+race-course for one hundred guineas; but one of the horses having been
+drawn, a mare started alone, that by running the ground she might
+ensure the wager, when having run about one mile in the four, she was
+accompanied by a greyhound bitch, which joined her from the side of
+the course,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">Page 369</a></span> and emulatively entering into the competition, continued
+to race with the mare for the other three miles, keeping nearly head
+and head, and affording an excellent treat to the field by the
+energetic exertions of each. At passing the distance-post, five to
+four was betted in favour of the greyhound; when parallel with the
+stand, it was even betting, and any person might have taken his choice
+from five to ten: the mare, however, had the advantage by a head at
+the termination of the course.</p>
+
+<p>The courage and spirit of these dogs is very great. A greyhound ran a
+hare single-handed and raced her so hard, that, not having time to run
+through an opening at the bottom of some paling, she and the greyhound
+made a spring at the same moment at the top of the pales. The dog
+seized her at the instant she reached it, and in the momentary
+struggle he slipt between two broken pales, each of which ran into the
+top of his thighs. In this situation he hung till the horsemen came
+up, when, to their great surprise, he had the hare fast in his mouth,
+which was taken from him before he could be released.</p>
+
+<p>I saw a hare coursed on the Brighton Downs some years ago by two
+celebrated greyhounds. Such was the length of the course, some of it
+up very steep hills, that the hare fell dead before the dogs, who were
+so exhausted that they only reached to within six feet of her. This
+was one of the severest courses ever witnessed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">Page 370</a></span>On another occasion, two dogs ran a hare for several miles, and with
+such speed as to be very soon out of sight of the coursing party.
+After a considerable search, both the dogs and the hare were found
+dead within a few yards of each other; nor did it appear that the
+former had touched the hare. Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," states
+that a brace of greyhounds, in Lincolnshire, ran a hare from her seat
+to where she was killed, a distance, measuring straight, of upwards of
+four miles, in twelve minutes. During the course there was a good
+number of turns, which must have very considerably increased the space
+gone over. The hare ran till she died before the greyhounds touched
+her.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1798, a brace of greyhounds, the property of Mr. Courtall
+of Carlisle, coursed a hare from the Swift, near that city, and killed
+her at Clemmell, seven miles distant. Both greyhounds were so
+exhausted, that unless the aid of medical men, who happened to be on
+the spot, had been immediately given, they would have died, and it was
+with difficulty they were recovered.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1818, a black greyhound bitch, the property of Mr. John
+Heaton, of Scarisbrick, in Lancashire, left her master, forsook the
+habitation where she had been reared, betook herself to the fields and
+thickets, and adopted a life of unlimited freedom, defying all the
+restraints of man. In this state she killed a great number of hares
+for food, and occa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">Page 371</a></span>sionally made free with the sheep; she, therefore,
+very soon became a nuisance in the neighbourhood. She had taken her
+station at the distance of two miles from her master's house, and was
+generally found near this spot. In consequence of her depredations,
+many attempts were made to shoot her, but in vain. She eluded, for
+more than six months, the vigilance of her pursuers. At length she was
+observed to go into a barn that stood in a field which she frequented.
+She entered the building through a hole in the wall, and, by means of
+a rope-snare, was caught as she came out. On entering the barn, three
+whelps were found about a week old; so that in her savage state she
+had evidently been visited by a male of her own species. The whelps
+were (foolishly enough) immediately destroyed. As the bitch herself
+evinced the utmost ferocity, and, though well secured, vainly
+attempted to seize every person that approached, she was taken home,
+and treated with the greatest kindness. By degrees her ferocity
+abated, and in the course of two months she became perfectly
+reconciled to her original abode. The following season she ran several
+courses. There continued a wildness in her look; yet, although at
+perfect liberty, she did not attempt again to stray away, but seemed
+quite reconciled to her domestic life.</p>
+
+<p>Few facts can show the high courage of the greyhound more than the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>As a gamekeeper of Lord Egremont's was leading a brace of greyhounds
+in couples, a hare accidentally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">Page 372</a></span> crossed the road in view. This
+temptation proved so irresistible, that the dogs, by a joint effort,
+broke suddenly from their conductor, and gave chase, shackled as they
+were together. When they got up and gave the hare the first turn, it
+was evidently much to her advantage, as the greyhounds were so
+embarrassed that it was with great difficulty they could change the
+direction. Notwithstanding this temporary delay, they sustained no
+diminution of natural energy, but continued the course through and
+over various obstructions, till the object of their pursuit fell a
+victim to their invincible perseverance, after a run of between three
+and four miles.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the beauty, elegance, high spirit, and speed of the
+greyhound, may be mentioned his mild and affectionate disposition, as
+well as his fidelity and attachment to those who treat him with
+kindness. They will also show sometimes considerable sagacity, of
+which the following is an instance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Two young gentlemen went to skate, attended only by a greyhound. About
+the time they were expected home, the dog arrived at the house full
+speed, and by his great anxiety, by laying hold of the clothes of some
+of the inmates, and by his significant gestures, he convinced them
+that something was wrong. They followed the greyhound, and came to the
+pond. A hat was seen on the ice, near which was a fresh aperture. The
+bodies of the young gentlemen were soon found, but life was extinct.
+In this instance the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">Page 373</a></span> sagacity of the dog was extraordinary. Had he
+possessed the power of speech, he could scarcely have communicated
+what had taken place more significantly than he did.</p>
+
+<p>I have received the following anecdote from a friend, on whose
+veracity I can depend:&mdash;In the year 1816, a greyhound bitch in pup was
+sent from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh by a carrier, <em>vi&acirc;</em> Dumfries,
+to the neighbourhood of Castle Douglas, in the stewartry of
+Kirkeudbright. She brought up her litter of pups there, and in the
+following year was returned by the same route to Edinburgh, from
+whence she was sent by way of Douglas and Muirkirk to the
+neighbourhood of Cumnock, in Ayrshire. After remaining there five or
+six months, she found her way across the country to the house near
+Castle Douglas where she had brought up her pups. The fact of her
+crossing the country was ascertained by shepherds, who saw her,
+accompanied by a pointer-dog. She arrived, accompanied by this dog,
+who left her almost immediately, and found his way home again. The
+bitch was bred in East Lothian, and had never been previously either
+in Ayrshire or Dumfriesshire.</p>
+
+<p>A small Italian greyhound in Bologna, which used at nights to have a
+kind of jacket put on, to guard him from the cold, went out generally
+very early in the morning to a neighbouring house, to visit another
+dog of the same breed which lived there. He always endeavoured, by
+various coaxing gestures, to prevail<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">Page 374</a></span> upon the people of the house to
+take off his night-jacket, in order that he might play more at ease
+with his companion. It once happened, when he could not get any one to
+do him this service, that he found means, by various contortions of
+his body, rubbing himself against tables and chairs, and working with
+his limbs, to undress himself without any other assistance. After this
+trial had succeeded, he continued to practise it for some time, until
+his master discovered it, who after that undressed him every morning,
+and let him out of the house. At noon, and in the evening, he always
+returned home. Sometimes, when he made his morning call, he found the
+door of the house in which his friend dwelt not yet open. In these
+cases he placed himself opposite to the house, and by loud barking
+solicited admittance. But as the noise which he made became
+troublesome both to the inhabitants of the house and to the
+neighbours, they not only kept the door shut against him, but
+endeavoured also to drive him away from the house by throwing stones
+at him from the windows. He crept, however, so close to the door, that
+he was perfectly secure against the stones, and now they had to drive
+him away with a whip. After some time the dog went again to the house,
+and waited without barking till the door was opened. He was again
+driven away, upon which he discontinued his visits for a long time. At
+length, however, he ventured to go once more to the house, and set up
+a loud barking; placing himself in a situ<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">Page 375</a></span>ation where he was both
+secure against the stones, and could not be seized by the people of
+the house when they opened the door.</p>
+
+<p>After a considerable time, he one morning saw a boy come to the house,
+lay hold of the knocker, and strike it against the door, and he
+observed that upon this process the door was opened. After the boy had
+been let in, the dog crept along the side of the house to the door,
+and took his station upon the spot where the boy had stood when he
+knocked, and where no one who stood close to the door could be seen
+from within. Here he leaped several times at the knocker, till he
+raised it and made it strike the door. A person from within
+immediately called, "Who is there?" but receiving no answer, opened
+the door, upon which the dog ran in with tokens of great delight, and
+soon found his way to his friend. Often after this he availed himself
+of the fortunate discovery which he had made, and his ingenuity was so
+much admired that it procured him thenceforward free access to his
+companion's habitation.</p>
+
+<p>While on the subject of greyhounds, I cannot resist the insertion of
+the following account of one extracted from Froissart:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>When Richard II. was confined in the Castle of Flint, he possessed a
+greyhound, which was so remarkably attached to him, as not to notice
+or fawn upon any one else. Froissart says,&mdash;"It was informed me Kynge
+Richard had a grayhounde, called Mathe,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">Page 376</a></span> who always waited upon the
+kynge, and would know no one else. For whenever the kynge did ryde, he
+that kept the grayhounde did let him lose, and he wolde streyght runne
+to the kynge and fawne upon him, and leape with his fore-fete upon the
+kynge's shoulders. And as the kynge and the Erle of Derby talked
+togyder in the courte, the grayhounde, who was wont to leape upon the
+kynge, left the kynge and came to the Erle of Derby, duke of
+Lancaster, and made to hym the same friendly countenance and chere he
+was wont to do the kynge. The Duke, who knew not the grayhounde,
+demanded of the kynge what the grayhounde would do. 'Cosin,' quod the
+kynge, 'it is a great good token to you, and an evil sygne to me.'
+'Sir, how know ye that?' quod the duke. 'I know it well,' quod the
+kynge: 'the grayhounde maketh you chere this daye as kynge of
+Englande, as ye shall be, and I shall be deposed; the grayhounde hath
+this knowledge naturally, therefore take hym to you: he will follow
+you and forsake me.' The duke understoode well those words, and
+cheryshed the grayhounde, who would never after followe Kynge
+Richarde, but followed the Duke of Lancaster." It is not, however,
+improbable, that the dog thus mentioned was the Irish wolf-dog, as the
+fact related is more characteristic of that noble animal.</p>
+
+<p>The mild, affable, and serene aspect of the greyhound, constitutes no
+drawback to its innate sagacity, or grateful attention to its
+protector, of which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">Page 377</a></span> unfortunate king Charles I. was so observant,
+that the remark he made during his troubles is on record, and strictly
+just as applicable to the instinctive fidelity of the animal. He said
+the greyhound possessed all the good nature of the spaniel without the
+fawning.</p>
+
+<p>Washington Irving mentions, that in the course of his reading he had
+fallen in with the following anecdote, which illustrates in a
+remarkable manner the devoted attachment of these dogs to their
+masters:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"An officer named St. Leger, who was imprisoned in Vincennes (near
+Paris) during the wars of St. Bartholomew, wished to keep with him a
+greyhound that he had brought up, and which was much attached to him;
+but they harshly refused him this innocent pleasure, and sent away the
+greyhound to his house in the Rue des Lions Saint Paul. The next day
+the greyhound returned alone to Vincennes, and began to bark under the
+windows of the tower, where the officer was confined. St. Leger
+approached, looked through the bars, and was delighted again to see
+his faithful hound, who began to jump and play a thousand gambols to
+show her joy. He threw a piece of bread to the animal, who ate it with
+great good will; and, in spite of the immense wall which separated
+them, they breakfasted together like two friends. This friendly visit
+was not the last. Abandoned by his relations, who believed him dead,
+the unfortunate prisoner received the visits of his greyhound only,
+during four years' confinement. Whatever weather it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">Page 378</a></span> might be, in
+spite of rain or snow, the faithful animal did not fail a single day
+to pay her accustomed visit. Six months after his release from prison
+St. Leger died. The faithful greyhound would no longer remain in the
+house; but on the day after the funeral returned to the castle of
+Vincennes, and it is supposed she was actuated by a motive of
+gratitude. A jailor of the outer court had always shown great kindness
+to this dog, which was as handsome as affectionate. Contrary to the
+custom of people of that class, this man had been touched by her
+attachment and beauty, so that he facilitated her approach to see her
+master, and also insured her a safe retreat. Penetrated with gratitude
+for this service, the greyhound remained the rest of her life near the
+benevolent jailor. It was remarked, that even while testifying her
+zeal and gratitude for her second master, one could easily see that
+her heart was with the first. Like those who, having lost a parent, a
+brother, or a friend, come from afar to seek consolation by viewing
+the place which they inhabited, this affectionate animal repaired
+frequently to the tower where St. Leger had been imprisoned, and would
+contemplate for hours together the gloomy window from which her dear
+master had so often smiled to her, and where they had so frequently
+breakfasted together."</p>
+
+<p>The natural simplicity and peaceable demeanour of the greyhound may
+have sometimes induced a doubt of its possessing the sagacity,
+fidelity, and attachment of other dogs; but when he is kindly treated
+and do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">Page 379</a></span>mesticated, he is capable of showing them to an equal degree
+with any of the canine race.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the best coursing in England takes place on the Wiltshire
+Downs, where it is no uncommon sight to see a hare run away from two
+good dogs without a single turn. Nearly three hundred years ago, Sir
+Philip Sidney referred to this sport on the Wiltshire Downs in one of
+his poems, in which he remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"So, on the downs we see, near Wilton fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A hasten'd hare from greedy greyhounds go."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The following account of the Persian greyhound appeared in the "Book
+of Sports:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Persian greyhound is much esteemed in its native country, where
+the nobles, who are excessively fond of the chase, keep a great number
+of them at a considerable expense, the best and most favoured dogs
+frequently having their collars and housings covered with precious
+stones and embroidery.</p>
+
+<p>"These greyhounds are employed in coursing hares in the plains, and in
+chasing the antelope. As the speed of the antelope is greater than
+that of the greyhound, the Persians train hawks for the purpose of
+assisting the dog in this kind of chase. The hawks when young are fed
+upon the head of a stuffed antelope, and thus taught to fly at that
+part of the animal. When the antelope is discovered, the hawk is cast
+off, which, fastening its talons in the animal's head, im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">Page 380</a></span>pedes its
+progress, and thus enables the greyhounds to overtake it. The chase,
+however, in which the Persians chiefly delight, and for which those
+greyhounds are most highly valued, is that of the ghoo-khur, or wild
+ass. This animal, which generally inhabits the mountainous districts,
+is extremely shy, and of great endurance, and is considered by the
+Persians as one of the swiftest of all quadrupeds. These qualities,
+and the nature of the ground over which it is usually chased, render
+the capture of the wild ass very uncertain, and its pursuit extremely
+hazardous to the sportsman.</p>
+
+<p>"When the Persians go out to hunt the wild ass, relays of greyhounds
+are placed at various distances in the surrounding country, in such
+directions as are most likely to be traversed by the object of
+pursuit; so that when one relay is tired, there is another fresh to
+continue the chase. Such, however, is the speed and endurance of the
+ghoo-khur, that it is seldom fairly run down by the greyhounds; its
+death generally being achieved by the rifle of some lucky horseman.
+The Persians evince great skill and courage in this arduous sport;
+riding, rifle in hand, up and down precipitous hills, over stony
+paths, and across ravines and mountain streams, which might well daunt
+our boldest turf-skimming Meltonians.</p>
+
+<p>"Though several Persian greyhounds have at different times been
+brought to this country, the breed can scarcely be considered as
+established here. The specimen, however, (a female), from which Mr.
+Hamil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">Page 381</a></span>ton painted the picture from which our engraving is taken, was
+bred in this country. She was then supposed to be the only Persian
+greyhound bitch in England."</p>
+
+<p>The Persian greyhound is very handsome. "One of the finest species of
+dog I have ever seen," says an interesting writer, "is a sort of
+greyhound which the Persians rear to assist them in the chase. They
+have generally long silken hair upon their quarters, shoulders, ears,
+and tail; and I think them as handsome, and considerably more powerful
+and sagacious, than our own greyhounds. I have sometimes seen a
+spirited horse break loose, and run away at full speed, when one of
+these dogs has set after him like an arrow, and soon getting ahead of
+him, taken an opportunity of seizing the bridle in his teeth, which he
+held so firmly, that though he was not strong enough to stop the
+horse, yet, as he was dragged along, he continued to pull and confine
+the horse, so as to impede him very much, till some person was able to
+overtake and secure him."</p>
+
+<p>Col. Hutchinson says, that "In Persia and many parts of the East
+greyhounds are taught to assist the falcon in the capture of deer.
+When brought within good view of a herd the bird is flown, and at the
+same moment the dog is slipped. The rapid sweep of the falcon soon
+carries him far in advance. It is the falcon who makes the selection
+of the intended victim&mdash;which appears to be a matter of chance&mdash;and a
+properly-trained greyhound will give chase to none other,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">Page 382</a></span> however
+temptingly close the alarmed animals may pass him. The falcon is
+instructed to aim at the head only of the gazelle, who soon becomes
+bewildered; sometimes receiving considerable injury from the quick
+stroke of its daring adversary. Before long the gazelle is overtaken
+by the greyhound. It is not always easy to teach a dog to avoid
+injuring the bird, which is so intent upon its prey as utterly to
+disregard the approach of the hound. Death would probably be the
+penalty adjudged to him for so heinous an offence; for a well-trained
+falcon is of great value. You can readily imagine that neither it nor
+the greyhound could be properly broken unless the instructor possessed
+much judgment and perseverance. The sport is very exciting; but the
+spectator must be well-mounted, and ride boldly, who would closely
+watch the swift, varying evolutions of the assailing party, and the
+sudden evasions of the helpless defendant."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_GREYHOUND" id="Illustration_TAIL_GREYHOUND"></a>
+<img src="images/t-greyhound.jpg" width="500" height="267" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">Page 383</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 357px;"><a name="Illustration_POINTER" id="Illustration_POINTER"></a>
+<img src="images/pointers.jpg" width="357" height="500" alt="POINTER." title="POINTER." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE POINTER.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The subtle dog scours with sagacious nose<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Along the field, and snuffs each breeze that blows;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Against the wind he takes his prudent way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While the strong gale directs him to the prey.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now the warm scent assures the covey near;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He treads with caution, and he points with fear.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fluttering coveys from the stubble rise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on swift wing divide the sounding skies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The scatt'ring lead pursues the certain sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And death in thunder overtakes their flight."&mdash;<span class="person">Gay.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">Page 384</a></span>This dog has been crossed and re-crossed so often with the fox-hound,
+the setter, and the old Spanish pointer, that the originality of the
+present breed may be questioned, especially as the pointer has been
+less noticed by writers on dogs than any other of the species. How
+well do I recollect in my early youth seeing the slow, heavy,
+solemn-looking, and thick-shouldered Spanish pointer, tired with two
+or three hours' work in turnips, and so stiff after it the next day,
+as to be little capable of resuming his labours. And yet this dog,
+fifty years ago, was to be met with all through England. How different
+is the breed at the present time! By crossing with the fox-hound, they
+have acquired wonderful speed, and a power of endurance equally
+surprising, while their shape is beautiful and their sense and
+animation strongly marked in their intelligent countenances.</p>
+
+<p>The old pointers were either nearly white or variegated with large
+liver-coloured patches. We now see them either completely
+liver-coloured, or of a flea-bitten blue or grey, or else black, with
+fine sterns showing much blood, and extremely thin ears. There can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">Page 385</a></span>
+no doubt but that the crosses by which they have obtained the
+qualities and appearance I have mentioned, render the task of breaking
+them in to point, back, and drop to charge, one of no small
+difficulty. These habits, having been acquired in the original breed,
+had probably become hereditary; but the mixture with dogs which had
+not these inherent qualities, has introduced volatility and impatience
+not easily to be overcome. It is also a fact, that if a pointer,
+notwithstanding this disposition, should at last become perfectly well
+broke in, or, as it is called, highly broke, he loses much of his
+natural sagacity. His powers of endurance are, however, very great. A
+friend of mine, an ardent sportsman, had a pointer crossed with a
+foxhound, and it was the only one he had. Day after day he took this
+dog out with him, from day-break till late in the evening, and he
+never flagged or showed fatigue. It was calculated that he could not
+traverse less than one hundred and twenty miles each day. This dog
+showed extraordinary sagacity. While hunting in a large fallow field
+he made a point, and then slowly and cautiously proceeded, closely
+followed by his master. In this way he led him over a good part of the
+field, till it was supposed the dog was drawing on the scent of a
+hare, which had stolen away. At last he set off running as hard as he
+could, made a large circuit to the left, and then came to a point
+immediately opposite to his master, who then advanced and put up a
+covey of birds between him and the dog.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">Page 386</a></span>The following is a proof of the perfection to which pointers may be
+brought. The friend above referred to went out shooting with a
+gentleman celebrated for the goodness of his breed. They took the
+field with eight of these dogs. If one pointed, all the rest
+immediately backed steadily. If a partridge was shot, they all dropped
+to charge, and whichsoever dog was called to bring the bird, the rest
+never stirred till they were told to do so. Dogs thus broke in are of
+great value, and bring large prices; from fifty to a hundred guineas
+have been given for a good dog.</p>
+
+<p>Pointers frequently show extraordinary sense, especially in their own
+peculiar vocation. Thus a pointer has been known to refuse to hunt for
+a person who had previously missed every bird the dog had found. He
+left him with every mark of disgust, nor could any coaxing induce him
+to continue with his unsportsman-like companion.</p>
+
+<p>Three pointers were taken out grouse-shooting in Ireland. They were
+all of the same breed, or rather nearly related to each other, one
+being the grandmother, the other her daughter, and the third her
+granddaughter. The latter, who could get over the ground quicker than
+the others, put up first one pack of grouse, and then another, for
+which faults she was flogged again and again. Having done the same
+thing the third time, the steady old grandmother was so provoked, that
+she ran at the culprit, knocked her over and over, and did not cease
+to attack her till she had driven her home.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">Page 387</a></span> The authenticity of this
+anecdote need not be doubted. It is a proof of the extraordinary sense
+of a dog, and is corroborated by a fact already mentioned in the
+introductory remarks (p. 33), of one dog attacking another for having
+misconducted himself.</p>
+
+<p>Some very bad shots went out partridge-shooting, attended by a very
+good, old, steady pointer. After shooting for some hours with very
+little success, they began to amuse themselves by firing at a piece of
+paper stuck on a post. The disgust of the old dog at this proceeding
+may be imagined&mdash;he ran home.</p>
+
+<p>In further proof of the dislike a pointer will show to a bad shot, I
+will adduce the following anecdote mentioned by Captain Brown. A
+gentleman, on his requesting the loan of a pointer-dog from a friend,
+was informed by him that the dog would behave very well so long as he
+could kill his birds; but if he frequently missed them, it would run
+home and leave him. The dog was sent, and the following day was fixed
+for trial; but, unfortunately, his new master was a remarkably bad
+shot. Bird after bird rose and was fired at, but still pursued its
+flight untouched, till, at last, the pointer became careless, and
+often missed his game. As if seemingly willing, however, to give one
+chance more, he made a dead stop at a fern-bush, with his nose pointed
+downward, the fore-foot bent, and his tail straight and steady. In
+this position he remained firm till the sportsman was close to him,
+with both barrels cocked, then moving steadily forward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">Page 388</a></span> for a few
+paces, he at last stood still near a bunch of heather, the tail
+expressing the anxiety of the mind by moving regularly backwards and
+forwards. At last out sprung a fine old blackcock. Bang, bang, went
+both barrels, but the bird escaped unhurt. The patience of the dog was
+now quite exhausted; and, instead of dropping to charge, he turned
+boldly round, placed his tail between his legs, gave one howl, long
+and loud, and set off as fast as he could to his own home.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen a pointer leap on the top of a high gate, in going from
+one field to another, and remain steadily there till I came up to him.
+He had suddenly come on the scent of birds, and made his point from
+his uncomfortable situation on the gate. Captain Brown also relates a
+nearly similar instance of the stanchness of a pointer, which he
+received from a friend of his. This gentleman was shooting in
+Scotland, when one of his dogs, in going over a stone wall, about four
+feet high, got the scent of some birds on the other side of the wall,
+just as she made the leap. She hung by her fore-legs, appearing at a
+distance as if they had got fastened among the stones, and that she
+could not extricate herself. In this position she remained until her
+master came up. It was then evident that it was her caution for fear
+of flushing some birds on the other side of the wall, which prevented
+her from taking the leap, or rather, which was the cause of her making
+this extraordinary point.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">Page 389</a></span>Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," mentions the circumstance of two
+pointers having stood at one point an hour and a quarter, while an
+artist took a sketch of them.</p>
+
+<p>A dog of the pointer kind, brought from South Carolina in an English
+merchant vessel, was a remarkable prognosticator of bad weather.
+Whenever he was observed to prick up his ears, scratch the deck, and
+rear himself to look to the windward, whence he would eagerly snuff up
+the wind, if it was then the finest weather imaginable, the crew were
+sure of a tempest succeeding; and the dog became so useful, that
+whenever they perceived the fit upon him, they immediately reefed the
+sails, and took in their spare canvas, to prepare for the worst. Other
+animals are prognosticators of weather also; and there is seldom a
+storm at sea, but it is foretold by some of the natural marine
+barometers on board, many hours before the gale.</p>
+
+<p>The following circumstance serves also to prove the extreme stanchness
+of a pointer. It is related by Captain Brown:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A servant who used to shoot for Mr. Clutterbuck of Bradford, had, on
+one occasion, a pointer of this gentleman's, which afforded him an
+excellent day's sport. On returning, the night being dark, he dropped,
+by some chance, two or three birds out of his bag, and on coming home
+he missed them. Having informed a fellow-servant of his loss, he
+requested him to get up early the next morning, and seek for them near
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">Page 390</a></span> turnpike, being certain that he had brought them as far as that
+place. The man accordingly went there, and not a hundred yards from
+the spot mentioned by his companion, he, to his surprise, found the
+pointer lying near the birds, and where he probably had remained all
+night, although the poor animal had been severely hunted the day
+before."</p>
+
+<p>For the following instance of the sagacity of a pointer, I am indebted
+to Lord Stowell. Mr. Edward Cook, after having lived some time with
+his brother at Tugsten, in Northumberland, went to America, and took
+with him a pointer-dog, which he lost soon afterwards, while shooting
+in the woods near Baltimore. Some time after, Mr. and Mrs. Cook, who
+continued to reside at Tugsten, were alarmed at hearing a dog in the
+night. They admitted it into the house, and found that it was the same
+their brother had taken with him to America. The dog lived with them
+until his master returned home, when they mutually recognised each
+other. Mr. Cook was never able to trace by what vessel the dog had
+left America, or in what part of England it had been landed. This
+anecdote confirms others which I have already mentioned relative to
+dogs finding their way back to this country from considerable
+distances.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Shipp, in his Memoirs, mentions the case of a soldier in
+India, who, having presented his dog to an acquaintance, by whom he
+was taken a distance of four hundred miles, was surprised to see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">Page 391</a></span> him
+back in a few days afterwards. When the faithful animal returned, he
+searched through the whole barracks for his master, and at length
+finding him asleep, he awoke him by licking his face.</p>
+
+<p>Pointers have been known to go out by themselves for the purpose of
+finding game, and when they have succeeded, have returned to their
+master, and by significant signs and gestures have led them directly
+to the spot.</p>
+
+<p>The mental faculties of pointers are extremely acute. When once they
+become conscious of their own powers, and of what is required of them,
+they seldom commit a fault, and do their duty with alacrity and
+devotion. Old pointers are apt to hunt the hedgerows of a field before
+they begin to quarter the ground. I have seen dogs severely rated and
+punished for doing this, but the cause is obvious. They are aware that
+game is more frequently to be found in hedgerows than in the open
+ground, and therefore very naturally take the readiest way of finding
+it.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting exhibition of clever dogs took place in London in the
+summer of 1843, under the auspices of M. L&eacute;onard, a French gentleman
+of scientific attainments and enlightened character, who had for some
+years directed his attention to the reasoning powers of animals, and
+their cultivation. Two pointers, Braque and Philax, had been the
+especial objects of his instruction, and their intellectual capacities
+had been excited in an extraordinary degree. A writer in the "Atlas"
+newspaper thus speaks of the exhibition of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">Page 392</a></span> these animals:&mdash;M.
+L&eacute;onard's dogs are not merely clever, well-taught animals, which, by
+dint of practice, can pick up a particular letter, or can, by a sort
+of instinct, indicate a number which may be asked for; they call into
+action powers which, if not strictly intellectual, approximate very
+closely to reason. For instance, they exert memory. Four pieces of
+paper were placed upon the floor, which the company numbered
+indiscriminately, 2, 4, 6, 8. The numbers were named but once, and yet
+the dogs were able to pick up any one of them at command, although
+they were not placed in regular order. The numbers were then changed,
+with a similar result. Again, different objects were placed upon the
+floor, and when a similar thing&mdash;say a glove&mdash;was exhibited, one or
+other of the animals picked it up immediately. The dogs distinguish
+colours, and, in short, appear to understand everything that is said
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>The dog Braque plays a game of dominoes with any one who likes. We are
+aware that this has been done before; but when it is considered that
+it is necessary to distinguish the number of spots, it must be
+admitted that this requires the exercise of a power little inferior to
+reason. The dog sits on the chair with the dominoes before him, and
+when his adversary plays, he scans each of his dominoes with an air of
+attention and gravity which is perfectly marvellous. When he could not
+match the domino played, he became restless and shook his head, and
+gave other indications of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">Page 393</a></span> inability to do so. No human being
+could have paid more attention. The dog seemed to watch the game with
+deep interest, and what is more, he won.</p>
+
+<p>Another point strongly indicative of the close approach to the
+reasoning powers, was the exactness with which the dogs obeyed an
+understood signal. It was agreed that when three blows were struck
+upon a chair, Philax should do what was requested; and when five were
+given, that the task should devolve on Braque. This arrangement was
+strictly adhered to. We do not intend to follow the various proofs
+which were afforded of the intelligence of the dogs; it is sufficient
+to say that a multiplicity of directions given to them were obeyed
+implicitly, and that they appeared to understand what their master
+said as well as any individual in the room.</p>
+
+<p>M. L&eacute;onard entered into a highly-interesting explanation of his theory
+regarding the intellectual powers of animals, and the mode he adopts
+to train and subdue horses, exhibiting the defects of the system
+generally pursued. His principle is, that horses are not vicious by
+nature, but because they have been badly taught, and that, as with
+children, these defects may be corrected by proper teaching. M.
+L&eacute;onard does not enter into these inquiries for profit, but solely
+with a scientific and humane view, being desirous of investigating the
+extent of the reasoning powers of animals.</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear possible that dogs should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">Page 394</a></span> educated to the
+extent of those of M. L&eacute;onard, unless we can suppose that they acquire
+a tolerably exact knowledge of language. That they in reality learn to
+know the meaning of certain words, not merely when addressed to them,
+but when spoken in ordinary conversation, is beyond a doubt; although
+the accompanying looks and movements in all likelihood help them in
+their interpretation. We have known a small spaniel, for instance,
+which thoroughly understood the meaning of "out," or "going out," when
+spoken in the most casual way in conversation. A lady of our
+acquaintance has a dog which lives at enmity with another dog in the
+neighbourhood, called York, and angrily barks when the word York is
+pronounced in his hearing.</p>
+
+<p>A well-known angler was in the habit of being attended by a
+pointer-dog, who saved him the trouble of a landing-net in his
+trout-fishing excursions. When he had hooked a fish and brought it
+near the bank, the dog would be in readiness, and taking the fish
+behind the head, would bring it out to his master.</p>
+
+<p>A writer, who endeavours to prove the existence of souls analogous to
+the human in animals, relates the following remarkable fact, of which
+he was himself an eye-witness. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was with a gentleman who resides in the country, in his study, when
+a pointer-dog belonging to him came running to the door of the room,
+which was shut, scratching and barking till he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">Page 395</a></span> admitted. He then
+used supplicating gestures of every kind, running from his master to
+the stair behind which his gun stood, then again to his master, and
+back to the gun. The gentleman now comprehended something of his dog's
+meaning, and took up his gun. The dog immediately gave a bark of joy,
+ran out at the door, returned, and then ran to the back-door of the
+house, from whence he took the road to a neighbouring hill.</p>
+
+<p>"His master and I followed him. The dog ran, highly pleased, a little
+distance before us, showing us the way we should take. After we had
+proceeded about forty paces, he gave us to understand that we should
+turn to the left, by pressing repeatedly against his master, and
+pushing him towards the road that turned to the left. We followed his
+direction, and he accompanied us a few paces, but suddenly he turned
+to the right, running round the whole of the hill. We still proceeded
+to the left, slowly up the ascent, till we were nearly arrived at its
+summit, the dog in the meantime making the circuit of the hill to the
+right. He was now already higher than we were, when he gave a sudden
+bark, and that moment a hare ran before the muzzle of his master's
+gun, and, of course, met her fate."</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman had a pointer so fleet that he often backed him to find
+birds in a ten-acre field within two minutes, if there were birds in
+it. On entering the field, he seemed to know by instinct where the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">Page 396</a></span>
+birds would lie, generally going up to them at once. His nose was so
+good, that with a brisk wind, he would find his game a hundred and
+fifty yards off across the furrows. He could tell whether a bird was
+hit, and if so would retrieve it some fields off from where it was
+shot. He would never follow a hare unless it was wounded. He would
+point water-fowl as well as all birds of game, and has been seen
+pointing a duck or a moor-hen with the water running over his back at
+the time. Nothing seemed to spoil this dog, not even rat and otter
+hunting, in both of which he was an adept, as he knew his business;
+and although he would rattle through a wood, he was perfectly steady
+the next minute out of cover. He has been known to continue at a point
+two hours. In high turnips he would contrive to show his master where
+he was, standing sometimes on his hind legs only, so that his head and
+fore-quarters might be seen. On one occasion he came at full speed so
+suddenly on a hare, that he slipped up, and fell nearly on his back.
+In this position he did not move, and it was thought he was in a fit,
+till the hare jumped up and was killed, when the dog righted himself.
+So steady was he in backing another dog when game was found, that he
+once caught sight of a point at the moment of jumping a stile, and
+balanced himself on it for several seconds till he fell. Once when
+hunting with a young pointer, who had only been taken into the field
+two or three times, in order to show him some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">Page 397</a></span> birds before the
+shooting season, the following occurrence took place. The old dog
+found some birds in the middle of the field, and pointed them
+steadily. The puppy had been jumping and gambolling about, with no
+great hunt in him, and upon seeing the old dog stand, ran playfully up
+to him. He was, however, seized by the neck, and received a good
+shaking, which sent him away howling, and his companion then turned
+round and steadied himself on his point, without moving scarcely a
+yard. This anecdote is extracted from Hone's "Year Book," and the
+writer of it goes on to say,&mdash;"What dog is there possessing the
+singular self-denial of the pointer or setter? The hound gives full
+play to his feelings; chases, and babbles, and kicks up as much riot
+as he likes, provided he is true to his game; the spaniel has no
+restraint, except being kept within gun-shot; the greyhound has it all
+his own way as soon as he is loosed; and the terrier watches at a
+rat's hole, because he cannot get into it: but the pointer, at the
+moment that other dogs satisfy themselves, and rush upon their game,
+suddenly stops, and points with almost breathless anxiety to that
+which we might naturally suppose he would eagerly seize. The birds
+seen, the dog creeps after them cautiously, stopping at intervals,
+lest by a sudden movement he should spring them too soon. And then let
+us observe and admire his delight when his anxiety&mdash;for it is
+anxiety&mdash;is crowned with success&mdash;when the bird falls, and he lays it
+joyfully at his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">Page 398</a></span> master's feet. A pointer should never be ill-used. He
+is too much like one of us. He has more headpiece than all the rest of
+the dogs put together. Narrowly watch a steady pointer on his game,
+and see how he holds his breath. It is evident he must stand in a
+certain degree of pain, for we all know how quickly a dog respires.
+And when he comes up to you in the field he puffs and blows, and his
+tongue is invariably hanging out of his mouth. We never see this on a
+point, and to check it suddenly must give the dog pain. And yet, how
+silent he is! how eager he looks! and if a sudden hysteric gasp is
+heard, it ceases in a moment. Surely he is the most perfect artist of
+the canine race."</p>
+
+<p>Some of my readers may like to know that the best breaker of pointers
+I have yet met with is Mr. Lucas, one of the keepers of Richmond Park.
+He perfectly understands his business, and turns out his pointers in a
+way which few can equal.</p>
+
+<p>In August 1857, a gentleman residing at Ludlow, in Shropshire, had a
+pointer bitch, which produced seven puppies. Six of them were drowned,
+and one left. On the servant going the next morning to give her some
+milk, she found, besides the puppy, a hedgehog, which had been in the
+garden some years, most comfortably curled up with them. She took it
+away, but my informant being told that it had got back again, he went
+to see it. The pointer was licking it, and appeared quite as fond of
+it as of her own puppy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">Page 399</a></span> He again had it removed, the bitch following,
+and whining with evident anxiety to have it restored to her. This was
+the more remarkable, as on previous occasions she had tried to kill
+the hedgehog. This strange affection can only be accounted for by an
+abundant flow of milk, which distended and hurt her, occasioned by her
+other puppies having been destroyed, and she, therefore, seized on the
+hedgehog to relieve her, however incongruous it might be to her former
+feelings towards it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_POINTER" id="Illustration_TAIL_POINTER"></a>
+<img src="images/t-pointer.jpg" width="500" height="258" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">Page 400</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 339px;"><a name="Illustration_SETTER" id="Illustration_SETTER"></a>
+<img src="images/setters.jpg" width="339" height="500" alt="SETTERS." title="SETTERS." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE SETTER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The old English setter (says Capt. Brown), was originally derived from
+a cross between the Spanish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">Page 401</a></span> pointer and the large water-spaniel, and
+was justly celebrated for his fine scent. It is difficult now to say
+what a setter really is, as the original breed has been crossed with
+springers, stag and blood-hounds. The Irish breed of setters is
+considered better than either the English or Scotch, and a fine brace
+has been frequently known to fetch fifty guineas. Youatt says that the
+setter is evidently the large spaniel improved in size and beauty, and
+taught to mark his game by setting or crouching. He is more active
+than the pointer, but has not so much patient steadiness. It is
+extremely difficult to decide between the merits of the setter and
+pointer as dogs for shooting over. Some authors prefer one, some the
+other. "Craven" says, that in his opinion Russian setters are better
+than English, in nose, sagacity, and every other qualification that a
+dog ought to possess.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Hutchinson relates that he was "partridge-shooting the season
+before last with an intimate friend. The air was soft, and there was a
+good breeze. We came upon a large turnip-field, deeply trenched on
+account of its damp situation. A white setter, that habitually carried
+a lofty head, drew for awhile, and then came to a point. We got up to
+her. She led us across some ridges, when her companion, a jealous dog
+(a pointer), which had at first backed correctly, most improperly
+pushed on in front, but, not being able to acknowledge the scent, went
+off, clearly imagining the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">Page 402</a></span> bitch was in error. She, however, held on,
+and in beautiful style brought us up direct to a covey. My friend and
+I agreed that she must have been but little, if at all, less than one
+hundred yards off when she first winded the birds; and it was clear to
+us that they could not have been running, for the breeze came directly
+across the furrows, and she had led us in the wind's eye. We thought
+the point the more remarkable, as it is generally supposed that the
+strong smell of turnips diminishes a dog's power of scenting birds."</p>
+
+<p>The same able author says, that on one occasion when a near relation
+of his was shooting on the banks of the Forth, he killed a partridge
+that was flying across the river. As he had no retriever with him, he
+almost regretted having fired; but, to his surprise, his setter, Dove,
+jumped into the river, although she had never previously (to the
+writer's knowledge), attempted to swim, seized it, and deposited it
+safely on the bank. She never had retrieved before, and was not
+particularly good at "seeking dead."</p>
+
+<p>"During my residence in the country," says M. Huet, "I had a
+gamekeeper who was very skilful in the art of training dogs. Among
+others of various kinds which he trained was a large old English
+setter, with which he had succeeded so well that he could use him both
+for hunting and shooting.</p>
+
+<p>"This dog did always as much as could be done by any of his race, in
+whatever kind of sport he was em<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">Page 403</a></span>ployed; he even invented advantageous
+man&oelig;uvres himself, which the gamekeeper affirmed he had never
+taught him.</p>
+
+<p>"Once, after I had been already several hours returned from hunting
+with my people, the dog came running across the yard with a hare upon
+his back, which he held by the ear, so as to carry her in the most
+convenient manner to the kitchen from the considerable distance where
+he must have killed her.</p>
+
+<p>"Upon another occasion he showed an extraordinary degree of judgment
+and fidelity. The gamekeeper had, on one of the short days of
+December, shot at and wounded a deer. Hoping to run him down before
+night, he instantly put the dog upon the track, which followed it at
+full speed, and soon was out of sight. At length it grew dark, and the
+gamekeeper returned home, thinking he should find the setter arrived
+there before him; but he was disappointed, and became apprehensive
+that his dog might have lost himself, or fallen a prey to some
+ravenous animal. The next morning, however, we were all greatly
+rejoiced to see him come running into the yard, whence he directly
+hastened to the door of my apartment, and, on being admitted, ran,
+with gestures expressive of solicitude and eagerness, to a corner of
+the room where guns were placed. We understood the hint, and, taking
+the guns, followed him. He led us not by the road which he himself had
+taken out of the wood, but by beaten paths half round it, and then by
+several wood-cutters'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">Page 404</a></span> tracks in different directions, to a thicket,
+where, following him a few paces, we found the deer which he had
+killed. The dog seems to have rightly judged that we should have been
+obliged to make our way with much difficulty through almost the whole
+length of the wood, in order to come to the deer in a straight
+direction, and he therefore led us a circuitous but open and
+convenient road. Between the legs of the deer, which he had guarded
+during the night against the beasts of prey that might otherwise have
+seized upon it, he had scratched a hole in the snow, and filled it
+with dry leaves for his bed. The extraordinary sagacity which he had
+displayed upon this occasion rendered him doubly valuable to us, and
+it therefore caused us very serious regret when, in the ensuing
+summer, the poor animal went mad, possibly in consequence of his
+exposure to the severe frost of that night, and it became necessary
+for the gamekeeper to shoot him, which he could not do without
+shedding tears. He said he would willingly have given his best cow to
+save him; and I confess myself that I would not have hesitated to part
+with my best horse upon the same terms."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Torry, of Edinburgh, had a setter bitch which possessed great
+powers, and especially in finding lost articles, as she would,
+whenever she was desired, go in search of anything. On one occasion
+his servant lost a favourite whip in the middle of a moor, and he did
+not discover or make known this loss till they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">Page 405</a></span> about a mile
+distant from the spot where it was dropped. Mr. Torry ordered the
+servant to go back and bring it, as he stated he was quite certain of
+the spot where he had dropped it; but after searching for nearly an
+hour, the servant returned and said he could not recover it, upon
+which Mr. Torry told his setter to go back for the whip. She started
+off instantly, and in less than five minutes the lost article was at
+his feet.</p>
+
+<p>The same dog did a great many other curious things: she would ring the
+bell, fetch her master's slippers, or bring his youngest son, when
+required to do so, from another room; which last she effected by
+taking hold of his pinafore with her mouth, and running before him
+sideways to his master's chair.</p>
+
+<p>A large setter, ill with the distemper, had been most tenderly nursed
+by a lady for three weeks. At length he became so weak as to be placed
+on a bed, where he remained three days in a dying situation. After a
+short absence, the lady, on re-entering the room, observed him to fix
+his eyes attentively on her, and make an effort to crawl across the
+bed towards her. This he accomplished evidently for the sole purpose
+of licking her hands, which, having done, he expired without a groan.
+"I am," says Mr. Blaine, "as convinced that the animal was sensible of
+his approaching dissolution, and that this was a last forcible effort
+to express his gratitude for the care taken of him, as I am of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">Page 406</a></span> own
+existence; and had I witnessed this proof of excellence alone, I
+should think a life devoted to the amelioration of the condition of
+dogs far too little for their deserts."</p>
+
+<p>There is a curious and interesting anecdote related of a setter who
+had formed a great friendship with a cat. They were, in fact,
+inseparable companions, and evidently had a great love for each other.
+As a sporting dog the setter had few equals, but he constantly showed
+his disgust when obliged to accompany a bad shot into the fields.
+After one of the shooting seasons was over, his master took a house in
+London, and carried his setter with him, who was seated with the
+footman on the box of the carriage. It appears that the dog had not
+forgotten his favourite, the cat, for he disappeared from the house,
+and was absent for some days. He at length returned to his master's
+house in the country, and brought back the cat with him. How he
+contrived to find his way backwards and forward, and how he persuaded
+the cat to accompany him, are mysteries which it would be useless to
+attempt to solve. The fact, however, would seem to be satisfactorily
+vouched for.</p>
+
+<p>Setters are known to be subject to strange freaks. A gentleman had one
+which he had shot to for three years. Upon one occasion he took the
+dog out, and fired seven or eight times at birds the dog had found
+him; but having missed them all, the animal returned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">Page 407</a></span> home, evidently
+disgusted. In the evening his owner took him out again and killed
+every shot, which procured a reconciliation between the dog and its
+master.</p>
+
+<p>The late Dr. Hugh Smith related the following circumstance of a setter
+dog, and maintained that a bitch and a dog may fall passionately in
+love with each other. As the doctor was travelling from Midhurst into
+Hampshire, the dogs, as usual in country places, ran out barking as he
+was passing through a village; and amongst them he observed a little
+ugly mongrel, that was particularly eager to ingratiate himself with a
+setter bitch that accompanied him. Whilst stopping to water his horse,
+he remarked how amorous the mongrel continued, and how courteous the
+setter seemed to her admirer. Provoked to see a creature of Dido's
+high blood so obsequious to such mean addresses, the doctor drew one
+of his pistols and shot the dog; he then had the bitch carried on
+horseback for several miles. From that day, however, she lost her
+appetite, ate little or nothing, had no inclination to go abroad with
+her master, or attend to his call, but seemed to repine like a
+creature in love, and express sensible concern for the loss of her
+gallant. Partridge season came, but Dido had no nose. Some time after
+she was coupled to a setter of great excellence, which with no small
+difficulty had been procured to get a breed from, and all the caution
+which even the doctor himself could take was strictly exerted, that
+the whelps might be pure and unmixed; yet not a puppy did Dido<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">Page 408</a></span> bring
+forth but what was the picture and colour of the mongrel that he had
+so many months before destroyed. The doctor fumed, and, had he not
+personally paid such attention to preserve the intercourse
+uncontaminated, would have suspected that some negligence had
+occasioned this disappointment; but his views were in many subsequent
+litters also defeated, for Dido never produced a whelp which was not
+exactly similar to the unfortunate dog which was her first and
+murdered lover.</p>
+
+<p>This anecdote may appear strange or untrue to some people; but it is
+an undoubted fact, and in some degree corroborates Dr. Smith's account
+that the late Sir Gore Ouseley had a Persian mare which produced her
+first foal by a zebra in Scotland. She was afterwards a brood-mare in
+England, and had several foals, every one of which had the zebra's
+stripes on it. That the force of imagination influences some brutes
+cannot be doubted. A gentleman had a small spaniel which had one of
+her legs broken when pregnant. When she littered, one of the whelps
+had one of her hind legs broken&mdash;the limb was contracted&mdash;a perfect
+callus formed, in everything resembling the leg of the dam.</p>
+
+<p>Setters are difficult to break; but when well broken are invaluable as
+sporting dogs, for they will work all day if they can occasionally
+find water. John Dudley, duke of Northumberland, is said to have been
+the first that broke a setter dog to the net, about the year 1555.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">Page 409</a></span>Col. Hutchinson says that a French lady, who is fond of animals, at
+his request committed the following anecdote to paper:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My dear M&eacute;dor, a beautiful red-and-white setter, was remarkable, I am
+told, for many rare qualities as a sporting dog; but, of course, none
+of these could be compared, in <em>my</em> eyes, to his faithfulness and
+sagacity. I looked upon him as a friend; and I know that our affection
+was mutual. I could mention several instances of his intelligence&mdash;I
+might say, reflection; but one in particular gave me such delight
+that, though years have since passed away, all the circumstances are
+as fresh in my memory as if they had occurred but yesterday. I was
+returning from school at Versailles; and having rang uselessly for a
+little time at the front door, I went round to the carriage-gate to
+have a chat with my silky-haired favourite. He barked anxiously,
+thrust his cold nose through an opening near the ground, scratched
+vigorously to increase its size, and in numerous ways testified great
+joy at again hearing my voice. I put my hand under the gate to caress
+him; and while he was licking it, I said in jest, but in a distinct,
+loud voice, 'Dear M&eacute;dor, I am shut out&mdash;go, bring me the keys.' It so
+happened that the stable where they usually hung was not closed. M&eacute;dor
+ran off, and in a few seconds returned and placed them in my hands. I
+will not attempt to describe <em>my</em> gratification at such a striking
+proof of his intelligence, nor <em>his</em> evident pride at seeing me enter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">Page 410</a></span>
+the hall, nor yet the fright of the servant at thinking how long the
+street-door must have been carelessly left open. 'M&eacute;dor deserves that
+his life should be written,' said I to my uncle, when afterwards
+telling him the whole story; 'I am sure his deeds are as wonderful as
+those related of the 'Chiens c&eacute;l&egrave;bres' by De Fr&eacute;ville.'</p>
+
+<p>"My setter was immediately declared 'Keeper of the Keys,' and
+forthwith invested with all the rights of office. Nor was this
+confidence misplaced. He would never give up his charge to any one but
+to my uncle or myself; and always seemed fully sensible of the dignity
+and responsibility of his new position."</p>
+
+<p>Tolfrey gives, in his "Sportsman in France," so beautiful an instance
+of a setter's untutored intelligence leading him to see the advantage
+of placing running birds between himself and the gun, that I will
+relate it.</p>
+
+<p>"On gaining some high ground, the dog drew and stood. She was walked
+up to, but to my astonishment we found no birds. She was encouraged,
+and with great difficulty coaxed off her point. She kept drawing on,
+but with the same ill success.</p>
+
+<p>"I must confess I was for the moment sorely puzzled; but knowing the
+excellence of the animal, I let her alone. She kept drawing on for
+nearly a hundred yards&mdash;still no birds. At last, of her own accord,
+and with a degree of instinct amounting almost to the faculty of
+reason, she broke from her point, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">Page 411</a></span> dashing off to the right made a
+<em>d&eacute;tour</em>, and was presently straight before me, some three hundred
+yards off, setting the game whatever it might be, as much as to say,
+'I'll be &mdash;&mdash; if you escape me this time.' We walked steadily on; and
+when within about thirty yards of her, up got a covey of red-legged
+partridges, and we had the good fortune to kill a brace each.</p>
+
+<p>"It is one of the characteristics of these birds to run for an amazing
+distance before they take wing; but the sagacity of my faithful dog
+baffled all their efforts to escape. We fell in with several coveys of
+these birds during the day, and my dog ever after gave them the
+double, and kept them between the gun and herself."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_SETTER" id="Illustration_TAIL_SETTER"></a>
+<img src="images/t-setter.jpg" width="500" height="278" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">Page 412</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_THE_COMFORTER_OR_LAP-DOG_PUG" id="Illustration_THE_COMFORTER_OR_LAP-DOG_PUG"></a>
+<img src="images/comforter.jpg" width="500" height="368" alt="THE COMFORTER, OR LAP-DOG PUG." title="THE COMFORTER, OR LAP-DOG PUG." />
+<span class="caption">THE COMFORTER, OR LAP-DOG PUG.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE PUG DOG.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_blockquot"><p>"My pug makes a bad pet; he is useless in the field, is somewhat
+snappish, has little sagacity, and is very cowardly: but there is
+an air of <em>bon ton</em> about him which renders him a fashionable
+appendage to a fine lady."&mdash;<em>Parisian Gossip.</em> </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Pugs came into fashion, and probably first into this country, in the
+early part of the reign of William the Third, and were then called
+Dutch pugs. At that time they were generally decorated with orange
+rib<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">Page 413</a></span>bons, and were in great request amongst the courtiers, from the
+king being very partial to them.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to say how this partiality arose, though it may
+perhaps be accounted for by the following anecdote, related in a
+scarce old book, called "Sir Roger Williams' Actions in the Low
+Countries," printed in 1618.</p>
+
+<p>"The Prince of Orange (father of William III.) being retired into the
+camp, Julian Romero, with earnest persuasions, procured license of the
+Duke D'Alva to hazard a <em>camisado</em>, or night attack, upon the prince.
+At midnight Julian sallied out of the trenches with a thousand armed
+men, mostly pikes, who forced all the guards that they found in their
+way into the place of arms before the Prince's tent, and killed two of
+his secretaries. The Prince himself escaped very narrowly, for I have
+often heard him say that he thought but for a dog he should have been
+taken or slain. The attack was made with such resolution, that the
+guards took no alarm until their fellows were running to the place of
+arms, with their enemies at their heels, when this dog, hearing a
+great noise, fell to scratching and crying, and awakened him before
+any of his men; and though the Prince slept armed, with a lacquey
+always holding one of his horses ready bridled and saddled, yet, at
+the going out of his tent, with much ado he recovered his horse before
+the enemy arrived. Nevertheless, one of his equerries was slain
+taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">Page 414</a></span> horse presently after him, as were divers of his servants. The
+Prince, to show his gratitude, until his dying day kept one of that
+dog's race, and so did many of his friends and followers. These
+animals were not remarkable for their beauty, being little white dogs,
+with crooked noses, called <em>Camuses</em> (flat-nosed)."</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to account for the origin of this breed of dogs. So
+far from having any of the courage of the bulldog, which they resemble
+somewhat in miniature, they are extremely cowardly. They are also
+occasionally treacherous in their disposition, and will take strong
+dislikes to particular persons.</p>
+
+<p>The passion of the late Lady Penrhyn for pugs was well known. Two of
+these, a mother and daughter, were in the eating-room of Penrhyn
+Castle during the morning call of a lady, who partook of luncheon. On
+bonnets and shawls being ordered for the purpose of taking a walk in
+the grounds, the oldest dog jumped on a chair, and looked first at a
+cold fowl, and then at her daughter. The lady remarked to Lady Penrhyn
+that they certainly had a design on the tray. The bell was therefore
+rung, and a servant ordered to take it away. The instant the tray
+disappeared, the elder pug, who had previously played the agreeable
+with all her might to the visitor, snarled and flew at her, and during
+the whole walk followed her, growling and snapping at her heels
+whenever opportunity served.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">Page 415</a></span> The dog certainly went through two or
+three links of inference, from the disappearance of the coveted spoil
+to Lady Penrhyn's order, and from Lady Penrhyn's order to the remark
+made by her visitor.</p>
+
+<p>Monsieur Blaze, in his "History of Dogs," mentions one who was taught
+to pronounce several words. The editor of the "Dumfries Courier" has
+declared most solemnly that he "heard a pug repeatedly pronounce the
+word 'William,' almost as distinctly as ever it was enunciated by the
+human voice. He saw the dog lying on a rug before the fire, when one
+of his master's sons, whose name is William, and to whom he is more
+obedient than to any one else, happened to give him a shove, when the
+animal ejaculated, for the first time, the word 'William.' The whole
+party were as much amazed as Balsam was when his ass spoke; and though
+they could hardly believe their own ears, one of them exclaimed,
+'Could you really find it in your heart to hurt the poor dog after he
+has so distinctly pronounced your name?' This led to a series of
+experiments, which have been repeated for the satisfaction of various
+persons, but still the animal performs with difficulty. When his
+master seizes his fore-legs, and commands him to say 'William,' he
+treats the hearer With a gurring voluntary; and after this species of
+music has been protracted for a longer or a shorter period, his voice
+seems to fall a full octave before he comes out with the important
+word."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">Page 416</a></span>In the "Biblioth&egrave;que Germanique," published in 1720, there is an
+account of a dog at Berlin, who was made to pronounce a few words, but
+the one which he ejaculated most distinctly was "Elizabeth." Sir
+William Gell also had a dog which was well known to repeat some words,
+but it should be mentioned that he never did this except his master
+held his jaws in a peculiar way.<a name="FNanchor_R_18" id="FNanchor_R_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_18" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
+
+<p>It has been said of the pug dog that he is applicable to no sport,
+appropriated to no useful purpose, susceptible of no predominant
+passion, and in no way remarkable for any pre-eminent quality. He
+seems, indeed, intended to be the patient follower of a ruminating
+philosopher, or the adulatory and consolatory companion of an old
+maid; but is now gradually becoming discarded as a pet, and is seldom
+seen peeping out of a carriage window or basking in a London balcony.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="topic">Comforter</span>, of which a portrait is given at the head of the present
+chapter, is a rare and beautiful little dog, apparently a cross
+between the Maltese and King Charles spaniel. His colour is generally
+white, with black or brown patches; his ears are long, and his head
+broad on the upper part, with an acute muzzle; the hair is long over
+the whole body, with the fore legs feathered; his tail is curled, and
+feathered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">Page 417</a></span> with very long hairs. This is the smallest of any of the
+distinct races of dogs, and is frequently not above a foot from the
+tip of the nose to the point of the tail.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_PUGNACIOUS" id="Illustration_PUGNACIOUS"></a>
+<img src="images/pugnacious.jpg" width="500" height="366" alt="&quot;A PUGNACIOUS PAIR.&quot;" title="&quot;A PUGNACIOUS PAIR.&quot;" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;A PUGNACIOUS PAIR.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">Page 418</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_TURNSPIT" id="THE_TURNSPIT"></a>THE TURNSPIT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>How well do I recollect, in the days of my youth, watching the
+operations of a turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman
+in Worcestershire, who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a
+bushy wig, black worsted stockings, and large plated buckles in his
+shoes. As he had several boarders, as well as day-scholars, his two
+turnspits had plenty to do. They were long-bodied, crooked-legged, and
+ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy look about them, as if they were
+weary of the task they had to do, and expected every moment to be
+seized upon to perform it. Cooks in those days, as they are said to be
+at present, were very cross, and if the poor animal, wearied with
+having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a moment, the
+voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle terms.
+When we consider that a large solid piece of beef would take at least
+three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrier worries rats with
+considerable glee, the greyhound pursues hares with eagerness and
+delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the greatest energy,
+while the poor turnspit performs his task by compulsion, like a
+culprit on a tread-wheel, subject to scolding or beating if he stops a
+moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">Page 419</a></span> kitchen
+when the task is over. There is a story (it is an old one) of the Bath
+turnspits, who were in the habit of collecting together in the abbey
+church of that town during divine service. It is said, but I will not
+vouch for the truth of the story, that hearing one day the word
+"spit," which occurred in the lesson for the day, they all ran out of
+the church in the greatest hurry, evidently associating the word with
+the task they had to perform.</p>
+
+<p>These dogs are still used in Germany, and her Majesty has two or three
+of them amongst her collection of these quadrupeds. They are extremely
+bandy-legged, so as to appear almost incapable of running, with long
+bodies and rather large heads. They are very strong in the jaws, and
+are what are called hard-bitten. It is a peculiarity in these dogs
+that they generally have the iris of one eye black and the other
+white. Their colour varies, but the usual one is a bluish grey,
+spotted with black. The tail is generally curled on the back.</p>
+
+<p>As two turnspits were generally kept to do the roasting work of a
+family, each dog knew his own day, and it was not an easy task to make
+one work two days running. Even on his regular day a dog would
+frequently hide himself, so cordially did he hate his prescribed
+duties. A story is said to have been related to a gentleman by the
+Duke de Liancourt, of two turnspits employed in his kitchen, who had
+to take their turns every other day to get into the wheel. One of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">Page 420</a></span>
+them, in a fit of laziness, hid himself on the day he should have
+worked, so that his companion was forced to mount the wheel in his
+stead, who, when his employment was over, began crying and wagging his
+tail, and making signs for those in attendance to follow him. This was
+done, and the dog conducted them into a garret, where he dislodged his
+idle companion, and killed him immediately.</p>
+
+<p>The following circumstance is said to have taken place in the Jesuits'
+College at La Fl&egrave;che.</p>
+
+<p>After the cook had prepared his meat for roasting, he looked for the
+dog whose turn it was to work the spit, but not being able to find
+him, he attempted to employ for this service another that happened to
+be in the kitchen. The dog, however, resisted, and, having bitten the
+cook, ran away. The man, with whom the dog was a particular favourite,
+was much astonished at his ferocity. The wound he had received was a
+severe one, and bled profusely, so that it was necessary to dress it.
+While this was doing, the dog, which had run into the garden, and
+found out the one whose turn it was to work the spit, came driving him
+before him into the kitchen, when the latter immediately went of his
+own accord into the wheel.</p>
+
+<p>Buffon calls the turnspit the <em>Basset &agrave; jambes torses</em>, but some of
+the breed are said to have straight legs. Short as they are, the body
+is extremely strong and heavy in proportion to the height of the dog,
+and this weight must facilitate the turning of the wheel.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">Page 421</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_FOXHOUND" id="Illustration_FOXHOUND"></a>
+<img src="images/foxhound.jpg" width="500" height="389" alt="FOXHOUND." title="FOXHOUND." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE FOXHOUND.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Warn'd by the streaming light and merry lark,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forth rush the jolly clan; with tuneful throats<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They carol loud, and in grand chorus joined,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Salute the new-born day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">Then to the copse<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thick with entangled grass, or prickly furze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With silence lead thy many-coloured hounds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In all their beauty's pride."&mdash;<span class="person">Somerville.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>It is impossible to enter upon a description of the foxhound without
+considerable diffidence. Whether we consider the enthusiastic
+admiration it excites amongst<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">Page 422</a></span> sportsmen, the undeviating perseverance
+and high courage of the animal, its perfect symmetry, and the music of
+its tongue, which warms the heart and gives life and spirit to man and
+horse, it must be difficult to do justice to his merits. I will,
+however, endeavour to do my best; and should I fail, it will not be
+for want of admiration of the noble animal whose qualifications I am
+about to illustrate with characteristic anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>In giving a description of the various breeds of dogs, every one must
+be aware that by crossing and recrossing them many of those we now see
+have but little claim to originality. The foxhound, the old Irish
+wolf-dog, and the colley or shepherd's dog, may, perhaps, be
+considered as possessing the greatest purity of blood. My opinion
+respecting the foxhound is partly founded on the following curious
+fact:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In Wilkinson's "Manners and Customs of the Egyptians," there is a
+representation of as varmint a pack of foxhounds as modern eye could
+wish to see. It is copied from a painting found in the interior of the
+tomb of the Pharaoh under whom Joseph served. Every individual hound
+is characteristic of the present breed, with all their courage and
+animation. Each dog's tail was as an old Irish huntsman, who used to
+glory in seeing his hounds carry their sterns after the hardest day,
+once said to his master, "not behind them at all, plaize your honour,
+but curling out over their shoulders."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">Page 423</a></span>If the copy be correct, and there is no reason to doubt it, the dog of
+this breed must be considered of a much more ancient date than is
+generally supposed. There is every reason to believe that the first
+dogs came from Asia. Indeed, history, both sacred and profane,
+confirms this. At all events, the fact just mentioned is sufficiently
+curious, and may serve to confirm the supposition I have ventured to
+make of the purity of the blood of our modern foxhound.</p>
+
+<p>A volume might be written on the characteristics of these dogs, both
+in the kennel and the field, and I will endeavour to illustrate this
+by a few anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known to those who have lived near a kennel, that every
+morning at the first gleam of light the hounds invariably salute the
+glorious return of day, by joining simultaneously in a full chorus of
+voices, 'a musical discord,' called by huntsmen "their morning hymn."
+This concert does not consist of barking and yapping as many may
+suppose, but something like the "Hullah system," yet far more sonorous
+to a sportsman's ear.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have witnessed the process of feeding hounds cannot but
+acknowledge that it is a most pleasing sight. We see the anxiety
+depicted in their countenances to detect the huntsman's eye, who calls
+them singly by name in a low tone of voice, nor does one offer to stir
+till his time comes. Each dog also takes every day the same position,
+like children at school, except that all are obedient, and there is
+no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">Page 424</a></span> noise. His late Majesty George IV., in his younger days, was a
+constant attendant at the royal kennel at feeding-time, and many of
+the royal family have also been to see the hounds fed at that place.</p>
+
+<p>Close to the Duke of Beaufort's kennel at Badmington a tame fox was
+confined, and between it and the foxhounds a great friendship existed.
+When the hounds were let out they played with the fox, who, on his
+part, was equally ready to greet them. This reciprocal kindness had
+continued some time, until one day a hunted fox, much exhausted, ran
+for shelter into a bush close to the hutch of the tame one. The
+hounds, in the eagerness of the chase, ran into the latter, mistaking
+him for the other, and instantly killed him. No sooner, however, were
+they aware of their having occasioned the death of their old
+acquaintance, than each hound slunk away, appearing conscious and
+ashamed of what had been done, nor could they be induced to touch the
+dead fox when thrown amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst other curious anecdotes of foxhounds, the following may be
+mentioned. Some years ago, Sir John Cope had a hound called Clermont,
+which was in the constant habit, when the pack killed a fox, of taking
+possession of the animal's head. This he invariably carried in his
+mouth, as if it was a trophy, and on arriving at the kennel would put
+it down at the kennel door. In this way he must have imposed a severe
+task on himself, as the pack had frequently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">Page 425</a></span> twenty miles to go home
+when the chase was over. The weight was not indeed great; but the
+dog's mouth being distended the whole time must have made the task
+anything but a pleasant one.</p>
+
+<p>Some hounds are possessed of extraordinary instinct, which enables
+them to find their way back to their kennels over country which they
+had never before traversed. When George III. kept hounds in the Home
+Park, Windsor, General Manners, one of the equerries, took a hound
+named Bustler with him in his carriage to London. He remained there a
+few days, and then travelled to Bloxholm in Lincolnshire, the dog
+being still his companion inside the carriage. In less than a month,
+however, Bustler found his way back to Frogmore.</p>
+
+<p>The captain of a vessel informed me that he had once picked up a dog
+in mid-channel between Brighton and Calais, swimming boldly and
+strongly towards the French coast. If this dog was endeavouring to
+make his way back to a beloved master, it was an extraordinary
+instance of affection.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago some hounds were embarked at Liverpool for Ireland,
+and were safely delivered at a kennel far up in that country. One of
+them, not probably liking his quarters, found his way back to the port
+at which he had been landed from Liverpool. On arriving at it, some
+troops were being embarked in a ship bound to that place. This was a
+fortunate circumstance for the old hound, as during the bustle he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">Page 426</a></span> was
+not noticed. He safely arrived at Liverpool, and on his old master, or
+huntsman rather, coming down stairs one morning, he recognised his
+former acquaintance waiting to greet him.</p>
+
+<p>A similar circumstance happened to some hounds sent by the late Lord
+Lonsdale to Ireland. Three of them escaped from the kennel in that
+country, and made their appearance again in Leicestershire.</p>
+
+<p>The love of home, or most probably affection for a particular
+individual, must be strongly implanted in dogs to induce them to
+search over unexplored and unknown regions for the being and home they
+love. Hunger, it might be supposed, would alone stop the ardour of
+their pursuit, and induce them to seek for nourishment and shelter at
+a stranger's door. But such is not the case. Hungry, foot-sore,
+fatigued, and exhausted, the noble and faithful animal presses onward,
+guided by an instinct which man does not possess, and proving the
+strength of his love by his indefatigable and ardent exertions. Poor,
+faithful animal! and is it possible that you are subjected to ill
+treatment, cruelty, and neglect by those who owe you a large debt of
+gratitude? Your exertions procure amusement, your watchfulness and
+fidelity give protection, and neither sickness nor misfortune will
+induce you to forsake the object of your attachment.</p>
+
+<p>But it is time to resume our anecdotes of foxhounds, and the following
+is a proof of the high<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">Page 427</a></span> courage they so often display, as well as
+their emulative spirit.</p>
+
+<p>In drawing a strong covert, a young bitch gave tongue very freely,
+whilst none of the other hounds challenged. The whipper-in rated to no
+purpose, the huntsman insisted she was wrong, and the whip was applied
+with great severity, in doing which the lash most unfortunately took
+the orb of the eye out of the socket. Notwithstanding the excruciating
+pain she must inevitably have laboured under, the poor suffering
+animal again flew to the scent, and exultingly proved herself to be
+right, for a fox having stole away, she broke covert after him
+unheeded, and continued the chase alone. After much delay and cold
+hunting the pack at length hit off the chase. At some distance a
+farmer made a signal with much vehemence to the company, who, upon
+coming up to him, were informed that they were very far behind the
+fox, for that a single hound, very bloody about the head, had passed a
+field from him, and was running breast-high, and that there was little
+chance of getting up to him. The pack, however, at her coming to a
+check, did at length get up, and, after some cold hunting, the bitch
+again hit off the scent, and the fox was killed after a severe run.
+The eye of the poor but high-spirited dog, which had hung pendent
+during the chase, was removed by a pair of scissors after the fox was
+dead.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">Page 428</a></span>The following is another instance of the persevering strength and
+spirit of foxhounds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman of the name of Pearson, residing in Essex, had a couple
+and a half of young and newly-entered hounds. One day they
+accidentally followed him in his ride, and strayed into a large covert
+by the roadside, and presently found something which they eagerly
+hunted. After trying a long time to halloo them off, Mr. Pearson
+proceeded to Colchester, where his business detained him some hours.
+Upon his return he heard them in the covert, and found, by some people
+at work by the side of it, that they had continued running during his
+absence, and had driven a fox over the field in which they were at
+work backward and forward several times. Mr. Pearson got as near to
+them as possible, continuing to give them every encouragement. After
+hunting the fox a long time in the covert he at last broke, and was
+killed after a run of some miles. The time these hounds were hunting
+was seven hours. Hounds have even been known to have continued a chase
+for ten hours, great part of the time being hard running. A fox was
+once unkennelled near Boroughbridge in Yorkshire, at twenty-seven
+minutes past nine, and except half-an-hour taken up in bolting him
+from a rabbit-burrow, the hounds had a continued run until fourteen
+minutes past five in the evening, when they killed the fox in good
+style. During this space of nearly eight hours of most severe
+run<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">Page 429</a></span>ning, several horses died in the field, and others were severely
+injured.</p>
+
+<p>A hound, the property of Mr. Teasdale of Ousby, Cumberland, during a
+storm, took the quest of a fox, which he pursued for the extraordinary
+space of thirty hours, four of which were run within view of some
+miners, who were employed upon Dalton Fell. The dog and fox were at
+that time running round the bottom of a hill. The arch dog, still
+keeping on the side of Reynard which led to his clift in the rock, at
+last came up to him; but being so much exhausted by his toilsome
+chase, he was unable to make him his prey for some time, and they lay
+as if lifeless together. The miners then made up to his assistance;
+but so ardent was his desire to finish Reynard himself, that he would
+not suffer them to come near till he had destroyed him.</p>
+
+<p>A foxhound bitch, in the middle of a chase, was taken in labour, and
+brought forth a puppy. Ardour for the pursuit, united to attachment
+for her progeny, induced her to snatch it up in her mouth, and follow
+her companions, with whom she soon came up, and in this interesting
+situation she continued the whole day,&mdash;a discredit to the huntsman,
+and all who joined in the pursuit, to allow the poor animal to undergo
+so violent an exercise under such circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>In order to account for the power of endurance which foxhounds are
+known to possess, it should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">Page 430</a></span> mentioned that their strength is very
+great. A well-bred hound has been known to measure as much round the
+arm of the fore-leg as a moderate-sized horse does below the knee. I
+was assured of this fact by a well-known huntsman, and it may serve in
+some measure to account for the following instance of undeviating
+perseverance in a foxhound, related by Mr. Daniel in his Supplement to
+his "Rural Sports."</p>
+
+<p>The circumstance took place in the year 1808, in the counties of
+Inverness and Perth, and perhaps surpasses any length of pursuit known
+in the annals of hunting. On the 8th of June in that year, a fox and
+hound were seen near Dunkeld in Perthshire, on the high road,
+proceeding at a slow trotting pace. The dog was about fifty yards
+behind the fox, and each was so fatigued as not to gain on the other.
+A countryman very easily caught the fox, and both it and the dog were
+taken to a gentleman's house in the neighbourhood, where the fox died.
+It was afterwards ascertained that the hound belonged to the Duke of
+Gordon, and that the fox was started on the morning of the 4th of
+June, on the top of those hills called Monaliadh, which separate
+Badenoch from Fort Augustus. From this it appeared that the chase
+lasted four days, and that the distance traversed from the place where
+the fox was unkennelled to the spot where it was caught, without
+making any allowances for doubles, crosses, &amp;c., and as the crow
+flies, exceeded seventy miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">Page 431</a></span>It is a curious fact, that if a foxhound is taken for the first time
+into a new and strange country, and he is lost, when he returns to his
+kennel he does so across fields where he had never been before, and
+not by roads along which he had been taken out. A gentleman who kept
+foxhounds had an opportunity of observing this. His house and kennel
+were on the banks of a river, and a new hound accompanied the pack,
+which went across a bridge near the kennel. He was lost, and came back
+over the fields direct upon the kennel, and howled when he arrived on
+the banks of the river. We know but little of the peculiar instinct
+which thus enables dogs to find their way across a strange country.</p>
+
+<p>Let me here give an anecdote that was communicated to me by the
+brother of the gentleman to whom it occurred. This gentleman was a
+rigid Roman Catholic, and his constant companion was a foxhound. As
+soon as the forty days of Lent began, this dog left his master and
+came to the house of my informant, some miles distant, where he found
+food to his liking, and stayed with him during Lent, at the end of
+which he returned to his owner. He must have measured time very
+accurately, and has continued the practice for some years.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1813 some hounds belonging to his late Majesty, George
+III., were sold to Mr. Walker, of Mitchell Grove, near Worthing. A few
+weeks after their arrival at that place, one couple of them were sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">Page 432</a></span>
+in a stage-waggon to Dr. Willis, then living near Stamford in
+Lincolnshire. The wagon went through London, and from thence to Dr.
+Willis's seat. However surprising it may appear, one of these dogs, in
+less than a month after he had left the kennel near Windsor, found his
+way back to it. It might be supposed that in this length of time all
+recollection would have ceased, but such we have seen was not the
+case.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstance which happened to the late Duke of Northumberland's
+pack proves the foxhound's eagerness after his game. In 1796 the
+hounds ran a fox into a very large furze-cover near Alnwick, called
+Bunker's Hill, where he was lost in an earth which no one knew of.
+Upon the dogs coming to the kennel two couple and a half of the best
+of them were missing, and not returning that night, it was thought
+they had found a fox, and had gone off by themselves in pursuit of
+him. Several men were sent in search of them to all the earths and
+crags for twenty miles round, but no tidings could be gained of them.
+The course where the fox was lost was then searched, and the earth
+discovered, and in digging about two yards deep, one dog was found;
+several yards further three more, fast in the ground; and two yards
+deeper the fifth was dug up. They were all dead.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known to those who served in the Peninsular War, that the
+late Lord Hill kept a pack of foxhounds while he commanded a division
+of the army. During a period of repose a fox was unkennelled in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">Page 433</a></span>
+neighbourhood of Corja, in Spain. The run was severe for the space of
+thirty minutes, when the fox, being sharply pressed by the leading
+hounds, leaped down a precipice of sixty yards perpendicular. Seven
+couple of the hounds immediately dashed after him, six couple of which
+were killed on the spot. The remainder of the pack (twenty-two couple)
+would probably have shared the same fate, had not the most forward
+riders arrived in time to flog them off, which they did with
+difficulty, being scarcely able to restrain their impetuosity. The fox
+was found at the bottom, and covered with the bodies of the hounds.</p>
+
+<p>I might have hesitated to mention the following fact, had it not been
+witnessed by some well-known sportsmen of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>During a severe chase, and towards the termination of it, when the fox
+was in view, another fox was seen, to the astonishment of the forward
+riders, running in the middle of the pack of hounds, perfectly
+unnoticed by them. It is supposed that the dogs ran over this fox,
+who, finding himself in the midst of them, probably thought it the
+safest and wisest plan he could pursue to continue with them till he
+had an opportunity of making his escape.</p>
+
+<p>In relating anecdotes of foxhounds it is almost unavoidable not to
+mention fox-hunters, and we know not how we can give to our readers a
+better notion of the stirring spirit and devotion to their sport,
+dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">Page 434</a></span>tinguishing them beyond all other sportsmen, than by offering some
+extracts from the pen of the late Colonel Cook, a master of hounds,
+beloved by all who knew him, and venerated by those who hunted with
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Hounds will not work through difficulties, nor will they exert
+themselves in that killing sort of manner when they are out of blood.
+If after all you should, owing to ill-luck and bad weather, be in want
+of it, the best way is to leave an earth open in a country where you
+can spare a fox, and where you can without much trouble dig him, give
+him to the hounds on the earth, and go home. But whatever you do,
+never turn out a bag-fox; it is injurious to your hounds, and makes
+them wild and unsteady: besides, nothing is more despicable, or held
+in greater contempt by real sportsmen, than the practice of hunting
+bag-foxes. It encourages a set of rascals to steal from other hunts;
+therefore keep in mind, that if there were no receivers there would be
+no thieves. What chiefly contributes to make fox-hunting so very far
+superior to other sports is the wildness of the animal you hunt, and
+the difficulty in catching him. It is rather extraordinary, but
+nevertheless a well-known fact, that a pack of hounds, which are in
+sport and blood, will not eat a bag-fox. I remember hearing an
+anecdote (when I was in Shropshire many years ago) of the late Lord
+Stamford's hounds, which I will relate to you as I heard it. Lord
+Forester, and his brother, Mr. Frank Forester, then boys,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">Page 435</a></span> were at
+their uncle's for the holidays. A farmer came to inform them a fox had
+just been seen in a tree. All the nets about the premises were
+collected, and the fox was caught; but the Squire of Wiley, a
+sportsman himself, and a strict preserver of foxes, sent the fox
+immediately to Lord Stamford by one of his tenants, that he might be
+informed of the real circumstance. The next day the hounds were out,
+and also the Squire's tenant; they had drawn some time without
+finding, when the farmer reminded his Lordship of the fox caught. 'Do
+you think,' said he, 'I will allow my hounds to hunt a bag-fox? I
+should never be forgiven by my huntsman!' At last, after drawing
+several coverts without finding, his Lordship gave his consent (but it
+was to be kept a great secret), and the bag was to be touched upon the
+ground in a line for a covert they were going to draw, to have the
+appearance of a disturbed fox, and the fox to be turned down in it.</p>
+
+<p>On going to covert, a favourite hound, called Partner, feathered on
+the scent. The huntsman exclaimed in ecstacy, 'Old Partner touches on
+him; we shall certainly find in the next covert.' They found the
+bag-fox, and had a tolerable run; but when they killed him, not a
+hound would eat him! 'Now, Sir,' said his lordship to the farmer, 'you
+have deceived the huntsman and the field, but you cannot deceive my
+hounds.'</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">Page 436</a></span>Next to turning out bag-men, lifting of hounds is the most
+prejudicial. They should seldom be taken 'off their noses,' nothing is
+gained by it in the end; hounds that are seldom lifted will kill more
+foxes in the course of a season than those that frequently are. Some
+years ago, when hunting with the Duke of Grafton's hounds in Suffolk,
+they came to a check all in a moment, at a barn near some cross-roads;
+they were left alone, and made a fling of themselves, in a perfect
+circle, without hitting the scent; many gentlemen exclaimed, 'It is
+all over now, Tom; the only chance you have is to make <em>a wide cast</em>.'
+'No,' answered the huntsman, 'if the fox is not in that barn, my
+hounds ought to be hung.'</p>
+
+<p>Dick Foster, the whipper-in, now huntsman to Mr. Villebois (and a very
+good one he is), was ordered to dismount and see if he could discover
+the fox; he returned and said he was <em>not</em> there.' Tom Rose still was
+positive; at last he was viewed on a beam in the barn, and they killed
+him, after a further run of about a mile. I mention this trivial
+circumstance to show you clearly, that if the hounds had been hurried
+up either of the roads on a wide cast, made by an ignorant huntsman,
+the fox would inevitably have been lost.</p>
+
+<p>Were I to have some sporting friends coming to see my hounds in the
+field, I should prefer going away <em>close at him</em> for twenty minutes,
+then a short<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">Page 437</a></span> check, to bring the hounds to a hunting scent, and a
+quick thing at last, and run into him, in order that my friends might
+be convinced the hounds could <em>hunt</em> as well as run; for of this I am
+certain, if they cannot do <em>both</em>, they merit not the name of
+foxhounds.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/foxhoundhead.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="HEAD OF A FAVORITE FOX-HOUND." title="HEAD OF A FAVORITE FOX-HOUND." />
+<span class="caption">HEAD OF A FAVORITE FOX-HOUND.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_HOUNDS_BATH" id="Illustration_HOUNDS_BATH"></a>
+<img src="images/houndsbath.jpg" width="500" height="391" alt="HOUNDS IN A BATH." title="HOUNDS IN A BATH." />
+<span class="caption">HOUNDS IN A BATH.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">Page 438</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_BEAGLE" id="Illustration_BEAGLE"></a>
+<img src="images/beagle.jpg" width="500" height="263" alt="BEAGLE." title="BEAGLE." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE BEAGLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The beagle may be mentioned as a sort of foxhound in miniature, and
+nothing can well be more perfect than the shape of these small dogs.
+But how different are they in their style of hunting! The beagle,
+which has always his nose to the ground, will puzzle for a length of
+time on one spot, sooner than he will leave the scent. The foxhound,
+on the contrary, full of life, spirit, and high courage, is always
+dashing and trying forward. The beagle, however, has extraordinary
+perseverance, as well as nicety of scent, and also a liveliness of
+manner in hunting, which, joined to its musical and melodious note,
+will always afford pleasure to the lovers of the chase, or at least to
+those who are unable to undertake the more exciting sport of
+fox-hunting. In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">Page 439</a></span> nothing
+can be more cheerful than the beagle; and they have been called
+rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly
+qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired.</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of Queen Elizabeth a race of beagles had been bred so
+small, that a pack of them could be carried out to the field in a pair
+of panniers. That Princess is said to have had little <em>singing
+beagles</em>, a single one of which could be placed in a man's glove, and
+they probably at this time received the name of <em>lap-dog</em> beagles.
+Dryden, in his "Fables," alludes to these dogs as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The graceful goddess was array'd in green;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">About her feet were little beagles seen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their queen."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Pope also mentions them,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To plains with well-bred beagles we repair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And trace the mazes of the circling hare."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_BEAGLE" id="Illustration_TAIL_BEAGLE"></a>
+<img src="images/t-beagle.jpg" width="500" height="273" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">Page 440</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_MASTIFF" id="Illustration_MASTIFF"></a>
+<img src="images/mastiff.jpg" width="500" height="402" alt="MASTIFF." title="MASTIFF." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE MASTIFF.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_blockquot"><p>"Great Brittain was so noted for its Mastiffs, that the Roman
+Emperors appointed an Officer in this Island, with the title of
+Procurator Cynegii, whose sole business was to breed, and transmit
+from hence to the Amphitheatre, such as would prove equal to the
+combats of the place:</p>
+
+<p class="mastiff_head_latin">Magnaque taurorum fracturi colla Britanni."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This noble dog, which, like the bull-dog, is supposed to be an
+original breed peculiar to this country, is now seldom to be met with
+in its pure state, it having been crossed and recrossed with other
+dogs. Perhaps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">Page 441</a></span> the finest specimen now to be found is one at
+Chatsworth (where also is to be seen a noble Alpine mastiff). It is a
+dog of gigantic size, of a yellowish colour, with a black muzzle.
+There is also another at Elvaston Castle in Derbyshire, not so large
+as the one at Chatsworth, but apparently of the true breed, and for
+which we believe Lord Harrington gave the sum of fifty guineas.</p>
+
+<p>These dogs are brave, faithful to their trust in an extraordinary
+degree, and have a noble disposition.</p>
+
+<p>Their strength also is very great, and their bark deep and loud. Sir
+Walter Scott's remarks on the character of the dog may be well applied
+to the mastiff,&mdash;"The Almighty, who gave the dog to be the companion
+of our pleasures and our toils, hath invested him with a nature noble
+and incapable of deceit. He forgets neither friend nor foe&mdash;remembers,
+and with accuracy, both benefit and injury. He hath a share of man's
+intelligence, but no share of man's falsehood. You may bribe a soldier
+to slay a man with his sword, or a witness to take life by false
+accusation, but you cannot make a dog tear his benefactor. He is the
+friend of man, save when man justly incurs his enmity."</p>
+
+<p>The mastiff, indeed, usually shows a remarkable and peculiar warmth in
+his attachments; and, on the other hand, he will evince his dislike in
+the strongest manner. It has been observed of him, that if he is once
+severely corrected or insulted, it is almost im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">Page 442</a></span>possible to eradicate
+the feeling from his memory, and it is no less difficult to attain a
+reconciliation with him. He seems conscious of his own strength,
+power, and authority, and will seldom condescend to lower his dignity
+by servile fawning; while he appears to consider his services as only
+befitting a trust of the highest importance. He is naturally possessed
+of strong instinctive sensibility, speedily obtains a knowledge of all
+the duties required of him, and discharges them with the most punctual
+assiduity. His vigilance is very striking. He makes regular rounds of
+the premises committed to his care, examines every part of them, and
+sees that everything is in a state of perfect security. During the
+night he will give a signal of his presence by repeated barkings,
+which are increased upon the least cause of alarm. Unlike the
+bull-dog, the mastiff always warns before he attacks. His voice is
+deep and powerful in tone.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the animal of which I now propose to give a few characteristic
+anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1742, a lady, who resided in a lone house in Cheshire,
+permitted all her servants, except one female, to go to a supper and
+dance at a Christmas merry-meeting, held at an inn about three miles
+distant, and kept by the uncle of the maid who had remained in the
+house with her mistress. The servants were not expected back till the
+morning; consequently the doors and windows were, as usual, secured,
+and the lady and her servant were going to bed, when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">Page 443</a></span> were
+alarmed by the voice of some persons apparently attempting to break
+into the house. Fortunately a great mastiff dog, named C&aelig;sar, was in
+the kitchen, and set up a tremendous barking, which, however, had not
+the effect of intimidating the robbers. The maid-servant distinctly
+heard that the attempt to enter the house was made by the villains
+endeavouring to force a way through a hole under the sunk story in the
+adjoining back-kitchen or scullery. Being a young woman of courage,
+she went towards the spot, accompanied by the dog, and patting him on
+the back, exclaimed, "At him, C&aelig;sar!" The dog made a furious attack on
+the person who seemed to be at the hole, and gave something a violent
+shake, when all became quiet, and the animal returned to her with his
+mouth all besmeared with blood. She afterwards heard some little
+bustle outside of the house, which soon was stilled. The lady and
+servant sat up until morning, without farther molestation, when, on
+going into the court, a quantity of blood was found on the outside of
+the wall. The other servants, on their return, brought word to the
+maid that her uncle, the innkeeper, had died suddenly during the
+course of the night&mdash;they understood of a fit of apoplexy&mdash;and was
+intended to be buried that day. The maid got leave to go to the
+funeral, and was surprised to find the coffin on her arrival screwed
+down. She insisted on taking a last view of the body, which was most
+unwillingly granted; when, to her great surprise and horror, she found
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">Page 444</a></span> death had been occasioned from his throat being torn open. What
+had happened the evening before immediately rushed to her imagination,
+and it appeared too evident to her that she had been the innocent
+cause of her uncle's death; and, upon further inquiry, it was proved
+that he and one of his servants had formed the design of robbing the
+house and murdering the lady, in her unprotected condition, during the
+absence of her servants; but, by the watchfulness and courage of her
+dog, their design was frustrated.</p>
+
+<p>An anecdote is related of a mastiff, who, in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth, when Lord Buckhurst was ambassador at the Court of Charles
+the Ninth, alone and unassisted, successively engaged a bear, a
+leopard, and a lion, and pulled them all down.</p>
+
+<p>Very extraordinary stories have been told of these and some other
+kinds of dogs discovering and circumventing plans to injure the
+persons of their masters, in which it is difficult to place implicit
+credit. We give one of the most marvellous of these anecdotes, as it
+is usually related:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Sir H. Lee, of Ditchley, in Oxfordshire, ancestor of the late Earls of
+Lichfield, had a mastiff which guarded the house and yard, but had
+never met with any particular attention from his master. In short, he
+was not a favourite dog, and was retained for his utility only, and
+not from any partial regard.</p>
+
+<p>One night, as Sir Harry was retiring to his chamber, attended by his
+favourite valet, an Italian, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">Page 445</a></span> mastiff silently followed them
+up-stairs, which he had never been known to do before, and, to his
+master's astonishment, presented himself in the bed-room. Being deemed
+an intruder, he was instantly ordered to be turned out; which, being
+complied with, the poor animal began scratching violently at the door,
+and howling loudly for admission. The servant was sent to drive him
+away. Discouragement, however, could not check his intended labour of
+love; he returned again, and was more importunate to be let in than
+before. Sir Harry, weary of opposition, though surprised beyond
+measure at the dog's apparent fondness for the society of a master who
+had never shown him the least kindness, and wishing to retire to rest,
+bade the servant open the door, that they might see what he wanted to
+do. This done, the mastiff, with a wag of the tail, and a look of
+affection at his lord, deliberately walked up, and crawling under the
+bed, laid himself down, as if desirous to take up his night's lodging
+there.</p>
+
+<p>To save farther trouble, and not from any partiality for his company,
+this indulgence was allowed. The valet withdrew, and all was still.
+About the solemn hour of midnight the chamber door opened, and a
+person was heard stepping across the room. Sir Harry started from
+sleep; the dog sprung from his covert, and seizing the unwelcome
+disturber, fixed him to the spot. All was dark: Sir Harry rang his
+bell in great trepidation, in order to procure a light. The person<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">Page 446</a></span>
+who was pinned to the floor by the courageous mastiff roared for
+assistance. It was found to be the favourite valet, who little
+expected such a reception. He endeavoured to apologise for his
+intrusion, and to make the reasons which induced him to take this step
+appear plausible; but the importunity of the dog, the time, the place,
+the manner of the valet, raised suspicions in Sir Harry's mind, and he
+determined to refer the investigation of the business to a magistrate.</p>
+
+<p>The perfidious Italian, alternately terrified by the dread of
+punishment and soothed by the hope of pardon, at length confessed that
+it was his intention to murder his master, and then rob the house.
+This diabolical design was frustrated solely by the unaccountable
+sagacity of the dog and his devoted attachment to his master. A
+full-length picture of Sir Harry, with the mastiff by his side, and
+the words, "More faithful than favoured," is still preserved among the
+family pictures.</p>
+
+<p>Presentiments of approaching danger, such as those now related, are to
+be traced only to the animal's close observation and watchful jealousy
+of disposition. Looks, signs, and movements are noticed by him which
+escape an ordinary observer. The idea that dogs have presentiments of
+death, and howl on such occasions, is a superstition now all but
+vanished.</p>
+
+<p>In October 1800, a young man going into a place of public
+entertainment at Paris, was told that his dog (a fine mastiff) could
+not be permitted to enter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">Page 447</a></span> and he was accordingly left with the guard
+at the door. The young man was scarcely entered into the lobby, when
+his watch was stolen. He returned to the guard, and prayed that his
+dog might be admitted, as, through his means, he might discover the
+thief: the dog was suffered to accompany his master, who intimated to
+the animal that he had lost something; the dog set out immediately in
+quest of the strayed article, and fastened on the thief, whose guilt
+on searching him was made apparent: the fellow had no less than six
+watches in his pocket, which being laid before the dog, he
+distinguished his master's, took it up by the string, and bore it to
+him in safety.</p>
+
+<p>At the castle of a nobleman in Bohemia, a large English mastiff was
+kept, that never failed to go every Sunday to the village church. The
+other dogs in the neighbourhood used to follow him thither, so that
+the church was often full of these animals. This being considered a
+nuisance, orders were given by the magistrates, at one of the petty
+courts held for regulating the affairs of the village, that the
+inhabitants should be enjoined to keep all their dogs locked up every
+Sunday during the time of divine service. The magistrate who presided
+in this court said, in a loud and authoritative tone of voice, "I will
+suffer no dogs in the church; let me not see one there in future." The
+mastiff happened to be lying under the table in the court when these
+words were spoken, to which he appeared to listen with great
+attention. On the ensuing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">Page 448</a></span> Sunday the dog rose at an early hour, ran
+from house to house through the village, barking at the windows, and
+at last took his station before the church-door, to see whether any of
+his companions would venture to approach it, notwithstanding the
+prohibition. Unfortunately one of them appeared. The mastiff
+immediately fell upon him with the utmost fury, bit him to death, and
+dragged him out into the street. He continued in the same manner for
+several subsequent Sundays to stand sentinel, without ever entering
+the church.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Brown gives an interesting instance of the gentleness of a
+mastiff towards a child. He says that a large and fierce mastiff,
+which had broken his chain, ran along a road near Bath, to the great
+terror and consternation of those whom he passed. When suddenly
+running by a most interesting boy, the child struck him with a stick,
+upon which the dog turned furiously on his infant assailant. The
+little fellow, so far from being intimidated, ran up to him, and flung
+his arms round the neck of the enraged animal, which instantly became
+appeased, and in return caressed the child. It is a fact well known,
+that few dogs will bite a child, or even a young puppy. Captain Brown
+adds, that he possesses a mastiff, which will not allow any one of his
+family to take a bone from him except his youngest child.</p>
+
+<p>A chimney-sweeper had ordered his dog, a mastiff crossed with a
+bull-dog, to lie down on his soot-bag,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">Page 449</a></span> which he had placed
+inadvertently almost in the middle of a narrow back-street in the town
+of Southampton. A loaded coal-cart passing by, the driver desired the
+dog to move out of the way. On refusing to do so, he was scolded, then
+beaten, first gently, and afterwards with a smart application of the
+cart-whip, but all to no purpose. The fellow, with an oath, threatened
+to drive over the dog, and he did so, the faithful animal endeavouring
+to arrest the progress of the wheel by biting it. He thus allowed
+himself to be killed sooner than abandon his trust.</p>
+
+<p>A mastiff-dog, who owed more to the bounty of a neighbour than to his
+master, was once locked by mistake in the well-stored pantry of his
+benefactor for a whole day, where milk, butter, bread, and meat,
+within his reach, were in abundance. On the return of the servant to
+the pantry, seeing the dog come out, and knowing the time he had been
+confined, she trembled for the devastation which her negligence must
+have occasioned; but, on close examination, it was found that the
+honest creature had not tasted of anything, although, on coming out,
+he fell on a bone that was given to him, with all the voraciousness of
+hunger.</p>
+
+<p>These dogs are alive to injuries, and not slow in resenting them.</p>
+
+<p>A carrier had a mastiff remarkable for his sagacity. It happened
+unfortunately one day, that one of the waggon-horses trod accidentally
+upon him in the yard. The dog became furious, and would have attacked
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">Page 450</a></span> horse had he not been prevented. It was usual for the dog to
+remain with the horses at night in the stable. After the men had
+retired, the mastiff selected out the animal which had trod upon him,
+and, no doubt, would have put an end to his existence, had not the
+carters, who were at hand, hearing an unusual noise, come to his
+assistance.</p>
+
+<p>The widow of a farmer had two mastiffs, which, from their fierceness,
+rendered some precaution necessary in approaching the house. Their
+mistress was taken suddenly ill and died, and in the afternoon of her
+death the benevolent wife of the clergyman of the parish called to see
+if she could render any assistance. After knocking in vain at the
+front door, she went to the back of the house with fear and trembling.
