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+Project Gutenberg's The Future of the American Negro, by Booker T. Washington
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Future of the American Negro
+
+Author: Booker T. Washington
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2008 [EBook #26507]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this
+text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant
+spellings and other inconsistencies.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE FUTURE OF
+
+  THE AMERICAN NEGRO
+
+
+  Booker T. Washington
+
+
+  Boston
+  Small, Maynard & Company
+  1900
+
+  _Copyright, 1899,
+  By Small, Maynard & Company_
+  (_Incorporated_)
+
+
+  _Entered at Stationers' Hall_
+
+
+  _First Edition (2,000 copies), November, 1899_
+  _Second Edition (2,000 copies), February, 1900_
+
+
+  _Press of
+  George H. Ellis, Boston, U.S.A._
+
+
+[Illustration: Booker T. Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+_In giving this volume to the public, I deem it fair to say that I
+have yielded to the oft-repeated requests that I put in some more
+definite and permanent form the ideas regarding the Negro and his
+future which I have expressed many times on the public platform and
+through the public press and magazines._
+
+_I make grateful acknowledgment to the "Atlantic Monthly" and
+"Appleton's Popular Science Monthly" for their kindness in granting
+permission for the use of some part of articles which I have at
+various times contributed to their columns._
+
+                                        BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.
+
+  TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE,
+       TUSKEGEE, ALA., October 1, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Chapter I.                                                        Page 3
+
+  First appearance of Negroes in America--Rapid
+  increase--Conditions during Civil War--During the reconstruction.
+
+Chapter II.                                                      Page 16
+
+  Responsibility of the whole country for the Negro--Progress in
+  the past--Same methods of education do not fit all cases--Proved
+  in the case of the Southern Negro--Illustrations--Lack of
+  money--Comparison between outlay for schools North and
+  South--Duty of North to South.
+
+Chapter III.                                                     Page 42
+
+  Decadence of Southern plantation--Demoralization of Negroes
+  natural--No home life before the war--Too much classical
+  education at the start--Lack of practical training--
+  Illustrations--The well-trained slaves now dead--Former
+  plantations as industrial schools--The decayed plantation built
+  up by a former slave--Misunderstanding of industrial education.
+
+Chapter IV.                                                      Page 67
+
+  The Negroes' proper use of education--Hayti, Santo Domingo, and
+  Liberia as illustrations of the lack of practical training--
+  Present necessity for union of all forces to further
+  the cause of industrial education--Industrial education not
+  opposed to the higher education--Results of practical training so
+  far--Little or no prejudice against capable Negroes in business
+  in the South--The Negro at first shunned labor as degrading--
+  Hampton and Tuskegee aim to remove this feeling--The South
+  does not oppose industrial education for the Negroes--
+  Address to Tuskegee students setting forth the necessity
+  of steadfastness of purpose.
+
+Chapter V.                                                      Page 106
+
+  The author's early life--At Hampton--The inception of the
+  Tuskegee School in 1881--Its growth--Scope--Size at
+  present--Expenses--Purposes--Methods--Building of the
+  chapel--Work of the graduates--Similar schools beginning
+  throughout the South--Tuskegee Negro Conference--The Workers'
+  Conference--Tuskegee as a trainer of teachers.
+
+Chapter VI.                                                     Page 127
+
+  The Negro race in politics--Its patriotic zeal in 1776--In
+  1814--In the Civil War--In the Spanish War--Politics attempted
+  too soon after freedom--Poor leaders--Two parties in the South,
+  the blacks' and the whites'--Not necessarily opposed in
+  interests--The Negro should give up no rights--The same tests for
+  the restriction of the franchise should be applied alike to both
+  blacks and whites--This is not the case--Education and the
+  franchise--The whites must help the blacks to pure votes--Rioting
+  and lynching only to be stopped by mutual confidence.
+
+Chapter VII.                                                    Page 157
+
+  Difficulty of fusion--Africa impossible as a refuge because
+  already completely claimed by other nations--Comparison of Negro
+  race with white--Physical condition of the Negro--Present lack of
+  ability to organize--Weaknesses--Ability to work--Trustworthiness
+  Desire to rise--Obstructions put in the way of Negroes'
+  advancement--Results of oppression--Necessity for encouragement
+  and self-respect--Comparison of Negroes' position and that
+  of the Jews--Lynching--Non-interference of the North--
+  Increase of lynching--Statistics of numbers, races, places,
+  causes of violence--Uselessness of lynching in preventing
+  crime--Fairness in carrying out the laws--Increase of crime among
+  the Negroes--Reason for it--Responsibility of both races.
+
+Chapter VIII.                                                   Page 200
+
+  Population--Emigration to the North--Morality North and
+  South--Dangers: 1. incendiary advice; 2. mob violence; 3.
+  discouragement; 4. newspaper exaggeration; 5. lack of education;
+  6. bad legislation--Negroes must identify with best interests of
+  the South--Unwise missionary work--Wise missionary work--
+  Opportunity for industrial education--The good standing of
+  business-educated Negroes in the South--Religion and
+  morality--Justice and appreciation coming for the Negro
+  race as it proves itself worthy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+In this volume I shall not attempt to give the origin and history of
+the Negro race either in Africa or in America. My attempt is to deal
+only with conditions that now exist and bear a relation to the Negro
+in America and that are likely to exist in the future. In discussing
+the Negro, it is always to be borne in mind that, unlike all the other
+inhabitants of America, he came here without his own consent; in fact,
+was compelled to leave his own country and become a part of another
+through physical force. It should also be borne in mind, in our
+efforts to change and improve the present condition of the Negro, that
+we are dealing with a race which had little necessity to labour in its
+native country. After being brought to America, the Negroes were
+forced to labour for about 250 years under circumstances which were
+calculated not to inspire them with love and respect for labour. This
+constitutes a part of the reason why I insist that it is necessary to
+emphasise the matter of industrial education as a means of giving the
+black man the foundation of a civilisation upon which he will grow and
+prosper. When I speak of industrial education, however, I wish it
+always understood that I mean, as did General Armstrong, the founder
+of the Hampton Institute, for thorough academic and religious training
+to go side by side with industrial training. Mere training of the hand
+without the culture of brain and heart would mean little.