+On entering the kitchen, to her dismay she saw the two dogs on the
+hearth. They appeared, however, to be sensible of what had taken
+place, for they only lifted up their heads mournfully, looked at the
+intruder, and resumed their former attitude.</p>
+
+<p>My neighbour, Mr. Penrhyn, has two noble mastiffs of the Lyme breed,
+which I believe is now nearly extinct. It is probably, however,
+preserved by Thomas Leigh, Esq. of Lyme Park, in Cheshire, who has
+also the wild breed of cattle, now only, I believe, found at Lyme
+Park, and at Chillington, in Yorkshire, the seat of Lord Tankerville.
+There is a story current at Lyme Park, that some years ago a dog of
+the breed in question, whilst walking with the steward in the park,
+took<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">Page 451</a></span> offence at one of the wild bulls, and would instantly have
+attacked it, but was with difficulty restrained by the steward. The
+dog returned home, evidently bearing the offence in mind, and the next
+morning, the steward, seeing him covered with blood, suspected
+something amiss, and on going into the park, found that not only the
+bull, but two cows had been worried by him.</p>
+
+<p>A mastiff belonging to a tanner had taken a great dislike to a man,
+whose business frequently brought him to the house. Being much annoyed
+at his antipathy and fearful of the consequences, he requested the
+owner of the dog to endeavour to remove the dislike of the animal to
+him. This he promised to do, and brought it about in the following
+manner, by acting on the noble disposition of the dog. Watching his
+opportunity, he one day, as if by accident, pushed the dog into a well
+in the yard, in which he allowed it to struggle a considerable time.
+When the dog seemed to be getting tired, the tanner desired his
+companion to pull it out, which he did. The animal, on being
+extricated, after shaking himself, fawned upon his deliverer, as if
+sensible that he had saved his life, and never molested him again. On
+the contrary he received him with kindness whenever they met, and
+often accompanied him a mile or two on his way home.</p>
+
+<p>A personal friend of the writer's, some time since, on a visit at a
+gentleman's house in the country, was taking a moonlight walk through
+the shrubbery and pleasure-grounds, when he was startled by a noise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">Page 452</a></span>
+behind him; on turning his head, he perceived a large mastiff, which
+was ordinarily let loose as evening closed, and which had tracked him
+through the grounds. The dog with a fierce growl roughly seized him;
+our friend wisely deemed passive obedience and non-resistance the most
+prudent if not the most courageous part for him to play, and was
+unceremoniously led back through the grounds to the hall-door; here he
+was relieved by the master of the house. Subsequently assured that he
+had no cause to fear, he repeated his walk; the dog was again at his
+side, but walked quietly with him, and acknowledged in the usual way
+his words of conciliation. On these instances of sagacity (sagacity of
+a kind very different from that displayed by the shepherd's dog or the
+setter) there needs no comment.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman in Ireland had a mastiff which was kept to guard his
+premises. A small dog, belonging to a poor man who came to the house
+on business, had barked at and annoyed him, but he was obliged to
+submit to the insult at the time with sullen patience, as his chain
+prevented him from taking any immediate revenge. A few evenings
+afterwards, however, he contrived to escape from the back-yard, and
+immediately made his way to the cabin of the cur's master. Finding the
+door open, <em>more Hibernicorum</em>, he entered without even a premonitory
+growl, to the dismay of the humble inmates, who were eating their
+supper of potatoes and milk, seized the offender, and killed it.</p>
+
+<p>Another mastiff behaved in a very different manner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">Page 453</a></span> He had also been
+annoyed by a little cur as he passed along the streets, which he bore
+with great patience for a long time; at last his persecutor became so
+troublesome that he could bear it no longer. He, therefore, one day
+caught his contemptible adversary by the neck, carried him to the edge
+of a wharf, and dropped him gently into the water.<a name="FNanchor_S_19" id="FNanchor_S_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_19" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
+
+<p>The instinctive appreciation of the nature of property as shown in
+dogs is exemplified in the following instance:&mdash;A lady at Bath,
+walking out one day, was impeded in her progress by a strange mastiff
+dog. She became alarmed, and at the same time perceived that she had
+lost her veil. Upon retracing her steps, the dog went on before her,
+till the lost article was discovered; and as soon as it was picked up,
+the animal hastened after his own master.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_MASTIFF" id="Illustration_TAIL_MASTIFF"></a>
+<img src="images/t-mastiff.jpg" width="500" height="326" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">Page 454</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;"><a name="Illustration_BULLDOG" id="Illustration_BULLDOG"></a>
+<img src="images/bulldog.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="BULL-DOG." title="BULL-DOG." />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE BULL-DOG.</h2>
+
+<div class="head_blockquot"><p>"The heroes of a bull-fight, and the champions of a cock-fight,
+can produce but few, if any, disciples brought up under their
+tuition, who have done service to their country, but abundant are
+the testimonies which have been registered at the gallows of her
+devoted victims, trained up to the pursuits of bull-baiting."&mdash;<span class="person">Dr.
+Barry</span>. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>The bull-dog has been called the most courageous animal in the world.
+He is low in stature, although remarkably deep-chested, strong, and
+muscular. From the projection of his under jaw, which occasions his
+teeth always to be seen, and from his eyes being distant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">Page 455</a></span> from each
+other, and somewhat prominent, he has an appearance which would
+prevent a stranger from attempting any familiarity with him. He is,
+however, a dog capable of strong attachment to his master, whom he is
+at all times ready to defend. His strength is so great, that in
+pinning a bull, one of this breed of dogs has been known, by giving a
+strong muscular twist of his body, to bring the bull flat on his side.
+In consequence also of his strength, high courage, and perseverance, a
+bull-dog has gone a greater distance in swimming than any other dog
+has been known to do.</p>
+
+<p>It is universally known amongst the lovers of bull-dogs, that when
+once exasperated by an opponent or encouraged by the owner, no pain or
+punishment will induce him to swerve from his purpose, or in the least
+relax the violence of his endeavours to subdue whatever may be the
+object of his dislike or resentment. Amidst the many instances which
+might be adduced in support of this assertion, we shall notice one
+which is well-authenticated. Some years since, when bull-baiting was
+more common than in the present improved state of civilization, a
+juvenile amateur, at an entertainment of this kind in the north of
+England, confident in the courage and purity of blood in his bull-dog,
+laid a wager "that he would at four distinct intervals deprive the
+animal of one of his feet by amputation, and that after every
+individual deprivation he should still attack the bull with his
+previous ferocity; and that, lastly, he should continue to do so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">Page 456</a></span> upon
+his stumps." Shocking as the recital must prove to the feelings of
+every reader, the experiment was made, and the dog continued to seize
+the bull with the same eagerness as before. In a match which was made
+for the purpose, one of these animals fought and beat two powerful
+Newfoundland dogs.</p>
+
+<p>It must be a matter of congratulation to every humane person, that the
+barbarous and cruel custom of bull-baiting no longer exists in this
+country. That it tended to brutalize the working classes, whatever its
+advocates may have stated to the contrary, cannot be doubted. In the
+part of Staffordshire in which I formerly resided, and where the
+custom was extremely prevalent, idleness, drunkenness and profligacy,
+were conspicuous amongst those who kept bull-dogs. Even females might
+be seen at a bull-baiting, in their working dresses as they came out
+of a factory, their arms crossed and covered with their aprons,
+standing to enjoy the sport, if such it could be called.</p>
+
+<p>The breed of dogs kept by the persons referred to was said to be of
+the purest kind, and large sums were frequently given for them. Lord
+Camelford purchased one for eighty guineas; forty and fifty pounds was
+no uncommon price for one. These dogs would appear to have a natural
+antipathy to the bull, as puppies will attack them when only a few
+months old, and if permitted to continue the combat, will suffer
+themselves to be destroyed rather than relinquish the contest. A
+well-bred dog always attacks the bull in front, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">Page 457</a></span> endeavours to
+seize on the lip as the most sensitive part.</p>
+
+<p>A nobleman had a favourite bull-dog, which was his constant companion
+in his carriage to and from his seat in Scotland for many years. The
+dog was strongly attached to his master, and was gentle and
+inoffensive. As he grew old, it was determined to leave him in London.
+The carriage came to the door, his master entered it, and drove off,
+taking another dog for his companion. The packing&mdash;the
+preparations&mdash;had all been witnessed by the faithful bull-dog, who was
+evidently aware that he had been deserted by the only being he loved.
+From that moment he became melancholy. He refused to eat, and
+notwithstanding all the care taken of him, he pined and died.</p>
+
+<p>A bull-dog, not many years since, saved a shipwrecked crew by towing a
+rope from the vessel to the shore, after two fine Newfoundland dogs
+had perished in the attempt. This success may be attributed to his
+indomitable courage, which prevented him from giving up his exertions
+while life remained.</p>
+
+<p>I remember many years ago hearing of some robberies, which took place
+by means of a bull-dog in the neighbourhood of London, one of which
+was near my own residence. A gentleman in riding home one winter's
+evening, had one of the hocks of his horse seized, as he was trotting
+along the road, by a bull-dog, who kept his hold, and brought the
+horse to the ground. A man then came up, and robbed the gentleman of
+his purse.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">Page 458</a></span>It was common in Staffordshire, before young dogs were able to cope
+with a bull, to practise them with a man, who stood proxy for the
+bull. On one occasion of this sort, Mr. <em>Deputy</em> Bull being properly
+staked, began to perform his part by snorting and roaring lustily. The
+dog ran at him, but was repulsed,&mdash;the courage of the animal, however,
+increased with every struggle, and at last he seized his biped
+antagonist by the cheek, who, with rueful countenance, endured it for
+some time, till at length he was compelled to cry out to his companion
+to take the dog off; but he, unwilling to damp the courage of his
+<em>&eacute;l&egrave;ve</em>, vociferated, "<em>Woot</em> spoil the pup, <em>mun</em>?&mdash;let 'em taste
+<em>bloode</em> first!"</p>
+
+<p>Bull-dogs are now much less common than they were. A cross breed
+between them and a good terrier is said to produce better fighters and
+harder biters than the pure bull-dog. If one of these dogs is crossed
+with a greyhound, the offspring is found to be too courageous, and
+from this cause in attacking deer they have been frequently killed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_BULLDOG" id="Illustration_TAIL_BULLDOG"></a>
+<img src="images/t-bulldog.jpg" width="500" height="295" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">Page 459</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_DALMATIAN_OR_COACH-DOG" id="THE_DALMATIAN_OR_COACH-DOG"></a>THE DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This dog, says Mr. Bewick, has been erroneously called the Danish dog
+by some authors, and by Buffon the harrier of Bengal; but his native
+country is Dalmatia, a mountainous district on the Adriatic coast. He
+has been domesticated in Italy for upwards of two centuries, and is
+the common harrier of that country.</p>
+
+<p>The Dalmatian is also used there as a pointer, to which his natural
+propensity more inclines him than to be a dog of the chase: he is said
+to be easily broken, and to be very staunch. He is handsome in shape,
+something between the British foxhound and English pointer; his head
+more acute than that of the latter, and something longer: his general
+colour white, and his whole body and legs covered with small
+irregular-sized black or reddish-brown spots. The pure breed has
+tanned cheeks and black ears. He is much smaller than the large Danish
+dog. A singular opinion prevailed at one time in this country, that
+this beautiful dog was rendered more handsome by having his ears
+cropped: this barbarous fancy is now fast dying away.</p>
+
+<p>The only use to which this elegant dog is applied is as an attendant
+upon a carriage, for which the symmetry of his form and beauty of his
+skin peculiarly fit him. He familiarises readily with horses, and is
+therefore invariably entrusted to the stables. A most erroneous notion
+has long prevailed that neither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">Page 460</a></span> this nor the great Danish dog has the
+sense of smell. They have been indiscriminately called the Coach-dog.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dibdin, in his "Tour through England," says, "I took with me last
+summer one of those spotted dogs called Danish, but the breed is
+Dalmatian. It was impossible for anything to be more sportive, yet
+more inoffensive, than this dog. Throughout the mountainous parts of
+Cumberland and Scotland his delight was to chase the sheep, which he
+would follow with great alertness even to the summits of the most
+rugged steeps; and when he had frightened them, and made them scamper
+to his satisfaction (for he never attempted to injure them), he
+constantly came back wagging his tail, and appearing very happy at
+those caresses which we, perhaps absurdly, bestowed upon him.</p>
+
+<p>"About seven miles on this side of Kinross, in the way from Stirling,
+he had been amusing himself playing these pranks, the sheep flying
+from him in all directions, when a black lamb turned upon him, and
+looked him full in the face; he seemed astonished for an instant, but
+before he could rally his resolution, the lamb began to paw and play
+with him. It is impossible to describe the effect this had upon him;
+his tail was between his legs, he appeared in the utmost dread, and
+slunk away confused and distressed: presently his new acquaintance
+invited him, by all manner of gambols, to be friendly with him. What a
+moment for Pythagoras or Lavater! Gradually overcoming his fears, he
+accepted this brotherly challenge, and they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">Page 461</a></span> raced away together, and
+rolled over one another like two kittens. Presently appeared another
+object of distress. The shepherd's boy came to reclaim his lamb; but
+it paid no attention except to the dog, and they were presently at a
+considerable distance. We slackened our pace for the convenience of
+the boy, but nothing would do; we could no more call off the dog than
+he could catch the lamb. They continued sporting in this manner for
+more than a mile and a half. At length, having taken a circuit, they
+were in our rear; and after we had crossed a small bridge, the boy
+with his pole kept the lamb at bay, and at length caught him; and
+having tied his plaid round him, it was impossible for him to escape.
+Out of fear of the boy, and in obedience to us, the dog followed
+reluctantly; but the situation of the lamb all this time cannot be
+pictured; he made every possible attempt to escape from the boy, even
+at the risk of tumbling into the river, rather than not follow the
+dog. This continued till the prospect closed, and we had lost sight of
+our new ally, whose unexpected offer of amity to the Dalmatian seemed
+ever after to operate as a friendly admonition, for from that day he
+was cured of following sheep."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Maynard, some years since, lost a coach-dog in France, which he
+in vain endeavoured to find. He returned to England, where he had not
+long arrived before the dog appeared; but the mode of his return
+remained for ever unexplained, though it is more than probable that
+the dog's sagacity, when he had made his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">Page 462</a></span> escape from confinement,
+prompted him to go to the sea-coast, where he found means to get on
+board some vessel bound for the opposite shore.</p>
+
+<p>The late Mr. Thomas Walker, of Manchester, had a small Dalmatian dog,
+which was accustomed to be in the stable with two of his
+carriage-horses, and to lie in a stall with one of them, to which he
+was particularly attached. The servant who took care of the horses was
+ordered to go to Stockport (which is distant about seven miles), upon
+one of the horses, and took the one above mentioned (the favourite of
+the dog), with him, and left the other with the dog in the stable;
+being apprehensive lest the dog, which was much valued by his master,
+should be lost upon the road. After the man and horse had been gone
+about an hour, some person coming accidentally into the stable, the
+dog took the opportunity of quitting his confinement, and immediately
+set off in quest of his companion. The man, who had finished the
+business he was sent upon, was just leaving Stockport, when he was
+surprised to meet the dog he had left in the stable, coming with great
+speed down the hill into the town, and seemed greatly rejoiced to meet
+with his friendly companion, whom he had followed so far by scent. The
+friendship between these animals was reciprocal; for the servant,
+going one day to water the carriage-horses at a large stone trough,
+which was then at one end of the exchange, the dog as usual
+accompanying them, was attacked by a large mastiff, and in danger of
+being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">Page 463</a></span> much worried, when the horse (his friend), which was led by the
+servant with a halter, suddenly broke loose from him, and went to the
+place where the dogs were fighting, and with a kick of one of his
+heels struck the mastiff from the other dog clean into a cooper's
+cellar opposite; and having thus rescued his companion, returned
+quietly with him to drink at the conduit.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2><a name="THE_GREAT_DANISH_DOG" id="THE_GREAT_DANISH_DOG"></a>THE GREAT DANISH DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Buffon was of opinion that this variety, which is chiefly found in
+Denmark, Russia, and Northern Germany, is only the M&acirc;tin (the usual
+sheep-dog of France) transported into a northern latitude. The colour
+of this dog is generally white, marked all over his body with black
+spots and patches, in general larger than those of the Dalmatian, of
+which some have supposed him to be a congener. His ears are for the
+most part white, while those of the Dalmatian are usually black.</p>
+
+<p>The great Danish dog is a fine sprightly animal, but is of little use
+either for sporting or watching. Like the Dalmatian, he is chiefly
+used in this country as an attendant on carriages, to which he forms
+an elegant appendage.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson, a traveller from Manchester, on his route through
+Scotland on horseback, was benighted, and coming to a small
+public-house on the road, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">Page 464</a></span> thought it better to take up his
+lodgings there, if possible, than to proceed further that night. On
+entering the house, he found only an old woman, who, to his inquiries,
+answered she would accommodate him with a bed, and provide for the
+horse in a small shed, if he would assist her in carrying hay and
+litter, as there was no other person then in the house. This was
+readily agreed to by Mr. Johnson, who, after having done so, and taken
+a little refreshment, was shown by the old woman to his bedroom.</p>
+
+<p>A large Danish dog, which accompanied him on his journey, offered to
+go up to the room with him, which the old woman strongly objected to,
+but Mr. Johnson firmly persisted in having him admitted. The dog, on
+entering the room, began to growl, and was altogether very unruly. His
+master in vain attempted to quiet him,&mdash;he kept growling and looking
+angrily under the bed, which induced Mr. Johnson to look there
+likewise, when, to his utter astonishment, he saw a man concealed at
+the farther end. On encouraging the dog, he sprang immediately at him,
+whilst Mr. Johnson seized his pistols, and presenting one at the
+stranger, who had a large knife in his hand, and was struggling with
+the dog, declared he would instantly shoot him if he made further
+resistance. The man then submitted to be bound, and acknowledged that
+his intention was to rob and murder Mr. Johnson, which was thus
+providentially prevented by the wonderful sagacity of his faithful
+dog. Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">Page 465</a></span> Johnson, after securely binding the man and fastening the
+door, went (accompanied by his dog) to the shed where his horse was
+left, which he instantly mounted, and escaped without injury to the
+next town, where he gave to a magistrate a full account of the
+murderous attempt, and the culprit was taken into custody and
+afterwards executed.</p>
+
+<p>A gamekeeper belonging to the castle of Holstein (in Denmark),
+returned one evening from a long and fatiguing chase, and deposited
+the game in the larder, without being aware that he had locked up his
+dog at the same time. Business of importance unexpectedly called him
+away immediately afterwards, and he did not return for five days;
+when, mindful of his game, he went to the larder, and beheld his dog
+stretched dead at the door. The gamekeeper stood extremely affected;
+but what were his sensations, when he saw on the table eleven brace of
+partridges, and five grouse untouched! This admiration increased his
+grief, when he found the poor dog had suffered starvation rather than
+transgress his duty.</p>
+
+<p>At a convent in France, twenty paupers were served with a dinner at a
+certain hour every day. A m&acirc;tin dog belonging to the convent did not
+fail to be regularly present at this repast, to receive the scraps
+which were now and then thrown to him. The guests, however, were poor
+and hungry, and of course not very wasteful, so that their pensioner
+did little more than scent the feast, of which he would fain have
+partaken. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">Page 466</a></span> portions were served by a person at the ringing of a
+bell, and delivered out by means of what in religious houses is termed
+a <em>tour</em>&mdash;a machine like the section of a cask, that, by turning round
+on a pivot, exhibits whatever is placed on the concave side, without
+discovering the person who moves it. One day this dog, who had only
+received a few scraps, waited till the paupers were all gone, took the
+rope in his mouth, and rang the bell. His stratagem succeeded. He
+repeated it the next day with the same good fortune. At length the
+cook, finding that twenty-one portions were given out instead of
+twenty, was determined to discover the culprit. In doing which he had
+no great difficulty; for, lying in wait, and noticing the paupers as
+they came for their different portions, and that there was no intruder
+except the dog, he began to suspect the truth; which he was confirmed
+in when he saw the animal continue with great deliberation till the
+visitors were all gone, and then pull the bell. The matter was related
+to the community; and to reward him for his ingenuity, the dog was
+permitted to ring the bell every day for his dinner, on which a mess
+of broken victuals was always afterwards served out to him.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2><a name="THE_CUR_DOG" id="THE_CUR_DOG"></a>THE CUR DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Almost every dog which is cross-bred is ranked as a cur dog or
+mongrel, but that which is specially described by Youatt, is the
+shepherd's dog crossed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">Page 467</a></span> with the terrier, and is nearly smooth; but he
+is considerably longer in the legs in proportion to the size of his
+body, is stronger in the make, has half-pricked ears, is generally
+black and white, although sometimes all black, and has rather a short
+tail. In the north of England and southern counties of Scotland great
+attention is paid to the breeding of this dog, and to breaking him in
+for driving and tending cattle, which he does with great intelligence;
+indeed his sagacity in everything is uncommonly great, and he is very
+trusty. These dogs bite very keenly, and always make their attack at
+the heels of cattle, who, on this account, having no defence against
+them, are quickly compelled to run.</p>
+
+<p>The cur has long and somewhat deservedly obtained a very bad name as a
+bully and a coward; and certainly his habit of barking at everything
+that passes, and flying at the heels of the horse, renders him often a
+very dangerous nuisance. He is, however, valuable to the cottager; he
+is a faithful defender of his humble dwelling; no bribe can seduce him
+from his duty; and he is a useful and an effectual guard over the
+clothes and scanty provisions of the labourer, who may be working in
+some distant part of the field. All day long he will lie upon his
+master's clothes seemingly asleep, but giving immediate warning of the
+approach of a supposed marauder. He has a propensity, when at home, to
+fly at every horse and every strange dog; and of young game of every
+kind there is not a more ruthless destroyer than the village cur.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">Page 468</a></span>The following story is strictly authentic:&mdash;"Not long ago a young man,
+an acquaintance of Lord Fife's coachman, was walking, as he had often
+done, in his lordship's stables at Banff. Taking an opportunity when
+the servants were not regarding him, he put a bridle into his pocket.
+A Highland cur that was generally about the stables observed the
+theft, and immediately began to bark at him; and when he got to the
+stable door would not let him pass, but held him fiercely by the leg
+to prevent him. As the servants had never seen the dog act thus
+before, and the same young man had been often with them, they could
+not imagine what could be the reason of the dog's conduct. However,
+when they perceived the end of a valuable bridle peeping out of the
+young man's pocket they were able to account for it, and on his giving
+it up the dog let go his hold and allowed him to pass."</p>
+
+<p>"I recollect," says Mr. Hall, "when I passed some time at the Viscount
+Arbuthnot's at Hatton, in the parish of Marykirk, one of his
+lordship's estates, that when the field-servants went out one morning
+they found a man whom they knew, and who lived a few miles' distance,
+lying on the road a short way from the stable with a number of
+bridles, girths, &amp;c. &amp;c. near him, and the house-dog, which was of the
+Highland breed, lying also at his ease, holding the seat of the man's
+breeches in his mouth. The man confessed his crime, and told them that
+the log had struggled with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">Page 469</a></span> him, and held him in that position for
+five hours; but that immediately after the servants came up he let go
+his hold."</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote is well known. In London, a few years since, a
+box, properly directed, was sent to a merchant's shop to lie there all
+night, and be shipped off with other goods next morning. A dog, which
+accidentally came into the shop with a customer, by smelling the box,
+and repeatedly barking in a peculiar way, led to the discovery that it
+did not contain goods, but a fellow who intended to admit his
+companions and plunder the shop in the night-time.</p>
+
+<p>John Lang, Esq., deputy-sheriff of Selkirk, had a female cur big with
+pups, which on one occasion, when out in the fields attending the
+cattle, was taken in travail, and pupped on the moor. She concealed
+her litter in a whin-bush, brought the cattle home at the usual time
+with the utmost care, and, having delivered her charge, returned to
+the moor and brought home the puppies one by one. Mr. Lang, with that
+humanity which marks his character, preserved the whole litter, that
+he might not give the least cause of pain to so faithful and so
+affectionate an animal.</p>
+
+<p>In Lambeth Church there is a painting of a man with a dog on one of
+the windows. In reference to this, we learn by tradition that a piece
+of ground near Westminster Bridge, containing one acre and nineteen
+roods (named Pedlar's Acre), was left to this parish by a pedlar, upon
+condition that his picture, and that of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">Page 470</a></span> the dog, should be
+perpetually preserved on painted glass on one of the windows of the
+church, which the parishioners have carefully performed. The time of
+this gift was in 1504, when the ground was let at 2<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> per
+annum; but in the year 1762 it was let on lease at 100<em>l.</em> per year,
+and a fine of 800<em>l.</em>; and is now worth more than 250<em>l.</em> yearly. The
+reason alleged for the pedlar's request is, that being very poor, and
+passing the aforementioned piece of ground, he could by no means get
+his dog away, which kept scratching a particular spot of earth, until
+he attracted his master's notice; who going back to examine the cause,
+and pressing with his stick, found something hard, which, on a nearer
+inspection, proved to be a pot of gold. With part of this money he
+purchased the land, and settled in the parish; to which he bequeathed
+it on the conditions aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>"It was with pleasure," observes Mr. Taylor, in his "General Character
+of the Dog," "that I watched the motions of a grateful animal
+belonging to one of the workmen employed at Portsmouth dockyard. This
+man had a large cur dog, who regularly every day brought him his
+dinner upwards of a mile. When his wife had prepared the repast, she
+tied it up in a cloth, and put it in a hand-basket; then calling
+Trusty (for so he was properly named), desired him to be expeditious,
+and carry his master's dinner, and be sure not to stop by the way. The
+dog, who perfectly well understood his orders, immediately obeyed, by
+taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">Page 471</a></span> the handle of the basket in his mouth, and began his journey.
+It was laughable to observe that, when tired by the way, he would very
+cautiously set the basket on the ground; but by no means would suffer
+any person to come near it. When he had sufficiently rested himself,
+he again took up his load, and proceeded forward until he came to the
+dock gates. Here he was frequently obliged to stop, and wait with
+patience until the porter, or some other person, opened the door. His
+joy was then visible to every one. His pace increased; and with
+wagging tail, expressive of his pleasure, he ran to his master with
+the refreshment. The caresses were then mutual; and after receiving
+his morsel as a recompense for his fidelity, he was ordered home with
+the empty basket and plates, which he carried back with the greatest
+precision, to the high diversion of all spectators."</p>
+
+<p>Some years since, a distiller, who lived at Chelsea, in Middlesex, had
+a middle-sized brown cur dog, crossed with the spaniel, which had
+received so complete an education from the porter, that he was
+considered a very valuable acquisition. This porter used generally to
+carry out the liquors to the neighbouring customers in small casks,
+tied up in a coarse bag, or put in a barrow; and whenever the man
+thought proper to refresh himself (which was frequently the case), he
+would stop the barrow, and calling Basto (which was the dog's name),
+in a very peremptory manner bid him mind the bag; and away he went to
+drink; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">Page 472</a></span> frequently left the barrow in the middle of the street.
+Basto always rested near his trust, and sometimes apparently asleep;
+which induced many idle people, who, seeing a bag in the road without
+an owner, to attempt stealing the same. But no sooner had they
+endeavoured to decamp with the prize, than this vigilant creature flew
+at them with such outrage, as obliged them immediately to relinquish
+the undertaking; and glad were they to escape with a few bites and
+whole bones, and leave the tempting bait to catch other dishonest
+rogues, as it had done them.</p>
+
+<p>One day, a person having particular business with the master, which
+required dispatch, went to the distillery adjoining the
+dwelling-house, thinking it very likely he might meet him there giving
+orders to the servant; and finding the outward door open, walked into
+the still-room: but no sooner had he gone a few steps than a fierce
+growl assailed his ears, and almost imperceptibly he was pinioned by
+fear to the wall. The affrighted person called loudly for help; but
+the family being at the other part of the house, his cries were
+fruitless. The generous animal, however, who had the frightened man
+close in custody, scorned to take a mean advantage of his situation by
+recommencing hostilities. He remained perfectly quiet, unless the
+delinquent attempted to stir&mdash;he then became as furious as ever; so
+that the prisoner prudently remained like a statue fixed against the
+wall, while Basto, like a sentinel on his post, kept a strict guard,
+lest he should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">Page 473</a></span> escape before the family arrived. In about twenty
+minutes the master, in coming from the parlour to the counting-house,
+beheld the prisoner, and Basto walking backwards and forwards beside
+him. The dog, by a thousand gesticulations, seemed to wish a proper
+explanation might take place. The master laughed heartily at the poor
+fellow's expense, as did he likewise when liberated; but he had ever
+after the prudence, when business brought him to the house, to ring
+loudly at the door, notwithstanding it frequently stood wide open.</p>
+
+<p>A carrier on his way to Dumfries had occasion to leave his cart and
+horse upon the public road, under the protection of a passenger and
+his dog Trusty. Upon his return, he missed a led horse belonging to a
+gentleman in the neighbourhood, which he had tied to the end of a
+cart, and likewise one of the female passengers. On inquiry he was
+informed that, during his absence, the female, who had been anxious to
+try the mettle of the pony, had mounted it, and that the animal had
+set off at full speed. The carrier expressed much anxiety for the
+safety of the young woman, casting at the same time an expressive look
+at his dog. Trusty observed his master's eye, and aware of its
+meaning, instantly set off in pursuit of the pony, which he came up
+with soon after he had passed the first toll-bar on the Dalbeattie
+road; when he made a sudden spring, seized the bridle, and held the
+animal fast. Several people having observed the circumstance, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">Page 474</a></span> the
+perilous situation of the girl, came to her relief. The dog, however,
+notwithstanding their repeated endeavours, would not quit his hold of
+the bridle; and the pony was actually led into the stable with the
+dog, till such time as the carrier should arrive. Upon the carrier
+entering the stable, Trusty wagged his tail in token of satisfaction,
+and immediately relinquished the bridle to his master.</p>
+
+<p>A short time ago a large cur, belonging to a gentleman at Richmond, in
+Yorkshire, accidentally fell into a well, and for the moment he gave
+him up as lost. But as a sort of desperate effort to save the dog, he
+directed a boy to let down a rope he had into the well, in the hope
+that possibly it might catch around his leg or neck. No sooner,
+however, did the rope come within reach, than the dog seized it with
+his teeth, and the parties above finding it had secured him, began to
+draw up; when, about half-way up, he lost his hold and fell back.
+Again the rope was let down, and again the dog seized it, and he was
+drawn nearly to the mouth of the well; when his bite gave way, and the
+third time he fell into the water. Once more the rope was let down,
+and this time the dog took so thorough a hold, that he was brought
+triumphantly up; and when set down in safety, shook the water from his
+hair, and wagged his tail, apparently as proud of the exploit as the
+other parties were gratified with it.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">Page 475</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_LURCHER" id="THE_LURCHER"></a>THE LURCHER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This variety is smaller than the greyhound, with its limbs stronger
+and shorter, the head less acute, with short, erect, and half-pricked
+ears: the whole body and tail are covered with rough coarse hair; it
+is grizzly about the muzzle, of a pale sand-colour, or iron-grey, and
+of sullen aspect.</p>
+
+<p>The lurcher is supposed to have been originally a cross between the
+greyhound and the shepherd's dog, re-crossed with the terrier; hence
+the quickness of his scent, his speed, and intelligence. The habits of
+this dog lead him to concealment and cunning, and he is seldom found
+in the possession of honourable sportsmen. He is often employed by
+poachers in killing hares and rabbits in the obscurity of night; and
+when taken to the warren, he lies squat, or steals out with the utmost
+precaution, and on seeing or scenting the rabbits, darts upon them
+with exceeding quickness or runs them down at a stretch, without
+barking or making the least noise. He is trained to bring the booty to
+his master, who often waits at some distance to receive it. One of
+these dogs will kill a great many rabbits in the course of a night.
+Col. Hamilton Smyth says, "The lurcher occasionally makes great havoc
+among sheep and deer, and acquires the wild scent of game. Sometimes
+these dogs become feral, when their owners happen to be captured and
+imprisoned. They have been regularly hunted with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">Page 476</a></span> hounds, but seldom
+destroyed, because when the chase came up with them, the pack seemed
+to be surprised at finding that it was only a dog they had followed.
+At other times, however, when a lurcher had snapped up, or attacked
+the game the pack was hunting, the dogs on coming up have torn him to
+pieces, as if he had been a wild beast."</p>
+
+<p>Bewick says that in his time this breed was so destructive that it was
+proscribed, and is now almost extinct. "I have seen a dog and bitch of
+this kind," he observes, "in the possession of a man who had formerly
+used them for the purpose above described. He declared, that by their
+means he could procure in an evening as many rabbits as he could carry
+home."</p>
+
+<p>"In the year 1809," says Capt. Brown, "I resided for some time on Holy
+Island, coast of Northumberland, and had occasion one day to be in
+Berwick at an early hour. I left the island on horseback at low-water,
+by moonlight. When I reached Goswick-warren, I came upon two men
+sitting by the side of a turf-dyke. I spoke to them; and while I was
+in the act of doing so, a dog of this breed approached with a rabbit
+in his mouth, which he laid down and scampered off. Being convinced
+they were engaged in rabbit-stealing, I entered into conversation
+respecting the qualities of their dogs, which I was anxious to learn;
+and upon my declaring that I was a stranger, and that I would not
+divulge their delinquency, they readily gave me a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">Page 477</a></span> detail of them.
+They had scarcely commenced when another dog made his appearance with
+a rabbit, and laid it down, but did not, like his companion, make off
+when he had done so. One of the men said to him, 'Go off, sir,' when
+he immediately left them; and he told me he was a young dog, little
+more than a year old. They informed me, that such was the keenness of
+the older dog, and another which had shortly before died, for hunting
+rabbits and hares, that they would frequently go out of their own
+accord, when it was inconvenient for their owners to attend them, and
+that they invariably fetched in a hare or rabbit. Indeed, their ardour
+was such, that they would sometimes go to a rabbit-warren, at a
+distance of eight miles from their dwelling, in pursuit of game; in
+consequence of which it became necessary for their masters to chain
+them every night when they did not accompany them in this pursuit. The
+dogs never attempted to leave home during the day, for which reason
+they were allowed to go at full liberty. When the men intended on an
+evening to hunt rabbits, they threw down the sacks in which they
+carried their booty in a corner of their house, when the dogs lay down
+beside them, and would not stir till their masters took them up. These
+dogs scarcely ever barked, except on the way either to or from this
+plunder; on which occasions they always preceded their owners about
+fifty yards. If they met any person coming, they invariably made a
+noise, but never were known to bite any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">Page 478</a></span> one. I asked them if this was
+an instinctive property, and they informed me they were trained to it.
+As they found it necessary in various places to leave the highway to
+avoid villages, their dogs never failed to quit the road at the very
+places where they usually deviated, although at that distance before
+them. Sometimes one of the dogs would return back to the party while
+on the road, and wag his tail, but they seldom or never did so
+together; and if he showed a desire to remain by his master, the
+latter had only to say, 'Go on, sir,' when he set off at full speed to
+his post as one of the advanced guard. During the time I was
+conversing with them these dogs brought in seven rabbits."</p>
+
+<p>The following curious relation, in which a lurcher signalised himself
+characteristically but fatally, we had from a sporting clergyman of
+one of the midland counties. A gentleman kept a pack of
+five-and-twenty couple of good hounds, among which were some of the
+highest-bred modern foxhounds, and some as near to the old bloodhound
+as could be procured. They were high-fed and underworked; of course,
+somewhat riotous. One day, after a sharp run of considerable length,
+in which the whole field, huntsman, whipper-in, and all, were suddenly
+thrown out, Reynard, in running up a hedgerow, was espied by a
+lurcher, accompanying the farmer his master. The dog instantly ran at
+the chase; and being fresh, chopped upon it as he would have done upon
+a rabbit or hare. The fox turned and fought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">Page 479</a></span> bravely; and whilst the
+farmer was contemplating with astonishment this singular combat, he
+was destined to behold a spectacle still more remarkable. The hounds
+arrived in full cry, and with indiscriminate fury tore both the
+combatants to pieces; the whipper-in, and the proprietor of the pack,
+and two or three gentlemen the best mounted, arriving in time to whip
+the dogs off, obtain the brush, and pick up some scattered remnants of
+the limbs and carcase of the poor lurcher.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2><a name="THE_BAN_DOG" id="THE_BAN_DOG"></a>THE BAN DOG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This variety, which seems almost extinct, is lighter, smaller, and
+more active than the mastiff, from which he is descended by a cross
+with the foxhound. He is not nearly so powerful a dog as the former,
+but is more fierce in his natural disposition; and from his descent
+possesses a finer sense of smelling. His hair is rougher, generally of
+a yellowish or sandy grey, streaked with shades of black, or brown,
+and semi-curled over his whole body, excepting his legs, which are
+smooth. Although he generally attacks his adversary in front, like the
+mastiff and bull-dog, it is not his invariable practice, for, he is
+sometimes seen to seize cattle by the flank. His bite, says Bewick, is
+keen and dangerous.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">Page 480</a></span>Two near neighbours in the county of Suffolk, a tanner and a farmer,
+entertained great friendship for each other, and kept up a close
+intimacy by frequent visits. The tanner had a large ban-dog for
+watching his yard, which, from some unknown cause, had conceived such
+an inveterate hatred to the farmer, that he could not go with safety
+to call on his friend when the dog was loose, and on this account the
+tanner loaded him with a heavy clog, that he might not be able to fly
+at him.</p>
+
+<p>As the farmer and one of his ploughmen were going about the grounds
+together one day, the latter espied at a distance something on a
+stile. As they drew near, they perceived it was the tanner's dog,
+which, in attempting to leap the wall, had left the clog on the other
+side, and was thereby almost strangled. The ploughman, knowing the
+enmity which the dog had to his master, proposed to despatch him by
+knocking him on the head; but the latter was unwilling to kill a
+creature which he knew was useful to his friend. Instead of doing so,
+he disengaged the poor beast, laid him down on the grass, watched till
+he saw him recover so completely as to be able to get up on his legs,
+and then pursued his walk. When the farmer returned to the stile, he
+saw the dog standing by it, quite recovered, and expected an attack;
+but, to his great astonishment, the creature fawned upon him, and
+expressed his gratitude in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">Page 481</a></span> the most lively manner; and from that time
+to the day of his death he attached himself to his benefactor, and
+never could be prevailed upon to go back to his former master.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 471px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_BANDOG" id="Illustration_TAIL_BANDOG"></a>
+<img src="images/t-bandog.jpg" width="471" height="500" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">Page 482</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_FEEDING_HOUNDS" id="Illustration_FEEDING_HOUNDS"></a>
+<img src="images/feedhounds.jpg" width="500" height="268" alt="FEEDING HOUNDS." title="FEEDING HOUNDS." />
+<span class="caption">FEEDING HOUNDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="ON_THE_FEEDING_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DOGS" id="ON_THE_FEEDING_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DOGS"></a>ON THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGS.</h2>
+
+<h3><em>Gathered from various authorities by H. G. Bohn.</em></h3>
+
+
+<p>A few words may not be out of place here on the feeding and management
+of dogs. For all else which concerns Canine Science the reader cannot
+do better than consult, among modern works, "Youatt on the Dog,"
+"Blaine's Canine Pathology," the article "Dog" in the Encyclop&aelig;dia
+Britannica or Penny Cyclop&aelig;dia, "Hutchinson on Dog-Breaking,"
+"Radcliffe on Fox-Hunting," "Mayhew on the Dog," or, "Colonel Hamilton
+Smith on Dogs," forming two of the vols. of Jardine's Naturalists'
+Library.</p>
+
+<p>The natural food of the dog is flesh, and it is found that those in a
+wild state prefer it to every other kind of nutriment, but as raw meat
+engenders ferocity, it should not be given too freely, especially to
+house-dogs and such as are not actively exercised. The dog can subsist
+on many kinds of food, and it is a curious fact, that when fed
+entirely on flesh he will sometimes get lean; because, as has been
+well observed, it is not on what animals eat that they thrive, but on
+what they digest. The diet of sporting dogs in full work should, it is
+said by some, consist of at least two-thirds of flesh, with a
+judicious mixture of farinaceous vegetables; but there is great
+diversity of opinion on this subject, and in France they are fed
+almost exclusively on soaked bread. Dogs, it is generally said, should
+have free access to fresh water, and the pans be cleaned out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">Page 483</a></span> daily;
+but some feeders, we are told, and it seems strange, limit the supply
+of water, and substitute moistened food. A piece of rock brimstone
+kept in the pan will be found useful.</p>
+
+<p>Although the dog is naturally a voracious animal, he can endure hunger
+for a very great length of time, and be brought by habit to subsist on
+a very scanty meal. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences it is
+stated, that a bitch which was forgotten in a country-house, where she
+had access to no other nourishment, lived forty days on the wool of an
+old mattress which she had torn to pieces and digested.</p>
+
+<p>An extraordinary instance of a similar kind occurred with a terrier
+bitch, named Gipsy. One day, when following her master through a
+grass-park near Gilmerton, it happened that she started a hare. During
+the pursuit her master suddenly lost sight of her, and in a few days
+she was considered either killed or lost. Six weeks afterwards a
+person happening to look down an old coal-pit, was surprised to hear a
+dog howling. He lost no time in returning to the village, and having
+procured a hand-basket, let it down by a rope into the shaft; the dog
+immediately leapt into it, and on being brought to the surface, proved
+to be Gipsy, worn to perfect skin and bone. How she had existed in
+this subterranean abode, and what she had found to support her there,
+it is impossible to tell.</p>
+
+<p>Stag-hounds, fox-hounds, harriers, and beagles, are generally fed on
+oatmeal,&mdash;some add well-boiled flesh to it once in two days,&mdash;and the
+older the meal is the better. Store sufficient for twelve or eighteen
+months' consumption ought, therefore, always to be kept by those who
+have a pack; and before used should be well dried, and broken into
+grits, but not too fine. It is best kept in bins in a granary, well
+trodden down. Some persons are in the habit of using barleymeal
+unprepared, but this is thought by many to be less nutritious. Others
+are of opinion that oatmeal and barleymeal in equal proportions form a
+preferable food. In either case the meal should be made into porridge,
+with the addition of a little milk, and occasionally the kitchen
+offal, such as remnants of butchers' meat, broth, and soups, the
+raspings and refuse of bakers' shops, or hard, coarse, sea-biscuit
+(sold as dog-biscuit), well soaked and boiled with bullocks' liver or
+horseflesh.</p>
+
+<p>Well-boiled greens&mdash;or mangel-wurzel boiled to a jelly&mdash;are an
+excellent addition to the food of all dogs, and may be given twice
+a-week; but they ought to be discontinued during the shooting-season
+with pointers, setters, cockers, and greyhounds; and also during the
+hunting season with foxhounds, harriers, and beagles, as they are apt
+to render the bowels too open for hard work.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">Page 484</a></span>Flesh for dogs should be first thoroughly boiled and then taken out
+before the oatmeal is added to the broth, and left to cool. Indeed,
+some feeders think that the food of a dog should always be perfectly
+cold. At any rate, care must be taken not to serve it out "too hot,"
+although, in general, dogs are sagacious enough not to scald
+themselves, as we see in Landseer's exquisite little picture on the
+opposite page.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs which are hard worked are by some said to be the better for
+having two meals a-day&mdash;a very light one of mixed food in the morning
+before going out, and a full meal, principally of flesh, on their
+return in the evening; but, as a general rule, one good meal a day,
+towards the evening, is sufficient, and they may be left to pick up
+what they can: indeed the dealers never give more than one meal a-day.
+Bones to pick may be allowed them occasionally, but hard bones in
+excess are likely to wear and damage the teeth. Nothing is better than
+paunch, tripe, or good wholesome horse or cow-flesh, boiled, and the
+liquor mixed well with oatmeal porridge; the quantity of each about
+equal. If horse or cow-flesh is not to be had, graves, in moderate
+quantity and well scalded, are a tolerable, though not very desirable,
+substitute. They are generally broken small, mixed with about one-half
+the quantity of oatmeal, then thoroughly soaked in boiling water, and
+well stirred; or, a better way still is to boil them together like
+porridge.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs, like men, require a change of food, and it has been strongly
+asserted that barleymeal and oatmeal, without change, predisposes to
+cutaneous disease, and even produces it; therefore, a judicious
+feeder, like a good cook, will contrive to vary his bill of fare.
+Porridge and milk, dog-biscuit, farinaceous food, the scraps of the
+kitchen, the offal of bullocks or sheep, which should be well boiled,
+make an excellent variety;&mdash;but we would by no means recommend too
+frequent a repetition of the latter food. Potatoes are also good, and
+although not so nutritious, or easy of digestion, as oatmeal, are less
+heating.</p>
+
+<p>Care should be taken never to present more to a dog than he will eat
+with a good appetite; and when oatmeal and barleymeal are given mixed,
+the former should first be boiled for twenty minutes, and then the
+latter added, and boiled only for about eight or ten minutes. This
+meal should, however, never be given in the hunting season, as it is
+too heating, and occasions the dogs to be perpetually drinking. Their
+food ought, as a general rule, to be given to them pretty thick, as
+thin porridge does not stay the stomach so well. The feeding-troughs
+for hounds should be sufficiently wide at the bottom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">Page 485</a></span> and carefully
+cleaned out and scalded with hot water every second day.</p>
+
+<p>During the hunting season hounds should have sulphur mixed up with
+their mess once a-week, in the proportion of 3 drachms to each. At the
+end of the season the same quantity of sulphur should be given, with
+the addition of 1&frac12; drachms of antimony. After a hard day's work a meal
+of horse-flesh may be given them, as fresh-killed as possible, or
+bullocks' paunches or sheeps' trotters, all of which should be well
+boiled.</p>
+
+<p><em>Greyhounds</em> should be fed principally on animal food, such as sheeps'
+trotters or neats' feet, boiled or stewed down and mixed with bread,
+and given moderately in the morning and afternoon, (the dog never
+being allowed on any occasion to eat a great quantity at once,) or on
+other hand meat, as it will enlarge and strengthen the muscular fibre
+without increasing the cellular tissue and adipose substance, which
+has an invariable tendency to affect their breathing. The butchers'
+meat should be of the best quality, and not over-fat, as greasy
+substances of all kinds are apt to render the body gross and the skin
+diseased. After they have been coursed they should be well brushed, a
+little oil being used in the operation.</p>
+
+<p>The kennels of greyhounds should be kept comfortably warm and dry, be
+frequently replenished with dry and clean straw, and properly
+ventilated. Indeed, nothing is more essential to the health and
+efficiency of all dogs than pure air and cleanliness. Their beds
+should, if possible, be placed on a wooden bench, or at least on some
+dry position. On attention to cleanliness depends, in some degree, the
+dog's exquisite sense of smelling; for, if accustomed to strong or
+disagreeable effluvia, he will be but ill-adapted to trace the fall of
+a deer, or scent of a fox. Indeed, even animal food too freely given
+is said to have a prejudicial effect upon the nose of a sporting dog.</p>
+
+<p>A dog employed in watching premises should not be needlessly exposed
+to the damp or cutting night winds; but placed in as dry and sheltered
+a situation as possible. If kept in the dwelling-house he should have
+a place appropriated to his night's rest; this may be an open box, or
+a basket, with a piece of carpet or blanket, or clean straw at the
+bottom: if either of the former it should be often beaten, to free it
+from fleas or nits, which soon infest it, and frequently washed and
+dried.</p>
+
+<p>Damp is exceedingly injurious to dogs, and is very likely to produce
+diseased lungs, rheumatism, and lameness in the shoulder and limbs.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">Page 486</a></span>To the preceding instructions, for which the compiler is chiefly
+indebted to the works of Capt. Thomas Brown, Youatt, and Blaine, and
+to the practical information obtained from Mr. Herring of the New
+Road, and Mr. William George, an extensive dog-fancier at Kensall New
+Town, may be appropriately subjoined a lively chapter from the recent
+work of Mr. <span class="person">Francis Butler</span>, a leading American authority on the
+subject.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>"It is more important to understand the management of a dog, than to
+be possessed of a thousand nominal remedies for the cure of his
+various ailments; inasmuch as the antidote is at all times preferable
+to the cure.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall first throw out a few hints on the <span class="topic">Management of Pets</span>. Whilst
+many are sacrificed for lack of necessary attendance, there are
+thousands who perish prematurely from overdoses of kindness. Delicate
+breeds of dogs certainly require great care and attention in rearing;
+but overstrained tenderness is often more dangerous than culpable
+neglect. The dear little creature that is allowed to lay under the
+stove, is stuffed with delicacies two or three times a-day, and is
+never allowed to breathe the fresh air, except under a cloudless sky,
+is more subject to colds, fits, rheumatism, sore eyes and ears, worms,
+&amp;c., than the worthless mongrel which was raised on the street,
+neglected and despised. The tenderly-nursed pet is affected by every
+change of atmosphere, and subjected to a variety of diseases unknown
+to the dog that has been hardened from his birth. I ask you, then,
+neither to stuff nor starve; neither to chill nor burn.</p>
+
+<p>"A house-pet should always have a sleeping-place allotted to him, warm
+and comfortable, not near the fire, nor in the damp. Anything round is
+best for an animal to lay in; such as a tastefully ornamented box. In
+cold weather it should not be larger than to contain him comfortably.
+It is best for the following reasons: he may keep himself perfectly
+warm, and his bed may be made exactly to fit him; it also takes up
+less available space than any other shape. He should never be fed to
+the full; neither excited to eat when he appears disinclined. Lack of
+appetite, so common to pampered favourites, is generally the result of
+an overloaded stomach and disordered digestion. This is easily cured
+by medicine, but more safely and simply without it. Fast him for
+twenty-four hours; after which, keep him on half his ordinary
+allowance. If this agrees with him, and he keeps in fair condition,
+continue the regimen.</p>
+
+<p>"Nursing in the lap is injurious; not in itself, but the animal is
+thereby subjected to constant chills, in emerging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">Page 487</a></span> from a snoozy
+warmth to a cold carpet or chilly bed. A dog accustomed to the lap is
+always shivering after it, and renders himself quite troublesome by
+his importunate addresses. A moderate share of nursing is well enough,
+but should be indulged in only as an occasional treat. Great care
+should be taken in the washing of delicate dogs. When this operation
+is performed, they should be rubbed perfectly dry; after which they
+should be covered, and remain so till the shivering has completely
+subsided.<a name="FNanchor_T_20" id="FNanchor_T_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_20" class="fnanchor">[T]</a> The water should be only blood-warm; it is far better
+than hot, and not so likely to give the animal cold. Injudicious
+washing and bad drying are productive of running sore eyes, more
+especially visible in white poodles, where the hair is long and
+woolly, retaining the moisture.</p>
+
+<p>"Once a fortnight is often enough to wash any dog but a white one.
+Washing has very little effect in the destruction of vermin. Fleas can
+live some time under water; which I have often thought only makes them
+bite the harder and stick the closer, when reanimated from their
+temporary torpidity. If 'Butler's Mange Liniment and Flea
+Exterminator' cannot be obtained, the animal may be well sodden with
+soft soap and washed about ten minutes after. This cannot be done with
+safety, except in warm weather. In cold weather, the comb may be used
+immediately after the application of the soap, as the fleas will then
+be too stupid to effect their escape. 'Butler's Liniment' destroys all
+vermin instantaneously, without risk of injuring the animal; and the
+quadruped may be rinsed one minute after. No flea will remain alive;
+the skin will be thoroughly cleansed, and the coat beautified. Dogs
+should never be allowed to suffer the torment imposed on them by these
+detestable vermin. If the owners could only realise the importance of
+ridding them of these ever-noisome pests, there would be far less of
+snappishness, mange, fits, &amp;c. I have seen animals literally worried
+to death by fleas, perfectly exhausted from incessant irritation, at
+last worn to a skeleton, and gradually extinguished by a creeping
+consumption. Besides, who (for his own personal comfort), would not
+rid his immediate vicinity of a worthless mob of blood-suckers
+awaiting the first favourable opportunity of regaling themselves on
+human blood? If your dog lie on straw, burn it once a week, as fleas
+harbour and propagate in the tubes of the straw. If the bed be carpet,
+or anything similar, let it be often cleansed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">Page 488</a></span> or changed. Vermin
+revel in filth, and their extirpation depends mainly on cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>"By attending to the general health of a dog, much disease may be
+avoided; indeed, this is far more essential than prescriptions for a
+cure. It is very easy to carry off a slight indisposition by gentle
+purgatives and a reformed diet: whilst confirmed disease is often
+difficult to combat, as few of the canine race can have the advantages
+which are ofttimes essential to their restoration. The eyes, the nose,
+the gums, the hair, the breath, should be carefully noted. The eyes
+may be red or pale, sunken or protruded; the nose may be hot, or dry,
+or matted with dirt; the gums may be pale, &amp;c. It will require but
+little experience to discover a disorganisation, which may be easily
+detected by him who has noticed the healthful appearance of the
+different parts and their variation under indisposition.</p>
+
+<p>"If you are in the habit of keeping your dog on the chain, let him at
+least run a few minutes every day. If he be kept indoors, he should
+also be allowed a little daily exercise outside. Change of air<a name="FNanchor_U_21" id="FNanchor_U_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_21" class="fnanchor">[U]</a> and
+diet will sometimes renovate when all remedies fail: a change from
+city to country, from greasy meat to fresh milk, from a confined yard
+to the green fields, will generally recruit him without the aid of
+medicine. Nature (to whom physicians are so deeply indebted for so
+many wonderful restorations), often effects a cure unaided, which
+might have defied the efforts of Apothecaries' Hall.</p>
+
+<p>"In summer, particularly, be careful to provide a supply of fresh
+water and a cool shelter from the sun. Never take your dog out during
+the intense heat of the day; this is very apt to produce fits, often
+resulting in sudden death. Early in the morning is preferable for
+summer exercise.</p>
+
+<p>"The kennel should be located in a shady spot during the summer; in
+winter it should be sheltered from the wind, and so placed as to
+enable the dog to enjoy the sunshine at will. Above all things, never
+chain a dog where he cannot screen himself from the sun's rays. He
+must have the option of sunshine or shade. He should not be allowed to
+drink water that has been standing in the sun, or is otherwise
+damaged. If you should chance to forget to feed him for forty-eight
+hours, he would not run as much risk of injury, as during three hours
+of thirst in hot weather. There should be a piece<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">Page 489</a></span> of joist under each
+end of the dog-house, to keep it off the ground, in order to avoid
+dampness. In summer an excavation, two or three feet in depth, should
+be made under it, and left open at both ends, that the animal may have
+a cool retreat during the heat. Those who do not object to a trifling
+expense, may have the house posted on a large paving-stone, with an
+excavation under it, as before recommended. All burrowing animals seek
+the earth in hot weather. Everything on the surface is heated; their
+own instinct dictates the most reasonable method of sheltering
+themselves from the heat, at the same time absorbing the cool
+exhalations from the ground. In southern climates, especially, this
+method is all important. In this manner I have kept dogs from the
+polar regions, in comparative comfort, whilst many native-born and
+neglected have been scalded into fits, paralysis, rabies, or
+hydrophobia.</p>
+
+<p>"In the hot season, with young dogs, raw meat should be avoided,
+except it be quite fresh, and then they should not be over-fed,
+especially if debarred of abundant exercise, and excluded from their
+own natural medicine, grass. A dog will often thrive better on raw
+meat than on any other food, and will grow larger; but he should be
+fed with discretion, and his health attended to, should his diet
+visibly disagree with him.<a name="FNanchor_V_22" id="FNanchor_V_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_22" class="fnanchor">[V]</a> He will grow fatter and be more healthy
+on moderate meals than if overgorged. The better plan is to ascertain
+his average consumption, and then allow him a little less. Keep his
+digestion in good order, and disease will rarely trouble him. His coat
+and ribs will generally indicate whether he be sufficiently cared for,
+whether he be sick or sound in his digestive organs; feed him always
+in the same place, and at the same hour: once a day is sufficient, if
+he be over six months old. By being fed only once a day he is less
+choice, and will consume what he might refuse, if his appetite were
+dulled by a previous meal.</p>
+
+<p>"Should you require your dog to be watchful at night, feed him in the
+morning; if you would have him quiet at night, feed him late, and
+don't leave him bones to gnaw. Dogs are pretty quiet, during the
+digestive process, when left to themselves, and should not have much
+exercise after a heavy meal. They should only be lightly fed before
+training-lessons, or on sporting days; on the latter occasions a
+little refreshment may be administered as occasion may require. Those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">Page 490</a></span>
+kept in-doors should be allowed to run a little after meals, when they
+generally require an evacuation.</p>
+
+<p>"If a dog be regularly exercised he will seldom even soil around his
+kennel, and a healthy house pet is rarely troublesome, except after
+eating. If a dog be uncleanly in the house, he should decidedly be
+broken of it, although it would be useless to correct him unless he
+has a fair opportunity of avoiding it. He should be invariably taken
+to the spot, be sufficiently twigged there, and unceremoniously
+scolded into the yard. The punishment will be far more justly
+administered if the animal be let out at regular intervals; this being
+done he will not attempt to infringe the law, except in cases of dire
+necessity.</p>
+
+<p>"I am satisfied as a general rule, that a well-amalgamated mixture of
+animal and vegetable is the most healthful diet for dogs of all ages,
+breeds, and conditions. Dogs living in the house should on no account
+be fed on raw meat, as it gives them a very offensive smell, and is in
+other respects very unsuitable."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Illustration_TAIL_FEEDHOUNDS" id="Illustration_TAIL_FEEDHOUNDS"></a>
+<img src="images/t-feedhounds.jpg" width="500" height="395" alt="TAIL-PIECE." title="TAIL-PIECE." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Daniel's "Rural Sports."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Daniel's "Rural Sports."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Thornton's "Instincts."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> "Sportsman's Cabinet."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Ballet, in his "Dissertations sur la Mythologie
+Fran&ccedil;aise," shows that this popular story of the dog of Montargis is
+much older than the time of Charles V.; and that Albericus, an old
+monkish chronicler, records it as happening in the reign of
+Charlemagne, anno 780.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> See the entire poem in Tomkins' "Beauties of English
+Poetry." 18mo. 1847.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> "I fear this is a sad geological anachronism; however, I
+cannot but hope that the Irish wolf-dog will yet be found in some
+cavern, associated with the prototypes of Ireland's earliest heroes
+who peopled the land soon after it emerged from the deep,
+</p>
+<div class="footnote_poem">'Great, glorious, and free,<br />
+First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea.'"
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> O'Keefe, "Wicklow Gold Mines."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> A similar instance of canine intelligence will be found
+in <a href="#Page_51">p. 51</a> of the present volume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> "The Sportsman's Cabinet."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Tenbeia portus est Cambri&aelig; meridionalis, ubi Belgarum
+colonis a rege, ut fertur, Henrico primo locata est. Horum posteri a
+circumjacente Celtic&aelig; originis populo lingua etiam nunc omnino
+discrepant.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Infinitivo, quem vocant, hoc in ier desinente solus
+credo, inter, melioris not&aelig;, quos habemus, elegorum scriptores usus
+est Catullus: sed qualis ille Poeta! sed quantus in omni genere Latini
+carminis et artifex eleganti&aelig; et magister!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> His master's pocket-book, with which Tippo, the only
+living creature saved from the wreck, came ashore.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> See Bewick's "Quadrupeds," p. 306, 1st ed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> A celebrated portrait painter, and Secretary to the
+Scottish Academy of Painting. This gentleman also excelled in the
+portraits of animals.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> "Sometimes the members or domestics of the convent have
+been sufferers in their efforts to save others. On the 17th of
+December, 1825, three domestics of the convent with two dogs descended
+to the vacherie, on the Piedmontese side of the mountain, and were
+returning with a traveller, when an avalanche overwhelmed them. All
+perished except one of the dogs, which escaped by its prodigious
+strength, after having been thrown over and over. Of the poor victims,
+none were found until the snow of the avalanche had melted in the
+returning summer, when the first was discovered on the 4th of June,
+and the last on the 7th of July."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_17" id="Footnote_Q_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_17"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> Mrs. Grosvenor, now of Richmond, Surrey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_R_18" id="Footnote_R_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_18"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> For other instances of speaking dogs see <em>ante</em>, <a href="#Page_49">p. 49</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_S_19" id="Footnote_S_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_19"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> In <a href="#Page_147">p. 147</a> a similar anecdote has been recorded of a
+Newfoundland dog and a spaniel; and in <a href="#Page_221">p. 221</a> an instance is given of
+the revenge taken by a Colley on a tailor's dog.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_T_20" id="Footnote_T_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_20"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> Or if the weather be fine and warm they may run out and
+dry themselves.&mdash;Ed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_U_21" id="Footnote_U_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_21"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> Sea-air, however, especially during long sea-voyages,
+perhaps in connexion with salt meat, has been known to produce the
+distemper in dogs.&mdash;Ed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_V_22" id="Footnote_V_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_22"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> House-dogs fed on raw meat, bones, and liver, soon become
+offensive neighbours; the more so in proportion to their want of
+outdoor exercise.&mdash;Ed.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">Page 491</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="index_page">PAGE</span></p>
+
+
+<p>BAN DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_479">479</a></span></p>
+
+<p>BEAGLE <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></span></p>
+
+<p>BLOODHOUND <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></span></p>
+
+<p>BULL DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></span></p>
+
+<p>BULL-DOG TERRIER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>COACH DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></span></p>
+
+<p>COLLEY (SCOTCH) <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></span></p>
+
+<p>CUR DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_466">466</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>DALMATIAN <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></span></p>
+
+<p>DANISH DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_463">463</a></span></p>
+
+<p>DEER-HOUND <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>ESQUIMAUX DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>FOXHOUND <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>GREYHOUND <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></span></p>
+
+<p>GREYHOUND (PERSIAN) <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_380">380</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>LURCHER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_475">475</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>MASTIFF <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></span></p>
+
+<p>M&Acirc;TIN (FRENCH) <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_465">465</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>NEWFOUNDLAND DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>OTTER TERRIER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>POINTER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_383">383</a></span></p>
+
+<p>POODLE <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></span></p>
+
+<p>PUG DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>ST. BERNARD DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></span></p>
+
+<p>SETTER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></span></p>
+
+<p>SHEPHERD'S DOG <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></span></p>
+
+<p>SPANIEL <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></span></p>
+
+<p>STAG-HOUND <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>TERRIER <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></p>
+
+<p>TURNSPIT <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>WATER SPANIEL <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></span></p>
+
+<p>WOLF DOG (IRISH AND HIGHLAND) <span class="index_page"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<p class="printedby">London:&mdash;Printed by <span class="person">G. Barclay</span>, Castle St. Leicester Sq.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Anecdotes of Dogs
+
+Author: Edward Jesse
+
+Release Date: September 1, 2008 [EBook #26500]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANECDOTES OF DOGS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANECDOTES
+OF
+DOGS.
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD JESSE, ESQ.
+
+
+"Histories are more full of examples of
+the fidelity of dogs than of friends."
+                                      POPE.
+
+
+With numerous Engravings.
+
+
+LONDON:
+HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
+MDCCCLVIII.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+Printed by G. Barclay, Castle St. Leicester Sq.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The character, sensibilities, and intellectual faculties of animals
+have always been a favourite study, and they are, perhaps, more
+strongly developed in the dog than in any other quadruped, from the
+circumstance of his being the constant companion of man. I am aware
+how much has been written on this subject, but having accumulated many
+original and interesting anecdotes of this faithful animal, I have
+attempted to enlarge the general stock of information respecting it.
+It is a pleasing task, arising from the conviction that the more the
+character of the dog is known, the better his treatment is likely to
+be, and the stronger the sympathy excited in his behalf.
+
+Let me hope, that the examples which are given in the following pages
+will help to produce this effect, and that a friend so faithful, a
+protector so disinterested and courageous, will meet with that
+kindness and affection he so well deserves.
+
+It is now my grateful duty to express my thanks to those friends who
+have so kindly contributed original anecdotes to this work, and
+especially to Lady Morgan and Mrs. S. Carter Hall for their remarks on
+the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+I have also to acknowledge my obligations for various anecdotes
+illustrative of the character of peculiar dogs, extracted from Colonel
+Hamilton Smith's volumes in the Naturalist's Library and Captain
+Brown's interesting sketches; as well to the Editor of the "Irish
+Penny Magazine" for his extremely well-written account of the Irish
+wolf-dog; and to other sources too numerous to mention.
+
+The present new edition is considerably enlarged, both in matter and
+plates, and, to suit the taste of the age is presented in a cheap and
+popular form.
+
+My Publisher has, as usual, lent his aid, and is responsible for some
+of the additional anecdotes, for the account of the _Setter_, and for
+all after page 458, including the chapter "On Feeding and Management."
+
+EDWARD JESSE.
+
+_East Sheen, Sept. 1858._
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.
+
+
+      TITLE.                         PAINTER.         ENGRAVER.     PAGE
+
+   1. Spaniel & Newfoundland Dogs    W. Harvey        W. Branston      1
+   2. Retriever                      W. Harvey        W. Branston     54
+   3. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks        83
+   4. Deer-hounds                    W. Harvey        W. Branston     85
+   5. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       132
+   6. Newfoundland Dog               W. Harvey        W. Branston    133
+   7. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       184
+   8. The Colley, or Shepherd's Dog  Stewart          Pearson        185
+   9. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       239
+  10. St. Bernard Dog                W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       240
+  11. Chasseur & Cuba Bloodhounds    Freeman          Whiting        250
+  12. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       263
+  13. The Terrier                    W. Harvey        W. Branston    264
+  14. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       299
+  15. The Blenheim Spaniel           W. Harvey        Pearson        300
+  16. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       330
+  17. The Poodle                     Carpendale       Pearson        331
+  18. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       352
+  19. Vignette                       W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       353
+  20. Otter Hunting                  W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       361
+  21. Tail-piece                     W. Harvey        Vizitelly      366
+  22. Greyhounds                     W. Harvey        Vizitelly      367
+  23. Tail-piece                     C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    382
+  24. The Pointer                    W. Harvey        W. Branston    383
+  25. Tail-piece                     W. P. Smith      T. Gilks       399
+  26. The Setter                     W. Harvey        W. Branston    400
+  27. Tail-piece                     Bewick           Bewick         411
+  28. The Comforter                  W. R. Smith      Pearson        412
+  29. A Pugnacious Pair              Cruickshank      Cruickshank    417
+  30. The Foxhound                   C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    421
+  31. Hounds in a Bath               C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    437
+  32. The Beagle                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       438
+  33. Tail-piece                     C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    439
+  34. The Mastiff                    W. Harvey        Whimper        440
+  35. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       453
+  36. The Bull-dog                   W. Harvey        Vizitelly      454
+  37. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       458
+  38. Tail-piece                     Seymour          Pearson        481
+  39. Feeding Hounds                 C. D. Radcliffe  E. Landells    482
+  40. Tail-piece                     W. R. Smith      T. Gilks       490
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+    INTRODUCTION--Value, propensities, and origin of the dog, 1 _et
+    passim_--the wolf partially domesticated, 6--wild dogs of Ceylon,
+    15--Sir Walter Scott's bull-dog terrier Camp, 16--the dog and the
+    pieman, 17--death of a dog from affection for its deceased
+    mistress, 18--frozen fowls rescued by a house-dog, 19--Sir R.
+    Brownrigg's dog, 19--the author's terrier Phiz, 20--a dog fond of
+    travelling by himself, 20--runaway horse caught by a dog, 21--lost
+    money guarded by, 21--dogs can reckon time, 22--death of a dog
+    from joy at the return of his master, 22--faithfulness of a dog to
+    its charge, 24--the dog's character influenced by that of its
+    master, 25--sense of smelling, 26--duel about a dog, 28--murder
+    prevented by, 29--a faithful dog killed by mistake, 30--sporting
+    anecdotes of Smoaker, Bachelor, Blunder, &c., 31--intelligence of
+    the dog, 42--tact in cat-hunting, 44--find their way home from
+    long distances, 46--bantam rescued from a game cock,
+    46--perception of right and wrong, 47--turkey punished for
+    gluttony, 48--speaking dogs, 48-9--a singing dog, 50--creatures of
+    habit, 50--Caniche and the breeches, 51--distinguishes his
+    master's customers, 54--a robber killed by a dog, 55--Dr. Hooper's
+    dog, 55--the fireman's dog, Tyke, 56--the fireman's dog, Bill,
+    60--dog used as a servant, 61--Mr. Backhouse's dog, 62--the
+    post-dog's revenge, 62--dog returns from Bangalore to Pondicherry,
+    63--Mr. Decouick's dog, 63--a dog saves human life, 64--guards a
+    chair dropped from a waggon, 64--rescues his master from an
+    avalanche, 64--spaniel tracks his master to Drury Lane, and
+    discovers him in the pit, 65--large dog rescues a small one from
+    drowning, 65--a canine messenger, 66--contrivance of a
+    Newfoundland to get a bun, 67--dog lost for nine weeks in the dome
+    of St. Paul's, 67--support themselves in a wild state,
+    69--laughable account of the transmigration of souls in connexion
+    with dogs, 71--sheep-dogs in the Pyrenees, 76--Mrs. S. C. Hall's
+    dog, 77--musical spaniel of Darmstadt, 77--Lord Grenville's lines
+    on the dog, 82.
+
+
+THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.
+
+    History of the Irish wolf-dog, 86 _et seq. passim_--supposed
+    recognition of a wolf-dog of the Irish blood royal, 86--lines on
+    the Irish wolf-dog, 88--anecdotes from Plutarch, 89--the dog of
+    Montargis, 90--the dog of Aughrim, 93--wolf-hunting in Tyrone,
+    94--sheep-killing wolf-dog, 107--Buskar and Bran, 112--incident
+    with Lord Ossulton's hounds, 116--Bruno and O'Toole, 117--a
+    deer-hound recovers a glove from a boy, 119--Sir W. Scott's dog
+    Maida, 120--a deer-hound detains a suspicious person, 120--follows
+    a wounded deer for three days, 121--Comhstri drowns a stag,
+    122--Scotch dogs much prized in England, 123--Llewellyn and Beth
+    Gelert, 124--Lady Morgan on the Irish wolf-dog, 127.
+
+
+THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
+
+    Character, &c., 133--saves people from drowning, 135--Baby,
+    136--saves a child from being run over, 136--saves a spaniel from
+    being drowned, 137--saves a gentleman from drowning at Portsmouth,
+    138--saves a man in a mill-stream, 138--calculating dogs,
+    138--Sabbath party disturbed by a dog, 139--Archdeacon Wix's dog,
+    140--a Newfoundland brings away breeches containing money
+    belonging to his master, 143--commits suicide, 145--saves a
+    coachman in the Thames, 146--tries to drown a spaniel, 147--uses
+    his paw as a fishing-bait, 148--in carrying two hats puts one
+    inside other, 148--three dogs previously enemies unite against a
+    common foe, 149--a dog saves his drowning enemy, 151--releases
+    himself and companions from captivity, 152--a swimming-wager
+    amusingly lost by a dog's care, 153--the dog as postman,
+    153--swims for ten hours in a tempestuous sea, 153--saves his dead
+    master's pocket-book, 154--Lord Grenville's lines on the,
+    155--Newfoundland dog ducks his aggressor, 157--carries a rope to
+    the shore, 158--saves an ungrateful master, 158--guardian of a
+    lady's honour, 160--anecdotes of Mr. M'Intyre's dog Dandie,
+    160-5--a Newfoundland causes the detection of a dishonest porter,
+    165--saves twelve persons from drowning, 166--watches over his
+    drunken master, 167--his humanity occasions a disturbance at
+    Woolwich Theatre, 167--carries a lanthorn before his master,
+    168--saves the lives of all on board the Durham Packet,
+    170--drowns a pet lamb out of jealousy, 171--rescues a canary
+    which had flown into the sea, 171--saves his old master from
+    robbers, 173--St. John's and Labrador dogs, 176--long remembrance
+    of injuries, 177--discovers a poacher, 178--discretion and
+    revenge, 178--returns from Berwick to London, 179--the Romans had
+    some dog of the same kind, 179--liberates a man who had fallen
+    into a gravel-pit, 180--Boatswain provides his mistress a dinner,
+    181--a trespasser detained, 181--Victor at the Battle of
+    Copenhagen, 182--a Newfoundland dog retrieves on the ice,
+    182--fetches a coat from the tailor's, 183--lines by Lord Eldon,
+    184.
+
+
+THE COLLEY OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.
+
+    Saves the life of Mr. Satterthwaite, 186--the Ettrick Shepherd's
+    dog, Sirrah, collects a scattered flock at midnight, 188--Hector,
+    189--points the cat, 191--has an ear for music, 194--hears where
+    his master is going, and precedes him, 196--a wonderful sheep-dog,
+    199--a bitch having pupped deposits her young in the hills, and
+    afterwards fetches them home, 201--cunning of sheep-stealing dogs,
+    202-5--a sheep-dog dies of starvation whilst tending his charge,
+    206--discrimination of a sheep-dog, 207--a sheep-dog remembers all
+    the turnings of a road, 208--follows a young woman who had
+    borrowed his mistress's cloak, 211--Drummer saves a cow,
+    212--Caesar rescues his master from an avalanche, 213--a sheep-dog
+    snatches away a beggar's stick, 214--a colley conducts the flock
+    whilst his master is drinking, 214--dishonesty punished, 215--a
+    sporting colley, 216--a colley buries her drowned offspring,
+    217--brings assistance to her helpless master, 217--saves his
+    master from being frozen to death, 219--his master having broken
+    his arm sends home his dog for assistance, 220--a colley punishes
+    a tailor's dog for worrying his flock, 221--the sheep-stealing
+    colley, 222--a colley distinguishes diseased sheep, 228--the
+    Ettrick Shepherd's story of the dog Chieftain, 230--a colley feeds
+    his master's lost child on the Grampian Hills, 232--the shepherds'
+    dogs of North Wales, 235--training a colley, 238.
+
+
+THE ST. BERNARD DOG.
+
+    Mrs. Houston's lines on the, 240--peculiar intelligence of,
+    241--the monks and their dogs, 242--a dog saves a woman's life,
+    243--intuitive foreboding of danger, 244--a dog saves a child,
+    245--revenges his ill-treated master, 247--a St. Bernard dog named
+    Barry saves forty lives, 248--destruction of a whole party by an
+    avalanche, 249.
+
+
+THE BLOODHOUND.
+
+    Habits of the bloodhound, 251--its remarkable scent, 252--pursuit
+    of Wallace with a bloodhound, 253--bloodhounds employed for
+    hunting negroes in Cuba, 253--a bloodhound traces a miscreant
+    twenty miles, 255--Sir W. Scott's description of a bloodhound,
+    255--extract from Wanley's "Wonders," 256--a bloodhound discovers
+    a lost child, 257--the Spanish chasseurs and their dogs, 258--a
+    sheepstealer discovered by a bloodhound, 260--atrocities of the
+    Spaniards, 261.
+
+
+THE TERRIER.
+
+    Its varieties, 265--Peter, 266--a terrier kills a child from
+    jealousy, 268--pines to death from jealousy, 268--guards a lady in
+    her walks, 269--affection of a terrier, 269--Sir Walter Scott's
+    description of Wasp, 270--brings assistance to his imprisoned
+    master, 271--gets a friend to pay his boat-hire, 272--Mrs.
+    Grosvenor's dog, 273--a bell-ringing and message-carrying terrier,
+    273--a dog knows his mistress's dress, and follows the wearer,
+    274--anecdotes of a terrier at Hampton Court, 274--a terrier saves
+    his master from being burnt to death, 277--suckles a rat,
+    277--tries to prevent his master from beating his son, 278--Pincer
+    seeks assistance in dislodging rats, 278--a terrier rescues her
+    two drowned pups, 280--seeks assistance in getting a bone,
+    281--gets a lady to ring the bell for him, 282--flies at the
+    throat of a man who attacks his master, 282--a grateful terrier,
+    283--attachment to a cat, 283--clever expedient of two
+    affectionate dogs, 284--Snap, 285--the fate of a gentleman
+    revealed to his family by means of a terrier, 286--a terrier in
+    the Tower follows a soldier to find his master, 288--Snob, 289--a
+    terrier suckles fox-cubs, 290--brings assistance to his canine
+    friend, 291--returns from York to London, 292--finds a thief in
+    the cupboard, 292--friendship between a terrier and bantam,
+    293--traces his master to Gravesend, 294--Peter, 295--a terrier
+    suckles a kitten, 295--a terrier discovers where his master has
+    travelled by the scent, 296--nurses a brood of ducklings and
+    chickens, 296--brings his master's wife to the dead body of her
+    husband, 297--Keeper recognises his master's vessel after a long
+    interval, 298.
+
+
+THE SPANIEL.
+
+    Sings, 300--affected by a particular air, 301--gathers a
+    water-lily, 303--retrieves a wild duck, 303--a grateful spaniel,
+    304--faithful to his guillotined master, 304--Dash, her
+    intelligence and fidelity, 305--gratitude for surgical assistance,
+    306--spaniels in cover, 308--the Clumber spaniels, 308--Lord
+    Albemarle's spaniels, 309--suckling, 309--friendship between a dog
+    and cat, 310--Rose travels from London to Worcester,
+    311--recognition of his master after a long absence,
+    312--friendship between a spaniel and partridge, 313--a spaniel
+    avoids being left behind, 315--an adept in shoplifting, 316--takes
+    up his abode at a grave in St. Bride's churchyard, 317--dies of
+    grief for his dam's death, 317--dogs of the poor the most
+    affectionate, 318--a spaniel takes up his abode in St. Olave's
+    churchyard, 319--causes a man to be executed for murder,
+    320--saves the life of Mrs. Alderman Yearsley, 321--a spaniel's
+    recognition of his old master by scent, 323--a King Charles
+    spaniel alarms his mistress and saves her from being robbed,
+    324--a spaniel knocks at the door, 326--opens the gate to release
+    other dogs, 326--imitates his master in eating turnips, 327--finds
+    his way from Boston to Chepstow, 328--prevents a cat from stealing
+    meat, 329--Mrs. Browning's lines on, 329.
+
+
+THE POODLE.
+
+    The Shoeblack's poodle, 332--two learned poodles exhibited at
+    Milan, 332--a poodle reminds the servant that he wants a walk,
+    336--hides the whip, 336--performance in a London theatre,
+    337--finds his way from London to Inverary, 342--supports himself
+    during his master's absence, 342--friendship with a terrier,
+    342--discerns a rogue at first sight, and causes him to be
+    detected, 343--enjoys a glass of grog, 344--carries three puppies
+    a long distance, one at a time, 345--fetches his master's
+    slippers, &c., 346--imitates the agonies of death, 346--goes to
+    church by habit without the family, the road being overflowed,
+    347--watches over the dead body of his master, 347--protects his
+    master's body, 348--climbs up a house in Wells Street, Oxford
+    Street, 348--anecdote of Froll, 349.
+
+
+THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.
+
+    Traditions, 353--Capt. Lyons' account of the, 354--Col. Hamilton
+    Smith's account of one, 359.
+
+
+THE OTTER TERRIER.
+
+    Somerville's description of an otter-hunt, 361--otter-hounds
+    almost extinct, 362--otter-hunting, 363 to end of chapter.
+
+
+THE GREYHOUND.
+
+    Match between a Scotch greyhound and Snowball, 368--Match between
+    a greyhound and a racehorse, 368--its courage and perseverance,
+    369--a coursed hare dies of exhaustion, 369--a hare and two dogs
+    die of exhaustion, 370--a wild greyhound, 370--greyhounds coupled
+    pursue a hare, 372--a greyhound brings assistance to his drowning
+    master, 372--finds his way from Cumnock to Castle Douglas,
+    373--canine friendship, 373--King Richard's greyhound,
+    375--attachment between St. Leger and his greyhound, 377--the
+    Persian greyhound, 379.
+
+
+THE POINTER.
+
+    Its origin and present breed, 384--a pointer punished by her
+    grand-dam, 386--disgust at a bad shot, 387--pointing on the top of
+    a wall, 388--steady pointing, 389--a weather-wise pointer,
+    389--guards some dropped birds all night, 389--finds his way back
+    from America, 390--traces his master four hundred miles, 390--M.
+    Leonard's dogs, Brague and Philax, 391--a pointer acts as a
+    landing-net, 394--calls the attention of his master to a hare,
+    394--an extraordinary pointer, 395--a pointer suckles a hedgehog,
+    398.
+
+
+THE SETTER.
+
+    Its origin and present breed, 400--smells birds a hundred yards
+    off, 401--acts as a retriever, 402--traces a wounded deer, and
+    brings her master to it next morning, 403--finds a lost whip,
+    404--gratitude of a dying setter, 405--friendship with a cat,
+    406--a setter angry with his master for missing birds, 406--falls
+    in love with a mongrel, 407--effect of imagination on pregnant
+    bitches, 408--Medor brings the keys to his shut-out mistress,
+    409--sagacity in hunting red-legged partridges, 410.
+
+
+THE PUG DOG.
+
+    Its history and progress, 412--a pug saves the life of the Prince
+    of Orange, 413--a lady incurs a pug's displeasure for preventing
+    him from stealing, 414--a pug pronounces the word William,
+    415--ditto Elizabeth, 416--the Comforter, 416.
+
+
+THE TURNSPIT.
+
+    Recollections of it, 418--an industrious dog punishes his lazy
+    fellow-labourer, 419--one dog forces another to take his turn at
+    the wheel, 420.
+
+
+THE FOXHOUND.
+
+    Somerville's lines on, 421--friendship between a fox and a pack of
+    hounds, 424--dog always attacks the fox's head, 424--a hound finds
+    its way back from Lincolnshire to Frogmore, 425--dog found
+    swimming across the Channel, 425--dog finds its way back from
+    Ireland to Liverpool, 425--three hounds escape from their kennel
+    in Ireland and return to Leicestershire, 426--bitch after losing
+    her eye continues to follow the fox, 427--three hounds hunt a fox
+    alone for seven hours, 428--pack of hounds hunt a fox for eight
+    hours, 428--a hound follows a fox for thirty hours, 429--foxhound
+    follows with her new-born pup in mouth, 429--hounds follow a fox
+    for four days, 430--fox leaps a precipice of sixty yards and is
+    followed by the hounds, 433--foxhounds refuse to eat a bag-fox,
+    435.
+
+
+BEAGLE.
+
+    Description of, 438--lines on, by Dryden and Pope, 439.
+
+
+MASTIFF.
+
+    Description of, 440--detects and kills a housebreaker,
+    443--mastiff engages a bear, a leopard, and a lion, 444--prevents
+    his master from being murdered by his valet, 446--gentle towards
+    children, 448--killed by the wheel of a cart rather than desert
+    his charge, 449--attacks a horse which had trodden upon him,
+    450--drops a snarling cur into the water, 453.
+
+
+BULL-DOG.
+
+    Description of, 454--saves a shipwrecked crew, 457.
+
+
+DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.
+
+    Finds its way from France to England, 461--affection for a horse,
+    462.
+
+
+GREAT DANISH DOG.
+
+    Discovers a murderer under the bed, 464--dies of starvation rather
+    than eat his master's game within reach, 465--rings a convent bell
+    for his dinner, 466.
+
+
+CUR DOG.
+
+    Prevents a man from stealing a bridle, 468--carries his master's
+    dinner to him daily, 470--pursues a pony and conducts him to the
+    stable, 474.
+
+
+LURCHER.
+
+    Hunting rabbits, 477--attacks a fox and is killed by the hounds,
+    479.
+
+
+BAN DOG.
+
+    Gratitude for a favour conferred, 480.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SPANIEL AND NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS.]
+
+
+A French writer has boldly affirmed, that with the exception of women
+there is nothing on earth so agreeable, or so necessary to the comfort
+of man, as the dog. This assertion may readily be disputed, but still
+it will be allowed that man, deprived of the companionship and
+services of the dog, would be a solitary and, in many respects, a
+helpless being. Let us look at the shepherd, as the evening closes in
+and his flock is dispersed over the almost inaccessible heights of
+mountains; they are speedily collected by his indefatigable dog--nor
+do his services end here: he guards either the flock or his master's
+cottage by night, and a slight caress, and the coarsest food, satisfy
+him for all his trouble. The dog performs the services of a horse in
+the more northern regions; while in Cuba and some other hot countries,
+he has been the scourge and terror of the runaway negroes. In the
+destruction of wild beasts, or the less dangerous stag, or in
+attacking the bull, the dog has proved himself to possess pre-eminent
+courage. In many instances he has died in the defence of his master.
+He has saved him from drowning, warned him of approaching danger,
+served him faithfully in poverty and distress, and if deprived of
+sight has gently led him about. When spoken to, he tries to hold
+conversation with him by the movement of his tail or the expression of
+his eyes. If his master wants amusement in the field or wood, he is
+delighted to have an opportunity of procuring it for him; if he finds
+himself in solitude, his dog will be a cheerful and agreeable
+companion, and maybe, when death comes, the last to forsake the grave
+of his beloved master.
+
+There are a thousand little facts connected with dogs, which many, who
+do not love them as much as I do, may not have observed, but which
+all tend to develope their character. For instance, every one knows
+the fondness of dogs for warmth, and that they never appear more
+contented than when reposing on the rug before a good fire. If,
+however, I quit the room, my dog leaves his warm berth, and places
+himself at the door, where he can the better hear my footsteps, and be
+ready to greet me when I re-enter. If I am preparing to take a walk,
+my dog is instantly aware of my intention. He frisks and jumps about,
+and is all eagerness to accompany me. If I am thoughtful or
+melancholy, he appears to sympathise with me; and, on the contrary,
+when I am disposed to be merry, he shows by his manner that he
+rejoices with me. I have often watched the effect which a change in my
+countenance would produce. If I frown or look severe, but without
+saying a word or uttering a sound, the effect is instantly seen by the
+ears dropping, and the eyes showing unhappiness, together with a
+doubtful movement of the tail. If I afterwards smile and look pleased,
+the tail wags joyously, the eyes are filled with delight, and the ears
+even are expressive of happiness. Before a dog, however, arrives at
+this knowledge of the human countenance, he must be the companion of
+your walks, repose at your feet, and receive his food from your hands:
+treated in this manner, the attachment of the dog is unbounded; he
+becomes fond, intelligent, and grateful. Whenever Stanislas, the
+unfortunate King of Poland, wrote to his daughter, he always
+concluded his letter with these words--"Tristan, my companion in
+misfortune, licks your feet:" thus showing that he had still one
+friend who stuck to him in his adversity. Such is the animal whose
+propensities, instincts, and habits, I propose to illustrate by
+various anecdotes.
+
+The propensities of the dog, and some of them are most extraordinary,
+appear to be independent of that instinct which Paley calls, "a
+propensity previous to experience, and independent of instruction."
+Some of these are hereditary, or derived from the habits of the
+parents, and are suited to the purposes to which each breed has long
+been and is still applied. In fact, their organs have a fitness or
+unfitness for certain functions without education;--for instance, a
+very young puppy of the St. Bernard breed of dogs, when taken on snow
+for the first time, will begin to scratch it with considerable
+eagerness. I have seen a young pointer of three or four weeks old
+stand steadily on first seeing poultry, and a well-bred terrier puppy
+will show a great deal of ferocity at the sight of a rat or mouse.
+
+Sir John Sebright, perhaps the best authority that can be quoted on
+this subject, says that he had a puppy of the wild breed of Australia;
+that the mother was with young when caught, and the puppy was born in
+the ship that brought her over. This animal was so like a wolf, not
+only in its appearance, but in all its habits, that Sir John at first
+doubted if it really were a dog, but this was afterwards proved by
+experiment.
+
+Of all the propensities of the brute creation, the well-known
+attachment of the dog to man is the most remarkable, arising probably
+from his having been for so many years his constant companion, and the
+object of his care. That this propensity is not instinctive is proved,
+by its not having existed, even in the slightest degree, in the
+Australian dog.
+
+Sir John Sebright kept this animal for about a year, almost always in
+his room. He fed him himself, and took every means that he could think
+of to reclaim him, but with no effect. He was insensible to caresses,
+and never appeared to distinguish Sir John from any other person. The
+dog would never follow him, even from one room to another; nor would
+he come when called, unless tempted by the offer of food. Wolves and
+foxes have shown much more sociability than he did. He appeared to be
+in good spirits, but always kept aloof from the other dogs. He was
+what would be called tame for an animal in a menagerie; that is, he
+was not shy, but would allow strangers to handle him, and never
+attempted to bite. If he were led near sheep or poultry, he became
+quite furious from his desire to attack them.
+
+Here, then, we see that the propensities that are the most marked, and
+the most constant in every breed of domestic dogs, are not to be found
+in animals of the same species in their natural state, or even in
+their young, although subjected to the same treatment from the moment
+of their birth.
+
+Notwithstanding the above-mentioned fact, we may, I think, consider
+the domestic dog as an animal _per se_; that is, that it neither owes
+its origin to the fox nor wolf, but is sprung from the wild dog. In
+giving this opinion, I am aware that some naturalists have endeavoured
+to trace the origin of the dog from the fox; while others, and some of
+the most eminent ones, are of opinion that it sprung from the wolf. I
+shall be able to show that the former is out of the question. The
+wolf, perhaps, has some claim to be considered as the parent animal,
+and that he is susceptible of as strong attachment as the dog is
+proved by the following anecdote, related by Cuvier.
+
+He informs us, that a young wolf was brought up as a dog, became
+familiar with every person whom he was in the habit of seeing, and in
+particular, followed his master everywhere, evincing evident chagrin
+at his absence, obeying his voice, and showing a degree of submission
+scarcely differing in any respect from that of the domesticated dog.
+His master, being obliged to be absent for a time, presented his pet
+to the Menagerie du Roi, where the animal, confined in a den,
+continued disconsolate, and would scarcely eat his food. At length,
+however, his health returned, he became attached to his keepers, and
+appeared to have forgotten all his former affection; when, after an
+absence of eighteen months, his master returned. At the first word he
+uttered, the wolf, who had not perceived him amongst the crowd,
+recognised him, and exhibited the most lively joy. On being set at
+liberty, the most affectionate caresses were lavished on his old
+master, such as the most attached dog would have shown after an
+absence of a few days.
+
+A second separation was followed by similar demonstrations of sorrow,
+which, however, again yielded to time. Three years passed, and the
+wolf was living happily in company with a dog, which had been placed
+with him, when his master again returned, and again the long-lost but
+still-remembered voice was instantly replied to by the most impatient
+cries, which were redoubled as soon as the poor animal was set at
+liberty; when, rushing to his master, he threw his fore-feet on his
+shoulders, licking his face with the most lively joy, and menacing his
+keepers, who offered to remove him, and towards whom, not a moment
+before, he had been showing every mark of fondness.
+
+A third separation, however, seemed to be too much for this faithful
+animal's temper. He became gloomy, desponding, refused his food, and
+for a long time his life appeared in great danger. His health at last
+returned, but he no longer suffered the caresses of any but his
+keepers, and towards strangers manifested the original savageness of
+his species.
+
+Mr. Bell, in his "History of Quadrupeds," mentions a curious fact,
+which, I think, still more strongly proves the alliance of the dog
+with the wolf, and is indeed exactly similar to what is frequently
+done by dogs when in a state of domestication. He informs us, that he
+"remembers a bitch-wolf at the Zoological Gardens, which would always
+come to the front bars of her den to be caressed as soon as he, or any
+other person whom she knew, approached. When she had pups, she used to
+bring them in her mouth to be noticed; and so eager, in fact, was she
+that her little ones should share with her in the notice of her
+friends, that she killed all of them in succession by rubbing them
+against the bars of her den, as she brought them forwards to be
+fondled."
+
+Other instances might be mentioned of the strong attachment felt by
+wolves to those who have treated them kindly, but I will now introduce
+some remarks on the anatomical affinities between the dog, the fox,
+and the wolf, which serve to prove that the dog is of a breed distinct
+from either of the last-mentioned animals.
+
+It must, in fact, be always an interesting matter of inquiry
+respecting the descent of an animal so faithful to man, and so
+exclusively his associate and his friend, as the dog. Accordingly,
+this question has been entertained ever since Natural History took the
+rank of a science. But the origin of the dog is lost in antiquity. We
+find him occupying a place in the earliest pagan worship; his name has
+been given to one of the first-mentioned stars of the heavens, and his
+effigy may be seen in some of the most ancient works of art. Pliny was
+of opinion that there was no domestic animal without its unsubdued
+counterpart, and dogs are known to exist absolutely wild in various
+parts of the old and new world. The Dingo of New Holland, a
+magnificent animal of this kind, has been shown to be susceptible of
+mutual attachment in a singular degree, though none of the experiments
+yet made have proved that he is capable, like the domestic dog, of a
+similar attachment to man. The parentage of the wild dogs has been
+assigned to the tame species, strayed from the dominion of their
+masters. This, however, still remains a question, and there is reason
+to believe that the wild dog is just as much a native of the
+wilderness as the lion or tiger. If there be these doubts about an
+animal left for centuries in a state of nature, how can we expect to
+unravel the difficulties accumulated by ages of domestication? Who
+knows for a certainty the true prototype of the goat, the sheep, or
+the ox? To the unscientific reader such questions might appear idle,
+as having been settled from time immemorial; yet they have never been
+finally disposed of. The difficulty, as with the dog, may be connected
+with modifications of form and colour, resulting from the
+long-continued interference of man with the breed and habits of
+animals subjected to his sway.
+
+Buffon was very eloquent in behalf of the claim of the sheep-dog to be
+considered as the true ancestor of all the other varieties. Mr. Hunter
+would award this distinction to the wolf; supposing also that the
+jackal is the same animal a step further advanced towards
+civilization, or perhaps the dog returned to its wild state. As the
+affinity between wolf, jackal, fox, and dog, cannot fail to attract
+the notice of the most superficial observer; so he may ask if they do
+not all really belong to one species, modified by varieties of
+climate, food, and education? If answered in the negative, he would
+want to know what constitutes a species, little thinking that this
+question, apparently so simple, involves one of the nicest problems in
+natural history. Difference of form will scarcely avail us here, for
+the pug, greyhound, and spaniel, are wider apart in this respect, than
+many dogs and the wild animals just named. It has often been said that
+these varieties in the dog have arisen from artificial habits and
+breeding through a long succession of years. This seems very like mere
+conjecture. Can the greyhound be trained to the pointer's scent or the
+spaniel to the bulldog's ferocity? But admitting the causes assigned
+to be adequate to the effects, then the forms would be temporary, and
+those of a permanent kind only would serve our purpose. Of this nature
+is the shape of the pupil of the eye, which may be noticed somewhat
+particularly, not merely to make it plain to those who have never
+thought on the subject, but with the hope of leading them to
+reflections on this wondrous inlet to half our knowledge, the more
+especially as the part in question may be examined by any one in his
+own person by the help of a looking-glass. In the front of the eye
+then, just behind the transparent surface, there is a sort of curtain
+called the _iris_, about the middle of which is a round hole. This is
+the pupil, and you will observe that it contracts in a strong light,
+and dilates in a weaker one, the object of which is to regulate the
+quantity of light admitted into the eye. Now the figure of the pupil
+is not the same in all animals. In the horse it is oval; in the wolf,
+jackal, and dog, it is round, like our own, however contracted; but in
+the fox, as in the cat, the pupil contracts vertically into an
+elongated figure, like the section of a lens, and even to a sort of
+slit, if the light be very strong.