+
+The first slaves were brought into this country by the Dutch in 1619,
+and were landed at Jamestown, Virginia. The first cargo consisted of
+twenty. The census taken in 1890 shows that these twenty slaves had
+increased to 7,638,360. About 6,353,341 of this number were residing
+in the Southern States, and 1,283,029 were scattered throughout the
+Northern and Western States. I think I am pretty safe in predicting
+that the census to be taken in 1900 will show that there are not far
+from ten millions of people of African descent in the United States.
+The great majority of these, of course, reside in the Southern States.
+The problem is how to make these millions of Negroes self-supporting,
+intelligent, economical and valuable citizens, as well as how to bring
+about proper relations between them and the white citizens among whom
+they live. This is the question upon which I shall try to throw some
+light in the chapters which follow.
+
+When the Negroes were first brought to America, they were owned by
+white people in all sections of this country, as is well known,--in
+the New England, the Middle, and in the Southern States. It was soon
+found, however, that slave labour was not remunerative in the Northern
+States, and for that reason by far the greater proportion of the
+slaves were held in the Southern States, where their labour in raising
+cotton, rice, and sugar-cane was more productive. The growth of the
+slave population in America was constant and rapid. Beginning, as I
+have stated, with fourteen, in 1619, the number increased at such a
+rate that the total number of Negroes in America in 1800 was
+1,001,463. This number increased by 1860 to 3,950,000. A few people
+predicted that freedom would result disastrously to the Negro, as far
+as numerical increase was concerned; but so far the census figures
+have failed to bear out this prediction. On the other hand, the census
+of 1890 shows that the Negro population had increased from 3,950,000
+in 1860 to 7,638,260 twenty-five years after the war. It is my opinion
+that the rate of increase in the future will be still greater than it
+has been from the close of the war of the Rebellion up to the present
+time, for the reason that the very sudden changes which took place in
+the life of the Negro, because of having his freedom, plunged him into
+many excesses that were detrimental to his physical well-being. Of
+course, freedom found him unprepared in clothing, in shelter and in
+knowledge of how to care for his body. During slavery the slave mother
+had little control of her own children, and did not therefore have the
+practice and experience of rearing children in a suitable manner. Now
+that the Negro is being taught in thousands of schools how to take
+care of his body, and in thousands of homes mothers are learning how
+to control their children, I believe that the rate of increase, as I
+have stated, will be still greater than it has been in the past. In
+too many cases the Negro had the idea that freedom meant merely
+license to do as he pleased, to work or not to work; but this
+erroneous idea is more and more disappearing, by reason of the
+education in the right direction which the Negro is constantly
+receiving.
+
+During the four years that the Civil War lasted, the greater
+proportion of the Negroes remained in the South, and worked faithfully
+for the support of their masters' families, who, as a general rule,
+were away in the war. The self-control which the Negro exhibited
+during the war marks, it seems to me, one of the most important
+chapters in the history of the race. Notwithstanding he knew that his
+master was away from home, fighting a battle which, if successful,
+would result in his continued enslavement, yet he worked faithfully
+for the support of the master's family. If the Negro had yielded to
+the temptation and suggestion to use the torch or dagger in an attempt
+to destroy his master's property and family, the result would have
+been that the war would have been ended quickly; for the master would
+have returned from the battlefield to protect and defend his property
+and family. But the Negro to the last was faithful to the trust that
+had been thrust upon him, and during the four years of war in which
+the male members of the family were absent from their homes there is
+not a single instance recorded where he in any way attempted to
+outrage the family of the master or in any way to injure his property.
+
+Not only is this true, but all through the years of preparation for
+the war and during the war itself the Negro showed himself to be an
+uncompromising friend to the Union. In fact, of all the charges
+brought against him, there is scarcely a single instance where one has
+been charged with being a traitor to his country. This has been true
+whether he has been in a state of slavery or in a state of freedom.
+
+From 1865 to 1876 constituted what perhaps may be termed the days of
+Reconstruction. This was the period when the Southern States which had
+withdrawn from the Union were making an effort to reinstate themselves
+and to establish a permanent system of State government. At the close
+of the war both the Southern white man and the Negro found themselves
+in the midst of poverty. The ex-master returned from the war to find
+his slave property gone, his farms and other industries in a state of
+collapse, and the whole industrial or economic system upon which he
+had depended for years entirely disorganised. As we review calmly and
+dispassionately the period of reconstruction, we must use a great deal
+of sympathy and generosity. The weak point, to my mind, in the
+reconstruction era was that no strong force was brought to bear in
+the direction of preparing the Negro to become an intelligent,
+reliable citizen and voter. The main effort seems to have been in the
+direction of controlling his vote for the time being, regardless of
+future interests. I hardly believe that any race of people with
+similar preparation and similar surroundings would have acted more
+wisely or very differently from the way the Negro acted during the
+period of reconstruction.
+
+Without experience, without preparation, and in most cases without
+ordinary intelligence, he was encouraged to leave the field and shop
+and enter politics. That under such circumstances he should have made
+mistakes is very natural. I do not believe that the Negro was so much
+at fault for entering so largely into politics, and for the mistakes
+that were made in too many cases, as were the unscrupulous white
+leaders who got the Negro's confidence and controlled his vote to
+further their own ends, regardless, in many cases, of the permanent
+welfare of the Negro. I have always considered it unfortunate that the
+Southern white man did not make more of an effort during the period of
+reconstruction to get the confidence and sympathy of the Negro, and
+thus have been able to keep him in close touch and sympathy in
+politics. It was also unfortunate that the Negro was so completely
+alienated from the Southern white man in all political matters. I
+think it would have been better for all concerned if, immediately
+after the close of the war, an educational and property qualification
+for the exercise of the franchise had been prescribed that would have
+applied fairly and squarely to both races, and, also, if, in educating
+the Negro, greater stress had been put upon training him along the
+lines of industry for which his services were in the greatest demand
+in the South. In a word, too much stress was placed upon the mere
+matter of voting and holding political office rather than upon the
+preparation for the highest citizenship. In saying what I have, I do
+not mean to convey the impression that the whole period of
+reconstruction was barren of fruitful results. While it is not a very
+encouraging chapter in the history of our country, I believe that this
+period did serve to point out many weak points in our effort to
+elevate the Negro, and that we are now taking advantage of the
+mistakes that were made. The period of reconstruction served at least
+to show the world that with proper preparation and with a sufficient
+foundation the Negro possesses the elements out of which men of the
+highest character and usefulness can be developed. I might name
+several characters who were brought before the world by reason of the
+reconstruction period. I give one as an example of others: Hon.
+Blanche K. Bruce, who had been a slave, but who held many honourable
+positions in the State of Mississippi, including an election to the
+United States Senate, where he served a full term; later he was twice
+appointed Register of the United States Treasury. In all these
+positions Mr. Bruce gave the greatest satisfaction, and not a single
+whisper of dishonesty or incompetency has ever been heard against him.
+During the period of his public life he was brought into active and
+daily contact with Northern and Southern white people, all of whom
+speak of him in the highest measure of respect and confidence.
+
+What the Negro wants and what the country wants to do is to take
+advantage of all the lessons that were taught during the days of
+reconstruction, and apply these lessons bravely, honestly, in laying
+the foundation upon which the Negro can stand in the future and make
+himself a useful, honourable, and desirable citizen, whether he has
+his residence in the North, the South, or the West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+In order that the reader may understand me and why I lay so much
+stress upon the importance of pushing the doctrine of industrial
+education for the Negro, it is necessary, first of all, to review the
+condition of affairs at the present time in the Southern States. For
+years I have had something of an opportunity to study the Negro at
+first-hand; and I feel that I know him pretty well,--him and his
+needs, his failures and his successes, his desires and the likelihood
+of their fulfilment. I have studied him and his relations with his
+white neighbours, and striven to find how these relations may be made
+more conducive to the general peace and welfare both of the South and
+of the country at large.
+
+In the Southern part of the United States there are twenty-two
+millions of people who are bound to the fifty millions of the North by
+ties which neither can tear asunder if they would. The most
+intelligent in a New York community has his intelligence darkened by
+the ignorance of a fellow-citizen in the Mississippi bottoms. The most
+wealthy in New York City would be more wealthy but for the poverty of
+a fellow-being in the Carolina rice swamps. The most moral and
+religious men in Massachusetts have their religion and morality
+modified by the degradation of the man in the South whose religion is
+a mere matter of form or of emotionalism. The vote of the man in Maine
+that is cast for the highest and purest form of government is largely
+neutralised by the vote of the man in Louisiana whose ballot is stolen
+or cast in ignorance. Therefore, when the South is ignorant, the North
+is ignorant; when the South is poor, the North is poor; when the South
+commits crime, the nation commits crime. For the citizens of the North
+there is no escape; they must help raise the character of the
+civilisation in the South, or theirs will be lowered. No member of the
+white race in any part of the country can harm the weakest or meanest
+member of the black race without the proudest and bluest blood of the
+nation being degraded.
+
+It seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the
+country when those interested in education should the more earnestly
+consider to what extent the mere acquiring of the ability to read and
+write, the mere acquisition of a knowledge of literature and science,
+makes men producers, lovers of labour, independent, honest, unselfish,
+and, above all, good. Call education by what name you please, if it
+fails to bring about these results among the masses, it falls short of
+its highest end. The science, the art, the literature, that fails to
+reach down and bring the humblest up to the enjoyment of the fullest
+blessings of our government, is weak, no matter how costly the
+buildings or apparatus used or how modern the methods of instruction
+employed. The study of arithmetic that does not result in making men
+conscientious in receiving and counting the ballots of their
+fellow-men is faulty. The study of art that does not result in making
+the strong less willing to oppress the weak means little. How I wish
+that from the most cultured and highly endowed university in the great
+North to the humblest log cabin school-house in Alabama, we could
+burn, as it were, into the hearts and heads of all that usefulness,
+that service to our brother, is the supreme end of education. Putting
+the thought more directly as it applies to conditions in the South,
+can you make the intelligence of the North affect the South in the
+same ratio that the ignorance of the South affects the North? Let us
+take a not improbable case: A great national case is to be decided,
+one that involves peace or war, the honour or dishonour of our
+nation,--yea, the very existence of the government. The North and West
+are divided. There are five million votes to be cast in the South;
+and, of this number, one-half are ignorant. Not only are one-half the
+voters ignorant; but, because of the ignorant votes they cast,
+corruption and dishonesty in a dozen forms have crept into the
+exercise of the political franchise to such an extent that the
+conscience of the intelligent class is seared in its attempts to
+defeat the will of the ignorant voters. Here, then, you have on the
+one hand an ignorant vote, on the other an intelligent vote minus a
+conscience. The time may not be far off when to this kind of jury we
+shall have to look for the votes which shall decide in a large measure
+the destiny of our democratic institutions.
+
+When a great national calamity stares us in the face, we are, I fear,
+too much given to depending on a short "campaign of education" to do
+on the hustings what should have been accomplished in the school.
+
+With this idea in view, let us examine with more care the condition of
+civilisation in the South, and the work to be done there before all
+classes will be fit for the high duties of citizenship. In reference
+to the Negro race, I am confronted with some embarrassment at the
+outset, because of the various and conflicting opinions as to what is
+to be its final place in our economic and political life.
+
+Within the last thirty years--and, I might add, within the last three
+months,--it has been proven by eminent authority that the Negro is
+increasing in numbers so fast that it is only a question of a few
+years before he will far outnumber the white race in the South, and it
+has also been proven that the Negro is fast dying out, and it is only
+a question of a few years before he will have completely disappeared.
+It has also been proven that education helps the Negro and that
+education hurts him, that he is fast leaving the South and taking up
+his residence in the North and West, and that his tendency is to drift
+toward the low lands of the Mississippi bottoms. It has been proven
+that education unfits the Negro for work and that education makes him
+more valuable as a labourer, that he is our greatest criminal and that
+he is our most law-abiding citizen. In the midst of these conflicting
+opinions, it is hard to hit upon the truth.
+
+But, also, in the midst of this confusion, there are a few things of
+which I am certain,--things which furnish a basis for thought and
+action. I know that whether the Negroes are increasing or decreasing,
+whether they are growing better or worse, whether they are valuable
+or valueless, that a few years ago some fourteen of them were brought
+into this country, and that now those fourteen are nearly ten
+millions. I know that, whether in slavery or freedom, they have always
+been loyal to the Stars and Stripes, that no school-house has been
+opened for them that has not been filled, that the 2,000,000 ballots
+that they have the right to cast are as potent for weal or woe as an
+equal number cast by the wisest and most influential men in America. I
+know that wherever Negro life touches the life of the nation it helps
+or it hinders, that wherever the life of the white race touches the
+black it makes it stronger or weaker. Further, I know that almost
+every other race that has tried to look the white man in the face has
+disappeared. I know, despite all the conflicting opinions, and with a
+full knowledge of all the Negroes' weaknesses, that only a few
+centuries ago they went into slavery in this country pagans, that
+they came out Christians; they went into slavery as so much property,
+they came out American citizens; they went into slavery without a
+language, they came out speaking the proud Anglo-Saxon tongue; they
+went into slavery with the chains clanking about their wrists, they
+came out with the American ballot in their hands.