+
+This is a permanent character, not affected, as far as is at present
+known, by any artificial or natural circumstances to which the dog has
+been subjected. Naturalists, therefore, have seized upon this
+character as the ground for a division of animals of the dog kind, the
+great genus _Canis_ of Linnaeus, into two groups, the diurnal and
+nocturnal; not to imply that these habits necessarily belong to all
+the individuals composing either of these divisions, for that would be
+untrue, but simply that the figure of the pupils corresponds with that
+frequently distinguishing day-roaming animals from those that prowl
+only by night. It is remarkable that a more certain and serviceable
+specific distinction is thus afforded by a little anatomical point,
+than by any of the more obvious circumstances of form, size, or
+colour. Whether future researches into the minute structure of animals
+may not discover other means to assist the naturalist in
+distinguishing nearly allied species, is a most important subject for
+inquiry, which cannot be entertained here. But to encourage those who
+may be disposed to undertake it, I must mention the curious fact, that
+the group to which the camel belongs is not more certainly indicated
+by his grotesque and singular figure than by the form of the red
+particles which circulate in his blood. And here again the inherent
+interest of the matter will lead me to enter a little into
+particulars, which may engage any one who has a good microscope in a
+most instructive course of observations, not the least recommendation
+of which is, that a just and pleasing source of recreation may be thus
+pursued by evening parties in the drawing-room, since the slightest
+prick of the finger will furnish blood enough for a microscopic
+entertainment, and you may readily procure a little more for
+comparison from any animal.
+
+Now the redness of the blood is owing to myriads of minute objects in
+which the colour of the vital fluid resides. They were formerly called
+globules, but as they are now known to be flattened and disc-like,
+they are more properly termed particles or corpuscles. Their form is
+wonderfully regular, and so is their size within certain limits; in
+birds, reptiles, or fishes, the corpuscles are oval. They are circular
+in man, and all other mammalia, except in the camel tribe, in which
+the corpuscles are oval, though much smaller than in the lower
+animals. Thus, in the minutest drop of blood, any one of the camel
+family can be surely distinguished from all other animals, even from
+its allies among the ruminants; and what is more to our purpose,
+in pursuing this inquiry, Mr. Gulliver has found that the
+blood-corpuscles of the dog and wolf agree exactly, while those of all
+the true foxes are slightly though distinctly smaller.
+
+These curious facts are all fully detailed in Mr. Gulliver's Appendix
+to the English version of Gerber's Anatomy, but I think that they are
+now for the first time enlisted into the service of Natural History.
+
+Thus we dismiss the fox as an alien to the dog, or, at all events, as
+a distinct species. Then comes the claim of the wolf as the true
+original of the dog. Before considering this, let us revert to the
+question of what constitutes a species. Mr. Hunter was of opinion that
+it is the power of breeding together and of continuing the breed with
+each other; that this is partially the case between the dog and the
+wolf is certain, for Lord Clanbrassil and Lord Pembroke proved the
+fact beyond a doubt, above half-a-century ago; and the following
+epitaph in the garden at Wilton House is a curious record of the
+particulars:--
+
+                     Here lies Lupa,
+              Whose Grandmother was a Wolf,
+    Whose Father and Grandfather were Dogs, and whose
+           Mother was half Wolf and half Dog.
+         She died on the 16th of October, 1782,
+                     Aged 12 years.
+
+Conclusive as this fact may appear, as proving the descent of the dog
+from the wolf, it is not convincing, the dog having characters which
+do not belong to the wolf.
+
+The dog, for instance, guards property with strictest vigilance, which
+has been entrusted to his charge; all his energies seem roused at
+night, as though aware that that is the time when depredations are
+committed. His courage is unbounded, a property not possessed by the
+wolf: he appears never to forget a kindness, but soon loses the
+recollection of an injury, if received from the hand of one he loves,
+but resents it if offered by a stranger. His docility and mental
+pliability exceed those of any other animal; his habits are social,
+and his fidelity not to be shaken; hunger cannot weaken, nor old age
+impair it. His discrimination is equal, in many respects, to human
+intelligence. If he commits a fault, he is sensible of it, and shows
+pleasure when commended. These, and many other qualities, which might
+have been enumerated, are distinct from those possessed by the wolf.
+It may be said that domestication might produce them in the latter.
+This may be doubted, and is not likely to be proved; the fact is, the
+dog would appear to be a precious gift to man from a benevolent
+Creator, to become his friend, companion, protector, and the
+indefatigable agent of his wishes. While all other animals had the
+fear and dread of man implanted in them, the poor dog alone looked at
+his master with affection, and the tie once formed was never broken to
+the present hour.
+
+It should also be mentioned, in continuation of my argument, that the
+experiment of the wolf breeding with the dog is of no value, because
+it has never been carried sufficiently far to prove that the progeny
+would continue fertile _inter se_. The wolf has oblique eyes--the eyes
+of dogs have never retrograded to that position. If the dog descended
+from the wolf, a constant tendency would have been observed in the
+former to revert to the original type or species. This is a law in all
+other cross-breeds--but amongst all the varieties of dogs, this
+tendency has not existed. I may also add, that as far as I have been
+able to ascertain the fact, the number of teats of the female wolf
+have never been known to vary. With respect to the dog, it is known
+that they do vary, some having more, and others a less number.
+
+Having thus brought forward such arguments as have occurred to me to
+prove that the dog is a breed _sui generis_, I will give a few
+anecdotes to show how different this animal is in his specific
+character to the wolf, and that he has a natural tendency to
+acknowledge man as his friend and protector, an instinct never shown
+by the wolf.
+
+In Ceylon there are a great number of what are called wild dogs, that
+is, dogs who have no master, and who haunt villages and jungles,
+picking up what food they are able to find. If you meet one of these
+neglected animals, and only look at him with an expression of
+kindness, from that moment he attaches himself to you, owns you for
+his master, and will remain faithful to you for the remainder of his
+life.
+
+"Man," says Burns, "is the God of the dog; he knows no other; and see
+how he worships him! With what reverence he crouches at his feet, with
+what reverence he looks up to him, with what delight he fawns upon
+him, and with what cheerful alacrity he obeys him!"
+
+Such is the animal which the brutality of man subjects to so much
+ill-treatment; its character depends very much on that of his master,
+kindness and confidence produce the same qualities in the dog, while
+ill-usage makes him sullen and distrustful of beings far more brutal
+than himself.
+
+I have had many opportunities of observing how readily dogs comprehend
+language, and how they are aware when they are the subject of
+conversation. A gentleman once said in the hearing of an old and
+favourite dog, who was at the time basking in the sun,--"I must have
+Ponto killed, for he gets old and is offensive." The dog slunk away,
+and never came near his master afterwards. Many similar anecdotes
+might be brought forward, but I will mention one which Captain Brown
+tells us he received himself from Sir Walter Scott.
+
+"The wisest dog I ever had," said Sir Walter, "was what is called the
+bulldog terrier. I taught him to understand a great many words,
+insomuch that I am positive that the communication betwixt the canine
+species and ourselves might be greatly enlarged. Camp once bit the
+baker, who was bringing bread to the family. I beat him, and explained
+the enormity of his offence; after which, to the last moment of his
+life, he never heard the least allusion to the story, in whatever
+voice or tone it was mentioned, without getting up and retiring into
+the darkest corner of the room, with great appearance of distress.
+Then if you said, 'the baker was well paid,' or, 'the baker was not
+hurt after all,' Camp came forth from his hiding-place, capered, and
+barked, and rejoiced. When he was unable, towards the end of his life,
+to attend me when on horseback, he used to watch for my return, and
+the servant would tell him 'his master was coming down the hill, or
+through the moor,' and although he did not use any gesture to explain
+his meaning, Camp was never known to mistake him, but either went out
+at the front to go up the hill, or at the back to get down to the
+moor-side. He certainly had a singular knowledge of spoken language."
+An anecdote from Sir Walter Scott must be always pleasing.
+
+Mr. Smellie, in his "Philosophy of Natural History," mentions a
+curious instance of the intellectual faculty of a dog. He states that
+"a grocer in Edinburgh had one which for some time amused and
+astonished the people in the neighbourhood. A man who went through the
+streets ringing a bell and selling pies, happened one day to treat
+this dog with a pie. The next time he heard the pieman's bell he ran
+impetuously toward him, seized him by the coat, and would not suffer
+him to pass. The pieman, who understood what the animal wanted, showed
+him a penny, and pointed to his master, who stood at the street-door,
+and saw what was going on. The dog immediately supplicated his master
+by many humble gestures and looks, and on receiving a penny he
+instantly carried it in his mouth to the pieman, and received his pie.
+This traffic between the pieman and the grocer's dog continued to be
+daily practised for several months."
+
+The affection which some dogs show to their masters and mistresses is
+not only very often surprising, but even affecting. An instance of
+this lately occurred at Brighton. The wife of a member of the town
+council at that place had been an invalid for some time, and at last
+was confined to her bed. During this period she was constantly
+attended by a faithful and affectionate dog, who either slept in her
+room or outside her door. She died, was buried, and the dog followed
+the remains of his beloved mistress to her grave. After the funeral
+the husband and his friends returned to the house, and while they were
+partaking of some refreshment the dog put its paws on his master's
+arm, as if to attract his attention, looked wistfully in his face, and
+then laid down and instantly expired.
+
+In giving miscellaneous anecdotes in order to show the general
+character of the dog, I may mention the following very curious one.
+
+During a very severe frost and fall of snow in Scotland, the fowls did
+not make their appearance at the hour when they usually retired to
+roost, and no one knew what had become of them; the house-dog at last
+entered the kitchen, having in his mouth a hen, apparently dead.
+Forcing his way to the fire, the sagacious animal laid his charge down
+upon the warm hearth, and immediately set off. He soon came again with
+another, which he deposited in the same place, and so continued till
+the whole of the poor birds were rescued. Wandering about the
+stack-yard, the fowls had become quite benumbed by the extreme cold,
+and had crowded together, when the dog observing them, effected their
+deliverance, for they all revived by the warmth of the fire.
+
+That dogs possess a faculty nearly allied to reason cannot, I think,
+be doubted. Mr. Davy, in his "Angler in the Lake District," (a
+charming work), gives one or two anecdotes in proof of this.
+
+When Mr. Davy was at Ceylon, the Governor of that Island, the late Sir
+Robert Brownrigg, had a dog of more than ordinary sagacity. He always
+accompanied his master, being allowed to do so, except on particular
+occasions, such as going to church or council, or to inspect his
+troops, when the Governor usually wore his sword; but when the dog saw
+the sword girded on, he would only follow to the outer door. Without a
+word being said, he would return and wait the coming back of his
+master, patiently remaining up-stairs at the door of his private
+apartment. So it is with respect to my own pet terrier, Phiz. When he
+sees me putting on my walking-shoes, my great-coat, or hat, he is all
+eagerness to accompany me, jumping about me and showing his joy. But
+on Sundays it is very different. My shoes, great-coat or hat, may be
+put on, but he remains perfectly resigned on the rug before the fire,
+and never attempts or shows any inclination to follow me. Is the dog
+guided in acting thus by instinct or reason?
+
+Let me give another instance from Mr. Davy's work.
+
+Once when he was fishing in the highlands of Scotland, he saw a party
+of sportsmen, with their dogs, cross the stream, the men wading, the
+dogs swimming, with the exception of one, who stopped on the bank
+piteously howling. After a few minutes he suddenly ceased, and started
+off full speed for a higher part of the stream. Mr. Davy was able to
+keep him in view, and he did not stop till he came to a spot where a
+plank connected the banks, on which he crossed dry-footed, and soon
+joined his companions.
+
+Dogs have sometimes strange fancies with respect to moving from one
+place to another. A Fellow of a College at Cambridge had a dog, which
+sometimes took it into his head to visit his master's usual places of
+resort in London. He would then return to his home in Suffolk, and
+then go to Cambridge, remaining at each place as long as he felt
+disposed to do so, and going and returning with the most perfect
+indifference and complacency.
+
+The extraordinary sense of a dog was shown in the following instance.
+A gentleman, residing near Pontypool, had his horse brought to his
+house by a servant. While the man went to the door, the horse ran away
+and made his escape to a neighbouring mountain. A dog belonging to the
+house saw this, and of his own accord followed the horse, got hold of
+the bridle and brought him back to the door.
+
+I have been informed of two instances of dogs having slipped their
+collars and put their heads into them again of their own accord, after
+having committed depredations in the night, and I have elsewhere
+mentioned the fact of a dog, now in my possession, who undid the
+collar of another dog chained to a kennel near him. These are curious
+instances of sense and sagacity.
+
+Mr. Bell, in his "History of British Quadrupeds," gives us the
+following fact of a dog belonging to a friend of his. This gentleman
+dropped a louis d'or one morning, when he was on the point of leaving
+his house. On returning late at night, he was told by his servant that
+the dog had fallen sick, and refused to eat, and, what appeared very
+strange, she would not suffer him to take her food away from before
+her, but had been lying with her nose close to the vessel, without
+attempting to touch it. On Mr. Bell's friend entering the room, the
+dog instantly jumped upon him, laid the money at his feet, and began
+to devour her victuals with great voracity.
+
+It is a curious fact that dogs can count time. I had, when a boy, a
+favourite terrier, which always went with me to church. My mother,
+thinking that he attracted too much of my attention, ordered the
+servant to fasten him up every Sunday morning. He did so once or
+twice, but never afterwards. Trim concealed himself every Sunday
+morning, and either met me as I entered the church, or I found him
+under my seat in the pew. Mr. Southey, in his "Omniana," informs us
+that he knew of a dog, which was brought up by a Catholic and
+afterwards sold to a Protestant, but still he refused to eat anything
+on a Friday.
+
+Dogs have been known to die from excess of joy at seeing their masters
+after a long absence. An English officer had a large dog, which he
+left with his family in England, while he accompanied an expedition to
+America during the war of the Colonies. Throughout his absence, the
+animal appeared very much dejected. When the officer returned home,
+the dog, who happened to be lying at the door of an apartment into
+which his master was about to enter, immediately recognised him, leapt
+upon his neck, licked his face, and in a few minutes fell dead at his
+feet. A favourite spaniel of a lady recently died on seeing his
+beloved mistress after a long absence.
+
+A gentleman who had a dog of a most endearing disposition, was obliged
+to go a journey periodically once a-month. His stay was short, and
+his departure and return very regular, and without variation. The dog
+always grew uneasy when he first lost his master, and moped in a
+corner, but recovered himself gradually as the time for his return
+approached; which he knew to an hour, nay, to a minute. When he was
+convinced that his master was on the road, at no great distance from
+home, he flew all over the house; and if the street door happened to
+be shut, he would suffer no servant to have any rest until it was
+opened. The moment he obtained his freedom away he went, and to a
+certainty met his benefactor about two miles from town. He played and
+frolicked about him till he had obtained one of his gloves, with which
+he ran or rather flew home, entered the house, laid it down in the
+middle of the room, and danced round it. When he had sufficiently
+amused himself in this manner, out of the house he flew, returned to
+meet his master, and ran before him, or gambolled by his side, till he
+arrived with him at home. "I know not (says Mr. Dibdin, who relates
+this anecdote), how frequently this was repeated; but it lasted till
+the old gentleman grew infirm, and incapable of continuing his
+journeys. The dog by this time was also grown old, and became at
+length blind; but this misfortune did not hinder him from fondling his
+master, whom he knew from every other person, and for whom his
+affection and solicitude rather increased than diminished. The old
+gentleman, after a short illness, died. The dog knew the
+circumstance, watched the corpse, blind as he was, and did his utmost
+to prevent the undertaker from screwing up the body in the coffin, and
+most outrageously opposed its being taken out of the house. Being past
+hope, he grew disconsolate, lost his flesh, and was evidently verging
+towards his end. One day he heard a gentleman come into the house, and
+he ran to meet him. His master being old and infirm, wore ribbed
+stockings for warmth. The gentleman had stockings on of the same kind.
+The dog perceived it, and thought it was his master, and began to
+exhibit the most extravagant signs of pleasure; but upon further
+examination finding his mistake, he retired into a corner, where in a
+short time he expired."
+
+Some dogs are so faithful that they will never quit a thing entrusted
+to their charge, and will defend it to the utmost of their power. This
+may be often observed in the case of a cur, lying on the coat of a
+labourer while he is at work in the fields, and in those of carriers'
+and bakers' dogs. An instance is on record of a chimney-sweeper having
+placed his soot-bag in the street under the care of his dog, who
+suffered a cart to drive over and crush him to death, sooner than
+abandon his charge. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in the "Cyclopaedia of
+Natural History," mentions a curious instance of fidelity and sagacity
+in a dog. He informs us that "in the neighbourhood of Cupar, in the
+county of Fife, there lived two dogs, mortal enemies to each other,
+and who always fought desperately whenever they met. Capt. R---- was
+the master of one of them, and the other belonged to a neighbouring
+farmer. Capt. R----'s dog was in the practice of going messages, and
+even of bringing butchers' meat and other articles from Cupar. One
+day, while returning charged with a basket containing some pieces of
+mutton, he was attacked by some of the curs of the town, who, no
+doubt, thought the prize worth contending for. The assault was fierce,
+and of some duration; but the messenger, after doing his utmost, was
+at last overpowered and compelled to yield up the basket, though not
+before he had secured a part of its contents. The piece saved from the
+wreck he ran off with, at full speed, to the quarters of his old
+enemy, at whose feet he laid it down, stretching himself beside it
+till he had eaten it up. A few snuffs, a few whispers in the ear, and
+other dog-like courtesies, were then exchanged; after which they both
+set off together for Cupar, where they worried almost every dog in the
+town; and, what is more remarkable, they never afterwards quarrelled,
+but were always on friendly terms."
+
+That society and culture soften and moderate the passions of dogs
+cannot be doubted, and they constantly imbibe feelings from those of
+their master. Thus, if he is a coward, his dog is generally found to
+be one. Dogs are, however, in many respects, rational beings; and some
+proofs of this will be given in the present work. They will watch the
+countenance of their master--they will understand words, which,
+though addressed to others, they will apply to themselves, and act
+accordingly. Thus a dog, which, from its mangy state, was ordered to
+be destroyed, took the first opportunity of quitting the ship, and
+would never afterwards come near a sailor belonging to it. If I desire
+the servant to wash a little terrier, who is apparently asleep at my
+feet, he will quit the room, and hide himself for some hours. A dog,
+though pressed with hunger, will never seize a piece of meat in
+presence of his master, though with his eyes, his movements, and his
+voice, he will make the most humble and expressive petition. Is not
+this reasoning?
+
+But there is one faculty in the dog which would appear perfectly
+incomprehensible. It is the sense of smelling. He will not only scent
+various kinds of game at considerable distances, but he has been known
+to trace the odour of his master's feet through all the winding
+streets of a populous city. This extreme sensibility is very
+wonderful. It would thus appear that the feelings of dogs are more
+exquisite than our own. They have sensations, but their faculty of
+comparing them, or of forming ideas, is much circumscribed. A dog can
+imitate some human actions, and is capable of receiving a certain
+degree of instruction; but his progress soon stops. It is, however, an
+animal that should always be loved and treated with kindness. It is a
+curious fact, that dogs who have had their ears and tails cut for
+many generations, transmit these defects to their descendants.
+Drovers' dogs, which may always be seen with short tails, are a proof
+of this.
+
+A pleasing character of the dog is given in Smellie's "Philosophy of
+Natural History." He says:--
+
+"The natural sagacity and talents of the dog are well known, and
+justly celebrated. But when these are improved by association with
+man, and by education, he becomes, in some measure, a rational being.
+The senses of the dog, particularly that of scenting distant objects,
+give him a superiority over every other quadruped. He reigns at the
+head of a flock; and his language, whether expressive of blandishment
+or of command, is better heard and better understood than the voice of
+his master. Safety, order, and discipline, are the effects of his
+vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are his subjects. These he
+conducts and protects with prudence and bravery, and never employs
+force against them except for the preservation of peace and good
+order. But when in pursuit of his prey, he makes a complete display of
+his courage and intelligence. In this situation both natural and
+acquired talents are exerted. As soon as the horn or voice of the
+hunter is heard, the dog demonstrates his joy by the most expressive
+emotions and accents. By his movements and cries he announces his
+impatience for combat, and his passion for victory. Sometimes he moves
+silently along, reconnoitres the ground, and endeavours to discover
+and surprise the enemy. At other times he traces the animal's steps,
+and by different modulations of voice, and by the movements,
+particularly of his tail, indicates the distance, the species, and
+even the age of the fugitive deer. All these movements and
+modifications of voice are perfectly understood by experienced
+hunters. When he wishes to get into an apartment he comes to the door;
+if that is shut, he scratches with his foot, makes a bewailing noise,
+and, if his petition is not soon answered, he barks with a peculiar
+and humble voice. The shepherd's dog not only understands the language
+of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows how to act
+by signals made with the hand."
+
+Mr. Brockedon, in his "Journal of Excursions in the Alps," says:--"In
+these valleys, the early hours of retirement placed us in the
+difficult situation of fighting our way to the inn door at Lanslebourg
+against a magnificent Savoyard dog, who barked and howled defiance at
+our attempts, for which he stood some chance of being shot. At length
+a man, hearing our threats, popped his head out of a window, and
+entreated our forbearance. We were soon admitted, and refreshments
+amply provided. I had heard a story of a duel fought here from Mr.
+N----, in which he was a principal, about a dog; and upon inquiry
+learnt that this was the same animal. A party of four young officers,
+returning from Genoa, stopped here. Mr. N---- had brought with him a
+beautiful little pet dog, which had been presented to him by a lady on
+his leaving Genoa. Struck by the appearance of the fine dog at the
+inn, one of the officers bought it. He was fairly informed that the
+dog had been already sold to an Englishman, who had taken it as far as
+Lyons, where the dog escaped, and returned (two hundred miles) to
+Lanslebourg. The officer who made the purchase intended to fasten it
+in the same place with the little dog. This Mr. N---- objected to;
+when his brother-officer made some offensive allusions to the lady
+from whom the pet had been received. An apology was demanded, and
+refused. Swords were instantly drawn; they fought in the room. Mr.
+N---- wounded and disarmed his antagonist; an apology for the
+injurious reflections followed, and the party proceeded to England.
+The dog was taken safely as far as Paris, where he again escaped, and
+returned home (five hundred miles). I was now informed that the dog
+had been sold a third time to an Englishman; and again, in spite of
+precautions having been taken, he had returned to Lanslebourg from
+Calais."
+
+A Scotch grazier, named Archer, having lost his way, and being
+benighted, at last got to a lone cottage; where, on his being
+admitted, a dog which had left Archer's house four years before
+immediately recognised him, fawned upon him, and when he retired for
+the night followed him into the chamber where he was to lie, and
+there, by his gestures, induced him narrowly to examine it; and then
+Archer saw sufficient to assure him that he was in the house of
+murderers. Rendered desperate by the terrors of his situation, he
+burst into the room where the banditti were assembled, and wounded his
+insidious host by a pistol-shot; and in the confusion which the sudden
+explosion occasioned, he opened the door; and, notwithstanding he was
+fired at, accompanied by his dog Brutus, exerted all the speed which
+danger could call forth until daylight, which enabled him to perceive
+a house, and the main road, at no great distance. Upon his arrival at
+the house, and telling the master of it his story, he called up some
+soldiers that were there quartered, and who, by the aid of the dog,
+retraced the way back to the cottage. Upon examining the building a
+trap-door was found, which opened into a place where, amongst the
+mangled remains of several persons, was the body of the owner, who had
+received the shot from the grazier's pistol in his neck; and although
+not dead, had been, by the wretches his associates, in their quick
+retreat, thrown into this secret cemetery. He was, however, cured of
+his wound, delivered up to justice, tried, and executed.[A]
+
+A merchant had received a large sum of money; and being fatigued with
+riding in the heat of the day, had retired to repose himself in the
+shade; and upon remounting his horse, had forgotten to take up the bag
+which contained the money. His dog tried to remind his master of his
+inadvertency by crying and barking, which so surprised the merchant,
+that, in crossing a brook, he observed whether the dog drank, as he
+had his suspicions of his being mad; and which were confirmed by the
+dog's not lapping any water, and by his increased barking and howling,
+and at length by his endeavouring to bite the heels of the horse.
+Impressed with the idea of the dog's madness, to prevent further
+mischief, he discharged his pistol at him, and the dog fell. After
+riding some distance with feelings that will arise in every generous
+breast at the destruction of an affectionate animal, he discovered
+that his money was missing. His mind was immediately struck that the
+actions of the dog, which his impetuosity had construed into madness,
+were only efforts to remind him of his loss. He galloped back to where
+he had fired his pistol; but the dog was gone from thence with equal
+expedition to the spot where he had reposed. But what were the
+merchant's feelings when he perceived his faithful dog, in the
+struggles of death, lying by the side of the bag which had been
+forgotten! The dog tried to rise, but his strength was exhausted. He
+stretched out his tongue to lick the hand that was now fondling him
+with all the agony of regret for the wound its rashness had inflicted,
+and casting a look of kindness on his master, closed his eyes for
+ever.[B]
+
+I am indebted to a well-known sportsman for the following interesting
+account of some of his dogs. It affords another proof how much
+kindness will do in bringing out the instinctive faculties of these
+animals; and that, when properly educated, their sense, courage, and
+attachment are most extraordinary.
+
+"Smoaker was a deer greyhound of the largest size, but of his pedigree
+I know nothing. In speed he was equal to any hare greyhound; at the
+same time, in spirit he was indomitable. He was the only dog I ever
+knew who was a match for a red stag, single-handed. From living
+constantly in the drawing-room, and never being separated from me, he
+became acquainted with almost the meaning of every word--certainly of
+every sign. His retrieving of game was equal to any of the retrieving
+I ever saw in any other dogs. He would leap over any of the most
+dangerous spikes at a sign, walk up and come down any ladder, and
+catch, without hurting it, any particular fowl out of a number that
+was pointed out to him. If he missed me from the drawing-room, and had
+doubts about my being in the house, he would go into the hall and look
+for my hat: if he found it, he would return contented; but if he did
+not find it, he would proceed up-stairs to a window at the very top of
+the house, and look from the window each way, to ascertain if I were
+in sight. One day in shooting at Cranford, with his late Royal
+Highness the Duke of York, a pheasant fell on the other side of the
+stream. The river was frozen over; but in crossing to fetch the
+pheasant the ice broke, and let Smoaker in, to some inconvenience. He
+picked up the pheasant, and instead of trying the ice again, he took
+it many hundred yards round to the bridge. Smoaker died at the great
+age of eighteen years. His son Shark was also a beautiful dog. He was
+by Smoaker out of a common greyhound bitch, called Vagrant, who had
+won a cup at Swaffham. Shark was not so powerful as Smoaker; but he
+was, nevertheless, a large-sized dog, and was a first-rate deer
+greyhound and retriever. He took his father's place on the rug, and
+was inseparable from me. He was educated and entered at deer under
+Smoaker. When Shark was first admitted to the house, it chanced that
+one day he and Smoaker were left alone in a room with a table on which
+luncheon was laid. Smoaker might have been left for hours with meat on
+the table, and he would have died rather than have touched it; but at
+that time Shark was not proof against temptation. I left the room to
+hand some lady to her carriage, and as I returned by the window, I
+looked in. Shark was on his legs, smelling curiously round the table;
+whilst Smoaker had risen to a sitting posture, his ears pricked, his
+brow frowning, and his eyes intently fixed on his son's actions. After
+tasting several viands, Shark's long nose came in contact with about
+half a cold tongue; the morsel was too tempting to be withstood. For
+all the look of curious anger with which his father was intently
+watching, the son stole the tongue and conveyed it to the floor. No
+sooner had he done so, than the offended sire rushed upon him, rolled
+him over, beat him, and took away the tongue. Instead, though, of
+replacing it on the table, the father contented himself with the
+punishment he had administered, and retired with great gravity to the
+fire.
+
+"I was once waiting by moonlight for wild ducks on the Ouze in
+Bedfordshire, and I killed a couple on the water at a shot. The
+current was strong; but Shark, having fetched one of the birds, was
+well aware there was another. Instead, therefore, of returning by
+water to look for the second, he ran along the banks, as if aware that
+the strong stream would have carried the bird further down; looking in
+the water till he saw it, at least a hundred yards from the spot where
+he had left it in bringing the first; when he also brought that to me.
+Nothing could induce either of these dogs to fetch a glove or a stick:
+I have often seen game fall close to me, and they would not attempt to
+touch it. It seemed as if they simply desired to be of service when
+service was to be done; and that when there were no obstacles to be
+conquered, they had no wish to interfere. Shark died at a good old
+age, and was succeeded by his son Wolfe. Wolfe's mother was a
+Newfoundland bitch. He was also a large and powerful dog, but of
+course not so speedy as his ancestors. While residing at my country
+house, being my constant companion, Wolfe accompanied me two or three
+times a-day in the breeding season to feed the young pheasants and
+partridges reared under hens. On going near the coops, I put down my
+gun, made Wolfe a sign to sit down by it, and fed the birds, with
+some caution, that they might not be in any way scared. I mention
+this, because I am sure that dogs learn more from the manner and
+method of those they love, than they do from direct teaching. In front
+of the windows on the lawn there was a large bed of shrubs and
+flowers, into which the rabbits used to cross, and where I had often
+sent Wolfe in to drive them for me to shoot. One afternoon, thinking
+that there might be a rabbit, I made Wolfe the usual sign to go and
+drive the shrubs, which he obeyed; but ere he had gone some yards
+beneath the bushes, I heard him make a peculiar noise with his jaws,
+which he always made when he saw anything he did not like, and he came
+softly back to me with a sheepish look. I repeated the sign, and
+encouraged him to go; but he never got beyond the spot he had been to
+in the first instance, and invariably returned to me with a very odd
+expression of countenance. Curiosity tempted me to creep into the
+bushes to discover the cause of the dog's unwonted behaviour; when
+there, I found, congregated under one of the shrubs, eight or nine of
+my young pheasants, who had for the first time roosted at a distance
+from their coop. Wolfe had seen and known the young pheasants, and
+would not scare them.
+
+"Wolfe was the cause of my detecting and discharging one of my
+gamekeepers. I had forbidden my rabbits to be killed until my return;
+and the keeper was ordered simply to walk Wolfe to exercise on the
+farm. There was a large stone quarry in the vicinity, where there
+were a good many rabbits, some parts of which were so steep, that
+though you might look over the cliff, and shoot a rabbit below,
+neither man nor dog could pick him up without going a considerable way
+round. On approaching the edge of the quarry to look over for a
+rabbit, I was surprised at missing Wolfe, who invariably stole off in
+another direction, but always the same way. At last, on shooting a
+rabbit, I discovered that he invariably went to the only spot by which
+he could descend to pick up whatever fell to the gun; and by this I
+found that somebody had shot rabbits in his presence at times when I
+was from home.
+
+"Wolfe accompanied me to my residence in Hampshire, and there I
+naturalised, in a wild state, some white rabbits. For the first year
+the white ones were never permitted to be killed, and Wolfe saw that
+such was the case. One summer's afternoon I shot a white rabbit for
+the first time, and Wolfe jumped the garden fence to pick the rabbit
+up; but his astonishment and odd sheepish look, when he found it was a
+white one, were curious in the extreme. He dropped his stern, made his
+usual snap with his jaws, and came back looking up in my face, as much
+as to say, 'You've made a mistake, and shot a white rabbit, but I've
+not picked him up.' I was obliged to assure him that I intended to
+shoot it, and to encourage him before he would return and bring the
+rabbit to me. Wolfe died when he was about nine years old, and was
+succeeded by my present favourite, Brenda, a hare greyhound of the
+highest caste. Brenda won the Oak stakes of her year, and is a very
+fast and stout greyhound. I have taught her to retrieve game to the
+gun, to drive home the game from dangerous sands, and, in short, to do
+everything but speak; and this she attempts, by making a beautiful
+sort of bark when she wants her dinner.
+
+"I have the lop-eared rabbit naturalised, and in a half-wild and wild
+state, and Brenda is often to be seen with some of the tamest of them
+asleep in the sun on the lawn together. When the rabbits have been
+going out into a dangerous vicinity, late in the evening, I have often
+sent Brenda to drive them home, and to course and kill the wild ones
+if she could. I have seen one of the wild-bred lop-ears get up before
+her, and I have seen her make a start to course it; but when she saw
+that it was not a native of the soil she would stop and continue her
+search for others. The next moment I have seen her course and kill a
+wild rabbit. She is perfectly steady from hare if I tell her not to
+run, and is, without any exception, one of the prettiest and most
+useful and engaging creatures ever seen. She is an excellent
+rat-killer also, and has an amazing antipathy to a cat. When I have
+been absent from home for some time, Mrs. B. has observed that she is
+alive to every sound of a wheel, and if the door-bell rings she is the
+first to fly to it. When walking on the sea-beach during my absence,
+she is greatly interested in every boat she sees, and watches them
+with the most intense anxiety, as in the yachting season she has known
+me return by sea. Brenda would take my part in a row, and she is a
+capital house-dog. If ever the heart of a creature was given to man,
+this beautiful, graceful, and clever animal has given me hers, for her
+whole existence is either passed in watching for my return, or in
+seeking opportunities to please me when I am at home. It is a great
+mistake to suppose that severity of treatment is necessary to the
+education of a dog, or that it is serviceable in making him steady.
+Manner--_marked and impressive manner_--is that which teaches
+obedience, and example rather than command forms the desired
+character.
+
+"I had two foxhounds when I hunted stag,--my pack were all
+foxhounds,--they were named Bachelor and Blunder. We used to play with
+them together, and they got to know each other by name. In returning
+from hunting, my brother and myself used to amuse ourselves by saying,
+in a peculiar tone of voice,--the one we used to use in playing with
+them--'Bachelor, where's Blunder?' On hearing this, Bachelor's stern
+and bristles rose, and he trotted about among the pack, looking for
+Blunder, and when he found him he would push his nose against his ear
+and growl at him. Thus Bachelor evidently knew Blunder by name, and
+this arose from the way in which we used to play with them. At this
+moment, when far away from home, and after an absence of many weeks,
+if I sing a particular song, which I always sing to a dog named
+Jessie, Brenda, though staying in houses where she had never seen
+Jessie, will get up much excited, and look to the door and out of the
+window in expectation of her friend. I have a great pleasure in the
+society of all animals, and I love to make my house a place where all
+may meet in rest and good fellowship. This is far easier to achieve
+than people would think for when dogs are kindly used, but impressed
+with ideas of obedience.
+
+"The gazelle which came home from Acre in the Thunderer, was one
+evening feeding from Mrs. B.'s plate at dessert, when Odion, the great
+deerhound, who was beaten in my match against the five deer by an
+unlucky stab in the first course, came in by special invitation for
+his biscuit. The last deer he had seen previous to the gazelle he had
+coursed and pulled down. The strange expression of his dark face was
+beautiful when he first saw her; and halting in his run up to me, he
+advanced more slowly directly to her, she met him also in apparent
+wonder at his great size, and they smelled each others' faces. Odion
+then kissed her, and came to me for his biscuit, and never after
+noticed her. She will at times butt him if he takes up too much of the
+fire; but this she will not do to Brenda, except in play; and if she
+is eating from Mrs. Berkeley's hand, Brenda by a peculiar look can
+send her away and take her place. Odion, the gazelle, Brenda, and the
+rabbits, will all quietly lay on the lawn together, and the gazelle
+and Bruiser, an immense house-dog between the bloodhound and mastiff,
+will run and play together.
+
+"I had forgotten to mention a bull-and-mastiff dog that I had, called
+Grumbo. He was previous to Smoaker, and was indeed the first
+four-footed companion established in my confidence. I was then very
+young, and of course inclined to anything like a row. Grumbo,
+therefore, was well entered in all kinds of strife--bulls, oxen, pigs,
+men, dogs, all came in turn as combatants; and Grumbo had the oddest
+ways of making men and animals the _aggressors_ I ever knew. He seemed
+to make it a point of honour never to begin, but on receiving a hint
+from me; some one of his enemies was sure to commence the battle, and
+then he or both of us would turn to as an oppressed party. I have seen
+him walk leisurely out into the middle of a field where oxen were
+grazing, and then throw himself down. Either a bull or the oxen were
+sure to be attracted by the novel sight, and come dancing and blowing
+round him. All this he used to bear with the most stoical fortitude,
+till some one more forward than the rest touched him with the horn.
+'War to the knife, and no favour,' was then the cry; and Grumbo had
+one of them by the nose directly. He being engaged at odds, I of
+course made in to help him, and such a scene of confusion used to
+follow as was scarce ever seen. Grumbo tossed in the air, and then
+some beast pinned by the nose would lie down and bellow. I should all
+this time be swinging round on to some of their tails, and so it would
+go on till Grumbo and myself were tired and our enemies happy to beat
+a retreat. If he wished to pick a quarrel with a man, he would walk
+listlessly before him till the man trod on him, and then the row
+began. Grumbo was the best assistant, night or day, for catching
+delinquents, in the world. As a proof of his thoughtful sagacity, I
+give the following fact. He was my sole companion when I watched two
+men steal a quantity of pheasants' eggs: we gave chase; but before I
+could come near them, with two hundred yards start of me, they fled.
+There was no hope of my overtaking them before they reached the
+village of Harlington, so I gave Grumbo the office. Off he went, but
+in the chase the men ran up a headland on which a cow was tethered.
+They passed the cow; and when the dog came up to the cow he stopped,
+and, to my horror, contemplated a grab at the tempting nose. He was,
+however, uncertain as to whether or not this would be right, and he
+looked back to me for further assurance. I made the sign to go ahead,
+and he understood it, for he took up the running again, and
+disappeared down a narrow pathway leading through the orchards to the
+houses. When I turned that corner, to my infinite delight I found him
+placed in the narrow path, directly in front of one of the poachers,
+with such an evident determination of purpose, that the man was
+standing stock still, afraid to stir either hand or foot. I came up
+and secured the offender, and bade the dog be quiet."
+
+It is, I believe, a fact, and if so, it is a curious one, that the dog
+in a wild state only howls; but when he becomes the friend and
+companion of man, he has then wants and wishes, hopes and fears, joys
+and sorrows, to which in his wilder state he appears to have been a
+stranger. His vocabulary, if it may be so called, then increases, in
+order to express his enlarged and varying emotions. He anticipates
+rewards and punishments, and learns to solicit the former and
+deprecate the latter. He bounds exultingly forth to accompany his
+master in his walks, rides, and sports of the field. He acts as the
+faithful guardian of his property. He is his fire-side companion,
+evidently discerns days of household mirth or grief, and deports
+himself accordingly. Hence, his energies and his sensibilities are all
+expanded, and what he feels he seeks to tell in various accents, and
+in different ways. For instance, our little dog comes and pulls his
+mistress's gown and makes significant whines, if any one is in or
+about the premises whom he thinks has no right to be there. I have
+seen a dog pick up a stick and bring it in his mouth to his master,
+looking at the water first and then at his master, evidently that the
+stick might be thrown into it, that he might have the pleasure of
+swimming after it. In my younger days, I was in the habit of teazing a
+favourite dog by twitching his nose and pretending to pull his ears.
+He would snap gently at me, but if, by accident, he gave me rather a
+harder bite than he had intended, he became instantly aware of it, and
+expressed his regret in a way not to be mistaken. Dogs who have hurt
+or cut themselves will submit patiently while the wound is being
+dressed, however much the operation may hurt them. They become
+instantly sensible that no punishment is intended to be inflicted, and
+I have seen them lick the hand of the operator, as if grateful for
+what he was doing. Those who are in the habit of having dogs
+constantly in the room with them, will have perceived how alive they
+are to the slightest change in the countenance of their master; how
+gently they will touch him with their paw when he is eating, in order
+to remind him of their own want of food; and how readily they
+distinguish the movements of any inmate of the house from those of a
+stranger. These, and many other circumstances which might be
+mentioned, show a marked distinction between a domesticated dog and
+one that is wild, or who has lived with people who are in an
+uncivilized state, such as the Esquimaux, &c. Both the wild and
+domestic dog, however, appear to be possessed of and to exercise
+forethought. They will bury or hide food, which they are unable to
+consume at once, and return for it. But the domestic dog, perhaps,
+gives stronger proofs of forethought; and I will give an instance of
+it. A large metal pot, turned on one side, in which a great quantity
+of porridge had been boiled, was set before a Newfoundland puppy of
+three or four months old. At first, he contented himself by licking
+off portions of the oatmeal which adhered to the interior, but finding
+this unsatisfactory, he scraped the morsels with his fore-paws into a
+heap, and then ate the whole at once. I had a dog, who, having once
+scalded his tongue, always afterwards, when I gave him his milk and
+water at breakfast, put his paw very cautiously into the saucer, to
+see if the liquid was too hot, before he would touch it with his
+tongue.
+
+Dogs have frequently been known to hunt in couples; that is, to assist
+each other in securing their prey: thus associating together and
+admitting of no partnership.
+
+At Palermo, in Sicily, there is an extraordinary quantity of dogs
+wandering about without owners. Amongst the number, two more
+particularly distinguished themselves for their animosity to cats. One
+day they were in pursuit of a cat, which, seeing no other place of
+refuge near, made her escape into a long earthen water-pipe which was
+lying on the ground. These two inseparable companions, who always
+supported each other, pursued the cat to the pipe, where they were
+seen to stop, and apparently to consult each other as to what was to
+be done to deceive and get possession of the poor cat. After they had
+stood a short time they divided, taking post at each end of the pipe,
+and began to back alternately, thus giving the cat reason to suppose
+that they were both at one end, in order to induce her to come out.
+This manoeuvre had a successful result, and the cheated cat left her
+hiding-place. Scarcely had she ventured out, when she was seized by
+one of the dogs; the other hastened to his assistance, and in a few
+moments deprived her of life.[C]
+
+The memory of dogs is quite extraordinary, and only equalled by that
+of the elephant. Mr. Swainson, in his work on the instincts of
+animals, gives the following proof of this. He says that "A spaniel
+belonging to the Rev. H. N., being always told that he must not follow
+his master to church on Sundays, used on those days to set off long
+before the service, and lie concealed under the hedge, so near the
+church, that at length the point was yielded to him." My little
+parlour dog never offers to go with me on a Sunday, although on other
+days he is perfectly wild to accompany me in my walks.
+
+In my younger days I had a favourite dog, which always accompanied me
+to church. My mother, seeing that he attracted too much of my
+attention, ordered the servant to shut him every Sunday morning. This
+was done once, but never afterwards; for he concealed himself early
+every Sunday morning, and I was sure to find him either under my seat
+at church, or else at the church-door. That dogs clearly distinguish
+the return of Sunday cannot be doubted.
+
+The almost incredible penetration and expedition with which dogs are
+known to return to their former homes, from places to which they have
+been sent, or carried in such a recluse way as not to retain a trace
+of the road, will ever continue to excite the greatest admiration.
+
+A dog having been given by a gentleman at Wivenhoe to the captain of a
+collier, he took the dog on board his vessel, and landed him at
+Sunderland; but soon after his arrival there the dog was missing, and
+in a very few days arrived at the residence of his old master, in
+Essex. A still more extraordinary circumstance is upon record, of the
+late Colonel Hardy, who, having been sent for express to Bath, was
+accompanied by a favourite spaniel bitch in his chaise, which he never
+quitted till his arrival there. After remaining there four days, he
+accidentally left his spaniel behind him, and returned to his
+residence at Springfield, in Essex, with equal expedition; where, in
+three days after, his faithful and steady adherent arrived also,
+notwithstanding the distance between that place and Bath is 140 miles,
+and she had to explore her way through London, to which she had never
+been, except in her passage to Bath, and then within the confines of a
+close carriage.[D]
+
+In the small town of Melbourne, in Derbyshire, cocks and hens may be
+seen running about the streets. One day a game cock attacked a small
+bantam, and they fought furiously, the bantam having, of course, the
+worst of it. Some persons were standing about looking at the fight,
+when my informant's house-dog suddenly darted out, snatched up the
+bantam in his mouth, and carried it into the house. Several of the
+spectators followed, believing that the poor fowl would be killed and
+eaten by the dog; but his intentions were of a more benevolent nature.
+After guarding the entrance of the kennel for some time, he trotted
+down the yard into the street, looked about to the right and left, and
+seeing that the coast was clear, he went back again, and once more
+returning with his _protege_ in his mouth, safely deposited him in the
+street, and then walked quietly away. How few human beings would have
+acted as this dog had done!
+
+Here is another curious anecdote from Mr. Davy's work. He says that
+the cook in the house of a friend of his, a lady on whose accuracy he
+could rely, and from whom he had the anecdote, missed a marrow-bone.
+Suspicion fell on a well-behaved dog--a great favourite, and up to
+that time distinguished for his honesty. He was charged with the
+theft; he hung down his tail, and for a day or two was altered in his
+manner, having become shy, sullen, and sheepish, to use these
+expressions for want of better. In this mood he continued, till, to
+the amusement of the cook, he brought back the bone and laid it at her
+feet. Then, with the restoration of her stolen property, he resumed
+his cheerful manner. How can we interpret this conduct of the dog,
+better than by supposing that he was aware he had done amiss, and that
+the evil doing preyed on him till he had made restitution? Was not
+this a kind of moral sense?
+
+If a dog finds a bone while he is accompanying his master in a walk,
+he does not stay behind to gnaw it, but runs some distance in
+advance, attacks the bone, waits till his master comes up, and then
+proceeds forward again with it. By acting in this manner, he never
+loses sight of his master.
+
+A dog has been known to convey food to another of his species who was
+tied up and pining for want of it. A dog has frequently been seen to
+plunge voluntarily into a rapid stream, to rescue another that was in
+danger of drowning. He has defended helpless curs from the attacks of
+other dogs, and learns to apportion punishment according to the
+provocation received, frequently disdaining to exercise his power and
+strength on a weaker adversary. Repeated provocation will, however,
+excite and revenge. For instance, a Newfoundland dog was quietly
+eating his mess of broth and broken scraps. While so employed, a
+turkey endeavoured to share the meal with him. The dog growled, and
+displayed his teeth. The intruder retired for a moment, but quickly
+returned to the charge, and was again "warned off," with a like
+result. After three or four attempts of the same kind, the dog became
+provoked, gave a sudden ferocious growl, bit off the delinquent's
+head, and then quietly finished his meal, without bestowing any
+further attention on his victim.
+
+The celebrated Leibnitz related to the French Academy an account of a
+dog he had seen which was taught to speak, and could call in an
+intelligible manner for tea, coffee, chocolate, &c.
+
+The dog was of a middling size, and the property of a peasant in
+Saxony. A little boy, the peasant's son, imagined that he perceived in
+the dog's voice an indistinct resemblance to certain words, and was,
+therefore, determined to teach him to speak distinctly. For this
+purpose he spared neither time nor pains with his pupil, who was about
+three years old when his learned education commenced; and at length he
+made such progress in language, as to be able to articulate no less
+than thirty words. It appears, however, that he was somewhat of a
+truant, and did not very willingly exert his talents, being rather
+pressed into the service of literature, and it was necessary that the
+words should be first pronounced to him each time before he spoke. The
+French Academicians who mention this anecdote, add, that unless they
+had received the testimony of so great a man as Leibnitz, they should
+scarcely have dared to relate the circumstance.
+
+An invalid gentleman, who resided for some years on Ham Common, in
+Surrey, had a dog which distinctly pronounced John, William, and two
+or three other words. A medical friend of mine, who attended this
+gentleman, has frequently heard the animal utter these words; and a
+female relative of his, who was often on a visit at his house, assures
+me of the fact. Indeed it need not be doubted.
+
+These are the only two instances I have met with of talking dogs, but
+my brother had a beautiful little spaniel, named Doll, who was an
+indefatigable hunter after woodcocks and snipes. Doll would come home
+in the evening after a hard day's sport, wet, tired and dirty, and
+then deposit herself on the rug before the fire. Happening one day to
+pull her ear gently when in this state, she expressed her dislike to
+be disturbed by a sort of singing noise. By repeating this from day to
+day, and saying "Sing, Doll," she would utter notes of a somewhat
+musical tone, and continue for some time after I had ceased to touch
+her ear, to the amusement and surprise of those who heard her. Poor
+Doll! I shall never see your like again, either for beauty or
+intelligence. If she was affronted she would come to me, at a distance
+of four miles, remain some time, and then return to her master.
+
+A small cur, blind of one eye, lame, ugly, old, and somewhat selfish,
+yet possessed of great shrewdness, was usually fed with three large
+dogs. Watching his opportunity, he generally contrived to seize the
+best bit of offal or bone, with which he retreated into a recess, the
+opening to which was so small that he knew the other dogs could not
+follow him into it, and where he enjoyed his repast without the fear
+of molestation.
+
+Early habits predominate strongly in dogs, and indeed in other
+animals. At the house of a gentleman in Wexford, out of four dogs kept
+to guard the premises, three of them would always wag their tails, and
+express what might be called civility, on the approach of any
+well-dressed visitors; manifesting, on the other hand, no very
+friendly feelings towards vagrants or ill-dressed people. The
+fourth,--a sort of fox-hound,--which, as a puppy, had belonged to a
+poor man, always seemed to recognise beggars and ill-dressed
+passengers as old familiar friends, growling at well-attired
+strangers, barking vehemently at gigs, and becoming almost frantic
+with rage at a four-wheeled carriage.
+
+The olfactory nerves of a dog are quite extraordinary, and it is said
+that, making allowance for difference of corporeal bulk, they are
+about four times larger than those of a man. Some dogs, however, seem
+to excel in acuteness of hearing, and others in peculiar powers of
+vision.
+
+We quote the following from the "Percy Anecdotes:"--
+
+"One day, when Dumont, a tradesman of the Rue St. Denis, was walking
+in the Boulevard St. Antoine with a friend, he offered to lay a wager
+with the latter, that if he were to hide a six-livre piece in the
+dust, his dog would discover and bring it to him. The wager was
+accepted, and the piece of money secreted, after being carefully
+marked. When the two had proceeded some distance from the spot, M.
+Dumont called to his dog that he had lost something, and ordered him
+to seek it. Caniche immediately turned back, and his master and his
+companion pursued their walk to the Rue St. Denis. Meanwhile a
+traveller, who happened to be just then returning in a small chaise
+from Vincennes, perceived the piece of money, which his horse had
+kicked from its hiding-place; he alighted, took it up, and drove to
+his inn, in the Rue Pont-aux-Choux. Caniche had just reached the spot
+in search of the lost piece when the stranger picked it up. He
+followed the chaise, went into the inn, and stuck close to the
+traveller. Having scented out the coin which he had been ordered to
+bring back in the pocket of the latter, he leaped up incessantly at
+and about him. The traveller, supposing him to be some dog that had
+been lost or left behind by his master, regarded his different
+movements as marks of fondness; and as the animal was handsome, he
+determined to keep him. He gave him a good supper, and on retiring to
+bed took him with him to his chamber. No sooner had he pulled off his
+breeches, than they were seized by the dog; the owner conceiving that
+he wanted to play with them, took them away again. The animal began to
+bark at the door, which the traveller opened, under the idea that the
+dog wanted to go out. Caniche snatched up the breeches, and away he
+flew. The traveller posted after him with his night-cap on, and
+literally _sans culottes_. Anxiety for the fate of a purse full of
+gold Napoleons, of forty francs each, which was in one of the pockets,
+gave redoubled velocity to his steps. Caniche ran full speed to his
+master's house, where the stranger arrived a moment afterwards,
+breathless and enraged. He accused the dog of robbing him. 'Sir,' said
+the master, 'my dog is a very faithful creature; and if he has run
+away with your breeches, it is because you have in them money which
+does not belong to you.' The traveller became still more exasperated.
+'Compose yourself, sir,' rejoined the other, smiling; 'without doubt
+there is in your purse a six-livre piece, with such and such marks,
+which you have picked up in the Boulevard St. Antoine, and which I
+threw down there with the firm conviction that my dog would bring it
+back again. This is the cause of the robbery which he has committed
+upon you.' The stranger's rage now yielded to astonishment; he
+delivered the six-livre piece to the owner, and could not forbear
+caressing the dog which had given him so much uneasiness, and such an
+unpleasant chase."
+
+A gentleman in Cornwall possessed a dog, which seemed to set a value
+on white and shining pebble stones, of which he had made a large
+collection in a hole under an old tree. A dog in Regent Street is said
+to have barked with joy on hearing the wheels of his master's carriage
+driven to the door, when he could not by any possibility see the
+vehicle, and while many other carriages were at the time passing and
+repassing. This, I believe, is a fact by no means uncommon.
+
+My retriever will carry an egg in his mouth to a great distance, and
+during a considerable length of time, without ever breaking or even
+cracking the shell. A small bird having escaped from its cage and
+fallen into the sea, a dog conveyed it in his mouth to the ship,
+without doing it the slightest injury.
+
+[Illustration: RETRIEVER.]
+
+One of the carriers of a New York paper called the "Advocate," having
+become indisposed, his son took his place; but not knowing the
+subscribers he was to supply, he took for his guide a dog which had
+usually attended his father. The animal trotted on a-head of the boy,
+and stopped at every door where the paper was in use to be left,
+without making a single omission or mistake.
+
+The following is from a newspaper of this year:--
+
+"A most extraordinary circumstance has just occurred at the Hawick
+toll-bar, which is kept by two old women. It appears that they had a
+sum of money in the house, and were extremely alarmed lest they should
+be robbed of it. Their fears prevailed to such an extent, that, when a
+carrier whom they knew was passing by, they urgently requested him to
+remain with them all night, which, however, his duties would not
+permit him to do; but, in consideration of the alarm of the women, he
+consented to leave with them a large mastiff dog. In the night the
+women were disturbed by the uneasiness of the dog, and heard a noise
+apparently like an attempt to force an entrance into the premises,
+upon which they escaped by the back-door, and ran to a neighbouring
+house, which happened to be a blacksmith's shop. They knocked at the
+door, and were answered from within by the smith's wife. She said her
+husband was absent, but that she was willing to accompany the
+terrified women to their home. On reaching the house, they heard a
+savage but half-stifled growling from the dog. On entering they saw
+the body of a man hanging half in and half out of their little window,
+whom the dog had seized by the throat, and was still worrying. On
+examination, the man proved to be their neighbour the blacksmith,
+dreadfully torn about the throat, and quite dead."
+
+A dog, belonging to the late Dr. Robert Hooper, had been in the
+constant habit of performing various little personal services for his
+master, such as fetching his slippers, &c. It happened one day that
+Dr. Hooper had been detained by his professional duties much beyond
+his usual dinner hour. The dog impatiently waited for his arrival, and
+he at last returned, weary and hungry. After showing his pleasure at
+the arrival of his master, greeting him with his usual attention, the
+animal remained tolerably quiet until he conceived a reasonable time
+had elapsed for the preparation of the Doctor's dinner. As it did not,
+however, make its appearance, the dog went into the kitchen, seized
+with his mouth a half-broiled beefsteak, with which he hastened back
+to his master, placing it on the table-cloth before him.
+
+A few years ago, the public were amused with an account given in the
+newspapers of a dog which possessed the strange fancy of attending all
+the fires that occurred in the metropolis. The discovery of this
+predilection was made by a gentleman residing a few miles from town,
+who was called up in the middle of the night by the intelligence that
+the premises adjoining his house of business were on fire. "The
+removal of my books and papers," said he, in telling the story, "of
+course claimed my attention; yet, notwithstanding this, and the bustle
+which prevailed, my eye every now and then rested on a dog, which,
+during the hottest progress of the conflagration, I could not help
+noticing running about, and apparently taking a deep interest in what
+was going on; contriving to keep himself out of everybody's way, and
+yet always present amidst the thickest of the stir. When the fire was
+got under, and I had leisure to look about me, I again observed the
+dog, which, with the firemen, appeared to be resting from the fatigues
+of duty, and was led to make some inquiries respecting him. 'Is this
+your dog, my friend?' said I to a fireman. 'No, sir,' answered he; it
+does not belong to me, or to any one in particular. We call him the
+firemen's dog.' 'The firemen's dog!' I replied. 'Why so? Has he no
+master?' 'No, sir,' rejoined the fireman; 'he calls none of us master,
+though we are all of us willing enough to give him a night's lodging
+and a pennyworth of meat. But he won't stay long with any of us. His
+delight is to be at all the fires in London; and, far or near, we
+generally find him on the road as we are going along, and sometimes,
+if it is out of town, we give him a lift. I don't think there has been
+a fire for these two or three years past which he has not been at.'
+
+"The communication was so extraordinary, that I found it difficult to
+believe the story, until it was confirmed by the concurrent testimony
+of several other firemen. None of them, however, were able to give any
+account of the early habits of the dog, or to offer any explanation of
+the circumstances which led to this singular propensity.
+
+"Some time afterwards, I was again called up in the night to a fire in
+the village in which I resided (Camberwell, in Surrey), and to my
+surprise here I again met with 'the firemen's dog,' still alive and
+well, pursuing, with the same apparent interest and satisfaction, the
+exhibition of that which seldom fails to bring with it disaster and
+misfortune, oftentimes loss of life and ruin. Still, he called no man
+master, disdained to receive bed or board from the same hand more than
+a night or two at a time, nor could the firemen trace out his
+resting-place."
+
+Such was the account of this interesting animal as it appeared in the
+newspapers, to which were shortly afterwards appended several
+circumstances communicated by a fireman at one of the police offices.
+A magistrate having asked him whether it was a fact that the dog was
+present at most of the fires that occurred in the metropolis, the
+fireman replied that he never knew "Tyke," as he was called, to be
+absent from a fire upon any occasion that he (the fireman) attended
+himself. The magistrate said the dog must have an extraordinary
+predilection for fires. He then asked what length of time he had been
+known to possess that propensity. The fireman replied that he knew
+Tyke for the last nine years; and although he was getting old, yet the
+moment the engines were about, Tyke was to be seen as active as ever,
+running off in the direction of the fire. The magistrate inquired
+whether the dog lived with any particular fireman. The fireman replied
+that Tyke liked one fireman as well as another; he had no particular
+favourites, but passed his time amongst them, sometimes going to the
+house of one, and then to another, and off to a third when he was
+tired. Day or night, it was all the same to him; if a fire broke out,
+there he was in the midst of the bustle, running from one engine to
+another, anxiously looking after the firemen; and, although pressed
+upon by crowds, yet, from his dexterity, he always escaped accidents,
+only now and then getting a ducking from the engines, which he rather
+liked than otherwise. The magistrate said that Tyke was a most
+extraordinary animal; and having expressed a wish to see him, he was
+shortly after exhibited at the office, and some other peculiarities
+respecting him were related. There was nothing at all particular in
+the appearance of the dog; he was a rough-looking small animal, of the
+terrier breed, and seemed to be in excellent condition, no doubt from
+the care taken of him by the firemen belonging to the different
+companies. There was some difficulty experienced in bringing him to
+the office, as he did not much relish going any distance from where
+the firemen are usually to be found, except in cases of attending with
+them at a conflagration, and then distance was of no consequence. It
+was found necessary to use stratagem for the purpose. A fireman
+commenced running. Tyke, accustomed to follow upon such occasions, set
+out after him; but this person, having slackened his pace on the way,
+the sagacious animal, knowing there was no fire, turned back, and it
+was necessary to carry him to the office.
+
+The following striking anecdote, of a similar kind, appeared in the
+first number of the new issue of Cassell's "Illustrated Family
+Paper." After giving a short account of a fire-escape man, named
+Samuel Wood, the writer thus alludes to his dog Bill:--
+
+"As to Bill, he regards him evidently in the light of a friend; he had
+him when he was a pup from a poor fellow who died in the service, and
+he and his 'Bill' have been on excellent terms ever since.
+
+"The fire-escape man's dog takes after his master in courage and
+perseverance. He is of the terrier breed, six years old. An alarm of
+fire calls forth all his energy. He is the first to know that
+something is wrong--the first to exert himself in setting it right. He
+has not been trained to the work--'it is a gift,' as his master says;
+and if we all used our gifts as efficiently as the dog Bill, it would
+be the better for us. On an alarm of fire Bill barks his loudest,
+dashes about in a frantic manner, till his master and the escape are
+on their way to it. He, of course, is there first, giving the police
+and the crowd to understand that Wood and his fire-escape are coming.
+When the escape is fixed, and Wood begins to ascend the ladder, Bill
+runs up the canvas; as soon as a window is opened, Bill leaps in and
+dashes about to find the occupants, loudly barking for assistance as
+soon as he has accomplished his errand of mercy. His watchfulness and
+sagacity are never at fault, although on more than one occasion he has
+stood a fair chance of losing his life, and has sustained very severe
+injury. Not long ago a collar was presented to Bill as a reward for
+his services; unfortunately for him, he has since lost this token of
+public regard--a misfortune much to be regretted. The following verse
+was engraved on the collar:--
+
+    'I am the fire-escape man's dog: my name is Bill.
+    When 'fire' is called I am never still:
+    I bark for my master, all danger brave,
+    To bring the escape--human life to save.'
+
+Collared or collarless, Bill is always ready to lend a helping bark.
+May his life be long, and his services properly esteemed!"
+
+The following anecdote shows extraordinary sense, if not reasoning
+faculty, in a dog:--
+
+A lady of high rank has a sort of colley, or Scotch sheep-dog. When he
+is ordered to ring the bell, he does so; but if he is told to ring the
+bell when the servant is in the room whose duty it is to attend, he
+refuses, and then the following occurrence takes place. His mistress
+says, "Ring the bell, dog." The dog looks at the servant, and then
+barks his bow wow, once or twice. The order is repeated two or three
+times. At last the dog lays hold of the servant's coat in a
+significant manner, just as if he had said to him--"Don't you hear
+that I am to ring the bell for you?--come to my lady." His mistress
+always had her shoes warmed before she put them on, but one day during
+the hot weather her maid was putting them on without their having been
+previously placed before the fire. When the dog saw this he
+immediately interfered, expressing the greatest indignation at the
+maid's negligence. He took the shoes from her, carried them to the
+fire, and after they had been warmed as usual, he brought them back to
+his mistress with much apparent satisfaction, evidently intending to
+say, if he could, "It is all right now."
+
+The dispositions and characters of dogs, as well as their
+intelligence, vary very much. Let me give a few instances of this.
+
+When that benevolent man, Mr. Backhouse, went to Australia, in hopes
+of doing good among the convicts, he was residing in the house of a
+gentleman who had a son about four years of age. This boy strayed one
+morning into the bush, and could not be found after a long search had
+been made for him. In the evening a little dog, which had accompanied
+the child, scratched at the door, and on its being opened showed
+unmistakeable signs of wishing to be followed. This was done; and he
+led the way to the child, who was at last found sitting by the side of
+a river three or four miles from the house.
+
+At Albany in Worcestershire, at the seat of Admiral Maling, a dog went
+every day to meet the mail, and brought the bag in his mouth to the
+house. The distance was about a half-a-quarter of a mile. The dog
+usually received a meal of meat as his reward. The servants having, on
+_one day only_, neglected to give him his accustomed meal, the dog on
+the arrival of the next mail buried the bag, nor was it found without
+considerable search.
+
+M. D'Obsonville had a dog which he had brought up in India from two
+months old; and having to go with a friend from Pondicherry to
+Bengalore, a distance of more than nine hundred miles, he took the
+animal along with him. "Our journey," says M. D'O., "occupied nearly
+three weeks; and we had to traverse plains and mountains, and to ford
+rivers, and go along by-paths. The animal, which had certainly never
+been in that country before, lost us at Bengalore, and immediately
+returned to Pondicherry. He went directly to the house of my friend,
+M. Beglier, then commandant of artillery, and with whom I had
+generally lived. Now the difficulty is not so much to know how the dog
+subsisted on the road (for he was very strong, and able to procure
+himself food), but how he should so well have found his way after an
+interval of more than a month! This was an effort of memory greatly
+superior to that which the human race is capable of exerting."
+
+A gentleman residing in Denmark, Mr. Decouick, one of the king's privy
+councillors, found that he had a remarkable dog. It was the habit of
+Mr. Decouick to leave Copenhagen on Fridays for Drovengourd, his
+country seat. If he did not arrive there on the Friday evening, the
+dog would invariably be found at Copenhagen on Saturday morning, in
+search of his master. Hydrophobia becoming common, all dogs were shot
+that were found running about, an exception being made in the case of
+Mr. Decouick's dog on account of his sagacity and fidelity, a
+distinctive mark being placed upon him.
+
+The following anecdotes are from Daniel's "Rural Sports:"--
+
+Upon the fidelity of dogs, the following facts deserve to be here
+recorded: of this property, or other peculiar traits, if they
+appertain to any class of sporting dogs, in that class they will be
+noticed.
+
+Dr. Beattie, in one of his ingenious and elegant essays, relates a
+story, in his own knowledge, of a gentleman's life being saved, who
+fell beneath the ice, by his dog's going in quest of assistance, and
+almost forcibly dragging a farmer to the spot.
+
+Mr. Vaillant describes the losing of a bitch while travelling in
+Africa, when after firing his gun, and fruitlessly searching for her,
+he despatched one of his attendants, to return by the way they had
+proceeded; when she was found at about two leagues' distance, seated
+by the side of a chair and basket, which had dropped unperceived from
+his waggon: an instance of attentive fidelity, which must have proved
+fatal to the animal, either from hunger or beasts of prey, had she not
+been luckily discovered.
+
+As instances of the dog's sagacity, the following are submitted. In
+crossing the mountain St. Gothard, near Airola, the Chevalier Gaspard
+de Brandenberg and his servant were buried by an avalanche; his dog,
+who escaped the heap of snow, did not quit the place where he had lost
+his master: this was, fortunately, not far from the convent; the
+animal howled, ran to the convent frequently, and then returned.
+Struck by his perseverance, the next morning the people from the house
+followed him; he led them directly to the spot, scratched the snow,
+and after thirty-six hours passed beneath it, the chevalier and his
+domestic were taken out safe, hearing distinctly during their
+confinement the howling of the dog and the discourse of their
+deliverers. Sensible that to the sagacity and fondness of this
+creature he owed his life, the gentleman ordered by his will that he
+should be represented on his tomb with his dog; and at Zug, in the
+church of St. Oswald, where he was buried in 1728, they still show the
+monument and the effigy of this gentleman, with the dog lying at his
+feet.
+
+In 1792, a gentleman, who lived in Vere Street, Clare Market, went
+with his family to the pit of Drury Lane Theatre, at about half-past
+five in the evening, leaving a small spaniel, of King Charles's breed,
+locked up in the dining-room, to prevent the dog from being lost in
+his absence. At eight o'clock his son opened the door, and the dog
+immediately went to the playhouse and found out his master, though the
+pit was unusually thronged, and his master seated near its centre.
+
+A large dog of Mr. Hilson's, of Maxwelhaugh, on the 21st of October,
+1797, seeing a small one that was following a cart from Kelso carried
+by the current of the Tweed, in spite of all its efforts to bear up
+against the stream, after watching its motions attentively, plunged
+voluntarily into the river, and seizing the tired animal by the neck,
+brought it safely to land.
+
+The docility of the dog is such, that he may be taught to practise
+with considerable dexterity a variety of human actions: to open a door
+fastened by a latch, and pull a bell when desirous to be admitted.
+Faber mentions one belonging to a nobleman of the Medici family, which
+always attended at its master's table, took from him his plates, and
+brought him others; carried wine to him in a glass upon a salver,
+which it held in its mouth, without spilling; the same dog would also
+hold the stirrup in its teeth while its master was mounting his horse.
+Mr. Daniel had formerly a spaniel, which he gave the honourable Mr.
+Greville, that, beyond the common tricks which dogs trained to fetch
+and carry exhibit, would bring the bottles of wine from the corner of
+the room to the table by the neck, with such care as never to break
+one; and, in fact, was the _boots_ of the mess-room.
+
+Some few years since, the person who lived at the turnpike-house,
+about a mile from Stratford-upon-Avon, had trained a dog to go to the
+town for any small parcels of grocery, &c. which he wanted. A note,
+mentioning the things required, was tied round his neck, and in the
+same manner the articles were fastened, and arrived safe to his
+master.
+
+Colonel Hutchinson relates the following anecdote:--
+
+"A cousin of one of my brother-officers was taking a walk at Tunbridge
+Wells, when a strange Newfoundland snatched her parasol from her hand,
+and carried it off. The lady followed the dog, who kept ahead,
+constantly looking back to see if she followed. The dog at length
+stopped at a confectioner's, and went in, followed by the lady, who,
+as the dog would not resign it, applied to the shopman for assistance.
+He then told her that it was an old trick of the dog's to get a bun,
+and that if she would give him one he would return the property. She
+cheerfully did so, and the dog as willingly made the exchange."
+
+The above anecdote proves that dogs are no mean observers of
+countenances, and that he had satisfied himself by a previous scrutiny
+as to the probability of his delinquencies being forgiven.
+
+Of the abstinence and escape of a dog, the following narrative may not
+be uninteresting:--
+
+In 1789, when preparations were making at St. Paul's for the reception
+of his majesty, a favourite dog followed its master up the dark stairs
+of the dome. Here, all at once, it was missing; and calling and
+whistling were to no purpose. Nine weeks after this, all but two days,
+some glaziers were at work in the cathedral, and heard a faint noise
+amongst the timbers which support the dome. Thinking it might be some
+unfortunate human being, they tied a rope round a boy, and let him
+down near the place whence the sound came. At the bottom he found a
+dog lying on its side, the skeleton of another dog, and an old shoe
+half eaten. The humanity of the boy led him to rescue the animal from
+its miserable situation, and it was accordingly drawn up. Much
+emaciated, and scarce able to stand, the workmen placed it in the
+porch of the church, to die or live as it might happen. This was about
+ten o'clock in the morning. Some time after, the dog was seen
+endeavouring to cross the street at the top of Ludgate Hill; but its
+weakness was so great, that, unsupported by a wall, it could not
+accomplish it. The miserable appearance of the dog again excited the
+compassion of a boy, who carried it over. By the aid of the houses it
+was enabled to get to Fleet Market, and over two or three narrow
+crossings in its way to Holborn Bridge, and about eight o'clock in the
+evening it reached its master's house in Red Lion Street, Holborn, and
+laid itself down on the steps, having been ten hours in its journey
+from St. Paul's to that place. The dog was so much altered, its eyes
+being so sunk in its head as to be scarce discernible, that the master
+would not encourage his faithful old companion, who when lost was
+supposed to weigh twenty pounds, but now only weighed three pounds
+fourteen ounces. The first indication it gave of knowing its master
+was by wagging its tail when he mentioned its name, Phillis; for a
+long time it was unable to eat or drink, and it was kept alive by the
+sustenance it received from its mistress, who used to feed it with a
+teaspoon. At length it recovered. It must not be supposed that this
+animal existed for nine weeks without food; she was in whelp when
+lost, and doubtless ate her young. The remains of another dog, killed
+by a similar fall, were likewise found, and were most probably
+converted by the survivor to the most urgent of all natural purposes;
+and when this treat was done, the shoe succeeded, which was almost
+half devoured. What famine and a thousand accidents could not do, was
+effected a short time after by the wheels of a coach, which
+unfortunately went over her, and ended the life of poor Phillis.
+
+Of dogs that have supported themselves in a wild state, to the great
+loss and annoyance of the farmer, there are two instances worthy of
+notice, from the cunning with which both these dogs frustrated, for a
+length of time, every secret and open attack. In December, 1784, a dog
+was left by a smuggling vessel near Boomer, on the coast of
+Northumberland. Finding himself deserted, he began to worry sheep, and
+did so much damage that he was the terror of the country, within the
+circuit of above twenty miles. It is asserted, that when he caught a
+sheep, he bit a hole in its right side, and after eating the fat about
+the kidneys, left it. Several of them, thus lacerated, were found
+alive by the shepherds; and being properly taken care of, some of them
+recovered, and afterwards had lambs. From this delicacy of his
+feeding, the destruction may in some measure be conceived, as the fat
+of one sheep in a day would scarcely satisfy his hunger. Various were
+the means used to destroy him: frequently was he pursued with hounds,
+greyhounds, &c., but when the dogs came up with him, he laid down on
+his back, as if supplicating for mercy, and in that position they
+never hurt him; he therefore laid quietly, taking his rest, until the
+hunters approached, when he made off without being followed by the
+hounds, until they were again excited to the pursuit, which always
+terminated unsuccessfully. He was one day pursued from Howick to
+upwards of thirty miles' distance, but returned thither and killed
+sheep the same evening. His constant residence was upon a rock on the
+Heugh Hill, near Howick, where he had a view of four roads that
+approached it; and there, in March 1785, after many fruitless
+attempts, he was at last shot.
+
+Another wild dog, which had committed similar devastation among the
+sheep, near Wooler, in the same county (Northumberland), was, on the
+6th of June, 1799, advertised to be hunted on the Wednesday following,
+by three packs of hounds, which were to meet at different places; the
+aid of men and fire-arms was also requested, with a reward promised of
+twenty guineas to the person killing him. This dog was described by
+those who had seen him at a distance as a large greyhound, with some
+white in his face, neck and one fore-leg white, rather grey on the
+back, and the rest of a jet-black. An immense concourse of people
+assembled at the time appointed, but the chase was unprosperous; for
+he eluded his pursuers among the Cheviot Hills, and, what is singular,
+returned that same night to the place from whence he had been hunted
+in the morning, and worried an ewe and her lamb. During the whole
+summer he continued to destroy the sheep, but changed his quarters,
+for he infested the fells, sixteen miles south of Carlisle, where
+upwards of sixty sheep fell victims to his ferocity. In September,
+hounds and firearms were again employed against him, and after a run
+from Carrock Fell, which was computed to be thirty miles, he was shot
+whilst the hounds were in pursuit by Mr. Sewel of Wedlock, who laid in
+ambush at Moss Dale. During the chase, which occupied six hours, he
+frequently turned upon the headmost hounds, and wounded several so
+badly as to disable them. Upon examination, he appeared of the
+Newfoundland breed, of a common size, wire-haired, and extremely lean.
+This description does not tally with the dog so injurious to the
+farmers in Northumberland, although, from circumstances, there is
+little doubt but it was the same animal.
+
+With a laughably philosophical account of dogs, under the supposition
+of a transmigration of souls, and with their general natural history
+from Linnaeus and Buffon, this introductory chapter will be concluded.
+
+A facetious believer in the art of distinguishing at the sight of any
+creature from what class of animals his soul is derived, thus allots
+them:--
+
+The souls of deceased bailiffs and common constables are in the
+bodies of setting dogs and pointers; the terriers are inhabited by
+trading justices; the bloodhounds were formerly a set of informers,
+thief-takers, and false evidences; the spaniels were heretofore
+courtiers, hangers-on of administrations, and hack journal-writers,
+all of whom preserve their primitive qualities of fawning on their
+feeders, licking their hands, and snarling and snapping at all who
+offer to offend their master; a former train of gamblers and
+black-legs are now embodied in that species of dog called lurchers;
+bull-dogs and mastiffs were once butchers and drovers; greyhounds and
+hounds owe their animation to country squires and foxhunters; little
+whiffling, useless lap-dogs, draw their existence from the quondam
+beau; macaronies, and gentlemen of the tippy, still being the
+playthings of ladies, and used for their diversion. There are also a
+set of sad dogs derived from attornies; and puppies, who were in past
+time attornies' clerks, shopmen to retail haberdashers, men-milliners,
+&c. &c. Turnspits are animated by old aldermen, who still enjoy the
+smell of the roast meat; that droning, snarling species, styled Dutch
+pugs, have been fellows of colleges; and that faithful, useful tribe
+of shepherds' dogs, were, in days of yore, members of parliament, who
+guarded the flock, and protected the sheep from wolves and thieves,
+although indeed of late some have turned sheep-biters, and worried
+those they ought to have defended.
+
+Linnaeus informs us, the dog eats flesh, and farinaceous vegetables,
+but not greens, (this is a mistake, for they will eat greens when
+boiled); its stomach digests bones; it uses the tops of grass as a
+vomit; is fond of rolling in carrion; voids its excrements on a stone;
+its dung (the _album graecum_) is one of the greatest encouragers of
+putrefaction; it laps up its drink with its tongue; makes water
+side-ways, by lifting up one of its hind-legs; is most diuretic in the
+company of a strange dog, and very apt to repeat it where another dog
+has done the same: _Odorat anum alterius, menstruans catulit cum
+variis; mordet illa illos; cohaeret copula junctus_. Its scent is most
+exquisite when its nose is moist; it treads lightly on its toes;
+scarce ever sweats, but when hot, lolls out its tongue; generally
+walks frequently round the place it intends to lie down on; its sense
+of hearing is very quick when asleep; it dreams. It goes with young
+sixty-three days, and commonly brings from four to ten; the male
+puppies resemble the dog, the female the bitch (an assertion by no
+means accurate, any more than the tail always bending to the left is a
+common character of the species). It is the most faithful of animals,
+is very docile, fawns at his master's approach, runs before him on a
+journey, often passing over the same ground; on coming to crossways,
+stops and looks back; drives cattle home from the field; keeps herds
+and flocks within bounds, protects them from wild beasts; points out
+to the sportsman the game; brings the birds that are shot to its
+master; will turn a spit; at Brussels, and in Holland, draws little
+carts to the herb-market; in more northern regions, draws sledges with
+provisions, travellers, &c.; will find out what is dropped; watchful
+by night, and when the charge of a house or garden is at such times
+committed to him, his boldness increases, and he sometimes becomes
+perfectly ferocious; when it has been guilty of a theft, slinks away
+with its tail between its legs; eats voraciously, with oblique eyes;
+enemy to beggars; attacks strangers without provocation; hates strange
+dogs; howls at certain notes in music, and often urines on hearing
+them; will snap at a stone thrown at it; is sick at the approach of
+bad weather, (a remark vague and uncertain); is afflicted with worms;
+spreads its madness; grows blind with age; _saepe gonorrhaea infectus_;
+driven as unclean from the houses of the Mahometans; yet the same
+people establish hospitals for, and allow them daily food.
+
+The dog, says Buffon, like every other animal which produces above one
+or two at a time, is not perfectly formed immediately after birth.
+Dogs are always brought forth blind; the two eyelids are not simply
+glued together, but shut up with a membrane, which is torn off, as
+soon as the muscles of the upper eyelids acquire strength sufficient
+to overcome this obstacle to vision, which generally happens the tenth
+or twelfth day. At this period, the bones of the head are not
+completed, the body and muzzle are bloated, and the whole figure is
+ill defined; but in less than two months, they learn to use all their
+senses; their growth is rapid, and they soon gain strength. In the
+fourth month, they lose some of their teeth, which, as in other
+animals, are soon replaced, and never again fall out: they have six
+cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw, and fourteen grinders in the
+upper, and twelve in the under, making in all forty-two teeth; but the
+number of grinders sometimes varies in particular dogs.
+
+The time of gestation is nine weeks, or sixty-three days; sometimes
+sixty-two or sixty-one, but never less than sixty.
+
+The bitch produces six, seven, and even so far as twelve puppies, and
+generally has more at the subsequent litters than she has at the
+first; but the observation of Buffon, that a female hound, covered by
+a dog of her own kind, and carefully shut up from all others, has been
+known to produce a mixed race, consisting of hounds and terriers, is
+totally void of foundation. A curious circumstance, in the account of
+the setter, will be mentioned, of an impression made upon the mind of
+a bitch of that sort by the attention of a cur, which never had access
+to her, and yet her whelps were always like him, and possibly this
+hound bitch had a violent hankering after some terrier.
+
+Dogs continue to propagate during life, which is commonly limited to
+fourteen or fifteen years, yet some have been known to exceed twenty,
+but that is rare. The duration of life in this, as in other animals,
+bears proportion to the time of his growth, which in the dog is not
+completed in less than two years, and he generally lives fourteen. His
+age may be discovered by his teeth; when young, they are white, sharp,
+and pointed; as he increases in years, they become black, blunt, and
+unequal: it may likewise be known by the hair, which turns grey on the
+muzzle, front, and round the eyes.
+
+The manner in which the shepherds of the Pyrenees employ their
+peculiar breed of dogs, which are large, long-haired, of a tawny white
+colour, and a very strong build, with a ferocious temper, exhibits a
+vivid instance of the trust they repose in the courage and fidelity of
+these animals, and of the virtues by which they merit and reward it.
+Attended by three or more dogs, the shepherds will take their numerous
+flocks at early dawn to the part of the mountain side which is
+destined for their pasture. Having counted them, they descend to
+follow other occupations, and commit the guardianship of the sheep to
+the sole watchfulness of the dogs. It has been frequently known, that
+when wolves have approached, the three sentinels would walk round and
+round the flock, gradually compressing them into so small a circle
+that one dog might with ease overlook and protect them, and that this
+measure of caution being executed, the remaining two would set forth
+to engage the enemy, over whom, it is said, they invariably triumph.
+
+The following interesting remarks are extracted from Chambers:--
+
+The educability of the dog's perceptive faculties has been exemplified
+in a remarkable manner by his acquired knowledge of musical sounds. On
+some dogs fine music produces an apparently painful effect, causing
+them gradually to become restless, to moan piteously, and, finally, to
+fly from the spot with every sign of suffering and distress. Others
+have been seen to sit and listen to music with seeming delight, and
+even to go every Sunday to church, with the obvious purpose of
+enjoying the solemn and powerful strains of the organ. Some dogs
+manifest a keen sense of false notes in music. Mrs. Samuel Carter
+Hall, at Old Brompton, possesses an Italian greyhound, which screams
+in apparent agony when a jarring combination of notes is produced,
+accidentally or intentionally, on the piano. These opposite and
+various manifestations show what might be done by education to teach
+dogs a critical knowledge of sounds. A gentleman of Darmstadt, in
+Germany, as we learn, has taught a poodle dog to detect false notes in
+music. We give the account of this remarkable instance of educability
+as it appears in a French newspaper.
+
+Mr. S----, having acquired a competency by commercial industry,
+retired from business, and devoted himself, heart and soul, to the
+cultivation and enjoyment of music. Every member of his little
+household was by degrees involved more or less in the same occupation,
+and even the housemaid could in time bear a part in a chorus, or
+decipher a melody of Schubert. One individual alone in the family
+seemed to resist this musical entrancement; this was a small spaniel,
+the sole specimen of the canine race in the mansion. Mr. S---- felt
+the impossibility of instilling the theory of sounds into the head of
+Poodle, but he firmly resolved to make the animal bear _some_ part or
+other in the general domestic concert; and by perseverance, and the
+adoption of ingenious means, he attained his object. Every time that a
+_false note_ escaped either from the instrument or voice--as often as
+any blunder, of whatever kind, was committed by the members of the
+musical family (and such blunders were sometimes committed
+intentionally)--down came its master's cane on the back of the
+unfortunate poodle, till she howled and growled again. Poodle
+perceived the meaning of these unkind chastisements, and instead of
+becoming sulky, showed every disposition to howl on the instant a
+false note was uttered, without waiting for the formality of a blow.
+By and by, a mere glance of Mr. S----'s eye was sufficient to make the
+animal howl to admiration. In the end, Poodle became so thoroughly
+acquainted with, and attentive to, false notes and other musical
+barbarisms, that the slightest mistake of the kind was infallibly
+signalised by a yell from her, forming the most expressive commentary
+upon the misperformance.
+
+When extended trials were made of the animal's acquirements, they were
+never found to fail, and Poodle became, what she still is, the most
+famous, impartial, and conscientious connoisseur in the Duchy of
+Hesse. But, as may be imagined, her musical appreciation is entirely
+negative; if you sing with expression, and play with ability, she will
+remain cold and impassible. But let your execution exhibit the
+slightest defect, and you will have her instantly showing her teeth,
+whisking her tail, yelping, barking, and growling. At the present
+time, there is not a concert or an opera at Darmstadt to which Mr.
+S---- and his wonderful dog are not invited; or, at least, _the dog_.
+The voice of the prima donna, the instruments of the band--whether
+violin, clarionet, hautbois, or bugle--all of them must execute their
+parts in perfect harmony, otherwise Poodle looks at its master, erects
+its ears, shows its grinders, and howls outright. Old or new pieces,
+known or unknown to the dog, produce on it the same effect.
+
+It must not be supposed that the discrimination of the creature is
+confined to the mere _execution_ of musical compositions. Whatever may
+have been the case at the outset of its training, its present and
+perfected intelligence extends even to the secrets of composition.
+Thus, if a vicious modulation, or a false relation of parts, occur in
+a piece of music, the animal shows symptoms of uneasy hesitation; and
+if the error be continued, will infallibly give the grand condemnatory
+howl. In short, Poodle is the terror of all the middling composers of
+Darmstadt, and a perfect nightmare to the imagination of all poor
+singers and players. Sometimes Mr. S---- and his friends take a
+pleasure in annoying the canine critic, by emitting all sorts of
+discordant sounds from instrument and voice. On such occasions the
+creature loses all self-command, its eyes shoot forth fiery flashes,
+and long and frightful howls respond to the immelodious concert of the
+mischievous bipeds. But the latter must be careful not to go too far;
+for when the dog's patience is tried to excess, it becomes altogether
+wild, and flies fiercely at the tormentors and their instruments.
+
+This dog's case is a very curious one, and the attendant phenomena not
+very easy of explanation. From the animal's power of discerning the
+correctness of musical composition, as well as of execution, one would
+be inclined to imagine that Mr. S----, in training his dog, had only
+called into play faculties existing (but latent) before, and that dogs
+have in them the natural germs of a fine musical ear. This seems more
+likely to be the case, than that the animal's perfect musical taste
+was wholly an acquirement, resulting from the training. However this
+may be, the Darmstadt dog is certainly a marvellous creature, and we
+are surprised that, in these exhibiting times, its powers have not
+been displayed on a wider stage. The operatic establishments of London
+and Paris might be greatly the better, perhaps, for a visit from the
+critical Poodle.
+
+It is now settled, as a philosophical question, that the instruction
+communicated to dogs, as well as various other animals, has an
+hereditary effect on the progeny. If a dog be taught to perform
+certain feats, the young of that dog will be much easier initiated in
+the same feats than other dogs. Thus, the existing races of English
+pointers are greatly more accomplished in their required duties than
+the original race of Spanish pointers. Dogs of the St. Bernard variety
+inherit the faculty of tracking footsteps in the snow. A gentleman of
+our acquaintance, and of scientific acquirements, obtained some years
+ago a pup, which had been produced in London by a female of the
+celebrated St. Bernard breed. The young animal was brought to
+Scotland, where it was never observed to give any particular tokens of
+a power of tracking footsteps until winter, when the ground became
+covered with snow. It _then_ showed the most active inclination to
+follow footsteps; and so great was its power of doing so under these
+circumstances, that, when its master had crossed a field in the most
+curvilinear way, and caused other persons to cross his path in all
+directions, it nevertheless followed his course with the greatest
+precision. Here was a perfect revival of the habit of its Alpine
+fathers, with a degree of specialty as to external conditions at
+which, it seems to us, we cannot sufficiently wonder.
+
+Such are some of the qualities of dogs in a state of domestication,
+and let me hope that the anecdotes related of them will tend to insure
+for them that love and gratitude to which their own fine disposition
+and noble character give them a claim from us.
+
+It is pleasing to observe that men of the highest acquirements and
+most elevated minds have bestowed their sincere attachment upon their
+favourite canine companions; for kindness to animals is, perhaps, as
+strong an indication of the possession of generous sentiments as any
+that can be adduced. The late Lord Grenville, a distinguished
+statesman, an elegant scholar, and an amiable man, affords an
+illustration of the opinion: It is thus that he eloquently makes his
+favourite Zephyr speak:--
+
+    "Captum oculis, senioque hebetem, morboque gravatum,
+      Dulcis here, antiquo me quod amore foves,
+    Suave habet et carum Zephyrus tuus, et leviore
+      Se sentit mortis conditione premi.
+    Interiere quidem, tibi quae placuisse solebant,
+      Et formae dotes, et facile ingenium:
+    Deficiunt sensus, tremulae scintillula vitae
+      Vix micat, in cinerem mox abitura brevem.
+    Sola manet, vetuli tibi nec despecta ministri,
+      Mens grata, ipsaque in morte memor domini.
+    Hanc tu igitur, pro blanditiis mollique lepore,
+      Et prompta ad nutus sedulitate tuos,
+    Pro saltu cursuque levi, lusuque protervo,
+      Hanc nostri extremum pignus amoris habe.
+    Jamque vale! Elysii subeo loca laeta, piorum
+      Quae dat Persephone manibus esse canum."
+
+In the previous pages I have endeavoured to give my readers some idea
+of the general character of the dog, and I will now proceed to
+illustrate it more fully by anecdotes peculiar to different breeds.
+These animals will then be found to deserve the encomiums bestowed
+upon them by Buffon, "as possessing such an ardour of sentiment, with
+fidelity and constancy in their affection, that neither ambition,
+interest, nor desire of revenge, can corrupt them, and that they have
+no fear but that of displeasing. They are, in fact, all zeal, ardour,
+and obedience. More inclined to remember benefits than injuries; more
+docile and tractable than any other animal, the dog is not only
+instructed, but conforms himself to the manners, movements, and habits
+of those who govern him. He is always eager to obey his master, and
+will defend his property at the risk of his own life." Pope says, that
+history is more full of examples of fidelity in the dog than in
+friends; and Lord Byron characterises him as--
+
+                        "in life the firmest friend,
+    The first to welcome, foremost to defend;
+    Whose honest heart is still his master's own;
+    Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone;"
+
+and truly indeed may he be called
+
+    "The rich man's guardian, and the poor man's friend."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DEER-HOUNDS.]
+
+    "His bulk and beauty speak no vulgar praise.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    Oh had you seen him, vigorous, bold, and young,
+    Swift as a stag, and as a lion strong;
+    Him no fell savage in the plain withstood,
+    None 'scap'd him, bosomed in the gloomy wood;
+    His eye how piercing!"
+                                              POPE.
+
+THE IRISH AND HIGHLAND WOLF-DOG.
+
+
+A certain degree of romance will always be attached to the history of
+the Irish wolf-dog, but so contradictory are the accounts handed down
+to us respecting it, that, with every disposition to do justice to
+the character of this noble animal, the task is one of no small
+difficulty.
+
+This dog seems to have flourished, and to have become nearly extinct,
+with the ancient kings of Ireland, and, with the harp and shamrock, is
+regarded as one of the national emblems of that country. When princely
+hospitality was to be found in the old palaces, castles, and baronial
+halls of fair Erin, it is hardly possible to imagine anything more
+aristocratic and imposing than the aspect of these dogs, while
+attending the banquets of their masters. So great, indeed, was their
+height, that it has been affirmed, that when their chieftain was
+seated at table these dogs could rest their heads on his shoulders.
+However this may have been, it is certain that the bold, majestic, and
+commanding appearance of the animal, joined to the mild and softened
+look with which he regarded those to whom he was attached, and whom he
+was always ready to defend, must have rendered him worthy of the
+enthusiasm with which the remembrance of him is still cherished by the
+warm-hearted people of Ireland.
+
+The following anecdote, which has been communicated to me by an
+amiable Irish nobleman, will at all events serve to show the peculiar
+instinct which the Irish wolf-dog was supposed to possess.
+
+A gentleman of an ancient family, whose name it is unnecessary to
+mention, from his having been engaged in the troubles which agitated
+Ireland about fifty or sixty years since, went into a coffee-room at
+Dublin during that period, accompanied by a noble wolf-dog, supposed
+to be one of the last of the breed. There was only one other gentleman
+in the coffee-room, who, on seeing the dog, went up to him, and began
+to notice him. His owner, in considerable alarm, begged him to desist,
+as the dog was fierce, and would never allow a stranger to touch him.
+The gentleman resumed his seat, when the dog came to him, showed the
+greatest pleasure at being noticed, and allowed himself to be fondled.
+His owner could not disguise his astonishment. "You are the only
+person," he said, "whom that dog would ever allow to touch him without
+showing resentment. May I beg of you the favour to tell me your
+name?"--mentioning his own at the same time. The stranger announced
+it, (he was the last of his race, one of the most ancient and noble in
+Ireland, and descended from one of its kings.) "I do not wonder," said
+the owner of the dog, "at the homage this animal has paid to you. He
+recognizes in you the descendant of one of our most ancient race of
+gentlemen to whom this breed of dogs almost exclusively belonged, and
+the peculiar instinct he possesses has now been shown in a manner
+which cannot be mistaken by me, who am so well acquainted with the
+ferocity this dog has hitherto shown to all strangers."
+
+Few persons, Sir Walter Scott excepted, would perhaps be inclined to
+give credit to this anecdote. So convinced was he of the extraordinary
+instinct exhibited by dogs generally, that he has been heard to
+declare that he would believe anything of a dog. The anecdote,
+however, above related, was communicated to me with the strongest
+assurance of its strict accuracy.
+
+In a poem, written by Mrs. Catherine Philips, about the year 1660, the
+character of the Irish wolf-hound is well portrayed, and proves the
+estimation in which he was held at that period.
+
+     "Behold this creature's form and state!
+      Him Nature surely did create,
+      That to the world might be exprest
+      What mien there can be in a beast;
+      More nobleness of form and mind
+      Than in the lion we can find:
+      Yea, this heroic beast doth seem
+      In majesty to rival him.
+
+      Yet he vouchsafes to man to show
+      His service, and submission too--
+      And here we a distinction have;
+      That brute is fierce--the dog is brave.
+
+      He hath himself so well subdued,
+      That hunger cannot make him rude;
+      And all his manners do confess
+      That courage dwells with gentleness.
+
+      War with the wolf he loves to wage,
+      And never quits if he engage;
+      But praise him much, and you may chance
+      To put him out of countenance.
+      And having done a deed so brave,
+      He looks not sullen, yet looks grave.
+
+      No fondling play-fellow is he;
+      His master's guard he wills to be:
+      Willing for him his blood be spent,
+      His look is never insolent.
+    Few men to do such noble deeds have learn'd,
+    Nor having done, could look so unconcern'd."
+
+This is one of the finest descriptions of a noble dog which I have yet
+met with in English poetry. Courage and modesty are well portrayed,
+and contrasted.
+
+The following anecdotes relate to an animal which must have strongly
+resembled the Irish wolf-dog:--
+
+Plutarch mentions a certain Roman in the civil wars, whose head nobody
+durst cut off for fear of the dog that guarded his body, and fought in
+his defence. The same author relates that King Pyrrhus, in the course
+of one of his journies, observed a dog watching over a dead body; and
+hearing that he had been there three days without meat or drink,
+ordered the body to be buried, and the dog taken care of and brought
+to him. A few days afterwards there was a muster of the soldiers, so
+that every man had to march in order before the king. The dog lay
+quiet for some time; but when he saw the murderers of his late master
+pass by, he flew upon them with extraordinary fury, barking, and
+tearing their garments, and frequently turning about to the king;
+which both excited the king's suspicion, and that of all who stood
+about him. The men were in consequence apprehended, and though the
+circumstances which appeared in evidence against them were very
+slight, they confessed the crime, and were accordingly punished.
+
+Montfaucon mentions a similar case of attachment and revenge which
+occurred in France, in the reign of Charles V.[E] The anecdote has
+been frequently related, and is as follows:--A gentleman named
+Macaire, an officer of the king's body-guard, entertained, for some
+reason, a bitter hatred against another gentleman, named Aubry de
+Montdidier, his comrade in service. These two having met in the Forest
+of Bondi, near Paris, Macaire took an opportunity of treacherously
+murdering his brother-officer, and buried him in a ditch. Montdidier
+was unaccompanied at the moment, excepting by a dog (probably a
+wolf-hound), with which he had gone out, perhaps to hunt. It is not
+known whether the dog was muzzled, or from what other cause it
+permitted the deed to be accomplished without its interference. Be
+this as it might, the hound lay down on the grave of its master, and
+there remained till hunger compelled it to rise. It then went to the
+kitchen of one of Aubry de Montdidier's dearest friends, where it was
+welcomed warmly, and fed. As soon as its hunger was appeased the dog
+disappeared. For several days this coming and going was repeated, till
+at last the curiosity of those who saw its movements was excited, and
+it was resolved to follow the animal, and see if anything could be
+learned in explanation of Montdidier's sudden disappearance. The dog
+was accordingly followed, and was seen to come to a pause on some
+newly-turned-up earth, where it set up the most mournful wailings and
+howlings. These cries were so touching, that passengers were
+attracted; and finally digging into the ground at the spot, they found
+there the body of Aubry de Montdidier. It was raised and conveyed to
+Paris, where it was soon afterwards interred in one of the city
+cemeteries.