+
+I submit it to the candid and sober judgment of all men, if a race
+that is capable of such a test, such a transformation, is not worth
+saving and making a part, in reality as well as in name, of our
+democratic government. That the Negro may be fitted for the fullest
+enjoyment of the privileges and responsibilities of our citizenship,
+it is important that the nation be honest and candid with him, whether
+honesty and candour for the time being pleases or displeases him. It
+is with an ignorant race as it is with a child: it craves at first
+the superficial, the ornamental signs of progress rather than the
+reality. The ignorant race is tempted to jump, at one bound, to the
+position that it has required years of hard struggle for others to
+reach.
+
+It seems to me that, as a general thing, the temptation in the past in
+educational and missionary work has been to do for the new people that
+which was done a thousand years ago, or that which is being done for a
+people a thousand miles away, without making a careful study of the
+needs and conditions of the people whom it is designed to help. The
+temptation is to run all people through a certain educational mould,
+regardless of the condition of the subject or the end to be
+accomplished. This has been the case too often in the South in the
+past, I am sure. Men have tried to use, with these simple people just
+freed from slavery and with no past, no inherited traditions of
+learning, the same methods of education which they have used in New
+England, with all its inherited traditions and desires. The Negro is
+behind the white man because he has not had the same chance, and not
+from any inherent difference in his nature and desires. What the race
+accomplishes in these first fifty years of freedom will at the end of
+these years, in a large measure, constitute its past. It is, indeed, a
+responsibility that rests upon this nation,--the foundation laying for
+a people of its past, present, and future at one and the same time.
+
+One of the weakest points in connection with the present development
+of the race is that so many get the idea that the mere filling of the
+head with a knowledge of mathematics, the sciences, and literature,
+means success in life. Let it be understood, in every corner of the
+South, among the Negro youth at least, that knowledge will benefit
+little except as it is harnessed, except as its power is pointed in a
+direction that will bear upon the present needs and condition of the
+race. There is in the heads of the Negro youth of the South enough
+general and floating knowledge of chemistry, of botany, of zoölogy, of
+geology, of mechanics, of electricity, of mathematics, to reconstruct
+and develop a large part of the agricultural, mechanical, and domestic
+life of the race. But how much of it is brought to a focus along lines
+of practical work? In cities of the South like Atlanta, how many
+coloured mechanical engineers are there? or how many machinists? how
+many civil engineers? how many architects? how many house decorators?
+In the whole State of Georgia, where eighty per cent. of the coloured
+people depend upon agriculture, how many men are there who are well
+grounded in the principles and practices of scientific farming? or
+dairy work? or fruit culture? or floriculture?
+
+For example, not very long ago I had a conversation with a young
+coloured man who is a graduate of one of the prominent universities of
+this country. The father of this man is comparatively ignorant, but by
+hard work and the exercise of common sense he has become the owner of
+two thousand acres of land. He owns more than a score of horses, cows,
+and mules and swine in large numbers, and is considered a prosperous
+farmer. In college the son of this farmer has studied chemistry,
+botany, zoölogy, surveying, and political economy. In my conversation
+I asked this young man how many acres his father cultivated in cotton
+and how many in corn. With a far-off gaze up into the heavens he
+answered that he did not know. When I asked him the classification of
+the soils on his father's farm, he did not know. He did not know how
+many horses or cows his father owned nor of what breeds they were, and
+seemed surprised that he should be asked such questions. It never
+seemed to have entered his mind that on his father's farm was the
+place to make his chemistry, his mathematics, and his literature
+penetrate and reflect itself in every acre of land, every bushel of
+corn, every cow, and every pig.
+
+Let me give other examples of this mistaken sort of education. When a
+mere boy, I saw a young coloured man, who had spent several years in
+school, sitting in a common cabin in the South, studying a French
+grammar. I noted the poverty, the untidiness, the want of system and
+thrift, that existed about the cabin, notwithstanding his knowledge of
+French and other academic studies.
+
+Again, not long ago I saw a coloured minister preparing his Sunday
+sermon just as the New England minister prepares his sermon. But this
+coloured minister was in a broken-down, leaky, rented log cabin, with
+weeds in the yard, surrounded by evidences of poverty, filth, and
+want of thrift. This minister had spent some time in school studying
+theology. How much better it would have been to have had this minister
+taught the dignity of labour, taught theoretical and practical farming
+in connection with his theology, so that he could have added to his
+meagre salary, and set an example for his people in the matter of
+living in a decent house, and having a knowledge of correct farming!
+In a word, this minister should have been taught that his condition,
+and that of his people, was not that of a New England community; and
+he should have been so trained as to meet the actual needs and
+conditions of the coloured people in this community, so that a
+foundation might be laid that would, in the future, make a community
+like New England communities.
+
+Since the Civil War, no one object has been more misunderstood than
+that of the object and value of industrial education for the Negro.
+To begin with, it must be borne in mind that the condition that
+existed in the South immediately after the war, and that now exists,
+is a peculiar one, without a parallel in history. This being true, it
+seems to me that the wise and honest thing to do is to make a study of
+the actual condition and environment of the Negro, and do that which
+is best for him, regardless of whether the same thing has been done
+for another race in exactly the same way. There are those among the
+white race and those among the black race who assert, with a good deal
+of earnestness, that there is no difference between the white man and
+the black man in this country. This sounds very pleasant and tickles
+the fancy; but, when the test of hard, cold logic is applied to it, it
+must be acknowledged that there is a difference,--not an inherent one,
+not a racial one, but a difference growing out of unequal
+opportunities in the past.
+
+If I may be permitted to criticise the educational work that has been
+done in the South, I would say that the weak point has been in the
+failure to recognise this difference.