+
+The dog attached itself from this time forth to the friend, already
+mentioned, of its late master. While attending on him, it chanced
+several times to get a sight of Macaire, and on every occasion it
+sprang upon him, and would have strangled him had it not been taken
+off by force. This intensity of hate on the part of the animal
+awakened a suspicion that Macaire had had some share in Montdidier's
+murder, for his body showed him to have met a violent death. Charles
+V., on being informed of the circumstances, wished to satisfy himself
+of their truth. He caused Macaire and the dog to be brought before
+him, and beheld the animal again spring upon the object of its hatred.
+The king interrogated Macaire closely, but the latter would not admit
+that he had been in any way connected with Montdidier's murder.
+
+Being strongly impressed by a conviction that the conduct of the dog
+was based on some guilty act of Macaire, the king ordered a combat to
+take place between the officer and his dumb accuser, according to the
+practice in those days between human plaintiffs and defendants. This
+remarkable combat took place on the isle of Notre Dame at Paris, in
+presence of the whole court. The king allowed Macaire to have a strong
+club, as a defensive weapon; while, on the other hand, the only
+self-preservative means allowed to the dog consisted of an empty cask,
+into which it could retreat if hard pressed. The combatants appeared
+in the lists. The dog seemed perfectly aware of its situation and
+duty. For a short time it leapt actively round Macaire, and then, at
+one spring, it fastened itself upon his throat, in so firm a manner
+that he could not disentangle himself. He would have been strangled
+had he not cried for mercy, and avowed his crime. The dog was pulled
+from off him; but he was only liberated from its fangs to perish by
+the hands of the law. The fidelity of this dog has been celebrated in
+many a drama and poem, and there is a monument of him in basso relievo
+still to be seen in the castle of Montargis. The dog which attracted
+such celebrity has been usually called 'the dog of Montargis,' from
+the combat having taken place at the chateau of that name.
+
+The strength of these dogs must have been very great. A nobleman
+informed me, that when he was a boy, and staying on a visit with the
+Knight of Kerry, two Irish wolf-dogs made their escape from the place
+in which they were confined, and pulled down and killed a horse, which
+was in an adjoining paddock.
+
+The following affecting anecdote of an Irish wolf-dog, called "the dog
+of Aughrim," affords a proof of the extraordinary fidelity of these
+animals to their masters, and puts to shame the vaunted superiority of
+many human brutes.
+
+At the hard-fought battle of Aughrim, or Vidconnel, an Irish officer
+was accompanied by his wolf-hound. This gentleman was killed and
+stripped in the battle, but the dog remained by his body both by day
+and night. He fed upon some of the other bodies with the rest of the
+dogs, yet he would not allow them or anything else to touch that of
+his master. When all the other bodies were consumed, the other dogs
+departed, but this used to go in the night to the adjacent villages
+for food, and presently to return again to the place where his
+master's bones were only then left. This he continued to do from July,
+when the battle was fought, until the January following, when a
+soldier being quartered near, and going that way by chance, the dog,
+fearing he came to disturb his master's bones, flew upon the soldier,
+who, being surprised at the suddenness of the thing, unslung his
+carbine, he having been thrown on his back, and killed the noble
+animal. He expired with the same fidelity to the remains of his
+unfortunate master, as that master had shown devotion to the cause of
+his unhappy country.
+
+In the "Irish Penny Journal" there is an interesting account of the
+Irish wolf-dog, from which the following anecdote is taken.
+
+In the mountainous parts of the county Tyrone, the inhabitants
+suffered much from the wolves, and gave from the public fund as much
+for the head of one of these animals, as they would now give for the
+capture of a notorious robber on the highway. There lived in those
+days an adventurer, who, alone and unassisted, made it his occupation
+to destroy these ravagers. The time for attacking them was in the
+night, and midnight was fixed upon for doing so, as that was their
+wonted time for leaving their lairs in search of food, when the
+country was at rest and all was still; then, issuing forth, they fell
+on their defenceless prey, and the carnage commenced. There was a
+species of dog for the purpose of hunting them, called the wolf-dog;
+the animal resembled a rough, stout, half-bred greyhound, but was much
+stronger. In the county Tyrone there was then a large space of ground
+enclosed by a high stone wall, having a gap at each of the two
+opposite extremities, and in this were secured the flocks of the
+surrounding farmers. But, secure as this fold was deemed, it was often
+entered by the wolves, and its inmates slaughtered. The neighbouring
+proprietors having heard of the noted wolf-hunter above mentioned, by
+name Rory Carragh, sent for him, and offered the usual reward, with
+some addition, if he would undertake to destroy the two remaining
+wolves that had committed such devastation. Carragh, undertaking the
+task, took with him two wolf-dogs, and a little boy twelve years of
+age, the only person who would accompany him, and repaired at the
+approach of midnight to the fold in question. "Now," said Carragh to
+the boy, "as the two wolves usually enter the opposite extremities of
+the sheep-fold at the same time, I must leave you and one of the dogs
+to guard this one while I go the other. He steals with all the caution
+of a cat, nor will you hear him, but the dog will, and will give him
+the first fall. If, therefore, you are not active when he is down to
+rivet his neck to the ground with this spear, he will rise up and kill
+both you and the dog. So good night."
+
+"I'll do what I can," said the little boy, as he took the spear from
+the wolf-hunter's hand.
+
+The boy immediately threw open the gate of the fold, and took his seat
+in the inner part, close to the entrance, his faithful companion
+crouching at his side, and seeming perfectly aware of the dangerous
+business he was engaged in. The night was very dark and cold, and the
+poor little boy, being benumbed with the chilly air, was beginning to
+fall into a kind of sleep, when at that instant the dog, with a roar,
+leaped across, and laid his mortal enemy upon the earth. The boy was
+roused into double activity by the voice of his companion, and drove
+the spear through the wolf's neck as he had been directed, at which
+time Carragh appeared, bearing the head of the other.
+
+This anecdote is taken from a biography of a Tyrone family, published
+in Belfast in 1829.
+
+It is now time to attempt a description of this celebrated dog, and
+here our difficulties commence. Some writers have affirmed that it was
+rough-coated, and had the appearance of a greyhound--
+
+   "The greyhound! the great hound! the graceful of limb!
+    Rough fellow! tall fellow! &c.;"
+
+while others assert that it was of a mastiff-like appearance, and
+smooth, strong, and tall. All we can do is to bring forward the
+different evidence we have been able to collect, and then to let our
+readers judge for themselves.
+
+In an old print of Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, there are two
+wolf-dogs, which are represented as smooth, prick-eared, and with
+somewhat bushy tails. Lord Lucan distinguished himself in several
+engagements, and commanded the second troop of Irish Horse Guards, to
+which he was appointed by James II., and received his death wound,
+behaving most gallantly at the head of his countrymen, in 1693, when
+the allies, under William III., were defeated by Marshal Luxembourg at
+the battle of Landen. He was probably attended by his faithful
+wolf-dogs on that occasion, when he uttered those sublime words which
+no Irishman will ever forget--"Oh that this was for Ireland!" thus
+showing his love and affection for his native country as he was
+expiring in the arms of victory.
+
+An old and amiable acquaintance, Mr. Aylmer Bourke Lambert, now, alas!
+no more, communicated an account of the wolf-hound to the Linnean
+Society, which may be found in the third volume of their
+"Transactions." He had in his possession an old picture of one of
+these dogs, which, at the sale of his effects, was purchased by the
+Earl of Derby; the dog is represented as smooth-haired, with a
+somewhat wide forehead, and having no appearance of the greyhound, but
+more of that of the mastiff.
+
+In February, 1841, Mr. Webber presented to the Royal Irish Academy an
+ancient stone, on which was carved a rude bas-relief, supposed to be
+the representation of a dog killing a wolf. Mr. Webber accompanied the
+present with a communication, to the effect that the stone was taken
+from the castle of Ardnaglass, in the barony of Tireragh, and county
+of Sligo, and was said to commemorate the destruction of the last wolf
+in Ireland. The current tradition in the place from whence it came
+was, that some years after it was supposed that the race of wolves was
+extinct, the flocks in the county of Leitrim were attacked by a wild
+animal, which turned out to be a wolf; that thereupon the chieftains
+of Leitrim applied to O'Dowd, the chieftain of Tireragh (who possessed
+a celebrated dog of the breed of the ancient Irish wolf-dog), to come
+and hunt the wolf. This application having been complied with by
+O'Dowd, there ensued a chase, which forms the subject of an ancient
+Irish legend, detailing the various districts through which it was
+pursued, until at length the wolf was overtaken and killed in a small
+wood of pine-trees, at the foot of one of the mountains of Tireragh.
+The quarter of land on which the wolf was killed is to this day called
+_Carrow na Madhoo_, which means "the dog's quarter." In commemoration
+of the event, O'Dowd had a representation of it carved on stone, and
+placed in the wall of his baronial residence. It is difficult to form
+an opinion of the shape of a dog from so rude a representation, except
+that it appears to have had a wide forehead and pricked ears.
+
+A gentleman, who in his youth saw one of these dogs, informs me that
+it was smooth, strong, and partaking somewhat of the character and
+appearance of a powerful Danish dog. This agrees with the account
+given of it by some writers, especially in "The Sportsman's Cabinet,"
+a work more remarkable for the truth and fineness of its engravings,
+than for the matter contained in it. Buffon also forms much the same
+opinion. That great strength must be necessary to enable a dog to
+compete with a wolf, cannot be doubted, and perhaps there is no breed
+of the rough greyhound now known capable of competing with a wolf
+single-handed. Her Majesty has now in her possession one of the finest
+specimens of the Highland deer-hound. He has great strength and
+height, is rough-coated, wide across the loins, and altogether a noble
+animal. Powerful, however as he is, it may be questioned whether such
+a dog would be a match for a wolf, which the Irish hounds undoubtedly
+were. This circumstance alone would lead us to suppose, that we must
+look to a different breed than that of greyhounds as the antagonists
+of the wolf.
+
+But it is time to turn to the other side of the question.
+
+In a very agreeable, well-written article in the "Irish Penny Journal"
+of May, 1841, the author brings forward strong evidence to prove that
+the celebrated Irish wolf-dog resembled a greyhound in form. He will,
+I hope, allow me to quote some of his arguments, which show
+considerable research and historical information. He says:--
+
+"Public opinion has long been divided respecting the precise
+appearance and form of this majestic animal, and so many different
+ideas have been conceived of him, that many persons have been induced
+to come to the conclusion that no particular breed of dogs was ever
+kept for wolf-hunting in Ireland, but that the appellation of
+'wolf-dog' was bestowed upon any dog swift enough to overtake and
+powerful enough to contend with and overcome that formidable animal.
+While some hold this opinion, others suppose that though a particular
+breed was used, it was a sort of heavy mastiff-like dog, now extinct.
+It is the object of the present paper to show, that not only did
+Ireland possess a peculiar race of dogs, exclusively devoted to
+wolf-hunting, but that those dogs, instead of being of the mastiff
+kind, resembled the greyhound in form; and instead of being extinct
+are still to be met with, although they are very scarce. I myself was
+once in a very gross error respecting this dog, for I conceived him
+to have been a mastiff, and implicitly believed that the dogs of Lord
+Altamont, described in the third volume of the Linnean 'Transactions'
+by Mr. Lambert, were the sole surviving representatives of the Irish
+wolf-dog. An able paper, read by Mr. Haffield about a year ago, before
+the Dublin Natural History Society, served to stagger me in my belief,
+and subsequent careful inquiry and research have completed my
+conversion. I proceed to lay before my readers the result of that
+inquiry, and I feel confident that no individual, after reading the
+evidence which I shall adduce, will continue to harbour a doubt
+respecting the true appearance and form of the ancient Irish wolf-dog.
+
+"We are informed by several disjointed scraps of Celtic verse, that in
+the times of old, when Fionn Mac Cumhaill, popularly styled Finn Mac
+Cool, wielded the sceptre of power and justice, we possessed a
+prodigious and courageous dog, used for hunting the deer and wild
+boar, and also the wolf, which ravaged the folds and slaughtered the
+herds of our ancestors. We learn from the same source that these dogs
+were also frequently employed as auxiliaries in war, and that they
+were 'mighty in combat, their breasts like plates of brass, and
+greatly to be feared.' We might adduce the songs of Ossian, where the
+epithets 'hairy-footed,' 'white-breasted,' and 'bounding,' are
+singularly characteristic of some of the striking peculiarities of the
+dog in question, and strangely coincide with the descriptions
+furnished by other writers respecting him. Mac Pherson must, at all
+events, have been at the pains of considerable research if he actually
+forged the beautiful poems, which he put forth to the world under
+Ossian's name. The word 'Bran,' the name given to Fingal's noble
+hound, employed by others than Ossian, is Celtic, and signifies
+'Mountain Torrent,' implying that impetuosity of course and headlong
+courage which the dog possessed. I have said that many assert the
+Irish wolf-dog to be no longer in existence. I have ventured a denial
+of this, and refer to the wolf-dog or deer-dog of the Highlands of
+Scotland, as his actual and faithful living representative. Perhaps I
+am wrong in saying representative. I hold that the Irish wolf-dog and
+the Highland deer-dog are one and the same, and I now proceed to cite
+a few authorities in support of my position.
+
+"The Venerable Bede, as well as the Scotch historian John Major,
+informs us that Scotland was originally peopled from Ireland under the
+conduct of Renda, and that one half of Scotland spoke the Irish
+language as their mother-tongue. Many persons, also, are doubtless
+aware that, even at this present time, the Gaelic and Erse are so much
+alike, that a Connaught man finds no difficulty in comprehending and
+conversing with a Highlander. Scotland also was called by the early
+writers Scotia Minor, and Ireland, Scotia Major. The colonization,
+therefore, of Scotland from Ireland admits of little doubt. As the
+Irish wolf-dog was at that time in the enjoyment of his most extended
+fame, it was not to be expected that the colonists would omit taking
+with them such a fine description of dog, and which would prove so
+useful to them in a newly established settlement, and that, too, at a
+period when hunting was not merely an amusement, but one of their main
+occupations, and also their main source of subsistence. The Irish
+wolf-dog was thus carried into Scotland, and became the Highland or
+Scottish wolf-dog, changing in process of time his name with his
+country; and when wolves disappeared from the land, his occupation was
+that of deer-hunting, and thus his present name.
+
+"In Ireland the wolves were in existence longer than in Scotland, but
+as soon as wolves ceased to exist in the former country, the dogs were
+suffered to become extinct also, while in Scotland there was still
+abundant employment for them after the days of wolf-hunting were
+over--the deer still remained; and useful as they had been as
+wolf-dogs, they proved themselves, if possible, still more so as
+deer-hounds.
+
+"That the Irish wolf-dog was a tall, rough greyhound, similar in every
+respect to the Highland dog of the present day (of which an engraving
+is given) cannot be doubted from the following authorities. Strabo
+mentions a tall greyhound in use among the Pictish and Celtic nations,
+which he states was held in high esteem by our ancestors, and was even
+imported into Gaul for the purposes of the chase. Campion expressly
+speaks of the Irish wolf-dog as a 'greyhound of great bone and limb.'
+Silaus calls it also a greyhound, and asserts that it was imported
+into Ireland by the Belgae, and is the same with the renowned Belgic
+dog of antiquity, and that it was, during the days of Roman grandeur,
+brought to Rome for the combats of the Amphitheatre. Pliny relates a
+combat in which the Irish wolf-dog took a part: he calls them 'Canes
+Graii Hibernici,' and describes them as much taller than the mastiff.
+Holinshed, in speaking of the Irish, says, 'They are not without
+wolves, and greyhounds to hunt them.' Evelyn, speaking of the
+bear-garden, says, 'The bull-dogs did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog exceeded; which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature, and
+beat a cruel mastiff.'
+
+"Llewellyn, prince of Wales, was presented by King John with a
+specimen of this kind of dog. These animals were in those days
+permitted to be kept only by princes and chiefs; and in the Welsh laws
+of the ninth century we find heavy penalties laid down for the maiming
+or injuring of the Irish greyhound, or, as it was styled in the code
+alluded to, 'Canis Graius Hibernicus;' and a value was set on them,
+equal to more than double that set on the ordinary greyhound.
+
+"Moryson, secretary to Lord-deputy Mountjoy, says, 'The Irishmen and
+greyhounds are of great stature.' Lombard remarks, that the finest
+hunting dogs in Europe were produced in Ireland: 'Greyhounds useful to
+take the stag, wild boar, or wolf.' Pennant describes these dogs as
+scarce, and as being led to the chase in leather slips or thongs, and
+calls them 'the Irish greyhound.' Bay mentions him as the greatest dog
+he had ever seen. Buffon says, he saw an Irish greyhound, which
+measured five feet in height when in a sitting posture, and says that
+all other sorts of greyhounds are descended from him, and that in
+Scotland it is called the Highland greyhound: that it is very large,
+deep-chested, and covered with long rough hair.
+
+"Scottish noblemen were not always content with such specimens of this
+dog as their own country produced, but frequently sent for them to
+Ireland, conceiving, doubtless, that they would be found better and
+purer in their native land. The following is a copy of a letter
+addressed by Deputy Falkland to the Earl of Cork, in 1623:--
+
+    'My Lord,
+
+    'I have lately received letters from my Lord Duke of Buccleuch and
+    others of my noble friends, who have entreated me to send them
+    some greyhound dogs and bitches, out of this kingdom, of the
+    largest sort, which I perceive they intend to present unto divers
+    princes and other noble persons; and if you can possibly, let them
+    be white, which is the colour most in request here. Expecting your
+    answer by the bearer, I commit you to the protection of the
+    Almighty, and am your Lordship's attached friend,
+
+                                                           'FALKLAND.'
+
+"Smith, in his 'History of Waterford,' says, 'the Irish greyhound is
+nearly extinct: it is much taller than a mastiff, but more like a
+greyhound, and for size, strength, and shape, cannot be equalled.
+Roderick, king of Connaught, was obliged to furnish hawks and
+greyhounds to Henry II. Sir Thomas Rue obtained great favour from the
+Great Mogul in 1615, for a brace of Irish greyhounds presented by him.
+Henry VIII. presented the Marquis of Dessarages, a Spanish grandee,
+with two goshawks and four Irish greyhounds.'
+
+"Perhaps sufficient evidence has now been adduced to demonstrate the
+identity of the Irish wolf-dog with the Highland deer-hound. I may,
+however, in conclusion, give an extract from the excellent paper of
+Mr. Haffield, already alluded to, as having been read before the
+Dublin Natural History Society, and which was received by that
+gentleman from Sir William Betham, Ulster King-at-Arms, an authority
+of very high importance on any subject connected with Irish
+antiquities. Sir William says,--'From the mention of the wolf-dogs in
+the old Irish poems and stories, and also from what I have heard from
+a very old person, long since dead, of his having seen them at 'The
+Neale,' in the county of Mayo, the seat of Sir John Browne, ancestor
+to Lord Kilmaine, I have no doubt they were a gigantic greyhound. My
+departed friend described them as being very gentle, and says that Sir
+John Browne allowed them to come into his dining-room, where they put
+their heads over the shoulders of those who sat at table. They were
+not smooth-skinned, like our greyhounds, but rough and curly-haired.
+The Irish poets call the wolf-dog 'Cu,' and the common greyhound
+'Gayer;' a marked distinction, the word 'Cu' signifying a champion.'
+
+"The colour of these dogs varies, but the most esteemed are dark
+iron-grey, with white breast. They are, however, to be found of a
+yellowish or sandy hue, brindled, or even white. In former times, as
+will be seen from Lord Falkland's letter quoted above, this latter
+colour was by many preferred. It is described as a stately, majestic
+animal, extremely good-tempered and quiet in his disposition, unless
+when irritated or excited, when he becomes furious; and is, in
+consequence of his tremendous strength, a truly formidable animal."
+
+Goldsmith asserts that he had seen a dozen of these dogs, and informs
+us "that the largest was about four feet high, or as tall as a calf of
+a year old. They are generally of a white or cinnamon colour, and more
+robust than the greyhound--their aspect mild, and their disposition
+gentle and peaceable. It is said that their strength is so great, that
+in combat the mastiff or bull-dog is far from equal to them. They
+commonly seize their antagonists by the back and shake them to death.
+These dogs were never serviceable for hunting, either the stag, the
+fox, or the hare. Their chief utility was in hunting wolves, and to
+this breed may be attributed the final extirpation of those ferocious
+animals in England and Wales in early times in the woody districts."
+
+Having thus given these different accounts of the Irish wolf-dog, I
+may add that some persons are of opinion that there were two kinds of
+them--one partaking of the shape and disposition of the mastiff, and
+the other of the Highland deer-hound. It is not improbable that a
+noble cross of dogs might have been made from these two sorts. At all
+events I have fairly stated the whole of the information I have been
+able to obtain respecting these dogs, and my readers must form their
+own opinions. The following anecdote, recently communicated to me, is
+given in the words of the writer:--
+
+"Two whelps were made a present to my brother by Harvey Combe, of a
+breed between the old Irish wolf-dog and the blood-hound. My brother
+gave them to Robert Evatt, of Mount Louise, county Monaghan. One died
+young, but the other grew to be a very noble animal indeed.
+Unfortunately he took to chasing sheep, and became an incorrigible
+destroyer of that inoffensive but valuable stock. Evatt found he could
+not afford to keep such a marauder, and as he was going to Dublin he
+took up the sheep-killer, in order to present him to the Zoological
+Society as a fine specimen of the breed. His servant was holding him
+at the door of the hotel when a gig drove up, and the gentleman
+alighted. The dog sprung from the servant's hold, and jumping into the
+gig with one bound, seized the mat at the bottom of the gig, which was
+made of sheepskin, and with another bound made away with his woolly
+prize, and was brought back with difficulty, after a long and
+fatiguing pursuit."
+
+This is one of the most desperate cases of sheep-hunting in dogs I
+ever met with. It is said, that this propensity may be got rid of by
+tying a cord covered with wool to the dog's lower jaw, so that the
+wool may be kept in the mouth.
+
+I should mention, that in a manuscript of Froissart in the British
+Museum, which is highly illuminated, there is a representation of the
+grand entrance of Queen Isabel of England into Paris, in the year
+1324. She is attended by a noble greyhound, who has a flag, _powdered_
+with fleurs-de-lys, bound to his neck.
+
+Greyhounds were a favourite species of dog in the middle ages. In the
+ancient pipe-rolls, payments are frequently made in greyhounds. In
+Hawes' "Pastime of Pleasure," (written in the time of Henry VII.) Fame
+is attended by two greyhounds, on whose golden collars, "Grace" and
+"Governaunce" are inscribed in diamond letters.
+
+In the pictures of Rubens, Snyders, and other old masters, some of the
+powerful dogs there represented would appear to be a breed between the
+greyhound and mastiff. Nothing can exceed the majestic and commanding
+appearance of these dogs, and such a breed would be most likely to
+produce the sort of animal most capable of contending with the wolf.
+
+The Irish wolf-dogs were formerly placed as the supporters of the arms
+of the ancient Monarchs of Ireland. They were collared _or_, with the
+motto,
+
+    "Gentle when stroked--fierce when provoked."
+
+Mr. Scrope, in his agreeable book on deer-stalking in Scotland, has
+communicated an account from Mr. Macneill, of Colonsay, of the
+Highland deer-hound, in which are some interesting remarks relative to
+the Irish wolf-dog, and from which I shall make a few extracts.
+
+In making these extracts, it is impossible not to be struck with a
+remark in the work referred to, that from modern writers we learn
+nothing further respecting the Irish wolf-dog, than that such a race
+of dogs at one time existed in Ireland, that they were of a gigantic
+size, and that they are now extinct.
+
+One great obstacle in the way of investigating the history of this dog
+has arisen from the different appellations given to it, according to
+the fancy of the natives in different parts of the country, such as
+Irish wolf-dog, Irish greyhound, Highland deer-hound, and Scotch
+greyhound, and this circumstance may have produced the confusion in
+fixing its identity.
+
+In the fourth century a number of dogs, of a great size, were sent in
+iron cages from Ireland to Rome, and it is not improbable that the
+dogs so sent were greyhounds, particularly as we learn from the
+authority of Evelyn and others, that the Irish wolf-dog was used for
+the fights of the bear-garden. "Greyhound" probably means a "great
+hound."
+
+Holinshed, in his "Description of Ireland and the Irish," written in
+1586, has the following notice:--"They are not without wolves, and
+greyhounds to hunt them, bigger of bone and limb than a colt;" and in
+a frontispiece to Sir James Ware's "History of Ireland," an
+allegorical representation is given of a passage from the Venerable
+Bede, in which two dogs are introduced, bearing a strong resemblance
+to that given by Gesner, in his "History of Quadrupeds," published in
+1560.
+
+The term _Irish_ is applied to Highland dogs, as everything Celtic
+(not excepting the language) was designated in England; probably in
+consequence of Ireland being, at that period, better known to the
+English than Scotland. This is, perhaps, a proof of the similarity of
+the Irish and Scotch deer-hounds.
+
+Of the courage of the ancient deer-hound there can be little doubt,
+from the nature of the game for which he was used. If any proof were
+wanting, an incident mentioned by Evelyn in his Diary, in 1670, when
+present at a bull-fight in the bear-garden, is conclusive. He says,
+"The bulls (meaning the bull-dogs) did exceeding well, but the Irish
+wolf-dog exceeded, which was a tall greyhound, a stately creature,
+indeed, who beat a cruel mastiff."
+
+Here, perhaps, is a proof that the Irish wolf-dog was a greyhound; and
+there can be little doubt that it is the same dog we find mentioned
+under the name of the Irish greyhound.
+
+Buffon remarks that "the Irish greyhounds are of a very ancient race.
+They were called by the ancients, dogs of Epirus, and Albanian dogs.
+Pliny gives an account of a combat between one of these dogs, first
+with a lion, and then with an elephant. In France they are so rare,
+that I never saw above one of them, which appeared, when sitting, to
+be about five feet high. He was totally white, and of a mild and
+peaceable disposition."
+
+The following description of these dogs, translated from a Celtic
+poem, is probably an accurate one:--
+
+   "An eye of sloe, with ear not low,
+    With horse's breast, with depth of chest,
+    With breadth of loin, and curve in groin
+    And nape set far behind the head--
+    Such were the dogs that Fingal bred."
+
+It is probable that even in Scotland very few of the pure breed of
+dogs are left, but those which are show a surprising combination of
+speed, strength, size, endurance, courage, sagacity, docility, and it
+may be added, dignity. The purest specimens of the deer-hound now to
+be met with are supposed to be those belonging to Captain M'Neill of
+Colonsay, two of them being called Buskar and Bran. And here let me
+give an extract from an interesting and graphic account, published by
+Mr. Scrope, of the performance of these dogs in the chase of a stag.
+Let us fancy a party assembled over-night in a Highland glen,
+consisting of sportsmen, deer-stalkers, a piper and two deer-hounds,
+cooking their supper, and concluding it with the never-failing
+accompaniment of whisky-toddy. Let us fancy them reposing on a couch
+of dried fern and heather, and being awoke in the morning with the
+lively air of "Hey, Johnny Cope." While their breakfast is preparing,
+they wash and refresh themselves at a pure mountain stream, and are
+soon ready to issue forth with Buskar and Bran. The party proceeds up
+a rocky glen, where the stalker sees a stag about a mile off. He
+immediately prostrates himself on the ground, and in a second the rest
+follow his example. We will not follow all the different manoeuvres of
+the deer-stalker and his followers, but bring them at once near the
+unconscious stag. After performing a very considerable circuit, moving
+sometimes forwards and sometimes backwards, the party at length arrive
+at the back of a hillock, on the opposite side of which the stalker
+said, in a whisper, the deer was lying, and that he was not distant a
+hundred yards. The whole party immediately moved forward in silent and
+breathless expectation, with the dogs in front straining in the slips.
+On reaching the top of the hillock, a full view of the noble stag
+presented itself, who, having heard the footsteps, had sprung on his
+legs, and was staring at his enemies, at the distance of about sixty
+yards.
+
+"The dogs were slipped; a general halloo burst from us all, and the
+stag, wheeling round, set off at full speed, with Buskar and Bran
+straining after him.
+
+"The brown figure of the deer, with his noble antlers laid back,
+contrasted with the light colour of the dogs stretching along the dark
+heath, presented one of the most exciting scenes that it is possible
+to imagine.
+
+"The deer's first attempt was to gain some rising ground to the left
+of the spot where we stood, and rather behind us, but, being closely
+pursued by the dogs, he soon found that his only safety was in speed;
+and (as a deer does not run well up-hill, nor like a roe, straight
+down hill) on the dogs approaching him, he turned, and almost retraced
+his footsteps, taking, however, a steeper line of descent than the one
+by which he ascended. Here the chase became most interesting--the dogs
+pressed him hard, and the deer getting confused, found himself
+suddenly on the brink of a small precipice of about fourteen feet in
+height, from the bottom of which there sloped a rugged mass of stones.
+He paused for a moment, as if afraid to take the leap, but the dogs
+were so close that he had no alternative.
+
+"At this time the party were not above one hundred and fifty yards
+distant, and most anxiously waited the result, fearing, from the
+ruggedness of the ground below, that the deer would not survive the
+leap. They were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety, for though
+he took the leap, he did so more cunningly than gallantly, dropping
+himself in the most singular manner, so that his hind legs first
+reached the broken rocks below; nor were the dogs long in following
+him. Buskar sprang first, and, extraordinary to relate, did not lose
+his legs. Bran followed, and, on reaching the ground, performed a
+complete somerset. He soon, however, recovered his legs, and the chase
+was continued in an oblique direction down the side of a most rugged
+and rocky brae, the deer, apparently more fresh and nimble than ever,
+jumping through the rocks like a goat, and the dogs well up, though
+occasionally receiving the most fearful falls.
+
+"From the high position in which we were placed, the chase was visible
+for nearly half a mile. When some rising ground intercepted our view,
+we made with all speed for a higher point, and, on reaching it, we
+could perceive that the dogs, having got upon smooth ground, had
+gained on the deer, who was still going at speed, and were close up
+with him. Bran was then leading, and in a few seconds was at his
+heels, and immediately seized his hock with such violence of grasp, as
+seemed in a great measure to paralyse the limb, for the deer's speed
+was immediately checked. Buskar was not far behind, for soon
+afterwards passing Bran, he seized the deer by the neck.
+Notwithstanding the weight of the two dogs which were hanging to him,
+having the assistance of the slope of the ground, he continued
+dragging them along at a most extraordinary rate (in defiance of their
+utmost exertions to detain him), and succeeded more than once in
+kicking Bran off. But he became at length exhausted--the dogs
+succeeded in pulling him down; and though he made several attempts to
+rise, he never completely regained his legs.
+
+"On coming up, we found him perfectly dead, with the joints of both
+his forelegs dislocated at the knee, his throat perforated, and his
+chest and flanks much lacerated.
+
+"As the ground was perfectly smooth for a considerable distance round
+the place where he fell, and not in any degree swampy, it is difficult
+to account for the dislocation of his knees, unless it happened during
+his struggles to rise. Buskar was perfectly exhausted, and had lain
+down, shaking from head to foot much like a broken-down horse; but on
+our approaching the deer he rose, walked round him with a determined
+growl, and would scarcely permit us to get near him. He had not,
+however, received any cut or injury, while Bran showed several
+bruises, nearly a square inch having been taken off the front of his
+fore-leg, so that the bone was visible, and a piece of burnt heather
+had passed quite through his foot.
+
+"Nothing could exceed the determined courage displayed by both dogs,
+particularly by Buskar, throughout the chase, and especially in
+preserving his hold, though dragged by the deer in a most violent
+manner."
+
+It is hoped that this account of the high spirit and perseverance of
+the Scotch deer-hound will not be found uninteresting. This noble
+creature was the pride and companion of our ancestors, and for a long
+period in the history of this country, particularly in Ireland, the
+only dog used in the sports of the field. When we consider the great
+courage, combined with the most perfect gentleness of this animal, his
+gigantic, picturesque, and graceful form, it must be a subject of
+regret that the breed is likely to become extinct. Where shall we find
+dogs possessing such a combination of fine and noble qualities?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following anecdote, which with the accompanying fine engraving is
+taken from the New Sporting Magazine for January 1839, presents a
+striking example of the same kind:--
+
+"The incident which the artist has made the subject for our
+embellishment occurred with Lord Ossulston's stag-hounds, on Tuesday,
+the 1st of May, when the stag, after a fast run of an hour, jumped
+over a precipice, and broke his neck. The hounds were, at this time,
+close to his haunches, and a couple and a half of the leading dogs
+went over with the stag. Two of the hounds were so hurt that they
+could not move, and the third was found by the greencoat first up,
+lying on the dead deer."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted to that clever and intelligent authoress, Mrs. S. Carter
+Hall, for her recollections of an Irish wolf-dog and his master, which
+I cannot do better than give in her own words:--
+
+"When I was a child, I had a very close friendship with a genuine old
+wolf-dog, Bruno by name. He was the property of an old friend of my
+grandmother's, who claimed descent from the Irish kings. His name was
+O'Toole. His manners were the most courtly you can imagine; as they
+might well be, for he had spent much time and fortune at the French
+court, when Marie Antoinette was in her prime and beauty. His visits
+were my jubilees--there was the kind, dignified old gentleman, who
+told me tales--there was his tall, gaunt dog, grey with age, and yet
+with me full of play; and there were two rough terriers, whom Bruno
+kept in admirable order. He managed the little one by simply placing
+his paw upon it when it was too frisky; but Vixen, the large one, like
+many ladies, had a will of her own, and entertained some idea of being
+mistress. Bruno would bear a good deal from her, giving, however, now
+and then, a low deep growl; but when provoked too much, he would
+quietly lift the dog off the ground by the strength of his jaws (his
+teeth were gone), stand with her in his mouth at the doors until they
+were opened, and then deposit her, half strangled as she was, in a
+nettle-bed some distance from the house. The dog's discrimination was
+curious. If Vixen was thrown upon him, or if we forced her to insult
+him, he never punished her; but if she of her own accord teazed him
+more than his patience could bear, the punishment was certain to
+follow.
+
+"O'Toole and his dogs always occupied the same room, the terriers
+being on the bed with their master. No entreaty, however, ever induced
+Bruno to sleep on anything softer than stone. He would remove the
+hearth-rug and lay on the marble. His master used to instance the
+dog's disdain of luxury as a mark of his noble nature.
+
+"I should not omit to tell you, as characteristic of my old friend,
+that O'Toole was proud, and never would submit to be called 'Mr.'
+Meeting, one day, Lord Arne in Dame Street, Dublin, while the old man
+was followed by his three wolf-dogs, of which Bruno was the last, the
+young nobleman, who had also his followers in the shape of 'Parliament
+men,' said to the descendant of Irish kings, nodding to him familiarly
+at the same time, 'How do you do, _Mr._ O'Toole?' The old man paused,
+drew himself up, lifted his hat, made his courtly bow, and answered,
+'O'Toole salutes Arne.' I can recall nothing more picturesque than
+that majestic old gentleman and his dog, both remnants of a bygone
+age. Bruno was rough, but not long-coated, very grave, observant,
+enduring every one, very fond of children, playing with them gently,
+but only crouching and fawning on his master; 'and that,' O'Toole
+would say, 'is a proof of my royal blood.' I could fill a volume with
+memoirs of that fine old man. He was more than six feet in height, and
+his dog always sat with his head on his master's knee."
+
+This is altogether a pretty and interesting picture.
+
+The sagacity of this fine breed is well illustrated in what follows:--
+
+A gentleman walking along the road on Kingston Hill, accompanied by a
+friend and a noble deer-hound, which was also a retriever, threw his
+glove into a ditch; and having walked on for a mile, sent his dog back
+for it. After waiting a considerable time, and the dog not returning,
+they retraced their steps. Hearing loud cries in the distance, they
+hastened on, and at last saw the dog dragging a boy by his coat
+towards them. On questioning the boy, it appeared that he had picked
+up the glove and put it into his pocket. The sagacious animal had no
+other means of conveying it to his master than by compelling the boy
+to accompany him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following anecdotes are from Capt. Thomas Brown's now scarce work,
+"Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of Dogs." He says:--
+
+"Sir Walter Scott has most obligingly furnished me with the following
+anecdotes of his celebrated dog Maida:--
+
+"I was once riding over a field on which the reapers were at work, the
+stooks being placed behind them, as is usual. Maida having found a
+hare, began to chase her, to the great amusement of the spectators, as
+the hare turned very often and very swiftly among the stooks. At
+length, being hard pressed, she fairly bolted into one of them. Maida
+went in headlong after her, and the stook began to be much agitated in
+various directions. At length the sheaves tumbled down; and the hare
+and the dog, terrified alike at their overthrow, ran different ways,
+to the great amusement of the spectators."
+
+"Among several peculiarities which Maida possessed, one was a strong
+aversion to a certain class of artists, arising from the frequent
+restraints he was subjected to in having his portrait taken, on
+account of his majestic appearance. The instant he saw a pencil and
+paper produced he prepared to beat a retreat; and, if forced to
+remain, he exhibited the strongest marks of displeasure."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ranaldson Macdonell, Esq. of Glengarry, has most kindly furnished the
+following interesting notices and anecdotes of the Scottish Highland
+greyhound:--
+
+"Not many years since one of Glengarry's tenants, who had some
+business with his chief, happened to arrive at Glengarry House at
+rather an early hour in the morning. A deer-hound perceiving this
+person sauntering about before the domestics were astir, walked
+quietly up to him, took him gently by the wrist with his teeth, and
+proceeded to lead him off the ground. The man, finding him forbearing,
+attempted resistance; but the dog, instantly seizing his wrist with
+redoubled pressure, soon convinced him that his attempt was in vain.
+Thus admonished, the man took the hint, and quietly yielded to his
+canine conductor, who, without farther injury, led him to the outside
+of the gate, and then left him. The whole of the dogs at Glengarry
+House were allowed to go at liberty at all times.
+
+"The Highland greyhounds, or deer-hounds as they are called in the
+Highlands, have a great antipathy to the sheep-dogs, and never fail to
+attack them whenever an opportunity offers. A shepherd, whose colley
+had frequently been attacked by the deer-dogs of Glengarry singly, and
+always succeeded in beating them off on such occasions, was one day
+assailed by them in a body; and his life would have been in
+considerable danger, but for one of the keepers, who happened to pass
+at the time, and called them off.
+
+"The following circumstance will prove the exquisite sense of smell
+possessed by the deer-hound. One of this breed, named Bran, when held
+in the leash, followed the track of a wounded stag, and that in most
+unfavourable rainy weather, for three successive days, at the end of
+which time the game was shot. He was wounded first within nine miles
+of Invergarry House, and was traced that night to the estate of
+Glenmoriston. At dusk in the evening the deer-stalkers placed a stone
+on each side of the last fresh print of his hoof, and another over it;
+and this they did each night following. On the succeeding morning they
+removed the upper stone, when the dog recovered the scent, and the
+deer was that day traced over a great part of Glenmoriston's ground.
+On the third day he was retraced to the lands of Glengarry, and there
+shot.
+
+"My present dog, Comhstri, to great courage unites the quality of a
+gentle disposition, with much fidelity and attachment. Though not so
+large as some of his kindred, he is nevertheless as high-spirited and
+determined as any of his race, which the following circumstance will
+testify: 'About three years ago, a deer from the wood of Derrygarbh,
+whose previous hurts had been healed, came out of Glengarry's pass,
+who wounded it severely in the body with a rifle bullet. The
+deer-hounds were immediately laid on the blood-track. The stag was
+started in the course of a few minutes; the dogs were instantly
+slipped, and the fine animal ran to bay in a deep pool of water, below
+a cascade, on the Garyquulach burn. Comhstri immediately plunged in,
+and seized the stag by the throat; both went under water, surrounded
+with the white foam, slightly tinged with the deer's blood. The dog
+soon came to the surface to recover his breath; and before the other
+could do so, Comhstri dived, and again seized him by the throat. The
+stag was soon after taken out of the pool dead.
+
+"Comhstri's colour is grey, with a white chest; but we have had them
+of different colours at Glengarry, such as pure white, black,
+brindled, and sand-colour.
+
+"When the Highlanders dream of a _black_ dog, it is interpreted to
+mean one of the clan of Macdonell; but if of a deer-hound, it denotes
+a chief, or one of the principal persons of that clan."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That the Scottish dogs were much prized in England from the earliest
+times, the following interesting account, taken from Holinshed's
+Chronicles, 'Historie of Scotland,' p. 71, printed in 1586, will show.
+"And shortlie after the return of these ambassadors into their
+countrie, divers young gentlemen of the Pictish nobilitie repaired
+unto King Crathlint, to hunt and make merie with him; but when they
+should depart homewards, perceiving that the Scotish dogs did farre
+excell theirs, both in fairnesse, swiftnesse, hardinesse, and also in
+long standing up and holding out, they got diverse both dogs and
+bitches of the best kinds for breed to be given them by the Scotish
+Lords; and yet not so contented, they stole one belonging to the king
+from his keeper, being more esteemed of him than all the others which
+he had about him. The master of the leash being informed hereof,
+pursued after them which had stollen that dog, thinking indeed to
+have taken him from them; but they not willing to part with him, fell
+at altercation, and in the end chanced to strike the maister of the
+leash through with their horsespeares that he died presentlie:
+whereupon noise and crie being raised in the countrie by his servants,
+diverse of the Scots, as they were going home from hunting, returned,
+and, falling upon the Picts to revenge the death of their fellow,
+there ensued a shrewd bickering betwixt them, so that of the Scots
+there died three score gentlemen, besides a great number of the
+commons, not one of them understanding (till all was done) what the
+matter meant. Of the Picts there were about an hundred slaine. This
+circumstance led to a bloody war betwixt the two nations."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following interesting anecdote, related by Mr. Carr in his
+"Stranger in Ireland," there can be no doubt, I think, refers to the
+Irish wolf-dog. Mr. Carr says, that while on his journey to Ireland he
+"wandered to a little church, which owed its elevation to the
+following circumstance. Llewelyn the Great, who resided near the base
+of Snowdon, had a beautiful dog named Gelert, which had been presented
+to him by King John in 1205. One day, in consequence of the faithful
+animal, which at night always 'sentinelled his master's bed,' not
+making his appearance in the chase, Llewelyn returned home very angry,
+and met the dog, covered with blood, at the door of the chamber of
+his child. Upon entering it, he found the bed overturned, and the
+coverlet stained with gore. He called to his boy; but receiving no
+answer, he rashly concluded that he had been killed by Gelert, and in
+his anguish instantly thrust his sword through the poor animal's body.
+The Hon. Robert Spencer has beautifully told the remainder of the
+story.
+
+   'His suppliant looks, as prone he fell,
+      No pity could impart;
+    But still his Gelert's dying yell
+      Passed heavy on his heart.
+
+    Arous'd by Gelert's dying yell,
+      Some slumb'rer waken'd nigh:
+    What words the parent's joy could tell,
+      To hear his infant's cry?
+
+    Nor scathe had he, nor harm, nor dread:
+      But the same couch beneath,
+    Lay a gaunt wolf all torn and dead,
+      Tremendous still in death.
+
+    Ah! what was then Llewelyn's pain?
+      For now the truth was clear:--
+    His gallant hound the wolf had slain,
+      To save Llewelyn's heir.'[F]
+
+In order to mitigate his offence, Llewelyn built this chapel, and
+raised a tomb to poor Gelert; and the spot to this day is called
+_Beth-Gelert_, or the Grave of Gelert."
+
+I should not omit to mention, that in Mr. Windle's account of Cork,
+Kerry, &c., there is the following notice of the wolf and Irish
+wolf-dog.
+
+"The last wolf seen in Ireland was killed in the neighbourhood of
+Annascuit, near Dingle, in 1710. The place is still known by the name
+of the Wolf's Step. The Irish called the wolf-dog _Sagh cliun_; and
+old Campion, speaking of the Irish, says, They are not without wolves,
+and greyhounds to hunt them bigger of bone and limne than a colt."
+
+This noble animal is also described as "similar in shape to a
+greyhound, larger than a mastiff, and tractable as a spaniel."
+
+The following fact will serve to prove that the deer-hound is
+possessed of a fine sense of smelling, a circumstance which has been
+doubted by many persons.
+
+The head keeper of Richmond Park is possessed of a famous old
+deer-hound bitch, remarkable for her sagacity, and for having taken
+five bucks in one day. After a battue in the Park in the winter of
+1845, he directed one of the under-keepers to examine the ground
+carefully, which had been shot over the day before. He was accompanied
+by the old dog, who was to act as retriever. She came to a point in
+one of the covers, as was her custom when she seemed to find a rabbit;
+but the keeper, finding that it was a hare, called her off. After
+going some distance, the dog went back and pointed the hare a second
+time. The keeper put her up, and then found that she had been wounded,
+having had her hind leg broken. Here the fine sense of smelling was
+the more remarkable, as this old dog will not look at a hare, nor
+indeed can she be induced to run after one.
+
+One of her progeny ran a wounded buck into the large pond in the Park,
+swam after it, killed it in the water, and then seizing it by the
+foot, swam with it to the shore.
+
+Having now given my reader all the information I can gather on this
+dog of bygone times, I will gratify him with a letter I have received
+from a lady whose name is dear to Ireland, and highly placed in the
+ranks of English Literature:--
+
+    "Dear Sir,
+
+    "I am much flattered by your compliment to my national erudition,
+    a very scanty stock in my best of times, and now nearly used up,
+    in 'furnishing forth' the pages of many an idle tale, worked out
+    in the 'Irish Interest,' as the mouse nibbled at the lion's
+    net,--the same presumption, if not with the same results! However,
+    I will rub up my old '_Shannos_,' as Elizabeth said of her Latin,
+    and endeavour to recollect the little I have ever known on the
+    subject of the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+    "Natural history is too much a matter of fact to have ever
+    interested the poetic temperament of the Irish; Schools of Poetry,
+    Heraldry, and Music, were opened (says the Irish historians),
+    'time immemorial.' St. Patrick found the Academies of Lismore
+    and Armagh in a flourishing condition, when he arrived on his
+    great mission; and the more modern College of Clonard (founded in
+    the fifth century by Bishop Finnan), had a great reputation for
+    its learning and learned professors. But it does not appear that
+    there was any Chair of Natural History or Philosophy in these
+    scholastic Seminaries. Their Transactions recorded the miracles of
+    saints rather than the miracles of nature. And had some daring
+    Cuvier, or enterprising Lyell or Murchison, opened those spacious
+    cabinets, once
+
+                 'In the deep bosom of the ocean buried,'
+
+    or entombed in mountain layers for unnumbered ages, the Druid
+    priests would probably have immolated the daring naturalist under
+    his highest oak. Is it quite sure that the Prior of Armagh, or the
+    founder of the Royal Academy of Clonard, the good Saint Finnan
+    himself, would have served them much better? Certain, however, it
+    is, that the Druids, Bards, Filiahs, Senachies and Saints of
+    Ireland, who left such mighty reputations behind them for
+    learning, have not dropped one word on the subject of the natural
+    history of their 'Isle of Song;' and though they may have dabbled
+    a little in that prosaic pursuit, they probably soon discovered
+    its perilous tendency, and sang with the last and most charming of
+    Irish Bards,--
+
+                          'No, Science, to you
+              We have long bade a last and careless adieu.'
+
+    "Nearly two thousand years after the foundation of the most
+    learned Academies of Ireland, a pretty little Zoological Garden
+    was opened in the capital of the country; but no living type of
+    the Irish wolf-dog is to be found there, nor were any 'fossil
+    remains' of the noble animal discovered in the Wicklow Mines,[G]
+    which were worked some fifty years back, but which, for want of
+    capital or perseverance, only furnished a few Cronobane halfpence,
+    and materials for a musical farce to one of the most delightful
+    farcical Irish writers of his time;[H] for in Ireland,
+
+                       'Tout finis par un chanson,'
+
+    (as Figaro had it of the France of his age,) when worse results do
+    not follow disappointment.
+
+    "The Irish wolf-dog, therefore, it may be asserted, belongs to the
+    poetical traditions of Ireland, or to its remote Milesian
+    histories. 'Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, and others, the
+    immediate posterity of Noah, after the dispersion of mankind at
+    Babel, ventured (it is said), to 'commit themselves by ships upon
+    the sea,' to search out the unknown corners of the world, and thus
+    found out a western land called Ireland.'--(Dr. Warner.)
+
+    "It is probable they were the first to disturb its tranquillity by
+    the introduction of wolves, a fragment of the menagerie of the
+    Ark; for all noxious and destructive animals and reptiles were
+    brought into Ireland by her invaders. The soil and clime of the
+    'woody Morven,' however, though not genial to their
+    naturalisation, was long a prey to one of the most ferocious
+    animals imported by foreign aggression to increase and multiply.
+    Ireland swarmed with wolves, and its colonists and aborigines
+    would in time have alike shared the fate of 'little Red Riding
+    Hood;' when, lo! up started the noble _Canis familiaris
+    Hibernicus_, which, greatly improved by a cross with the wolf
+    itself, was found everywhere in fierce antagonism with foreign
+    ferocity; and for his eminent services was not only speedily
+    adopted by patriot kings and heroes, as part of their courtly and
+    warlike parade, but sung by bards and immortalised by poets, as
+    worthy of such illustrious companionship. It is thus Bran, the
+    famous and beloved hound of Fingal, has become as immortal as his
+    master; and a track is still shown on a mountain in Tyrone, near
+    New Town Stuart, called 'The Track of the Foot of Bran, the Hound
+    of Fionne Mac Cumhall.' So much for poetry and tradition. Modern
+    naturalists, however, in their animal biography and prosaic view
+    of things, have assigned the introduction of the wolf-dog in
+    Ireland to the Danes, who brought it over in their first invasion;
+    and its resemblance to '_Le gros Danois_' of Buffon favours the
+    supposition. 'When Ireland swarmed with wolves,' says Pennant,
+    'these dogs were confined to the chase; but as soon as these
+    animals were extirpated, the number of the dogs decreased, and
+    from that period were kept chiefly for state.' Goldsmith mentions
+    having only seen in his time in Ireland one Irish wolf-hound that
+    was four feet high. And though the father of the late Marquis of
+    Sligo endeavoured to preserve the breed, his kennels in latter
+    years exhibited but a scanty specimen. These majestic and
+    beautiful animals are now, I believe, quite extinct in Ireland,
+    where their scarcity is accounted for by Mr. Pennant as 'the
+    consequence of the late King of Poland having procured from thence
+    by his agents as many as could be purchased.' The last notice
+    taken of the Irish wolf-dog in fictitious narrative may, I
+    believe, be found in one of my own national novels, 'O'Donnel,'
+    where the hero and his hound are first introduced to the reader
+    together. I borrowed the picture, as I gave it, from living
+    originals, which in my earliest youth struck forcibly on my
+    imagination, in the person of the celebrated Archibald Hamilton
+    Rowan, accompanied by his Irish hound Bran!
+
+    "This is all I know or can recollect of my noble and beautiful
+    compatriot; but I remember that when some writer in 'Fraser's
+    Magazine' styled me 'that Irish she wolf-dog,' I felt complimented
+    by the epithet, since to attack the enemies of Ireland, and to
+    worry when they could not destroy them, was the peculiar
+    attribute of the species.
+
+                 "I have the honour to be, dear Sir,
+
+                         "Most truly yours,
+
+                                     "SYDNEY MORGAN."
+
+    "_William Street, Albert Gate._"
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.]
+
+THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
+
+    "Nor will it less delight th' attentive sage,
+    T' observe that instinct which unerring guides
+    The brutal race, which mimics reason's lore,
+    And oft transcends.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    The dog, whom nothing can mislead,
+    Must be a dog of parts indeed.
+    Is often wiser than his master."
+                                      SOMMERVILLE.
+
+
+This noble dog may be justly styled the friend and guardian of his
+master. I had some doubts in making out my list of dogs, whether he
+ought not to take precedence of all others; but, after duly weighing
+the matter in my own mind, I have given the palm to the Irish
+wolf-hound, and the honest Newfoundland immediately follows him. I not
+only think that this precedence will gratify some of my friends in
+Ireland, who have called upon me to do justice to one of their
+favourite and national emblems, but it is, perhaps, due in strict
+justice to an animal who proved himself so great a benefactor to his
+native country. There is, moreover, such a degree of romance attached
+to the recollection of his fine qualities and imposing appearance,
+that I should be sorry to lessen them by appearing to give the
+preference to any other dog. At the same time I may be allowed to add,
+that I have seen such courage, perseverance, and fidelity in the
+Newfoundland dog, and am acquainted with so many well-authenticated
+facts of his more than ordinary sense and utility, that I think him
+entitled to be considered as little inferior to the Irish wolf-dog.
+
+When we reflect on the docility of the Newfoundland dog, his
+affectionate disposition, his aptitude in receiving instruction, and
+his instantaneous sense of impending danger, we shall no longer wonder
+at his being called the friend of his master, whom he is at all times
+ready to defend at the risk of his own life. How noble is his
+appearance, and at the same time how serene is his countenance!
+
+   "Sa fierte, sa beaute, sa jeunesse agreable
+    Le fit cherir de vous, et il est redoutable
+    A vos fiers ennemis par sa courage."
+
+No animal, perhaps, can show more real courage than this dog. His
+perseverance in what he undertakes is so great, that he never
+relinquishes an attempt which has been enjoined him as long as there
+is a chance of success. I allude more particularly to storms at sea
+and consequent shipwreck, when his services, his courage, and
+indefatigable exertions, have been truly wonderful. Numerous persons
+have been saved from a watery grave by these dogs, and ropes have been
+conveyed by them from a sinking ship to the shore amidst foaming
+billows, by which means whole crews have been saved from destruction.
+Their feet are particularly well adapted to enable them to swim, being
+webbed very much like those of a duck, and they are at all times ready
+to plunge into the water to save a human being from drowning. Some
+dogs delight in following a fox, others in hunting the hare, or
+killing vermin. The delight of the Newfoundland dog appears to be in
+the preservation of the lives of the human race. A story is related on
+good authority of one of these dogs being in the habit, when he saw
+persons swimming in the Seine at Paris, of seizing them and bringing
+them to the shore. In the immediate neighbourhood of Windsor a servant
+was saved from drowning by a Newfoundland dog, who seized him by the
+collar of his coat when he was almost exhausted, and brought him to
+the banks, where some of the family were assembled watching with great
+anxiety the exertions of the noble animal.
+
+Those who were much at Windsor, not many years since, must have seen a
+fine Newfoundland dog, called Baby, reposing occasionally in front of
+the White Hart Hotel. Baby was a general favourite, and he deserved to
+be so; for he was mild in his disposition, brave as a lion, and very
+sensible. When he was thirsty, and could not procure water at the pump
+in the yard, he has frequently been seen to go to the stable, fetch an
+empty bucket, and stand with it in his mouth at the pump till some one
+came for water. He then, by wagging his tail and expressive looks,
+made his want known, and had his bucket filled. Exposed as Baby was to
+the attacks of all sorts of curs, as he slumbered in the sun in front
+of the hotel, he seemed to think that a pat with his powerful paw was
+quite sufficient punishment for them, but he never tamely submitted to
+insult from a dog approaching his own size, and his courage was only
+equalled by his gentleness.
+
+The following anecdote, which is well authenticated, shows the
+sagacity as well as the kindliness of disposition of these dogs. In
+the city of Worcester, one of the principal streets leads by a gentle
+declivity to the river Severn. One day a child, in crossing the
+street, fell down in the middle of it, and a horse and cart, which
+were descending the hill, would have passed over it, had not a
+Newfoundland dog rushed to the rescue of the child, caught it up in
+his mouth, and conveyed it in safety to the foot pavement.
+
+My kind friend, Mr. T----, took a Newfoundland dog and a small spaniel
+into a boat with him on the river Thames, and when he got into the
+middle of the river, he turned them into the water. They swam
+different ways, but the spaniel got into the current, and after
+struggling some time was in danger of being drowned. As soon as the
+Newfoundland dog perceived the predicament of his companion, he swam
+to his assistance, and brought him safe to the shore.
+
+A vessel went down in a gale of wind near Liverpool, and every one on
+board perishes. A Newfoundland dog was seen swimming about the place
+where the vessel was lost for some time, and at last came on shore
+very much exhausted. For three days he swam off to the same spot, and
+was evidently trying to find his lost master, so strong was his
+affection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have always been pleased with that charming remark of Sir Edwin
+Landseer, that the Newfoundland dog was a "distinguished Member of the
+Humane Society." How delightfully has that distinguished artist
+portrayed the character of dogs in his pictures! and what justice has
+he done to their noble qualities! We see in them honesty, fidelity,
+courage, and sense--no exaggeration--no flattery. He makes us feel
+that his dogs will love us without selfishness, and defend us at the
+risk of their own lives--that though friends may forsake us, they
+never will--and that in misfortune, poverty, and death, their
+affection will be unchanged, and their gratitude unceasing. But to
+return to the Newfoundland dog, and we shall again find him acting his
+part as a Member of the Humane Society.
+
+A gentleman bathing in the sea at Portsmouth, was in the greatest
+danger of being drowned. Assistance was loudly called for, but no boat
+was ready, and though many persons were looking on, no one could be
+found to go to his help. In this predicament, a Newfoundland dog
+rushed into the sea and conveyed the gentleman in safety to land. He
+afterwards purchased the dog for a large sum, treated him as long as
+he lived with gratitude and kindness, and had the following words
+worked on his table-cloths and napkins--"_Virum extuli mari_."
+
+A person, in crossing a plank at a mill, fell into the stream at
+night, and was saved by his Newfoundland dog, and who afterwards
+recovered his hat, which had fallen from his head, and was floating
+down the stream.
+
+There can be no doubt but that dogs calculate, and almost reason. A
+dog who had been in the habit of stealing from a kitchen, which had
+two doors opening into it, would never do so if one of them was shut,
+as he was afraid of being caught. If both the doors were open, his
+chance of escape was greater, and he therefore seized what he could.
+This sort of calculation, if I may call it is so, was shown by a
+Newfoundland bitch. She had suckled two whelps until they were able to
+take care of themselves. They were, however, constantly following and
+disturbing her in order to be suckled, when she had little or no milk
+to give them. She was confined in a shed, which was separated from
+another by a wooden partition some feet high. Into this shed she
+conveyed her puppies, and left them there while she returned to the
+other to enjoy a night's rest unmolested. This shows that the animal
+was capable of reflecting to a degree beyond what would have been the
+result of mere instinct.
+
+The late Rev. James Simpson, of the Potterrow congregation, Edinburgh,
+had a large dog of the Newfoundland breed. At that time he lived at
+Libberton, a distance of two miles from Edinburgh, in a house to which
+was attached a garden. One Sacrament Sunday the servant, who was left
+at home in charge of the house, thought it a good opportunity to
+entertain her friends, as her master and mistress were not likely to
+return home till after the evening's service, about nine o'clock.
+During the day the dog accompanied them through the garden, and indeed
+wherever they went, in the most attentive manner, and seemed well
+pleased. In the evening, when the time arrived that the party meant to
+separate, they proceeded to do so; but the dog, the instant they went
+to the door, interposed, and placing himself before it, would not
+allow one of them to touch the handle. On their persisting and
+attempting to use force he became furious, and in a menacing manner
+drove them back into the kitchen, where he kept them until the arrival
+of Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, who were surprised to find the party at so
+late an hour, and more so to see the dog standing sentinel over them.
+Being thus detected, the servant acknowledged the whole circumstance,
+when her friends were allowed to depart, after being admonished by the
+worthy divine in regard to the proper use of the Sabbath. They could
+not but consider the dog as an instrument in the hand of Providence to
+point out the impropriety of spending this holy day in feasting rather
+than in the duties of religion.
+
+After the above circumstance, it became necessary for Mr. Simpson, on
+account of his children's education, to leave his country residence,
+when he took a house in Edinburgh in a common stair. Speaking of this,
+one day, to a friend who had visited him, he concluded that he would
+be obliged to part with his dog, as he was too large an animal to be
+kept in such a house. The animal was present, and heard him say so,
+and must have understood what he meant, as he disappeared that
+evening, and was never afterwards heard of. These circumstances have
+been related to me by an elder of Mr. Simpson's congregation, who had
+them from himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted to the late amiable Lord Stowell for the following
+anecdote, which has since been verified by Mr. Henry Wix, brother of
+the archdeacon:--
+
+A Newfoundland dog belonging to Archdeacon Wix, which had never
+quitted the island, was brought over to London by him in January
+1834, and when he and his family landed at Blackwall the dog was left
+on board the vessel. A few days afterwards the Archdeacon went from
+the Borough side of the Thames in a boat to the vessel, which was then
+in St. Katherine's Docks, to see about his luggage, but did not intend
+at that time to take the dog from the ship; however, on his leaving
+the vessel the dog succeeded in extricating himself from his
+confinement, jumped overboard, and swam after the boat across the
+Thames, followed his master into a counting-house on Gun-shot Wharf,
+Tooley Street, and then over London Bridge and through the City to St.
+Bartholomew's Hospital. The dog was shut within the square whilst the
+Archdeacon went into his father's house, and he then followed him on
+his way to Russell Square, but strayed somewhere in Holborn; and as
+several gentlemen had stopped to admire him in the street, saying he
+was worth a great deal of money, the Archdeacon concluded that some
+dog-stealer had enticed him away. He however wrote to the captain of
+the vessel to mention his loss, and made inquiries on the following
+morning at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, when he learnt that the dog had
+come to the gates late in the evening, and howled most piteously for
+admission, but was driven away. Two days afterwards the captain of the
+vessel waited on the Archdeacon with the dog, who had not only found
+his way back to the water's edge, on the Borough side, but, what is
+more surprising, swam across the Thames, where no scent could have
+directed him, and found out the vessel in St. Katherine's Docks.
+
+This sagacious and affectionate creature had, previous to his leaving
+Newfoundland, saved his master's life by directing his way home when
+lost in a snow-storm many miles from any shelter.
+
+The dog was presented to the Archdeacon's uncle, Thomas Poynder, Esq.,
+Clapham Common, in whose possession it continued until its death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Every particular has been faithfully given of this extraordinary
+occurrence. Here we see a dog brought for the first time from
+Newfoundland, and who can scarcely be said to have put his feet on
+ground in England, not only finding his way through a crowded city to
+the banks of the river, but also finding the ship he wanted in that
+river, and in which he evidently thought he should discover his lost
+master. It is an instance of sense of so peculiar a kind that it is
+difficult to define it, or the faculty which enables animals to find
+their way to a place over ground which they had not previously
+traversed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A gentleman of Suffolk, on an excursion with his friend, was attended
+by a Newfoundland dog, which soon became the subject of conversation.
+The master, after a warm eulogium upon the perfections of his canine
+favourite, assured his companion that he would, upon receiving the
+order, return and fetch any article he should leave behind, from any
+distance. To confirm this assertion, a marked shilling was put under a
+large square stone by the side of the road, being first shown to the
+dog. The gentlemen then rode for three miles, when the dog received
+his signal from the master to return for the shilling he had seen put
+under the stone. The dog turned back; the gentlemen rode on, and
+reached home; but to their surprise and disappointment the hitherto
+faithful messenger did not return during the day. It afterwards
+appeared that he had gone to the place where the shilling was
+deposited, but the stone being too large for his strength to remove,
+he had stayed howling at the place till two horsemen riding by, and
+attracted by his seeming distress, stopped to look at him, when one of
+them alighting, removed the stone, and seeing the shilling, put it
+into his pocket, not at the time conceiving it to be the object of the
+dog's search. The dog followed their horses for twenty miles, remained
+undisturbed in the room where they supped, followed the chambermaid
+into the bedchamber, and secreted himself under one of the beds. The
+possessor of the shilling hung his trousers upon a nail by the
+bed-side; but when the travellers were both asleep, the dog took them
+in his mouth, and leaping out of the window, which was left open on
+account of the sultry heat, reached the house of his master at four
+o'clock in the morning with the prize he had made free with, in the
+pocket of which were found a watch and money, that were returned upon
+being advertised, when the whole mystery was mutually unravelled, to
+the admiration of all the parties.[I]
+
+Many years ago, I saw a horse belonging to a quartermaster in the 1st
+Dragoon Guards, when the regiment was quartered at Ipswich, find a
+shilling, which was covered with sawdust, in the riding-school at the
+Cavalry Barracks at that place, and give it to his owner. I thought
+this a wonderful instance of sagacity as well as docility, but how
+very far does this fall short of the intellectual faculty of dogs! I
+do not intend to assert that they are endowed with mental powers equal
+to those which the human race possess, but to contend that there is
+not a faculty of the human mind of which some evident proofs of its
+existence may not be found in dogs. Thus we find them possessed of
+memory, imagination, the powers of imitation, curiosity, cunning,
+revenge, ingenuity, gratitude, devotion, or affection, and other
+qualities. They are able to communicate their wants, their pleasures,
+and their pains, their apprehensions of danger, and their prospects of
+future good, by modulating their voices accordingly, and by
+significant gestures. They perfectly comprehend our wishes, and live
+with us as friends and companions. When the fear of man and dread of
+him were inflicted as a curse on the animal creation, the dog-kind
+alone seems an exception, and their sagacity and fidelity to the
+human race was an incalculable blessing bestowed upon them. These
+remarks are fully borne out in a very interesting article on the dog
+in the "Quarterly Review" of September, 1843.
+
+A fine, handsome, and valuable black dog of the Newfoundland species,
+belonging to Mr. Floyd, solicitor, Holmfirth, committed suicide by
+drowning itself in the river which flows at the back of its owner's
+habitation. For some days previous the animal seemed less animated
+than usual, but on this particular occasion he was noticed to throw
+himself into the water and endeavour to sink by preserving perfect
+stillness of the legs and feet. Being dragged out of the stream, the
+dog was tied up for a time, but had no sooner been released than he
+again hastened to the water and again tried to sink, and was again got
+out. This occurred many times, until at length the animal with
+repeated efforts appeared to get exhausted, and by dint of keeping his
+head determinedly under water for a few minutes succeeded at last in
+obtaining his object, for when taken out this time he was indeed dead.
+The case is worth recording, as affording another proof of the general
+instinct and sagacity of the canine race.
+
+Mr. Nicol, late of Pall Mall, told me he saw an old foxhound
+deliberately drown itself, and was ready to make oath of it.
+
+Mrs. Kaye, residing opposite Windsor Park Wall, Datchet, had a
+beautiful Newfoundland dog. For the convenience of the family a boat
+was kept, that they might at times cross the water without the
+inconvenience of going a considerable way round to Datchet Bridge. The
+dog was so delighted with the aquatic trips, that he very rarely
+permitted the boat to go without him. It happened that the coachman,
+who had been but little accustomed to the depths and shallows of the
+water, intending a forcible push with the punt pole, which was not
+long enough to reach the bottom, fell over the side of the boat in the
+deepest part of the water, and in the central part of the current,
+which accident was observed by a part of the family then at the front
+windows of the house; sudden and dreadful as the alarm was, they had
+the consolation of seeing the sagacious animal instantaneously follow
+his companion, when after diving, and making two or three abortive
+attempts, by laying hold of different parts of his apparel, which as
+repeatedly gave way or overpowered his exertions, he then, with the
+most determined and energetic fortitude, seized him by the arm, and
+brought him to the edge of the bank, where the domestics of the
+terrified family were ready to assist in extricating him from his
+perilous situation.[J]
+
+I have mentioned that revenge had been shown by dogs, and the
+following is an instance of it. A gentleman was staying at Worthing,
+where his Newfoundland dog was teased and annoyed by a small cur,
+which snapped and barked at him. This he bore, without appearing to
+notice it, for some time; but at last the Newfoundland dog seemed to
+lose his usual patience and forbearance, and he one day, in the
+presence of several spectators, took the cur up by his back, swam with
+it into the sea, held it under the water, and would probably have
+drowned it, had not a boat been put off and rescued it. There was
+another instance communicated to me. A fine Newfoundland dog had been
+constantly annoyed by a small spaniel. The former, seizing the
+opportunity when they were on a terrace under which a river flowed,
+took up the spaniel in his mouth, and dropped it over the parapet into
+the river.
+
+Jukes, in his "Excursions in and about Newfoundland," says, "A thin,
+short-haired black dog, belonging to George Harvey, came off to us
+to-day; this animal was of a breed very different from what we
+understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin
+tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin but powerful legs,
+with a lank body, the hair short and smooth. These are the most
+abundant dogs of the country, the long-haired curly dogs being
+comparatively rare. They are by no means handsome, but are generally
+more intelligent and useful than the others. This one caught his own
+fish; he sat on a projecting rock beneath a fish-lake or stage, where
+the fish are laid to dry, watching the water, which had a depth of six
+or eight feet, the bottom of which was white with fish-bones. On
+throwing a piece of codfish into the water, three or four heavy,
+clumsy-looking fish, called in Newfoundland sculpins, with great heads
+and mouths, and many spines about them, and generally about a foot
+long, would swim in to catch it. These he would '_set_' attentively,
+and the moment one turned his broadside to him, he darted down like a
+fish-hawk, and seldom came up without the fish in his mouth. As he
+caught them he carried them regularly to a place a few yards off,
+where he laid them down; and they told us that in the summer he would
+sometimes make a pile of fifty or sixty a-day just at that place. He
+never attempted to eat them, but seemed to be fishing purely for his
+own amusement. I watched him for about two hours, and when the fish
+did not come I observed he once or twice put his right foot in the
+water, and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he
+did it to _toll_ or entice the fish; but whether it was for that
+specific reason, or merely a motion of impatience, I could not exactly
+decide."
+
+Extraordinary as the following anecdote may appear to some persons, it
+is strictly true, and strongly shows the sense, and I am almost
+inclined to add, reason of the Newfoundland dog.
+
+A friend of mine, while shooting wild fowl with his brother, was
+attended by a sagacious dog of this breed. In getting near some reeds
+by the side of a river, they threw down their hats, and crept to the
+edge of the water, when they fired at some birds. They soon afterwards
+sent the dog to bring their hats, one of which was smaller than the
+other. After several attempts to bring them both together in his
+mouth, the dog at last placed the smaller hat in the larger one,
+pressed it down with his foot, and thus was able to bring them both at
+the same time.
+
+A gentleman residing in Fifeshire, and not far from the city of St.
+Andrews, was in possession of a very fine Newfoundland dog, which was
+remarkable alike for its tractability and its trustworthiness. At two
+other points, each distant about a mile, and at the same distance from
+this gentleman's mansion, there were two dogs of great power, but of
+less tractable breeds than the Newfoundland one. One of these was a
+large mastiff, kept as a watch-dog by a farmer, and the other a stanch
+bull-dog, that kept guard over the parish mill. As each of these three
+was lord-ascendant of all animals at his master's residence, they all
+had a good deal of aristocratic pride and pugnacity, so that two of
+them seldom met without attempting to settle their respective
+dignities by a wager of battle.
+
+The Newfoundland dog was of some service in the domestic arrangements,
+besides his guardianship of the house; for every forenoon he was sent
+to the baker's shop in the village, about half-a-mile distant, with a
+towel containing money in the corner, and he returned with the value
+of the money in bread. There were many useless and not over-civil curs
+in the village, as there are in too many villages throughout the
+country; but generally the haughty Newfoundland treated this ignoble
+race in that contemptuous style in which great dogs are wont to
+treat little ones. When the dog returned from the baker's shop, he
+used to be regularly served with his dinner, and went peaceably on
+house-duty for the rest of the day.
+
+One day, however, he returned with his coat dirtied and his ears
+scratched, having been subjected to a combined attack of the curs
+while he had charge of his towel and bread, and so could not defend
+himself. Instead of waiting for his dinner as usual, he laid down his
+charge somewhat sulkily, and marched off; and, upon looking after him,
+it was observed that he was crossing the intervening hollow in a
+straight line for the house of the farmer, or rather on an embassy to
+the farmer's mastiff. The farmer's people noticed this unusual visit,
+which they were induced to do from its being a meeting of peace
+between those who had habitually been belligerents. After some
+intercourse, of which no interpretation could be given, the two set
+off together in the direction of the mill; and having arrived there,
+they in brief space engaged the miller's bull-dog as an ally.
+
+The straight road to the village where the indignity had been offered
+to the Newfoundland dog passed immediately in front of his master's
+house, but there was a more private and more circuitous road by the
+back of the mill. The three took this road, reached the village,
+scoured it in great wrath, putting to the tooth every cur they could
+get sight of; and having taken their revenge, and washed themselves in
+a ditch, they returned, each dog to the abode of his master; and,
+when any two of them happened to meet afterwards, they displayed the
+same pugnacity as they had done previous to this joint expedition.
+
+There is a well-authenticated anecdote of two dogs at Donaghadee, in
+which the instinctive daring of the one by the other caused a
+friendship, and, as it should seem, a kind of lamentation for the
+dead, after one of them had paid the debt of nature. This happened
+while the Government harbour or pier for the packets at Donaghadee was
+in the course of building, and it took place in the sight of several
+witnesses. The one dog in this case was also a Newfoundland, and the
+other was a mastiff. They were both powerful dogs; and though each was
+good-natured when alone, they were very much in the habit of fighting
+when they met. One day they had a fierce and prolonged battle on the
+pier, from the point of which they both fell into the sea; and as the
+pier was long and steep, they had no means of escape but by swimming a
+considerable distance. Throwing water upon fighting dogs is an
+approved means of putting an end to their hostilities; and it is
+natural to suppose that two combatants of the same species tumbling
+themselves into the sea would have the same effect. It had; and each
+began to make for the land as best he could. The Newfoundland being an
+excellent swimmer, very speedily gained the pier, on which he stood
+shaking himself; but at the same time watching the motions of his late
+antagonist, which, being no swimmer, was struggling exhausted in the
+water, and just about to sink. In dashed the Newfoundland dog, took
+the other gently by the collar, kept his head above water, and brought
+him safely on shore. There was a peculiar kind of recognition between
+the two animals; they never fought again; they were always together:
+and when the Newfoundland dog had been accidentally killed by the
+passage of a stone waggon on the railway over him, the other
+languished and evidently lamented for a long time.
+
+A gentleman had a pointer and Newfoundland dog, which were great
+friends. The former broke his leg, and was confined to a kennel.
+During that time the Newfoundland never failed bringing bones and
+other food to the pointer, and would sit for hours together by the
+side of his suffering friend.
+
+During a period of very hot weather, the Mayor of Plymouth gave orders
+that all dogs found wandering in the public streets should be secured
+by the police, and removed to the prison-yard. Among them was a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to a shipowner of the port, who, with
+several others, was tied up in the yard. The Newfoundland soon gnawed
+the rope which confined him, and then hearing the cries of his
+companions to be released, he set to work to gnaw the ropes which
+confined them, and had succeeded in three or four instances, when he
+was interrupted by the entrance of the jailor.
+
+A nearly similar case has frequently occurred in the Cumberland
+Gardens, Windsor Great Park. Two dogs of the Newfoundland breed were
+confined in kennels at that place. When one of them was let loose, he
+has been frequently seen to set his companion free.
+
+A boatman once plunged into the water to swim with another man for a
+wager. His Newfoundland dog, mistaking the purpose, and supposing that
+his master was in danger, plunged after him, and dragged him to the
+shore by his hair, to the great diversion of the spectators.
+
+Mr. Peter Macarthur informs me, that in the year 1821, when opposite
+to Falmouth, he was at breakfast with a gentleman, when a large
+Newfoundland dog, all dripping with water, entered the room, and laid
+a newspaper on the table. The gentleman (who was one of the Society of
+Friends) informed the party, that this dog swam regularly across the
+ferry every morning, and went to the post-office, and fetched the
+papers of the day.
+
+Mr. Blaine, in his "Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports," tells the following
+story:--A Newfoundland dog, of the small, smooth-haired variety, in
+coming to England from his native country, was washed overboard during
+a tempestuous night. As daylight appeared the gale ceased, when a
+sailor at the mast-head descried something far in the wake of the
+vessel, which, by the help of his glass, he was led to believe was the
+dog, which was so great a favourite with the crew that it was
+unanimously requested of the captain of the vessel to _lie to_, and
+wait for the chance of saving the poor brute. The captain, who had
+probably lost some time already by the storm, peremptorily refused to
+listen to the humane proposal. Whether it was the kindly feeling of
+the sailors, or the superstitious dread that if the dog were suffered
+to perish nothing would afterwards prosper with them, we are not
+informed; but we do know that, as soon as a refusal was made, the
+steersman left the helm, roundly asserting that he for one would never
+lend a hand to steer away from either Christian or brute in distress.
+The feeling was immediately caught by the rest of the crew, and
+maintained so resolutely, that the captain was forced to accede to the
+general wish; and the poor dog eventually reached the ship in safety,
+after having been, as we were informed, and implicitly believe, some
+hours in a tempestuous sea.
+
+Bewick mentions an instance which shows the extraordinary sagacity of
+these dogs.
+
+In a severe storm, a ship was lost off Yarmouth, and no living
+creature escaped, except a Newfoundland dog, which swam to the shore
+with the captain's pocket-book in his mouth. Several of the bystanders
+attempted to take it from him, but he would not part with it. At
+length, selecting one person from the crowd, whose appearance probably
+pleased him, he leaped against his breast in a fawning manner, and
+delivered the book to his care.
+
+After mentioning this anecdote it will not be displeasing to read Lord
+Grenville's lines on his faithful Newfoundland, as they may now be
+seen at Dropmore, with the translation of them:--
+
+                        TIPPO.
+
+                       IN VILLA.
+
+    Tippo ego hic jaceo, lapidem ne sperne, viator,
+      Qui tali impositus stat super ossa cani.
+    Larga mi natura manu dedit omnia, nostrum
+      Quaecunque exornant nobilitantque genus:
+    Robur erat validum, formae concinna venustas,
+      Ingenui mores, intemerata fides.
+    Nec pudet invisi nomen gessisse tyranni,
+      Si tam dissimili viximus ingenio.
+    Naufragus in nuda Tenbeiae[K] ejectus arena,
+      Ploravi domino me superesse meo,
+    Quem mihi, luctanti frustra, frustraque juvanti,
+      Abreptum, oceani in gurgite mersit hyems.
+    Solus ego sospes, sed quas miser ille tabellas
+      Morte mihi in media credidit, ore ferens.
+    Dulci me hospitio Belgae excepere coloni,
+      Ipsa etiam his olim gens aliena plagis;
+    Et mihi gratum erat in longa spatiarier[L] ora,
+      Et quanquam infido membra lavare mari;
+    Gratum erat aestivis puerorum adjungere turmis
+      Participem lusus me, comitemque viae.
+    Verum ubi, de multis captanti frustula mensis,
+      Bruma aderat, seniique hora timenda mei,
+    Insperata adeo illuxit fortuna, novique
+      Perfugium et requiem cura dedit domini.
+    Exinde hos saltus, haec inter florea rura,
+      Et vixi felix, et tumulum hunc habeo.
+
+                        TIPPO.
+
+_Translated by a young Lady, a near Relation of the Author._
+
+    Here, stranger, pause, nor view with scornful eyes
+    The stone which marks where faithful Tippo lies.
+    Freely kind Nature gave each liberal grace,
+    Which most ennobles and exalts our race,
+    Excelling strength and beauty joined in me,
+    Ingenuous worth, and firm fidelity.
+    Nor shame I to have borne a tyrant's name,
+    So far unlike to his my spotless fame.
+    Cast by a fatal storm on Tenby's coast,
+    Reckless of life, I wailed my master lost.
+    Whom long contending with the o'erwhelming wave
+    In vain with fruitless love I strove to save.
+    I, only I, alas! surviving bore,
+    His dying trust, his tablets,[M] to the shore.
+    Kind welcome from the Belgian race I found,
+    Who, once in times remote, to British ground
+    Strangers like me came from a foreign strand.
+    I loved at large along the extended sand
+    To roam, and oft beneath the swelling wave,
+    Tho' known so fatal once, my limbs to lave;
+    Or join the children in their summer play,
+    First in their sports, companion of their way.
+    Thus while from many a hand a meal I sought,
+    Winter and age had certain misery brought;
+    But Fortune smiled, a safe and blest abode
+    A new-found master's generous love bestowed,
+    And midst these shades, where smiling flow'rets bloom,
+    Gave me a happy life and honoured tomb.
+
+Dr. Abell, in one of his lectures on phrenology, related a very
+striking anecdote of a Newfoundland dog at Cork. This dog was of a
+noble and generous disposition, and when he left his master's house
+was often assailed by a number of little noisy dogs in the street. He
+usually passed them with apparent unconcern, as if they were beneath
+his notice. One little cur, however, was particularly troublesome, and
+at length carried his petulance so far as to bite the Newfoundland dog
+in the back of his foot. This was too much to be patiently endured. He
+instantly turned round, ran after the offender, and seized him by the
+skin of his back. In this way he carried him in his mouth to the quay,
+and holding him some time over the water, at length dropped him into
+it. He did not seem, however, to wish to punish the culprit too much,
+for he waited a little while the poor animal, who was unused to that
+element, was not only well ducked, but near sinking, when he plunged
+in himself, and brought the other safe to land.
+
+An officer, late in the 15th Hussars, informed me that he had
+witnessed a similar occurrence at St. Petersburg. These certainly are
+instances of a noble and generous disposition, as well as of great
+forbearance in not resenting an injury.
+
+I may add the following instance of sagacity from the same quarter.
+
+A vessel was driven by a storm on the beach of Lydd, in Kent. The surf
+was rolling furiously. Eight men were calling for help, but not a boat
+could be got off to their assistance. At length a gentleman came on
+the beach, accompanied by his Newfoundland dog. He directed the
+attention of the noble animal to the vessel, and put a short stick
+into his mouth. The intelligent and courageous dog at once understood
+his meaning, and sprung into the sea, fighting his way through the
+foaming waves. He could not, however, get close enough to the vessel
+to deliver that with which he was charged, but the crew joyfully made
+fast a rope to another piece of wood, and threw it towards him. The
+sagacious dog saw the whole business in an instant; he dropped his own
+piece, and immediately seized that which had been cast to him; and
+then, with a degree of strength and determination almost incredible,
+he dragged it through the surge and delivered it to his master. By
+this means a line of communication was formed, and every man on board
+saved.
+
+The keeper of a ferry on the banks of the Severn had a sagacious
+Newfoundland dog. If a dog was left behind by his owner in crossing,
+and was afraid of taking to the water, the Newfoundland dog has been
+frequently known to take the yelping animal in his mouth and convey it
+into the river. A person while rowing a boat, pushed his Newfoundland
+dog into the stream. The animal followed the boat for some time, till,
+probably finding himself fatigued, he endeavoured to get into it by
+placing his feet on the side. His owner repeatedly pushed the dog
+away, and in one of his efforts to do so he overbalanced himself and
+fell into the river, and would probably have been drowned, had not the
+noble and generous animal immediately seized and held him above water
+till assistance arrived from the shore.
+
+About twelve years ago a fine dog of a cross-breed, between a
+Newfoundland and a pointer, had been left by the captain of a vessel
+in the care of Mr. Park, of the White Hart Inn, Greenock. A friend of
+his, a gentleman from Argyllshire, took a fancy to this dog; and, when
+returning home, requested the loan of him for some time from Mr. Park,
+which he granted. This gentleman had some time before married a lady
+much to the dissatisfaction of his friends, who, in consequence,
+treated her with some degree of coldness and neglect. While he
+remained at home, the dog constantly attended him, and paid no
+apparent attention to the lady, who, on her part, never evinced any
+particular partiality for the dog. One time, however, the gentleman
+was called from home on business, and was to be absent several days.
+He wished to take the dog with him; but no entreaties could induce him
+to follow. The animal was then tied up to prevent his leaving the
+house in his absence; but he became quite furious till he was
+released, when he flew into the house and found his mistress, and
+would not leave her. He watched at the door of whatever room she was
+in, and would allow no one to approach without her special permission.
+When the gentleman returned home, the dog seemed to take no more
+notice of the lady, but returned quietly to his former lodging in the
+stable. The whole circumstance caused considerable surprise; and the
+gentleman, wishing to try if the dog would again act in the same
+manner, left home for a day or two, when the animal actually resumed
+the faithful guardianship of his mistress as before; and this he
+continued to do whenever his master was absent, all the time he
+remained in his possession, which was two years.
+
+The following anecdotes of an astonishing dog called Dandie are
+related by Captain Brown:--
+
+"Mr. M'Intyre, patent-mangle manufacturer, Regent Bridge, Edinburgh,
+has a dog of the Newfoundland breed, crossed with some other, named
+Dandie, whose sagacious qualifications are truly astonishing and
+almost incredible. As the animal continues daily to give the most
+striking proofs of his powers, he is well known in the neighbourhood,
+and any person may satisfy himself of the reality of those feats, many
+of which the writer has himself had the pleasure to witness.
+
+"When Mr. M'Intyre is in company, how numerous soever it may be, if he
+but say to the dog, 'Dandie, bring me my hat,' he immediately picks
+out the hat from all the others, and puts it in his master's hand.
+
+"Should every gentleman in company throw a penknife on the floor, the
+dog, when commanded, will select his master's knife from the heap, and
+bring it to him.
+
+"A pack of cards being scattered in the room, if his master have
+previously selected one of them, the dog will find it out and bring it
+to him.
+
+"A comb was hid on the top of a mantel-piece in the room, and the dog
+required to bring it, which he almost immediately did, although in the
+search he found a number of articles, also belonging to his master,
+purposely strewed around, all which he passed over, and brought the
+identical comb which he was required to find, fully proving that he is
+not guided by the sense of smell, but that he perfectly understands
+whatever is spoken to him.
+
+"One evening, some gentlemen being in company, one of them
+accidentally dropped a shilling on the floor, which, after the most
+careful search, could not be found. Mr. M'Intyre seeing his dog
+sitting in a corner, and looking as if quite unconscious of what was
+passing, said to him, 'Dandie, find us the shilling, and you shall
+have a biscuit.' The dog immediately jumped upon the table and laid
+down the shilling, which he had previously picked up without having
+been perceived.
+
+"One time, having been left in a room in the house of Mrs. Thomas,
+High Street, he remained quiet for a considerable time; but as no one
+opened the door, he became impatient, and rang the bell; and when the
+servant opened the door, she was surprised to find the dog pulling the
+bell-rope. Since that period, which was the first time he was observed
+to do it, he pulls the bell whenever he is desired; and what appears
+still more remarkable, if there is no bell-rope in the room, he will
+examine the table, and if he finds a hand-bell, he takes it in his
+mouth and rings it.
+
+"Mr. M'Intyre having one evening supped with a friend, on his return
+home, as it was rather late, he found all the family in bed. He could
+not find his boot-jack in the place where it usually lay, nor could he
+find it anywhere in the room after the strictest search. He then said
+to his dog, 'Dandie, I cannot find my bootjack; search for it.' The
+faithful animal, quite sensible of what had been said to him,
+scratched at the room-door, which his master opened. Dandie proceeded
+to a very distant part of the house, and soon returned, carrying in
+his mouth the bootjack, which Mr. M. now recollected to have left that
+morning under a sofa.
+
+"A number of gentlemen, well acquainted with Dandie, are daily in the
+habit of giving him a penny, which he takes to a baker's shop and
+purchases bread for himself. One of these gentlemen, who lives in
+James's Square, when passing some time ago, was accosted by Dandie, in
+expectation of his usual present. Mr. T---- then said to him, 'I have
+not a penny with me to-day, but I have one at home.' Having returned
+to his house some time after, he heard a noise at the door, which was
+opened by the servant, when in sprang Dandie to receive his penny. In
+a frolic Mr. T---- gave him a bad one, which he, as usual, carried to
+the baker, but was refused his bread, as the money was bad. He
+immediately returned to Mr. T----'s, knocked at the door, and when the
+servant opened it, laid the penny down at her feet, and walked off,
+seemingly with the greatest contempt.
+
+"Although Dandie, in general, makes an immediate purchase of bread
+with the money which he receives, yet the following circumstance
+clearly demonstrates that he possesses more prudent foresight than
+many who are reckoned rational beings.
+
+"One Sunday, when it was very unlikely that he could have received a
+present of money, Dandie was observed to bring home a loaf. Mr.
+M'Intyre being somewhat surprised at this, desired the servant to
+search the room to see if any money could be found. While she was
+engaged in this task, the dog seemed quite unconcerned till she
+approached the bed, when he ran to her, and gently drew her back from
+it. Mr. M. then secured the dog, which kept struggling and growling
+while the servant went under the bed, where she found 71/2_d._ under a
+bit of cloth; but from that time he never could endure the girl, and
+was frequently observed to hide his money in a corner of a saw-pit,
+under the dust.
+
+"When Mr. M. has company, if he desire the dog to see any one of the
+gentlemen home, it will walk with him till he reach his home, and then
+return to his master, how great soever the distance may be.
+
+"A brother of Mr. M.'s and another gentleman went one day to Newhaven,
+and took Dandie along with them. After having bathed, they entered a
+garden in the town; and having taken some refreshment in one of the
+arbours, they took a walk around the garden, the gentleman leaving his
+hat and gloves in the place. In the meantime some strangers came into
+the garden, and went into the arbour which the others had left. Dandie
+immediately, without being ordered, ran to the place and brought off
+the hat and gloves, which he presented to the owner. One of the
+gloves, however, had been left; but it was no sooner mentioned to the
+dog than he rushed to the place, jumped again into the midst of the
+astonished company, and brought off the glove in triumph.
+
+"A gentleman living with Mr. M'Intyre, going out to supper one
+evening, locked the garden-gate behind him, and laid the key on the
+top of the wall, which is about seven feet high. When he returned,
+expecting to let himself in the same way, to his great surprise the
+key could not be found, and he was obliged to go round to the front
+door, which was a considerable distance about. The next morning strict
+search was made for the key, but still no trace of it could be
+discovered. At last, perceiving that the dog followed him wherever he
+went, he said to him, 'Dandie, you have the key--go, fetch it.' Dandie
+immediately went into the garden and scratched away the earth from the
+root of a cabbage, and produced the key, which he himself had
+undoubtedly hid in that place.
+
+"If his master place him on a chair, and request him to sing, he will
+instantly commence a howling, which he gives high or low as signs are
+made to him with the finger.
+
+"About three years ago a mangle was sent by a cart from the warehouse,
+Regent Bridge, to Portobello, at which time the dog was not present.
+Afterwards, Mr. M. went to his own house, North Back of the Canongate,
+and took Dandie with him, to have the mangle delivered. When he had
+proceeded a little way the dog ran off, and he lost sight of him. He
+still walked forward; and in a little time he found the cart in which
+the mangle was, turned towards Edinburgh, with Dandie holding fast by
+the reins, and the carter in the greatest perplexity; the man stated
+that the dog had overtaken him, jumped on his cart, and examined the
+mangle, and then had seized the reins of the horse and turned him
+fairly round, and that he would not let go his hold, although he had
+beaten him with a stick. On Mr. M.'s arrival, however, the dog quietly
+allowed the carter to proceed to his place of destination."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following is another instance of extraordinary sagacity. A
+Newfoundland dog, belonging to a grocer, had observed one of the
+porters of the house, and who was often in the shop, frequently take
+money from the till, and which the man was in the habit of concealing
+in the stable. The dog, having witnessed these thefts, became
+restless, pulling persons by the skirts of their coats, and
+apparently wishing them to follow him. At length, an apprentice had
+occasion to go to the stable; the dog followed him, and having drawn
+his attention to the heap of rubbish under which the money was buried,
+began to scratch till he had brought the booty to view. The apprentice
+brought it to his master, who marked the money and restored it to the
+place where it had been hidden. Some of the marked money was soon
+afterwards found on the porter, who was taken before a magistrate, and
+convicted of the theft.
+
+A Newfoundland dog, which was frequently to be seen in a tavern in the
+High Street of Glasgow, lay generally at the door. When any person
+came to the house, he trotted before them into an apartment, rang the
+bell, and then resumed his station at the door.
+
+The great utility and sagacity of the Newfoundland dog, in cases of
+drowning, were shown in the following instance. Eleven sailors, a
+woman, and the waterman, had reached a sloop of war in Hamoaze in a
+shore-boat. One of the sailors, stooping rather suddenly over the side
+of the boat to reach his hat, which had fallen into the sea, the boat
+capsized, and they were all plunged into the water. A Newfoundland
+dog, on the quarter-deck of the sloop, seeing the accident, instantly
+leaped amongst the unfortunate persons, and seizing one man by the
+collar of his coat, he supported his head above water until a boat had
+hastened to the spot and saved the lives of all but the waterman.
+After delivering his burden in safety, the noble animal made a wide
+circuit round the ship in search of another person; but not finding
+one, he took up an oar in his mouth which was floating away, and
+brought it to the side of the ship.
+
+A sailor, attended by a Newfoundland dog, became so intoxicated, that
+he fell on the pavement in Piccadilly, and was unable to rise, and
+soon fell asleep. The faithful dog took a position at his master's
+head, and resisted every attempt made to remove him. The man, having
+at last slept off the fumes of his intoxicating libations, awoke, and
+being told of the care his dog had taken of him, exclaimed, "This is
+not the first time he has kept watch over me."
+
+On Thursday evening, January 28, 1858, as the play of "Jessie Vere"
+was being performed at Woolwich Theatre, and when a scene in the third
+act had been reached, in which a "terrific struggle" for the
+possession of a child takes place between the fond mother and two
+"hired ruffians," a large Newfoundland dog, which had by some means
+gained admittance with its owner into the pit, leaped over the heads
+of the musicians in the orchestra, and flew to the rescue, seizing one
+of the assassins, and almost dragging him to the ground. It was with
+difficulty removed, and dragged off the stage. The dog, which is the
+property of the chief engineer of Her Majesty's ship Buffalo, has been
+habitually accustomed to the society of children, for whom he has on
+many occasions evinced strong proofs of affection.
+
+Mr. Bewick, in his history of Quadrupeds, mentions some instances of
+the sagacity and intellect of Newfoundland dogs; and it may not be
+uninteresting to the admirers of that celebrated wood-engraver to be
+informed, on the authority of his daughters, that the group on the
+bridge in his print of the Newfoundland dog represents Mr. Preston, a
+Printer of Newcastle, Mr. Vint, of Whittingham, Mr. Bell, House
+Steward, and Mr. Bewick. Their initials, P. V. B. and B., are
+introduced in the woodcut. The dog was drawn at Eslington, the seat of
+Mr. Liddell, the eldest son of Lord Ravensworth.[N]
+
+In Newfoundland, this dog is invaluable, and answers the purpose of a
+horse. He is docile, capable of strong attachment, and is easy to
+please in the quality of his food, as he will live on scraps of boiled
+fish, either salted or fresh, and on boiled potatoes and cabbage. The
+natural colour of this dog is black, with the exception of a very few
+white spots. Their sagacity is sometimes so extraordinary, as on many
+occasions to show that they only want the faculty of speech to make
+themselves fully understood.