+
+Negro education, immediately after the war in most cases, was begun
+too nearly at the point where New England education had ended. Let me
+illustrate. One of the saddest sights I ever saw was the placing of a
+three hundred dollar rosewood piano in a country school in the South
+that was located in the midst of the "Black Belt." Am I arguing
+against the teaching of instrumental music to the Negroes in that
+community? Not at all; only I should have deferred those music lessons
+about twenty-five years. There are numbers of such pianos in thousands
+of New England homes. But behind the piano in the New England home
+there are one hundred years of toil, sacrifice, and economy; there is
+the small manufacturing industry, started several years ago by hand
+power, now grown into a great business; there is ownership in land, a
+comfortable home, free from debt, and a bank account. In this "Black
+Belt" community where this piano went, four-fifths of the people owned
+no land, many lived in rented one-room cabins, many were in debt for
+food supplies, many mortgaged their crops for the food on which to
+live, and not one had a bank account. In this case, how much wiser it
+would have been to have taught the girls in this community sewing,
+intelligent and economical cooking, housekeeping, something of
+dairying and horticulture? The boys should have been taught something
+of farming in connection with their common-school education, instead
+of awakening in them a desire for a musical instrument which resulted
+in their parents going into debt for a third-rate piano or organ
+before a home was purchased. Industrial lessons would have awakened,
+in this community, a desire for homes, and would have given the people
+the ability to free themselves from industrial slavery to the extent
+that most of them would have soon purchased homes. After the home and
+the necessaries of life were supplied could come the piano. One piano
+lesson in a home of one's own is worth twenty in a rented log cabin.
+
+All that I have just written, and the various examples illustrating
+it, show the present helpless condition of my people in the
+South,--how fearfully they lack the primary training for good living
+and good citizenship, how much they stand in need of a solid
+foundation on which to build their future success. I believe, as I
+have many times said in my various addresses in the North and in the
+South, that the main reason for the existence of this curious state
+of affairs is the lack of practical training in the ways of life.
+
+There is, too, a great lack of money with which to carry on the
+educational work in the South. I was in a county in a Southern State
+not long ago where there are some thirty thousand coloured people and
+about seven thousand whites. In this county not a single public school
+for Negroes had been open that year longer than three months, not a
+single coloured teacher had been paid more than $15 per month for his
+teaching. Not one of these schools was taught in a building that was
+worthy of the name of school-house. In this county the State or public
+authorities do not own a single dollar's worth of school
+property,--not a school-house, a blackboard, or a piece of crayon.
+Each coloured child had had spent on him that year for his education
+about fifty cents, while each child in New York or Massachusetts had
+had spent on him that year for education not far from $20. And yet
+each citizen of this county is expected to share the burdens and
+privileges of our democratic form of government just as intelligently
+and conscientiously as the citizens of New York or Boston. A vote in
+this county means as much to the nation as a vote in the city of
+Boston. Crime in this county is as truly an arrow aimed at the heart
+of the government as a crime committed in the streets of Boston.
+
+A single school-house built this year in a town near Boston to shelter
+about three hundred pupils cost more for building alone than is spent
+yearly for the education, including buildings, apparatus, teachers,
+for the whole coloured school population of Alabama. The Commissioner
+of Education for the State of Georgia not long ago reported to the
+State legislature that in that State there were two hundred thousand
+children that had entered no school the year past and one hundred
+thousand more who were at school but a few days, making practically
+three hundred thousand children between six and eighteen years of age
+that are growing up in ignorance in one Southern State alone. The same
+report stated that outside of the cities and towns, while the average
+number of school-houses in a county was sixty, all of these sixty
+school-houses were worth in lump less than $2,000, and the report
+further added that many of the school-houses in Georgia were not fit
+for horse stables. I am glad to say, however, that vast improvement
+over this condition is being made in Georgia under the inspired
+leadership of State Commissioner Glenn, and in Alabama under the no
+less zealous leadership of Commissioner Abercrombie.
+
+These illustrations, so far as they concern the Gulf States, are not
+exceptional cases; nor are they overdrawn.
+
+Until there is industrial independence, it is hardly possible to have
+good living and a pure ballot in the country districts. In these
+States it is safe to say that not more than one black man in twenty
+owns the land he cultivates. Where so large a proportion of a people
+are dependent, live in other people's houses, eat other people's food,
+and wear clothes they have not paid for, it is pretty hard to expect
+them to live fairly and vote honestly.
+
+I have thus far referred mainly to the Negro race. But there is
+another side. The longer I live and the more I study the question, the
+more I am convinced that it is not so much a problem as to what the
+white man will do with the Negro as what the Negro will do with the
+white man and his civilisation. In considering this side of the
+subject, I thank God that I have grown to the point where I can
+sympathise with a white man as much as I can sympathise with a black
+man. I have grown to the point where I can sympathise with a Southern
+white man as much as I can sympathise with a Northern white man.
+
+As bearing upon the future of our civilisation, I ask of the North
+what of their white brethren in the South,--those who have suffered
+and are still suffering the consequences of American slavery, for
+which both North and South were responsible? Those of the great and
+prosperous North still owe to their less fortunate brethren of the
+Caucasian race in the South, not less than to themselves, a serious
+and uncompleted duty. What was the task the North asked the South to
+perform? Returning to their destitute homes after years of war to face
+blasted hopes, devastation, a shattered industrial system, they asked
+them to add to their own burdens that of preparing in education,
+politics, and economics, in a few short years, for citizenship, four
+millions of former slaves. That the South, staggering under the
+burden, made blunders, and that in a measure there has been
+disappointment, no one need be surprised. The educators, the
+statesmen, the philanthropists, have imperfectly comprehended their
+duty toward the millions of poor whites in the South who were buffeted
+for two hundred years between slavery and freedom, between
+civilisation and degradation, who were disregarded by both master and
+slave. It needs no prophet to tell the character of our future
+civilisation when the poor white boy in the country districts of the
+South receives one dollar's worth of education and the boy of the same
+class in the North twenty dollars' worth, when one never enters a
+reading-room or library and the other has reading-rooms and libraries
+in every ward and town, when one hears lectures and sermons once in
+two months and the other can hear a lecture or a sermon every day in
+the year.