+
+The Rev. L. Anspach, in his history of the Island of Newfoundland,
+mentions some instances of this intelligence.
+
+One of the Magistrates of Harbour-Grace, the late Mr. Garland, had an
+old dog, which was in the habit of carrying a lantern before his
+master at night, as steadily as the most attentive servant could do;
+stopping short when his master made a stop, and proceeding when he saw
+him disposed to follow him. If his master was absent from home, on the
+lantern being fixed to his mouth, and the command given, "Go, fetch
+your master," he would immediately set off and proceed directly to the
+town, which lay at the distance of more than a mile from the place of
+his master's residence. He would then stop at the door of every house
+which he knew his master was in the habit of frequenting, and, laying
+down his lantern, would growl and strike the door, making all the
+noise in his power until it was opened. If his master was not there,
+he would proceed further until he had found him. If he accompanied him
+only once into a house, it was sufficient to induce him to take that
+house in his round.
+
+The principal use of this animal in Newfoundland, in addition to his
+qualities as a good watch-dog and a faithful companion, is to assist
+in fetching from the woods the _lumber_ intended either for repairing
+the fish stages, or for fuel; and this is done by dragging it on the
+snow or ice, or else on sledges, the dog being tackled to it.
+
+These animals bark only when strongly provoked. They are not
+quarrelsome, but treat the smaller species with a great degree of
+patience and forbearance. They will defend their masters on seeing the
+least appearance of an attack on his person. The well-known partiality
+of these dogs for the water, in which they appear as if in their
+proper element, diving and keeping their heads under the surface for a
+considerable time, seems to give them some connexion with the class of
+amphibious animals. At the same time, the several instances of their
+superior sagacity, and the essential services which they have been
+frequently known to render to humanity, give them a distinguished rank
+in the scale of the brute creation. I will mention another instance of
+this.
+
+The Durham packet of Sunderland was, in 1815, wrecked near Clay, in
+Norfolk. A faithful dog was employed to use his efforts to carry the
+lead-line on shore from the vessel; but there being a very heavy sea,
+and a deep beach, it appeared that the drawback of the surf was too
+powerful for the animal to contend with. Mr. Parker, ship-builder, of
+Wells, and Mr. Jackson, jun., of Clay, who were on the spot, observing
+this, instantly rushed into the sea, which was running very high, and
+gallantly succeeded, though at a great risk, in catching hold of the
+dog, which was much exhausted, but which had all this time kept the
+line in his mouth. The line being thus obtained, a communication with
+the vessel was established; and a warp being passed from the ship to
+the shore, the lives of all on board, nine in number, including two
+children, were saved.
+
+Some dogs are of an extremely jealous disposition; and the following
+extraordinary instance of it was communicated to me by Mr. Charles
+Davis, the well-known and highly-respected huntsman of Her Majesty's
+stag-hounds, a man who has gained many friends, and perhaps never lost
+one, by his well-regulated conduct and sporting qualifications.
+
+He informed me that a friend of his had a fine Newfoundland dog, which
+was a great favourite with the family. While this dog was confined in
+the yard, a pet lamb was given to one of the children, which the
+former soon discovered to be sharing a great portion of those caresses
+which he had been in the habit of receiving. This circumstance
+produced so great an effect on the poor animal, that he refused to
+eat, and fretted till he became extremely unwell. Thinking that
+exercise might be of use to him, he was let loose. No sooner was this
+done, than the dog watched his opportunity, and seized the lamb in his
+mouth. He was seen conveying it down a lane, about a quarter of a mile
+from his master's house, at the bottom of which the river Thames
+flowed. On arriving at it, he held the lamb under water till it was
+drowned, and thus effectually got rid of his rival. On examining the
+lamb, it did not appear to have been bitten, or otherwise injured; and
+it might almost be supposed that the dog had chosen the easiest death
+in removing the object of his dislike.
+
+The sense of these animals is, indeed, perfectly wonderful. A
+lieutenant in the navy informed me, that while his ship was under sail
+in the Mediterranean, a favourite canary bird escaped from its cage,
+and flew into the sea. A Newfoundland dog on board witnessed the
+circumstance, immediately jumped into the sea, and swam to the bird,
+which he seized in his mouth, and then swam back with it to the ship.
+On arriving on board and opening the dog's mouth, it was found that
+the bird was perfectly uninjured, so tenderly had it been treated, as
+though the dog had been aware that the slightest pressure would have
+destroyed it.
+
+Mr. Youatt, whose remarks on the usefulness and good qualities of the
+inferior animals, in his work on Humanity to Brutes, do him so much
+credit, gives the following anecdote as a proof of the reasoning power
+of a Newfoundland dog.
+
+Wanting one day to go through a tall iron gate, from one part of his
+premises to another, he found a lame puppy lying just within it, so
+that he could not get in without rolling the poor animal over, and
+perhaps injuring it. Mr. Youatt stood for awhile hesitating what to
+do, and at length determined to go round through another gate. A fine
+Newfoundland dog, however, who had been waiting patiently for his
+wonted caresses, and perhaps wondering why his master did not get in
+as usual, looked accidentally down at his lame companion. He
+comprehended the whole business in a moment--put down his great paw,
+and as gently and quickly as possible rolled the invalid out of the
+way, and then drew himself back in order to leave room for the opening
+of the gate.
+
+We may be inclined to deny reasoning faculties to dogs; but if this
+was not reason, it may be difficult to define what else it could be.
+
+Mr. Youatt also says, that his own experience furnishes him with an
+instance of the memory and gratitude of a Newfoundland dog, who was
+greatly attached to him. He says, as it became inconvenient to him to
+keep the dog, he gave him to one who he knew would treat him kindly.
+Four years passed, and he had not seen him; when one day, as he was
+walking towards Kingston, and had arrived at the brow of the hill
+where Jerry Abershaw's gibbet then stood, he met Carlo and his master.
+The dog recollected Mr. Youatt in a moment, and they made much of each
+other. His master, after a little chat, proceeded towards Wandsworth,
+and Carlo, as in duty bound, followed him. Mr. Youatt had not,
+however, got half-way down the hill when the dog was again at his
+side, lowly but deeply growling, and every hair bristling. On looking
+about, he saw two ill-looking fellows making their way through the
+bushes, which occupied the angular space between Roehampton and
+Wandsworth roads. Their intention was scarcely questionable, and,
+indeed, a week or two before, he had narrowly escaped from two
+miscreants like them. "I can scarcely say," proceeds Mr. Youatt, "what
+I felt; for presently one of the scoundrels emerged from the bushes,
+not twenty yards from me; but he no sooner saw my companion, and heard
+his growling, the loudness and depth of which were fearfully
+increasing, than he retreated, and I saw no more of him or of his
+associate. My gallant defender accompanied me to the direction-post at
+the bottom of the hill, and there, with many a mutual and honest
+greeting, we parted, and he bounded away to overtake his rightful
+owner. We never met again; but I need not say that I often thought of
+him with admiration and gratitude."
+
+It is pleasing to record such instances of kindness in a brute. Here
+we see a recollection of, and gratitude for, previous good treatment,
+and that towards one whom the dog had not seen for four years. There
+is a sort of bewilderment in the human mind, when we come to analyse
+the feelings, affections, and peculiar instinctive faculties of dogs.
+A French writer (Mons. Blaze) has asserted, that the dog most
+undoubtedly has all the qualities of a man possessed of good feeling,
+and adds that man has not the fine qualities of the dog. We make a
+virtue of that gratitude which is nothing more than a duty incumbent
+upon us, while it is an inherent quality in the dog.
+
+    "Canis gratus est, et amicitiae memor."
+
+We repudiate ingratitude, and yet every one is more or less guilty of
+it. Indeed, where shall we find the man who is free from it? Take,
+however, the first dog you meet with, and the moment he has adopted
+you for his master, from that moment you are sure of his gratitude
+and affection. He will love you without calculating what he shall gain
+by it--his greatest pleasure will be to be near you--and should you be
+reduced to beg your bread, no poverty will induce him to abandon you.
+Your friends may, and probably will, do so--the object of your love
+and attachment will not, perhaps, like to encounter poverty with you.
+Your wife, by some possibility (it is a rare case, however, if she has
+received kind treatment) may forget her vows, but your dog will never
+leave you--he will either die at your feet, or if he should survive
+you, will accompany you to the grave.
+
+An intelligent correspondent, to whom I am indebted for some sensible
+remarks on the faculties of dogs, has remarked that large-headed dogs
+are generally possessed of superior faculties to others. This fact
+favours the phrenological opinion that size of brain is evidence of
+superior power. He has a dog possessing a remarkably large head, and
+few dogs can match him in intelligence. He is a cross with the
+Newfoundland breed, and besides his cleverness in the field as a
+retriever, he shows his sagacity at home in the performance of several
+useful feats. One consists in carrying messages. If a neighbour is to
+be communicated with, the dog is always ready to be the bearer of a
+letter. He will take orders to the workmen who reside at a short
+distance from the house, and will scratch impatiently at their door
+when so employed, although at other times, desirous of sharing the
+warmth of their kitchen fire, he would wait patiently, and then
+entering with a seriousness befitting the imagined importance of his
+mission, would carefully deliver the note, never returning without
+having discharged his trust. His usefulness in recovering articles
+accidentally lost has often been proved. As he is not always allowed
+to be present at dinner, he will bring a hat, book, or anything he can
+find, and hold it in his mouth as a sort of apology for his intrusion.
+He seems pleased at being allowed to lead his master's horse to the
+stable.
+
+Newfoundland dogs may readily be taught to rescue drowning persons. In
+France, this forms a part of their education, and they are now kept in
+readiness on the banks of the Seine, where they form a sort of Humane
+Society Corps. By throwing the stuffed figure of a man into a river,
+and requiring the dog to fetch it out, he is soon taught to do so when
+necessary, and thus he is able to rescue drowning persons. This hint
+might not be thrown away on our own excellent Humane Society.
+
+Many dogs are called of the Newfoundland breed who have but small
+relationship with that sensible animal. The St. John's and Labrador
+dogs are also very different from each other. The former is strong in
+his limbs, rough-haired, small in the head, and carries his tail very
+high. The other, by far the best for every kind of shooting, is
+oftener black than of another colour, and scarcely bigger than a
+pointer. He is made rather long in the head and nose, pretty deep in
+the chest, very fine in the legs, has short or smooth hair, does not
+carry his tail so much curled as the other, and is extremely quick and
+active in running, swimming, or fighting. The St. John's breed of
+these dogs is chiefly used on their native coast by fishermen. Their
+sense of smelling is scarcely to be credited. Their discrimination of
+scent, in following a wounded pheasant through a whole covert full of
+game, appears almost impossible.
+
+The real Newfoundland dog may be broken into any kind of shooting,
+and, without additional instruction, is generally under such command,
+that he may be safely kept in, if required to be taken out with
+pointers. For finding wounded game of every description there is not
+his equal in the canine race, and he is a _sine qua non_ in the
+general pursuit of wildfowl. These dogs should be treated gently, and
+much encouraged when required to do anything, as their faults are
+easily checked. If used roughly, they are apt to turn sulky. They will
+also recollect and avenge an injury. A traveller on horseback, in
+passing through a small village in Cumberland, observed a Newfoundland
+dog reposing by the side of the road, and from mere wantonness gave
+him a blow with his whip. The animal made a violent rush at and
+pursued him a considerable distance. Having to proceed through the
+same place the next journey, which was about twelve months afterwards,
+and while in the act of leading his horse, the dog, no doubt
+recollecting his former assailant, instantly seized him by the boot,
+and bit his leg. Some persons, however, coming up, rescued him from
+further injury.
+
+A gamekeeper had a Newfoundland dog which he used as a retriever.
+Shooting in a wood one day, he killed a pheasant, which fell at some
+distance, and he sent his dog for it. When half way to the bird, he
+suddenly returned, refusing to go beyond the place at which he had
+first stopped. This being an unusual circumstance, the man endeavoured
+more and more to enforce his command; which being unable to effect,
+either by words or his whip, he at last, in a great passion, gave the
+dog a violent kick in the ribs, which laid it dead at his feet. He
+then proceeded to pick up the bird, and on returning from the spot,
+discovered a man concealed in the thicket. He immediately seized him,
+and upon examination, several snares were found on his person. This
+may be a useful hint to those who are apt to take violent measures
+with their dogs.
+
+A gentleman who had a country house near London, discovered on
+arriving at it one day that he had brought away a key, which would be
+wanted by his family in town. Having an intelligent Newfoundland dog,
+which had been accustomed to carry things, he sent him back with it.
+While passing with the key, the animal was attacked by a butcher's
+dog, against which he made no resistance, but got away from him. After
+safely delivering the key, he returned to rejoin his master, but
+stopped in the way at the butcher's shop, whose dog again sallied
+forth. The Newfoundland this time attacked him with a fury, which
+nothing but revenge could have inspired, nor did he quit the aggressor
+till he had killed him.
+
+The following fact affords another proof of the extraordinary sagacity
+of these dogs.
+
+A Newfoundland dog of the true breed was brought from that country,
+and given to a gentleman who resided near Thames Street, in London. As
+he had no means of keeping the animal, except in close confinement, he
+sent him to a friend in Scotland by a Berwick smack. When he arrived
+in Scotland he took the first opportunity of escaping, and though he
+certainly had never before travelled one yard of the road, he found
+his way back to his former residence on Fishstreet Hill; but in so
+exhausted a state, that he could only express his joy at seeing his
+master, and then died.
+
+So wonderful is the sense of these dogs, that I have heard of three
+instances in which they have voluntarily guarded the bed-chamber doors
+of their mistresses, during the whole night, in the absence of their
+masters, although on no other occasion did they approach them.
+
+The Romans appear to have had a dog, which seems to have been very
+similar in character to our Newfoundland. In the Museum at Naples
+there is an antique bronze, discovered amongst the ruins of
+Herculaneum, which represents two large dogs dragging from the sea
+some apparently drowned persons.
+
+The following interesting fact affords another instance of the
+sagacity and good feeling of the Newfoundland dog:--
+
+In the year 1841, as a labourer, named Rake, in the parish of Botley,
+near Southampton, was at work in a gravel-pit, the top stratum gave
+way, and he was buried up to his neck by the great quantity of gravel
+which fell upon him. He was at the same time so much hurt, two of his
+ribs being broken, that he found it impossible to make any attempt to
+extricate himself from his perilous situation. Indeed, nothing could
+be more fearful than the prospect before him. No one was within
+hearing of his cries, nor was any one likely to come near the spot. He
+must almost inevitably have perished, had it not been for a
+Newfoundland dog belonging to his employer. This animal had been
+watching the man at his work for some days, as if he had been aware
+that his assistance would be required; for no particular attachment to
+each other had been exhibited on either side. As soon, however, as the
+accident occurred, the dog jumped into the pit, and commenced removing
+the gravel with his paws; and this he did in so vigorous and
+expeditious a manner, that the poor man was at length able to liberate
+himself, though with extreme difficulty. What an example of kindness,
+sensibility, and I may add reason, does this instance afford us!
+
+A gentleman in Ireland had a remarkably fine and intelligent
+Newfoundland dog, named Boatswain, whose acts were the constant theme
+of admiration. On one occasion, an aged lady who resided in the house,
+and the mother-in-law of the owner of the dog, was indisposed and
+confined to her bed. The old lady was tired of chickens and other
+productions of the farmyard, and a consultation was held in her room
+as to what could be procured to please her fancy for dinner. Various
+things were mentioned and declined, in the midst of which Boatswain,
+who was greatly attached to the old lady, entered her room with a fine
+young rabbit in his mouth, which he laid at the foot of the bed,
+wagging his tail with great exultation. It is not meant to infer that
+the dog knew anything of the difficulty of finding a dinner to the
+lady's taste, but seeing her distressed in mind and body, it is not
+improbable that he had brought his offering in the hopes of pleasing
+her.
+
+On another occasion, his master found this dog early one summer's
+morning keeping watch over an unfortunate countryman, who was standing
+with his back to a wall in the rear of the premises, pale with terror.
+He was a simple, honest creature, living in the neighbourhood. Having
+to attend some fair or market, about four o'clock in the morning, he
+made a short cut through the grounds, which were under the protection
+of Boatswain, who drove the intruder to the wall, and kept him there,
+showing his teeth, and giving a growl whenever he offered to stir
+from the spot. In this way he was kept a prisoner till the owner of
+the faithful animal released him.
+
+There was a Newfoundland dog on board H. M. S. Bellona, which kept the
+deck during the battle of Copenhagen, running backward and forward
+with so brave an anger, that he became a greater favourite with the
+men than ever. When the ship was paid off, after the peace of Amiens,
+the sailors had a parting dinner on shore. Victor was placed in the
+chair, and fed with roast beef and plum-pudding, and the bill was made
+out in Victor's name. This anecdote is taken from Southey's "Omniana."
+
+I am indebted to a kind correspondent for the following anecdotes:--
+
+"A friend of mine, who in the time of the war commanded the Sea
+Fencibles, in the neighbourhood of Southend, possessed in those days a
+magnificent Newfoundland dog, named Venture. This noble creature my
+friend was accustomed to take with him in the pursuit of wild fowl.
+One cold evening, after having tolerable sport, the dog was suddenly
+missed; he had been last seen when in pursuit of a winged bird. As the
+ice was floating in the river, and the dog was true to his name, and
+would swim any distance for the recovery of wounded game, it was
+feared he must have fallen a victim to the hazards of the sport, and
+his owner returned home in consequence much dispirited. On his arrival
+at his house, what was his extreme surprise, on entering the
+drawing-room, to find his wife accompanied by the dog, and a fine
+mallard lying on the table: the lady had, on her part, been
+overwhelmed with anxiety by the dog's having returned alone some time
+before, knowing the frequently perilous amusement in which her husband
+had embarked. The dog had straight on his return rushed to the
+drawing-room where the lady sat, and had laid the wild duck at her
+feet, having brought it safely in his mouth several miles.
+
+"A gentleman once sent a coat to the tailor to be mended--it was left
+upon a counter in the shop. His dog had accompanied the servant to the
+tailor's. The animal watched his opportunity, pulled the coat down
+from the counter, and brought it home in triumph to his master.
+
+"There is a tendency in the pride of man to deny the power of
+reasoning in animals, while it is the belief of some that reason is
+often a more sure guide to the brute beast, for the purposes designed
+by Providence, than that of their detractors. The fact is, I think,
+few persons who reflect deny the power, in a degree, to the less
+gifted of Nature's works. Certainly not some of the wisest of our
+race. Bishop Butler in his 'Analogy,' I think, assumes it; while the
+following beautiful inscription, designed for the epitaph of a
+favourite Newfoundland dog, was penned by no less a person than the
+late wise and venerable Earl of Eldon: from it his views on this
+subject may, I fancy, be easily discerned. They are published in the
+life of him, written by Horace Twiss:--
+
+   'You who wander hither,
+      Pass not unheeded
+    The spot where poor Caesar
+      Is deposited.
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    To his rank among created beings
+    The power of reasoning is denied!
+        Caesar manifested joy,
+      For days before his master
+        Arrived at Encombe;
+        Caesar manifested grief
+    For days before his master left it.
+        What name shall be given
+          To that faculty,
+      Which thus made expectation
+          A source of joy,
+      Which thus made expectation
+          A source of grief?'"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEY, OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.]
+
+THE COLLEY, OR SHEPHERD'S DOG.
+
+   "My dog (the trustiest of his kind)
+    With gratitude inflames my mind:
+    I mark his true, his faithful way,
+    And in my service copy Tray."--GAY.
+
+
+Who that has seen has not been delighted with the charming picture by
+Mr. Landseer of the shepherd's dog, resting his head on the coffin
+which contained the body of his dead master! Grief, fidelity, and
+affection are so strongly portrayed in the countenance of the poor
+dog, that they cannot be mistaken. We may fancy him to have been the
+constant companion of the old shepherd through many a dreary day of
+rain, and frost, and snow on the neighbouring hills, gathering the
+scattered flock with persevering industry, and receiving the reward of
+his exertions in the approbation of his master. On returning to the
+humble cottage at night, he partakes of the "shepherd's scanty fare;"
+and then, coiled up before the flickering light of a few collected
+sticks, cold and shivering with wet, he awakes to greet his master at
+the first glimmering of morn, and is ready to renew his toils. Poor
+dog! what a lesson do you afford to those who are incapable of your
+gratitude, fidelity, and affection! and what justice has the charming
+artist done to these noble qualities! I trust he will receive this
+fanciful description of his dog as a little tribute paid to his
+talents, as well as to his good feeling.
+
+The late Mr. Satterthwaite, grandfather of Thomas Rogerson, Esq., of
+Liverpool and Ballamillaghyn, Isle of Man, who died some years ago at
+Coulthouse, near Hawkshead, soon after his marriage, resided near the
+Low Wood Inn, on the borders of Windermere Lake. He left home early
+one morning, accompanied by his shepherd's dog, to look after some
+sheep on the mountains near Rydal, about four miles distant; and
+discovering two at the bottom of a precipice between two rocks he
+descended, with the view of extricating them; but when he got to the
+bottom, he could neither assist them nor get up himself, and there he
+was confined until midnight. The faithful dog remained at the top of
+the precipice watching his master; but at nightfall he proceeded home,
+scratched the door, and was let in by his mistress, who expressed her
+surprise at the barking of the dog and non-arrival of her husband. She
+had no sooner sat down than the dog ran barking towards her, and then
+went to the door: but as she did not follow, the dog ran to her again,
+seized her apron, and endeavoured to pull her to the door; which
+circumstance caused her to suppose some accident had befallen her
+husband. She immediately called up the servant-man, and told him she
+was sure, from the strange conduct of the dog, that something must
+have happened to his master. She told the man to take a lantern and
+some ropes, and follow the dog, taking care to get assistance at
+Ambleside; which he did. No sooner had the man opened the door than
+the dog bounded out, leaped up at him, barked, and then ran forward,
+but quickly returned, leaped up again, barked, and then ran forward,
+as if to hasten the man's speed. The faithful dog led the man and his
+companions to the prison of his master. The ropes were instantly
+lowered, and Mr. Satterthwaite was providentially released from his
+perilous situation. The sheep also were recovered.
+
+How well do I recollect the Ettrick Shepherd descanting on the
+sagacity and perseverance of his favourite sheep-dog! His name was
+Sirrah, and he told me the following extraordinary anecdote of him,
+which I give in his own words:--
+
+"About seven hundred lambs, which were once under my care at weaning
+time, broke up at midnight, and scampered off in three divisions
+across the hills, in spite of all that I and an assistant lad could do
+to keep them together. 'Sirrah, my man!' said I in great affliction,
+'they are awa'.' The night was so dark that I could not see Sirrah,
+but the faithful animal heard my words--words such as of all others
+were sure to set him most on the alert; and without much ado he
+silently set off in search of the recreant flock. Meanwhile I and my
+companion did not fail to do all in our power to recover our lost
+charge. We spent the whole night in scouring the hills for miles
+around, but of neither the lambs nor Sirrah could we obtain the
+slightest trace. It was the most extraordinary circumstance that had
+occurred in my pastoral life. We had nothing for it (day having
+dawned), but to return to our master, and inform him that we had lost
+his whole flock of lambs, and knew not what had become of them. On our
+way home, however, we discovered a body of lambs at the bottom of a
+deep ravine, called the Flesh Cleuch, and the indefatigable Sirrah
+standing in front of them, looking all around for some relief, but
+still standing true to his charge. The sun was then up; and when we
+first came in view of them, we concluded that it was one of the
+divisions which Sirrah had been unable to manage until he came to
+that commanding situation. But what was our astonishment, when we
+discovered by degrees that not one lamb of the whole flock was
+wanting! How he had got all the divisions collected in the dark, is
+beyond my comprehension. The charge was left entirely to himself, from
+midnight until the rising of the sun; and if all the shepherds in the
+forest had been there to have assisted him, they could not have
+effected it with greater propriety. All that I can farther say is,
+that I never felt so grateful to any creature below the sun, as I did
+to my honest Sirrah that morning."
+
+"I once sent you," says Mr. Hogg, some years later, in a letter to the
+Editor of "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine," "an account of a notable
+dog of my own, named Sirrah, which amused a number of your readers a
+great deal, and put their faith in my veracity somewhat to the test;
+but in this district, where the singular qualities of the animal were
+known, so far from any of the anecdotes being disputed, every shepherd
+values himself to this day on the possession of facts far outstripping
+any of those recorded by you formerly. With a few of these I shall
+conclude this paper. But, in the first place, I must give you some
+account of my own renowned Hector, which I promised long ago. He was
+the son and immediate successor of the faithful old Sirrah; and though
+not nearly so valuable a dog as his father, he was a far more
+interesting one. He had three times more humour and whim about him;
+and though exceedingly docile, his bravest acts were mostly tinctured
+with a grain of stupidity, which showed his reasoning faculty to be
+laughably obtuse.
+
+"I shall mention a striking instance of it. I was once at the farm of
+Shorthope on Ettrick Head, receiving some lambs that I had bought, and
+was going to take to market, with some more, the next day. Owing to
+some accidental delay, I did not get final delivery of the lambs till
+it was growing late; and being obliged to be at my own house that
+night, I was not a little dismayed lest I should scatter and lose my
+lambs if darkness overtook me. Darkness did overtake me by the time I
+got half-way, and no ordinary darkness for an August evening. The
+lambs having been weaned that day, and of the wild black-faced breed,
+became exceedingly unruly, and for a good while I lost hopes of
+mastering them. Hector managed the point, and we got them safe home;
+but both he and his master were alike sore forefoughten. It had become
+so dark that we were obliged to fold them with candles; and, after
+closing them safely up, I went home with my father and the rest to
+supper. When Hector's supper was set down, behold he was awanting! and
+as I knew we had him at the fold, which was within call of the house,
+I went out and called and whistled on him for a good while, but he did
+not make his appearance. I was distressed about this; for, having to
+take away the lambs next morning, I knew I could not drive them a
+mile without my dog if it had been to save the whole drove.
+
+"The next morning, as soon as it was day, I arose and inquired if
+Hector had come home? No; he had not been seen. I knew not what to do;
+but my father proposed that he would take out the lambs and herd them,
+and let them get some meat to fit them for the road, and that I should
+ride with all speed to Shorthope to see if my dog had gone back there.
+Accordingly we went together to the fold to turn out the lambs, and
+there was poor Hector, sitting trembling in the very middle of the
+fold-door, on the inside of the flake that closed it, with his eyes
+still steadfastly fixed on the lambs. He had been so hardly set with
+them after it grew dark, that he durst not for his life leave them,
+although hungry, fatigued, and cold, for the night had turned out a
+deluge of rain. He had never so much as lain down; for only the small
+spot that he sat on was dry, and there had he kept watch the whole
+night. Almost any other colley would have discerned that the lambs
+were safe enough in the fold, but honest Hector had not been able to
+see through this. He even refused to take my word for it; for he would
+not quit his watch, though he heard me calling both at night and
+morning.
+
+"Another peculiarity of his was, that he had a mortal antipathy to the
+family-mouser, which was ingrained in his nature from his very
+puppyhood; yet so perfectly absurd was he, that no impertinence on
+her side, and no baiting on, could ever induce him to lay his mouth
+on her, or injure her in the slightest degree. There was not a day and
+scarcely an hour passed over, that the family did not get some
+amusement with these two animals. Whenever he was within doors, his
+whole occupation was watching and _pointing_ the cat from morning to
+night. When she flitted from one place to another, so did he in a
+moment; and then squatting down, he kept his _point_ sedulously, till
+he was either called off or fell asleep.
+
+"He was an exceedingly poor eater of meat, always had to be pressed to
+it, and often would not take it till we brought in the cat. The
+malicious looks that he cast at her from under his eyebrows on such
+occasions were exceedingly ludicrous, considering his utter
+disinclination to injure her. Whenever he saw her, he drew near his
+bicker and looked angry; but still he would not taste till she was
+brought to it, and then he cocked his tail, set up his birses, and
+began lapping furiously as if in utter desperation. His good nature,
+however, was so immovable, that he would never refuse her a share of
+what was placed before him; he even lapped close to the one side of
+the dish, and left her room,--but mercy! how he did ply!
+
+"It will appear strange to you to hear a dog's reasoning faculty
+mentioned as I have done; but I declare I have hardly ever seen a
+shepherd's dog do anything without believing that I perceived his
+reasons for it. I have often amused myself in calculating what his
+motives were for such and such things, and I generally found them very
+cogent ones. But Hector had a droll stupidity about him, and took up
+forms and rules of his own, for which I could never perceive any
+motive that was not even farther out of the way than the action
+itself. He had one uniform practice, and a very bad one it was; during
+the time of family worship, and just three or four seconds before the
+conclusion of the prayer, he started to his feet and ran barking round
+the apartment like a crazed beast. My father was so much amused with
+this, that he would never suffer me to correct him for it, and I
+scarcely ever saw the old man rise from the prayer without his
+endeavouring to suppress a smile at the extravagance of Hector. None
+of us ever could find out how he knew that the prayer was near done,
+for my father was not formal in his prayers; but certes he did
+know,--and of that we had nightly evidence. There never was anything
+for which I was so puzzled to discover a motive as this, but from
+accident I did discover it; and, however ludicrous it may appear, I am
+certain I was correct. It was much in character with many of Hector's
+feats, and rather, I think, the most _outre_ of any principle he ever
+acted on. As I said, his great daily occupation was pointing the cat.
+Now, when he saw us kneel all down in a circle, with our faces couched
+on our paws, in the same posture with himself, it struck his absurd
+head that we were all engaged in pointing the cat. He lay on tenters
+all the while, but the acuteness of his ear enabling him, through
+time, to ascertain the very moment when we would all spring to our
+feet, he thought to himself, 'I shall be first after her, for you
+all.'
+
+"He inherited his dad's unfortunate ear for music, not perhaps in so
+extravagant a degree, but he ever took care to exhibit it on the most
+untimely and ill-judged occasions. Owing to some misunderstanding
+between the minister of the parish and the session-clerk, the
+precenting in church devolved on my father, who was the senior elder.
+Now, my father could have sung several of the old church-tunes
+middling well in his own family-circle; but it so happened that, when
+mounted in the desk, he never could command the starting notes of any
+but one (St. Paul's), which were always in undue readiness at the root
+of his tongue, to the exclusion of every other semibreve in the whole
+range of sacred melody. The minister gave out psalms four times in the
+course of every day's service; consequently the congregation were
+treated with St. Paul's in the morning at great length, twice in the
+course of the service, and then once again at the close. Nothing but
+St. Paul's. And it being itself a monotonous tune, nothing could
+exceed the monotony that prevailed in the primitive church of Ettrick.
+Out of pure sympathy for my father alone, I was compelled to take the
+precentorship in hand; and having plenty of tunes, for a good while I
+came on as well as could be expected, as men say of their wives. But,
+unfortunately for me, Hector found out that I attended church every
+Sunday, and though I had him always closed up carefully at home, he
+rarely failed in making his appearance in church at some time of the
+day. Whenever I saw him a tremor came over my spirits, for I well knew
+what the issue would be. The moment that he heard my voice strike up
+the psalm 'with might and majesty,' then did he fall in with such
+overpowering vehemence, that he and I seldom got any to join in the
+music but our two selves. The shepherds hid their heads, and laid them
+down on the backs of their seats rowed in their plaids, and the lasses
+looked down to the ground and laughed till their faces grew red. I
+despised to _stick_ the tune, and therefore was obliged to carry on in
+spite of the obstreperous accompaniment; but I was, time after time,
+so completely put out of all countenance with the brute, that I was
+obliged to give up my office in disgust, and leave the parish once
+more to their old friend, St. Paul.
+
+"Hector was quite incapable of performing the same feats among sheep
+that his father did; but, as far as his judgment served him, he was a
+docile and obliging creature. He had one singular quality, of keeping
+true to the charge to which he was set. If we had been shearing, or
+sorting sheep in any way, when a division was turned out and Hector
+got the word to attend to them, he would have done it pleasantly for
+a whole day without the least symptom of weariness. No noise or hurry
+about the fold, which brings every other dog from his business, had
+the least effect on Hector, save that it made him a little troublesome
+on his own charge, and set him a-running round and round them, turning
+them in at corners, from a sort of impatience to be employed as well
+as his baying neighbours at the fold. Whenever old Sirrah found
+himself hard set in commanding wild sheep on steep ground, where they
+are worst to manage, he never failed, without any hint to the purpose,
+to throw himself wide in below them, and lay their faces to the hill,
+by which means he got the command of them in a minute. I never could
+make Hector comprehend this advantage with all my art, although his
+father found it out entirely of himself. The former would turn or wear
+sheep no other way but on the hill above them; and, though very good
+at it, he gave both them and himself double the trouble and fatigue.
+
+"It cannot be supposed that he could understand all that was passing
+in the little family circle, but he certainly comprehended a good part
+of it. In particular, it was very easy to discover that he rarely
+missed aught that was said about himself, the sheep, the cat, or of a
+hunt. When aught of that nature came to be discussed, Hector's
+attention and impatience soon became manifest. There was one winter
+evening I said to my mother that I was going to Bowerhope for a
+fortnight, for that I had more conveniency for writing with Alexander
+Laidlaw than at home; and I added, 'But I will not take Hector with
+me, for he is constantly quarrelling with the rest of the dogs,
+singing music, or breeding some uproar.' 'Na, na,' quoth she, 'leave
+Hector with me; I like aye best to have him at hame, poor fallow.'
+
+"These were all the words that passed. The next morning the waters
+were in a great flood, and I did not go away till after breakfast; but
+when the time came for tying up Hector, he was a-wanting. 'The deil's
+in that beast,' said I,--'I will wager that he heard what we were
+saying yesternight, and has gone off for Bowerhope as soon as the door
+was opened this morning.'
+
+"'If that should really be the case, I'll think the beast no canny,'
+said my mother.
+
+"The Yarrow was so large as to be quite impassable, so that I had to
+walk up by St. Mary's Loch, and go across by the boat; and, on drawing
+near to Bowerhope, I soon perceived that matters had gone precisely as
+I suspected. Large as the Yarrow was, and it appeared impassable by
+any living creature, Hector had made his escape early in the morning,
+had swam the river, and was sitting, 'like a drookit hen,' on a knoll
+at the east end of the house, awaiting my arrival with great
+impatience. I had a great attachment to this animal, who, to a good
+deal of absurdity, joined all the amiable qualities of his species. He
+was rather of a small size, very rough and shagged, and not far from
+the colour of a fox.
+
+"His son Lion was the very picture of his dad, had a good deal more
+sagacity, but also more selfishness. A history of the one, however,
+would only be an epitome of that of the other. Mr. William
+Nicholson[O] took a fine likeness of this latter one, which he still
+possesses. He could not get him to sit for his picture in such a
+position as he wanted, till he exhibited a singularly fine portrait of
+a small dog, on the opposite side of the room. Lion took it for a real
+animal, and, disliking its fierce and important look exceedingly, he
+immediately set up his ears and his shaggy birses, and, fixing a stern
+eye on the picture in manifest wrath, he would then sit for a whole
+day and point at it without budging or altering his position.
+
+"It is a curious fact in the history of these animals, that the most
+useless of the breed have often the greatest degree of sagacity in
+trifling and useless matters. An exceedingly good sheep-dog attends to
+nothing else but that particular branch of business to which he is
+bred. His whole capacity is exerted and exhausted on it, and he is of
+little avail in miscellaneous matters; whereas, a very indifferent
+cur, bred about the house, and accustomed to assist in every thing,
+will often put the more noble breed to disgrace in those paltry
+services. If one calls out, for instance, that the cows are in the
+corn, or the hens in the garden, the house-colley needs no other hint,
+but runs and turns them out. The shepherd's dog knows not what is
+astir; and, if he is called out in a hurry for such work, all that he
+will do is to break to the hill, and rear himself up on end to see if
+no sheep are running away. A bred sheep-dog, if coming hungry from the
+hills, and getting into a milk-house, would most likely think of
+nothing else than filling his belly with the cream. Not so his
+uninitiated brother; he is bred at home to far higher principles of
+honour. I have known such lie night and day among from ten to twenty
+pails full of milk, and never once break the cream of one of them with
+the tip of his tongue, nor would he suffer cat, rat, or any other
+creature to touch it. This latter sort, too, are far more acute at
+taking up what is said in a family.
+
+"The anecdotes of these animals are all so much alike, that were I but
+to relate the thousandth part of those I have heard, they would often
+look very much like repetitions. I shall therefore, in this paper,
+only mention one or two of the most singular, which I know to be well
+authenticated.
+
+"There was a shepherd lad near Langholm, whose name was Scott, who
+possessed a bitch famed over all the West Border for her singular
+tractability. He could have sent her home with one sheep, two sheep,
+or any given number, from any of the neighbouring farms; and, in the
+lambing season, it was his uniform practice to send her home with the
+kebbed ewes just as he got them. I must let the town reader understand
+this. A kebbed ewe is one whose lamb dies. As soon as such is found,
+she is immediately brought home by the shepherd, and another lamb put
+to her; and Scott, on going his rounds on the hill, whenever he found
+a kebbed ewe, immediately gave her in charge to his bitch to take
+home, which saved him from coming back that way again and going over
+the same ground he had visited before. She always took them carefully
+home, and put them into a fold which was close by the house, keeping
+watch over them till she was seen by some one of the family; upon
+which she instantly decamped, and hastened back to her master, who
+sometimes sent her three times home in one morning with different
+charges. It was the custom of the farmer to watch her and take the
+sheep in charge from her: but this required a good deal of caution;
+for as soon as she perceived that she was seen, whether the sheep were
+put into the fold or not, she concluded her charge was at an end, and
+no flattery could induce her to stay and assist in folding them. There
+was a display of accuracy and attention in this that I cannot say I
+have ever seen equalled.
+
+"The late Mr. Steel, flesher in Peebles, had a bitch that was fully
+equal to the one mentioned above, and that, too, in the very same
+qualification. Her feats in taking sheep from the neighbouring farms
+into the Flesh-market at Peebles, form innumerable anecdotes in that
+vicinity. But there is one related of her, that manifests so much
+sagacity with natural affection, that I do not think the history of
+the animal creation furnishes such another.
+
+"Mr. Steel had such implicit dependence on the attention of this
+animal to his orders, that, whenever he put a lot of sheep before her,
+he took a pride in leaving them to herself, and either remained to
+take a glass with the farmer of whom he had made the purchase, or took
+another road to look after bargains or other business. But one time he
+chanced to commit a drove to her charge at a place called Willenslee,
+without attending to her condition as he ought to have done. This farm
+is five miles from Peebles, over wild hills, and there is no regularly
+defined path to it. Whether Mr. Steel remained behind, or chose
+another road, I know not; but, on coming home late in the evening, he
+was astonished at hearing that his faithful animal had not made her
+appearance with the flock. He and his son, or servant, instantly
+prepared to set out by different paths in search of her; but, on their
+going out to the street, there was she coming with the drove, no one
+missing; and, marvellous to relate, she was carrying a young pup in
+her mouth! She had been taken in travail on those hills; and how the
+poor beast had contrived to manage the drove in her state of
+suffering is beyond human calculation, for her road lay through sheep
+the whole way. Her master's heart smote him when he saw what she had
+suffered and effected: but she was nothing daunted; and having
+deposited her young one in a place of safety, she again set out full
+speed to the hills, and brought another and another, till she removed
+her whole litter one by one; but the last one was dead.
+
+"The stories related of the dogs of sheep-stealers are fairly beyond
+all credibility. I cannot attach credit to some of them without
+believing the animals to have been devils incarnate, come to the earth
+for the destruction both of the souls and bodies of men. I cannot
+mention names, for the sake of families that still remain in the
+country; but there have been sundry men executed, who belonged to this
+district of the kingdom, for that heinous crime, in my own days; and
+others have absconded, just in time to save their necks. There was not
+one of these to whom I allude who did not acknowledge his dog to be
+the greatest aggressor. One young man in particular, who was, I
+believe, overtaken by justice for his first offence, stated, that
+after he had folded the sheep by moonlight, and selected his number
+from the flock of a former master, he took them out, and set away with
+them towards Edinburgh. But before he had got them quite off the farm,
+his conscience smote him, as he said (but more likely a dread of that
+which soon followed), and he quitted the sheep, letting them go again
+to the hill. He called his dog off them, and mounting his pony, he
+rode away. At that time he said his dog was capering and playing
+around him, as if glad of having got free of a troublesome business;
+and he regarded him no more, till, after having rode about three
+miles, he thought again and again that he heard something coming up
+behind him. Halting, at length, to ascertain what it was, in a few
+minutes there comes his dog with the stolen animals, driving them at a
+furious rate to keep up with his master. The sheep were all smoking,
+and hanging out their tongues, and their guide was fully as warm as
+they. The young man was now exceedingly troubled, for the sheep having
+been brought so far from home, he dreaded there would be a pursuit,
+and he could not get them home again before day. Resolving, at all
+events, to keep his hands clear of them, he corrected his dog in great
+wrath, left the sheep once more, and taking colley with him, rode off
+a second time. He had not ridden above a mile, till he perceived that
+his assistant had again given him the slip; and suspecting for what
+purpose, he was terribly alarmed as well as chagrined; for daylight
+now approached, and he durst not make a noise calling on his dog, for
+fear of alarming the neighbourhood, in a place where they were both
+well known. He resolved therefore to abandon the animal to himself,
+and take a road across the country which he was sure the other did not
+know, and could not follow. He took that road, but being on horseback,
+he could not get across the enclosed fields. He at length came to a
+gate, which he shut behind him, and went about half a mile farther, by
+a zigzag course, to a farmhouse, where both his sister and sweetheart
+lived; and at that place he remained until after breakfast time. The
+people of this house were all examined on the trial, and no one had
+either seen the sheep or heard them mentioned, save one man, who came
+up to the aggressor as he was standing at the stable-door, and told
+him that his dog had the sheep safe enough down at the Crooked Yett,
+and he needed not hurry himself. He answered, that the sheep were not
+his--they were young Mr. Thomson's, who had left them to his charge,
+and he was in search of a man to drive them, which made him come off
+his road.
+
+"After this discovery, it was impossible for the poor fellow to get
+quit of them; so he went down and took possession of the stolen drove
+once more, carried them on, and disposed of them; and, finally, the
+transaction cost him his life. The dog, for the last four or five
+miles that he had brought the sheep, could have no other guide to the
+road his master had gone but the smell of his pony's feet. I appeal to
+every unprejudiced person if this was not as like one of the deil's
+tricks as an honest colley's.
+
+"It is also well known that there was a notorious sheep-stealer in the
+county of Mid-Lothian, who, had it not been for the skins and the
+heads, would never have been condemned, as he could, with the
+greatest ease, have proved an _alibi_ every time suspicions were
+entertained against him. He always went by one road, calling on his
+acquaintances, and taking care to appear to everybody by whom he was
+known, while his dog went by another with the stolen sheep; and then,
+on the two felons meeting again, they had nothing more to do than turn
+the sheep into an associate's enclosure, in whose house the dog was
+well fed and entertained, and would have soon taken all the fat sheep
+on the Lothian edges to that house. This was likewise a female, a
+jet-black one, with a deep coat of soft hair, but smooth-headed, and
+very strong and handsome in her make. On the disappearance of her
+master she lay about the hills and places where he had frequented, but
+she never attempted to steal a drove by herself, nor the smallest
+thing for her own hand. She was kept some time by a relation of her
+master's, but never acting heartily in his service, soon came
+privately to an untimely end. Of this there is little doubt, although
+some spread the report that one evening, after uttering two or three
+loud howls, she instantly vanished! From such dogs as these, good Lord
+deliver us!"
+
+The following is, perhaps, a still more extraordinary anecdote of the
+fidelity shown by a sheep-dog to its charge. It was communicated by
+Robert Murray, shepherd to Mr. Samuel Richmond, Path of Coudie, near
+Dunning, in Perthshire.
+
+Murray had purchased for his master four score of sheep at the Falkirk
+Tryst, but having occasion to stop another day, and confident in the
+faithfulness and sagacity of his colley, which was a female, he
+committed the drove to her care, with orders to drive them home,--a
+distance of about seventeen miles. The poor animal, when a few miles
+on the road, dropped two whelps, but, faithful to her charge, she
+drove the sheep on a mile or two further--then, allowing them to stop,
+returned for her pups, which she carried for about two miles in
+advance of the sheep. Leaving her pups, the colley again returned for
+the sheep, and drove them onwards a few miles. This she continued to
+do, alternately carrying her own young ones and taking charge of the
+flock, till she reached home. The manner of her acting on this
+occasion was afterwards gathered by the shepherd from various
+individuals, who had observed these extraordinary proceedings of the
+dumb animal on the road. However, when the colley reached her home,
+and delivered her charge, it was found that the two pups were dead. In
+this extremity, the instinct of the poor brute was, if possible, still
+more remarkable. She went to a rabbit-brae in the vicinity, and dug
+out of the earth two young rabbits, which she deposited on some straw
+in a barn, and continued to suckle for some time, until one of the
+farm servants unluckily let down a full sack upon them and smothered
+them.
+
+The following anecdote is related by Captain Brown:--
+
+A shepherd had driven a part of his flock to a neighbouring farm,
+leaving his dog to watch the remainder during that day and the next
+night, expecting to revisit them the following morning. Unfortunately,
+however, when at the fair, the shepherd forgot both his dog and his
+sheep, and did not return home till the morning of the third day. His
+first inquiry was, whether his dog had been seen? The answer was, No.
+"Then he must be dead," replied the shepherd in a tone of anguish,
+"for I know he was too faithful to desert his charge." He instantly
+repaired to the heath. The dog had sufficient strength remaining to
+crawl to his master's feet, and express his joy at his return, and
+almost immediately after expired.
+
+Mr. Blaine relates the following circumstance:--I remember watching a
+shepherd boy in Scotland, who was sitting on the bank of a wide but
+shallow stream. A sheep had strayed to a considerable distance on the
+other side of the water; the boy, calling to his dog, ordered him to
+fetch that sheep back, but to do it gently, for she was heavy in lamb.
+I do not affect to say that the dog understood the reason for which he
+was commanded to perform this office in a more gentle manner than
+usual; but that he did understand he was to do it gently was very
+evident, for he immediately marched away through the water, came
+gently up to the side of the sheep, turned her towards the rest, and
+then they both walked quietly side by side to the flock. I was
+scarcely ever more pleased at a trifling incident in rural scenery
+than this.
+
+The sense and recollection of the sheep-dog were shown in the
+following instance:--
+
+When I occupied a small farm in Surrey, I was in the habit of joining
+with a friend in the purchase of two hundred Cheviot sheep. The first
+year we had them, the shepherd who drove them from the North was asked
+by us how he had got on. "Why, very badly," said the man; "for I had a
+young dog, and he did not manage well in keeping the sheep from
+running up lanes and out-of-the-way places." The next year we had the
+same number of sheep brought up, and by the same man. In answer to our
+question about his journey, he informed us that he had got on very
+well, for his dog had recollected all the turnings of the road which
+the sheep had passed the previous year, and had kept them straight the
+whole of the way.
+
+It has always appeared to me that the patriarchal flocks, the
+shepherds and their dogs, are seen to more advantage on the wild hills
+of Cumberland and Westmorland, than in any other situation. When I
+have wandered along the sides of some of the beautiful lakes of those
+counties, and have witnessed the effects of light and shade at
+different times of the day, on the water and distant hills and
+valleys, and seen the numerous sheep scattered over the latter, how
+delightful has been the prospect! During the early morning the bright
+beams of the sun did not produce too much glare and heat, but served
+to give a charming glitter to the dew-drops as they besparkled the
+grass and flowers. The tracts of the sheep might be seen by the
+disappearance of the "gentle dew" from their path as they proceeded to
+their pasture, driven by the watchful colley. It was a scene of
+cheerfulness, which every lover of nature would admire.
+
+In the evening the calmness of the lake was delightful. The light
+hovered over it, and the reflection of the trees in the transparent
+water beautified the scene. The beams of the setting sun glowed first
+over the valleys, and then illumined the tops of the hills; then
+gradually disappeared: but the grey tints of evening still had their
+beauty, and a diversity of them was preserved long after the greater
+effects of the setting sun had vanished. Deep shade was contrasted
+with former splendour, till at last the lovely moon appeared with her
+modest light, and formed a streak across the lake, which was
+occasionally broken as a ripple, raised by a breeze of the gentlest
+kind, passed over it.
+
+While the sun still gleamed on the mountain's side the shepherd might
+be observed resting at its foot, while his patient dog ranged about
+collecting the flock, and bringing them towards his master.
+
+Dear, lovely lake!--Never shall I forget your beauteous scenery.
+Seated in the cool of the evening under one of the noble trees on your
+shore, the only sounds I heard were the soft ripple of the water, and
+the late warbling of the redbreast--Yes, I forget the humming beetle
+as it rapidly passed, and the owl calling to its mate in the distant
+wood. How peaceful were my feelings!--
+
+   "Happy the man whose tranquil mind
+    Sees Nature in her changes kind,
+      And pleased the whole surveys;
+    For him the morn benignly smiles,
+    And evening shades reward the toils
+      That measure out his days.
+
+    The varying year may shift the scene,
+    The sounding tempest lash the main,
+      And heaven's own thunder roll;
+    Calmly he views the bursting storm,
+    Tempests nor thunders can deform
+      The quiet of his soul."--C. B.
+
+Nor is the scenery from the Lakes the only thing to be admired in this
+delightful country. Lanes may be traversed sheltered by the oak, the
+ash, and the hazel, and only those who have seen the Cumberland hazels
+can form an idea of the beauty of their silvery bark and luxuriant
+growth. From these lanes there are occasional openings, through which
+a placid lake or a distant range of hills may be seen. And what
+picturesque and rugged hills they are! Huge, projecting rocks and
+verdant lawns, and deep channels of rugged stone, over which a foaming
+torrent forces its way in the rainy season, and is succeeded in dry
+weather by a sparkling rivulet, which trickles down to swell a little
+brooklet at the foot of the hill, as it winds its way to the
+neighbouring lake. These may be seen, and the patches of heather, and
+the patient colley watching for a signal to collect the scattered
+flock, dotted, as it appears to be, over the almost inaccessible
+heights. At some distance it is difficult to see the sheep, at least
+by a stranger, partly on account of the dark colour of their fleeces
+(for they have not the whiteness of our flocks in the midland downs),
+and partly from the shadow on the hills. Separated as they are from
+each other, as the evening closes in the sagacious dog receives a hint
+from his master, and the sheep are quickly collected from places to
+which the shepherd could with difficulty make his way. Snow and frost
+are no check to the labours of the colley dog. His exertions are
+indefatigable, and the only reward he appears to expect is the
+approbation of his master.
+
+The following amusing anecdote of a sort of sheep-dog was communicated
+to me by its owner. The dog's name was Hero. His habits were odd
+enough, and he gave many instances of his sagacity. The following was
+one of them:--
+
+Hero was in the constant habit of accompanying the farm-horses in
+their daily labour, pacing the ploughed field regularly aside the
+team, and returning with them to and from his meals, always taking
+care to scamper home at a certain hour for a more dainty portion when
+his mistress dined.
+
+During one of these hasty visits he met a young woman, whom he had
+never seen before, wearing his mistress's cloak. After looking at her
+with a scrutinising eye, he turned round, and followed her closely, to
+her great dismay, to a neighbouring village four miles off, where the
+brother of his mistress lived, and into whose house the woman entered.
+Probably concluding from this circumstance that she was a privileged
+person, he returned quietly back again. Had she passed the house, the
+dog would most probably have seized the cloak, in order to restore it
+to his mistress.
+
+I trust my readers will begin to feel some interest in this sagacious
+and useful animal, and I will add one or two more well-authenticated
+anecdotes of him.
+
+Captain Brown says that his friend, Mr. Peter Macarthur, related to
+him the following anecdote of a shepherd's dog, which belonged to his
+grandfather, who at that time resided in the Island of Mull:--Upon one
+occasion a cow had been missed for some days, and no trace of it could
+be found; and a shepherd's dog, called Drummer, was also absent. On
+the second or third day the dog returned, and taking Mr. Macarthur's
+father by the coat, pulled him towards the door, but he did not follow
+it; he then went to his grandfather, and pulled him in the same way by
+the coat, but without being attended to; he next went to one of the
+men-servants, and tugged him also by the coat. Conceiving at last
+there was something particular which the dog wanted, they agreed to
+follow him: this seemed to give him great pleasure, and he ran
+barking and frisking before them, till he led them to a cow-shed, in
+the middle of a field. There they found the cow fixed by the horns to
+a beam, from which they immediately extricated her and conducted her
+home, much exhausted for want of food. It is obvious, that but for the
+sagacity of this faithful animal she certainly would have died.
+
+Mr. John Cobb, farmer at Tillybirnie, parish of Lethnot, near Brechin,
+during a severe snow-storm in the year 1798, had gone with his dog,
+called Caesar, to a spot on the small stream of Paphry (a tributary of
+the North Esk), where his sheep on such occasions used to take shelter
+beneath some lofty and precipitous rocks called Ugly Face, which
+overhung the stream. While employed in driving them out, an immense
+avalanche fell from these rocks, and completely buried him and his
+dog. He found all his endeavours to extricate himself from this
+fearful situation in vain; and at last, worn out, fell asleep.
+However, his dog had contrived to work his way out, and returned home
+next day about noon. The dog, by whining and looking in the faces of
+the family, and afterwards running to the door, showed that he wished
+them to follow him; they accordingly did so, accompanied by a number
+of men provided with spades. He led them to the spot where his master
+was, and, after scraping away the snow which had fallen from the time
+he had quitted the spot, he quickly disappeared in the hole by which
+he had effected his escape. They began to dig, and by nightfall they
+found Mr. Cobb quite benumbed, standing in an upright posture; but as
+life was not quite extinguished he was rolled in warm blankets, and
+soon recovered. As may well be conceived, he felt the greatest regard
+for his preserver, and treated him ever afterwards with much
+tenderness. The colley lived to a great age, and when he died, his
+master said it gave him as much pain as the death of a child; and he
+would have buried him in a coffin, had he not thought that his
+neighbours would turn it into ridicule.
+
+A gentleman of my acquaintance had a sheep-dog, which was generally
+kept in a yard by the side of his house in the country. One day a
+beggar made his way into the yard armed with a stout stick, with which
+he defended himself from the attacks of the dog, who barked at and
+attempted to bite him. On the appearance of a servant the dog ceased
+barking, and watching his opportunity, he got behind the beggar,
+snatched the stick from his hand, and carried it into the road, where
+he left it.
+
+A shepherd named Clark, travelling home to Hunt-Law, parish of Minto,
+near Jedburgh, with some sheep, had occasion to pass through a small
+village, where he went into a public-house to take a dram with some
+cronies whom he had met on the road, leaving the sheep in charge of
+the dog. His friends and he had indulged in a crack for several hours,
+till he entirely forgot his drove. In the meantime the dog had
+wearied, and determined to take the sheep home himself, a distance of
+about ten miles. The shepherd, on coming to the spot where he had left
+the animals, found they were gone, but knowing well that he might
+depend on the fidelity of his dog, he followed the straight way to
+Hunt-Law. On coming to a gateway which had interrupted their progress,
+he perceived the dog and sheep quietly reposing; and had it not been
+for that bar to their course he would have taken them home. Two miles
+of their way was by a made road, and the rest through an open moor.
+
+"One of the most interesting anecdotes I have known," says Sir Patrick
+Walker, who related this anecdote to Captain Brown, and the one which
+follows, "relates to a sheep-dog. The names of the parties have
+escaped me just now, but I recollect perfectly that it came from an
+authentic source. The circumstances were these:--A gentleman sold a
+considerable flock of sheep to a dealer, which the latter had not
+hands to drive. The seller, however, told him he had a very
+intelligent dog, which he would send to assist him to a place about
+thirty miles off; and that when he reached the end of his journey, he
+had only to feed the dog, and desire him to go home. The dog
+accordingly received his orders, and set off with the flock and the
+drover; but he was absent for so many days that his master began to
+have serious alarms about him, when one morning, to his great
+surprise, he found the dog returned with a very large flock of sheep,
+including the whole that he had lately sold. The fact turned out to
+be, that the drover was so pleased with the colley that he resolved to
+steal him, and locked him up until the time when he was to leave the
+country. The dog grew sulky, and made various attempts to escape, and
+one evening he fortunately succeeded. Whether the brute had discovered
+the drover's intention, and supposed the sheep were also stolen, it is
+difficult to say; but by his conduct it looked so, for he immediately
+went to the field, collected the sheep, and drove them all back to his
+master."
+
+"A few years ago, when upon a shooting party in the Braes of Ranoch,
+the dogs were so worn out as to be unfit for travel. Our guide said he
+knew the shepherd, who had a dog that perhaps might help us. He
+called, and the young man came with his little black colley, to which,
+as soon as he had conversed with the guide, he said something in Erse.
+The dog set off in a sneaking sort of manner up the hill, and, when he
+showed any degree of keenness, we hastened to follow, lest he should
+set up the birds; but the lad advised us 'to be canny, as it was time
+eneuch when Lud came back to tell.' In a short space Lud made his
+appearance on a knoll, and sat down, and the shepherd said we might go
+up now, for Lud had found the birds. The dog waited till we were
+ready, and trotted on at his master's command, who soon cautioned us
+to be on the alert, for Lud signified we were in the midst of the
+covey. We immediately found this to be the case, and in the course of
+the day the same thing occurred frequently."
+
+The following anecdote will serve to show the strong affection of the
+sheep-dog; I will give it in the words of a gentleman who witnessed
+the fact in the north of England.
+
+"The following instance of canine affection came under my observation
+at a farm-steading, where I happened to be. A colley belonging to the
+shepherd on the farm appeared very restless and agitated: she
+frequently sent forth short howls, and moaned as if in great agony.
+'What on earth is the matter with the dog?' I asked. 'Ye see, sur,'
+said the shepherd, 'au drownt a' her whelps i' the pond the day, and
+she's busy greeting for them.' Of course, I had no objection to offer
+to this explanation, but resolved to watch her future operations. She
+was not long in setting off to the pond and fishing out her offspring.
+One strong brindled pup she seemed to lament over the most. After
+looking at it for some time, she again set off at a quick rate to a
+new house then in the course of erection, and scooped out a deep hole
+among the rubbish. She then, one by one, deposited the remains of her
+young in it, and covered them up most carefully. After she had
+fulfilled this task, she resumed her labours among her woolly charge
+as usual."
+
+In the winter of the year 1795, as Mr. Boulstead's son, of Great
+Salkeld, in Cumberland, was attending the sheep of his father upon
+Great Salkeld Common, he had the misfortune to fall and break his
+leg. He was then at the distance of three miles from home--there was
+no chance of any person's coming in so unfrequented a place within
+call, and evening was fast approaching. In this dreadful dilemma,
+suffering extreme pain from the fracture, and laying upon the damp
+ground at so dreary a season of the year, his fearful situation
+suggested to him the following expedient. Folding one of his gloves in
+his pocket-handkerchief, he fastened it round the neck of the dog, and
+rather emphatically ordered him 'home.' These dogs, trained so
+admirably to orders and signals during their attendance upon the
+flock, are well known to be under the most minute subjection, and to
+execute the commands of their masters with an alacrity scarcely to be
+conceived.
+
+Perfectly convinced of some inexplicable disquietude from the
+situation in which his master lay, he set off at a pace which soon
+brought him to the house, where he scratched with great violence at
+the door for immediate admittance. This obtained, the parents were in
+the utmost alarm and consternation at his appearance, especially when
+they had examined the handkerchief and its contents. Instantly
+concluding that some accident had befallen their son, they did not
+delay a moment to go in search of him. The dog, apparently conscious
+that the principal part of his duty was yet to be performed, anxiously
+led the way, and conducted the agitated parents to the spot where
+their son lay overwhelmed with pain, increased by the awful
+uncertainty of his situation. Happily he was removed just at the close
+of day; and the necessary assistance being procured, he soon
+recovered. He was never more pleasingly engaged than when reciting the
+sagacity and affection of his faithful follower, who then became his
+constant companion.
+
+Mr. Hawkes, farmer of Halling, returning much intoxicated from
+Maidstone market, with his dog, when the whole face of the country was
+covered with snow, mistook his path, and passed over a ditch on his
+right-hand towards the river; fortunately he was unable to get up the
+bank, or he must have fallen into the Medway, at nearly high water.
+Overcome with the liquor, Hawkes fell amongst the snow, in one of the
+coldest nights ever remembered: turning on his back, he was soon
+asleep; his dog scratched the snow about him, and then mounted upon
+the body, rolled himself round, and laid him on his master's bosom,
+for which his shaggy hide proved a seasonable covering. In this state,
+with snow falling all the time, the farmer and his dog lay the whole
+of the night; in the morning, a Mr. Finch, who was out with his gun,
+perceiving an uncommon appearance, proceeded towards it; at his
+approach, the dog got off the body, shook the snow from him, and by
+significant actions encouraged Mr. Finch to advance. Upon wiping the
+snow from the face, the person was immediately recognised, and was
+conveyed to the first house, when a pulsation in the heart being
+evident, the necessary means to recover him were employed, and in a
+short time Hawkes was able to relate his own story. In gratitude for
+his faithful friend, a silver collar was made for his wearing, and
+thus inscribed:--
+
+   "In man, true friendship I long strove to find, but missed my aim;
+    At length I found it in my dog most kind; man! blush for shame."
+
+The following tale is copied from the "Glasgow Post:"--
+
+"A few days since, while Hector Macalister was on the Aran Hills
+looking after his sheep, six miles from home or other habitation, his
+two colley dogs started a rabbit, which ran under a large block of
+granite. He thrust his arm under the stone, expecting to catch it; but
+instead of doing so, he removed the supports of the block, which
+instantly came down on his arm, holding him as fast as a vice. His
+pain was great; but the pangs he felt were greater when he thought of
+home, and the death he seemed doomed to die. In this position he lay
+from ten in the morning till four in the afternoon; when, finding that
+all his efforts to extricate himself were unavailing, he tried several
+times, without effect, to get his knife out of his pocket to cut his
+arm off.
+
+"His only chance now was to send home his dogs, with the view of
+alarming his friends. After much difficulty, as the faithful creatures
+were most unwilling to leave him, he succeeded; and Mrs. Macalister,
+seeing them return alone, took the alarm, and collecting the
+neighbours, went in search of her husband, led on by the faithful
+colleys. When they came to the spot, poor Macalister was speechless
+with crying for assistance. It required five strong men to remove the
+block from his arm.
+
+"A further instance of reason and self-judgment was shown in the
+colley, which, having to collect some sheep from the sides of a gorge,
+through which ran a morass, saw one of the animals precipitate itself
+into the shifting mass, where it sank immediately up to the neck,
+leaving nothing but its small black head visible. The dog looked at
+the sheep and then at its master with an embarrassed, what-shall-I-do
+kind of expression; but the latter, being too far off to notice the
+difficulty or to assist, the dog, with infinite address, seized the
+struggling animal by the neck, and dragged it by main force to the dry
+land, and then compelled it to join the flock he was collecting."
+
+The care a sheep-dog will take of the sheep committed to his charge is
+extraordinary, and he will readily chastise any other dog which
+happens to molest them. Col. Hamilton Smith relates that a strange cur
+one day bit a sheep in rear of the flock, unseen by the shepherd. The
+assault was committed by a tailor's dog, but not unnoticed by the
+other, which immediately seized the delinquent by the ear and dragged
+him into a puddle, where he kept dabbling him in the mud with the
+utmost gravity. The cur yelled. The tailor came slipshod with his
+goose to the rescue, and flung it at the sheep-dog, but missed him,
+and did not venture to pick it up till the castigation was over.
+
+And here I cannot do better than introduce Dr. Walcot's (Peter Pindar)
+charming lines on "The Old Shepherd's Dog:"--
+
+   "The old shepherd's dog, like his master, was grey,
+    His teeth all departed, and feeble his tongue;
+    Yet where'er Corin went he was follow'd by Tray:
+    Thus happy through life did they hobble along.
+
+    When fatigued on the grass the shepherd would lie
+    For a nap in the sun, 'midst his slumbers so sweet
+    His faithful companion crawl'd constantly nigh,
+    Placed his head on his lap, or laid down at his feet.
+
+    When winter was heard on the hill and the plain,
+    When torrents descended, and cold was the wind;
+    If Corin went forth 'mid the tempest and rain,
+    Tray scorn'd to be left in the chimney behind.
+
+    At length, in the straw, Tray made his last bed--
+    For vain against death is the stoutest endeavour--
+    To lick Corin's hand he rear'd up his weak head,
+    Then fell back, closed his eyes, and ah! closed them for ever.
+
+    Not long after Tray did the shepherd remain,
+    Who oft o'er his grave with true sorrow would bend;
+    And when dying, thus feebly was heard the poor swain,
+    'O bury me, neighbours, beside my old friend!'"
+
+There can be little doubt but that the dog I have been describing is
+possessed of almost human sagacity. The following is an extraordinary
+instance of it. It is related by Dr. Anderson:--
+
+A young farmer in the neighbourhood of Innerleithen, whose
+circumstances were supposed to be good, and who was connected with
+many of the best store-farming families in the county, had been
+tempted to commit some extensive depredations upon the flocks of his
+neighbours, in which he was assisted by his shepherd. The pastoral
+farms of Tweeddale, which generally consist each of a certain range of
+hilly ground, had in those days no enclosures: their boundaries were
+indicated only by the natural features of the country. The sheep were,
+accordingly, liable to wander, and to become intermixed with each
+other; and at every reckoning of a flock a certain allowance had to be
+made for this, as for other contingencies. For some time Mr. William
+Gibson, tenant in Newby, an extensive farm stretching from the
+neighbourhood of Peebles to the borders of Selkirkshire, had remarked
+a surprising increase in the amount of his annual losses. He
+questioned his shepherds severely, taxed them with carelessness in
+picking up and bringing home the dead, and plainly intimated that he
+conceived some unfair dealing to be in progress. The men, finding
+themselves thus exposed to suspicions of a very painful kind, were as
+much chagrined as the worthy farmer himself, and kept their minds
+alive to every circumstance which might tend to afford any elucidation
+of the mystery. One day, while they were summering their lambs, the
+eye of a very acute old shepherd, named Hyslop, was caught by a
+black-faced ewe which they had formerly missed (for the shepherds
+generally know every particular member of their flocks), and which
+was now suckling its own lamb as if it had never been absent. On
+inspecting it carefully, it was found to bear an additional birn upon
+its face. Every farmer, it must be mentioned, impresses with a hot
+iron a particular letter upon the faces of his sheep, as a means of
+distinguishing his own from those of his neighbours. Mr. Gibson's birn
+was the letter T, and this was found distinctly enough impressed on
+the face of the ewe. But above this mark there was an O, which was
+known to be the mark of the tenant of Wormiston, the individual
+already mentioned. It was immediately suspected that this and the
+other missing sheep had been abstracted by that person; a suspicion
+which derived strength from the reports of the neighbouring shepherds,
+by whom, it appeared, the black-faced ewe had been tracked for a
+considerable way in a direction leading from Wormiston to Newby. It
+was indeed ascertained that instinctive affection for her lamb had led
+this animal across the Tweed, and over the lofty heights between
+Cailzie and Newby; a route of very considerable difficulty, and
+probably quite different from that by which she had been led away, but
+the most direct that could have been taken. Mr. Gibson only stopped to
+obtain the concurrence of a neighbouring farmer, whose losses had been
+equally great, before proceeding with some of the legal authorities to
+Wormiston, where Millar the shepherd, and his master, were taken into
+custody, and conducted to the prison of Peebles. On a search of the
+farm, no fewer than thirty-three score of sheep belonging to various
+individuals were found, all bearing the condemnatory O above the
+original birns; and it was remarked that there was not a single ewe
+returned to Grieston, the farm on the opposite bank of the Tweed,
+which did not minny her lambs--that is, assume the character of mother
+towards the offspring from which she had been separated.
+
+The magnitude of this crime, the rareness of such offences in the
+district, and the station in life of at least one of the offenders,
+produced a great sensation in Tweeddale, and caused the elicitation of
+every minute circumstance that could possibly be discovered respecting
+the means which had been employed for carrying on such an extensive
+system of depredation. The most surprising part of the tale is the
+extent to which it appears that the instinct of dumb animals had been
+instrumental, both in the crime and in its detection. While the farmer
+seemed to have deputed the business chiefly to his shepherd, the
+shepherd seemed to have deputed it again, in many instances, to a dog
+of extraordinary sagacity, which served him in his customary and
+lawful business. This animal, which bore the name of "Yarrow," would
+not only act under his immediate direction in cutting off a portion of
+a flock, and bringing it home to Wormiston, but is said to have been
+able to proceed solitarily, and by night, to a sheepwalk, and there
+detach certain individuals previously pointed out by its master,
+which it would drive home by secret ways, without allowing one to
+straggle. It is mentioned that, while returning home with their stolen
+droves, they avoided, even in the night, the roads along the banks of
+the river, or those that descend to the valley through the adjoining
+glens. They chose rather to come along the ridge of mountains that
+separate the small river Leithen from the Tweed. But even here there
+was sometimes danger, for the shepherds occasionally visit their
+flocks even before day; and often when Millar had driven his prey from
+a distance, and while he was yet miles from home, and the
+weather-gleam of the eastern hills began to be tinged with the
+brightening dawn, he has left them to the charge of his dog, and
+descended himself to the banks of the Leithen, off his way, that he
+might not be seen connected with their company. Yarrow, although
+between three and four miles from his master, would continue, with
+care and silence, to bring the sheep onward to Wormiston, where his
+master's appearance could be neither a matter of question nor
+surprise.
+
+Near to the thatched farmhouse was one of those old square towers, or
+peel-houses, whose picturesque ruins were then seen ornamenting the
+course of the Tweed, as they had been placed alternately along the
+north and south bank, generally from three to six hundred yards from
+it--sometimes on the shin, and sometimes in the hollow of a hill. In
+the vault of this tower it was the practice of these men to conceal
+the sheep they had recently stolen; and while the rest of their
+people were absent on Sunday at the church, they used to employ
+themselves in cancelling with their knives the ear-marks, and
+impressing with a hot iron a large O upon the face, that covered both
+sides of the animal's nose, for the purpose of obliterating the brand
+of the true owner. While his accomplices were so busied, Yarrow kept
+watch in the open air, and gave notice, without fail, by his barking,
+of the approach of strangers.
+
+The farmer and his servant were tried at Edinburgh in January 1773,
+and the proceedings excited an extraordinary interest, not only in the
+audience, but amongst the legal officials. Hyslop, the principal
+witness, gave so many curious particulars respecting the instincts of
+sheep, and the modes of distinguishing them both by natural and
+artificial marks, that he was highly complimented by the bench. The
+evidence was so complete, that both culprits were found guilty and
+expiated their crime on the scaffold.
+
+The general tradition is, that Yarrow was also put to death, though in
+a less ceremonious manner; but this has probably no other foundation
+than a _jeu d'esprit_, which was cried through the streets of
+Edinburgh as his dying speech. We have been informed that the dog was
+in reality purchased, after the execution of Millar, by a sheep-farmer
+in the neighbourhood, but did not take kindly to honest courses, and
+his new master having no work of a different kind in which to engage
+him, he was remarked to show rather less sagacity than the ordinary
+shepherd's dog.
+
+An instance of shrewd discrimination in the shepherd's dog, almost as
+remarkable as that of poor Yarrow, was mentioned a few years ago in a
+Greenock newspaper. In the course of last summer, says the narrator,
+it chanced that the sheep on the farm of a friend of ours, on the
+water of Stinchar, were, like those of his neighbours, partially
+affected with that common disease, maggots in the skin, to cure which
+distemper it is necessary to cut off the wool over the part affected,
+and apply a small quantity of tobacco juice, or some other liquid. For
+this purpose the shepherd set off to the hill one morning, accompanied
+by his faithful canine assistant, Ladie. Arrived among the flock, the
+shepherd pointed out a diseased animal; and making the accustomed
+signal for the dog to capture it, "poor Mailie" was speedily sprawling
+on her back, and gently held down by the dog till the arrival of her
+keeper, who proceeded to clip off a portion of her wool, and apply the
+healing balsam. During the operation, Ladie continued to gaze on the
+operator with close attention; and the sheep having been released, he
+was directed to capture in succession two or three more of the flock,
+which underwent similar treatment. The sagacious animal had now become
+initiated into the mysteries of his master's vocation, for off he set
+unbidden through the flock, and picked out with unerring precision
+those sheep which were affected with maggots in their skin, and held
+them down until the arrival of his master; who was thus, by the
+extraordinary instinct of Ladie, saved a world of trouble, while the
+operation of clipping and smearing was also greatly facilitated.
+
+Often as I have attempted to make acquaintance with a colley-dog, I
+have never been able to succeed in producing any degree of
+familiarity. On the contrary, he has always regarded me with looks of
+shyness and suspicion. His master appears to be the only being to whom
+he is capable of showing any degree of attachment; and coiled up on
+his great-coat, or reposing at his feet, he eyes a stranger with
+distrust, if not with anger. At the same time there is a look of
+extraordinary intelligence, which perhaps is possessed by no other
+animal in a greater degree. It has been said of him, that although he
+has not the noble port of the Newfoundland dog, the affectionate
+fondling of the spaniel, nor the fierce attachment which renders the
+mastiff so efficient a guard, yet he exceeds them all in readiness and
+extent of intelligence, combined with a degree of docility unequalled,
+perhaps, by any other animal in existence. There is, if the expression
+may be used, a philosophic look about him, which shows thought,
+patience, energy, and vigilance. During a recent visit in Cumberland,
+I took some pains to make myself acquainted with the character of this
+dog, and I am now convinced that too much cannot be said of his
+wonderful properties. He protects with indefatigable exertions the
+flock committed to his charge. When we consider the dreary wilds, the
+almost inaccessible heights, the rugged hills and lofty mountains to
+which sheep have access, and to which man could scarcely
+penetrate--that some sheep will stray and intermix with other
+flocks--that the dog knows the extent of his walk as well as every
+individual of his flock, and that he will select his own as well as
+drive away intruders, we must admit his utility and admire his
+sagacity.
+
+Let me give another instance of this in the words of the Ettrick
+Shepherd. It was related to me by himself, and has since been
+published in the "Percy Anecdotes."
+
+"I once witnessed a very singular feat performed by a dog belonging to
+John Graham, late tenant in Ashiesteel. A neighbour came to his house
+after it was dark, and told him that he had lost a sheep on his farm,
+and that if he (Graham) did not secure her in the morning early, she
+would be lost, as he had brought her far. John said he could not
+possibly get to the hill next morning, but if he would take him to the
+very spot where he lost the sheep, perhaps his dog Chieftain would
+find her that night. On that they went away with all expedition, lest
+the traces of the feet should cool; and I, then a boy, being in the
+house, went with them. The night was pitch dark, which had been the
+cause of the man losing his ewe, and at length he pointed out a place
+to John by the side of the water where he had lost her. 'Chieftain,
+fetch that!' said John. 'Bring her back, sir!' The dog jumped around
+and around, and reared himself up on end; but not being able to see
+anything, evidently misapprehended his master, on which John fell to
+scolding his dog, calling it a great many hard names. He at last told
+the man that he must point out the very track that the sheep went,
+otherwise he had no chance of recovering it. The man led him to a grey
+stone, and said he was sure she took the brae (hill side) within a
+yard of that. 'Chieftain, come hither to my foot, you great numb'd
+whelp!' said John. Chieftain came--John pointed with his finger to the
+ground, 'Fetch that, I say, sir--bring that back--away!' The dog
+scented slowly about on the ground for some seconds, but soon began to
+mend his pace, and vanished in the darkness. 'Bring her back!--away,
+you great calf!' vociferated John, with a voice of exultation, as the
+dog broke to the hill; and as all these good dogs perform their work
+in perfect silence, we neither saw nor heard any more of him for a
+long time. I think, if I remember right, we waited there about half an
+hour, during which time all the conversation was about the small
+chance which the dog had to find the ewe, for it was agreed on all
+hands that she must long ago have mixed with the rest of the sheep on
+the farm. How that was, no man will ever be able to decide. John,
+however, still persisted in waiting until his dog came back, either
+with the ewe or without her. At last the trusty animal brought the
+individual lost sheep to our very feet, which the man took on his
+back, and went on his way rejoicing."
+
+The care the shepherds of the north of England take in preserving a
+pure breed of these dogs is very great, and the value set upon them is
+proportionably high. Nor must the shepherds themselves be passed over
+without notice. They are a shrewd, sagacious set of men, many of them
+by no means uneducated, as is the case generally with the peasantry in
+the north of England. Indeed, it is from this class that many scholars
+and mathematicians have done so much credit, and I may add honour, to
+the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland. An anecdote is related of
+a shepherd, who was found by a gentleman attending his flock, and
+reading a volume of Milton. "What are you reading?" asked the
+gentleman. "Why," replied the shepherd, "I am reading an odd sort of a
+poet; he would fain rhyme, but does not quite know how to set about
+it."
+
+The valleys, or glens, which intersect the Grampian mountains, are
+chiefly inhabited by shepherds. The pastures over which each flock is
+permitted to range extend many miles in every direction. The shepherd
+never has a view of his whole flock at once, except when they are
+collected for sale or shearing. His occupation is to make daily
+excursions to the different extremities of his pastures in succession,
+and to turn back, by means of his dog, any stragglers that may be
+approaching the boundaries of his neighbours. In one of these
+excursions, a shepherd happened to carry along with him one of his
+children, about three years old. This is a usual practice among the
+Highlanders, who accustom their children from their earliest infancy
+to endure the rigours of the climate. After traversing his pasture for
+some time, attended by his dog, the shepherd found himself under the
+necessity of ascending a summit at some distance, in order to have a
+more extensive view of his range. As the ascent was too fatiguing for
+the child, he left him on a small plain at the bottom, with strict
+injunctions not to stir from it till his return. Scarcely, however,
+had he gained the summit, when the horizon was suddenly darkened by
+one of those impenetrable mists which frequently descend so rapidly
+amidst these mountains, as almost to turn day into night, and that in
+the course of a few minutes. The anxious father instantly hastened
+back to find his child, but, owing to the unusual darkness, he missed
+his way in the descent. After a search of many hours amongst the
+dangerous morasses and cataracts with which these mountains abound, he
+was at length overtaken by night. Still wandering on without knowing
+whither, he at length came to the verge of the mist, and, by the light
+of the moon, discovered that he had reached the bottom of his valley,
+and was within a short distance of his cottage. To renew the search
+that night was equally fruitless and dangerous. He was, therefore,
+obliged to return to his cottage, having lost both his child and his
+dog, who had attended him faithfully for years.
+
+Next morning by daybreak, the shepherd, accompanied by a band of his
+neighbours, set out in search of the child, but, after a day spent in
+fruitless fatigue, he was at last compelled, by the approach of night,
+to descend from the mountain. On returning to his cottage he found
+that the dog, which he had lost the day before, had been home, and on
+receiving a piece of cake, had instantly gone off again. For several
+successive days the shepherd renewed the search for his child, but
+still, on returning at evening disappointed to his cottage, he found
+that the dog had been home, and, on receiving his usual allowance of
+cake, had instantly disappeared. Struck with this circumstance, he
+remained at home one day, and when the dog, as usual, departed with
+his piece of cake, he resolved to follow him, and find out the cause
+of his strange procedure. The dog led the way to a cataract, at some
+distance from the spot where the shepherd had left his child. The
+banks of the cataract almost joined at the top, yet separated by an
+abyss of immense depth, presenting that appearance which so often
+astonishes and appals travellers who frequent the Grampian Mountains,
+and indicates that these stupendous chasms were not the silent work of
+time, but the sudden effect of some violent convulsion of the earth.
+Down one of these rugged and almost perpendicular descents, the dog
+began, without hesitation, to make his way, and at last disappeared
+into a cave, the mouth of which was almost on a level with the
+torrent. The shepherd with some difficulty followed, but upon entering
+the cave, what were his emotions when he beheld his lost child eating
+with much satisfaction the cake which the dog had just brought to him,
+while the faithful animal stood by, eyeing his young charge with the
+utmost complacence.
+
+From the situation in which the child was found, it appears that he
+had wandered to the brink of the precipice, and then either fallen or
+scrambled down till he reached the cave, which the dread of the
+torrent had probably prevented him from quitting. The dog had traced
+him to the spot, and afterwards prevented him from starving by giving
+up to him the whole, or the greater part of his own daily allowance.
+He appears never to have quitted the child by night or day, except
+when it was necessary to go for food, and then he was always seen
+running at full speed to and from the cottage.
+
+This extraordinary and interesting anecdote is taken from the "Monthly
+Magazine" of April, 1802, and bears every appearance of authenticity.
+It affords an instance of the sense, affection, and self-denial of a
+faithful animal, and is recorded to his honour, and as an example to
+the whole race of human beings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Daniel, in the Supplement to his "Rural Sports," gives the
+following account of the shepherds' dogs in North Wales. He says,
+"The sheep in this country are the ancient Alpine sort, (how excellent
+the mutton is!) and that from their varying mode of life they assume
+very different habits to the sheep of an inland country, while those
+of the shepherds' dogs are no less conspicuous. The excellency of
+these animals renders sheep-pens in a great degree unnecessary. If a
+shepherd wishes to inspect his flock in a cursory way, he places
+himself in the middle of the field, or the piece of ground they are
+depasturing, and giving a whistle or a shout, the dogs and the sheep
+are equally obedient to the sound, and draw towards the shepherd, and
+are kept within reach by one or more dogs, until the business which
+required them to be assembled is finished. In such estimation was this
+breed of dogs, when cattle constituted one of the grand sources of
+wealth to the country, that in the laws of Hywell Dda, the legal price
+of one perfectly broken in for conducting the flocks or herds to or
+from their pasturage, was equal to that of an ox, viz. sixty denarii,
+while the price of the house-dog was estimated at only four, which was
+the value of a sheep. If any doubt arose as to the genuineness of the
+breed, or his having been _pastorally_ trained, then the owner and a
+neighbour were to make oath that he went with the flocks or herds in
+the morning, and drove them, with the stragglers, home in the
+evening."
+
+I delight in seeing a shepherd's dog in full activity, anxious to
+obey the directions of his master. He runs with his utmost speed,
+encompassing a large space of open country in a short time, and brings
+those sheep that are wanted to the feet of his master. Indeed the
+natural talents and sagacity of this dog are so great, partly by being
+the constant companion of his master, and partly by education, that he
+may almost be considered a rational being. Mr. Smellie says, "that he
+reigns at the head of his flock, and that his _language_, whether
+expressive of blandishment or of command, is better heard and better
+understood than the voice of his master. Safety, order, and discipline
+are the effects of his vigilance and activity. Sheep and cattle are
+his subjects. These he conducts and protects with prudence and
+bravery, and never employs force against them, except for the
+preservation of peace and good order. He not only understands the
+language of his master, but, when too distant to be heard, he knows
+how to act by signals made with the hand." How well Delille describes
+this faithful animal!--
+
+                  "Aimable autant qu'utile,
+    Superbe et caressant, courageux et docile,
+    Forme pour le conduire et pour le proteger.
+    Du troupeau qu'il gouverne il est le vrai berger;
+    Le Ciel l'a fait pour nous; et dans leur cours rustique,
+    Il fut des rois pasteurs le premier domestique."
+
+Mr. Charles Darwin, in his interesting travels in South America,
+informs us, that when riding it is a common thing to meet a large
+flock of sheep, guarded by one or two dogs, at the distance of some
+miles from any house or man. He often wondered how so firm a
+friendship had been established, till he found that the method of
+education consisted in separating the puppy, while very young, from
+the mother, and in accustoming it to its future companions. In order
+to do this, a ewe is held three or four times a-day for the little
+thing to suck, and a nest of wool is made for it in the sheep-pen. At
+no time is it allowed to associate with other dogs, or with the
+children of the family. From this education, it has no wish to leave
+the flock, and just as another dog will defend his master, so will
+these the sheep. It is amusing to observe, when approaching a flock,
+how the dog immediately advances barking, and the sheep all close in
+his rear, as if round the oldest ram. These dogs are also easily
+taught to bring home the flock at a certain hour in the evening. Their
+most troublesome fault, when young, is their desire of playing with
+the sheep; for, in their sport, they sometimes gallop their poor
+subjects most unmercifully. The shepherd dog comes to the house every
+day for some meat, and immediately it is given him he skulks away as
+if ashamed of himself. On these occasions the house-dogs are very
+tyrannical, and the least of them will attack and pursue the stranger.
+The minute, however, the latter has reached the flock, he turns round
+and begins to bark, and then all the house-dogs take very quietly to
+their heels. In a similar manner, a whole pack of hungry wild dogs
+will scarcely ever venture to attack a flock when under the protection
+of even one of these faithful shepherds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ST. BERNARD DOG.]
+
+THE ST. BERNARD DOG.
+
+   "Thrill sounds are breaking o'er the startled ear,
+    The shriek of agony, the cry of fear;--
+    And the sad tones of childhood in distress,
+    Are echoing through the snow-clad wilderness!
+    And who the first to waken to the sound,
+    And quickly down the icy path to bound;
+    To dare the storm with anxious step and grave,
+    The first to answer and the first to save?--
+    'T is he--the brave old dog, who many a day
+    Hath saved lost wand'rers in that dreary way;
+    And now, with head close crouched along the ground,
+    Is watching eagerly each coming sound.
+    Sudden he starts--the cry is near--
+    On, gallant Bruno!--know no fear!
+    On!--for that cry may be the last,
+    And human life is ebbing fast!
+    And now he hurries on with heaving side,
+    Dashing the snow from off its shaggy hide;--
+    He nears the child!--he hears his gasping sighs,
+    And, with a tender care, he bears away the prize."
+                                                       MRS. HOUSTOUN.
+
+
+Sir Walter Scott said that he would believe anything of a St. Bernard
+dog. Their natural sagacity is, indeed, so sharpened by long practice
+and careful training, that a sort of language is established between
+them and the good monks of St. Bernard, by which mutual communications
+are made, such as few persons living in situations of less constant
+and severe trials can have any just conceptions of. When we look at
+the extraordinary sagacity of the animal, his great strength, and his
+instinctive faculties, we shall feel convinced how admirably he is
+adapted to fulfil the purpose for which he is chiefly employed,--that
+of saving lives in snow-storms.
+
+The peculiar faculty of the St. Bernard dogs is shown by the curious
+fact, that if a whelp of this breed is placed upon snow for the first
+time, it will begin to scratch it, and sniff about as if in search of
+something. When they have been regularly trained, they are generally
+sent out in pairs during heavy snow-storms in search of travellers,
+who may have been overwhelmed by the snow. In this way they pass over
+a great extent of country, and by the acuteness of their scent
+discover if any one is buried in the snowdrift. When it is considered
+that Mount St. Bernard is situated about 8000 feet above the level of
+the sea, and that it is the highest habitable spot in Europe, and
+that the road which passes across it is constantly traversed, the
+great utility of the dogs is sufficiently manifest. Neither is the
+kindness, charity, and hospitality of the good monks less to be
+admired than the noble qualities of these dogs.
+
+"Under every circumstance," says Mr. Brockedon, "in which it is
+possible to render assistance, the worthy religieuses of St. Bernard
+set out upon their fearful duty unawed by the storm, and obeying a
+higher Power; they seek the exhausted or overwhelmed traveller,
+accompanied by their dogs, whose sagacity will generally detect the
+victim though buried in the snow. The dogs, also, as if conscious of a
+high duty, will roam alone through the day and night in these desolate
+regions, and if they discover an exhausted traveller will lie on him
+to impart warmth, and bark and howl for assistance."[P]
+
+Mr. Mathews, in his "Diary of an Invalid," gives this testimony in
+praise of the inmates of St. Bernard. "The approach," he says, "to the
+convent for the last hour of the ascent is steep and difficult. The
+convent is not seen till you arrive within a few hundred yards of it;
+when it breaks upon the view all at once, at a turn in the rock. Upon
+a projecting crag near it stood one of the celebrated dogs, baying at
+our advance, as if to give notice of strangers. These dogs are of a
+large size, particularly high upon the legs, and generally of a milk
+white, or of a tabby colour. They are most extraordinary creatures, if
+all the stories the monks tell of them are true. They are used for the
+purpose of searching for travellers who may be buried in the snow; and
+many persons are rescued annually from death by their means. During
+the last winter, a traveller arrived at the convent in the midst of a
+snow-storm, having been compelled to leave his wife, who was unable to
+proceed further, at about a quarter of a mile's distance. A party of
+the monks immediately set out to her assistance, and found her
+completely buried under the snow. The sagacity of the dogs alone was
+the cause of her deliverance, for there was no visible trace, and it
+is difficult to understand how the scent can be conveyed through a
+deep covering of snow.
+
+"It is stated that the monks themselves, when out upon search for
+travellers, have frequently owed their preservation to their dogs, in
+a manner which would seem to show that the dogs are endued with a
+presentiment of danger.
+
+"Many stories of this kind have been told, and I was anxious to
+ascertain their truth. The monks stated two or three cases where the
+dogs had actually prevented them from returning to the convent by
+their accustomed route, when it afterwards turned out, that if they
+had not followed the guidance of their dog in his deviation, they
+would have been overwhelmed by an avalanche. Whether the dog may be
+endued with an intuitive foreboding of danger, or whether he may have
+the faculty of detecting symptoms not perceptible to our duller
+senses, must be determined by philosophers."
+
+That dogs and other animals, especially elephants, have this faculty,
+cannot be doubted. There is an instance on record of a dog having, by
+his importunity and peculiar gestures, induced his mistress to quit a
+washhouse in which she was at work, the roof of which fell in almost
+immediately afterwards. Dogs have been known to give the alarm of
+fire, by howling and other signs, before it was perceived by any of
+the inmates of the house. Their apprehension of danger is indeed very
+acute and very extraordinary, and may serve to account for and prove
+the accuracy of what has been stated respecting the instinct of the
+St. Bernard dogs.
+
+These dogs, however, do not always escape being overwhelmed by a
+sudden avalanche, which falls, as is most usual, in the spring of the
+year. Two of the domestics of the convent, with two or three dogs,
+were escorting some travellers, and were lost in an avalanche. One of
+the predecessors of these dogs, an intelligent animal, which had
+served the hospital for the space of twelve years, had, during that
+time, saved the lives of many individuals. Whenever the mountain was
+enveloped in fogs and snow, he set out in search of lost travellers.
+He was accustomed to run barking until he lost his breath, and would
+frequently venture on the most perilous places. When he found his
+strength was insufficient to draw from the snow a traveller benumbed
+with cold, he would run back to the hospital in search of the monks.
+
+One day this interesting animal found a child in a frozen state
+between the Bridge of Drouaz and the Ice-house of Balsora. He
+immediately began to lick him, and having succeeded in restoring
+animation, and the perfect recovery of the boy, by means of his
+caresses, he induced the child to tie himself round his body. In this
+way he carried the poor little creature, as if in triumph, to the
+hospital. When old age deprived him of strength, the prior of the
+convent pensioned him at Berne by way of reward. He is now dead, and
+his body stuffed and deposited in the museum of that town. The little
+phial, in which he carried a reviving liquor for the distressed
+travellers whom he found among the mountains, is still suspended from
+his neck.
+
+The story of this dog has been often told, but it cannot be too
+frequently repeated. Its authenticity is well established, and it
+affords another proof of the utility and sense of the St. Bernard
+dogs. Neither can the benevolence of the good monks be too highly
+praised. To those accustomed to behold the habitations of man,
+surrounded by flowery gardens, green and pleasing meadows, rivulets
+winding and sparkling over their pebbly bottoms, and groves in which
+songsters haunt and warble, the sight of a large monastery, situated
+on a gigantic eminence, with clouds rolling at its foot, and
+encompassed only by beds of ice and snow, must be awfully impressive.
+Yet amidst these boundless labyrinths of rugged glens and precipices,
+in the very rudest seasons, as often as it snows or the weather is
+foggy, do some of those benevolent persons go forth, with long poles,
+guided by their sagacious dogs. In this way they seek the high road,
+which these animals, with their instinctive faculty, never miss, how
+difficult soever to find. If an unfortunate traveller has sunk beneath
+the force of the falling snows, or should be immersed among them, the
+dogs never fail to find the place of his interment, which they point
+out by scratching and snuffing; when the sufferer is dug out, and
+carried to the monastery, where means are used for his recovery.
+
+The Count de Monte Veccios had a St. Bernard dog, which, as his master
+always had reported, could understand whatever he said to him; and the
+following short account deserves to be recorded, as it at once
+indicates memory, compassion, love, gratitude, and resentment in the
+faithful animal, even if we do not allow it to make good his master's
+opinion. The story is this:--
+
+The Count had served long in the wars, and always had this faithful
+attendant with him. The republic of Venice had been signally indebted
+to his courage, but had not rewarded him. He had a favour to ask of
+the then General Morosini; and as that commander was a man of singular
+pride and arrogance, he was obliged to wait a favourable opportunity
+of presenting his suit. One day when the General himself had a favour
+to ask of the Doge (who was a person of high elegance, and celebrated
+for his love of expensive entertainments), he laid out half his
+fortune on a cold collation, to which he had invited the Doge, to put
+him in humour for his suit. Thinking this the most suitable time for
+his purpose, as he who was about to ask a favour for himself would
+hardly at that instant deny one to another, the Count went to him some
+hours before the Doge was expected, and was graciously received in the
+room where the table was prepared. Here he began to make his court to
+the General, by praising the elegance and pomp of the preparation,
+which consisted of many thousands of finely-cut vessels of Venetian
+glass, filled with the richest sweetmeats and cold provisions, and
+disposed on fine tables, all covered with one vast cloth, with a deep
+gold fringe, which swept the ground. The Count said a thousand fine
+things about the elegance and richness of the dessert, and
+particularly admired the profusion of expense in the workmanship of
+the crystal and the weight of the gold fringe. Thus far he was very
+courteously treated; and the lord of the feast pompously told him
+that all the workmen in Venice had been half a year employed about
+them. From this he proceeded to the business of his suit; but this met
+with a very different reception, and was not only refused, but the
+denial attended with very harsh language. The Count was shocked at the
+ill-nature of the General, and went away in a very melancholy mood. As
+he went out, he patted his dog upon the head, and, out of the fulness
+of his heart, said to him with an afflicted air, "_Tu vois, mon ami,
+comme l'on nous traite_,--You see, my friend, how I am used." The dog
+looked up wistfully in his face, and returned him an answer with his
+tears. He accompanied him till he was at some distance from the
+General's, when, finding him engaged in company, he took that
+opportunity of leaving him with people who might justify him if
+accused. Upon which the dog, returning back to the house of the
+haughty officer, entered the great room, and taking hold of the gold
+tassel at one of the corners of the cloth, ran forcibly back, and drew
+after him the whole preparation, which in a moment lay strewed on the
+ground in a vast heap of broken glasses; thus revenging his master's
+quarrel, and ensuring as unexpected a reception to the General's
+requests as the latter had given to those of the Count.
+
+One of the St. Bernard dogs, named Barry, had a medal tied round his
+neck as a badge of honourable distinction, for he had saved the lives
+of forty persons. He at length died nobly in his vocation. In the
+winter of 1816, a Piedmontese courier arrived at St. Bernard on a
+very stormy day, labouring to make his way to the little village of
+St. Pierre, in the valley beneath the mountain, where his wife and
+children lived. It was in vain that the monks attempted to check his
+resolution to reach his family. They at last gave him two guides, each
+of whom was accompanied by a dog, one of which was the remarkable
+creature whose services had been so valuable. They set forth on their
+way down the mountain. In the mean time the anxious family of the poor
+courier, alarmed at his long absence, commenced the ascent of the
+mountain, in hopes of meeting him, or obtaining some information
+respecting him. Thus at the moment he and his guides were descending,
+his family were toiling up the icy steep, crowned with the snows of
+ages. A sudden crackling noise was heard, and then a thundering roar
+echoing through the Alpine heights--and all was still. Courier, and
+guides, and dogs, and the courier's family, were at the same moment
+overwhelmed by one common destruction--not one escaped. Two avalanches
+had broken away from the mountain pinnacles, and swept with impetuous
+force into the valley below.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHASSEUR AND CUBA BLOODHOUNDS.]
+
+THE BLOODHOUND.
+
+        "His snuffling nose, his active tail,
+    Attest his joy; then with deep op'ning mouth,
+    That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims
+    Th' audacious felon; foot by foot he marks
+    His winding way, while all the listening crowd
+    Applaud his reasonings. O'er the watery ford,
+    Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren hills,
+    O'er beaten paths, with men and beasts distain'd,
+    Unerring he pursues; till at the cot
+    Arriv'd, and seizing by his guilty throat
+    The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey:
+    So exquisitely delicate his sense!"--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+These noble dogs were also called "Slough dogs," in consequence of
+their exploring the sloughs, mosses, and bogs, in pursuit of
+offenders, called Moss-troopers. They were used for this purpose as
+late as the reign of James the First. In Scotland they are called the
+Sleuth-hound. It is the largest of any variety of hound, some of them
+having measured from twenty-six to twenty-eight inches to the top of
+the shoulder. They are beautifully formed, and have a noble expression
+of countenance, so finely portrayed in Sir Edwin Landseer's well-known
+and beautiful picture of "Dignity and Impudence." There is, as Colonel
+Hamilton Smith has observed, a kind of sagacious, or serious, solemn
+dignity about him, admirably calculated to impress the marauder with
+dread and awe. Indeed, so much is this the case, that I knew an
+instance of a bloodhound having traced a sheep-stealer to his cottage
+in Bedfordshire; and so great was the dread afterwards of the peculiar
+instinct of this dog, that sheep-stealing, which had before been very
+common in the neighbourhood, was put an end to. It has, therefore,
+often occurred to me, that if bloodhounds were kept for the general
+good in different districts, sheep-stealing would be less frequent
+than it is at present. They might also be usefully employed in the
+detection of rick-burners. At all events the suggestion is worth
+some consideration, especially from insurance offices. In 1803,
+the Thrapston Association for the Prosecution of Felons in
+Northamptonshire, procured and trained a bloodhound for the detection
+of sheep-stealers. In order to prove the utility of the dog, a man was
+dispatched from a spot where a great concourse of people were
+assembled, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and an hour afterwards the
+hound was laid on the scent. After a chase of an hour and a half, the
+hound found him secreted in a tree many miles from the place of
+starting. The very knowledge that farmers could readily have recourse
+to the assistance of such a dog, would serve to prevent the commission
+of much crime.
+
+To try whether a young bloodhound was well instructed, a nobleman
+(says Mr. Boyle) caused one of his servants to walk to a town four
+miles off, and then to a market-town three miles from thence. The dog,
+without seeing the man he was to pursue, followed him by the scent to
+the above-mentioned places, notwithstanding the multitude of people
+going the same road, and of travellers that had occasion to cross it.
+When the hound came to the chief market-town, he passed through the
+streets, without noticing any of the people there, till he got to the
+house where the man he sought was, and there found him in an upper
+room.
+
+A sure way of stopping the dog was to spill blood upon the track,
+which destroyed the discriminating fineness of his scent. A captive
+was sometimes sacrificed on such occasions. Henry the Minstrel tells
+us a romantic story of Wallace, founded on this circumstance. The
+hero's little band had been joined by an Irishman named Fawdon, or
+Fadzean, a dark, savage, and suspicious character. After a sharp
+skirmish at Black Erneside, Wallace was forced to retreat with only
+sixteen followers. The English pursued with a border sleuth-bratch, or
+bloodhound. In the retreat, Fawdon, tired, or affecting to be so,
+would go no farther. Wallace having in vain argued with him, in hasty
+anger struck off his head, and continued the retreat. When the English
+came up, their hound stayed upon the dead body.
+
+To the present group has been referred by some naturalists a dog of
+Spanish descent, termed the Cuban bloodhound. A hundred of these
+sagacious but savage dogs were sent, in 1795, from the Havanna to
+Jamaica, to extinguish the Maroon war, which at that time was fiercely
+raging. They were accompanied by forty Spanish chasseurs, chiefly
+people of colour, and their appearance and that of the dogs struck
+terror into the negroes. The dogs, muzzled and led in leashes, rushed
+ferociously upon every object, dragging along the chasseurs in spite
+of all their endeavours. Dallas, in his "History of the Maroons,"
+informs us that General Walpole ordered a review of these dogs and the
+men, that he might see in what manner they would act. He set out for
+a place called Seven Rivers, accompanied by Colonel Skinner, whom he
+appointed to conduct the attack. "Notice of his coming having preceded
+him, a parade of the chasseurs was ordered, and they were taken to a
+distance from the house, in order to be advanced when the general
+alighted. On his arrival, the commissioner (who had procured the
+dogs), having paid his respects, was desired to parade them. The
+Spaniards soon appeared at the end of a gentle acclivity drawn out in
+a line, containing upwards of forty men, with their dogs in front
+unmuzzled, and held by cotton ropes. On receiving the command, 'Fire!'
+they discharged their fusils, and advanced as upon a real attack. This
+was intended to ascertain what effect would be produced on the dogs if
+engaged under a fire of the Maroons. The volley was no sooner
+discharged than the dogs rushed forward with the greatest fury, amid
+the shouts of the Spaniards, who were dragged on by them with
+irresistible force. Some of the dogs, maddened by the shout of attack
+while held back by the ropes, seized on the stocks of the guns in the
+hands of their keepers, and tore pieces out of them. Their impetuosity
+was so great that they were with difficulty stopped before they
+reached the general, who found it necessary to get expeditiously into
+the chaise from which he had alighted; and if the most strenuous
+exertions had not been made, they would have seized upon his horses."
+This terrible exhibition produced the intended effect--the Maroons at
+once capitulated, and were subsequently sent to Halifax, North
+America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. John Lawrence, says that a servant, discharged by a sporting
+country gentleman, broke into his stables by night, and cut off the
+ears and tail of a favourite hunter. As soon as it was discovered, a
+bloodhound was brought into the stable, who at once detected the scent
+of the miscreant, and traced it more than twenty miles. He then
+stopped at a door, whence no power could move him. Being at length
+admitted, he ran to the top of the house, and, bursting open the door
+of a garret, found the object that he sought in bed, and would have
+torn him to pieces, had not the huntsman, who had followed him on a
+fleet horse, rushed up after him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Colonel Hamilton Smith says, that he was favoured with the following
+interesting notice of this dog from Sir Walter Scott, and which agrees
+exactly with some I have seen bred by Lord Bagot at Blithfield in
+Staffordshire, and some belonging to Her present Majesty.
+
+"The only sleuth-hound I ever saw was one which was kept at Keeldar
+Castle. He was like the Spanish pointer, but much stronger, and
+untameably fierce,--colour, black and tawny, long pendulous ears,--had
+a deep back, broad nostrils, and was strongly made, something like
+the old English mastiff, now so rare."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wanley, in his "Wonders of the Little World," relates the following
+anecdote:--
+
+"Anno Dom. 867.--Lothbroke, of the blood-royal of Denmark, and father
+to Humbar and Hubba, entered with his hawk into a boat alone, and by
+tempest was driven upon the coast of Norfolk in England; where being
+found, he was detained, and presented to Edmund, at that time King of
+the East Angles. The king entertained him at his court; and perceiving
+his singular dexterity and activity in hawking and hunting, bore him
+particular favour. By this means he fell into the envy of Berick, the
+king's falconer, who one day, as they hunted together, privately
+murdered and threw him into a bush. It was not long before he was
+missed at court. When no tidings could be heard of him, his dog, who
+had continued in the wood with the corpse of his master, till famine
+forced him thence, at sundry times came to court, and fawned on the
+king; so that the king, suspecting some ill matter, at length followed
+the trace of the hound, and was led by him to the place where
+Lothbroke lay. Inquisition was made; and by circumstance of words, and
+other suspicions, Berick, the king's falconer, was pronounced to be
+his murderer. The king commanded him to be set alone in Lothbroke's
+boat, and committed to the mercy of the sea, by the working of which
+he was carried to the same coast of Denmark from whence Lothbroke
+came. The boat was well known, and the occupant, Berick, examined by
+torments. To save himself, he asserted that Lothbroke had been slain
+by King Edmund. And this was the first occasion of the Danes' arrival
+in this land."
+
+A planter had fixed his residence at the foot of the Blue Mountains,
+in the back settlements of America. One day the youngest of his
+family, a child of about four years old, disappeared. The father,
+becoming alarmed, explored the woods in every direction, but without
+success. On the following day the search was renewed, during which a
+native Indian happened to pass, accompanied by his dog, one of the
+true bloodhound breed. Being informed of the distress of the planter,
+he requested that the shoes and stockings last worn by the child might
+be brought to him. He made the dog smell to them, and patted him. The
+intelligent animal seemed to comprehend all about it, for he began
+immediately to sniff around. The Indian and his dog then plunged into
+the wood. They had not been there long before the dog began to bay; he
+thought that he had hit upon the scent, and presently afterwards,
+being assured of it, he uttered a louder and more expressive note, and
+darted off at full speed into the forest. The Indian followed, and
+after a considerable time met his dog bounding back, his noble
+countenance beaming with animation. The hound turned again into the
+wood, his master not being far behind, and they found the child lying
+at the foot of a tree, fatigued and exhausted, but otherwise unhurt.
+
+Some of these dogs are kept by the keepers in the royal parks and
+forests, and are used to trace wounded deer. An officer in the 1st
+Life Guards has two noble dogs of this description, for one of which,
+I am informed, he gave fifty pounds. In fact, they are by no means
+uncommon in England. One distinguishing trait of purity in the breed
+is the colour, which is almost invariably a reddish tan, progressively
+darkening to the upper part, with a mixture of black upon the back.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In the Spanish West India Islands," says Bingley, "there are officers
+called chasseurs, kept in continual employment. The business of these
+men is to traverse the country with their dogs, for the purpose of
+pursuing and taking up all persons guilty of murder, or other crimes;
+and no activity on the part of the offenders will enable them to
+escape. The following is a very remarkable instance, which happened
+not many years ago.
+
+"A fleet from Jamaica, under convoy to Great Britain, passing through
+the Gulf of Mexico, beat upon the north side of Cuba. One of the
+ships, manned with foreigners (chiefly renegado Spaniards), in
+standing in with the land at night, was run on shore. The officers,
+and the few British seamen on board, were murdered, and the vessel was
+plundered by the renegadoes. The part of the coast on which the
+vessel was stranded being wild and unfrequented, the assassins retired
+with their booty to the mountains, intending to penetrate through the
+woods to some remote settlements on the southern side, where they
+hoped to secure themselves, and elude all pursuit. Early intelligence
+of the crime had, however, been conveyed to Havanna. The assassins
+were pursued by a detachment of the Chasseurs del Rey, with their
+dogs; and in the course of a very few days they were every one
+apprehended and brought to justice.
+
+"The dogs carried out by the Chasseurs del Rey are all perfectly
+broken in. On coming up with the fugitive, they bark at him till he
+stops; they then crouch near him, terrifying him with a ferocious
+growling if he attempts to stir. In this position they continue
+barking, to give notice to the chasseurs, who come up and secure their
+prisoner.
+
+"Each chasseur can only hunt with two dogs. These people live with
+their dogs, and are inseparable from them. At home the animals are
+kept chained; and when walking out with their masters, they are never
+unmuzzled nor let out of ropes, but for attack.
+
+"Bloodhounds were formerly used in certain districts lying between
+England and Scotland, that were much infested by robbers and
+murderers; and a tax was laid on the inhabitants for keeping and
+maintaining a certain number of these animals. But as the arm of
+justice is now extended over every part of the country, and as there
+are now no secret recesses where villany can be concealed, their
+services in this respect are become no longer necessary.
+
+"Some few of these dogs, however, are yet kept in the northern parts
+of the kingdom, and in the lodges of the royal forests, where they are
+used in pursuit of deer that have been previously wounded. They are
+also sometimes employed in discovering deer-stealers, whom they
+infallibly trace by the blood that issues from the wounds of their
+victims.
+
+"A very extraordinary instance of this occurred in the New Forest, in
+the year 1810, and was related to me by the Right Hon. G. H. Rose. A
+person, in getting over a stile into a field near the Forest, remarked
+that there was blood upon it. Immediately afterwards he recollected
+that some deer had been killed, and several sheep stolen in the
+neighbourhood; and that this might possibly be the blood of one that
+had been killed in the preceding night. The man went to the nearest
+lodge to give information; but the keeper being from home, he was
+under the necessity of going to Rhinefield Lodge, which was at a
+considerable distance. Toomer, the under-keeper, went with him to the
+place, accompanied by a bloodhound. The dog, when brought to the spot,
+was laid on the scent; and after following for about a mile the track
+which the depredator had taken, he came at last to a heap of furze
+fagots belonging to the family of a cottager. The woman of the house
+attempted to drive the dog away, but was prevented; and on the fagots
+being removed a hole was discovered in the ground, which contained the
+body of a sheep that had recently been killed, and also a considerable
+quantity of salted meat. The circumstance which renders this account
+the more remarkable is, that the dog was not brought to the scent
+until more than sixteen hours had elapsed after the man had carried
+away the sheep."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An old writer--the author of "The History of the Buccaneers"--though
+full of prejudice against the Indians, thus describes some of the
+atrocities practised by the Spaniards:--
+
+"The Spaniards having possessed themselves of these isles (South
+America), found them peopled with Indians, a barbarous people, sensual
+and brutish, hating all labour, and only inclined to killing and
+making war against their neighbours; not out of ambition, but only
+because they agreed not with themselves in some common terms of
+language; and perceiving that the dominion of the Spaniards laid great
+restrictions upon their lazy and brutish customs, they conceived an
+irreconcileable hatred against them, but especially because they saw
+them take possession of their kingdoms and dominions. Hereupon they
+made against them all the resistance they could, everywhere opposing
+their designs to the utmost; and the Spaniards, finding themselves
+cruelly hated by the Indians, and nowhere secure from their
+treacheries, resolved to extirpate and ruin them, since they could
+neither tame them by civility nor conquer them by the sword. But the
+Indians, it being their custom to make the woods their chief places of
+defence, at present made these their refuge whenever they fled from
+the Spaniards: hereupon those first conquerors of the New World made
+use of dogs to range and search the intricate thickets of woods and
+forests for those their implacable and unconquerable enemies; thus
+they forced them to leave their old refuge and submit to the sword,
+seeing no milder usage would do it: hereupon they killed some of them,
+and quartering their bodies, placed them in the highways, that others
+might take warning from such a punishment. But this severity proved of
+ill consequence, for instead of frightening them, and reducing them to
+civility, they conceived such horror of the Spaniards, that they
+resolved to detest and fly their sight for ever; hence the greatest
+part died in caves and subterraneous places of woods and mountains, in
+which places I myself have often seen great numbers of human bones."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been already stated, that in the West Indies bloodhounds were
+employed to hunt the runaway blacks. I had one of these Cuban
+bloodhounds given to me a few years ago, and finding him somewhat more
+ferocious than I liked, I made a present of him to a keeper in the
+neighbourhood. He was put into a kennel with other dogs, and soon
+killed some of them. Keepers, however, in going their rounds at night,
+are frequently accompanied by bloodhounds, and poachers are said to
+have a great dread of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE TERRIER.]
+
+THE TERRIER.
+
+   "Little favourite! rest thee here,
+    With the tribute of a tear!
+
+       *          *          *          *
+
+    Thou hast fondled at my feet,
+    Greeted those I lov'd to greet;
+    When in sorrow or in pain,
+    On my bosom thou hast lain.
+    I have seen thy little eye
+    Full as if with sympathy."
+
+
+There are so many varieties of terriers, and so many celebrated breeds
+of these dogs, that it would be a difficult task to give a separate
+account of each. Some have a cross of the bull-dog; and these,
+perhaps, are unequalled for courage and strength of jaw. In the latter
+quality they are superior to the bull-dog. Then there is the
+pepper-and-mustard breed, the Isle of Sky, the rough and smooth
+English terrier, and a peculiar breed, of which my own sensible little
+Judy, now reposing at my feet, is one, besides some others.
+
+Perhaps there is no breed of dogs which attach themselves so strongly
+to man as the terrier. They are his companions in his walks, and their
+activity and high spirit enable them to keep up with a horse through a
+long day's journey. Their fidelity to their master is unbounded, and
+their affection for him unconquerable. When he is ill they will repose
+for hours by the side of his bed, as still as a mother watching over a
+sick and slumbering child; and when he is well they will frisk around
+him, as if their pleasure was renewed with his returning health. How
+well do I remember this to have been the case with my faithful old dog
+Trim! Nothing would induce him to make the slightest noise till I
+called him on my bed, when I awoke in the morning. Night or day, he
+never left me for many years; and when at last I was obliged to take a
+journey without him, his life fell a sacrifice to his affection for
+me. Alas, poor Trim!
+
+This breed of dogs, the true English terrier, shows an invincible
+ardour in all that he is required to do, as well as persevering
+fortitude. In drawing badgers and foxes from their holes, the severe
+bites of these animals only seem to animate them to greater
+exertions; and they have been known to suffer themselves to be killed
+by the former sooner than give over the unequal contest.
+
+The vignette at the end of this notice represents a favourite
+wire-haired terrier of mine, called Peter, well known for many years
+at Hampton Court. He had wonderful courage and perseverance, and was
+the best dog to hunt rabbits in thick hedge-rows I ever met with. He
+was also a capital water-dog; and he was frequently enticed by some of
+the officers quartered at Hampton Court to accompany them to the
+neighbouring lock of the river Thames, in which an unfortunate duck
+was to be hunted. I was assured that on these occasions Peter
+distinguished himself greatly, diving after the duck whenever it
+dived, and beating all the other dogs by his energy and perseverance.
+Peter was a general favourite, and perhaps this was partly owing to
+his being a great pickle. He was always getting into scrapes. Twice he
+broke either his shoulder-bone or his leg by scrambling up a ladder.
+He was several times nearly killed by large dogs, of which he was
+never known to show the slightest fear; and with those of about his
+own size he would fight till he died. He has killed sixty rats in a
+barn in about as many minutes; and he was an inveterate foe to cats. I
+remember once taking him with me on a rabbit-ferreting excursion.
+Before the ferrets were put in the holes, I made Peter quite aware
+that he was not to touch them; and he was so sensible a dog that
+there was no difficulty in doing this, although it was the first time
+he had seen a ferret. If a rabbit bolted from the hole he was
+watching, he killed it in an instant; but when the ferret made its
+appearance, Peter retreated a step or two, showing his teeth a little
+as if he longed to attack it. Towards the end of the day I had gone to
+a little distance, leaving Peter watching a hole. Presently I heard a
+squeak, and on turning round I saw the ferret dead, and Peter standing
+over it, looking exceedingly ashamed at what he had done, and
+perfectly conscious that he had disobeyed orders. The temptation,
+however, was too great for him to resist. Peter at last got into bad
+company, for he suffered himself to be enticed by the ostlers and
+others into the taps at Hampton Court, and they indulged him in his
+fondness for killing vermin and cats. He was a dog of extraordinary
+sense. I once gave him some milk and water at my breakfast, which was
+too hot. He afterwards was in the habit of testing the heat by dipping
+one of his paws into the basin, preferring rather to scald his foot
+than to run the risk of burning his tongue. He had other
+peculiarities. When I mounted my horse and wanted him to follow me, he
+would come a little distance, and then all at once pretend to be lame.
+The more I called the lamer he became. He was, in fact, aware of my
+long rides, and was too lazy to follow me. He played this trick very
+frequently. If I called him while I had my snuff-box in my hand, he
+would come to me, pretending to sneeze the whole of the time. I have
+said so much about Peter, because he was a good specimen of one of the
+small breed of terriers.
+
+Terriers, more than any other breed of dogs, live so much in our
+rooms, and are so generally our companions during our walks and rides,
+that they naturally imbibe a great degree of sensibility of the least
+look or word of their master. This very sensibility makes them
+extremely jealous of any preference or attention shown by their master
+to another dog. I had an old terrier who never could bear to see me do
+this. He showed it not only by his countenance in a remarkable way,
+but would fall upon any dog he saw me caress. Mons. Blaze gives an
+instance of a dog having killed a young child, who had been in the
+habit of fondling a dog belonging to the same owner, and showing fear
+and dislike of him. Another dog was so strongly attached to his master
+that he was miserable when he was absent. When the gentleman married,
+the dog seemed to feel a diminution of affection towards him, and
+showed great uneasiness. Finding, however, that his new mistress grew
+fond of him, he became perfectly happy. Somewhat more than a year
+after this they had a child. There was now a decided inquietude about
+the dog, and it was impossible to avoid noticing that he felt himself
+miserable. The attention paid to the child increased his wretchedness;
+he loathed his food, and nothing could content him, though he was
+treated on this account with the utmost tenderness. At last he hid
+himself in the coal-cellar, and every means were used to induce him to
+return, but all in vain. He was deaf to entreaty, rejected all
+kindness, refused to eat, and continued firm in his resolution, till
+exhausted nature yielded to death.
+
+I have seen so much of the sensitiveness and jealousy of dogs, owing
+to their unbounded affection for their masters, that I cannot doubt
+the truth of this anecdote, which was related by Mr. Dibdin. A lady
+had a favourite terrier, whose jealousy of any attentions shown to her
+by strangers was so great, that in her walks he guarded her with the
+utmost care, and would not suffer any one to touch her. The following
+anecdote will prove the unchanging affection of these dogs. It was
+communicated to me by the best and most amiable man I have ever met
+with, either in public or private life.
+
+He had a small terrier, which was much attached to him. On leaving
+this country for America, he placed the dog under the care of his
+sister, who resided in London. The dog at first was inconsolable, and
+could scarcely be persuaded to eat anything. At the end of three years
+his owner returned, and upon knocking at the door of his sister's
+house, the dog recognised the well-known knock, ran down-stairs with
+the utmost eagerness, fondled his master with the greatest affection;
+and when he was in the sitting-room, the faithful animal jumped upon
+the piano-forte, that he might get as near to him as possible. The
+dog's attachment remained to the last moment of his life. He was taken
+ill, and was placed in his master's dressing-room on one of his
+cloaks. When he could scarcely move, his kind protector met him
+endeavouring to crawl to him up the stairs. He took the dog in his
+arms, placed him on his cloak, when the dog gave him a look of
+affection which could not be mistaken, and immediately died. There
+can, I think, be no doubt but that this affectionate animal, in his
+endeavour to get up the steps to his master, was influenced by
+sensations of love and gratitude, which death alone could extinguish,
+and which the approach of death prompted him to show. How charming are
+these instances of the affection of dogs to a kind master! and how
+forcibly may we draw forth the strongest testimonials of love from
+them, by treating them as they deserve to be treated! Few people
+sufficiently appreciate the attachment, fidelity, and sagacity of
+these too-often persecuted animals, or are aware how much they suffer
+from unkindness or harsh treatment.
+
+Every one is acquainted with the pretty picture Sir Walter Scott has
+drawn of the affectionate terrier, which was the companion of his hero
+in "Guy Mannering." We see the faithful Wasp "scampering at large in a
+thousand wheels round the heath, and come back to jump up to his
+master, and assure him that he participated in the pleasures of the
+journey." We see him during the fight with the robbers, "annoying
+their heels, and repeatedly effecting a moment's diversion in his
+master's favour, and pursuing them when they ran away." We hear the
+jolly farmer exclaim--"De'il, but your dog's weel entered wi' the
+vermin;" and when he goes to see his friend in prison, and brings Wasp
+with him, we see the joy of the latter, and hear the remark elicited
+by it--"Whisht, Wasp--man! Wow, but he's glad to see you, poor thing."
+The whole race of pepper-and-mustard are brought before us--that breed
+which are held in such high estimation, not only as vermin-killers,
+but for their intelligence and fidelity, and other companionable
+qualities.
+
+I could not deny myself the pleasure of introducing this account of
+the terrier, as it describes so well their courage, fidelity, and
+attachment. "Wasp," we are told, at the close of an eventful day,
+"crouched himself on the coverlet at his master's feet, having first
+licked his master's hand to ask leave." This is part of the natural
+language of the dog, and how expressive it is! They speak by their
+eyes, their tail, and by various gestures, and it is almost impossible
+to misunderstand their meaning. There is a well-known anecdote of two
+terriers who were in the habit of going out together to hunt rabbits.
+One of them got so far into a hole that he could not extricate
+himself. His companion returned to the house, and by his importunity
+and significant gestures induced his master to follow him. He led him
+to the hole, made him understand what was the matter, and his
+associate was at last dug out.
+
+The following affords another proof of the sagacity of these dogs:--
+
+A respectable farmer, residing in a village near Gosport, had a
+terrier dog who was his constant companion. His business frequently
+led him across the water to Portsmouth, to which place the dog
+regularly attended him. The farmer had a son-in-law, a bookseller at
+Portsmouth, to whose house he frequently went, taking the dog with
+him. One day, the animal having lost his master in Portsmouth, after
+searching for him at his usual haunts, went to the bookseller, and by
+various gesticulations gave him to understand that he had lost his
+master; his supplications were not in vain, for the bookseller, who
+understood his language, immediately called his boy, gave him a penny,
+and ordered him to go directly to the beach, and give the ferryman the
+money for his passage to the opposite shore. The dog, who seemed to
+understand the whole proceeding, was much pleased, and jumped directly
+into the boat, and when landed at Gosport, immediately ran home. He
+always afterwards went to the bookseller, if he had lost his master at
+Portsmouth, feeling sure that his boat-hire would be paid, and which
+was always done.
+
+The same dog, when he was wet or dirty, would go into the barn till he
+was clean and dry, and then scratch at the parlour-door for
+admittance.
+
+The Rev. Leonard Jenyns, in his "Observations in Natural History,"
+records the following.--
+
+"A lady,[Q] living in the neighbourhood of my own village, had some
+years back a favourite Scotch terrier, which always accompanied her in
+her rides, and was also in the habit of following the carriage to
+church every Sunday morning. One summer day the lady and her family
+were from home several weeks, the dog being left behind. The latter,
+however, continued to come to church by itself for several Sundays in
+succession, galloping off from the house at the accustomed hour, so as
+to arrive at the time of service commencing. After waiting in the
+churchyard a short time, it was seen to return home quiet and
+dispirited. The distance from the house to the church is three miles,
+and beyond that at which the ringing of the bells could be ordinarily
+heard. This was probably an instance of the force of habit, assisted
+by some association of recollections connected with the movements of
+the household on that particular day of the week."
+
+An old house being under repair, the bells on the ground-floor were
+taken down. The mistress of the house had an old favourite terrier,
+and when she wanted her servants, sent the dog to ring the bell in her
+dressing-room, having previously attached a bit of wood to the
+bell-rope. When the dog pulled at the rope, he listened, and if the
+bell did not ring, he pulled till he heard it, and then returned to
+the room he had left. If a piece of paper were put into his mouth,
+with a message written on it, he would carry it to the person he was
+told to go to, and waited to bring back the answer.
+
+Mr. Laing, who was steward to General Sharp, of Houston, near Uphall,
+had a terrier dog which gave many proofs of his sagacity. Upon one
+occasion his wife lent a white petticoat to a neighbour in which to
+attend a christening; the dog observed his mistress make the loan,
+followed the woman home who borrowed the article, never quitted her,
+but accompanied her to the christening, and leaped several times on
+her knee: nor did he lose sight of her till the piece of dress was at
+last fairly restored to Mrs. Laing. During the time this person was at
+the christening she was much afraid the dog would attempt to tear the
+petticoat off her, as she well knew the object of his attendance.
+
+One of the most extraordinary terriers I ever met with belonged to a
+man named T----y, well known for many years in the neighbourhood of
+Hampton Court. The father of this man had been in a respectable way of
+life, but his son wanted steadiness of character, and, indeed, good
+conduct, and had it not been for the kindness of his late Majesty,
+King William the Fourth, he would have been reduced to poverty long
+before he was. T----y, through the interest of the king, then Duke of
+Clarence, was tried in several situations, but failed in them all. At
+last he was made a postman, but was found drunk one evening with all
+his letters scattered about him, and, of course, lost his situation.
+He then took up the employment of rat-catcher, for which, perhaps, he
+was better qualified than any other. His stock-in-trade consisted of
+some ferrets and an old terrier dog, and a more extraordinary dog was
+seldom seen. He was rough, rather strongly made, and of a sort of
+cinnamon colour, having only one eye; his appearance being in direct
+contrast to what Bewick designates the _genteel_ terrier. The other
+eye had a fluid constantly exuding from it, which made a sort of
+furrow down the side of his cheek. He always kept close to the heels
+of his master, hanging down his head, and appearing the
+personification of misery and wretchedness. He was, however, a
+wonderful vermin-killer, and wherever his master placed him, there he
+remained, waiting with the utmost patience and resignation till an
+unfortunate rat bolted from the hole, which he instantly killed in a
+most philosophical manner. The poor dog had to undergo the
+vicissitudes of hard fare, amounting almost to starvation, of cold,
+rain, and other evils, but still he was always to be seen at his
+master's feet, and his fidelity to him was unshaken. No notice, no
+kind word, seemed to have any effect upon him if offered by a
+stranger, but he obeyed and understood the slightest signal from his
+owner. This man was an habitual drunkard, at least whenever he could
+procure the means of becoming one. It was a cold, frosty night in
+November, when T----y was returning from a favourite alehouse, along
+one of the Thames Ditton lanes, some of which, owing to the flatness
+of the country, have deep ditches by their sides. Into one of these
+the unfortunate man staggered in a fit of brutal intoxication, and was
+drowned. When the body was discovered the next morning, the dog was
+seen using his best endeavours to drag it out of the ditch. He had
+probably been employed all night in this attempt, and in his efforts
+had torn the coat from the shoulders of his master. It should be
+mentioned that this faithful animal had saved his master's life on two
+former occasions, when he was in nearly similar circumstances.
+
+It may interest some of the readers of this little story to be
+informed, that a few years before the event which has been related
+took place, the unhappy man's wife died, leaving four very young
+children. She was a most industrious woman, of excellent character,
+and her great misery on her death-bed was the reflection that these
+children--two boys and two girls--would be left to the care of her
+drunken husband. She was comforted, however, in her dying moments, by
+one whose heart and hand have always been ready to relieve the
+distressed, with the assurance that her children should be taken care
+of. So when the excellent Queen Adelaide heard of the circumstance,
+she immediately sent for the four children, placed them under the
+charge of a proper person, educated and maintained them, placed them
+in respectable situations in life, and continued to be their friend
+till her death. This is one of numerous instances which could be
+related by the author of her Majesty's silent, but unbounded
+benevolence.
+
+It is time, however, to resume my anecdotes of terriers.
+
+A gentleman of my acquaintance had a favourite dog of this
+description, which generally slept in his bed-room. My friend was in
+the habit of reading in bed. On calling upon him one morning, he took
+me into his bed-room, and showed me his bed-curtains much burnt, and
+one of his sheets. The night before he had been reading the newspaper
+in bed, with a candle near him, and had gone to sleep. The newspaper
+had fallen on the candle, and thus set fire to the curtain. He was
+awoke by his dog scratching him violently with his fore-feet, and was
+thus in time to call for assistance, and save the house from being
+burnt down, and also probably to save his own life.
+
+Another of my acquaintances has a very small pet terrier, a capital
+rat-killer, who always evinces great antipathy to those animals. She
+lately produced three puppies, two of which were drowned. After
+hunting for them in every direction, she returned to her litter, where
+she was found the next morning not only suckling her own whelp, but a
+young rat; and thus she continued to do till it reached maturity. The
+morning on which her puppies were drowned there had been a battue of
+rats, some of which were wounded and escaped. One of these latter was
+the young rat in question. This, no doubt, was taken possession of for
+the purpose of relieving her of her superabundant milk.
+
+A gentleman who had befriended an ill-used terrier acquired such an
+influence over the grateful dog, that he was obedient to the least
+look or sign of his master, and attached himself to him and his
+children in a most extraordinary manner. One of the children having
+behaved ill, his father attempted to put the boy out of the room, who
+made some resistance. The dog seeing the bustle, supposed his master
+was going to beat the boy, and therefore tried to pull him away by the
+skirts of his coat, thus showing his affection and sagacity at the
+same time.
+
+Captain Brown relates the following:--
+
+Sir Patrick Walker writes me:--"Pincer, in appearance, is of the
+English terrier breed, but in manner indicates a good deal of the
+Scotch colley, or shepherd's dog. He has a remarkably good nose, is a
+keen destroyer of vermin, and is in the habit of coming to the house
+for assistance ever since the following occurrence:--He came into the
+parlour one evening when some friends were with us, and looking in my
+face, by many expressive gestures, evinced great anxiety that I should
+follow him. Upon speaking to him, he leaped, and his whine got to a
+more determined bark, and pulled me by the collar or sleeve of the
+coat, until I was induced to follow him; and when I got up, he began
+leaping and gambolling before me, and led the way to an outhouse, to
+a large chest filled with pieces of old wood, and which he continued
+by the same means to solicit to be moved. This was done, and he took
+out a large rat, killed it, and returned to the parlour quite composed
+and satisfied.
+
+"Similar occurrences have frequently taken place since, with this
+addition, that as I sometimes called the servant, he often leaves me
+and runs in the same manner to get his assistance, as soon as he finds
+me quitting the room to follow him. In no instance has Pincer ever
+been wrong, his scent is so very good. Once, when he had got
+assistance, he directed our attention to some loose wood in the yard;
+and when part of it was removed, he suddenly manifested
+disappointment, and that the object of pursuit was gone. His manner
+and look seemed more than instinct, and at once told his story. After
+a little pause, and some anxious looks, he dashed up a ladder that
+rested against a low out-house, and took a large rat out of the spout,
+whither it had apparently escaped whilst Pincer came for assistance."
+
+Terriers appear to have a strong instinctive faculty of finding their
+way back to their homes, when removed from them to long distances, and
+even when they have seas to cross. There are instances of their having
+done this from France, Ireland, and even Germany. Their powers of
+endurance, therefore, must be very great, and their energies as well
+as affections equally strong. They have also an invincible
+perseverance in all they do, to which every fox-hunter will bear his
+testimony. In my youth, when following the hounds, I have been
+delighted in witnessing the energy of a brace of terriers, who were
+sure to make their appearance at the slightest check, running with an
+ardour quite extraordinary, and incessant in their exertions to be
+with the busiest of the pack in their endeavours to find. If the fox
+takes to earth, the little brave terrier eagerly follows, and shows by
+his baying whether the fox lays deep or not, so that those who are
+employed in digging it out can act accordingly. In rabbit-shooting in
+thick furze or breaks, the terrier, as I have often witnessed, will
+take covert with the eagerness and impetuosity of a foxhound. On one
+of these occasions I saw an enormous wild cat started, which a small
+terrier pursued and never quitted, notwithstanding the unequal
+contest, till it was shot by a keeper. As vermin-killers, they are
+superior to all other dogs. The celebrated terrier Billy was known to
+have killed one hundred rats in seven minutes.
+
+Nor are their affections less strong than their courage. A gentleman
+in the neighbourhood of Bath had a terrier which produced a litter of
+four puppies. He ordered one of them to be drowned, which was done by
+throwing it into a pail of water, in which it was kept down by a mop
+till it appeared to be dead. It was then thrown into a dust-hole, and
+covered with ashes. Two mornings afterwards, the servant discovered
+that the bitch had still four puppies, and amongst them was the one
+which it was supposed had been drowned. It was conjectured that in the
+course of a short time the terrier had, unobserved, raked her whelp
+from the ashes, and had restored it to life.
+
+An excellent clergyman, residing close to Brighton, gave me the
+following curious anecdote of a dog which his son, the late
+greatly-lamented Major R---- brought to England with him from Spain.
+This dog was a sort of Spanish terrier, and his disposition and habits
+were very peculiar indeed, unlike those of any dog I ever heard of.
+One day a teacher of music was going to one of her pupils, and as she
+was passing at some little distance from the house of the owner of
+this dog, had her attention attracted to him. He first looked at her
+very significantly, pulled her by the gown the contrary way to which
+she was going, and evidently wanted her to follow him. Partly
+instigated by curiosity, but chiefly because he held her gown tight in
+his mouth, she suffered herself to be led some distance, when the dog
+brought her into a field in which some houses were in the course of
+being built. She then became alarmed, and seeing two or three
+labourers, she asked them to drive away the dog. Finding, however,
+that he would not quit his hold, they advised her to see where the dog
+would lead her, promising to accompany and protect her. Thus assured,
+she allowed him to lead her where he pleased. The dog brought her to
+the houses which were being built. On arriving at them, it was found
+that the area had been dug out, and a strong plank placed across it,
+one end resting on a heap of earth. At this end the dog began to
+scratch eagerly; and on the plank being lifted up, a large beef bone
+was discovered, which the dog seized in his mouth, and trotted away
+with it perfectly satisfied. My informant said that he had taken some
+pains to ascertain the accuracy of this anecdote from the young lady
+herself, and that I might depend on its truth.
+
+A somewhat similar occurrence took place in my own neighbourhood, very
+recently. A lady, going to make a morning's call, passed the gateway
+of a house, when her gown was seized by a dog, who pulled her the
+contrary way to which she was going. She at last disengaged herself,
+and made her call. On coming out, the dog was waiting for her, and
+again took her gown in his mouth, and led her to the gateway she had
+previously passed. Here he stopped, and as the dog held a tight hold,
+she rang the bell; and on a servant opening the gate the animal,
+perfectly satisfied, trotted in, when she found that he belonged to
+the house, but had been shut out.
+
+It may be also mentioned as an instance of courage and fidelity in a
+terrier, that as a gentleman was returning home, a man armed with a
+large stick seized him by the breast, and striking him a violent blow
+on the head, desired him instantly to deliver his watch and money. As
+he was preparing to repeat the blow, the terrier sprung at him, and
+seized him by the throat. His master, at the same time, giving the man
+a violent blow, he fell backwards and dropped his stick. The gentleman
+took it up, and ran off, followed by his dog, but not before the
+animal had torn off and carried away in his mouth a portion of the
+man's waistcoat.
+
+The following fact will serve to prove that dogs are capable of
+gratitude in no ordinary degree:--
+
+A surgeon at Dover, seeing a terrier in the street which had received
+some injury, took it home; and having cured it in a couple of days,
+let it go. For many weeks the grateful animal used to pay him a daily
+visit of a few minutes, and after a vehement wagging of his tail,
+scampered off again to his own home.
+
+A neighbour of mine has a terrier which has shown many odd
+peculiarities in his habits. He has contracted a great friendship for
+a white cat, and evinced his affection for it the other day in a
+curious manner. The dog was observed to scratch a large deep hole in
+the garden. When he had finished it he sought out the cat, dragged her
+by the neck to the hole, endeavoured to place her in it, and to cover
+her with the soil. The cat, not liking this proceeding, at last made
+her escape.
+
+While two terriers were hunting together in a wood, one was caught by
+the leg in a trap set for foxes. His companion finding that he could
+not extricate the other, ran to the house of his owner, and by his
+significant gesticulations induced him to follow; and by this means he
+was extricated.
+
+Mr. Morritt, well known to the readers of the Life of Sir Walter
+Scott, as his intimate and confidential friend, had two terriers of
+the pepper-and-mustard breed, or rather, as we prefer him to any other
+character Sir Walter Scott has delighted us with, the Dandy Dinmont
+breed. These dogs (for we avoid the feminine appellation when we can)
+were strongly attached to their excellent master, and he to them. They
+were mother and daughter, and each produced a litter of puppies about
+the same time. Mr. Morritt was seriously ill at this period, and
+confined to his bed. Fond as these dogs were of their puppies, they
+had an equal affection for their master, and in order to prove to him
+that such was the case, they adopted the following expedient. They
+conveyed their two litters of puppies to one place, and while one of
+the mothers remained to suckle and take care of them, the other went
+into Mr. Morritt's bedroom and continued there from morning until the
+evening. When the evening arrived, she went and relieved the other
+dog, who then came into the bedroom, and remained quietly all night by
+the side of the bed, and this they continued to do day after day in
+succession.
+
+This charming anecdote was communicated to me from a quarter which
+cannot leave a doubt of its authenticity, and affords an affecting
+proof of gratitude and love in animals towards those who have treated
+them with kindness, and made them their friends. Such an anecdote as
+this should be sufficient to preserve dogs from much of the
+ill-treatment they meet with.
+
+I knew a very clever terrier belonging to a friend of mine. His name
+was Snap. Now Snap one fine, hot, summer's day, accompanied his
+master, who was on horseback, on his way from London to the
+neighbourhood of Windsor. The road was very dusty, and, as I have
+said, the weather hot, and Snap was very thirsty. No water was met
+with until Hounslow had been passed. At last a woman crossed the road
+with a bucket of water, which she had drawn from a neighbouring pump.
+On arriving at her cottage she placed it outside her door, and left it
+there. Snap saw it and lapped up some of the water with evident
+satisfaction, his master waiting for him. When he had finished his
+lapping, instead of following, he deliberately inserted his
+hind-quarters into the bucket--took a good cooling bath--shook himself
+in the bucket--jumped out--gave himself another shake, and then
+followed his master. If Snap was lost in London, he would go to every
+house usually frequented by his master; and if he then could not find
+him, would return home. Snap, in fact, was an extraordinary dog.
+
+One night, a gentleman, between fifty and sixty years of age, went
+into a house of a particular description near the Admiralty. He had
+not been long there when he died suddenly. He had with him a small dog
+of the terrier kind, which immediately left the room. There was
+nothing found on the gentleman's person to lead to a discovery of his
+name or residence. About twelve o'clock, however, on the following
+night, three interesting young ladies, of very genteel appearance,
+between the ages of sixteen and twenty, arrived at the house in which
+the gentleman died, accompanied by the dog. They came in a chaise from
+Richmond. It appears that the dog, immediately after the decease of
+his master, ran off to Richmond, where he usually resided. As soon as
+the door was opened he rushed into the apartment of the young ladies,
+who were in the act of dressing themselves. He began to solicit their
+attention by whines and cries, and his eyes turned to the door, as if
+to invite them to follow him. Failing in this, he became more earnest,
+seized their clothes, and pulled them towards the door with so much
+violence, that one of their gowns was torn. This excited great alarm;
+and from the intelligence shown by the animal, it was resolved by the
+young ladies to resign themselves to the dog, which continued to
+entice them away. A chaise was accordingly ordered, and they
+immediately took their seats in it. The dog led the way, with its head
+almost constantly turned back, and his eyes fixed upon the carriage,
+until he led them to the house near the Admiralty, where his master
+had died. There they alighted; but how great was their grief, horror,
+and surprise, to find their father dead in such a situation!
+
+The deceased proved to be Mr. ----, an inhabitant of Lewisham, in
+Kent, where he possessed a farm of considerable extent, and followed
+the business of an auctioneer, and was greatly respected in his
+neighbourhood. That night he dropped down in the house alluded to,
+when the people, supposing him dead, immediately gave the alarm, and
+the body was conveyed to the Lord Cochrane hotel, within a few doors,
+in Spring Gardens. Here it was discovered that the spark of life was
+not totally extinguished. He was carried up-stairs and put to bed, and
+medical assistance was called in; but in vain,--in a few minutes he
+was a corpse. As the people of the house were carrying him up-stairs,
+a sum of 1100_l._ fell from his pocket in bank-notes, tied up in a
+bundle, and marked on the outside, "To be paid into Snow's,"--a
+circumstance sufficient in itself to show that he had not been
+dishonestly treated by the female who accompanied him into the house
+from which he was brought, or any other person belonging to it. The
+interesting little dog, after his return, remained at his post, the
+faithful guardian of his beloved master's remains. He lay on the foot
+of the bed, with his eyes constantly fixed on the body, with an eager,
+anxious, melancholy expression.
+
+The place was crowded with people, led by curiosity to this
+interesting scene. The dog never appeared to take any notice of these
+strange visitors, and no rude hand attempted to interrupt the little
+mourner in his melancholy office. The verdict of the coroner's inquest
+was,--"Died by the visitation of God."
+
+Another of the same breed of dogs evinced much sagacity on the
+following occasion:--
+
+His master occupied furnished lodgings near the Inns of Court in
+London. In the hurry of removing from them, neither he nor his
+servants thought of the dog, who was not in the way when they quitted
+the house. When the dog returned to it, finding his master gone, he
+trotted off to Kensington, where an intimate friend of his master
+resided, and very quietly and patiently made himself at home in the
+house. As he was well known, he was fed and taken care of, and at the
+end of three days his master called, and he then gladly went away with
+him.
+
+In this instance it is, I think, evident, that the dog possessed a
+sort of reasoning faculty, which induced him to suppose that the best
+chance he had of finding his master was by going to a place to which
+he had formerly accompanied him; and he was correct in his
+calculation.
+
+This faculty was again exercised in the following manner:--
+
+A gentleman residing in the Tower of London had a terrier which he one
+day lost, about seven miles from town. The dog attached himself to a
+soldier, and notwithstanding the man went to town in an omnibus, the
+dog followed the vehicle. When the soldier alighted from it, he went
+to the barracks in St. James's Park, the dog continuing close behind
+him. On examining the collar, the name and residence of the owner of
+the dog were found on it. The soldier therefore brought him to the
+Tower, and gave the above particulars. From this account it may be
+supposed that the dog, having been familiar with the sight of
+Guardsmen at the Tower, had followed one of them in hopes that he
+belonged to that place, and therefore would conduct him to it.
+
+I am not aware that any writer upon dogs has noticed one of their
+peculiarities, that of curiosity. Let me give a curious and
+well-authenticated instance of this property, which was communicated
+to me by the owner of the dog. This animal was a Scotch terrier, named
+Snob, and certainly a more singular dog has seldom been met with. His
+master was commander of the fleet on the South American station, and
+Snob embarked with him. He soon began to give proofs of his
+extraordinary curiosity, for he liked to see everything that was going
+forward in the ship. Snob, in fact, was a sort of Paul Pry. He watched
+everything that was to be done. One night the sailors were kept up
+aloft for some hours doing something to the sails; Snob remained on
+the deck the whole time, looking very wise, and watching the sailors
+with one paw lifted up. He would at other times wander between the
+decks, looking at everything going forward; and when he had been shut
+in the cabin he has frequently been observed standing on his hind legs
+looking through the keyhole of the door, in order to watch the
+proceedings which were carried on. I have a great respect for Snob,
+who is still alive, and I have no doubt his curiosity is as great as
+ever.
+
+A curious instance of ferocity and affection in a terrier bitch is
+recorded by Mr. Daniel:--After a very severe burst of upwards of an
+hour, a fox was, by Mr. Daniel's hounds, run to earth, at Heney
+Dovehouse, near Sudbury, in Suffolk. The terriers were lost; but as
+the fox went to ground in view of the headmost hounds, and it was the
+concluding day of the season, it was resolved to dig him out, and two
+men from Sudbury brought a couple of terriers for that purpose. After
+considerable labour, the hunted fox was got, and given to the hounds;
+whilst they were breaking him, one of the terriers slipped back into
+the earth, and again laid. After more digging, a bitch-fox was taken
+out, and the terrier killed two cubs in the earth; three others were
+saved from her fury, and which were begged by the owner of the bitch,
+who said he should make her suckle them. This was laughed at as
+impossible; however, the man was positive, and the cubs were given to
+him. The bitch-fox was carried away, and turned into an earth in
+another county. The terrier had behaved so well at earth, that she was
+some days afterwards bought, with the cubs she had fostered, by Mr.
+Daniel. The bitch continued regularly to suckle, and reared them until
+able to shift for themselves. What adds to this singularity is, that
+the terrier's whelp was nearly five weeks old, and the cubs could just
+see, when this exchange of progeny was made.
+
+The following is a proof not only of the kind disposition, but the
+sense of a terrier.
+
+A gentleman, from whom I received the anecdote, was walking one day
+along a road in Lancashire, when he was _accosted_, if the term may be
+used, by a terrier dog. The animal's gesticulations were at first so
+strange and unusual, that he felt inclined to get out of its way. The
+dog, however, at last, by various significant signs and expressive
+looks, made his meaning known, and the gentleman, to the dog's great
+delight, turned and followed him for a few hundred yards. He was led
+to the banks of a canal, which he had not before seen, and there he
+discovered a small dog struggling in the water for his life, and
+nearly exhausted by his efforts to save himself from drowning. The
+sides of the canal were bricked, with a low parapet wall rather higher
+than the bank. The gentleman, by stooping down, with some difficulty
+got hold of the dog and drew him out, his companion all the time
+watching the proceedings. It cannot be doubted, but that in this
+instance the terrier made use of the only means in his power to save
+the other dog, and this in a way which showed a power of reasoning
+equally strong with that of a human being, under a similar
+circumstance.
+
+I may here mention another instance of a terrier finding his way back
+to his former home.
+
+A gentleman residing near York went to London, and on his return
+brought with him a young terrier dog, which had never been out of
+London. He brought him to York in one of the coaches, and thence
+conveyed him to his residence. Impatient of separation from his former
+master, he took the first opportunity of escaping from the stable in
+which he had been confined, and was seen running on the turnpike road
+towards York by the boy who had him in charge, and who followed him
+for some distance. A few days afterwards, the gentleman who had lost
+the dog received a letter front London, acquainting him that the dog
+was found lying at the door of his lodgings, his feet quite sore, and
+in a most emaciated condition.
+
+A few years ago, a blind terrier dog was brought from Cashiobury Park,
+near Watford, to Windsor. On arriving at the latter place he became
+very restless, and took the first opportunity of making his escape,
+and, blind as he was, made his way back to Cashiobury Park, his native
+place.
+
+A correspondent informs me, that whilst he was taking a walk one
+summer's evening, he observed two rough-looking men, having a bull-dog
+with them, annoying a sickly-looking young gentleman, who was
+accompanied by a terrier. The bull-dog at last seized the latter, and
+would soon have killed it, had not my correspondent interfered. He was
+then informed that a few years previous, when his master was in bed,
+this little terrier came to his bedroom door, and scratched and
+yelled to be admitted. When this had been done, he immediately rushed
+to a closet-door in the room, at which he barked most furiously. His
+master, becoming alarmed, fastened the door, and having obtained the
+assistance of his servants, a notorious thief was discovered in the
+closet.
+
+Mr. White, of Selborne, relates a pleasing anecdote of affection,
+which existed between two incongruous animals--a horse and a hen, and
+which showed a mutual fellowship and kindness for each other. The
+following anecdote, communicated to me by a clergyman in Devonshire,
+affords another proof of affection between two animals of opposite
+natures. I will give it in his own words:--
+
+"Some few months since it was necessary to confine our little terrier
+bitch, on account of distemper. The prison-door was constructed of
+open bars; and shortly after the dog was placed in durance, we
+observed a bantam cock gazing compassionately at the melancholy
+inmate, who, doubtless, sadly missed its warm rug by the parlour fire.
+At last the bantam contrived to squeeze through the bars, and a
+friendship of a most unusual kind commenced. Pylades and Orestes,
+Nisus and Euryalus, could not have been bound by closer bonds of
+affection. The bantam scarcely forsook the poor prisoner's cell for
+its daily food, and when it did the dog became uneasy, whining till
+her friend returned, and then it was most amusing to watch the actions
+of the biped and quadruped. As the dog became worse, so did the
+bantam's attentions redouble; and by way of warming the dog, it took
+its place between the forelegs, and then the little animal settled
+luxuriously down on the bird, seeming to enjoy the warmth imparted by
+the feathers. In this position, and nestled closely side by side, did
+this curious pair pass some weeks, till death put an end to the poor
+dog and this singular friendship. It must be added for the bantam's
+honour, that he was most melancholy for some time afterwards."
+
+The same clergyman also communicated to me the following anecdote
+illustrative of the sagacity of terriers.
+
+He says that "his brother-in-law, who has a house in Woburn Place, and
+another in the City, had a wire-haired terrier named Bob, of
+extraordinary sagacity. The dog's knowledge of London and his
+adventures would form a little history. His master was in the habit,
+occasionally, of spending a few days at Gravesend, but did not always
+take his dog with him. Bob, left behind one day against his liking,
+scampered off to London Bridge, and out of the numerous steamers
+boarded the Gravesend boat, disembarked at that place, went to the
+accustomed inn, and not finding his master there, got on board the
+steamer again and returned to town. He then called at several places
+usually frequented by his master, and afterwards went home to Woburn
+Place. He has frequently been stolen, but always returns, sometimes in
+sad plight, with a broken cord round his neck, and with signs of
+ill-usage; but still he contrives to escape from the dog-stealers."
+
+I once took a favourite terrier with me to a house I had hired in
+Manchester Street. He had never been in London before. While the
+carriage was unloading in which the dog had been conveyed, he was
+missed, and I could hear nothing of him for nearly a fortnight; at the
+end of that time he found his way back to the house, with a short cord
+round his neck, which he had evidently gnawed off. How he came to find
+his way back is not a little to be wondered at. His joy on seeing me
+again I cannot forget. Poor Peter! when he got old, and my rides
+became too long for him, he pretended to be lame after accompanying me
+a short distance, and would then trot back without any appearance of
+lameness.
+
+The following anecdote proves the kind disposition of a terrier. A
+kitten, only a few hours old, had been put into a pail of water, in
+the stable-yard of an inn, for the purpose of drowning it. It had
+remained there for a minute or two, until it was to all appearance
+dead, when a terrier bitch, attached to the stables, took the kitten
+from the water, and carried it off in her mouth. She suckled and
+watched over it with great care, and it throve well. The dog was at
+the same time suckling a puppy about ten weeks old, but which did not
+seem at all displeased with the intruder.
+
+I had once an opportunity of witnessing the sense of a terrier. I was
+riding on Sunbury Common, where many roads diverge, when a terrier
+ran up, evidently in pursuit of his master. On arriving at one of the
+three roads, he put his nose to the ground and snuffed along it; he
+then went to the second, and did the same; but when he came to the
+third, he ran along it as fast as he could, without once putting down
+his nose to the ground. This fact has been noticed by others, but I
+never before witnessed it myself.
+
+At Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherlandshire (then the seat of the Marquis
+of Stafford now of the Duke of Sutherland), there was to be seen, in
+May 1820, a terrier bitch nursing a brood of ducklings. She had a
+litter of whelps a few weeks before, which were taken from her and
+drowned. The unfortunate mother was quite disconsolate till she
+perceived the brood of ducklings, which she immediately seized and
+carried to her lair, where she retained them, following them out and
+in with the greatest care, and nursing them, after her own fashion,
+with the most affectionate anxiety. When the ducklings, following
+their natural instinct, went into the water, their foster-mother
+exhibited the utmost alarm; and as soon as they returned to land she
+snatched them up in her mouth, and ran home with them. What adds to
+the singularity of this circumstance is, that the same animal when
+deprived of a litter of puppies the year preceding, seized two
+cock-chickens, which she reared with the like care she bestows upon
+her present family. When the young cocks began to try their voices,
+their foster-mother was as much annoyed as she now seems to be by the
+swimming of the ducklings, and never failed to repress their attempts
+at crowing.
+
+The foreman of a brickmaker, at Erith in Kent, went from home in
+company with his wife, and left her at the Plough at Northend with his
+brother, while he proceeded across the fields to inspect some repairs
+at a cottage. In about an hour after his departure, his dog, a small
+Scotch terrier, which had accompanied him, returned to the Plough,
+jumped into the lap of his mistress, pawed her about, and whined
+piteously. She at first took no particular notice of the animal, but
+pushed him from her. He then caught hold of her clothes, pulled at
+them repeatedly, and continued to whine incessantly. He endeavoured,
+also, in a similar way to attract the attention of the brother. At
+last all present noticed his importunate anxiety, and the wife then
+said she was convinced something had happened to her husband. The
+brother and the wife, with several others, went out and followed the
+dog, who led them through the darkness of the night, which was very
+great, to the top of a precipice, nearly fifty feet deep; and standing
+on the bank, held his head over, and howled in a most distressing
+manner. They were convinced that the poor man had fallen over; and
+having gone round to the bottom of the pit, they found him, lying
+under the spot indicated by the dog, quite dead.
+
+The following anecdote is copied from a recent number of "The
+Field:"--
+
+I well remember, when a boy, at Barton-upon-Humber, a certain "keel"
+employed in the Yorkshire corn-trade, on board which the captain had a
+dog, possessed of some traces of terrier blood, smooth-coated, and of
+a pure white colour, his neck and back adorned with stumpy bristles,
+which ruffled up at the slightest provocation--altogether he looked a
+mongrel cur enough, but he was an excellent sailor, for he attended
+his master on all his trading expeditions, and never deserted his
+ship. One day, while the keel lay in Barton Haven, the dog was lost,
+and great was the consternation in consequence. Diligent search was
+made in the town and neighbourhood, but every effort to discover the
+missing animal proved unavailing. Month after month passed away, the
+keel went and came on her accustomed avocations, and poor Keeper was
+forgotten--considered by his master to be dead. Judge, therefore, the
+man's surprise when one day steering with difficulty his vessel into
+Goole Harbour, which was crowded with shipping at the time, his glance
+suddenly fell upon his faithful and long-lost dog, buffeting the water
+at a considerable distance from the keel, but making eagerly towards
+her. By the aid of a piece of tar-rope, which was dangling round the
+dog's neck, and a friendly boat-hook, he was lifted quite exhausted on
+to the deck of his master's craft, when it became at once apparent
+that he had long been kept a prisoner, most probably on board a
+vessel, by some one who had stolen him at Barton. The cause of the
+poor dog's sudden reappearance was undoubtedly his having heard his
+master's well-remembered voice; but it is strange he should have been
+able to distinguish at so great a distance, and when swelling that
+chorus of hoarse bawling which arises from a hundred husky throats
+when a Yorkshire keelman is engaged forcing his craft into a crowded
+harbour; and it is also equally touching, that when roused by the
+distant sound, the poor beast should have plunged, encumbered as he
+was with the rope he had just burst asunder, so gallantly into the
+water--an element he was ill-adapted to move in, and in which his
+master declared he had never seen him before.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BLENHEIM SPANIEL.]
+
+THE SPANIEL.
+
+   "Though once a puppy, and a fop by name,
+    Here moulders one whose bones some honour claim;
+    No sycophant, although of Spanish race,
+    And though no hound, a martyr to the chase.
+    Ye pheasants, rabbits, leverets rejoice,
+    Your haunts no longer echo to his voice;
+    This record of his fate, exulting view--
+    He died worn out with vain pursuit of you.
+    'Yes,' the indignant shade of _Fop_ replies,
+    'And worn with _vain pursuits_, man also dies.'"
+                                                    COWPER.
+
+
+Poor Doll! the very name of spaniel reminds me of you. How well do I
+now see your long pendent ears, your black expressive eyes, your
+short, well-rounded mouth, your diminutive but strong legs, almost
+hidden by the long, silky hair from your stomach, and hear you sing
+as you lie on the rug before a good fire in the winter, after a hard
+day's cock or snipe-shooting, wet and tired with your indefatigable
+exertions! Yes--strange as it may sound, Doll would sing in her way,
+as I have stated in a previous page; and such was her sagacity, that
+in process of time when I said, "Sing, Doll," she gave vent to the
+sounds, and varied them as I exclaimed, "Louder, louder." All this
+time she appeared to be fast asleep.--And what a dog she was in thick
+cover, or in rushy swamps! No day was too long for her, nor could a
+woodcock or snipe escape her "unerring nose:"--
+
+   "Still her unerring nose would wind it--
+    If above ground was sure to find it."
+
+Monsieur Blaze also tells us, that a gentleman had a dog which he
+taught to utter a particular musical note, and that the animal made a
+cry which very much resembled it. He then sounded another note close
+to the ear of the dog, saying to him, "Too high, or too low,"
+according to the degree of intonation. The animal finished by pretty
+correctly giving the note which was required.
+
+An account is given in the "Bibliotheque Universelle," of a spaniel,
+who, if he heard any one play or sing a certain air, "L'ane de notre
+moulin est mort, la pauvre bete," &c., which is a lamentable ditty, in
+the minor key, the dog looked very pitifully, then gaped repeatedly,
+showing increasing signs of impatience and uneasiness. He would then
+sit upright on his hind-legs, and begin to howl louder and louder till
+the music stopped. No other air ever affected him, and he never
+noticed any music till the air in question was played or sung. He then
+manifested, without exception or variation, the series of actions
+which have been described.
+
+I knew a dog which howled whenever it was pitied, and another whose
+ear was so sensitive, that it could never bear to hear me make a
+moaning noise. I have likewise seen a dog affected by peculiar notes
+played on a violoncello.
+
+It is only now and then that such dogs as Doll are to be met with, and
+when they are, they are invaluable, either as sporting dogs or as
+companions. In the latter capacity Doll was quite delightful. In an
+early May morning, when she knew that no shooting was going forward,
+she would frisk around me as I strolled in a meadow, gay with my
+favourite cowslips, or run before me as I passed along a lane, where
+primroses were peeping out of its mossy sides, looking back every now
+and then to see if I was following her. There was the dew still
+glittering on the flowers, which, from their situation, had not yet
+felt the influence of the morning sun, reminding me of some favourite
+lines by my favourite poet, Herrick:--
+
+   "Fall on me like a silent dew,
+      Or like those maiden showers,
+    Which, by the peep of day, do strew
+     _A baptism o'er the flowers_."
+
+How delightful it is to think of these bygone walks, and how pleasant
+to call to mind these traits of a favourite and faithful animal! The
+poet Cowper was never more engaging than when he describes his vain
+attempts to reach the flower of a water-lily, as he was strolling
+along the banks of a stream attended by his spaniel, and afterwards
+discovering that the sagacious animal had been in the river and
+plucked it for him.
+
+Another instance of wonderful sagacity in this breed of dogs may be
+here noticed.
+
+A gentleman shooting wild fowl one day on a lake in Ireland, was
+accompanied by a sagacious spaniel. He wounded a wild duck, which swam
+about the lake, and dived occasionally, followed by the dog. The bird
+at last got to some distance, and lowered itself in the water, as
+ducks are known to do when they are wounded and pursued, leaving
+nothing but his head out of it. The dog swam about for some time in
+search of his prey, but all scent was lost, and he obeyed his master's
+call, and returned to the shore. He had no sooner arrived there,
+however, than he ran with the greatest eagerness to the top of some
+high ground close to the lake. On arriving there, he was seen looking
+round in every direction; and having at last perceived the spot where
+the duck was endeavouring to conceal itself, he again rushed into the
+water, made directly to the spot he had previously marked, and at last
+succeeded in securing the wounded bird.
+
+A spaniel which had been kindly treated and fed, during the absence of
+his master, in the kitchen of a neighbour, showed his gratitude not
+only by greeting the cook when he met her, but on one occasion he laid
+down at her feet a bird which he had caught, wagged his tail and
+departed; thus showing that he had not forgotten the favours he had
+received.
+
+The following old, but interesting anecdote, is taken from Daniel's
+"Rural Sports:"--
+
+"A few days before the overthrow of Robespierre, a revolutionary
+tribunal had condemned M. R----, an upright magistrate and a most
+estimable man, on a pretence of finding him guilty of a conspiracy.
+His faithful dog, a spaniel, was with him when he was seized, but was
+not suffered to enter the prison. He took refuge with a neighbour of
+his master's, and every day at the same hour returned to the door of
+the prison, but was still refused admittance. He, however, uniformly
+passed some time there, and his unremitting fidelity won upon the
+porter, and the dog was allowed to enter. The meeting may be better
+imagined than described. The gaoler, however, fearful for himself,
+carried the dog out of the prison; but he returned the next morning,
+and was regularly admitted on each day afterwards. When the day of
+sentence arrived, the dog, notwithstanding the guards, penetrated into
+the hall, where he lay crouched between the legs of his master. Again,
+at the hour of execution, the faithful dog is there; the knife of the
+guillotine falls--he will not leave the lifeless and headless body.
+The first night, the next day, and the second night, his absence
+alarmed his new patron, who, guessing whither he had retired, sought
+him, and found him stretched upon his master's grave. From this time,
+for three months, every morning the mourner returned to his protector
+merely to receive food, and then again retreated to the grave. At
+length he refused food, his patience seemed exhausted, and with
+temporary strength, supplied by his long-tried and unexhausted
+affection, for twenty-four hours he was observed to employ his
+weakened limbs in digging up the earth that separated him from the
+being he had served. His powers, however, here gave way; he shrieked
+in his struggles, and at length ceased to breathe, with his last look
+turned upon the grave."
+
+The late Rev. Mr. Corsellis, of Wivenhoe, in Essex, had an old
+gamekeeper who had reared a spaniel, which became his constant
+companion, day and night. Wherever the keeper appeared Dash was close
+behind him, and was of infinite use in his master's nocturnal
+excursions. The game at night was never regarded, although in the day
+no spaniel could find it in better style, or in a greater quantity. If
+at night, however, a strange foot entered the coverts, Dash, by a
+significant whine, informed his master that an enemy was abroad, and
+thus many poachers have been detected. After many years of friendly
+companionship the keeper was seized with a disease which terminated
+in death. Whilst the slow but fatal progress of his disorder allowed
+him to crawl about, Dash, as usual, followed his footsteps; and when
+nature was nearly exhausted, and he took to his bed, the faithful
+animal unweariedly attended at the foot of it. When he died the dog
+would not quit the body, but lay on the bed by its side. It was with
+difficulty he could be induced to eat any food; and though after the
+burial he was caressed with all the tenderness which so fond an
+attachment naturally called forth, he took every opportunity to steal
+back to the room where his old master died. Here he would remain for
+hours, and from thence he daily visited his grave. At the end,
+however, of fourteen days, notwithstanding every kindness and
+attention shown him, the poor faithful animal died, a victim of grief
+for the loss of his master.
+
+In recording such an instance of affection, it is impossible not to
+feel regret that animals capable of so much attachment should ever be
+subjected to ill-usage. Whenever they are treated with kindness and
+affection, they are ready to return it four-fold. It is generally
+ill-treatment which produces ferocity or indifference, and the former
+must be very great before the love of their master can be conquered.
+
+Mr. Blaine records the following story of a dog which he had found:--
+
+"I one day picked up in the streets an old spaniel bitch, that some
+boys were worrying, from which her natural timidity rendered her
+incapable of defending herself. Grateful for the protection, she
+readily followed me home, where she was placed among other dogs, in
+expectation of finding an owner for her; but which not happening, she
+spent the remainder of her life (three or four years) in this asylum.
+Convinced she was safe and well treated, I had few opportunities of
+particularly noticing her afterwards, and she attached herself
+principally to the man who fed her. At a future period, when
+inspecting the sick dogs, I observed her in great pain, occasionally
+crying out. Supposing her to be affected in her bowels, and having no
+suspicion she was in pup, I directed some castor-oil to be given her.
+The next day she was still worse, when I examined her more
+attentively, and, to my surprise, discovered that a young one
+obstructed the passage, and which she was totally unable to bring
+forth. I placed her on a table, and, after some difficulty, succeeded
+in detaching the puppy from her. The relief she instantly felt
+produced an effect I shall never forget; she licked my hands, and when
+put on the ground she did the same to my feet, danced round me, and
+screamed with gratitude and joy.
+
+"From this time to her death, which did not happen till two years
+after, she never forgot the benefit she had received; on the contrary,
+whenever I approached, she was boisterous in evincing her gratitude
+and regard, and would never let me rest till, by noticing her, I had
+convinced her that I was sensible of her caresses. The difference
+between her behaviour before this accident and after it was so pointed
+and striking, that it was impossible to mistake the grateful sense she
+had ever retained of the kindness which had been shown to her."
+
+Spaniels in cover are merry and cheerful companions, all life and
+animation. They hunt, they frisk about, watching the movements of
+their master, and are indefatigable in their exertions to find game
+for him. Their neat shape, their beautiful coats, their cleanly
+habits, their insinuating attention, incessant attendance, and
+faithful obedience, insure for them general favour. It is almost
+impossible, therefore, not to have the greatest attachment and
+affection for them, especially as few dogs evince so much sagacity,
+sincerity, patience, fidelity, and gratitude. From the time they are
+thrown off in the field, as a proof of the pleasure they feel in being
+employed, the tail is in perpetual motion, upon the increased
+vibration of which the experienced sportsman well knows when he is
+getting nearer to the game. As the dog approaches it, the more
+energetic he becomes. Tremulous whimpers escape him as a matter of
+doubt occurs, and he is all eagerness as he hits again on the scent.
+The Clumber breed of spaniels have long been celebrated for their
+strength and powers of endurance, their unerring nose, and for hunting
+mute--a great qualification where game abounds. This breed has been
+preserved in its purity by the successive Dukes of Newcastle, and may
+be considered as an aristocratic apanage to their country seats. Nor
+should the fine breed of spaniels belonging to the Earl of Albemarle
+be passed by in silence. They are black and tan, of a large size, with
+long ears, and very much feathered about the legs. They are excellent
+retrievers; and those who have seen will not soon forget Sir Edwin
+Landseer's charming picture of the late Lord Albemarle's celebrated
+dog Chancellor, and one of his progeny, holding a dead rabbit between
+them, as if equally eager to bring it to their amiable master. These
+dogs, like those of the Clumber breed, hunt mute, and seldom range out
+of shot.
+
+While on the subject of Lord Albemarle's breed of dogs, I may mention
+an extraordinary fact which I noticed in a former work, and which I
+witnessed myself. I allude to the circumstance of a favourite dog
+having died after producing a litter of puppies, which were adopted,
+suckled, and brought up by a young bitch of the same breed, who never
+had any whelps of her own, or indeed was in the way of having any. The
+flow of milk of the foster-mother was quite sufficient for the
+sustenance of the adopted offspring, and enabled her to support and
+bring them up with as much care and affection as if they had been her
+own. Here was an absence of that _notus odor_ which enables animals to
+distinguish their young from those of others, and also of that
+distension of milk which makes the suckling their young so delightful
+to them. Indeed it may be observed how beautifully and providentially
+it has been ordered, that the process of suckling their young is as
+pleasurable to the parent animal as it is essential to the support of
+the infant progeny. The mammae of animals become painful when
+over-distended with milk. Drawing off that fluid removes positive
+uneasiness and affords positive pleasure. In the present instance,
+however, nothing of the sort was the case, and therefore we can only
+look to that kindliness of disposition and intelligence with which
+many animals are so strongly endowed as the reason of the singular
+adoption referred to. I am aware that this fact has been doubted, but
+it is too well known and authenticated to admit of the possibility of
+any mistake. In this instance it must be allowed that the usually
+defined bounds of instinct were exceeded. If so, distress at hearing
+the cries of the helpless young must have acted forcibly on the kindly
+feelings of a poor brute, and thus induced her to act in the manner I
+have described.
+
+Spaniels, like other dogs, possess the power of finding their way to
+their homes from distances of considerable extent, and over ground
+they have not before traversed.
+
+A lady residing at Richmond (Mrs. Grosvenor) gave the Rev. Leonard
+Jenyns the following anecdote of a dog and cat. A little Blenheim
+spaniel of hers once accompanied her to the house of a relative, where
+it was taken into the kitchen to be fed, when two large favourite cats
+flew at it several times, and scratched it severely. The spaniel was
+in the habit of following its mistress in her walks in the garden, and
+by degrees it formed a friendship with a young cat of the gardener's,
+which it tempted into the house,--first into the hall, and then into
+the kitchen,--where, on finding one of the large cats, the spaniel and
+its ally fell on it together, and, without further provocation, beat
+it well; they then waited for the other, which they served in the same
+manner, and finally drove both cats from the kitchen. The two friends
+continued afterwards to eat off the same plate as long as the spaniel
+remained with her mistress in the house.
+
+A gentleman residing at Worcester had a favourite spaniel, which he
+brought with him to London inside the coach. After having been in town
+a day or two he missed the dog, and wrote to acquaint his family at
+Worcester of his loss. He received an answer informing him that he
+need not distress himself about "Rose," as she had arrived at her old
+house at Worcester five days after she had been lost in London, but
+very thin and out of condition. This same dog was a great favourite,
+and much domesticated. She formed a friendship with the cat, and when
+before the fire the latter would lie down in the most familiar manner
+by the side of the dog. When the dog had puppies, the cat was in the
+habit of sucking her; and it happened more than once that both had
+young ones at the same time, when the cat might be seen sucking the
+bitch, and the kittens taking their nourishment from the cat.
+
+A friend of mine, who then resided in South Wales, had a team of
+spaniels, which he used for woodcock shooting. As he was leaving the
+country for a considerable length of time, he gave permission to some
+of his neighbours to take out his spaniels when they wanted them. One
+of these was a remarkably good dog, but of rather a surly disposition,
+and had, in consequence, been but little petted or noticed by his
+master. Notwithstanding this, nothing could induce him either to
+follow or hunt with those to whom he was lent. In order, therefore, to
+make him of any use, it was necessary to get his feeder to accompany
+the shooting party, and the dog would then take to hunt in cover; but
+if this man returned home, the dog would find it out and be there
+before him. At the end of nearly six years his master returned into
+Wales, and near the house discovered his old dog, apparently asleep.
+Knowing his ferocious disposition, he did not venture to go close to
+him, but called him by name, which did not appear to excite the
+animal's attention. No sooner, however, did the dog hear an old
+exciting _cover-call_, than he jumped up, sprang to his old master,
+and showed his affection for him in every possible way. When the
+shooting season came, he proved himself to be as good a dog as ever.
+
+Mons. Blaze says, that a fondness for the chase does not always make a
+dog forget his fidelity to his master. He was one day shooting wild
+ducks with a friend near Versailles, when, as soon as the first shot
+was fired, a fine spaniel dog joined and began to caress them. They
+shot during the whole day, and the dog hunted with the greatest zeal
+and alacrity. Supposing him to be a stray dog, they began to think of
+appropriating him to themselves; but as soon as the sport was over,
+the dog ran away. They afterwards discovered that he belonged to one
+of the keepers, who was confined to his house by illness. His duty,
+however, was to shoot ducks on one particular day of the week, when he
+was accompanied by this spaniel; he lived six miles from the spot, and
+the dog, knowing the precise day, had come there to enjoy his usual
+sport, and then returned to his master.
+
+One of the most extraordinary cases on record of a friendship between
+two most dissimilar animals, a spaniel and a partridge, is narrated by
+a writer in whom implicit confidence may be placed:--"We were lately
+(in 1823) visiting in a house, where a very pleasing and singular
+portrait attracted our observation: it was that of a young lady,
+represented with a partridge perched upon her shoulder, and a dog with
+his feet on her arm. We recognised it as a representation of the lady
+of the house; but were at a loss to account for the odd association of
+her companions. She observed our surprise, and at once gave the
+history of the bird and the spaniel. They were both, some years back,
+domesticated in her family. The dog was an old parlour favourite, who
+went by the name of Tom; the partridge was more recently introduced
+from France, and answered to the equally familiar name of Bill. It
+was rather a dangerous experiment to place them together, for Tom was
+a lively and spirited creature, very apt to torment the cats, and to
+bark at any object which roused his instinct. But the experiment was
+tried; and Bill, being very tame, did not feel much alarm at his
+natural enemy. They were, of course, shy at first; but this shyness
+gradually wore off: the bird became less timid, and the dog less bold.
+The most perfect friendship was at length established between them.
+When the hour of dinner arrived, the partridge invariably flew on his
+mistress's shoulder, calling with that shrill note which is so well
+known to sportsmen; and the spaniel leapt about with equal ardour. One
+dish of bread and milk was placed on the floor, out of which the
+spaniel and bird fed together. After their social meal, the dog would
+retire to a corner to sleep, while the partridge would nestle between
+his legs, and never stir till his favourite awoke. Whenever the dog
+accompanied his mistress out, the bird displayed the utmost
+disquietude till his return; and once, when the partridge was shut up
+by accident a whole day, the dog searched about the house, with a
+mournful cry which indicated the strength of his affection. The
+friendship of Tom and Bill was at length fatally terminated. The
+beautiful little dog was stolen; and the bird from that time refused
+food, and died on the seventh day, a victim to his grief."
+
+A friend of mine has a small spaniel, which very recently showed
+great sagacity. This dog, which is much attached to him, was left
+under the care of a servant while his master paid a visit of a few
+weeks in Hampshire. The poor animal was so miserable during his
+absence, that he was informed of it, and directed the dog to be sent
+to him in a hamper, which was done. He was overjoyed at the sight of
+his kind master, and remained perfectly contented at his new abode.
+When preparations were making for his departure, the day before it
+took place, the dog was evidently aware of what was going forward, and
+showed his dread of being again left behind, by keeping as close as
+possible to the feet of his master during the evening. On getting up
+very early the next morning, before daylight, he found on opening his
+door that the apprehensive animal was lying before it, although it was
+winter, and very cold. At breakfast the dog not only nestled against
+his feet, but rubbed himself so much against them, that he was at last
+turned out of the room. On going into his dressing-room, where the dog
+had been in the habit of sleeping in a warm basket before a good fire,
+he found him coiled up in his portmanteau, which had been left open
+nearly packed.
+
+In this instance, the animal's knowledge of what was going forward was
+very evident, and his fear of being left behind could not be more
+strongly expressed; thus affording another proof that animals are
+possessed of a faculty much beyond mere instinct.
+
+A young gentleman lately residing in Edinburgh was master of a
+handsome spaniel bitch, which he had bought from a dealer in dogs. The
+animal had been educated to steal for the benefit of its protector;
+but it was some time ere his new master became aware of this
+irregularity of morals, and he was not a little astonished and teazed
+by its constantly bringing home articles of which it had feloniously
+obtained possession. Perceiving, at length, that the animal proceeded
+systematically in this sort of behaviour, he used to amuse his
+friends, by causing the spaniel to give proofs of her sagacity in the
+Spartan art of privately stealing; putting, of course, the shopkeepers
+where he meant she should exercise her faculty on their guard as to
+the issue.
+
+The process was curious, and excites some surprise at the pains which
+must have been bestowed to qualify the animal for these practices. As
+soon as the master entered the shop, the dog seemed to avoid all
+appearance of recognizing or acknowledging any connexion with him, but
+lounged about in an indolent, disengaged, and independent sort of
+manner, as if she had come into the shop of her own accord. In the
+course of looking over some wares, his master indicated by a touch on
+the parcel and a look towards the spaniel, that which he desired she
+should appropriate, and then left the shop. The dog, whose watchful
+eye caught the hint in an instant, instead of following his master out
+of the shop, continued to sit at the door, or lie by the fire,
+watching the counter, until she observed the attention of the people
+of the shop withdrawn from the prize which she wished to secure.
+Whenever she saw an opportunity of doing so, as she imagined,
+unobserved, she never failed to jump upon the counter with her fore
+feet, possess herself of the gloves, or whatever else had been pointed
+out to her, and escape from the shop to join her master.
+
+A gentleman lately communicated to me the following fact:--
+
+His avocations frequently took him by the side of St. Bride's
+Churchyard, in London. Whenever he passed it, in the course of some
+two or three years, he always saw a spaniel at one particular
+grave--it was the grave of his master. There, month after month, and
+year after year, did this faithful animal remain, as if to guard the
+remains of the being he loved. No cold, however severe, no rain,
+however violent, no sun, however hot, could drive this affectionate
+creature from a spot which was so endeared to him. The good-natured
+sexton of the churchyard, (and the fact is recorded to his honour,)
+brought food daily to the dog, and then pitying his exposure to the
+weather, scooped out a hole by the side of the grave, and thatched it
+over.
+
+The following is from the Percy collection of Anecdotes:--
+
+Two spaniels, mother and son, were self-hunting in Mr. Drake's woods,
+near Amersham, in Bucks. The gamekeeper shot the mother; the son,
+frightened, ran away for an hour or two, and then returned to look
+for his mother. Having found her dead body, he laid himself down by
+her, and was found in that situation the next day by his master, who
+took him home, together with the body of the mother. Six weeks did
+this affectionate creature refuse all consolation, and almost all
+nutriment. He became, at length, universally convulsed, and died of
+grief.
+
+These two anecdotes would form a pretty picture of fidelity and
+kindness, and there is one (I need not mention Sir Edwin Landseer) who
+would do justice to them.
+
+I may here remark, that the dogs of poor people generally show more
+attachment to their masters than those of the rich. Their fidelity
+appears greater, and more lasting. Misery would seem to tighten the
+cord of affection between them. They both suffer the same privations
+together of hunger, cold, and thirst, but these never shake the
+affection of a dog for his master. The animal's resignation is
+perfect, and his love unbounded. How beautifully has Sir Walter Scott
+described the affection of a dog for his master, who fell down a
+precipice in a fog near the Helvellyn Mountains, in Cumberland, and
+was dashed to pieces. It was not till more than three months
+afterwards that his remains were discovered, when his faithful dog was
+still guarding them.
+
+   "Dark green was the spot 'mid the brown mountain heather,
+      Where the pilgrim of nature lay stretch'd in decay;
+    Like the corpse of an outcast abandon'd to weather,
+      'Till the mountain winds wasted the tenantless clay.
+    Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,
+    For faithful in death his mute fav'rite attended,
+    The much-lov'd remains of his master defended,
+      And chas'd the hill fox and the raven away."
+
+Nor are the preceding anecdotes solitary instances of the affection of
+dogs for their departed masters. Mr. Youatt, in his work on "Humanity
+to Brutes," which does him so much credit, has recorded the following
+fact, very similar to the one already given:--
+
+Opposite to the house of a gentleman, near the churchyard of St.
+Olave, Southwark, where the receptacles of humanity are in many parts
+dilapidated, was an aperture just large enough to admit a dog. It led
+along a kind of sink to a dark cavity, close to which a person had
+recently been buried. It was inhabited by his dog, who was to be seen
+occasionally moving into or out of the cavern, which he had taken
+possession of the day of the funeral. How he obtained any food during
+the first two or three months no one knew, but he at length attracted
+the attention of a gentleman who lived opposite, and who ordered his
+servant regularly to supply the dog with food. He used, after a while,
+to come occasionally to this house for what was provided for him. He
+was not sullen, but there was a melancholy expression in his
+countenance, which, once observed, would never be forgotten. As soon
+as he had finished his hasty meal, he would gaze for a moment on his
+benefactor. It was an expressive look, but one which could not be
+misunderstood. It conveyed all the thanks that a broken heart could
+give. He then entombed himself once more for three or four days, when
+he crawled out again with his eyes sunk and his coat dishevelled. Two
+years he remained faithful to the memory of the being he had lost, and
+then, according to the most authentic account of him, having been
+missing several days, he was found dead in his retreat.
+
+From a letter written by a gentleman at Dijon in France, to his friend
+in London, dated August 15, 1764, we have the following account of a
+murder discovered by a dog:--
+
+"Since my arrival here a man has been broken on the wheel, with no
+other proof to condemn him than that of a water-spaniel. The
+circumstances attending it being so very singular and striking, I beg
+leave to communicate them to you. A farmer, who had been to receive a
+sum of money, was waylaid, robbed, and murdered, by two villains. The
+farmer's dog returned with all speed to the house of the person who
+had paid the money, and expressed such amazing anxiety that he would
+follow him, pulling him several times by the sleeve and skirt of the
+coat, that, at length, the gentleman yielded to his importunity. The
+dog led him to the field, a little from the roadside, where the body
+lay. From thence the gentleman went to a public-house, in order to
+alarm the country. The moment he entered, (as the two villains were
+there drinking,) the dog seized the murderer by the throat, and the
+other made his escape. This man lay in prison three months, during
+which time they visited him once a-week with the spaniel, and though
+they made him change his clothes with other prisoners, and always
+stand in the midst of a crowd, yet did the animal always find him out,
+and fly at him. On the day of trial, when the prisoner was at the bar,
+the dog was let loose in the court-house, and in the midst of some
+hundreds he found him out (though dressed entirely in new clothes),
+and would have torn him to pieces had he been allowed; in consequence
+of which he was condemned, and at the place of execution he confessed
+the fact. Surely so useful, so disinterestedly faithful an animal,
+should not be so barbarously treated as I have often seen them,
+particularly in London."
+
+The following anecdote has been well authenticated, and the fact which
+it records is still remembered by many individuals yet alive:--
+
+Mr. Alderman Yearsley, of Congleton, in Cheshire, had a favourite
+large water-spaniel named Fanny, which, in the hands of Providence,
+was the instrument of saving a very valuable life.
+
+In the year 1774 Mr. Yearsley had gone out one evening with a friend
+to a tavern, and the dog accompanied him. A short time before he was
+expected home, and while Mrs. Yearsley happened to be washing her
+hands in the back kitchen, the spaniel returned and scratched at the
+door for admittance. Being let in, she followed her mistress into the
+kitchen, where she set up a strange sort of whining, or barking, and
+turned towards the street-door, as if beckoning her mistress to
+follow. This she repeated several times, to the great astonishment of
+the lady. At length a thought struck her that Mr. Yearsley might have
+met with some accident in the street, and that the spaniel was come to
+guide her to her husband. Alarmed at this idea, she hastily followed
+the animal, which led her to Mr. Yearsley, whom she found in perfect
+health, sitting in the house to which he had gone. She told him the
+cause of her coming, and got herself laughed at for her pains. But
+what were the feelings of both, when they were informed by their next
+neighbours that the kitchen fell in almost the very instant Mrs.
+Yearsley had shut the street-door, and that the wash-hand basin she
+had left was crushed into a thousand pieces! The animal was ever
+afterwards treated with no ordinary attention, and died thirteen years
+later, at the age of sixteen. Her death, we regret to add, was
+occasioned by the bite of a mad dog.
+
+In the "Notes of a Naturalist," published in Chambers' "Edinburgh
+Journal," a work which cannot be too much commended for its agreeable
+information, is the following anecdote, which I give with the remarks
+of the author upon it:--
+
+"It appears to me, that in the general manifestations of the animal
+mind, some one of the senses is employed in preference to the
+others--that sense, for instance, which is most acute and perfect in
+the animal. In the dog, for example, the sense of smell predominates;
+and we accordingly find that, through the medium of this sense, his
+mental faculties are most commonly exercised. A gentleman had a
+favourite spaniel, which for a long time was in the habit of
+accompanying him in all his walks, and became his attached companion.
+This gentleman had occasion to leave home, and was absent for more
+than a year, during which time he had never seen the dog. On his
+return along with a friend, while yet at a little distance from the
+house, they perceived the spaniel lying beside the gate. He thought
+that this would be a good opportunity of testing the memory of his
+favourite; and he accordingly arranged with his companion, who was
+quite unknown to the dog, that they should both walk up to the animal,
+and express no signs of recognition. As they both approached nearer,
+the dog started up, and gazed at them attentively; but he discovered
+no signs of recognition, even at their near approach. At last he came
+up to the stranger, put his nose close to his clothes, and smelt him,
+without any signs of emotion. He then did the same to his old master;
+but no sooner had he smelt him, than recognition instantly took place;
+he leaped up to his face repeatedly, and showed symptoms of the most
+extravagant joy. He followed him into the house, and watched his every
+movement, and could by no means be diverted from his person. Here was
+an instance of deficient memory through the organs of sight, but an
+accurate recollection through the organs of smell." In a preceding
+anecdote, I have recorded an instance of a spaniel recognising the
+voice of his master after a lapse of six years. In that case, it was
+evident that the recollection of a particular sound enabled the dog to
+know his master, without having had recourse to the sense of smelling,
+which, however, would probably have been equally available had it been
+exercised.
+
+About the year 1800, Mrs. Osburn, who lived a few miles out of London,
+went to town to receive a large sum of money granted her by Parliament
+for discovering a lithontryptic medicine. She received the money, and
+returned back with it in her own carriage to the country, without
+anything particular happening to her on the road. It was evening when
+she arrived at home; and being fatigued with her journey, she retired
+early to rest. On her stepping into bed, she was somewhat surprised at
+the importunities of a small King Charles's dog, which was a great
+pet, and always slept in her bedchamber. He became exceedingly
+troublesome, and kept pulling the bedclothes with all his strength.
+She chid him repeatedly, and in an angry tone of voice desired him to
+lie still, that she might go to sleep. The dog, however, still
+persisted in his efforts, and kept pulling the bedclothes; and at
+length leaped on the bed, and endeavoured with the most determined
+perseverance to pull off the bedclothes. Mrs. Osburn then conceived
+there must be some extraordinary cause for this unusual conduct on
+the part of her dog, and leaped out of bed; and being a lady of some
+courage, put on her petticoat, and placed a brace of pistols by her
+side, which she had always ready loaded in a closet adjoining her
+bed-room, and proceeded down-stairs. When she had reached the first
+landing-place, she saw her coachman coming down the private staircase,
+which led to the servants' rooms, with a lighted candle in his hand,
+and full dressed. Suspecting his intentions were bad, and with heroic
+presence of mind, she presented one of her pistols, and threatened to
+lodge the contents of it in him, unless he returned to bed forthwith.
+Subdued by her determined courage, he quietly and silently obeyed. She
+then went into a back-parlour, when she heard a distant whispering of
+voices; she approached the window, and threw it up, and fired one of
+her pistols out of it, in the direction from which the noise
+proceeded. Everything became silent, and not a whisper was to be
+heard. After looking through the different rooms on the lower floor,
+and finding all right, she proceeded to bed and secured the door, and
+nothing further occurred that night. Next morning she arose at an
+early hour, went into the garden, and in the direction which she had
+fired the preceding night she discovered drops of blood, which she
+traced to the other end of the garden. This left no doubt on her mind
+of what had been intended. Thinking it imprudent to keep so large a
+sum of money in her house, she ordered her carriage to drive to town,
+where she deposited her cash. She then repaired to the house of Sir
+John Fielding, and related to him the whole affair, who advised her to
+part with her coachman immediately, and that he would investigate the
+matter, and, if possible, discover and convict the offenders. But the
+parties concerned in this affair were never discovered; for the mere
+fact of the coachman being found coming down the stair was not
+sufficient to implicate him, although there were strong grounds of
+suspicion. Thus, by the instinct and fidelity of this little animal,
+was robbery, and most likely murder, prevented.
+
+A spaniel belonging to a medical gentleman, with whom I am acquainted,
+residing at Richmond in Surrey, was in the habit of accompanying him
+when he went out at night to visit his patients. If he was shut out of
+the house of a patient, as was frequently the case, he would return
+home; and whatever the hour of the night might be, he would take the
+knocker in his mouth, and knock till the door was opened. It should be
+mentioned that the knocker was below a half-glazed door, so that it
+was easily within the dog's reach.
+
+"In the capital of a German principality," says Capt. Brown, "the
+magistrates once thought it expedient to order all dogs that had not
+the mark of having been wormed, to be seized and confined for a
+certain time in a large yard without the walls of the town. These
+dogs, which were of all possible varieties, made a hideous noise while
+thus confined together; but a spaniel, which, as the person that had
+the care of them observed, sat apart from the rest in a corner of the
+yard, seemed to consider the circumstances with greater deliberation.
+He attended to the manner in which the gate of the yard was opened and
+shut; and, taking a favourable opportunity, leapt with his forepaws
+upon the latch, opened the gate, looked round upon the clamorous
+multitude, and magnanimously led them the way out of the prison. He
+conducted them in triumph through the gate of the town; upon which
+every dog ran home exulting to his master."
+
+The following anecdote, which was sent to me by the gentleman who
+witnessed the occurrence, proves the sense and observation of a
+spaniel. He possessed one which was a great favourite, and a constant
+companion in all his rambles. One day, in passing through a field of
+young turnips, he pulled up one of them, and after washing it
+carefully in a rivulet, he cut off the top, and ate the other part.
+During this time the dog eyed him attentively, and then proceeded to
+one of the growing turnips, drew it from the earth, went up briskly to
+the rivulet, and after dashing it about some time till he caused the
+water to froth considerably, he laid it down, and holding the turnip
+inverted, and by the top, he deliberately gnawed the whole of it off,
+and left the top, thus closely imitating the actions of his master.
+
+A gentleman, who generally resided at Boston in Lincolnshire, had also
+a house at Chepstow in Monmouthshire, to which he occasionally went in
+the summer. While at the latter place, a small spaniel dog which a
+friend at Chepstow had given him was taken on his return in a carriage
+to Boston. On the Sunday evening after the arrival at that place, the
+spaniel was attacked by a large dog, when out walking with his master
+on the river bank, and ran away. Nothing was heard of him until the
+receipt of a letter from Chepstow, announcing his arrival at that
+place in a famished and travel-worn condition. The distance is one
+hundred and eighty-four miles.
+
+The following anecdote is related by Mr. Blaine:--
+
+"I was once called from dinner in a hurry to attend to something that
+had occurred; unintentionally I left a favourite cat in the room,
+together with a no less favourite spaniel. When I returned I found the
+latter, which was not a small figure, extending her whole length along
+the table by the side of a leg of mutton which I had left. On my
+entrance she showed no signs of fear, nor did she immediately alter
+her position. I was sure, therefore, that none but a good motive had
+placed her in this extraordinary situation, nor had I long to
+conjecture. Puss was skulking in a corner, and though the mutton was
+untouched, yet her conscious fears clearly evinced that she had been
+driven from the table in the act of attempting a robbery on the meat,
+to which she was too prone, and that her situation had been occupied
+by this faithful spaniel to prevent a repetition of the attempt. Here
+was fidelity united with great intellect, and wholly free from the aid
+of instinct. This property of guarding victuals from the cat, or from
+other dogs, was a daily practice of this animal; and, while cooking
+was going forward, the floor might have been strewed with eatables,
+which would have been all safe from her own touch, and as carefully
+guarded from that of others. A similar property is common to many
+dogs, but to spaniels particularly."
+
+It is impossible in a work on dogs to omit the insertion of some
+pretty lines on a spaniel by Mrs. Barrett Browning, and which do so
+much credit to her kindly feelings and poetic talents:--
+
+   "Yet, my pretty sportive friend,
+    Little is't to such an end
+      That I praise thy rareness!
+    Other dogs may be thy peers,
+    Haply, in those drooping ears,
+      And this glossy fairness.
+
+    But of thee it shall be said,
+    'This dog watched beside a bed
+      Day and night unweary,--
+    Watched within a curtained room
+    Where no sunbeam broke the gloom
+      Round the sick and dreary.
+
+    Roses, gathered for a vase,
+    In that chamber died apace,
+      Beam and breeze resigning--
+    This dog only waited on,
+    Knowing that when light is gone
+      Love remains for shining.
+
+    Other dogs, in thymy dew,
+    Tracked the hares and followed through
+      Sunny moor or meadow--
+    This dog only crept and crept
+    Next a languid cheek that slept,
+      Sharing in the shadow.
+
+    Other dogs of loyal cheer
+    Bounded at the whistle clear,
+      Up the woodside hieing--
+    This dog only watched in reach
+    Of a faintly uttered speech,
+      Or a louder sighing.
+
+    And if one or two quick tears
+    Dropped upon his glossy ears,
+      Or a sigh came double,--
+    Up he sprang in eager haste,
+    Fawning, fondling, breathing fast,
+      In a tender trouble.'"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH POODLE.]
+
+THE POODLE.
+
+   "With all the graces of his fatherland;
+    With well-cut coat, and ever ready hand--
+    See--the French poodle sports his life away;
+    Obedient, wise, affectionate, and gay."