+
+The time has come, it seems to me, when in this matter we should rise
+above party or race or sectionalism into the region of duty of man to
+man, of citizen to citizen, of Christian to Christian; and if the
+Negro, who has been oppressed and denied his rights in a Christian
+land, can help the whites of the North and South to rise, can be the
+inspiration of their rising, into this atmosphere of generous
+Christian brotherhood and self-forgetfulness, he will see in it a
+recompense for all that he has suffered in the past.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+In the heart of the Black Belt of the South in _ante-bellum_ days
+there was a large estate, with palatial mansion, surrounded by a
+beautiful grove, in which grew flowers and shrubbery of every
+description. Magnificent specimens of animal life grazed in the
+fields, and in grain and all manner of plant growth this estate was a
+model. In a word, it was the highest type of the product of slave
+labor.
+
+Then came the long years of war, then freedom, then the trying years
+of reconstruction. The master returned from the war to find the
+faithful slaves who had been the bulwark of this household in
+possession of their freedom. Then there began that social and
+industrial revolution in the South which it is hard for any who was
+not really a part of it to appreciate or understand. Gradually, day by
+day, this ex-master began to realise, with a feeling almost
+indescribable, to what an extent he and his family had grown to be
+dependent upon the activity and faithfulness of his slaves; began to
+appreciate to what an extent slavery had sapped his sinews of strength
+and independence, how his dependence upon slave labour had deprived
+him and his offspring of the benefit of technical and industrial
+training, and, worst of all, had unconsciously led him to see in
+labour drudgery and degradation instead of beauty, dignity, and
+civilising power. At first there was a halt in this man's life. He
+cursed the North and he cursed the Negro. Then there was despair,
+almost utter hopelessness, over his weak and childlike condition. The
+temptation was to forget all in drink, and to this temptation there
+was a gradual yielding. With the loss of physical vigour came the loss
+of mental grasp and pride in surroundings. There was the falling off
+of a piece of plaster from the walls of the house which was not
+replaced, then another and still another. Gradually, the window-panes
+began to disappear, then the door-knobs. Touches of paint and
+whitewash, which once helped to give life, were no more to be seen.
+The hinges disappeared from the gate, then a board from the fence,
+then others in quick succession. Weeds and unmown grass covered the
+once well-kept lawn. Sometimes there were servants for domestic
+duties, and sometimes there were none. In the absence of servants the
+unsatisfactory condition of the food told that it was being prepared
+by hands unschooled to such duties. As the years passed by, debts
+accumulated in every direction. The education of the children was
+neglected. Lower and lower sank the industrial, financial, and
+spiritual condition of the household. For the first time the awful
+truth of Scripture, "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also
+reap," seemed to dawn upon him with a reality that it is hard for
+mortal to appreciate. Within a few months the whole mistake of slavery
+seemed to have concentrated itself upon this household. And this was
+one of many.
+
+We have seen how the ending of slavery and the beginning of freedom
+produced not only a shock, but a stand-still, and in many cases a
+collapse, that lasted several years in the life of many white men. If
+the sudden change thus affected the white man, should this not teach
+us that we should have more sympathy than has been shown in many cases
+with the Negro in connection with his new and changed life? That they
+made many mistakes, plunged into excesses, undertook responsibilities
+for which they were not fitted, in many cases took liberty to mean
+license, is not to be wondered at. It is my opinion that the next
+forty years are going to show by many per cent. a higher degree of
+progress in the life of the Negro along all lines than has been shown
+during the first thirty years of his life. Certainly, the first thirty
+years of the Negro's life was one of experiment; and consequently,
+under such conditions, he was not able to settle down to real,
+earnest, hard common sense efforts to better his condition. While this
+was true in a great many cases, on the other hand a large proportion
+of the race, even from the first, saw what was needed for their new
+life, and began to settle down to lead an industrious, frugal
+existence, and to educate their children and in every way prepare
+themselves for the responsibilities of American citizenship.
+
+The wonder is that the Negro has made as few mistakes as he has, when
+we consider all the surrounding circumstances. Columns of figures have
+been gleaned from the census reports within the last quarter of a
+century to show the great amount of crime committed by the Negro in
+excess of that committed by other races. No one will deny the fact
+that the proportion of crime by the present generation of Negroes is
+seriously large, but I believe that any other race with the Negro's
+history and present environment would have shown about the same
+criminal record.
+
+Another consideration which we must always bear in mind in considering
+the Negro is that he had practically no home life in slavery; that is,
+the mother and father did not have the responsibility, and
+consequently the experience, of training their own children. The
+matter of child training was left to the master and mistress.
+Consequently, it has only been within the last thirty years that the
+Negro parents have had the actual responsibility and experience of
+training their own children. That they have made some mistakes in
+thus training them is not to be wondered at. Many families scattered
+over all parts of the United States have not yet been able to bring
+themselves together. When the Negro parents shall have had thirty or
+forty additional years in which to found homes and get experience in
+the training of their children, I believe that we will find that the
+amount of crime will be considerably less than it is now shown to be.
+
+In too large a measure the Negro race began its development at the
+wrong end, simply because neither white nor black understood the case;
+and no wonder, for there had never been such a case in the history of
+the world.
+
+To show where this primary mistake has led in its evil results, I wish
+to produce some examples showing plainly how prone we have been to
+make our education formal, superficial, instead of making it meet the
+needs of conditions.
+
+In order to emphasise the matter more fully, I repeat, at least eighty
+per cent. of the coloured people in the South are found in the rural
+districts, and they are dependent on agriculture in some form for
+their support. Notwithstanding that we have practically a whole race
+dependent upon agriculture, and notwithstanding that thirty years have
+passed since our freedom, aside from what has been done at Hampton and
+Tuskegee and one or two other institutions, but very little has been
+attempted by State or philanthropy in the way of educating the race in
+this one industry upon which its very existence depends. Boys have
+been taken from the farms and educated in law, theology, Hebrew and
+Greek,--educated in everything else except the very subject that they
+should know most about. I question whether among all the educated
+coloured people in the United States you can find six, if we except
+those from the institutions named, who have received anything like a
+thorough training in agriculture. It would have seemed that, since
+self-support, industrial independence, is the first condition for
+lifting up any race, that education in theoretical and practical
+agriculture, horticulture, dairying, and stock-raising, should have
+occupied the first place in our system.