+                                             _Chronicles of Animals._
+
+
+These dogs, like all others, possess many amiable qualities, and are
+remarkable for the facility with which they learn several amusing
+tricks, and for their extraordinary sagacity. This latter quality has
+frequently made them a great source of profit to their masters, so
+that it may be said of them, "c'est encore une des plus profitables
+manieres d'etre chien qui existent." A proof of this is related by M.
+Blaze in his history of the dog, and was recorded by myself many years
+before his work appeared.
+
+A shoe-black on the Pont Neuf at Paris had a poodle dog, whose
+sagacity brought no small profit to his master. If the dog saw a
+person with well-polished boots go across the bridge, he contrived to
+dirty them, by having first rolled himself in the mud of the Seine.
+His master was then employed to clean them. An English gentleman, who
+had suffered more than once from the annoyance of having his boots
+dirtied by a dog, was at last induced to watch his proceedings, and
+thus detected the tricks he was playing for his master's benefit. He
+was so much pleased with the animal's sagacity, that he purchased him
+at a high price and conveyed him to London. On arriving there, he was
+confined to the house till he appeared perfectly satisfied with his
+new master and his new situation. He at last, however, contrived to
+escape, and made his way back to Paris, where he rejoined his old
+master, and resumed his former occupation. I was at Paris some years
+ago, where this anecdote was related to me, and it is now published in
+the records of the French Institute.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable instance known of what are called "Learned
+Dogs," is that of two poodles, which were trained at Milan, and
+exhibited at Paris in the spring of 1830. The account of them is given
+by a lady, whose veracity is not doubtful, and who herself saw their
+performance. "The elder, named Fido," says she, "is white, with some
+black patches on his head and back; and the younger, who is called
+Bianco, is also white, but with red spots. Fido is a grave and serious
+personage, walks with dignity round the circle assembled to see him,
+and appears much absorbed in reflection. Bianco is young and giddy,
+but full of talent when he chooses to apply it. Owing to his more
+sedate disposition, however, Fido is called upon to act the principal
+part of the exhibition. A word is dictated to him from the Greek,
+Latin, Italian, German, French, or English language, and selected from
+a vocabulary where fifty words in each tongue are inscribed, and which
+all together make three hundred different combinations. An alphabet is
+placed before Fido, and from it he takes the letters which compose the
+given word, and lays them in proper order at the feet of his master.
+On one occasion he was told to spell the word Heaven, and he quickly
+placed the letters till he came to the second e; he stood for an
+instant as if puzzled, but in a moment after he took the e out of the
+first syllable, and put it into the second. His attainments in
+orthography, however, are not so surprising as those in arithmetic. He
+practises the four rules with extraordinary facility, arranges the
+double ciphers as he did the double vowels in the word Heaven, and
+rarely makes an error. When such does occur, his more thoughtless
+companion is called in to rectify it, which he invariably does with
+the greatest quickness; but as he had rather play than work, and pulls
+Fido by the ears to make him as idle as himself, he is quickly
+dismissed. One day, the steady Fido spelt the word Jupiter with a _b_
+instead of a _p_; Bianco was summoned to his aid, who, after
+contemplating the word, pushed out the _b_ with his nose, and seizing
+a _p_ between his teeth, put it into the vacancy. Fido is remarkable
+for the modest firmness with which he insists upon his correctness
+when he feels convinced of it himself; for a lady having struck a
+repeating watch in his ear, he selected an 8 for the hour, and a 6 for
+the three-quarters. The company present, and his master, called out to
+him he was wrong. He reviewed his numbers and stood still. His master
+insisted, and he again examined his ciphers; after which he went
+quietly, but not in the least abashed, into the middle of the carpet,
+and looked at his audience. The watch was then sounded again, and it
+was found to have struck two at every quarter; and Fido received the
+plaudits which followed with as gentle a demeanour as he had borne the
+accusation of error.
+
+"One occupation seems to bring the giddy Bianco to the gravity of the
+elder savant; and when the spectators are tired of arithmetic and
+orthography, the two dogs either sit down to _ecarte_, or become the
+antagonists of one of the company. They ask for, or refuse cards, as
+their hands require, with a most important look; they cut at the
+proper times, and never mistake one suit for another. They have
+recourse to their ciphers to mark their points; and on one occasion
+Bianco having won, he selected his number, and on being asked what
+were the gains of his adversary, he immediately took an O between his
+teeth, and showed it to the querist; and both seemed to know all the
+terms of the game as thoroughly as the most experienced card-players.
+All this passes without the slightest visible or audible sign between
+the poodles and their master; the spectators are placed within three
+steps of the carpet on which the performance goes forward; people have
+gone for the sole purpose of watching the master; everybody visits
+them, and yet no one has hitherto found out the mode of communication
+established between them and their owner. Whatever this communication
+may be, it does not deduct from the wonderful intelligence of these
+animals; for there must be a multiplicity of signs, not only to be
+understood with eyes and ears, but to be separated from each other in
+their minds, or to be combined one with another, for the various
+trials in which they are exercised.
+
+"I have seen learned pigs and ponies, and can, after these spectacles,
+readily imagine how the extraordinary sagacity of a dog may be brought
+to a knowledge of the orthography of three hundred words; but I must
+confess myself puzzled by the acquirements of these poodles in
+arithmetic, which must depend upon the will of the spectator who
+proposes the numbers; but that which is most surprising of all is the
+skill with which they play _ecarte_. The gravity and attention with
+which they carry on their game is almost ludicrous; and the
+satisfaction of Bianco when he marks his points is perfectly evident."
+
+Nor is this a solitary instance of the extraordinary sagacity of the
+poodle. A lady of my acquaintance had one for many years, who was her
+constant companion both in the house and in her walks. When, however,
+either from business or indisposition, her mistress did not take her
+usual walk on Wimbledon Common, the dog, by jumping on a table, took
+down the maid-servant's bonnet, and held it in her month till she
+accompanied the animal to the Common.
+
+A friend of mine had a poodle dog, who was not very obedient to his
+call when he was taken out to run in the fields. A small whip was
+therefore purchased, and the dog one day was chastised with it. The
+whip was placed on a table in the hall of the house, and the next
+morning it could not be found. It was soon afterwards discovered in
+the coal-cellar. The dog was a second time punished with it, and again
+the whip was missed. It was afterwards discovered that the dog had
+attempted to hide the instrument by which pain had been inflicted on
+him. There certainly appears a strong approach to reason in this
+proceeding of the dog. _Cause_ and _effect_ seem to have been
+associated in his mind, if his mode of proceeding may be called an
+effort of it.
+
+In Messrs. Chambers' brochure of amusing anecdotes of dogs we find the
+following:--
+
+An aged gentleman has mentioned to us that, about fifty years ago, a
+Frenchman brought to London from eighty to a hundred dogs, chiefly
+poodles, the remainder spaniels, but all nearly of the same size, and
+of the smaller kind. On the education of these animals their
+proprietor had bestowed an immense deal of pains. From puppyhood
+upwards they had been taught to walk on their hind-legs, and maintain
+their footing with surprising ease in that unnatural position. They
+had likewise been drilled into the best possible behaviour towards
+each other; no snarling, barking, or indecorous conduct took place
+when they were assembled in company. But what was most surprising of
+all, they were able to perform in various theatrical pieces of the
+character of pantomimes, representing various transactions in heroic
+and familiar life, with wonderful fidelity. The object of their
+proprietor was, of course, to make money by their performances, which
+the public were accordingly invited to witness in one of the minor
+theatres.
+
+Amongst their histrionic performances was the representation of a
+siege. On the rising of the curtain there appeared three ranges of
+ramparts, one above the other, having salient angles and a moat, like
+a regularly-constructed fortification. In the centre of the fortress
+arose a tower, on which a flag was flying; while in the distance
+behind appeared the buildings and steeples of a town. The ramparts
+were guarded by soldiers in uniform, each armed with a musket or
+sword, of an appropriate size. All these were dogs, and their duty
+was to defend the walls from an attacking party, consisting also of
+dogs, whose movements now commenced the operations of the siege. In
+the foreground of the stage were some rude buildings and irregular
+surfaces, from among which there issued a reconnoitring party; the
+chief, habited as an officer of rank, with great circumspection
+surveyed the fortification; and his sedate movements, and his
+consultations with the troops that accompanied him, implied that an
+attack was determined upon. But these consultations did not pass
+unobserved by the defenders of the garrison. The party was noticed by
+a sentinel and fired upon; and this seemed to be the signal to call
+every man to his post at the embrasures.
+
+Shortly after, the troops advanced to the escalade; but to cross the
+moat, and get at the bottom of the walls, it was necessary to bring up
+some species of pontoon, and, accordingly, several soldiers were seen
+engaged in pushing before them wicker-work scaffoldings, which moved
+on castors, towards the fortifications. The drums beat to arms, and
+the bustle of warfare opened in earnest. Smoke was poured out in
+volleys from shot-holes; the besieging forces pushed forward in
+masses, regardless of the fire; the moat was filled with the crowd;
+and, amid much confusion and scrambling, scaling-ladders were raised
+against the walls. Then was the grand tug of war. The leaders of the
+forlorn hope who first ascended were opposed with great gallantry by
+the defenders; and this was, perhaps, the most interesting part of
+the exhibition. The chief of the assailants did wonders; he was seen
+now here, now there, animating his men, and was twice hurled, with
+ladder and followers, from the second gradation of ramparts: but he
+was invulnerable, and seemed to receive an accession of courage on
+every fresh repulse. The rattle of the miniature cannon, the roll of
+the drums, the sound of trumpets, and the heroism of the actors on
+both sides, imparted an idea of reality to the scene.
+
+After numerous hairbreadth escapes, the chief surmounted the third
+line of fortifications, followed by his troops; the enemy's standard
+was hurled down, and the British flag hoisted in its place; the
+ramparts were manned by the conquerors; and the smoke cleared away, to
+the tune of "God save the King."
+
+It is impossible to convey a just idea of this performance, which
+altogether reflected great credit on its contriver, as also on the
+abilities of each individual dog. We must conclude that the firing
+from the embrasures, and some other parts of the _mechanique_, were
+effected by human agency; but the actions of the dogs were clearly
+their own, and showed what could be effected with animals by dint of
+patient culture.
+
+Another specimen of these canine theatricals was quite a contrast to
+the bustle of the siege. The scene was an assembly-room, on the sides
+and the further end of which seats were placed; while a music-gallery,
+and a profusion of chandeliers, gave a richness and truth to the
+general effect. Livery-servants were in attendance on a few of the
+company, who entered and took their seats. Frequent knockings now
+occurred at the door, followed by the entrance of parties attired in
+the fashion of the period. These were, of course, the same individuals
+who had recently been in the deadly breach; but now all was
+tranquillity, elegance, and ease. Parties were formally introduced to
+each other with an appearance of the greatest decorum. The dogs
+intended to represent ladies were dressed in silks, gauzes, laces, and
+gay ribbons. Some wore artificial flowers, with flowing ringlets;
+others wore the powdered and pomatumed head-dress, with caps and
+lappets, in ludicrous contrast to the features of the animals. The
+animals which represented gentlemen were judiciously equipped; some as
+youthful and others as aged beaux, regulated by their degrees of
+proficiency, since those most youthfully dressed were most attentive
+to the ladies. The frequent bow and return of curtsey produced great
+mirth in the audience. On a sudden the master of the ceremonies
+appeared; he wore a superb court-dress, and his manners were in
+agreement with his costume. To some of the gentlemen he gave merely a
+look of recognition; to the ladies he was generally attentive; to some
+he projected his paw familiarly, to others he bowed with respect; and
+introduced one to another with an air of elegance that surprised and
+delighted the spectators.
+
+As the performance advanced the interest increased. The music was
+soon interrupted by a loud knocking, which announced the arrival of
+some important visitor. Several livery servants entered, and then a
+sedan-chair was borne in by appropriately dressed dogs; they removed
+the poles, raised the head, and opened the door of the sedan; forth
+came a lady, splendidly attired in spangled satin and jewels, and her
+head decorated with a plume of ostrich feathers! She made a great
+impression, and appeared as if conscious of her superior attraction;
+meanwhile the chair was removed, the master of the ceremonies, in his
+court-dress, was in readiness to receive the _elegante_, and the bow
+and curtsey were admirably interchanged. The band now struck up an air
+of the kind to which ball-room companies are accustomed to promenade,
+and the company immediately quitted their seats and began to walk
+ceremoniously in pairs round the room. Three of the ladies placed
+their arms under those of their attendant gentlemen. On seats being
+resumed, the master of the ceremonies and the lady who came in the
+sedan-chair arose; he led her to the centre of the room; Foote's
+minuet struck up; the pair commenced the movements with an attention
+to time; they performed the crossings and turnings, the advancings,
+retreatings, and obeisances, during which there was a perfect silence,
+and they concluded amid thunders of applause. What ultimately became
+of the ingenious manager with his company, our informant never heard.
+
+The following anecdotes prove the strong affection and perseverance
+of the poodle. The late Duke of Argyll had a favourite dog of this
+description, who was his constant companion. This dog, on the occasion
+of one of the Duke's journeys to Inverary Castle, was, by some
+accident or mistake, left behind in London. On missing his master, the
+faithful animal set off in search of him, and made his way into
+Scotland, and was found early one morning at the gate of the castle.
+The anecdote is related by the family, and a picture shown of the dog.
+
+A poor German artist, who was studying at Rome, had a poodle dog, who
+used to accompany him, when his funds would allow it, to an ordinary
+frequented by other students. Here the dog got scraps enough to
+support him. His master, not being able to keep up the expense,
+discontinued his visits to the ordinary. The dog fared badly in
+consequence, and at last his master returned to his friends in
+Germany, leaving the dog behind him. The poor animal slept at the top
+of the stairs leading to his master's room, but watched in the day
+time at the door of the ordinary, and when he saw his former
+acquaintances crowding in, he followed at their heels, and thus
+gaining admittance was fed till his owner came back to resume his
+studies.
+
+A gentleman possessed a poodle dog and a terrier, between whom a great
+affection existed. When the terrier was shut up, as was sometimes the
+case, the poodle always hid such bones or meat as he could procure,
+and afterwards brought the terrier to the spot where they were
+concealed. He was constantly watched, and observed to do this act of
+kindness.
+
+The sagacity of the poodle is strongly shown by the following fact.
+Mr. B----t, who was constantly in the habit of making tours on the
+Continent, was always accompanied by a poodle dog. In one of his
+journeys he was seated at a table-d'hote next to a person whose
+conversation he found so agreeable, that a sort of intimacy sprung up
+between them. The dog, however, for the first time he had ever done so
+to any one, showed a dislike to the stranger, and so much so, that Mr.
+B----t could not help remarking it. In the course of his tour he again
+fell in with the stranger, when the intimacy was renewed, and Mr.
+B----t offered him a seat in his carriage as they were both going the
+same way. No sooner, however, had the stranger entered the carriage,
+than the dog showed an increased dislike of him, which continued
+during the course of the journey. At night they slept at a small inn,
+in a wild and somewhat unfrequented country, and on separating in the
+evening to go to their respective beds, the poodle evinced the
+greatest anger, and was with difficulty restrained from attacking the
+stranger. In the middle of the night Mr. B----t was awoke by a noise
+in his room, and there was light enough for him to perceive that his
+dog had seized his travelling companion, who, upon being threatened,
+confessed that he had entered the room for the purpose of
+endeavouring to purloin Mr. B----t's money, of which he was aware
+that he possessed a considerable quantity. This is not a solitary
+instance of an instinctive faculty which enables dogs to discriminate,
+by showing a strong dislike, the characters of particular individuals.
+
+A friend has sent me the following account of a poodle he once had:--
+
+"Many years ago I had a poodle who was an excellent retriever. He was
+a middle-sized, active dog, a first-rate waterman, with a nose so
+particularly sensitive that no object, however minute, could escape
+its 'delicate investigation.' Philip was the hardiest animal in the
+world--no sea would prevent him from carrying a dead bird through the
+boiling breakers, and I have seen him follow and secure a wounded
+mallard, although in the attempt his legs were painfully scarified in
+breaking through a field of ice scarcely the thickness of a
+crown-piece. Philip, though of French extraction, had decidedly Irish
+partialities. He delighted in a glass of grog; and no matter with what
+labour and constancy he had returned from retrieving, he still enjoyed
+a glass of punch. When he had drunk it, he was in high glee, running
+round and round to try and catch his own tail, and even then allowing
+the cat to approach him, which he was by no means disposed to do at
+other times."
+
+When my daughter was in Germany, she sent me the following interesting
+anecdote of a poodle, the accuracy of which she had an opportunity of
+ascertaining.
+
+An inhabitant of Dresden had a poodle that he was fond of, and had
+always treated kindly. For some reason or another he gave her to a
+friend of his, a countryman in Possenderf, who lived three leagues
+from Dresden. This person, who well knew the great attachment of the
+dog to her former master, took care to keep her tied up, and would not
+let her leave the house till he thought she had forgotten him. During
+this time the poodle had young ones, three in number, which she
+nourished with great affection, and appeared to bestow upon them her
+whole attention, and to have entirely given up her former uneasiness
+at her new abode. From this circumstance her owner thought she had
+forgotten her old master, and therefore no longer kept her a close
+prisoner. Very soon, however, the poodle was missing, and also the
+three young ones, and nothing was heard of her for several days. One
+morning his friend came to him from Dresden, and informed him that the
+preceding evening the poodle had come to his house with one of the
+puppies in her mouth, and that another had been found dead on the road
+to Possenderf. It appeared that the dog had started in the night,
+carrying the puppies (who were not able to walk) one after the other,
+a certain distance on the road to Dresden, with the evident intention
+of conveying them all to her much-loved home and master. The third
+puppy was never found, and is supposed to have been carried off by
+some wild animal or bird, while the poor mother was in advance with
+the others. The dead one had apparently perished from cold.
+
+The late Dr. Chisholm of Canterbury had a remarkable poodle, which a
+correspondent informs me he has often seen. On one occasion he was
+told, for the first time, by way of trial, to fetch his master's
+slippers. He went up-stairs, and brought down one only. He was then
+told, "You have brought one only, go and fetch the other;" and the
+other was brought. The next evening the dog was again told to bring
+the slippers. He went up-stairs, put one slipper within the other, and
+brought both down. This dog appeared to understand much of our
+language. When dining with Dr. Chisholm and others, his intelligence
+was put to the proof by my correspondent. Some one would hide an
+article, open the door, and bring in the dog, saying, "Find
+so-and-so." The poodle used to look up steadily in the face of the
+speaker, until he was told whether the article was hid high or low; he
+would then search either on the ground, or on the chairs and
+furniture, and bring the article, never taking any notice of any other
+thing that was lying about. He would, upon being ordered, go up-stairs
+and bring down a snuff-box, stick, pocket-handkerchief, or anything,
+understanding as readily what was said to him as if spoken to a
+servant.
+
+Another poodle would go through the agonies of dying in a very
+systematic manner. When he was ordered to die, he would tumble over on
+one side, and then stretch himself out, and move his hind legs in
+such a way as expressed that he was in great pain, first slowly and
+afterwards very quickly. After a few convulsive throbs, indicated by
+putting his head and whole body in motion, he would stretch out all
+his limbs and cease to move, lying on his back with his legs turned
+upwards, as if he had expired. In this situation he remained
+motionless until he had his master's commands to get up.
+
+The following anecdote was communicated to the Rev. Mr. Jenyns by Mrs.
+Grosvenor, of Richmond, Surrey:--
+
+A poodle dog belonging to a gentleman in Cheshire was in the habit of
+not only going to church, but of remaining quietly in the pew during
+service, whether his master was there or not. One Sunday the dam at
+the head of a lake in that neighbourhood gave way, so that the whole
+road was inundated. The congregation, in consequence, consisted of a
+very few, who came from some cottages close by, but nobody attended
+from the great house. The clergyman informed the lady, that whilst
+reading the Psalms he saw his friend, the poodle, come slowly up the
+aisle dripping with wet, having swam above a quarter of a mile to get
+to church. He went into the usual pew, and remained quietly there to
+the end of the service.
+
+The Marquess of Worcester (the late Duke of Beaufort), who served in
+the Peninsular war, had a poodle which was taken from the grave of his
+master, a French officer, who fell at the battle of Salamanca, and
+was buried on the spot. The dog had remained on the grave until he was
+nearly starved, and even then was removed with difficulty; so faithful
+are these animals in protecting the remains of those they loved.
+
+A poodle dog followed his master, a French officer, to the wars; the
+latter was soon afterwards killed at the battle of Castella, in
+Valencia, when his comrades endeavoured to carry the dog with them in
+their retreat; but the faithful animal refused to leave the corpse,
+and they left him. A military marauder, in going over the field of
+battle, discovering the cross of the legion of honour on the dead
+officer's breast, attempted to capture it, but the poodle instantly
+seized him by the throat, and would have ended his career had not a
+comrade run the honest canine guardian through the body.
+
+Mr. Blaine, in his "Account of Dogs," says that, "strange as it may
+appear, it is no less true, that a poodle dog actually scaled the high
+buildings of my residence in Wells Street, Oxford Street, proceeded
+along several roofs of houses, and made his way down by progressive
+but very considerable leaps into distant premises; from whence, by
+watching and stratagem, he gained the street, and returned home in
+order to join his mistress, for whose sake he had encountered these
+great risks."
+
+I am always glad to have an opportunity of acknowledging the kindness
+of my correspondents, and now do so to the clergyman who very kindly
+sent me the following anecdote, which I give in his own words:--
+
+"I have a distinct remembrance of Froll or Frolic, a dog belonging to
+an aged relation, once the property of her deceased only son, which
+animal, in his earlier days, doubtless gave evidence that his name was
+not given him unadvisedly, but during the yearly visits of myself to
+that kind and indulgent person, I can remember nothing but a rather
+small though fat unwieldy poodle, whose curly, glossy coat (preserved
+after his death), long yellow ears, and black nose, the rest of his
+body being perfectly white, betokened that he had been a beauty in his
+time. Froll was still a prodigious favourite with his mistress,
+although I confess my feelings towards him were rather those of fear
+than any other, for to touch him was quite sufficient to evoke a
+growl, or perchance a snap, from this pet of a dozen years or more. A
+cross, snappish fellow he was at best, and well he knew the length of
+Trusty the house-dog's chain, which less favoured quadruped was never
+let loose by day, from a well-grounded fear that he might, if allowed,
+resent, by summary punishment, the constant insults he was doomed to
+submit to from this most petted and presumptuous myrmidon of the
+drawing-room. With all this, although time and over-feeding had soured
+his temper, Froll still retained much of, if not all, his former
+intelligence (a trait so peculiar to his species), declared by many
+long-past but still vaunted proofs of his being a wonder in his way.
+One of his peculiarities was a fondness for apples--not indeed all
+apples, but those which grew on a particular tree, called 'Froll's
+tree,' and no others; this tree was, by the way, the best in the
+garden, and the small, sweet, delicate fruit therefrom (my
+reminiscence is distinct on this point) were carefully preserved for
+this canine favourite. Nothing would entice him to eat any other sort
+of apple. And in the season he would constantly urge his mistress into
+the garden by repeated barking, and other unmistakable symptoms. His
+daily meals, too, of which I think there were three regular ones, were
+events in themselves, the careful attention to which tended perhaps to
+relieve the monotony of a country life: they are indeed not speedily
+to be forgotten by those who witnessed them. He would take food from
+no one but his mistress or her maid, which latter person was his chief
+purveyor, who had been an inmate of the house contemporary with
+himself, or I believe long before; but this feeding was generally a
+task of great trouble, such coaxing and humouring on the one hand,
+such growling and snarling on the other, has been perhaps seldom
+heard. At length, after much beseeching on the part of the maid, and a
+few words of entreaty from the mistress, he would condescend to eat;
+but never, I believe, without some symptoms of discontent, how savoury
+soever the morsel, submitting to that as a favour which is generally
+snatched at and devoured with so much gusto and avidity by most others
+of his tribe. I should not have entered into these peculiarities,
+which are scarcely evidence of any intelligence beyond that of other
+dogs, were it not that the circumstances attending his death were
+really extraordinary, the more so when the character of the dog is
+considered; and as we have so often heard of a presentiment of that
+great change being strongly imprinted on human minds, so there were
+not wanting some of the then inmates of the house, who attributed his
+unwonted behaviour on the eve of his death to the same cause. The dog
+slept constantly in his mistress's bed-room, but, contrary to custom
+on the night in question, he pertinaciously refused to remain there.
+My brother and myself, who were then little boys, were, to our great
+surprise, aroused in the course of the night by an unwonted scratching
+at the door of our apartment, which we immediately opened, and, to our
+equal delight and wonder, were saluted by Froll's jumping up and
+licking our hands and faces--certainly he never appeared in better
+health and spirits in his life. Whether he did this to atone for his
+former uncourteous behaviour towards us, or was urged by some
+unaccountable feeling of amiability as well as restlessness, I cannot
+say, but certain it is his gentler faculties were that night for once
+aroused, for this unaccustomed compliment I can safely affirm we never
+personally received at any former period of our acquaintance. After a
+time he left us, charmed at experiencing these new and flattering
+demonstrations; which joy was, alas! doomed to be sadly and speedily
+extinguished. When the morning came, the distressed countenance of
+the servant who called us, portended some evil tidings, which was
+quickly followed by the unexpected intelligence of the demise of poor
+Froll. We hastily accompanied the servant into the coachman's sleeping
+apartment, and there, under the bed, lay the poor dog. It had pleased
+him to go there to die, having previously aroused every individual in
+the house during the night by scratching at their several chambers one
+after another, and saluting them in the same amiable manner he had my
+brother and myself."
+
+This anecdote could be well authenticated by most of the persons then
+in the house, who are still alive.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THE ESQUIMAUX DOG.
+
+
+Dr. Richardson, in his "American Fauna," mentions as a curious fact,
+that those Indian nations who still preserve their ancient mode of
+life, have dogs which bear a strong resemblance to wolves. Thus it is
+with the Esquimaux dogs. They are extremely like the grey wolves of
+the Arctic Circle in form and colour, and nearly equal to them in
+size. They also bear some resemblance to the Pomeranian breed,
+although the latter are much smaller.
+
+It is curious that almost every nation on earth has some particular
+traditions regarding the dog. The Esquimaux, a nation inhabiting the
+polar regions, have a singular fable amongst them respecting the
+origin of the Dog-Rib Indians, a tribe which inhabits the northern
+confines of the American continent. It is thus detailed in Captain
+Franklin's "Second Journey to the Polar Sea:"--
+
+"For a long time Chapawee's descendants were united as one family, but
+at length some young men being accidentally killed in a game, a
+quarrel ensued, and a general dispersion of mankind took place. One
+Indian fixed his residence on the borders of the lake, taking with him
+a dog big with young. The pups in due time were littered, and the
+Indian, when he went out to fish, carefully tied them up to prevent
+their straying. Several times, as he approached his tent, he heard a
+noise of children talking and playing; but on entering it, he only
+perceived the pups tied up as usual. His curiosity being excited by
+the voices he had heard, he determined to watch; and one day
+pretending to go out and fish, according to custom, he concealed
+himself in a convenient place. In a short time he again heard voices,
+and rushing suddenly into the tent, beheld some beautiful children
+sporting and laughing, with the dog-skins lying by their side. He
+threw the skins into the fire, and the children, retaining their
+proper forms, grew up, and were the ancestors of the Dog-Rib nation."
+
+Captain Lyon, who had so many opportunities of studying the habits of
+the Esquimaux dog, has given so interesting an account of it that I
+cannot do better than quote his own words:--
+
+"Having myself possessed, during our hard winter, a team of eleven
+fine dogs, I was enabled to become better acquainted with their good
+qualities than could possibly have been the case by the casual visits
+of the Esquimaux to the ships. The form of the Esquimaux dog is very
+similar to that of our shepherds' dog in England, but it is more
+muscular and broad-chested, owing to the constant and severe work to
+which he is brought up. His ears are pointed, and the aspect of the
+head is somewhat savage. In size a fine dog is about the height of the
+Newfoundland breed, but broad like a mastiff in every part except the
+nose. The hair of the coat is in summer, as well as in winter, very
+long, but during the cold season a soft, downy under-covering is
+found, which does not appear in warm weather. Young dogs are put into
+harness as soon as they can walk, and being tied up, soon acquire a
+habit of pulling, in their attempts to recover their liberty, or to
+roam in quest of their mother. When about two months old, they are put
+into the sledge with the grown dogs, and sometimes eight or ten little
+ones are under the charge of some steady old animal, where, with
+frequent and sometimes severe beatings, they soon receive a competent
+education. Every dog is distinguished by a particular name, and the
+angry repetition of it has an effect as instantaneous as an
+application of the whip, which instrument is of an immense length,
+having a lash from eighteen to twenty-four feet, while the handle is
+one foot only; with this, by throwing it on one side or the other of
+the leader, and repeating certain words, the animals are guided or
+stopped. When the sledge is stopped they are all taught to lie down,
+by throwing the whip gently over their backs, and they will remain in
+this position even for hours, until their master returns to them. A
+walrus is frequently drawn along by three or four of these dogs, and
+seals are sometimes carried home in the same manner, though I have in
+some instances seen a dog bring home the greater part of a seal in
+panniers placed across his back. The latter mode of conveyance is
+often used in summer, and the dogs also carry skins or furniture
+overland to the sledges when their masters are going on any
+expedition. It might be supposed that in so cold a climate these
+animals had peculiar periods of gestation, like the wild creatures,
+but, on the contrary, they bear young at every season of the year, and
+seldom exceed five at a litter. Cold has very little effect on them;
+for although the dogs at the huts slept within the snow passages, mine
+at the ships had no shelter, but lay alongside, with the thermometer
+at 42 deg. and 44 deg., and with as little concern as if the weather had been
+mild. I found, by several experiments, that three of my dogs could
+draw me on a sledge, weighing one hundred pounds, at the rate of one
+mile in six minutes; and as a proof of the strength of a well-grown
+dog, my leader drew one hundred and ninety-six pounds singly, and to
+the same distance, in eight minutes. At another time seven of my dogs
+ran a mile in four minutes, drawing a heavy sledge full of men.
+Afterwards, in carrying stores to the Fury, one mile distant, nine
+dogs drew one thousand six hundred and eleven pounds in the space of
+nine minutes. My sledge was on runners, neither shod nor iced; but had
+the runners been iced, at least forty pounds weight would have been
+added for each dog."
+
+Captain Lyon, in another passage, observes:--"Our eleven dogs were
+large, and even majestic-looking animals; and an old one of peculiar
+sagacity was placed at their head by having a longer trace, so as to
+lead them through the safest and driest places, these animals having
+such a dread of water as to receive a severe beating before they would
+swim a foot. The leader was instant in obeying the voice of the
+driver, who never beat, but repeatedly called to him by name. When the
+dogs slackened their pace, the sight of a seal or bird was sufficient
+to put them instantly to their full speed; and even though none of
+these might be seen on the ice, the cry of "a seal!"--"a bear!"--or "a
+bird!" &c., was enough to give play to the legs and voices of the
+whole pack. It was a beautiful sight to observe the two sledges racing
+at full speed to the same object, the dogs and men in full cry, and
+the vehicles splashing through the holes of water with the velocity
+and spirit of rival stage-coaches. There is something of the spirit of
+professed whips in these wild races, for the young men delight in
+passing each other's sledge, and jockeying the hinder one by crossing
+the path. In passing on different routes the right hand is yielded,
+and should an inexperienced driver endeavour to take the left, he
+would have some difficulty in persuading his team to do so. The only
+unpleasant circumstance attending these races is, that a poor dog is
+sometimes entangled and thrown down, when the sledge, with perhaps a
+heavy load, is unavoidably drawn over his body. The driver sits on the
+fore part of the vehicle, from whence he jumps when requisite to pull
+it clear of any impediments which may lie in the way, and he also
+guides it by pressing either foot on the ice. The voice and long whip
+answer all the purposes of reins, and the dogs can be made to turn a
+corner as dexterously as horses, though not in such an orderly manner,
+since they are constantly fighting; and I do not recollect to have
+seen one receive a flogging without instantly wreaking his passion on
+the ears of his neighbours. The cries of the men are not more
+melodious than those of the animals; and their wild looks and gestures
+when animated, give them an appearance of devils driving wolves before
+them. Our dogs had eaten nothing for forty-eight hours, and could not
+have gone over less than seventy miles of ground; yet they returned,
+to all appearance, as fresh and active as when they first set out."
+
+Such is the Esquimaux dog, an animal of the greatest value in the cold
+regions of the Arctic circle. In addition to Captain Lyon's very
+interesting account of them, it may be mentioned that they are of
+great use to their masters in discovering by the scent the winter
+retreats which the bears make under the snow. Their endurance, too,
+never tires, and their fidelity is never shaken by blows and starving:
+they are obstinate in their nature, but the women, who treat them with
+more kindness than the men, and who nurse them in their helpless
+state, or when they are sick, have an unbounded command over their
+affections.
+
+I am indebted to Colonel Hamilton Smith for the following account of
+an Esquimaux dog brought to this country, and which he received from
+Mr. Cleghorn, the owner of the animal:--
+
+"The Esquimaux dog is possessed of very great sagacity--in some
+respects, more than any dog I have ever seen. I may mention an
+instance. In coming along a country road a hare started, and in place
+of running after the hare in the usual way, the dog pushed himself
+through the hedge, crossed the field, and, when past the hare, through
+the hedge again, as if to meet her direct. It is needless to remark,
+that the hare doubled through the hedge; but had it been in an open
+country, there would have been a fine chase. One particular
+characteristic of the dog is, that he forms a strong attachment to his
+master, and however kind others may be, they never can gain his
+affection, even from coaxing with food or otherwise; and, whenever set
+at liberty, he rushes to the spot where the individual of his
+attachment is. I may give one or two instances among many. One morning
+he was let loose by some of the men on the ground, when he instantly
+bounded from them to my house, and the kitchen-door being open, found
+his way through it; when, to the great amazement of all, he leaped
+into the bed where I was sleeping, and fawned in the most affectionate
+manner upon me. Another instance was, when the dog was with me going
+up the steep bank of the Prince's Street garden, I slipped my foot and
+came down, when he immediately seized me by the coat, as if to render
+assistance in raising me. Notwithstanding this particular affection to
+some, he was in the habit of biting others, without giving the least
+warning or indication of anger. He was remarkably cunning, for he was
+in the practice of strewing his meat around him, to induce fowls or
+rats to come within his reach while he lay watching, as if asleep,
+when he instantly pounced upon them, and always with success. He was
+swift, and had a noble appearance when running."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: OTTER HUNTING.]
+
+THE OTTER TERRIER.
+
+                                  "How greedily
+    They snuff the fishy steam, that to each blade
+    Rank scenting clings! See! how the morning dews
+    They sweep, that from their feet besprinkling drop
+    Dispersed, and leave a track oblique behind.
+    Now on firm land they range, then in the flood
+    They plunge tumultuous; or through reedy pools
+    Rustling they work their way; no holt escapes
+    Their curious search. With quick sensation now
+    The fuming vapour stings; flutter their hearts,
+    And joy redoubled bursts from every mouth
+    In louder symphonies. Yon hollow trunk,
+    That with its hoary head incurv'd salutes
+    The passing wave, must be the tyrant's fort
+    And dread abode. How these impatient climb,
+    While others at the root incessant bay!--
+    They put him down."--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+The above is an animated and beautiful description of an otter hunt,
+an old English sport fast falling into disuse, and the breed of the
+real otter-hound is either extinct or very nearly so. In stating this,
+I am aware that there are still many dogs which are called
+otter-hounds; but it may be doubted whether they possess that peculiar
+formation which belongs exclusively to the true breed. Few things in
+nature are more curious and interesting than this formation, and it
+shows forcibly how beautifully everything has been arranged for the
+instincts and several habits of animals. The true otter-hound is
+completely web-footed, even to the roots of its claws; thus enabling
+it to swim with much greater facility and swiftness than other dogs.
+But it has another extraordinary formation; the ear possesses a sort
+of flap, which covering the aperture excludes the entrance of the
+water, and thus the dog is enabled to dive after the otter without
+that inconvenience which it would otherwise experience. The Earl of
+Cadogan has, what his Lordship considers, the last of the breed of the
+true otter-hound. It was a present from Sir Walter Scott. Lord Cadogan
+offered one hundred pounds for another dog of the same breed, but of a
+different sex; but I believe without being able to procure one with
+those true marks which are confined to the authentic breed. A gipsy
+was, indeed, said to have possessed one, but he refused to part with
+it.
+
+Those who saw the exhibition of pictures in the Royal Academy in 1844
+will recollect a large, interesting, and beautiful picture by Sir
+Edwin Landseer of a pack of otter-hounds. The picture describes the
+hunt at the time of the termination of the chase and the capture of
+the otter. The animal is impaled on the huntsman's spear, while the
+rough, shaggy, and picturesque-looking pack are represented with eyes
+intently fixed on the amphibious beast, and howling in uncouth chorus
+round their agonized and dying prey.
+
+An otter-hunt is a cheerful and inspiriting sport, and it is still
+carried on in some of the lakes of Cumberland. Indeed, as lately as
+the year 1844, a pack of otter-hounds was advertised in the newspapers
+to be sold by private contract. The alleged cause of the owner's
+parting with them was in consequence of their having cleared the
+rivers of three counties (Staffordshire being one) of all the otters,
+and the number captured and killed in the last few years was
+mentioned. "Good otter-hounds," as an old writer observes, "will come
+chanting, and trail along by the river-side, and will beat every
+tree-root, every osier-bed, and tuft of bulrushes; nay, sometimes they
+will take the water and beat it like a spaniel, and by these means the
+otter can hardly escape you." The otter swims and dives with great
+celerity, and in doing the latter it throws up _sprots_, or
+air-bubbles, which enable the hunters to ascertain where it is, and to
+spear it. The best time to find it is early in the morning. It may
+frequently be traced by the dead fish and fish-bones strewed along the
+banks of the river. The prints, also, of the animal's feet, called
+his _seal_, are of a peculiar formation, and thus it is readily
+traced. The otter preys during the night, and conceals himself in the
+daytime under the banks of lakes and rivers, where he generally forms
+a kind of subterraneous gallery, running for several yards parallel to
+the water's edge, so that if he should be assailed from one end, he
+flies to the other. When he takes to the water, it is necessary that
+those who have otter-spears should watch the bubbles, for he generally
+vents near them. When the otter is seized, or upon the point of being
+caught by the hounds, he turns upon his pursuers with the utmost
+ferocity. Instances are recorded of dogs having been drowned by
+otters, which they had seized under water, for they can sustain the
+want of respiration for a much longer time than the dog.
+
+Mr. Daniell, in his "Rural Sports," remarks that hunting the otter was
+formerly considered as excellent sport, and that hounds were kept
+solely for that purpose. The sportsmen went on each side of the river,
+beating the banks and sedges with the dogs. If an otter was not soon
+found, it was supposed that he had gone to _couch_ more inland, and
+was sought for accordingly. If one was found, the sportsmen viewed his
+track in the mud, to find which way he had taken.
+
+                              "On the soft sand,
+    See there his seal impress'd! And on that bank
+    Behold the glitt'ring spoils, half-eaten fish,
+    Scales, fins, and bones, the leavings of his feast."
+
+The spears were used in aid of the dogs. When an otter is wounded, he
+makes directly to land, where he maintains an obstinate defence:--
+
+                              "Lo! to yon sedgy bank
+    He creeps disconsolate; his numerous foes
+    Surround him, hounds and men. Pierc'd through and through,
+    On pointed spears they lift him high in air;
+    Bid the loud horns, in gaily warbling strains,
+    Proclaim the spoiler's fate: he dies, he dies."
+
+The male otter never makes any complaint when seized by the dogs, or
+even when transfixed with a spear, but the females emit a very shrill
+squeal. In the year 1796, near Bridgenorth, on the river Wherfe, four
+otters were killed. One stood three, another four hours before the
+dogs, and was scarcely a minute out of sight. In April 1804, the
+otter-hounds of Mr. Coleman, of Leominster, killed an otter of
+extraordinary size. It measured from the nose to the end of the tail,
+four feet ten inches, and weighed thirty-four and a half pounds. This
+animal was supposed to be eight years old, and to have destroyed for
+the last five years a ton of fish annually. The destruction of fish by
+this animal is, indeed, very great, for he will eat none unless it be
+perfectly fresh, and what he takes himself. By his mode of eating them
+he causes a still greater consumption, for so soon as an otter catches
+a fish he drags it on shore, devours it to the vent, and, unless
+pressed by extreme hunger, always leaves the remainder, and takes to
+the water in search of more. In rivers it is always observed to swim
+against the stream, in order to meet its prey.
+
+Otters bite very severely, and they will seize upon a dog with the
+utmost ferocity, and will shake it as a terrier does a rat. The jaws
+of the otter are so constructed, that even when dead it is difficult
+to separate them, as they adhere with the utmost tenacity. Otters are
+frequently found on the banks of the Thames, and a large one was
+caught in an eel-basket, near Windsor, but the hunting of them is
+discontinued.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GREYHOUNDS.]
+
+THE GREYHOUND.
+
+   "Ah! gallant Snowball! what remains,
+    Up Fordon's banks, o'er Flixton's plains,
+    Of all thy strength--thy sinewy force,
+    Which rather flew than ran the course?
+    Ah! what remains? Save that thy breed
+    May to their father's fame succeed;
+    And when the prize appears in view,
+    May prove that they are Snowballs too."
+
+
+The perfection to which the greyhound has been brought by persevering
+care and attention to its breed, distinguishes it alike for beauty,
+shape, and high spirit, while its habits are mild and gentle in the
+extreme. These dogs were brought to this great perfection by the late
+Lord Orford, Major Topham, and others. Snowball,--perhaps one of the
+best greyhounds that ever ran,--won four cups, couples, and upwards
+of thirty matches, at Malton, and upon the wolds of Yorkshire. In
+fact, no dog had any chance with him except his own blood. In the
+November Malton coursing-meeting in 1799, a Scotch greyhound was
+produced, which had beat every opponent in Scotland. It was then
+brought to England, and challenged any dog in the kingdom. The
+challenge was accepted, and Snowball selected for the trial of speed;
+after a course of two miles, the match (upon which considerable sums
+were depending) was decided in his favour.
+
+Another dog, which belonged to Sir Henry Bate Dudley, won seventy-four
+successive matches, without having been once beaten.
+
+Various have been the opinions upon the difference of speed between a
+well-bred greyhound and a racehorse, if opposed to each other. Wishes
+had been frequently indulged by the sporting world, that some
+criterion could be adopted by which the superiority of speed could be
+fairly ascertained, when the following circumstance accidentally took
+place, and afforded some information upon what had been previously
+considered a matter of great uncertainty. In the month of December,
+some years ago, a match was to have been run over Doncaster
+race-course for one hundred guineas; but one of the horses having been
+drawn, a mare started alone, that by running the ground she might
+ensure the wager, when having run about one mile in the four, she was
+accompanied by a greyhound bitch, which joined her from the side of
+the course, and emulatively entering into the competition, continued
+to race with the mare for the other three miles, keeping nearly head
+and head, and affording an excellent treat to the field by the
+energetic exertions of each. At passing the distance-post, five to
+four was betted in favour of the greyhound; when parallel with the
+stand, it was even betting, and any person might have taken his choice
+from five to ten: the mare, however, had the advantage by a head at
+the termination of the course.
+
+The courage and spirit of these dogs is very great. A greyhound ran a
+hare single-handed and raced her so hard, that, not having time to run
+through an opening at the bottom of some paling, she and the greyhound
+made a spring at the same moment at the top of the pales. The dog
+seized her at the instant she reached it, and in the momentary
+struggle he slipt between two broken pales, each of which ran into the
+top of his thighs. In this situation he hung till the horsemen came
+up, when, to their great surprise, he had the hare fast in his mouth,
+which was taken from him before he could be released.
+
+I saw a hare coursed on the Brighton Downs some years ago by two
+celebrated greyhounds. Such was the length of the course, some of it
+up very steep hills, that the hare fell dead before the dogs, who were
+so exhausted that they only reached to within six feet of her. This
+was one of the severest courses ever witnessed.
+
+On another occasion, two dogs ran a hare for several miles, and with
+such speed as to be very soon out of sight of the coursing party.
+After a considerable search, both the dogs and the hare were found
+dead within a few yards of each other; nor did it appear that the
+former had touched the hare. Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," states
+that a brace of greyhounds, in Lincolnshire, ran a hare from her seat
+to where she was killed, a distance, measuring straight, of upwards of
+four miles, in twelve minutes. During the course there was a good
+number of turns, which must have very considerably increased the space
+gone over. The hare ran till she died before the greyhounds touched
+her.
+
+In the year 1798, a brace of greyhounds, the property of Mr. Courtall
+of Carlisle, coursed a hare from the Swift, near that city, and killed
+her at Clemmell, seven miles distant. Both greyhounds were so
+exhausted, that unless the aid of medical men, who happened to be on
+the spot, had been immediately given, they would have died, and it was
+with difficulty they were recovered.
+
+In the year 1818, a black greyhound bitch, the property of Mr. John
+Heaton, of Scarisbrick, in Lancashire, left her master, forsook the
+habitation where she had been reared, betook herself to the fields and
+thickets, and adopted a life of unlimited freedom, defying all the
+restraints of man. In this state she killed a great number of hares
+for food, and occasionally made free with the sheep; she, therefore,
+very soon became a nuisance in the neighbourhood. She had taken her
+station at the distance of two miles from her master's house, and was
+generally found near this spot. In consequence of her depredations,
+many attempts were made to shoot her, but in vain. She eluded, for
+more than six months, the vigilance of her pursuers. At length she was
+observed to go into a barn that stood in a field which she frequented.
+She entered the building through a hole in the wall, and, by means of
+a rope-snare, was caught as she came out. On entering the barn, three
+whelps were found about a week old; so that in her savage state she
+had evidently been visited by a male of her own species. The whelps
+were (foolishly enough) immediately destroyed. As the bitch herself
+evinced the utmost ferocity, and, though well secured, vainly
+attempted to seize every person that approached, she was taken home,
+and treated with the greatest kindness. By degrees her ferocity
+abated, and in the course of two months she became perfectly
+reconciled to her original abode. The following season she ran several
+courses. There continued a wildness in her look; yet, although at
+perfect liberty, she did not attempt again to stray away, but seemed
+quite reconciled to her domestic life.
+
+Few facts can show the high courage of the greyhound more than the
+following:--
+
+As a gamekeeper of Lord Egremont's was leading a brace of greyhounds
+in couples, a hare accidentally crossed the road in view. This
+temptation proved so irresistible, that the dogs, by a joint effort,
+broke suddenly from their conductor, and gave chase, shackled as they
+were together. When they got up and gave the hare the first turn, it
+was evidently much to her advantage, as the greyhounds were so
+embarrassed that it was with great difficulty they could change the
+direction. Notwithstanding this temporary delay, they sustained no
+diminution of natural energy, but continued the course through and
+over various obstructions, till the object of their pursuit fell a
+victim to their invincible perseverance, after a run of between three
+and four miles.
+
+In addition to the beauty, elegance, high spirit, and speed of the
+greyhound, may be mentioned his mild and affectionate disposition, as
+well as his fidelity and attachment to those who treat him with
+kindness. They will also show sometimes considerable sagacity, of
+which the following is an instance:--
+
+Two young gentlemen went to skate, attended only by a greyhound. About
+the time they were expected home, the dog arrived at the house full
+speed, and by his great anxiety, by laying hold of the clothes of some
+of the inmates, and by his significant gestures, he convinced them
+that something was wrong. They followed the greyhound, and came to the
+pond. A hat was seen on the ice, near which was a fresh aperture. The
+bodies of the young gentlemen were soon found, but life was extinct.
+In this instance the sagacity of the dog was extraordinary. Had he
+possessed the power of speech, he could scarcely have communicated
+what had taken place more significantly than he did.
+
+I have received the following anecdote from a friend, on whose
+veracity I can depend:--In the year 1816, a greyhound bitch in pup was
+sent from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh by a carrier, _via_ Dumfries,
+to the neighbourhood of Castle Douglas, in the stewartry of
+Kirkeudbright. She brought up her litter of pups there, and in the
+following year was returned by the same route to Edinburgh, from
+whence she was sent by way of Douglas and Muirkirk to the
+neighbourhood of Cumnock, in Ayrshire. After remaining there five or
+six months, she found her way across the country to the house near
+Castle Douglas where she had brought up her pups. The fact of her
+crossing the country was ascertained by shepherds, who saw her,
+accompanied by a pointer-dog. She arrived, accompanied by this dog,
+who left her almost immediately, and found his way home again. The
+bitch was bred in East Lothian, and had never been previously either
+in Ayrshire or Dumfriesshire.
+
+A small Italian greyhound in Bologna, which used at nights to have a
+kind of jacket put on, to guard him from the cold, went out generally
+very early in the morning to a neighbouring house, to visit another
+dog of the same breed which lived there. He always endeavoured, by
+various coaxing gestures, to prevail upon the people of the house to
+take off his night-jacket, in order that he might play more at ease
+with his companion. It once happened, when he could not get any one to
+do him this service, that he found means, by various contortions of
+his body, rubbing himself against tables and chairs, and working with
+his limbs, to undress himself without any other assistance. After this
+trial had succeeded, he continued to practise it for some time, until
+his master discovered it, who after that undressed him every morning,
+and let him out of the house. At noon, and in the evening, he always
+returned home. Sometimes, when he made his morning call, he found the
+door of the house in which his friend dwelt not yet open. In these
+cases he placed himself opposite to the house, and by loud barking
+solicited admittance. But as the noise which he made became
+troublesome both to the inhabitants of the house and to the
+neighbours, they not only kept the door shut against him, but
+endeavoured also to drive him away from the house by throwing stones
+at him from the windows. He crept, however, so close to the door, that
+he was perfectly secure against the stones, and now they had to drive
+him away with a whip. After some time the dog went again to the house,
+and waited without barking till the door was opened. He was again
+driven away, upon which he discontinued his visits for a long time. At
+length, however, he ventured to go once more to the house, and set up
+a loud barking; placing himself in a situation where he was both
+secure against the stones, and could not be seized by the people of
+the house when they opened the door.
+
+After a considerable time, he one morning saw a boy come to the house,
+lay hold of the knocker, and strike it against the door, and he
+observed that upon this process the door was opened. After the boy had
+been let in, the dog crept along the side of the house to the door,
+and took his station upon the spot where the boy had stood when he
+knocked, and where no one who stood close to the door could be seen
+from within. Here he leaped several times at the knocker, till he
+raised it and made it strike the door. A person from within
+immediately called, "Who is there?" but receiving no answer, opened
+the door, upon which the dog ran in with tokens of great delight, and
+soon found his way to his friend. Often after this he availed himself
+of the fortunate discovery which he had made, and his ingenuity was so
+much admired that it procured him thenceforward free access to his
+companion's habitation.
+
+While on the subject of greyhounds, I cannot resist the insertion of
+the following account of one extracted from Froissart:--
+
+When Richard II. was confined in the Castle of Flint, he possessed a
+greyhound, which was so remarkably attached to him, as not to notice
+or fawn upon any one else. Froissart says,--"It was informed me Kynge
+Richard had a grayhounde, called Mathe, who always waited upon the
+kynge, and would know no one else. For whenever the kynge did ryde, he
+that kept the grayhounde did let him lose, and he wolde streyght runne
+to the kynge and fawne upon him, and leape with his fore-fete upon the
+kynge's shoulders. And as the kynge and the Erle of Derby talked
+togyder in the courte, the grayhounde, who was wont to leape upon the
+kynge, left the kynge and came to the Erle of Derby, duke of
+Lancaster, and made to hym the same friendly countenance and chere he
+was wont to do the kynge. The Duke, who knew not the grayhounde,
+demanded of the kynge what the grayhounde would do. 'Cosin,' quod the
+kynge, 'it is a great good token to you, and an evil sygne to me.'
+'Sir, how know ye that?' quod the duke. 'I know it well,' quod the
+kynge: 'the grayhounde maketh you chere this daye as kynge of
+Englande, as ye shall be, and I shall be deposed; the grayhounde hath
+this knowledge naturally, therefore take hym to you: he will follow
+you and forsake me.' The duke understoode well those words, and
+cheryshed the grayhounde, who would never after followe Kynge
+Richarde, but followed the Duke of Lancaster." It is not, however,
+improbable, that the dog thus mentioned was the Irish wolf-dog, as the
+fact related is more characteristic of that noble animal.
+
+The mild, affable, and serene aspect of the greyhound, constitutes no
+drawback to its innate sagacity, or grateful attention to its
+protector, of which the unfortunate king Charles I. was so observant,
+that the remark he made during his troubles is on record, and strictly
+just as applicable to the instinctive fidelity of the animal. He said
+the greyhound possessed all the good nature of the spaniel without the
+fawning.
+
+Washington Irving mentions, that in the course of his reading he had
+fallen in with the following anecdote, which illustrates in a
+remarkable manner the devoted attachment of these dogs to their
+masters:--
+
+"An officer named St. Leger, who was imprisoned in Vincennes (near
+Paris) during the wars of St. Bartholomew, wished to keep with him a
+greyhound that he had brought up, and which was much attached to him;
+but they harshly refused him this innocent pleasure, and sent away the
+greyhound to his house in the Rue des Lions Saint Paul. The next day
+the greyhound returned alone to Vincennes, and began to bark under the
+windows of the tower, where the officer was confined. St. Leger
+approached, looked through the bars, and was delighted again to see
+his faithful hound, who began to jump and play a thousand gambols to
+show her joy. He threw a piece of bread to the animal, who ate it with
+great good will; and, in spite of the immense wall which separated
+them, they breakfasted together like two friends. This friendly visit
+was not the last. Abandoned by his relations, who believed him dead,
+the unfortunate prisoner received the visits of his greyhound only,
+during four years' confinement. Whatever weather it might be, in
+spite of rain or snow, the faithful animal did not fail a single day
+to pay her accustomed visit. Six months after his release from prison
+St. Leger died. The faithful greyhound would no longer remain in the
+house; but on the day after the funeral returned to the castle of
+Vincennes, and it is supposed she was actuated by a motive of
+gratitude. A jailor of the outer court had always shown great kindness
+to this dog, which was as handsome as affectionate. Contrary to the
+custom of people of that class, this man had been touched by her
+attachment and beauty, so that he facilitated her approach to see her
+master, and also insured her a safe retreat. Penetrated with gratitude
+for this service, the greyhound remained the rest of her life near the
+benevolent jailor. It was remarked, that even while testifying her
+zeal and gratitude for her second master, one could easily see that
+her heart was with the first. Like those who, having lost a parent, a
+brother, or a friend, come from afar to seek consolation by viewing
+the place which they inhabited, this affectionate animal repaired
+frequently to the tower where St. Leger had been imprisoned, and would
+contemplate for hours together the gloomy window from which her dear
+master had so often smiled to her, and where they had so frequently
+breakfasted together."
+
+The natural simplicity and peaceable demeanour of the greyhound may
+have sometimes induced a doubt of its possessing the sagacity,
+fidelity, and attachment of other dogs; but when he is kindly treated
+and domesticated, he is capable of showing them to an equal degree
+with any of the canine race.
+
+Some of the best coursing in England takes place on the Wiltshire
+Downs, where it is no uncommon sight to see a hare run away from two
+good dogs without a single turn. Nearly three hundred years ago, Sir
+Philip Sidney referred to this sport on the Wiltshire Downs in one of
+his poems, in which he remarks:--
+
+   "So, on the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
+    A hasten'd hare from greedy greyhounds go."
+
+The following account of the Persian greyhound appeared in the "Book
+of Sports:"--
+
+"The Persian greyhound is much esteemed in its native country, where
+the nobles, who are excessively fond of the chase, keep a great number
+of them at a considerable expense, the best and most favoured dogs
+frequently having their collars and housings covered with precious
+stones and embroidery.
+
+"These greyhounds are employed in coursing hares in the plains, and in
+chasing the antelope. As the speed of the antelope is greater than
+that of the greyhound, the Persians train hawks for the purpose of
+assisting the dog in this kind of chase. The hawks when young are fed
+upon the head of a stuffed antelope, and thus taught to fly at that
+part of the animal. When the antelope is discovered, the hawk is cast
+off, which, fastening its talons in the animal's head, impedes its
+progress, and thus enables the greyhounds to overtake it. The chase,
+however, in which the Persians chiefly delight, and for which those
+greyhounds are most highly valued, is that of the ghoo-khur, or wild
+ass. This animal, which generally inhabits the mountainous districts,
+is extremely shy, and of great endurance, and is considered by the
+Persians as one of the swiftest of all quadrupeds. These qualities,
+and the nature of the ground over which it is usually chased, render
+the capture of the wild ass very uncertain, and its pursuit extremely
+hazardous to the sportsman.
+
+"When the Persians go out to hunt the wild ass, relays of greyhounds
+are placed at various distances in the surrounding country, in such
+directions as are most likely to be traversed by the object of
+pursuit; so that when one relay is tired, there is another fresh to
+continue the chase. Such, however, is the speed and endurance of the
+ghoo-khur, that it is seldom fairly run down by the greyhounds; its
+death generally being achieved by the rifle of some lucky horseman.
+The Persians evince great skill and courage in this arduous sport;
+riding, rifle in hand, up and down precipitous hills, over stony
+paths, and across ravines and mountain streams, which might well daunt
+our boldest turf-skimming Meltonians.
+
+"Though several Persian greyhounds have at different times been
+brought to this country, the breed can scarcely be considered as
+established here. The specimen, however, (a female), from which Mr.
+Hamilton painted the picture from which our engraving is taken, was
+bred in this country. She was then supposed to be the only Persian
+greyhound bitch in England."
+
+The Persian greyhound is very handsome. "One of the finest species of
+dog I have ever seen," says an interesting writer, "is a sort of
+greyhound which the Persians rear to assist them in the chase. They
+have generally long silken hair upon their quarters, shoulders, ears,
+and tail; and I think them as handsome, and considerably more powerful
+and sagacious, than our own greyhounds. I have sometimes seen a
+spirited horse break loose, and run away at full speed, when one of
+these dogs has set after him like an arrow, and soon getting ahead of
+him, taken an opportunity of seizing the bridle in his teeth, which he
+held so firmly, that though he was not strong enough to stop the
+horse, yet, as he was dragged along, he continued to pull and confine
+the horse, so as to impede him very much, till some person was able to
+overtake and secure him."
+
+Col. Hutchinson says, that "In Persia and many parts of the East
+greyhounds are taught to assist the falcon in the capture of deer.
+When brought within good view of a herd the bird is flown, and at the
+same moment the dog is slipped. The rapid sweep of the falcon soon
+carries him far in advance. It is the falcon who makes the selection
+of the intended victim--which appears to be a matter of chance--and a
+properly-trained greyhound will give chase to none other, however
+temptingly close the alarmed animals may pass him. The falcon is
+instructed to aim at the head only of the gazelle, who soon becomes
+bewildered; sometimes receiving considerable injury from the quick
+stroke of its daring adversary. Before long the gazelle is overtaken
+by the greyhound. It is not always easy to teach a dog to avoid
+injuring the bird, which is so intent upon its prey as utterly to
+disregard the approach of the hound. Death would probably be the
+penalty adjudged to him for so heinous an offence; for a well-trained
+falcon is of great value. You can readily imagine that neither it nor
+the greyhound could be properly broken unless the instructor possessed
+much judgment and perseverance. The sport is very exciting; but the
+spectator must be well-mounted, and ride boldly, who would closely
+watch the swift, varying evolutions of the assailing party, and the
+sudden evasions of the helpless defendant."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POINTER.]
+
+THE POINTER.
+
+   "The subtle dog scours with sagacious nose
+    Along the field, and snuffs each breeze that blows;
+    Against the wind he takes his prudent way,
+    While the strong gale directs him to the prey.
+    Now the warm scent assures the covey near;
+    He treads with caution, and he points with fear.
+    The fluttering coveys from the stubble rise,
+    And on swift wing divide the sounding skies;
+    The scatt'ring lead pursues the certain sight,
+    And death in thunder overtakes their flight."--GAY.
+
+
+This dog has been crossed and re-crossed so often with the fox-hound,
+the setter, and the old Spanish pointer, that the originality of the
+present breed may be questioned, especially as the pointer has been
+less noticed by writers on dogs than any other of the species. How
+well do I recollect in my early youth seeing the slow, heavy,
+solemn-looking, and thick-shouldered Spanish pointer, tired with two
+or three hours' work in turnips, and so stiff after it the next day,
+as to be little capable of resuming his labours. And yet this dog,
+fifty years ago, was to be met with all through England. How different
+is the breed at the present time! By crossing with the fox-hound, they
+have acquired wonderful speed, and a power of endurance equally
+surprising, while their shape is beautiful and their sense and
+animation strongly marked in their intelligent countenances.
+
+The old pointers were either nearly white or variegated with large
+liver-coloured patches. We now see them either completely
+liver-coloured, or of a flea-bitten blue or grey, or else black, with
+fine sterns showing much blood, and extremely thin ears. There can be
+no doubt but that the crosses by which they have obtained the
+qualities and appearance I have mentioned, render the task of breaking
+them in to point, back, and drop to charge, one of no small
+difficulty. These habits, having been acquired in the original breed,
+had probably become hereditary; but the mixture with dogs which had
+not these inherent qualities, has introduced volatility and impatience
+not easily to be overcome. It is also a fact, that if a pointer,
+notwithstanding this disposition, should at last become perfectly well
+broke in, or, as it is called, highly broke, he loses much of his
+natural sagacity. His powers of endurance are, however, very great. A
+friend of mine, an ardent sportsman, had a pointer crossed with a
+foxhound, and it was the only one he had. Day after day he took this
+dog out with him, from day-break till late in the evening, and he
+never flagged or showed fatigue. It was calculated that he could not
+traverse less than one hundred and twenty miles each day. This dog
+showed extraordinary sagacity. While hunting in a large fallow field
+he made a point, and then slowly and cautiously proceeded, closely
+followed by his master. In this way he led him over a good part of the
+field, till it was supposed the dog was drawing on the scent of a
+hare, which had stolen away. At last he set off running as hard as he
+could, made a large circuit to the left, and then came to a point
+immediately opposite to his master, who then advanced and put up a
+covey of birds between him and the dog.
+
+The following is a proof of the perfection to which pointers may be
+brought. The friend above referred to went out shooting with a
+gentleman celebrated for the goodness of his breed. They took the
+field with eight of these dogs. If one pointed, all the rest
+immediately backed steadily. If a partridge was shot, they all dropped
+to charge, and whichsoever dog was called to bring the bird, the rest
+never stirred till they were told to do so. Dogs thus broke in are of
+great value, and bring large prices; from fifty to a hundred guineas
+have been given for a good dog.
+
+Pointers frequently show extraordinary sense, especially in their own
+peculiar vocation. Thus a pointer has been known to refuse to hunt for
+a person who had previously missed every bird the dog had found. He
+left him with every mark of disgust, nor could any coaxing induce him
+to continue with his unsportsman-like companion.
+
+Three pointers were taken out grouse-shooting in Ireland. They were
+all of the same breed, or rather nearly related to each other, one
+being the grandmother, the other her daughter, and the third her
+granddaughter. The latter, who could get over the ground quicker than
+the others, put up first one pack of grouse, and then another, for
+which faults she was flogged again and again. Having done the same
+thing the third time, the steady old grandmother was so provoked, that
+she ran at the culprit, knocked her over and over, and did not cease
+to attack her till she had driven her home. The authenticity of this
+anecdote need not be doubted. It is a proof of the extraordinary sense
+of a dog, and is corroborated by a fact already mentioned in the
+introductory remarks (p. 33), of one dog attacking another for having
+misconducted himself.
+
+Some very bad shots went out partridge-shooting, attended by a very
+good, old, steady pointer. After shooting for some hours with very
+little success, they began to amuse themselves by firing at a piece of
+paper stuck on a post. The disgust of the old dog at this proceeding
+may be imagined--he ran home.
+
+In further proof of the dislike a pointer will show to a bad shot, I
+will adduce the following anecdote mentioned by Captain Brown. A
+gentleman, on his requesting the loan of a pointer-dog from a friend,
+was informed by him that the dog would behave very well so long as he
+could kill his birds; but if he frequently missed them, it would run
+home and leave him. The dog was sent, and the following day was fixed
+for trial; but, unfortunately, his new master was a remarkably bad
+shot. Bird after bird rose and was fired at, but still pursued its
+flight untouched, till, at last, the pointer became careless, and
+often missed his game. As if seemingly willing, however, to give one
+chance more, he made a dead stop at a fern-bush, with his nose pointed
+downward, the fore-foot bent, and his tail straight and steady. In
+this position he remained firm till the sportsman was close to him,
+with both barrels cocked, then moving steadily forward for a few
+paces, he at last stood still near a bunch of heather, the tail
+expressing the anxiety of the mind by moving regularly backwards and
+forwards. At last out sprung a fine old blackcock. Bang, bang, went
+both barrels, but the bird escaped unhurt. The patience of the dog was
+now quite exhausted; and, instead of dropping to charge, he turned
+boldly round, placed his tail between his legs, gave one howl, long
+and loud, and set off as fast as he could to his own home.
+
+I have seen a pointer leap on the top of a high gate, in going from
+one field to another, and remain steadily there till I came up to him.
+He had suddenly come on the scent of birds, and made his point from
+his uncomfortable situation on the gate. Captain Brown also relates a
+nearly similar instance of the stanchness of a pointer, which he
+received from a friend of his. This gentleman was shooting in
+Scotland, when one of his dogs, in going over a stone wall, about four
+feet high, got the scent of some birds on the other side of the wall,
+just as she made the leap. She hung by her fore-legs, appearing at a
+distance as if they had got fastened among the stones, and that she
+could not extricate herself. In this position she remained until her
+master came up. It was then evident that it was her caution for fear
+of flushing some birds on the other side of the wall, which prevented
+her from taking the leap, or rather, which was the cause of her making
+this extraordinary point.
+
+Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," mentions the circumstance of two
+pointers having stood at one point an hour and a quarter, while an
+artist took a sketch of them.
+
+A dog of the pointer kind, brought from South Carolina in an English
+merchant vessel, was a remarkable prognosticator of bad weather.
+Whenever he was observed to prick up his ears, scratch the deck, and
+rear himself to look to the windward, whence he would eagerly snuff up
+the wind, if it was then the finest weather imaginable, the crew were
+sure of a tempest succeeding; and the dog became so useful, that
+whenever they perceived the fit upon him, they immediately reefed the
+sails, and took in their spare canvas, to prepare for the worst. Other
+animals are prognosticators of weather also; and there is seldom a
+storm at sea, but it is foretold by some of the natural marine
+barometers on board, many hours before the gale.
+
+The following circumstance serves also to prove the extreme stanchness
+of a pointer. It is related by Captain Brown:--
+
+"A servant who used to shoot for Mr. Clutterbuck of Bradford, had, on
+one occasion, a pointer of this gentleman's, which afforded him an
+excellent day's sport. On returning, the night being dark, he dropped,
+by some chance, two or three birds out of his bag, and on coming home
+he missed them. Having informed a fellow-servant of his loss, he
+requested him to get up early the next morning, and seek for them near
+the turnpike, being certain that he had brought them as far as that
+place. The man accordingly went there, and not a hundred yards from
+the spot mentioned by his companion, he, to his surprise, found the
+pointer lying near the birds, and where he probably had remained all
+night, although the poor animal had been severely hunted the day
+before."
+
+For the following instance of the sagacity of a pointer, I am indebted
+to Lord Stowell. Mr. Edward Cook, after having lived some time with
+his brother at Tugsten, in Northumberland, went to America, and took
+with him a pointer-dog, which he lost soon afterwards, while shooting
+in the woods near Baltimore. Some time after, Mr. and Mrs. Cook, who
+continued to reside at Tugsten, were alarmed at hearing a dog in the
+night. They admitted it into the house, and found that it was the same
+their brother had taken with him to America. The dog lived with them
+until his master returned home, when they mutually recognised each
+other. Mr. Cook was never able to trace by what vessel the dog had
+left America, or in what part of England it had been landed. This
+anecdote confirms others which I have already mentioned relative to
+dogs finding their way back to this country from considerable
+distances.
+
+Lieutenant Shipp, in his Memoirs, mentions the case of a soldier in
+India, who, having presented his dog to an acquaintance, by whom he
+was taken a distance of four hundred miles, was surprised to see him
+back in a few days afterwards. When the faithful animal returned, he
+searched through the whole barracks for his master, and at length
+finding him asleep, he awoke him by licking his face.
+
+Pointers have been known to go out by themselves for the purpose of
+finding game, and when they have succeeded, have returned to their
+master, and by significant signs and gestures have led them directly
+to the spot.
+
+The mental faculties of pointers are extremely acute. When once they
+become conscious of their own powers, and of what is required of them,
+they seldom commit a fault, and do their duty with alacrity and
+devotion. Old pointers are apt to hunt the hedgerows of a field before
+they begin to quarter the ground. I have seen dogs severely rated and
+punished for doing this, but the cause is obvious. They are aware that
+game is more frequently to be found in hedgerows than in the open
+ground, and therefore very naturally take the readiest way of finding
+it.
+
+An interesting exhibition of clever dogs took place in London in the
+summer of 1843, under the auspices of M. Leonard, a French gentleman
+of scientific attainments and enlightened character, who had for some
+years directed his attention to the reasoning powers of animals, and
+their cultivation. Two pointers, Braque and Philax, had been the
+especial objects of his instruction, and their intellectual capacities
+had been excited in an extraordinary degree. A writer in the "Atlas"
+newspaper thus speaks of the exhibition of these animals:--M.
+Leonard's dogs are not merely clever, well-taught animals, which, by
+dint of practice, can pick up a particular letter, or can, by a sort
+of instinct, indicate a number which may be asked for; they call into
+action powers which, if not strictly intellectual, approximate very
+closely to reason. For instance, they exert memory. Four pieces of
+paper were placed upon the floor, which the company numbered
+indiscriminately, 2, 4, 6, 8. The numbers were named but once, and yet
+the dogs were able to pick up any one of them at command, although
+they were not placed in regular order. The numbers were then changed,
+with a similar result. Again, different objects were placed upon the
+floor, and when a similar thing--say a glove--was exhibited, one or
+other of the animals picked it up immediately. The dogs distinguish
+colours, and, in short, appear to understand everything that is said
+to them.
+
+The dog Braque plays a game of dominoes with any one who likes. We are
+aware that this has been done before; but when it is considered that
+it is necessary to distinguish the number of spots, it must be
+admitted that this requires the exercise of a power little inferior to
+reason. The dog sits on the chair with the dominoes before him, and
+when his adversary plays, he scans each of his dominoes with an air of
+attention and gravity which is perfectly marvellous. When he could not
+match the domino played, he became restless and shook his head, and
+gave other indications of his inability to do so. No human being
+could have paid more attention. The dog seemed to watch the game with
+deep interest, and what is more, he won.
+
+Another point strongly indicative of the close approach to the
+reasoning powers, was the exactness with which the dogs obeyed an
+understood signal. It was agreed that when three blows were struck
+upon a chair, Philax should do what was requested; and when five were
+given, that the task should devolve on Braque. This arrangement was
+strictly adhered to. We do not intend to follow the various proofs
+which were afforded of the intelligence of the dogs; it is sufficient
+to say that a multiplicity of directions given to them were obeyed
+implicitly, and that they appeared to understand what their master
+said as well as any individual in the room.
+
+M. Leonard entered into a highly-interesting explanation of his theory
+regarding the intellectual powers of animals, and the mode he adopts
+to train and subdue horses, exhibiting the defects of the system
+generally pursued. His principle is, that horses are not vicious by
+nature, but because they have been badly taught, and that, as with
+children, these defects may be corrected by proper teaching. M.
+Leonard does not enter into these inquiries for profit, but solely
+with a scientific and humane view, being desirous of investigating the
+extent of the reasoning powers of animals.
+
+It does not appear possible that dogs should be educated to the
+extent of those of M. Leonard, unless we can suppose that they acquire
+a tolerably exact knowledge of language. That they in reality learn to
+know the meaning of certain words, not merely when addressed to them,
+but when spoken in ordinary conversation, is beyond a doubt; although
+the accompanying looks and movements in all likelihood help them in
+their interpretation. We have known a small spaniel, for instance,
+which thoroughly understood the meaning of "out," or "going out," when
+spoken in the most casual way in conversation. A lady of our
+acquaintance has a dog which lives at enmity with another dog in the
+neighbourhood, called York, and angrily barks when the word York is
+pronounced in his hearing.
+
+A well-known angler was in the habit of being attended by a
+pointer-dog, who saved him the trouble of a landing-net in his
+trout-fishing excursions. When he had hooked a fish and brought it
+near the bank, the dog would be in readiness, and taking the fish
+behind the head, would bring it out to his master.
+
+A writer, who endeavours to prove the existence of souls analogous to
+the human in animals, relates the following remarkable fact, of which
+he was himself an eye-witness. He says:--
+
+"I was with a gentleman who resides in the country, in his study, when
+a pointer-dog belonging to him came running to the door of the room,
+which was shut, scratching and barking till he was admitted. He then
+used supplicating gestures of every kind, running from his master to
+the stair behind which his gun stood, then again to his master, and
+back to the gun. The gentleman now comprehended something of his dog's
+meaning, and took up his gun. The dog immediately gave a bark of joy,
+ran out at the door, returned, and then ran to the back-door of the
+house, from whence he took the road to a neighbouring hill.
+
+"His master and I followed him. The dog ran, highly pleased, a little
+distance before us, showing us the way we should take. After we had
+proceeded about forty paces, he gave us to understand that we should
+turn to the left, by pressing repeatedly against his master, and
+pushing him towards the road that turned to the left. We followed his
+direction, and he accompanied us a few paces, but suddenly he turned
+to the right, running round the whole of the hill. We still proceeded
+to the left, slowly up the ascent, till we were nearly arrived at its
+summit, the dog in the meantime making the circuit of the hill to the
+right. He was now already higher than we were, when he gave a sudden
+bark, and that moment a hare ran before the muzzle of his master's
+gun, and, of course, met her fate."
+
+A gentleman had a pointer so fleet that he often backed him to find
+birds in a ten-acre field within two minutes, if there were birds in
+it. On entering the field, he seemed to know by instinct where the
+birds would lie, generally going up to them at once. His nose was so
+good, that with a brisk wind, he would find his game a hundred and
+fifty yards off across the furrows. He could tell whether a bird was
+hit, and if so would retrieve it some fields off from where it was
+shot. He would never follow a hare unless it was wounded. He would
+point water-fowl as well as all birds of game, and has been seen
+pointing a duck or a moor-hen with the water running over his back at
+the time. Nothing seemed to spoil this dog, not even rat and otter
+hunting, in both of which he was an adept, as he knew his business;
+and although he would rattle through a wood, he was perfectly steady
+the next minute out of cover. He has been known to continue at a point
+two hours. In high turnips he would contrive to show his master where
+he was, standing sometimes on his hind legs only, so that his head and
+fore-quarters might be seen. On one occasion he came at full speed so
+suddenly on a hare, that he slipped up, and fell nearly on his back.
+In this position he did not move, and it was thought he was in a fit,
+till the hare jumped up and was killed, when the dog righted himself.
+So steady was he in backing another dog when game was found, that he
+once caught sight of a point at the moment of jumping a stile, and
+balanced himself on it for several seconds till he fell. Once when
+hunting with a young pointer, who had only been taken into the field
+two or three times, in order to show him some birds before the
+shooting season, the following occurrence took place. The old dog
+found some birds in the middle of the field, and pointed them
+steadily. The puppy had been jumping and gambolling about, with no
+great hunt in him, and upon seeing the old dog stand, ran playfully up
+to him. He was, however, seized by the neck, and received a good
+shaking, which sent him away howling, and his companion then turned
+round and steadied himself on his point, without moving scarcely a
+yard. This anecdote is extracted from Hone's "Year Book," and the
+writer of it goes on to say,--"What dog is there possessing the
+singular self-denial of the pointer or setter? The hound gives full
+play to his feelings; chases, and babbles, and kicks up as much riot
+as he likes, provided he is true to his game; the spaniel has no
+restraint, except being kept within gun-shot; the greyhound has it all
+his own way as soon as he is loosed; and the terrier watches at a
+rat's hole, because he cannot get into it: but the pointer, at the
+moment that other dogs satisfy themselves, and rush upon their game,
+suddenly stops, and points with almost breathless anxiety to that
+which we might naturally suppose he would eagerly seize. The birds
+seen, the dog creeps after them cautiously, stopping at intervals,
+lest by a sudden movement he should spring them too soon. And then let
+us observe and admire his delight when his anxiety--for it is
+anxiety--is crowned with success--when the bird falls, and he lays it
+joyfully at his master's feet. A pointer should never be ill-used. He
+is too much like one of us. He has more headpiece than all the rest of
+the dogs put together. Narrowly watch a steady pointer on his game,
+and see how he holds his breath. It is evident he must stand in a
+certain degree of pain, for we all know how quickly a dog respires.
+And when he comes up to you in the field he puffs and blows, and his
+tongue is invariably hanging out of his mouth. We never see this on a
+point, and to check it suddenly must give the dog pain. And yet, how
+silent he is! how eager he looks! and if a sudden hysteric gasp is
+heard, it ceases in a moment. Surely he is the most perfect artist of
+the canine race."
+
+Some of my readers may like to know that the best breaker of pointers
+I have yet met with is Mr. Lucas, one of the keepers of Richmond Park.
+He perfectly understands his business, and turns out his pointers in a
+way which few can equal.
+
+In August 1857, a gentleman residing at Ludlow, in Shropshire, had a
+pointer bitch, which produced seven puppies. Six of them were drowned,
+and one left. On the servant going the next morning to give her some
+milk, she found, besides the puppy, a hedgehog, which had been in the
+garden some years, most comfortably curled up with them. She took it
+away, but my informant being told that it had got back again, he went
+to see it. The pointer was licking it, and appeared quite as fond of
+it as of her own puppy. He again had it removed, the bitch following,
+and whining with evident anxiety to have it restored to her. This was
+the more remarkable, as on previous occasions she had tried to kill
+the hedgehog. This strange affection can only be accounted for by an
+abundant flow of milk, which distended and hurt her, occasioned by her
+other puppies having been destroyed, and she, therefore, seized on the
+hedgehog to relieve her, however incongruous it might be to her former
+feelings towards it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE SETTER.]
+
+THE SETTER.
+
+
+The old English setter (says Capt. Brown), was originally derived from
+a cross between the Spanish pointer and the large water-spaniel, and
+was justly celebrated for his fine scent. It is difficult now to say
+what a setter really is, as the original breed has been crossed with
+springers, stag and blood-hounds. The Irish breed of setters is
+considered better than either the English or Scotch, and a fine brace
+has been frequently known to fetch fifty guineas. Youatt says that the
+setter is evidently the large spaniel improved in size and beauty, and
+taught to mark his game by setting or crouching. He is more active
+than the pointer, but has not so much patient steadiness. It is
+extremely difficult to decide between the merits of the setter and
+pointer as dogs for shooting over. Some authors prefer one, some the
+other. "Craven" says, that in his opinion Russian setters are better
+than English, in nose, sagacity, and every other qualification that a
+dog ought to possess.
+
+Col. Hutchinson relates that he was "partridge-shooting the season
+before last with an intimate friend. The air was soft, and there was a
+good breeze. We came upon a large turnip-field, deeply trenched on
+account of its damp situation. A white setter, that habitually carried
+a lofty head, drew for awhile, and then came to a point. We got up to
+her. She led us across some ridges, when her companion, a jealous dog
+(a pointer), which had at first backed correctly, most improperly
+pushed on in front, but, not being able to acknowledge the scent, went
+off, clearly imagining the bitch was in error. She, however, held on,
+and in beautiful style brought us up direct to a covey. My friend and
+I agreed that she must have been but little, if at all, less than one
+hundred yards off when she first winded the birds; and it was clear to
+us that they could not have been running, for the breeze came directly
+across the furrows, and she had led us in the wind's eye. We thought
+the point the more remarkable, as it is generally supposed that the
+strong smell of turnips diminishes a dog's power of scenting birds."
+
+The same able author says, that on one occasion when a near relation
+of his was shooting on the banks of the Forth, he killed a partridge
+that was flying across the river. As he had no retriever with him, he
+almost regretted having fired; but, to his surprise, his setter, Dove,
+jumped into the river, although she had never previously (to the
+writer's knowledge), attempted to swim, seized it, and deposited it
+safely on the bank. She never had retrieved before, and was not
+particularly good at "seeking dead."
+
+"During my residence in the country," says M. Huet, "I had a
+gamekeeper who was very skilful in the art of training dogs. Among
+others of various kinds which he trained was a large old English
+setter, with which he had succeeded so well that he could use him both
+for hunting and shooting.
+
+"This dog did always as much as could be done by any of his race, in
+whatever kind of sport he was employed; he even invented advantageous
+manoeuvres himself, which the gamekeeper affirmed he had never taught
+him.
+
+"Once, after I had been already several hours returned from hunting
+with my people, the dog came running across the yard with a hare upon
+his back, which he held by the ear, so as to carry her in the most
+convenient manner to the kitchen from the considerable distance where
+he must have killed her.
+
+"Upon another occasion he showed an extraordinary degree of judgment
+and fidelity. The gamekeeper had, on one of the short days of
+December, shot at and wounded a deer. Hoping to run him down before
+night, he instantly put the dog upon the track, which followed it at
+full speed, and soon was out of sight. At length it grew dark, and the
+gamekeeper returned home, thinking he should find the setter arrived
+there before him; but he was disappointed, and became apprehensive
+that his dog might have lost himself, or fallen a prey to some
+ravenous animal. The next morning, however, we were all greatly
+rejoiced to see him come running into the yard, whence he directly
+hastened to the door of my apartment, and, on being admitted, ran,
+with gestures expressive of solicitude and eagerness, to a corner of
+the room where guns were placed. We understood the hint, and, taking
+the guns, followed him. He led us not by the road which he himself had
+taken out of the wood, but by beaten paths half round it, and then by
+several wood-cutters' tracks in different directions, to a thicket,
+where, following him a few paces, we found the deer which he had
+killed. The dog seems to have rightly judged that we should have been
+obliged to make our way with much difficulty through almost the whole
+length of the wood, in order to come to the deer in a straight
+direction, and he therefore led us a circuitous but open and
+convenient road. Between the legs of the deer, which he had guarded
+during the night against the beasts of prey that might otherwise have
+seized upon it, he had scratched a hole in the snow, and filled it
+with dry leaves for his bed. The extraordinary sagacity which he had
+displayed upon this occasion rendered him doubly valuable to us, and
+it therefore caused us very serious regret when, in the ensuing
+summer, the poor animal went mad, possibly in consequence of his
+exposure to the severe frost of that night, and it became necessary
+for the gamekeeper to shoot him, which he could not do without
+shedding tears. He said he would willingly have given his best cow to
+save him; and I confess myself that I would not have hesitated to part
+with my best horse upon the same terms."
+
+Mr. Torry, of Edinburgh, had a setter bitch which possessed great
+powers, and especially in finding lost articles, as she would,
+whenever she was desired, go in search of anything. On one occasion
+his servant lost a favourite whip in the middle of a moor, and he did
+not discover or make known this loss till they were about a mile
+distant from the spot where it was dropped. Mr. Torry ordered the
+servant to go back and bring it, as he stated he was quite certain of
+the spot where he had dropped it; but after searching for nearly an
+hour, the servant returned and said he could not recover it, upon
+which Mr. Torry told his setter to go back for the whip. She started
+off instantly, and in less than five minutes the lost article was at
+his feet.
+
+The same dog did a great many other curious things: she would ring the
+bell, fetch her master's slippers, or bring his youngest son, when
+required to do so, from another room; which last she effected by
+taking hold of his pinafore with her mouth, and running before him
+sideways to his master's chair.
+
+A large setter, ill with the distemper, had been most tenderly nursed
+by a lady for three weeks. At length he became so weak as to be placed
+on a bed, where he remained three days in a dying situation. After a
+short absence, the lady, on re-entering the room, observed him to fix
+his eyes attentively on her, and make an effort to crawl across the
+bed towards her. This he accomplished evidently for the sole purpose
+of licking her hands, which, having done, he expired without a groan.
+"I am," says Mr. Blaine, "as convinced that the animal was sensible of
+his approaching dissolution, and that this was a last forcible effort
+to express his gratitude for the care taken of him, as I am of my own
+existence; and had I witnessed this proof of excellence alone, I
+should think a life devoted to the amelioration of the condition of
+dogs far too little for their deserts."
+
+There is a curious and interesting anecdote related of a setter who
+had formed a great friendship with a cat. They were, in fact,
+inseparable companions, and evidently had a great love for each other.
+As a sporting dog the setter had few equals, but he constantly showed
+his disgust when obliged to accompany a bad shot into the fields.
+After one of the shooting seasons was over, his master took a house in
+London, and carried his setter with him, who was seated with the
+footman on the box of the carriage. It appears that the dog had not
+forgotten his favourite, the cat, for he disappeared from the house,
+and was absent for some days. He at length returned to his master's
+house in the country, and brought back the cat with him. How he
+contrived to find his way backwards and forward, and how he persuaded
+the cat to accompany him, are mysteries which it would be useless to
+attempt to solve. The fact, however, would seem to be satisfactorily
+vouched for.
+
+Setters are known to be subject to strange freaks. A gentleman had one
+which he had shot to for three years. Upon one occasion he took the
+dog out, and fired seven or eight times at birds the dog had found
+him; but having missed them all, the animal returned home, evidently
+disgusted. In the evening his owner took him out again and killed
+every shot, which procured a reconciliation between the dog and its
+master.
+
+The late Dr. Hugh Smith related the following circumstance of a setter
+dog, and maintained that a bitch and a dog may fall passionately in
+love with each other. As the doctor was travelling from Midhurst into
+Hampshire, the dogs, as usual in country places, ran out barking as he
+was passing through a village; and amongst them he observed a little
+ugly mongrel, that was particularly eager to ingratiate himself with a
+setter bitch that accompanied him. Whilst stopping to water his horse,
+he remarked how amorous the mongrel continued, and how courteous the
+setter seemed to her admirer. Provoked to see a creature of Dido's
+high blood so obsequious to such mean addresses, the doctor drew one
+of his pistols and shot the dog; he then had the bitch carried on
+horseback for several miles. From that day, however, she lost her
+appetite, ate little or nothing, had no inclination to go abroad with
+her master, or attend to his call, but seemed to repine like a
+creature in love, and express sensible concern for the loss of her
+gallant. Partridge season came, but Dido had no nose. Some time after
+she was coupled to a setter of great excellence, which with no small
+difficulty had been procured to get a breed from, and all the caution
+which even the doctor himself could take was strictly exerted, that
+the whelps might be pure and unmixed; yet not a puppy did Dido bring
+forth but what was the picture and colour of the mongrel that he had
+so many months before destroyed. The doctor fumed, and, had he not
+personally paid such attention to preserve the intercourse
+uncontaminated, would have suspected that some negligence had
+occasioned this disappointment; but his views were in many subsequent
+litters also defeated, for Dido never produced a whelp which was not
+exactly similar to the unfortunate dog which was her first and
+murdered lover.
+
+This anecdote may appear strange or untrue to some people; but it is
+an undoubted fact, and in some degree corroborates Dr. Smith's account
+that the late Sir Gore Ouseley had a Persian mare which produced her
+first foal by a zebra in Scotland. She was afterwards a brood-mare in
+England, and had several foals, every one of which had the zebra's
+stripes on it. That the force of imagination influences some brutes
+cannot be doubted. A gentleman had a small spaniel which had one of
+her legs broken when pregnant. When she littered, one of the whelps
+had one of her hind legs broken--the limb was contracted--a perfect
+callus formed, in everything resembling the leg of the dam.
+
+Setters are difficult to break; but when well broken are invaluable as
+sporting dogs, for they will work all day if they can occasionally
+find water. John Dudley, duke of Northumberland, is said to have been
+the first that broke a setter dog to the net, about the year 1555.
+
+Col. Hutchinson says that a French lady, who is fond of animals, at
+his request committed the following anecdote to paper:--
+
+"My dear Medor, a beautiful red-and-white setter, was remarkable, I am
+told, for many rare qualities as a sporting dog; but, of course, none
+of these could be compared, in _my_ eyes, to his faithfulness and
+sagacity. I looked upon him as a friend; and I know that our affection
+was mutual. I could mention several instances of his intelligence--I
+might say, reflection; but one in particular gave me such delight
+that, though years have since passed away, all the circumstances are
+as fresh in my memory as if they had occurred but yesterday. I was
+returning from school at Versailles; and having rang uselessly for a
+little time at the front door, I went round to the carriage-gate to
+have a chat with my silky-haired favourite. He barked anxiously,
+thrust his cold nose through an opening near the ground, scratched
+vigorously to increase its size, and in numerous ways testified great
+joy at again hearing my voice. I put my hand under the gate to caress
+him; and while he was licking it, I said in jest, but in a distinct,
+loud voice, 'Dear Medor, I am shut out--go, bring me the keys.' It so
+happened that the stable where they usually hung was not closed. Medor
+ran off, and in a few seconds returned and placed them in my hands. I
+will not attempt to describe _my_ gratification at such a striking
+proof of his intelligence, nor _his_ evident pride at seeing me enter
+the hall, nor yet the fright of the servant at thinking how long the
+street-door must have been carelessly left open. 'Medor deserves that
+his life should be written,' said I to my uncle, when afterwards
+telling him the whole story; 'I am sure his deeds are as wonderful as
+those related of the 'Chiens celebres' by De Freville.'
+
+"My setter was immediately declared 'Keeper of the Keys,' and
+forthwith invested with all the rights of office. Nor was this
+confidence misplaced. He would never give up his charge to any one but
+to my uncle or myself; and always seemed fully sensible of the dignity
+and responsibility of his new position."
+
+Tolfrey gives, in his "Sportsman in France," so beautiful an instance
+of a setter's untutored intelligence leading him to see the advantage
+of placing running birds between himself and the gun, that I will
+relate it.
+
+"On gaining some high ground, the dog drew and stood. She was walked
+up to, but to my astonishment we found no birds. She was encouraged,
+and with great difficulty coaxed off her point. She kept drawing on,
+but with the same ill success.
+
+"I must confess I was for the moment sorely puzzled; but knowing the
+excellence of the animal, I let her alone. She kept drawing on for
+nearly a hundred yards--still no birds. At last, of her own accord,
+and with a degree of instinct amounting almost to the faculty of
+reason, she broke from her point, and dashing off to the right made a
+_detour_, and was presently straight before me, some three hundred
+yards off, setting the game whatever it might be, as much as to say,
+'I'll be ---- if you escape me this time.' We walked steadily on; and
+when within about thirty yards of her, up got a covey of red-legged
+partridges, and we had the good fortune to kill a brace each.
+
+"It is one of the characteristics of these birds to run for an amazing
+distance before they take wing; but the sagacity of my faithful dog
+baffled all their efforts to escape. We fell in with several coveys of
+these birds during the day, and my dog ever after gave them the
+double, and kept them between the gun and herself."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE COMFORTER, OR LAP-DOG PUG.]
+
+THE PUG DOG.
+
+   "My pug makes a bad pet; he is useless in the field, is somewhat
+    snappish, has little sagacity, and is very cowardly: but there is
+    an air of _bon ton_ about him which renders him a fashionable
+    appendage to a fine lady."--_Parisian Gossip._
+
+
+Pugs came into fashion, and probably first into this country, in the
+early part of the reign of William the Third, and were then called
+Dutch pugs. At that time they were generally decorated with orange
+ribbons, and were in great request amongst the courtiers, from the
+king being very partial to them.
+
+It is difficult to say how this partiality arose, though it may
+perhaps be accounted for by the following anecdote, related in a
+scarce old book, called "Sir Roger Williams' Actions in the Low
+Countries," printed in 1618.
+
+"The Prince of Orange (father of William III.) being retired into the
+camp, Julian Romero, with earnest persuasions, procured license of the
+Duke D'Alva to hazard a _camisado_, or night attack, upon the prince.
+At midnight Julian sallied out of the trenches with a thousand armed
+men, mostly pikes, who forced all the guards that they found in their
+way into the place of arms before the Prince's tent, and killed two of
+his secretaries. The Prince himself escaped very narrowly, for I have
+often heard him say that he thought but for a dog he should have been
+taken or slain. The attack was made with such resolution, that the
+guards took no alarm until their fellows were running to the place of
+arms, with their enemies at their heels, when this dog, hearing a
+great noise, fell to scratching and crying, and awakened him before
+any of his men; and though the Prince slept armed, with a lacquey
+always holding one of his horses ready bridled and saddled, yet, at
+the going out of his tent, with much ado he recovered his horse before
+the enemy arrived. Nevertheless, one of his equerries was slain
+taking horse presently after him, as were divers of his servants. The
+Prince, to show his gratitude, until his dying day kept one of that
+dog's race, and so did many of his friends and followers. These
+animals were not remarkable for their beauty, being little white dogs,
+with crooked noses, called _Camuses_ (flat-nosed)."
+
+It is difficult to account for the origin of this breed of dogs. So
+far from having any of the courage of the bulldog, which they resemble
+somewhat in miniature, they are extremely cowardly. They are also
+occasionally treacherous in their disposition, and will take strong
+dislikes to particular persons.
+
+The passion of the late Lady Penrhyn for pugs was well known. Two of
+these, a mother and daughter, were in the eating-room of Penrhyn
+Castle during the morning call of a lady, who partook of luncheon. On
+bonnets and shawls being ordered for the purpose of taking a walk in
+the grounds, the oldest dog jumped on a chair, and looked first at a
+cold fowl, and then at her daughter. The lady remarked to Lady Penrhyn
+that they certainly had a design on the tray. The bell was therefore
+rung, and a servant ordered to take it away. The instant the tray
+disappeared, the elder pug, who had previously played the agreeable
+with all her might to the visitor, snarled and flew at her, and during
+the whole walk followed her, growling and snapping at her heels
+whenever opportunity served. The dog certainly went through two or
+three links of inference, from the disappearance of the coveted spoil
+to Lady Penrhyn's order, and from Lady Penrhyn's order to the remark
+made by her visitor.
+
+Monsieur Blaze, in his "History of Dogs," mentions one who was taught
+to pronounce several words. The editor of the "Dumfries Courier" has
+declared most solemnly that he "heard a pug repeatedly pronounce the
+word 'William,' almost as distinctly as ever it was enunciated by the
+human voice. He saw the dog lying on a rug before the fire, when one
+of his master's sons, whose name is William, and to whom he is more
+obedient than to any one else, happened to give him a shove, when the
+animal ejaculated, for the first time, the word 'William.' The whole
+party were as much amazed as Balsam was when his ass spoke; and though
+they could hardly believe their own ears, one of them exclaimed,
+'Could you really find it in your heart to hurt the poor dog after he
+has so distinctly pronounced your name?' This led to a series of
+experiments, which have been repeated for the satisfaction of various
+persons, but still the animal performs with difficulty. When his
+master seizes his fore-legs, and commands him to say 'William,' he
+treats the hearer With a gurring voluntary; and after this species of
+music has been protracted for a longer or a shorter period, his voice
+seems to fall a full octave before he comes out with the important
+word."