+
+Some time ago, when we decided to make tailoring a part of our
+training at the Tuskegee Institute, I was amazed to find that it was
+almost impossible to find in the whole country an educated coloured
+man who could teach the making of clothing. We could find them by the
+score who could teach astronomy, theology, grammar, or Latin, but
+almost none who could instruct in the making of clothing, something
+that has to be used by every one of us every day in the year. How
+often has my heart been made to sink as I have gone through the South
+and into the homes of people, and found women who could converse
+intelligently on Grecian history, who had studied geometry, could
+analyse the most complex sentences, and yet could not analyse the
+poorly cooked and still more poorly served corn bread and fat meat
+that they and their families were eating three times a day! It is
+little trouble to find girls who can locate Pekin or the Desert of
+Sahara on an artificial globe, but seldom can you find one who can
+locate on an actual dinner table the proper place for the carving
+knife and fork or the meat and vegetables.
+
+A short time ago, in one of the Southern cities, a coloured man died
+who had received training as a skilled mechanic during the days of
+slavery. Later by his skill and industry he built up a great business
+as a house contractor and builder. In this same city there are 35,000
+coloured people, among them young men who have been well educated in
+the languages and in literature; but not a single one could be found
+who had been so trained in mechanical and architectural drawing that
+he could carry on the business which this ex-slave had built up, and
+so it was soon scattered to the wind. Aside from the work done in the
+institutions that I have mentioned, you can find almost no coloured
+men who have been trained in the principles of architecture,
+notwithstanding the fact that a vast majority of our race are without
+homes. Here, then, are the three prime conditions for growth, for
+civilisation,--food, clothing, shelter; and yet we have been the
+slaves of forms and customs to such an extent that we have failed in a
+large measure to look matters squarely in the face and meet actual
+needs.
+
+It may well be asked by one who has not carefully considered the
+matter: "What has become of all those skilled farm-hands that used to
+be on the old plantations? Where are those wonderful cooks we hear
+about, where those exquisitely trained house servants, those cabinet
+makers, and the jacks-of-all-trades that were the pride of the South?"
+This is easily answered,--they are mostly dead. The survivors are too
+old to work. "But did they not train their children?" is the natural
+question. Alas! the answer is "no." Their skill was so commonplace to
+them, and to their former masters, that neither thought of it as being
+a hard-earned or desirable accomplishment: it was natural, like
+breathing. Their children would have it as a matter of course. What
+their children needed was education. So they went out into the world,
+the ambitious ones, and got education, and forgot the necessity of the
+ordinary training to live.
+
+God for two hundred and fifty years, in my opinion, prepared the way
+for the redemption of the Negro through industrial development.
+First, he made the Southern white man do business with the Negro for
+two hundred and fifty years in a way that no one else has done
+business with him. If a Southern white man wanted a house or a bridge
+built, he consulted a Negro mechanic about the plan and about the
+actual building of the house or bridge. If he wanted a suit of clothes
+or a pair of shoes made, it was to the Negro tailor or shoemaker that
+he talked. Secondly, every large slave plantation in the South was, in
+a limited sense, an industrial school. On these plantations there were
+scores of young coloured men and women who were constantly being
+trained, not alone as common farmers, but as carpenters, blacksmiths,
+wheelwrights, plasterers, brick masons, engineers, bridge-builders,
+cooks, dressmakers, housekeepers, etc. I would be the last to
+apologise for the curse of slavery; but I am simply stating facts.
+This training was crude and was given for selfish purposes, and did
+not answer the highest ends, because there was the absence of brain
+training in connection with that of the hand. Nevertheless, this
+business contact with the Southern white man, and the industrial
+training received on these plantations, put the Negro at the close of
+the war into possession of all the common and skilled labour in the
+South. For nearly twenty years after the war, except in one or two
+cases, the value of the industrial training given by the Negroes'
+former masters on the plantations and elsewhere was overlooked. Negro
+men and women were educated in literature, mathematics, and the
+sciences, with no thought of what had taken place on these plantations
+for two and a half centuries. After twenty years, those who were
+trained as mechanics, etc., during slavery began to disappear by
+death; and gradually we awoke to the fact that we had no one to take
+their places. We had scores of young men learned in Greek, but few in
+carpentry or mechanical or architectural drawing. We had trained many
+in Latin, but almost none as engineers, bridge-builders, and
+machinists. Numbers were taken from the farm and educated, but were
+educated in everything else except agriculture. Hence they had no
+sympathy with farm life, and did not return to it.
+
+This last that I have been saying is practically a repetition of what
+I have said in the preceding paragraph; but, to emphasise it,--and
+this point is one of the most important I wish to impress on the
+reader,--it is well to repeat, to say the same thing twice. Oh, if
+only more who had the shaping of the education of the Negro could
+have, thirty years ago, realised, and made others realise, where the
+forgetting of the years of manual training and the sudden acquiring
+of education were going to lead the Negro race, what a saving it would
+have been! How much less my race would have had to answer for, as well
+as the white!
+
+But it is too late to cry over what might have been. It is time to
+make up, as soon as possible, for this mistake,--time for both races
+to acknowledge it, and go forth on the course that, it seems to me,
+all must now see to be the right one,--industrial education.
+
+As an example of what a well-trained and educated Negro may now do,
+and how ready to acknowledge him a Southern white man may be, let me
+return once more to the plantation I spoke of in the first part of
+this chapter. As the years went by, the night seemed to grow darker,
+so that all seemed hopeless and lost. At this point relief and
+strength came from an unexpected source. This Southern white man's
+idea of Negro education had been that it merely meant a parrot-like
+absorption of Anglo-Saxon civilisation, with a special tendency to
+imitate the weaker elements of the white man's character; that it
+meant merely the high hat, kid gloves, a showy walking cane, patent
+leather shoes, and all the rest of it. To this ex-master it seemed
+impossible that the education of the Negro could produce any other
+results. And so, last of all, did he expect help or encouragement from
+an educated black man; but it was just from this source that help
+came. Soon after the process of decay began in this white man's
+estate, the education of a certain black man began, and began on a
+logical, sensible basis. It was an education that would fit him to see
+and appreciate the physical and moral conditions that existed in his
+own family and neighbourhood, and, in the present generation, would
+fit him to apply himself to their relief. By chance this educated
+Negro strayed into the employ of this white man. His employer soon
+learned that this Negro not only had a knowledge of science,
+mathematics, and literature in his head, but in his hands as well.