+
+In the "Bibliotheque Germanique," published in 1720, there is an
+account of a dog at Berlin, who was made to pronounce a few words, but
+the one which he ejaculated most distinctly was "Elizabeth." Sir
+William Gell also had a dog which was well known to repeat some words,
+but it should be mentioned that he never did this except his master
+held his jaws in a peculiar way.[R]
+
+It has been said of the pug dog that he is applicable to no sport,
+appropriated to no useful purpose, susceptible of no predominant
+passion, and in no way remarkable for any pre-eminent quality. He
+seems, indeed, intended to be the patient follower of a ruminating
+philosopher, or the adulatory and consolatory companion of an old
+maid; but is now gradually becoming discarded as a pet, and is seldom
+seen peeping out of a carriage window or basking in a London balcony.
+
+The Comforter, of which a portrait is given at the head of the present
+chapter, is a rare and beautiful little dog, apparently a cross
+between the Maltese and King Charles spaniel. His colour is generally
+white, with black or brown patches; his ears are long, and his head
+broad on the upper part, with an acute muzzle; the hair is long over
+the whole body, with the fore legs feathered; his tail is curled, and
+feathered with very long hairs. This is the smallest of any of the
+distinct races of dogs, and is frequently not above a foot from the
+tip of the nose to the point of the tail.
+
+[Illustration: "A PUGNACIOUS PAIR."]
+
+
+
+
+THE TURNSPIT.
+
+
+How well do I recollect, in the days of my youth, watching the
+operations of a turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman
+in Worcestershire, who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a
+bushy wig, black worsted stockings, and large plated buckles in his
+shoes. As he had several boarders, as well as day-scholars, his two
+turnspits had plenty to do. They were long-bodied, crooked-legged, and
+ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy look about them, as if they were
+weary of the task they had to do, and expected every moment to be
+seized upon to perform it. Cooks in those days, as they are said to be
+at present, were very cross, and if the poor animal, wearied with
+having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a moment, the
+voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle terms.
+When we consider that a large solid piece of beef would take at least
+three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrier worries rats with
+considerable glee, the greyhound pursues hares with eagerness and
+delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the greatest energy,
+while the poor turnspit performs his task by compulsion, like a
+culprit on a tread-wheel, subject to scolding or beating if he stops a
+moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the kitchen
+when the task is over. There is a story (it is an old one) of the Bath
+turnspits, who were in the habit of collecting together in the abbey
+church of that town during divine service. It is said, but I will not
+vouch for the truth of the story, that hearing one day the word
+"spit," which occurred in the lesson for the day, they all ran out of
+the church in the greatest hurry, evidently associating the word with
+the task they had to perform.
+
+These dogs are still used in Germany, and her Majesty has two or three
+of them amongst her collection of these quadrupeds. They are extremely
+bandy-legged, so as to appear almost incapable of running, with long
+bodies and rather large heads. They are very strong in the jaws, and
+are what are called hard-bitten. It is a peculiarity in these dogs
+that they generally have the iris of one eye black and the other
+white. Their colour varies, but the usual one is a bluish grey,
+spotted with black. The tail is generally curled on the back.
+
+As two turnspits were generally kept to do the roasting work of a
+family, each dog knew his own day, and it was not an easy task to make
+one work two days running. Even on his regular day a dog would
+frequently hide himself, so cordially did he hate his prescribed
+duties. A story is said to have been related to a gentleman by the
+Duke de Liancourt, of two turnspits employed in his kitchen, who had
+to take their turns every other day to get into the wheel. One of
+them, in a fit of laziness, hid himself on the day he should have
+worked, so that his companion was forced to mount the wheel in his
+stead, who, when his employment was over, began crying and wagging his
+tail, and making signs for those in attendance to follow him. This was
+done, and the dog conducted them into a garret, where he dislodged his
+idle companion, and killed him immediately.
+
+The following circumstance is said to have taken place in the Jesuits'
+College at La Fleche.
+
+After the cook had prepared his meat for roasting, he looked for the
+dog whose turn it was to work the spit, but not being able to find
+him, he attempted to employ for this service another that happened to
+be in the kitchen. The dog, however, resisted, and, having bitten the
+cook, ran away. The man, with whom the dog was a particular favourite,
+was much astonished at his ferocity. The wound he had received was a
+severe one, and bled profusely, so that it was necessary to dress it.
+While this was doing, the dog, which had run into the garden, and
+found out the one whose turn it was to work the spit, came driving him
+before him into the kitchen, when the latter immediately went of his
+own accord into the wheel.
+
+Buffon calls the turnspit the _Basset a jambes torses_, but some of
+the breed are said to have straight legs. Short as they are, the body
+is extremely strong and heavy in proportion to the height of the dog,
+and this weight must facilitate the turning of the wheel.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FOXHOUND.]
+
+THE FOXHOUND.
+
+   "Warn'd by the streaming light and merry lark,
+    Forth rush the jolly clan; with tuneful throats
+    They carol loud, and in grand chorus joined,
+    Salute the new-born day.
+
+                              Then to the copse
+    Thick with entangled grass, or prickly furze,
+    With silence lead thy many-coloured hounds
+    In all their beauty's pride."--SOMERVILLE.
+
+
+It is impossible to enter upon a description of the foxhound without
+considerable diffidence. Whether we consider the enthusiastic
+admiration it excites amongst sportsmen, the undeviating perseverance
+and high courage of the animal, its perfect symmetry, and the music of
+its tongue, which warms the heart and gives life and spirit to man and
+horse, it must be difficult to do justice to his merits. I will,
+however, endeavour to do my best; and should I fail, it will not be
+for want of admiration of the noble animal whose qualifications I am
+about to illustrate with characteristic anecdotes.
+
+In giving a description of the various breeds of dogs, every one must
+be aware that by crossing and recrossing them many of those we now see
+have but little claim to originality. The foxhound, the old Irish
+wolf-dog, and the colley or shepherd's dog, may, perhaps, be
+considered as possessing the greatest purity of blood. My opinion
+respecting the foxhound is partly founded on the following curious
+fact:--
+
+In Wilkinson's "Manners and Customs of the Egyptians," there is a
+representation of as varmint a pack of foxhounds as modern eye could
+wish to see. It is copied from a painting found in the interior of the
+tomb of the Pharaoh under whom Joseph served. Every individual hound
+is characteristic of the present breed, with all their courage and
+animation. Each dog's tail was as an old Irish huntsman, who used to
+glory in seeing his hounds carry their sterns after the hardest day,
+once said to his master, "not behind them at all, plaize your honour,
+but curling out over their shoulders."
+
+If the copy be correct, and there is no reason to doubt it, the dog of
+this breed must be considered of a much more ancient date than is
+generally supposed. There is every reason to believe that the first
+dogs came from Asia. Indeed, history, both sacred and profane,
+confirms this. At all events, the fact just mentioned is sufficiently
+curious, and may serve to confirm the supposition I have ventured to
+make of the purity of the blood of our modern foxhound.
+
+A volume might be written on the characteristics of these dogs, both
+in the kennel and the field, and I will endeavour to illustrate this
+by a few anecdotes.
+
+It is well known to those who have lived near a kennel, that every
+morning at the first gleam of light the hounds invariably salute the
+glorious return of day, by joining simultaneously in a full chorus of
+voices, 'a musical discord,' called by huntsmen "their morning hymn."
+This concert does not consist of barking and yapping as many may
+suppose, but something like the "Hullah system," yet far more sonorous
+to a sportsman's ear.
+
+Those who have witnessed the process of feeding hounds cannot but
+acknowledge that it is a most pleasing sight. We see the anxiety
+depicted in their countenances to detect the huntsman's eye, who calls
+them singly by name in a low tone of voice, nor does one offer to stir
+till his time comes. Each dog also takes every day the same position,
+like children at school, except that all are obedient, and there is
+no noise. His late Majesty George IV., in his younger days, was a
+constant attendant at the royal kennel at feeding-time, and many of
+the royal family have also been to see the hounds fed at that place.
+
+Close to the Duke of Beaufort's kennel at Badmington a tame fox was
+confined, and between it and the foxhounds a great friendship existed.
+When the hounds were let out they played with the fox, who, on his
+part, was equally ready to greet them. This reciprocal kindness had
+continued some time, until one day a hunted fox, much exhausted, ran
+for shelter into a bush close to the hutch of the tame one. The
+hounds, in the eagerness of the chase, ran into the latter, mistaking
+him for the other, and instantly killed him. No sooner, however, were
+they aware of their having occasioned the death of their old
+acquaintance, than each hound slunk away, appearing conscious and
+ashamed of what had been done, nor could they be induced to touch the
+dead fox when thrown amongst them.
+
+Amongst other curious anecdotes of foxhounds, the following may be
+mentioned. Some years ago, Sir John Cope had a hound called Clermont,
+which was in the constant habit, when the pack killed a fox, of taking
+possession of the animal's head. This he invariably carried in his
+mouth, as if it was a trophy, and on arriving at the kennel would put
+it down at the kennel door. In this way he must have imposed a severe
+task on himself, as the pack had frequently twenty miles to go home
+when the chase was over. The weight was not indeed great; but the
+dog's mouth being distended the whole time must have made the task
+anything but a pleasant one.
+
+Some hounds are possessed of extraordinary instinct, which enables
+them to find their way back to their kennels over country which they
+had never before traversed. When George III. kept hounds in the Home
+Park, Windsor, General Manners, one of the equerries, took a hound
+named Bustler with him in his carriage to London. He remained there a
+few days, and then travelled to Bloxholm in Lincolnshire, the dog
+being still his companion inside the carriage. In less than a month,
+however, Bustler found his way back to Frogmore.
+
+The captain of a vessel informed me that he had once picked up a dog
+in mid-channel between Brighton and Calais, swimming boldly and
+strongly towards the French coast. If this dog was endeavouring to
+make his way back to a beloved master, it was an extraordinary
+instance of affection.
+
+A few years ago some hounds were embarked at Liverpool for Ireland,
+and were safely delivered at a kennel far up in that country. One of
+them, not probably liking his quarters, found his way back to the port
+at which he had been landed from Liverpool. On arriving at it, some
+troops were being embarked in a ship bound to that place. This was a
+fortunate circumstance for the old hound, as during the bustle he was
+not noticed. He safely arrived at Liverpool, and on his old master, or
+huntsman rather, coming down stairs one morning, he recognised his
+former acquaintance waiting to greet him.
+
+A similar circumstance happened to some hounds sent by the late Lord
+Lonsdale to Ireland. Three of them escaped from the kennel in that
+country, and made their appearance again in Leicestershire.
+
+The love of home, or most probably affection for a particular
+individual, must be strongly implanted in dogs to induce them to
+search over unexplored and unknown regions for the being and home they
+love. Hunger, it might be supposed, would alone stop the ardour of
+their pursuit, and induce them to seek for nourishment and shelter at
+a stranger's door. But such is not the case. Hungry, foot-sore,
+fatigued, and exhausted, the noble and faithful animal presses onward,
+guided by an instinct which man does not possess, and proving the
+strength of his love by his indefatigable and ardent exertions. Poor,
+faithful animal! and is it possible that you are subjected to ill
+treatment, cruelty, and neglect by those who owe you a large debt of
+gratitude? Your exertions procure amusement, your watchfulness and
+fidelity give protection, and neither sickness nor misfortune will
+induce you to forsake the object of your attachment.
+
+But it is time to resume our anecdotes of foxhounds, and the following
+is a proof of the high courage they so often display, as well as
+their emulative spirit.
+
+In drawing a strong covert, a young bitch gave tongue very freely,
+whilst none of the other hounds challenged. The whipper-in rated to no
+purpose, the huntsman insisted she was wrong, and the whip was applied
+with great severity, in doing which the lash most unfortunately took
+the orb of the eye out of the socket. Notwithstanding the excruciating
+pain she must inevitably have laboured under, the poor suffering
+animal again flew to the scent, and exultingly proved herself to be
+right, for a fox having stole away, she broke covert after him
+unheeded, and continued the chase alone. After much delay and cold
+hunting the pack at length hit off the chase. At some distance a
+farmer made a signal with much vehemence to the company, who, upon
+coming up to him, were informed that they were very far behind the
+fox, for that a single hound, very bloody about the head, had passed a
+field from him, and was running breast-high, and that there was little
+chance of getting up to him. The pack, however, at her coming to a
+check, did at length get up, and, after some cold hunting, the bitch
+again hit off the scent, and the fox was killed after a severe run.
+The eye of the poor but high-spirited dog, which had hung pendent
+during the chase, was removed by a pair of scissors after the fox was
+dead.
+
+The following is another instance of the persevering strength and
+spirit of foxhounds:--
+
+A gentleman of the name of Pearson, residing in Essex, had a couple
+and a half of young and newly-entered hounds. One day they
+accidentally followed him in his ride, and strayed into a large covert
+by the roadside, and presently found something which they eagerly
+hunted. After trying a long time to halloo them off, Mr. Pearson
+proceeded to Colchester, where his business detained him some hours.
+Upon his return he heard them in the covert, and found, by some people
+at work by the side of it, that they had continued running during his
+absence, and had driven a fox over the field in which they were at
+work backward and forward several times. Mr. Pearson got as near to
+them as possible, continuing to give them every encouragement. After
+hunting the fox a long time in the covert he at last broke, and was
+killed after a run of some miles. The time these hounds were hunting
+was seven hours. Hounds have even been known to have continued a chase
+for ten hours, great part of the time being hard running. A fox was
+once unkennelled near Boroughbridge in Yorkshire, at twenty-seven
+minutes past nine, and except half-an-hour taken up in bolting him
+from a rabbit-burrow, the hounds had a continued run until fourteen
+minutes past five in the evening, when they killed the fox in good
+style. During this space of nearly eight hours of most severe
+running, several horses died in the field, and others were severely
+injured.
+
+A hound, the property of Mr. Teasdale of Ousby, Cumberland, during a
+storm, took the quest of a fox, which he pursued for the extraordinary
+space of thirty hours, four of which were run within view of some
+miners, who were employed upon Dalton Fell. The dog and fox were at
+that time running round the bottom of a hill. The arch dog, still
+keeping on the side of Reynard which led to his clift in the rock, at
+last came up to him; but being so much exhausted by his toilsome
+chase, he was unable to make him his prey for some time, and they lay
+as if lifeless together. The miners then made up to his assistance;
+but so ardent was his desire to finish Reynard himself, that he would
+not suffer them to come near till he had destroyed him.
+
+A foxhound bitch, in the middle of a chase, was taken in labour, and
+brought forth a puppy. Ardour for the pursuit, united to attachment
+for her progeny, induced her to snatch it up in her mouth, and follow
+her companions, with whom she soon came up, and in this interesting
+situation she continued the whole day,--a discredit to the huntsman,
+and all who joined in the pursuit, to allow the poor animal to undergo
+so violent an exercise under such circumstances.
+
+In order to account for the power of endurance which foxhounds are
+known to possess, it should be mentioned that their strength is very
+great. A well-bred hound has been known to measure as much round the
+arm of the fore-leg as a moderate-sized horse does below the knee. I
+was assured of this fact by a well-known huntsman, and it may serve in
+some measure to account for the following instance of undeviating
+perseverance in a foxhound, related by Mr. Daniel in his Supplement to
+his "Rural Sports."
+
+The circumstance took place in the year 1808, in the counties of
+Inverness and Perth, and perhaps surpasses any length of pursuit known
+in the annals of hunting. On the 8th of June in that year, a fox and
+hound were seen near Dunkeld in Perthshire, on the high road,
+proceeding at a slow trotting pace. The dog was about fifty yards
+behind the fox, and each was so fatigued as not to gain on the other.
+A countryman very easily caught the fox, and both it and the dog were
+taken to a gentleman's house in the neighbourhood, where the fox died.
+It was afterwards ascertained that the hound belonged to the Duke of
+Gordon, and that the fox was started on the morning of the 4th of
+June, on the top of those hills called Monaliadh, which separate
+Badenoch from Fort Augustus. From this it appeared that the chase
+lasted four days, and that the distance traversed from the place where
+the fox was unkennelled to the spot where it was caught, without
+making any allowances for doubles, crosses, &c., and as the crow
+flies, exceeded seventy miles.
+
+It is a curious fact, that if a foxhound is taken for the first time
+into a new and strange country, and he is lost, when he returns to his
+kennel he does so across fields where he had never been before, and
+not by roads along which he had been taken out. A gentleman who kept
+foxhounds had an opportunity of observing this. His house and kennel
+were on the banks of a river, and a new hound accompanied the pack,
+which went across a bridge near the kennel. He was lost, and came back
+over the fields direct upon the kennel, and howled when he arrived on
+the banks of the river. We know but little of the peculiar instinct
+which thus enables dogs to find their way across a strange country.
+
+Let me here give an anecdote that was communicated to me by the
+brother of the gentleman to whom it occurred. This gentleman was a
+rigid Roman Catholic, and his constant companion was a foxhound. As
+soon as the forty days of Lent began, this dog left his master and
+came to the house of my informant, some miles distant, where he found
+food to his liking, and stayed with him during Lent, at the end of
+which he returned to his owner. He must have measured time very
+accurately, and has continued the practice for some years.
+
+In the year 1813 some hounds belonging to his late Majesty, George
+III., were sold to Mr. Walker, of Mitchell Grove, near Worthing. A few
+weeks after their arrival at that place, one couple of them were sent
+in a stage-waggon to Dr. Willis, then living near Stamford in
+Lincolnshire. The wagon went through London, and from thence to Dr.
+Willis's seat. However surprising it may appear, one of these dogs, in
+less than a month after he had left the kennel near Windsor, found his
+way back to it. It might be supposed that in this length of time all
+recollection would have ceased, but such we have seen was not the
+case.
+
+The circumstance which happened to the late Duke of Northumberland's
+pack proves the foxhound's eagerness after his game. In 1796 the
+hounds ran a fox into a very large furze-cover near Alnwick, called
+Bunker's Hill, where he was lost in an earth which no one knew of.
+Upon the dogs coming to the kennel two couple and a half of the best
+of them were missing, and not returning that night, it was thought
+they had found a fox, and had gone off by themselves in pursuit of
+him. Several men were sent in search of them to all the earths and
+crags for twenty miles round, but no tidings could be gained of them.
+The course where the fox was lost was then searched, and the earth
+discovered, and in digging about two yards deep, one dog was found;
+several yards further three more, fast in the ground; and two yards
+deeper the fifth was dug up. They were all dead.
+
+It is well known to those who served in the Peninsular War, that the
+late Lord Hill kept a pack of foxhounds while he commanded a division
+of the army. During a period of repose a fox was unkennelled in the
+neighbourhood of Corja, in Spain. The run was severe for the space of
+thirty minutes, when the fox, being sharply pressed by the leading
+hounds, leaped down a precipice of sixty yards perpendicular. Seven
+couple of the hounds immediately dashed after him, six couple of which
+were killed on the spot. The remainder of the pack (twenty-two couple)
+would probably have shared the same fate, had not the most forward
+riders arrived in time to flog them off, which they did with
+difficulty, being scarcely able to restrain their impetuosity. The fox
+was found at the bottom, and covered with the bodies of the hounds.
+
+I might have hesitated to mention the following fact, had it not been
+witnessed by some well-known sportsmen of the present day.
+
+During a severe chase, and towards the termination of it, when the fox
+was in view, another fox was seen, to the astonishment of the forward
+riders, running in the middle of the pack of hounds, perfectly
+unnoticed by them. It is supposed that the dogs ran over this fox,
+who, finding himself in the midst of them, probably thought it the
+safest and wisest plan he could pursue to continue with them till he
+had an opportunity of making his escape.
+
+In relating anecdotes of foxhounds it is almost unavoidable not to
+mention fox-hunters, and we know not how we can give to our readers a
+better notion of the stirring spirit and devotion to their sport,
+distinguishing them beyond all other sportsmen, than by offering some
+extracts from the pen of the late Colonel Cook, a master of hounds,
+beloved by all who knew him, and venerated by those who hunted with
+him.
+
+Hounds will not work through difficulties, nor will they exert
+themselves in that killing sort of manner when they are out of blood.
+If after all you should, owing to ill-luck and bad weather, be in want
+of it, the best way is to leave an earth open in a country where you
+can spare a fox, and where you can without much trouble dig him, give
+him to the hounds on the earth, and go home. But whatever you do,
+never turn out a bag-fox; it is injurious to your hounds, and makes
+them wild and unsteady: besides, nothing is more despicable, or held
+in greater contempt by real sportsmen, than the practice of hunting
+bag-foxes. It encourages a set of rascals to steal from other hunts;
+therefore keep in mind, that if there were no receivers there would be
+no thieves. What chiefly contributes to make fox-hunting so very far
+superior to other sports is the wildness of the animal you hunt, and
+the difficulty in catching him. It is rather extraordinary, but
+nevertheless a well-known fact, that a pack of hounds, which are in
+sport and blood, will not eat a bag-fox. I remember hearing an
+anecdote (when I was in Shropshire many years ago) of the late Lord
+Stamford's hounds, which I will relate to you as I heard it. Lord
+Forester, and his brother, Mr. Frank Forester, then boys, were at
+their uncle's for the holidays. A farmer came to inform them a fox had
+just been seen in a tree. All the nets about the premises were
+collected, and the fox was caught; but the Squire of Wiley, a
+sportsman himself, and a strict preserver of foxes, sent the fox
+immediately to Lord Stamford by one of his tenants, that he might be
+informed of the real circumstance. The next day the hounds were out,
+and also the Squire's tenant; they had drawn some time without
+finding, when the farmer reminded his Lordship of the fox caught. 'Do
+you think,' said he, 'I will allow my hounds to hunt a bag-fox? I
+should never be forgiven by my huntsman!' At last, after drawing
+several coverts without finding, his Lordship gave his consent (but it
+was to be kept a great secret), and the bag was to be touched upon the
+ground in a line for a covert they were going to draw, to have the
+appearance of a disturbed fox, and the fox to be turned down in it.
+
+On going to covert, a favourite hound, called Partner, feathered on
+the scent. The huntsman exclaimed in ecstacy, 'Old Partner touches on
+him; we shall certainly find in the next covert.' They found the
+bag-fox, and had a tolerable run; but when they killed him, not a
+hound would eat him! 'Now, Sir,' said his lordship to the farmer, 'you
+have deceived the huntsman and the field, but you cannot deceive my
+hounds.'
+
+Next to turning out bag-men, lifting of hounds is the most
+prejudicial. They should seldom be taken 'off their noses,' nothing is
+gained by it in the end; hounds that are seldom lifted will kill more
+foxes in the course of a season than those that frequently are. Some
+years ago, when hunting with the Duke of Grafton's hounds in Suffolk,
+they came to a check all in a moment, at a barn near some cross-roads;
+they were left alone, and made a fling of themselves, in a perfect
+circle, without hitting the scent; many gentlemen exclaimed, 'It is
+all over now, Tom; the only chance you have is to make _a wide cast_.'
+'No,' answered the huntsman, 'if the fox is not in that barn, my
+hounds ought to be hung.'
+
+Dick Foster, the whipper-in, now huntsman to Mr. Villebois (and a very
+good one he is), was ordered to dismount and see if he could discover
+the fox; he returned and said he was _not_ there.' Tom Rose still was
+positive; at last he was viewed on a beam in the barn, and they killed
+him, after a further run of about a mile. I mention this trivial
+circumstance to show you clearly, that if the hounds had been hurried
+up either of the roads on a wide cast, made by an ignorant huntsman,
+the fox would inevitably have been lost.
+
+Were I to have some sporting friends coming to see my hounds in the
+field, I should prefer going away _close at him_ for twenty minutes,
+then a short check, to bring the hounds to a hunting scent, and a
+quick thing at last, and run into him, in order that my friends might
+be convinced the hounds could _hunt_ as well as run; for of this I am
+certain, if they cannot do _both_, they merit not the name of
+foxhounds.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF A FAVORITE FOX-HOUND.]
+
+[Illustration: HOUNDS IN A BATH.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BEAGLE.]
+
+THE BEAGLE.
+
+
+The beagle may be mentioned as a sort of foxhound in miniature, and
+nothing can well be more perfect than the shape of these small dogs.
+But how different are they in their style of hunting! The beagle,
+which has always his nose to the ground, will puzzle for a length of
+time on one spot, sooner than he will leave the scent. The foxhound,
+on the contrary, full of life, spirit, and high courage, is always
+dashing and trying forward. The beagle, however, has extraordinary
+perseverance, as well as nicety of scent, and also a liveliness of
+manner in hunting, which, joined to its musical and melodious note,
+will always afford pleasure to the lovers of the chase, or at least to
+those who are unable to undertake the more exciting sport of
+fox-hunting. In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing
+can be more cheerful than the beagle; and they have been called
+rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly
+qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired.
+
+In the reign of Queen Elizabeth a race of beagles had been bred so
+small, that a pack of them could be carried out to the field in a pair
+of panniers. That Princess is said to have had little _singing
+beagles_, a single one of which could be placed in a man's glove, and
+they probably at this time received the name of _lap-dog_ beagles.
+Dryden, in his "Fables," alludes to these dogs as follows:--
+
+   "The graceful goddess was array'd in green;
+    About her feet were little beagles seen,
+    That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their queen."
+
+Pope also mentions them,--
+
+   "To plains with well-bred beagles we repair,
+    And trace the mazes of the circling hare."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE MASTIFF.]
+
+THE MASTIFF.
+
+    "Great Brittain was so noted for its Mastiffs, that the Roman
+    Emperors appointed an Officer in this Island, with the title of
+    Procurator Cynegii, whose sole business was to breed, and transmit
+    from hence to the Amphitheatre, such as would prove equal to the
+    combats of the place:
+
+               Magnaque taurorum fracturi colla Britanni."
+
+
+This noble dog, which, like the bull-dog, is supposed to be an
+original breed peculiar to this country, is now seldom to be met with
+in its pure state, it having been crossed and recrossed with other
+dogs. Perhaps the finest specimen now to be found is one at
+Chatsworth (where also is to be seen a noble Alpine mastiff). It is a
+dog of gigantic size, of a yellowish colour, with a black muzzle.
+There is also another at Elvaston Castle in Derbyshire, not so large
+as the one at Chatsworth, but apparently of the true breed, and for
+which we believe Lord Harrington gave the sum of fifty guineas.
+
+These dogs are brave, faithful to their trust in an extraordinary
+degree, and have a noble disposition.
+
+Their strength also is very great, and their bark deep and loud. Sir
+Walter Scott's remarks on the character of the dog may be well applied
+to the mastiff,--"The Almighty, who gave the dog to be the companion
+of our pleasures and our toils, hath invested him with a nature noble
+and incapable of deceit. He forgets neither friend nor foe--remembers,
+and with accuracy, both benefit and injury. He hath a share of man's
+intelligence, but no share of man's falsehood. You may bribe a soldier
+to slay a man with his sword, or a witness to take life by false
+accusation, but you cannot make a dog tear his benefactor. He is the
+friend of man, save when man justly incurs his enmity."
+
+The mastiff, indeed, usually shows a remarkable and peculiar warmth in
+his attachments; and, on the other hand, he will evince his dislike in
+the strongest manner. It has been observed of him, that if he is once
+severely corrected or insulted, it is almost impossible to eradicate
+the feeling from his memory, and it is no less difficult to attain a
+reconciliation with him. He seems conscious of his own strength,
+power, and authority, and will seldom condescend to lower his dignity
+by servile fawning; while he appears to consider his services as only
+befitting a trust of the highest importance. He is naturally possessed
+of strong instinctive sensibility, speedily obtains a knowledge of all
+the duties required of him, and discharges them with the most punctual
+assiduity. His vigilance is very striking. He makes regular rounds of
+the premises committed to his care, examines every part of them, and
+sees that everything is in a state of perfect security. During the
+night he will give a signal of his presence by repeated barkings,
+which are increased upon the least cause of alarm. Unlike the
+bull-dog, the mastiff always warns before he attacks. His voice is
+deep and powerful in tone.
+
+Such is the animal of which I now propose to give a few characteristic
+anecdotes.
+
+About the year 1742, a lady, who resided in a lone house in Cheshire,
+permitted all her servants, except one female, to go to a supper and
+dance at a Christmas merry-meeting, held at an inn about three miles
+distant, and kept by the uncle of the maid who had remained in the
+house with her mistress. The servants were not expected back till the
+morning; consequently the doors and windows were, as usual, secured,
+and the lady and her servant were going to bed, when they were
+alarmed by the voice of some persons apparently attempting to break
+into the house. Fortunately a great mastiff dog, named Caesar, was in
+the kitchen, and set up a tremendous barking, which, however, had not
+the effect of intimidating the robbers. The maid-servant distinctly
+heard that the attempt to enter the house was made by the villains
+endeavouring to force a way through a hole under the sunk story in the
+adjoining back-kitchen or scullery. Being a young woman of courage,
+she went towards the spot, accompanied by the dog, and patting him on
+the back, exclaimed, "At him, Caesar!" The dog made a furious attack on
+the person who seemed to be at the hole, and gave something a violent
+shake, when all became quiet, and the animal returned to her with his
+mouth all besmeared with blood. She afterwards heard some little
+bustle outside of the house, which soon was stilled. The lady and
+servant sat up until morning, without farther molestation, when, on
+going into the court, a quantity of blood was found on the outside of
+the wall. The other servants, on their return, brought word to the
+maid that her uncle, the innkeeper, had died suddenly during the
+course of the night--they understood of a fit of apoplexy--and was
+intended to be buried that day. The maid got leave to go to the
+funeral, and was surprised to find the coffin on her arrival screwed
+down. She insisted on taking a last view of the body, which was most
+unwillingly granted; when, to her great surprise and horror, she found
+his death had been occasioned from his throat being torn open. What
+had happened the evening before immediately rushed to her imagination,
+and it appeared too evident to her that she had been the innocent
+cause of her uncle's death; and, upon further inquiry, it was proved
+that he and one of his servants had formed the design of robbing the
+house and murdering the lady, in her unprotected condition, during the
+absence of her servants; but, by the watchfulness and courage of her
+dog, their design was frustrated.
+
+An anecdote is related of a mastiff, who, in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth, when Lord Buckhurst was ambassador at the Court of Charles
+the Ninth, alone and unassisted, successively engaged a bear, a
+leopard, and a lion, and pulled them all down.
+
+Very extraordinary stories have been told of these and some other
+kinds of dogs discovering and circumventing plans to injure the
+persons of their masters, in which it is difficult to place implicit
+credit. We give one of the most marvellous of these anecdotes, as it
+is usually related:--
+
+Sir H. Lee, of Ditchley, in Oxfordshire, ancestor of the late Earls of
+Lichfield, had a mastiff which guarded the house and yard, but had
+never met with any particular attention from his master. In short, he
+was not a favourite dog, and was retained for his utility only, and
+not from any partial regard.
+
+One night, as Sir Harry was retiring to his chamber, attended by his
+favourite valet, an Italian, the mastiff silently followed them
+up-stairs, which he had never been known to do before, and, to his
+master's astonishment, presented himself in the bed-room. Being deemed
+an intruder, he was instantly ordered to be turned out; which, being
+complied with, the poor animal began scratching violently at the door,
+and howling loudly for admission. The servant was sent to drive him
+away. Discouragement, however, could not check his intended labour of
+love; he returned again, and was more importunate to be let in than
+before. Sir Harry, weary of opposition, though surprised beyond
+measure at the dog's apparent fondness for the society of a master who
+had never shown him the least kindness, and wishing to retire to rest,
+bade the servant open the door, that they might see what he wanted to
+do. This done, the mastiff, with a wag of the tail, and a look of
+affection at his lord, deliberately walked up, and crawling under the
+bed, laid himself down, as if desirous to take up his night's lodging
+there.
+
+To save farther trouble, and not from any partiality for his company,
+this indulgence was allowed. The valet withdrew, and all was still.
+About the solemn hour of midnight the chamber door opened, and a
+person was heard stepping across the room. Sir Harry started from
+sleep; the dog sprung from his covert, and seizing the unwelcome
+disturber, fixed him to the spot. All was dark: Sir Harry rang his
+bell in great trepidation, in order to procure a light. The person
+who was pinned to the floor by the courageous mastiff roared for
+assistance. It was found to be the favourite valet, who little
+expected such a reception. He endeavoured to apologise for his
+intrusion, and to make the reasons which induced him to take this step
+appear plausible; but the importunity of the dog, the time, the place,
+the manner of the valet, raised suspicions in Sir Harry's mind, and he
+determined to refer the investigation of the business to a magistrate.
+
+The perfidious Italian, alternately terrified by the dread of
+punishment and soothed by the hope of pardon, at length confessed that
+it was his intention to murder his master, and then rob the house.
+This diabolical design was frustrated solely by the unaccountable
+sagacity of the dog and his devoted attachment to his master. A
+full-length picture of Sir Harry, with the mastiff by his side, and
+the words, "More faithful than favoured," is still preserved among the
+family pictures.
+
+Presentiments of approaching danger, such as those now related, are to
+be traced only to the animal's close observation and watchful jealousy
+of disposition. Looks, signs, and movements are noticed by him which
+escape an ordinary observer. The idea that dogs have presentiments of
+death, and howl on such occasions, is a superstition now all but
+vanished.
+
+In October 1800, a young man going into a place of public
+entertainment at Paris, was told that his dog (a fine mastiff) could
+not be permitted to enter, and he was accordingly left with the guard
+at the door. The young man was scarcely entered into the lobby, when
+his watch was stolen. He returned to the guard, and prayed that his
+dog might be admitted, as, through his means, he might discover the
+thief: the dog was suffered to accompany his master, who intimated to
+the animal that he had lost something; the dog set out immediately in
+quest of the strayed article, and fastened on the thief, whose guilt
+on searching him was made apparent: the fellow had no less than six
+watches in his pocket, which being laid before the dog, he
+distinguished his master's, took it up by the string, and bore it to
+him in safety.
+
+At the castle of a nobleman in Bohemia, a large English mastiff was
+kept, that never failed to go every Sunday to the village church. The
+other dogs in the neighbourhood used to follow him thither, so that
+the church was often full of these animals. This being considered a
+nuisance, orders were given by the magistrates, at one of the petty
+courts held for regulating the affairs of the village, that the
+inhabitants should be enjoined to keep all their dogs locked up every
+Sunday during the time of divine service. The magistrate who presided
+in this court said, in a loud and authoritative tone of voice, "I will
+suffer no dogs in the church; let me not see one there in future." The
+mastiff happened to be lying under the table in the court when these
+words were spoken, to which he appeared to listen with great
+attention. On the ensuing Sunday the dog rose at an early hour, ran
+from house to house through the village, barking at the windows, and
+at last took his station before the church-door, to see whether any of
+his companions would venture to approach it, notwithstanding the
+prohibition. Unfortunately one of them appeared. The mastiff
+immediately fell upon him with the utmost fury, bit him to death, and
+dragged him out into the street. He continued in the same manner for
+several subsequent Sundays to stand sentinel, without ever entering
+the church.
+
+Captain Brown gives an interesting instance of the gentleness of a
+mastiff towards a child. He says that a large and fierce mastiff,
+which had broken his chain, ran along a road near Bath, to the great
+terror and consternation of those whom he passed. When suddenly
+running by a most interesting boy, the child struck him with a stick,
+upon which the dog turned furiously on his infant assailant. The
+little fellow, so far from being intimidated, ran up to him, and flung
+his arms round the neck of the enraged animal, which instantly became
+appeased, and in return caressed the child. It is a fact well known,
+that few dogs will bite a child, or even a young puppy. Captain Brown
+adds, that he possesses a mastiff, which will not allow any one of his
+family to take a bone from him except his youngest child.
+
+A chimney-sweeper had ordered his dog, a mastiff crossed with a
+bull-dog, to lie down on his soot-bag, which he had placed
+inadvertently almost in the middle of a narrow back-street in the town
+of Southampton. A loaded coal-cart passing by, the driver desired the
+dog to move out of the way. On refusing to do so, he was scolded, then
+beaten, first gently, and afterwards with a smart application of the
+cart-whip, but all to no purpose. The fellow, with an oath, threatened
+to drive over the dog, and he did so, the faithful animal endeavouring
+to arrest the progress of the wheel by biting it. He thus allowed
+himself to be killed sooner than abandon his trust.
+
+A mastiff-dog, who owed more to the bounty of a neighbour than to his
+master, was once locked by mistake in the well-stored pantry of his
+benefactor for a whole day, where milk, butter, bread, and meat,
+within his reach, were in abundance. On the return of the servant to
+the pantry, seeing the dog come out, and knowing the time he had been
+confined, she trembled for the devastation which her negligence must
+have occasioned; but, on close examination, it was found that the
+honest creature had not tasted of anything, although, on coming out,
+he fell on a bone that was given to him, with all the voraciousness of
+hunger.
+
+These dogs are alive to injuries, and not slow in resenting them.
+
+A carrier had a mastiff remarkable for his sagacity. It happened
+unfortunately one day, that one of the waggon-horses trod accidentally
+upon him in the yard. The dog became furious, and would have attacked
+the horse had he not been prevented. It was usual for the dog to
+remain with the horses at night in the stable. After the men had
+retired, the mastiff selected out the animal which had trod upon him,
+and, no doubt, would have put an end to his existence, had not the
+carters, who were at hand, hearing an unusual noise, come to his
+assistance.
+
+The widow of a farmer had two mastiffs, which, from their fierceness,
+rendered some precaution necessary in approaching the house. Their
+mistress was taken suddenly ill and died, and in the afternoon of her
+death the benevolent wife of the clergyman of the parish called to see
+if she could render any assistance. After knocking in vain at the
+front door, she went to the back of the house with fear and trembling.
+On entering the kitchen, to her dismay she saw the two dogs on the
+hearth. They appeared, however, to be sensible of what had taken
+place, for they only lifted up their heads mournfully, looked at the
+intruder, and resumed their former attitude.
+
+My neighbour, Mr. Penrhyn, has two noble mastiffs of the Lyme breed,
+which I believe is now nearly extinct. It is probably, however,
+preserved by Thomas Leigh, Esq. of Lyme Park, in Cheshire, who has
+also the wild breed of cattle, now only, I believe, found at Lyme
+Park, and at Chillington, in Yorkshire, the seat of Lord Tankerville.
+There is a story current at Lyme Park, that some years ago a dog of
+the breed in question, whilst walking with the steward in the park,
+took offence at one of the wild bulls, and would instantly have
+attacked it, but was with difficulty restrained by the steward. The
+dog returned home, evidently bearing the offence in mind, and the next
+morning, the steward, seeing him covered with blood, suspected
+something amiss, and on going into the park, found that not only the
+bull, but two cows had been worried by him.
+
+A mastiff belonging to a tanner had taken a great dislike to a man,
+whose business frequently brought him to the house. Being much annoyed
+at his antipathy and fearful of the consequences, he requested the
+owner of the dog to endeavour to remove the dislike of the animal to
+him. This he promised to do, and brought it about in the following
+manner, by acting on the noble disposition of the dog. Watching his
+opportunity, he one day, as if by accident, pushed the dog into a well
+in the yard, in which he allowed it to struggle a considerable time.
+When the dog seemed to be getting tired, the tanner desired his
+companion to pull it out, which he did. The animal, on being
+extricated, after shaking himself, fawned upon his deliverer, as if
+sensible that he had saved his life, and never molested him again. On
+the contrary he received him with kindness whenever they met, and
+often accompanied him a mile or two on his way home.
+
+A personal friend of the writer's, some time since, on a visit at a
+gentleman's house in the country, was taking a moonlight walk through
+the shrubbery and pleasure-grounds, when he was startled by a noise
+behind him; on turning his head, he perceived a large mastiff, which
+was ordinarily let loose as evening closed, and which had tracked him
+through the grounds. The dog with a fierce growl roughly seized him;
+our friend wisely deemed passive obedience and non-resistance the most
+prudent if not the most courageous part for him to play, and was
+unceremoniously led back through the grounds to the hall-door; here he
+was relieved by the master of the house. Subsequently assured that he
+had no cause to fear, he repeated his walk; the dog was again at his
+side, but walked quietly with him, and acknowledged in the usual way
+his words of conciliation. On these instances of sagacity (sagacity of
+a kind very different from that displayed by the shepherd's dog or the
+setter) there needs no comment.
+
+A gentleman in Ireland had a mastiff which was kept to guard his
+premises. A small dog, belonging to a poor man who came to the house
+on business, had barked at and annoyed him, but he was obliged to
+submit to the insult at the time with sullen patience, as his chain
+prevented him from taking any immediate revenge. A few evenings
+afterwards, however, he contrived to escape from the back-yard, and
+immediately made his way to the cabin of the cur's master. Finding the
+door open, _more Hibernicorum_, he entered without even a premonitory
+growl, to the dismay of the humble inmates, who were eating their
+supper of potatoes and milk, seized the offender, and killed it.
+
+Another mastiff behaved in a very different manner. He had also been
+annoyed by a little cur as he passed along the streets, which he bore
+with great patience for a long time; at last his persecutor became so
+troublesome that he could bear it no longer. He, therefore, one day
+caught his contemptible adversary by the neck, carried him to the edge
+of a wharf, and dropped him gently into the water.[S]
+
+The instinctive appreciation of the nature of property as shown in
+dogs is exemplified in the following instance:--A lady at Bath,
+walking out one day, was impeded in her progress by a strange mastiff
+dog. She became alarmed, and at the same time perceived that she had
+lost her veil. Upon retracing her steps, the dog went on before her,
+till the lost article was discovered; and as soon as it was picked up,
+the animal hastened after his own master.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BULL-DOG.]
+
+THE BULL-DOG.
+
+    "The heroes of a bull-fight, and the champions of a cock-fight, can
+    produce but few, if any, disciples brought up under their tuition,
+    who have done service to their country, but abundant are the
+    testimonies which have been registered at the gallows of her devoted
+    victims, trained up to the pursuits of bull-baiting."--DR. BARRY.
+
+
+The bull-dog has been called the most courageous animal in the world.
+He is low in stature, although remarkably deep-chested, strong, and
+muscular. From the projection of his under jaw, which occasions his
+teeth always to be seen, and from his eyes being distant from each
+other, and somewhat prominent, he has an appearance which would
+prevent a stranger from attempting any familiarity with him. He is,
+however, a dog capable of strong attachment to his master, whom he is
+at all times ready to defend. His strength is so great, that in
+pinning a bull, one of this breed of dogs has been known, by giving a
+strong muscular twist of his body, to bring the bull flat on his side.
+In consequence also of his strength, high courage, and perseverance, a
+bull-dog has gone a greater distance in swimming than any other dog
+has been known to do.
+
+It is universally known amongst the lovers of bull-dogs, that when
+once exasperated by an opponent or encouraged by the owner, no pain or
+punishment will induce him to swerve from his purpose, or in the least
+relax the violence of his endeavours to subdue whatever may be the
+object of his dislike or resentment. Amidst the many instances which
+might be adduced in support of this assertion, we shall notice one
+which is well-authenticated. Some years since, when bull-baiting was
+more common than in the present improved state of civilization, a
+juvenile amateur, at an entertainment of this kind in the north of
+England, confident in the courage and purity of blood in his bull-dog,
+laid a wager "that he would at four distinct intervals deprive the
+animal of one of his feet by amputation, and that after every
+individual deprivation he should still attack the bull with his
+previous ferocity; and that, lastly, he should continue to do so upon
+his stumps." Shocking as the recital must prove to the feelings of
+every reader, the experiment was made, and the dog continued to seize
+the bull with the same eagerness as before. In a match which was made
+for the purpose, one of these animals fought and beat two powerful
+Newfoundland dogs.
+
+It must be a matter of congratulation to every humane person, that the
+barbarous and cruel custom of bull-baiting no longer exists in this
+country. That it tended to brutalize the working classes, whatever its
+advocates may have stated to the contrary, cannot be doubted. In the
+part of Staffordshire in which I formerly resided, and where the
+custom was extremely prevalent, idleness, drunkenness and profligacy,
+were conspicuous amongst those who kept bull-dogs. Even females might
+be seen at a bull-baiting, in their working dresses as they came out
+of a factory, their arms crossed and covered with their aprons,
+standing to enjoy the sport, if such it could be called.
+
+The breed of dogs kept by the persons referred to was said to be of
+the purest kind, and large sums were frequently given for them. Lord
+Camelford purchased one for eighty guineas; forty and fifty pounds was
+no uncommon price for one. These dogs would appear to have a natural
+antipathy to the bull, as puppies will attack them when only a few
+months old, and if permitted to continue the combat, will suffer
+themselves to be destroyed rather than relinquish the contest. A
+well-bred dog always attacks the bull in front, and endeavours to
+seize on the lip as the most sensitive part.
+
+A nobleman had a favourite bull-dog, which was his constant companion
+in his carriage to and from his seat in Scotland for many years. The
+dog was strongly attached to his master, and was gentle and
+inoffensive. As he grew old, it was determined to leave him in London.
+The carriage came to the door, his master entered it, and drove
+off, taking another dog for his companion. The packing--the
+preparations--had all been witnessed by the faithful bull-dog, who was
+evidently aware that he had been deserted by the only being he loved.
+From that moment he became melancholy. He refused to eat, and
+notwithstanding all the care taken of him, he pined and died.
+
+A bull-dog, not many years since, saved a shipwrecked crew by towing a
+rope from the vessel to the shore, after two fine Newfoundland dogs
+had perished in the attempt. This success may be attributed to his
+indomitable courage, which prevented him from giving up his exertions
+while life remained.
+
+I remember many years ago hearing of some robberies, which took place
+by means of a bull-dog in the neighbourhood of London, one of which
+was near my own residence. A gentleman in riding home one winter's
+evening, had one of the hocks of his horse seized, as he was trotting
+along the road, by a bull-dog, who kept his hold, and brought the
+horse to the ground. A man then came up, and robbed the gentleman of
+his purse.
+
+It was common in Staffordshire, before young dogs were able to cope
+with a bull, to practise them with a man, who stood proxy for the
+bull. On one occasion of this sort, Mr. _Deputy_ Bull being properly
+staked, began to perform his part by snorting and roaring lustily. The
+dog ran at him, but was repulsed,--the courage of the animal, however,
+increased with every struggle, and at last he seized his biped
+antagonist by the cheek, who, with rueful countenance, endured it for
+some time, till at length he was compelled to cry out to his companion
+to take the dog off; but he, unwilling to damp the courage of his
+_eleve_, vociferated, "_Woot_ spoil the pup, _mun_?--let 'em taste
+_bloode_ first!"
+
+Bull-dogs are now much less common than they were. A cross breed
+between them and a good terrier is said to produce better fighters and
+harder biters than the pure bull-dog. If one of these dogs is crossed
+with a greyhound, the offspring is found to be too courageous, and
+from this cause in attacking deer they have been frequently killed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE DALMATIAN OR COACH-DOG.
+
+
+This dog, says Mr. Bewick, has been erroneously called the Danish dog
+by some authors, and by Buffon the harrier of Bengal; but his native
+country is Dalmatia, a mountainous district on the Adriatic coast. He
+has been domesticated in Italy for upwards of two centuries, and is
+the common harrier of that country.
+
+The Dalmatian is also used there as a pointer, to which his natural
+propensity more inclines him than to be a dog of the chase: he is said
+to be easily broken, and to be very staunch. He is handsome in shape,
+something between the British foxhound and English pointer; his head
+more acute than that of the latter, and something longer: his general
+colour white, and his whole body and legs covered with small
+irregular-sized black or reddish-brown spots. The pure breed has
+tanned cheeks and black ears. He is much smaller than the large Danish
+dog. A singular opinion prevailed at one time in this country, that
+this beautiful dog was rendered more handsome by having his ears
+cropped: this barbarous fancy is now fast dying away.
+
+The only use to which this elegant dog is applied is as an attendant
+upon a carriage, for which the symmetry of his form and beauty of his
+skin peculiarly fit him. He familiarises readily with horses, and is
+therefore invariably entrusted to the stables. A most erroneous notion
+has long prevailed that neither this nor the great Danish dog has the
+sense of smell. They have been indiscriminately called the Coach-dog.
+
+Mr. Dibdin, in his "Tour through England," says, "I took with me last
+summer one of those spotted dogs called Danish, but the breed is
+Dalmatian. It was impossible for anything to be more sportive, yet
+more inoffensive, than this dog. Throughout the mountainous parts of
+Cumberland and Scotland his delight was to chase the sheep, which he
+would follow with great alertness even to the summits of the most
+rugged steeps; and when he had frightened them, and made them scamper
+to his satisfaction (for he never attempted to injure them), he
+constantly came back wagging his tail, and appearing very happy at
+those caresses which we, perhaps absurdly, bestowed upon him.
+
+"About seven miles on this side of Kinross, in the way from Stirling,
+he had been amusing himself playing these pranks, the sheep flying
+from him in all directions, when a black lamb turned upon him, and
+looked him full in the face; he seemed astonished for an instant, but
+before he could rally his resolution, the lamb began to paw and play
+with him. It is impossible to describe the effect this had upon him;
+his tail was between his legs, he appeared in the utmost dread, and
+slunk away confused and distressed: presently his new acquaintance
+invited him, by all manner of gambols, to be friendly with him. What a
+moment for Pythagoras or Lavater! Gradually overcoming his fears, he
+accepted this brotherly challenge, and they raced away together, and
+rolled over one another like two kittens. Presently appeared another
+object of distress. The shepherd's boy came to reclaim his lamb; but
+it paid no attention except to the dog, and they were presently at a
+considerable distance. We slackened our pace for the convenience of
+the boy, but nothing would do; we could no more call off the dog than
+he could catch the lamb. They continued sporting in this manner for
+more than a mile and a half. At length, having taken a circuit, they
+were in our rear; and after we had crossed a small bridge, the boy
+with his pole kept the lamb at bay, and at length caught him; and
+having tied his plaid round him, it was impossible for him to escape.
+Out of fear of the boy, and in obedience to us, the dog followed
+reluctantly; but the situation of the lamb all this time cannot be
+pictured; he made every possible attempt to escape from the boy, even
+at the risk of tumbling into the river, rather than not follow the
+dog. This continued till the prospect closed, and we had lost sight of
+our new ally, whose unexpected offer of amity to the Dalmatian seemed
+ever after to operate as a friendly admonition, for from that day he
+was cured of following sheep."
+
+Lord Maynard, some years since, lost a coach-dog in France, which he
+in vain endeavoured to find. He returned to England, where he had not
+long arrived before the dog appeared; but the mode of his return
+remained for ever unexplained, though it is more than probable that
+the dog's sagacity, when he had made his escape from confinement,
+prompted him to go to the sea-coast, where he found means to get on
+board some vessel bound for the opposite shore.
+
+The late Mr. Thomas Walker, of Manchester, had a small Dalmatian dog,
+which was accustomed to be in the stable with two of his
+carriage-horses, and to lie in a stall with one of them, to which he
+was particularly attached. The servant who took care of the horses was
+ordered to go to Stockport (which is distant about seven miles), upon
+one of the horses, and took the one above mentioned (the favourite of
+the dog), with him, and left the other with the dog in the stable;
+being apprehensive lest the dog, which was much valued by his master,
+should be lost upon the road. After the man and horse had been gone
+about an hour, some person coming accidentally into the stable, the
+dog took the opportunity of quitting his confinement, and immediately
+set off in quest of his companion. The man, who had finished the
+business he was sent upon, was just leaving Stockport, when he was
+surprised to meet the dog he had left in the stable, coming with great
+speed down the hill into the town, and seemed greatly rejoiced to meet
+with his friendly companion, whom he had followed so far by scent. The
+friendship between these animals was reciprocal; for the servant,
+going one day to water the carriage-horses at a large stone trough,
+which was then at one end of the exchange, the dog as usual
+accompanying them, was attacked by a large mastiff, and in danger of
+being much worried, when the horse (his friend), which was led by the
+servant with a halter, suddenly broke loose from him, and went to the
+place where the dogs were fighting, and with a kick of one of his
+heels struck the mastiff from the other dog clean into a cooper's
+cellar opposite; and having thus rescued his companion, returned
+quietly with him to drink at the conduit.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT DANISH DOG.
+
+
+Buffon was of opinion that this variety, which is chiefly found in
+Denmark, Russia, and Northern Germany, is only the Matin (the usual
+sheep-dog of France) transported into a northern latitude. The colour
+of this dog is generally white, marked all over his body with black
+spots and patches, in general larger than those of the Dalmatian, of
+which some have supposed him to be a congener. His ears are for the
+most part white, while those of the Dalmatian are usually black.
+
+The great Danish dog is a fine sprightly animal, but is of little use
+either for sporting or watching. Like the Dalmatian, he is chiefly
+used in this country as an attendant on carriages, to which he forms
+an elegant appendage.
+
+Mr. Johnson, a traveller from Manchester, on his route through
+Scotland on horseback, was benighted, and coming to a small
+public-house on the road, he thought it better to take up his
+lodgings there, if possible, than to proceed further that night. On
+entering the house, he found only an old woman, who, to his inquiries,
+answered she would accommodate him with a bed, and provide for the
+horse in a small shed, if he would assist her in carrying hay and
+litter, as there was no other person then in the house. This was
+readily agreed to by Mr. Johnson, who, after having done so, and taken
+a little refreshment, was shown by the old woman to his bedroom.
+
+A large Danish dog, which accompanied him on his journey, offered to
+go up to the room with him, which the old woman strongly objected to,
+but Mr. Johnson firmly persisted in having him admitted. The dog, on
+entering the room, began to growl, and was altogether very unruly. His
+master in vain attempted to quiet him,--he kept growling and looking
+angrily under the bed, which induced Mr. Johnson to look there
+likewise, when, to his utter astonishment, he saw a man concealed at
+the farther end. On encouraging the dog, he sprang immediately at him,
+whilst Mr. Johnson seized his pistols, and presenting one at the
+stranger, who had a large knife in his hand, and was struggling with
+the dog, declared he would instantly shoot him if he made further
+resistance. The man then submitted to be bound, and acknowledged that
+his intention was to rob and murder Mr. Johnson, which was thus
+providentially prevented by the wonderful sagacity of his faithful
+dog. Mr. Johnson, after securely binding the man and fastening the
+door, went (accompanied by his dog) to the shed where his horse was
+left, which he instantly mounted, and escaped without injury to the
+next town, where he gave to a magistrate a full account of the
+murderous attempt, and the culprit was taken into custody and
+afterwards executed.
+
+A gamekeeper belonging to the castle of Holstein (in Denmark),
+returned one evening from a long and fatiguing chase, and deposited
+the game in the larder, without being aware that he had locked up his
+dog at the same time. Business of importance unexpectedly called him
+away immediately afterwards, and he did not return for five days;
+when, mindful of his game, he went to the larder, and beheld his dog
+stretched dead at the door. The gamekeeper stood extremely affected;
+but what were his sensations, when he saw on the table eleven brace of
+partridges, and five grouse untouched! This admiration increased his
+grief, when he found the poor dog had suffered starvation rather than
+transgress his duty.
+
+At a convent in France, twenty paupers were served with a dinner at a
+certain hour every day. A matin dog belonging to the convent did not
+fail to be regularly present at this repast, to receive the scraps
+which were now and then thrown to him. The guests, however, were poor
+and hungry, and of course not very wasteful, so that their pensioner
+did little more than scent the feast, of which he would fain have
+partaken. The portions were served by a person at the ringing of a
+bell, and delivered out by means of what in religious houses is termed
+a _tour_--a machine like the section of a cask, that, by turning round
+on a pivot, exhibits whatever is placed on the concave side, without
+discovering the person who moves it. One day this dog, who had only
+received a few scraps, waited till the paupers were all gone, took the
+rope in his mouth, and rang the bell. His stratagem succeeded. He
+repeated it the next day with the same good fortune. At length the
+cook, finding that twenty-one portions were given out instead of
+twenty, was determined to discover the culprit. In doing which he had
+no great difficulty; for, lying in wait, and noticing the paupers as
+they came for their different portions, and that there was no intruder
+except the dog, he began to suspect the truth; which he was confirmed
+in when he saw the animal continue with great deliberation till the
+visitors were all gone, and then pull the bell. The matter was related
+to the community; and to reward him for his ingenuity, the dog was
+permitted to ring the bell every day for his dinner, on which a mess
+of broken victuals was always afterwards served out to him.
+
+
+
+
+THE CUR DOG.
+
+
+Almost every dog which is cross-bred is ranked as a cur dog or
+mongrel, but that which is specially described by Youatt, is the
+shepherd's dog crossed with the terrier, and is nearly smooth; but he
+is considerably longer in the legs in proportion to the size of his
+body, is stronger in the make, has half-pricked ears, is generally
+black and white, although sometimes all black, and has rather a short
+tail. In the north of England and southern counties of Scotland great
+attention is paid to the breeding of this dog, and to breaking him in
+for driving and tending cattle, which he does with great intelligence;
+indeed his sagacity in everything is uncommonly great, and he is very
+trusty. These dogs bite very keenly, and always make their attack at
+the heels of cattle, who, on this account, having no defence against
+them, are quickly compelled to run.
+
+The cur has long and somewhat deservedly obtained a very bad name as a
+bully and a coward; and certainly his habit of barking at everything
+that passes, and flying at the heels of the horse, renders him often a
+very dangerous nuisance. He is, however, valuable to the cottager; he
+is a faithful defender of his humble dwelling; no bribe can seduce him
+from his duty; and he is a useful and an effectual guard over the
+clothes and scanty provisions of the labourer, who may be working in
+some distant part of the field. All day long he will lie upon his
+master's clothes seemingly asleep, but giving immediate warning of the
+approach of a supposed marauder. He has a propensity, when at home, to
+fly at every horse and every strange dog; and of young game of every
+kind there is not a more ruthless destroyer than the village cur.
+
+The following story is strictly authentic:--"Not long ago a young man,
+an acquaintance of Lord Fife's coachman, was walking, as he had often
+done, in his lordship's stables at Banff. Taking an opportunity when
+the servants were not regarding him, he put a bridle into his pocket.
+A Highland cur that was generally about the stables observed the
+theft, and immediately began to bark at him; and when he got to the
+stable door would not let him pass, but held him fiercely by the leg
+to prevent him. As the servants had never seen the dog act thus
+before, and the same young man had been often with them, they could
+not imagine what could be the reason of the dog's conduct. However,
+when they perceived the end of a valuable bridle peeping out of the
+young man's pocket they were able to account for it, and on his giving
+it up the dog let go his hold and allowed him to pass."
+
+"I recollect," says Mr. Hall, "when I passed some time at the Viscount
+Arbuthnot's at Hatton, in the parish of Marykirk, one of his
+lordship's estates, that when the field-servants went out one morning
+they found a man whom they knew, and who lived a few miles' distance,
+lying on the road a short way from the stable with a number of
+bridles, girths, &c. &c. near him, and the house-dog, which was of the
+Highland breed, lying also at his ease, holding the seat of the man's
+breeches in his mouth. The man confessed his crime, and told them that
+the log had struggled with him, and held him in that position for
+five hours; but that immediately after the servants came up he let go
+his hold."
+
+The following anecdote is well known. In London, a few years since, a
+box, properly directed, was sent to a merchant's shop to lie there all
+night, and be shipped off with other goods next morning. A dog, which
+accidentally came into the shop with a customer, by smelling the box,
+and repeatedly barking in a peculiar way, led to the discovery that it
+did not contain goods, but a fellow who intended to admit his
+companions and plunder the shop in the night-time.
+
+John Lang, Esq., deputy-sheriff of Selkirk, had a female cur big with
+pups, which on one occasion, when out in the fields attending the
+cattle, was taken in travail, and pupped on the moor. She concealed
+her litter in a whin-bush, brought the cattle home at the usual time
+with the utmost care, and, having delivered her charge, returned to
+the moor and brought home the puppies one by one. Mr. Lang, with that
+humanity which marks his character, preserved the whole litter, that
+he might not give the least cause of pain to so faithful and so
+affectionate an animal.
+
+In Lambeth Church there is a painting of a man with a dog on one of
+the windows. In reference to this, we learn by tradition that a piece
+of ground near Westminster Bridge, containing one acre and nineteen
+roods (named Pedlar's Acre), was left to this parish by a pedlar, upon
+condition that his picture, and that of the dog, should be
+perpetually preserved on painted glass on one of the windows of the
+church, which the parishioners have carefully performed. The time of
+this gift was in 1504, when the ground was let at 2_s._ 8_d._ per
+annum; but in the year 1762 it was let on lease at 100_l._ per year,
+and a fine of 800_l._; and is now worth more than 250_l._ yearly. The
+reason alleged for the pedlar's request is, that being very poor, and
+passing the aforementioned piece of ground, he could by no means get
+his dog away, which kept scratching a particular spot of earth, until
+he attracted his master's notice; who going back to examine the cause,
+and pressing with his stick, found something hard, which, on a nearer
+inspection, proved to be a pot of gold. With part of this money he
+purchased the land, and settled in the parish; to which he bequeathed
+it on the conditions aforesaid.
+
+"It was with pleasure," observes Mr. Taylor, in his "General Character
+of the Dog," "that I watched the motions of a grateful animal
+belonging to one of the workmen employed at Portsmouth dockyard. This
+man had a large cur dog, who regularly every day brought him his
+dinner upwards of a mile. When his wife had prepared the repast, she
+tied it up in a cloth, and put it in a hand-basket; then calling
+Trusty (for so he was properly named), desired him to be expeditious,
+and carry his master's dinner, and be sure not to stop by the way. The
+dog, who perfectly well understood his orders, immediately obeyed, by
+taking the handle of the basket in his mouth, and began his journey.
+It was laughable to observe that, when tired by the way, he would very
+cautiously set the basket on the ground; but by no means would suffer
+any person to come near it. When he had sufficiently rested himself,
+he again took up his load, and proceeded forward until he came to the
+dock gates. Here he was frequently obliged to stop, and wait with
+patience until the porter, or some other person, opened the door. His
+joy was then visible to every one. His pace increased; and with
+wagging tail, expressive of his pleasure, he ran to his master with
+the refreshment. The caresses were then mutual; and after receiving
+his morsel as a recompense for his fidelity, he was ordered home with
+the empty basket and plates, which he carried back with the greatest
+precision, to the high diversion of all spectators."
+
+Some years since, a distiller, who lived at Chelsea, in Middlesex, had
+a middle-sized brown cur dog, crossed with the spaniel, which had
+received so complete an education from the porter, that he was
+considered a very valuable acquisition. This porter used generally to
+carry out the liquors to the neighbouring customers in small casks,
+tied up in a coarse bag, or put in a barrow; and whenever the man
+thought proper to refresh himself (which was frequently the case), he
+would stop the barrow, and calling Basto (which was the dog's name),
+in a very peremptory manner bid him mind the bag; and away he went to
+drink; and frequently left the barrow in the middle of the street.
+Basto always rested near his trust, and sometimes apparently asleep;
+which induced many idle people, who, seeing a bag in the road without
+an owner, to attempt stealing the same. But no sooner had they
+endeavoured to decamp with the prize, than this vigilant creature flew
+at them with such outrage, as obliged them immediately to relinquish
+the undertaking; and glad were they to escape with a few bites and
+whole bones, and leave the tempting bait to catch other dishonest
+rogues, as it had done them.
+
+One day, a person having particular business with the master, which
+required dispatch, went to the distillery adjoining the
+dwelling-house, thinking it very likely he might meet him there giving
+orders to the servant; and finding the outward door open, walked into
+the still-room: but no sooner had he gone a few steps than a fierce
+growl assailed his ears, and almost imperceptibly he was pinioned by
+fear to the wall. The affrighted person called loudly for help; but
+the family being at the other part of the house, his cries were
+fruitless. The generous animal, however, who had the frightened man
+close in custody, scorned to take a mean advantage of his situation by
+recommencing hostilities. He remained perfectly quiet, unless the
+delinquent attempted to stir--he then became as furious as ever; so
+that the prisoner prudently remained like a statue fixed against the
+wall, while Basto, like a sentinel on his post, kept a strict guard,
+lest he should escape before the family arrived. In about twenty
+minutes the master, in coming from the parlour to the counting-house,
+beheld the prisoner, and Basto walking backwards and forwards beside
+him. The dog, by a thousand gesticulations, seemed to wish a proper
+explanation might take place. The master laughed heartily at the poor
+fellow's expense, as did he likewise when liberated; but he had ever
+after the prudence, when business brought him to the house, to ring
+loudly at the door, notwithstanding it frequently stood wide open.
+
+A carrier on his way to Dumfries had occasion to leave his cart and
+horse upon the public road, under the protection of a passenger and
+his dog Trusty. Upon his return, he missed a led horse belonging to a
+gentleman in the neighbourhood, which he had tied to the end of a
+cart, and likewise one of the female passengers. On inquiry he was
+informed that, during his absence, the female, who had been anxious to
+try the mettle of the pony, had mounted it, and that the animal had
+set off at full speed. The carrier expressed much anxiety for the
+safety of the young woman, casting at the same time an expressive look
+at his dog. Trusty observed his master's eye, and aware of its
+meaning, instantly set off in pursuit of the pony, which he came up
+with soon after he had passed the first toll-bar on the Dalbeattie
+road; when he made a sudden spring, seized the bridle, and held the
+animal fast. Several people having observed the circumstance, and the
+perilous situation of the girl, came to her relief. The dog, however,
+notwithstanding their repeated endeavours, would not quit his hold of
+the bridle; and the pony was actually led into the stable with the
+dog, till such time as the carrier should arrive. Upon the carrier
+entering the stable, Trusty wagged his tail in token of satisfaction,
+and immediately relinquished the bridle to his master.
+
+A short time ago a large cur, belonging to a gentleman at Richmond, in
+Yorkshire, accidentally fell into a well, and for the moment he gave
+him up as lost. But as a sort of desperate effort to save the dog, he
+directed a boy to let down a rope he had into the well, in the hope
+that possibly it might catch around his leg or neck. No sooner,
+however, did the rope come within reach, than the dog seized it with
+his teeth, and the parties above finding it had secured him, began to
+draw up; when, about half-way up, he lost his hold and fell back.
+Again the rope was let down, and again the dog seized it, and he was
+drawn nearly to the mouth of the well; when his bite gave way, and the
+third time he fell into the water. Once more the rope was let down,
+and this time the dog took so thorough a hold, that he was brought
+triumphantly up; and when set down in safety, shook the water from his
+hair, and wagged his tail, apparently as proud of the exploit as the
+other parties were gratified with it.
+
+
+
+
+THE LURCHER.
+
+
+This variety is smaller than the greyhound, with its limbs stronger
+and shorter, the head less acute, with short, erect, and half-pricked
+ears: the whole body and tail are covered with rough coarse hair; it
+is grizzly about the muzzle, of a pale sand-colour, or iron-grey, and
+of sullen aspect.
+
+The lurcher is supposed to have been originally a cross between the
+greyhound and the shepherd's dog, re-crossed with the terrier; hence
+the quickness of his scent, his speed, and intelligence. The habits of
+this dog lead him to concealment and cunning, and he is seldom found
+in the possession of honourable sportsmen. He is often employed by
+poachers in killing hares and rabbits in the obscurity of night; and
+when taken to the warren, he lies squat, or steals out with the utmost
+precaution, and on seeing or scenting the rabbits, darts upon them
+with exceeding quickness or runs them down at a stretch, without
+barking or making the least noise. He is trained to bring the booty to
+his master, who often waits at some distance to receive it. One of
+these dogs will kill a great many rabbits in the course of a night.
+Col. Hamilton Smyth says, "The lurcher occasionally makes great havoc
+among sheep and deer, and acquires the wild scent of game. Sometimes
+these dogs become feral, when their owners happen to be captured and
+imprisoned. They have been regularly hunted with hounds, but seldom
+destroyed, because when the chase came up with them, the pack seemed
+to be surprised at finding that it was only a dog they had followed.
+At other times, however, when a lurcher had snapped up, or attacked
+the game the pack was hunting, the dogs on coming up have torn him to
+pieces, as if he had been a wild beast."
+
+Bewick says that in his time this breed was so destructive that it was
+proscribed, and is now almost extinct. "I have seen a dog and bitch of
+this kind," he observes, "in the possession of a man who had formerly
+used them for the purpose above described. He declared, that by their
+means he could procure in an evening as many rabbits as he could carry
+home."
+
+"In the year 1809," says Capt. Brown, "I resided for some time on Holy
+Island, coast of Northumberland, and had occasion one day to be in
+Berwick at an early hour. I left the island on horseback at low-water,
+by moonlight. When I reached Goswick-warren, I came upon two men
+sitting by the side of a turf-dyke. I spoke to them; and while I was
+in the act of doing so, a dog of this breed approached with a rabbit
+in his mouth, which he laid down and scampered off. Being convinced
+they were engaged in rabbit-stealing, I entered into conversation
+respecting the qualities of their dogs, which I was anxious to learn;
+and upon my declaring that I was a stranger, and that I would not
+divulge their delinquency, they readily gave me a detail of them.
+They had scarcely commenced when another dog made his appearance with
+a rabbit, and laid it down, but did not, like his companion, make off
+when he had done so. One of the men said to him, 'Go off, sir,' when
+he immediately left them; and he told me he was a young dog, little
+more than a year old. They informed me, that such was the keenness of
+the older dog, and another which had shortly before died, for hunting
+rabbits and hares, that they would frequently go out of their own
+accord, when it was inconvenient for their owners to attend them, and
+that they invariably fetched in a hare or rabbit. Indeed, their ardour
+was such, that they would sometimes go to a rabbit-warren, at a
+distance of eight miles from their dwelling, in pursuit of game; in
+consequence of which it became necessary for their masters to chain
+them every night when they did not accompany them in this pursuit. The
+dogs never attempted to leave home during the day, for which reason
+they were allowed to go at full liberty. When the men intended on an
+evening to hunt rabbits, they threw down the sacks in which they
+carried their booty in a corner of their house, when the dogs lay down
+beside them, and would not stir till their masters took them up. These
+dogs scarcely ever barked, except on the way either to or from this
+plunder; on which occasions they always preceded their owners about
+fifty yards. If they met any person coming, they invariably made a
+noise, but never were known to bite any one. I asked them if this was
+an instinctive property, and they informed me they were trained to it.
+As they found it necessary in various places to leave the highway to
+avoid villages, their dogs never failed to quit the road at the very
+places where they usually deviated, although at that distance before
+them. Sometimes one of the dogs would return back to the party while
+on the road, and wag his tail, but they seldom or never did so
+together; and if he showed a desire to remain by his master, the
+latter had only to say, 'Go on, sir,' when he set off at full speed to
+his post as one of the advanced guard. During the time I was
+conversing with them these dogs brought in seven rabbits."
+
+The following curious relation, in which a lurcher signalised himself
+characteristically but fatally, we had from a sporting clergyman of
+one of the midland counties. A gentleman kept a pack of
+five-and-twenty couple of good hounds, among which were some of the
+highest-bred modern foxhounds, and some as near to the old bloodhound
+as could be procured. They were high-fed and underworked; of course,
+somewhat riotous. One day, after a sharp run of considerable length,
+in which the whole field, huntsman, whipper-in, and all, were suddenly
+thrown out, Reynard, in running up a hedgerow, was espied by a
+lurcher, accompanying the farmer his master. The dog instantly ran at
+the chase; and being fresh, chopped upon it as he would have done upon
+a rabbit or hare. The fox turned and fought bravely; and whilst the
+farmer was contemplating with astonishment this singular combat, he
+was destined to behold a spectacle still more remarkable. The hounds
+arrived in full cry, and with indiscriminate fury tore both the
+combatants to pieces; the whipper-in, and the proprietor of the pack,
+and two or three gentlemen the best mounted, arriving in time to whip
+the dogs off, obtain the brush, and pick up some scattered remnants of
+the limbs and carcase of the poor lurcher.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAN DOG.
+
+
+This variety, which seems almost extinct, is lighter, smaller, and
+more active than the mastiff, from which he is descended by a cross
+with the foxhound. He is not nearly so powerful a dog as the former,
+but is more fierce in his natural disposition; and from his descent
+possesses a finer sense of smelling. His hair is rougher, generally of
+a yellowish or sandy grey, streaked with shades of black, or brown,
+and semi-curled over his whole body, excepting his legs, which are
+smooth. Although he generally attacks his adversary in front, like the
+mastiff and bull-dog, it is not his invariable practice, for, he is
+sometimes seen to seize cattle by the flank. His bite, says Bewick, is
+keen and dangerous.
+
+Two near neighbours in the county of Suffolk, a tanner and a farmer,
+entertained great friendship for each other, and kept up a close
+intimacy by frequent visits. The tanner had a large ban-dog for
+watching his yard, which, from some unknown cause, had conceived such
+an inveterate hatred to the farmer, that he could not go with safety
+to call on his friend when the dog was loose, and on this account the
+tanner loaded him with a heavy clog, that he might not be able to fly
+at him.
+
+As the farmer and one of his ploughmen were going about the grounds
+together one day, the latter espied at a distance something on a
+stile. As they drew near, they perceived it was the tanner's dog,
+which, in attempting to leap the wall, had left the clog on the other
+side, and was thereby almost strangled. The ploughman, knowing the
+enmity which the dog had to his master, proposed to despatch him by
+knocking him on the head; but the latter was unwilling to kill a
+creature which he knew was useful to his friend. Instead of doing so,
+he disengaged the poor beast, laid him down on the grass, watched till
+he saw him recover so completely as to be able to get up on his legs,
+and then pursued his walk. When the farmer returned to the stile, he
+saw the dog standing by it, quite recovered, and expected an attack;
+but, to his great astonishment, the creature fawned upon him, and
+expressed his gratitude in the most lively manner; and from that time
+to the day of his death he attached himself to his benefactor, and
+never could be prevailed upon to go back to his former master.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FEEDING HOUNDS.]
+
+ON THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGS.
+
+_Gathered from various authorities by H. G. Bohn._
+
+
+A few words may not be out of place here on the feeding and management
+of dogs. For all else which concerns Canine Science the reader cannot
+do better than consult, among modern works, "Youatt on the Dog,"
+"Blaine's Canine Pathology," the article "Dog" in the Encyclopaedia
+Britannica or Penny Cyclopaedia, "Hutchinson on Dog-Breaking,"
+"Radcliffe on Fox-Hunting," "Mayhew on the Dog," or, "Colonel Hamilton
+Smith on Dogs," forming two of the vols. of Jardine's Naturalists'
+Library.
+
+The natural food of the dog is flesh, and it is found that those in a
+wild state prefer it to every other kind of nutriment, but as raw meat
+engenders ferocity, it should not be given too freely, especially to
+house-dogs and such as are not actively exercised. The dog can subsist
+on many kinds of food, and it is a curious fact, that when fed
+entirely on flesh he will sometimes get lean; because, as has been
+well observed, it is not on what animals eat that they thrive, but on
+what they digest. The diet of sporting dogs in full work should, it is
+said by some, consist of at least two-thirds of flesh, with a
+judicious mixture of farinaceous vegetables; but there is great
+diversity of opinion on this subject, and in France they are fed
+almost exclusively on soaked bread. Dogs, it is generally said, should
+have free access to fresh water, and the pans be cleaned out daily;
+but some feeders, we are told, and it seems strange, limit the supply
+of water, and substitute moistened food. A piece of rock brimstone
+kept in the pan will be found useful.
+
+Although the dog is naturally a voracious animal, he can endure hunger
+for a very great length of time, and be brought by habit to subsist on
+a very scanty meal. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences it is
+stated, that a bitch which was forgotten in a country-house, where she
+had access to no other nourishment, lived forty days on the wool of an
+old mattress which she had torn to pieces and digested.
+
+An extraordinary instance of a similar kind occurred with a terrier
+bitch, named Gipsy. One day, when following her master through a
+grass-park near Gilmerton, it happened that she started a hare. During
+the pursuit her master suddenly lost sight of her, and in a few days
+she was considered either killed or lost. Six weeks afterwards a
+person happening to look down an old coal-pit, was surprised to hear a
+dog howling. He lost no time in returning to the village, and having
+procured a hand-basket, let it down by a rope into the shaft; the dog
+immediately leapt into it, and on being brought to the surface, proved
+to be Gipsy, worn to perfect skin and bone. How she had existed in
+this subterranean abode, and what she had found to support her there,
+it is impossible to tell.
+
+Stag-hounds, fox-hounds, harriers, and beagles, are generally fed on
+oatmeal,--some add well-boiled flesh to it once in two days,--and the
+older the meal is the better. Store sufficient for twelve or eighteen
+months' consumption ought, therefore, always to be kept by those who
+have a pack; and before used should be well dried, and broken into
+grits, but not too fine. It is best kept in bins in a granary, well
+trodden down. Some persons are in the habit of using barleymeal
+unprepared, but this is thought by many to be less nutritious. Others
+are of opinion that oatmeal and barleymeal in equal proportions form a
+preferable food. In either case the meal should be made into porridge,
+with the addition of a little milk, and occasionally the kitchen
+offal, such as remnants of butchers' meat, broth, and soups, the
+raspings and refuse of bakers' shops, or hard, coarse, sea-biscuit
+(sold as dog-biscuit), well soaked and boiled with bullocks' liver or
+horseflesh.
+
+Well-boiled greens--or mangel-wurzel boiled to a jelly--are an
+excellent addition to the food of all dogs, and may be given twice
+a-week; but they ought to be discontinued during the shooting-season
+with pointers, setters, cockers, and greyhounds; and also during the
+hunting season with foxhounds, harriers, and beagles, as they are apt
+to render the bowels too open for hard work.
+
+Flesh for dogs should be first thoroughly boiled and then taken out
+before the oatmeal is added to the broth, and left to cool. Indeed,
+some feeders think that the food of a dog should always be perfectly
+cold. At any rate, care must be taken not to serve it out "too hot,"
+although, in general, dogs are sagacious enough not to scald
+themselves, as we see in Landseer's exquisite little picture on the
+opposite page.
+
+Dogs which are hard worked are by some said to be the better for
+having two meals a-day--a very light one of mixed food in the morning
+before going out, and a full meal, principally of flesh, on their
+return in the evening; but, as a general rule, one good meal a day,
+towards the evening, is sufficient, and they may be left to pick up
+what they can: indeed the dealers never give more than one meal a-day.
+Bones to pick may be allowed them occasionally, but hard bones in
+excess are likely to wear and damage the teeth. Nothing is better than
+paunch, tripe, or good wholesome horse or cow-flesh, boiled, and the
+liquor mixed well with oatmeal porridge; the quantity of each about
+equal. If horse or cow-flesh is not to be had, graves, in moderate
+quantity and well scalded, are a tolerable, though not very desirable,
+substitute. They are generally broken small, mixed with about one-half
+the quantity of oatmeal, then thoroughly soaked in boiling water, and
+well stirred; or, a better way still is to boil them together like
+porridge.
+
+Dogs, like men, require a change of food, and it has been strongly
+asserted that barleymeal and oatmeal, without change, predisposes to
+cutaneous disease, and even produces it; therefore, a judicious
+feeder, like a good cook, will contrive to vary his bill of fare.
+Porridge and milk, dog-biscuit, farinaceous food, the scraps of the
+kitchen, the offal of bullocks or sheep, which should be well boiled,
+make an excellent variety;--but we would by no means recommend too
+frequent a repetition of the latter food. Potatoes are also good, and
+although not so nutritious, or easy of digestion, as oatmeal, are less
+heating.
+
+Care should be taken never to present more to a dog than he will eat
+with a good appetite; and when oatmeal and barleymeal are given mixed,
+the former should first be boiled for twenty minutes, and then the
+latter added, and boiled only for about eight or ten minutes. This
+meal should, however, never be given in the hunting season, as it is
+too heating, and occasions the dogs to be perpetually drinking. Their
+food ought, as a general rule, to be given to them pretty thick, as
+thin porridge does not stay the stomach so well. The feeding-troughs
+for hounds should be sufficiently wide at the bottom and carefully
+cleaned out and scalded with hot water every second day.
+
+During the hunting season hounds should have sulphur mixed up with
+their mess once a-week, in the proportion of 3 drachms to each. At the
+end of the season the same quantity of sulphur should be given, with
+the addition of 11/2 drachms of antimony. After a hard day's work a meal
+of horse-flesh may be given them, as fresh-killed as possible, or
+bullocks' paunches or sheeps' trotters, all of which should be well
+boiled.
+
+_Greyhounds_ should be fed principally on animal food, such as sheeps'
+trotters or neats' feet, boiled or stewed down and mixed with bread,
+and given moderately in the morning and afternoon, (the dog never
+being allowed on any occasion to eat a great quantity at once,) or on
+other hand meat, as it will enlarge and strengthen the muscular fibre
+without increasing the cellular tissue and adipose substance, which
+has an invariable tendency to affect their breathing. The butchers'
+meat should be of the best quality, and not over-fat, as greasy
+substances of all kinds are apt to render the body gross and the skin
+diseased. After they have been coursed they should be well brushed, a
+little oil being used in the operation.
+
+The kennels of greyhounds should be kept comfortably warm and dry, be
+frequently replenished with dry and clean straw, and properly
+ventilated. Indeed, nothing is more essential to the health and
+efficiency of all dogs than pure air and cleanliness. Their beds
+should, if possible, be placed on a wooden bench, or at least on some
+dry position. On attention to cleanliness depends, in some degree, the
+dog's exquisite sense of smelling; for, if accustomed to strong or
+disagreeable effluvia, he will be but ill-adapted to trace the fall of
+a deer, or scent of a fox. Indeed, even animal food too freely given
+is said to have a prejudicial effect upon the nose of a sporting dog.
+
+A dog employed in watching premises should not be needlessly exposed
+to the damp or cutting night winds; but placed in as dry and sheltered
+a situation as possible. If kept in the dwelling-house he should have
+a place appropriated to his night's rest; this may be an open box, or
+a basket, with a piece of carpet or blanket, or clean straw at the
+bottom: if either of the former it should be often beaten, to free it
+from fleas or nits, which soon infest it, and frequently washed and
+dried.
+
+Damp is exceedingly injurious to dogs, and is very likely to produce
+diseased lungs, rheumatism, and lameness in the shoulder and limbs.
+
+To the preceding instructions, for which the compiler is chiefly
+indebted to the works of Capt. Thomas Brown, Youatt, and Blaine, and
+to the practical information obtained from Mr. Herring of the New
+Road, and Mr. William George, an extensive dog-fancier at Kensall New
+Town, may be appropriately subjoined a lively chapter from the recent
+work of Mr. Francis Butler, a leading American authority on the
+subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It is more important to understand the management of a dog, than to
+be possessed of a thousand nominal remedies for the cure of his
+various ailments; inasmuch as the antidote is at all times preferable
+to the cure.
+
+"I shall first throw out a few hints on the Management of Pets. Whilst
+many are sacrificed for lack of necessary attendance, there are
+thousands who perish prematurely from overdoses of kindness. Delicate
+breeds of dogs certainly require great care and attention in rearing;
+but overstrained tenderness is often more dangerous than culpable
+neglect. The dear little creature that is allowed to lay under the
+stove, is stuffed with delicacies two or three times a-day, and is
+never allowed to breathe the fresh air, except under a cloudless sky,
+is more subject to colds, fits, rheumatism, sore eyes and ears, worms,
+&c., than the worthless mongrel which was raised on the street,
+neglected and despised. The tenderly-nursed pet is affected by every
+change of atmosphere, and subjected to a variety of diseases unknown
+to the dog that has been hardened from his birth. I ask you, then,
+neither to stuff nor starve; neither to chill nor burn.
+
+"A house-pet should always have a sleeping-place allotted to him, warm
+and comfortable, not near the fire, nor in the damp. Anything round is
+best for an animal to lay in; such as a tastefully ornamented box. In
+cold weather it should not be larger than to contain him comfortably.
+It is best for the following reasons: he may keep himself perfectly
+warm, and his bed may be made exactly to fit him; it also takes up
+less available space than any other shape. He should never be fed to
+the full; neither excited to eat when he appears disinclined. Lack of
+appetite, so common to pampered favourites, is generally the result of
+an overloaded stomach and disordered digestion. This is easily cured
+by medicine, but more safely and simply without it. Fast him for
+twenty-four hours; after which, keep him on half his ordinary
+allowance. If this agrees with him, and he keeps in fair condition,
+continue the regimen.
+
+"Nursing in the lap is injurious; not in itself, but the animal is
+thereby subjected to constant chills, in emerging from a snoozy
+warmth to a cold carpet or chilly bed. A dog accustomed to the lap is
+always shivering after it, and renders himself quite troublesome by
+his importunate addresses. A moderate share of nursing is well enough,
+but should be indulged in only as an occasional treat. Great care
+should be taken in the washing of delicate dogs. When this operation
+is performed, they should be rubbed perfectly dry; after which they
+should be covered, and remain so till the shivering has completely
+subsided.[T] The water should be only blood-warm; it is far better
+than hot, and not so likely to give the animal cold. Injudicious
+washing and bad drying are productive of running sore eyes, more
+especially visible in white poodles, where the hair is long and
+woolly, retaining the moisture.
+
+"Once a fortnight is often enough to wash any dog but a white one.
+Washing has very little effect in the destruction of vermin. Fleas can
+live some time under water; which I have often thought only makes them
+bite the harder and stick the closer, when reanimated from their
+temporary torpidity. If 'Butler's Mange Liniment and Flea
+Exterminator' cannot be obtained, the animal may be well sodden with
+soft soap and washed about ten minutes after. This cannot be done with
+safety, except in warm weather. In cold weather, the comb may be used
+immediately after the application of the soap, as the fleas will then
+be too stupid to effect their escape. 'Butler's Liniment' destroys all
+vermin instantaneously, without risk of injuring the animal; and the
+quadruped may be rinsed one minute after. No flea will remain alive;
+the skin will be thoroughly cleansed, and the coat beautified. Dogs
+should never be allowed to suffer the torment imposed on them by these
+detestable vermin. If the owners could only realise the importance of
+ridding them of these ever-noisome pests, there would be far less of
+snappishness, mange, fits, &c. I have seen animals literally worried
+to death by fleas, perfectly exhausted from incessant irritation, at
+last worn to a skeleton, and gradually extinguished by a creeping
+consumption. Besides, who (for his own personal comfort), would not
+rid his immediate vicinity of a worthless mob of blood-suckers
+awaiting the first favourable opportunity of regaling themselves on
+human blood? If your dog lie on straw, burn it once a week, as fleas
+harbour and propagate in the tubes of the straw. If the bed be carpet,
+or anything similar, let it be often cleansed or changed. Vermin
+revel in filth, and their extirpation depends mainly on cleanliness.
+
+"By attending to the general health of a dog, much disease may be
+avoided; indeed, this is far more essential than prescriptions for a
+cure. It is very easy to carry off a slight indisposition by gentle
+purgatives and a reformed diet: whilst confirmed disease is often
+difficult to combat, as few of the canine race can have the advantages
+which are ofttimes essential to their restoration. The eyes, the nose,
+the gums, the hair, the breath, should be carefully noted. The eyes
+may be red or pale, sunken or protruded; the nose may be hot, or dry,
+or matted with dirt; the gums may be pale, &c. It will require but
+little experience to discover a disorganisation, which may be easily
+detected by him who has noticed the healthful appearance of the
+different parts and their variation under indisposition.
+
+"If you are in the habit of keeping your dog on the chain, let him at
+least run a few minutes every day. If he be kept indoors, he should
+also be allowed a little daily exercise outside. Change of air[U] and
+diet will sometimes renovate when all remedies fail: a change from
+city to country, from greasy meat to fresh milk, from a confined yard
+to the green fields, will generally recruit him without the aid of
+medicine. Nature (to whom physicians are so deeply indebted for so
+many wonderful restorations), often effects a cure unaided, which
+might have defied the efforts of Apothecaries' Hall.
+
+"In summer, particularly, be careful to provide a supply of fresh
+water and a cool shelter from the sun. Never take your dog out during
+the intense heat of the day; this is very apt to produce fits, often
+resulting in sudden death. Early in the morning is preferable for
+summer exercise.
+
+"The kennel should be located in a shady spot during the summer; in
+winter it should be sheltered from the wind, and so placed as to
+enable the dog to enjoy the sunshine at will. Above all things, never
+chain a dog where he cannot screen himself from the sun's rays. He
+must have the option of sunshine or shade. He should not be allowed to
+drink water that has been standing in the sun, or is otherwise
+damaged. If you should chance to forget to feed him for forty-eight
+hours, he would not run as much risk of injury, as during three hours
+of thirst in hot weather. There should be a piece of joist under each
+end of the dog-house, to keep it off the ground, in order to avoid
+dampness. In summer an excavation, two or three feet in depth, should
+be made under it, and left open at both ends, that the animal may have
+a cool retreat during the heat. Those who do not object to a trifling
+expense, may have the house posted on a large paving-stone, with an
+excavation under it, as before recommended. All burrowing animals seek
+the earth in hot weather. Everything on the surface is heated; their
+own instinct dictates the most reasonable method of sheltering
+themselves from the heat, at the same time absorbing the cool
+exhalations from the ground. In southern climates, especially, this
+method is all important. In this manner I have kept dogs from the
+polar regions, in comparative comfort, whilst many native-born and
+neglected have been scalded into fits, paralysis, rabies, or
+hydrophobia.
+
+"In the hot season, with young dogs, raw meat should be avoided,
+except it be quite fresh, and then they should not be over-fed,
+especially if debarred of abundant exercise, and excluded from their
+own natural medicine, grass. A dog will often thrive better on raw
+meat than on any other food, and will grow larger; but he should be
+fed with discretion, and his health attended to, should his diet
+visibly disagree with him.[V] He will grow fatter and be more healthy
+on moderate meals than if overgorged. The better plan is to ascertain
+his average consumption, and then allow him a little less. Keep his
+digestion in good order, and disease will rarely trouble him. His coat
+and ribs will generally indicate whether he be sufficiently cared for,
+whether he be sick or sound in his digestive organs; feed him always
+in the same place, and at the same hour: once a day is sufficient, if
+he be over six months old. By being fed only once a day he is less
+choice, and will consume what he might refuse, if his appetite were
+dulled by a previous meal.
+
+"Should you require your dog to be watchful at night, feed him in the
+morning; if you would have him quiet at night, feed him late, and
+don't leave him bones to gnaw. Dogs are pretty quiet, during the
+digestive process, when left to themselves, and should not have much
+exercise after a heavy meal. They should only be lightly fed before
+training-lessons, or on sporting days; on the latter occasions a
+little refreshment may be administered as occasion may require. Those
+kept in-doors should be allowed to run a little after meals, when they
+generally require an evacuation.
+
+"If a dog be regularly exercised he will seldom even soil around his
+kennel, and a healthy house pet is rarely troublesome, except after
+eating. If a dog be uncleanly in the house, he should decidedly be
+broken of it, although it would be useless to correct him unless he
+has a fair opportunity of avoiding it. He should be invariably taken
+to the spot, be sufficiently twigged there, and unceremoniously
+scolded into the yard. The punishment will be far more justly
+administered if the animal be let out at regular intervals; this being
+done he will not attempt to infringe the law, except in cases of dire
+necessity.
+
+"I am satisfied as a general rule, that a well-amalgamated mixture of
+animal and vegetable is the most healthful diet for dogs of all ages,
+breeds, and conditions. Dogs living in the house should on no account
+be fed on raw meat, as it gives them a very offensive smell, and is in
+other respects very unsuitable."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Daniel's "Rural Sports."
+
+[B] Daniel's "Rural Sports."
+
+[C] Thornton's "Instincts."
+
+[D] "Sportsman's Cabinet."
+
+[E] Ballet, in his "Dissertations sur la Mythologie Francaise," shows
+that this popular story of the dog of Montargis is much older than the
+time of Charles V.; and that Albericus, an old monkish chronicler,
+records it as happening in the reign of Charlemagne, anno 780.
+
+[F] See the entire poem in Tomkins' "Beauties of English Poetry."
+18mo. 1847.
+
+[G] "I fear this is a sad geological anachronism; however, I cannot
+but hope that the Irish wolf-dog will yet be found in some cavern,
+associated with the prototypes of Ireland's earliest heroes who
+peopled the land soon after it emerged from the deep,
+
+                'Great, glorious, and free,
+    First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea.'"
+
+[H] O'Keefe, "Wicklow Gold Mines."
+
+[I] A similar instance of canine intelligence will be found in p. 51
+of the present volume.
+
+[J] "The Sportsman's Cabinet."
+
+[K] Tenbeia portus est Cambriae meridionalis, ubi Belgarum colonis a
+rege, ut fertur, Henrico primo locata est. Horum posteri a
+circumjacente Celticae originis populo lingua etiam nunc omnino
+discrepant.
+
+[L] Infinitivo, quem vocant, hoc in ier desinente solus credo, inter,
+melioris notae, quos habemus, elegorum scriptores usus est Catullus:
+sed qualis ille Poeta! sed quantus in omni genere Latini carminis et
+artifex elegantiae et magister!
+
+[M] His master's pocket-book, with which Tippo, the only living
+creature saved from the wreck, came ashore.
+
+[N] See Bewick's "Quadrupeds," p. 306, 1st ed.
+
+[O] A celebrated portrait painter, and Secretary to the Scottish
+Academy of Painting. This gentleman also excelled in the portraits of
+animals.
+
+[P] "Sometimes the members or domestics of the convent have been
+sufferers in their efforts to save others. On the 17th of December,
+1825, three domestics of the convent with two dogs descended to the
+vacherie, on the Piedmontese side of the mountain, and were returning
+with a traveller, when an avalanche overwhelmed them. All perished
+except one of the dogs, which escaped by its prodigious strength,
+after having been thrown over and over. Of the poor victims, none were
+found until the snow of the avalanche had melted in the returning
+summer, when the first was discovered on the 4th of June, and the last
+on the 7th of July."
+
+[Q] Mrs. Grosvenor, now of Richmond, Surrey.
+
+[R] For other instances of speaking dogs see _ante_, p. 49.
+
+[S] In p. 147 a similar anecdote has been recorded of a Newfoundland
+dog and a spaniel; and in p. 221 an instance is given of the revenge
+taken by a Colley on a tailor's dog.
+
+[T] Or if the weather be fine and warm they may run out and dry
+themselves.--Ed.
+
+[U] Sea-air, however, especially during long sea-voyages, perhaps in
+connexion with salt meat, has been known to produce the distemper in
+dogs.--Ed.
+
+[V] House-dogs fed on raw meat, bones, and liver, soon become
+offensive neighbours; the more so in proportion to their want of
+outdoor exercise.--Ed.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+                                      PAGE
+
+    BAN DOG                            479
+    BEAGLE                             438
+    BLOODHOUND                         250
+    BULL DOG                           454
+    BULL-DOG TERRIER                    16
+
+    COACH DOG                          459
+    COLLEY (SCOTCH)                    185
+    CUR DOG                            466
+
+    DALMATIAN                          459
+    DANISH DOG                         463
+    DEER-HOUND                         119
+
+    ESQUIMAUX DOG                      353
+
+    FOXHOUND                           421
+
+    GREYHOUND                          367
+    GREYHOUND (PERSIAN)                380
+
+    LURCHER                            475
+
+    MASTIFF                            440
+    MATIN (FRENCH)                     465
+
+    NEWFOUNDLAND DOG               67, 133
+
+    OTTER TERRIER                      361
+
+    POINTER                            383
+    POODLE                             331
+    PUG DOG                            412
+
+    ST. BERNARD DOG                    240
+    SETTER                             400
+    SHEPHERD'S DOG                     185
+    SPANIEL                        77, 300
+    STAG-HOUND                         116
+
+    TERRIER                        20, 264
+    TURNSPIT                           418
+
+    WATER SPANIEL                      300
+    WOLF DOG (IRISH AND HIGHLAND)  85, 107
+
+
+London:--Printed by G. BARCLAY, Castle St. Leicester Sq.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Anecdotes of Dogs, by Edward Jesse
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANECDOTES OF DOGS ***
+
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