+This black man applied his knowledge of agricultural chemistry to the
+redemption of the soil; and soon the washes and gulleys began to
+disappear, and the waste places began to bloom. New and improved
+machinery in a few months began to rob labour of its toil and
+drudgery. The animals were given systematic and kindly attention.
+Fences were repaired and rebuilt. Whitewash and paint were made to do
+duty. Everywhere order slowly began to replace confusion; hope,
+despair; and profits, losses. As he observed, day by day, new life and
+strength being imparted to every department of his property, this
+white son of the South began revising his own creed regarding the
+wisdom of educating Negroes.
+
+Hitherto his creed regarding the value of an educated Negro had been
+rather a plain and simple one, and read: "The only end that could be
+accomplished by educating a black man was to enable him to talk
+properly to a mule; and the Negro's education did great injustice to
+the mule, since the language tended to confuse him and make him
+balky."
+
+We need not continue the story, except to add that to-day the grasp of
+the hand of this ex-slaveholder, and the listening to his hearty words
+of gratitude and commendation for the education of the Negro, are
+enough to compensate those who have given and those who have worked
+and sacrificed for the elevation of my people through all of these
+years. If we are patient, wise, unselfish, and courageous, such
+examples will multiply as the years go by.
+
+Before closing this chapter,--which, I think, has clearly shown that
+there is at present a very distinct lack of industrial training in
+the South among the Negroes,--I wish to say a few words in regard to
+certain objections, or rather misunderstandings, which have from time
+to time arisen in regard to the matter.
+
+Many have had the thought that industrial training was meant to make
+the Negro work, much as he worked during the days of slavery. This is
+far from my idea of it. If this training has any value for the Negro,
+as it has for the white man, it consists in teaching the Negro how
+rather not to work, but how to make the forces of nature--air, water,
+horse-power, steam, and electric power--work for him, how to lift
+labour up out of toil and drudgery into that which is dignified and
+beautiful. The Negro in the South works, and he works hard; but his
+lack of skill, coupled with ignorance, causes him too often to do his
+work in the most costly and shiftless manner, and this has kept him
+near the bottom of the ladder in the business world. I repeat that
+industrial education teaches the Negro how not to drudge in his work.
+Let him who doubts this contrast the Negro in the South toiling
+through a field of oats with an old-fashioned reaper with the white
+man on a modern farm in the West, sitting upon a modern "harvester,"
+behind two spirited horses, with an umbrella over him, using a machine
+that cuts and binds the oats at the same time,--doing four times as
+much work as the black man with one half the labour. Let us give the
+black man so much skill and brains that he can cut oats like the white
+man, then he can compete with him. The Negro works in cotton, and has
+no trouble so long as his labour is confined to the lower forms of
+work,--the planting, the picking, and the ginning; but, when the Negro
+attempts to follow the bale of cotton up through the higher stages,
+through the mill where it is made into the finer fabrics, where the
+larger profit appears, he is told that he is not wanted.
+
+The Negro can work in wood and iron; and no one objects so long as he
+confines his work to the felling of trees and sawing of boards, to the
+digging of iron ore and making of pig iron. But, when the Negro
+attempts to follow this tree into the factory where it is made into
+desks and chairs and railway coaches, or when he attempts to follow
+the pig iron into the factory where it is made into knife-blades and
+watch-springs, the Negro's trouble begins. And what is the objection?
+Simply that the Negro lacks the skill, coupled with brains, necessary
+to compete with the white man, or that, when white men refuse to work
+with coloured men, enough skilled and educated coloured men cannot be
+found able to superintend and man every part of any one large
+industry; and hence, for these reasons, they are constantly being
+barred out. The Negro must become, in a larger measure, an intelligent
+producer as well as a consumer. There should be a more vital and
+practical connection between the Negro's educated brain and his
+opportunity of earning his daily living.
+
+A very weak argument often used against pushing industrial training
+for the Negro is that the Southern white man favours it, and,
+therefore, it is not best for the Negro. Although I was born a slave,
+I am thankful that I am able so far to rid myself of prejudice as to
+be able to accept a good thing, whether it comes from a black man or a
+white man, a Southern man or a Northern man. Industrial education will
+not only help the Negro directly in the matter of industrial
+development, but also in bringing about more satisfactory relations
+between him and the Southern white man. For the sake of the Negro and
+the Southern white man there are many things in the relation of the
+two races that must soon be changed. We cannot depend wholly upon
+abuse or condemnation of the Southern white man to bring about these
+changes. Each race must be educated to see matters in a broad, high,
+generous, Christian spirit: we must bring the two races together, not
+estrange them. The Negro must live for all time by the side of the
+Southern white man. The man is unwise who does not cultivate in every
+manly way the friendship and good will of his next-door neighbour,
+whether he be black or white. I repeat that industrial training will
+help cement the friendship of the two races. The history of the world
+proves that trade, commerce, is the forerunner of peace and
+civilisation as between races and nations. The Jew, who was once in
+about the same position that the Negro is to-day, has now recognition,
+because he has entwined himself about America in a business and
+industrial sense. Say or think what we will, it is the tangible or
+visible element that is going to tell largely during the next twenty
+years in the solution of the race problem.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+One of the main problems as regards the education of the Negro is how
+to have him use his education to the best advantage after he has
+secured it. In saying this, I do not want to be understood as implying
+that the problem of simple ignorance among the masses has been settled
+in the South; for this is far from true. The amount of ignorance still
+prevailing among the Negroes, especially in the rural districts, is
+very large and serious. But I repeat, we must go farther if we would
+secure the best results and most gratifying returns in public good for
+the money spent than merely to put academic education in the Negro's
+head with the idea that this will settle everything.
+
+In his present condition it is important, in seeking after what he
+terms the ideal, that the Negro should not neglect to prepare himself
+to take advantage of the opportunities that are right about his door.
+If he lets these opportunities slip, I fear they will never be his
+again. In saying this, I mean always that the Negro should have the
+most thorough mental and religious training; for without it no race
+can succeed. Because of his past history and environment and present
+condition it is important that he be carefully guided for years to
+come in the proper use of his education. Much valuable time has been
+lost and money spent in vain, because too many have not been educated
+with the idea of fitting them to do well the things which they could
+get to do. Because of the lack of proper direction of the Negro's
+education, some good friends of his, North and South, have not taken
+that interest in it that they otherwise would have taken. In too many
+cases where merely literary education alone has been given the Negro
+youth, it has resulted in an exaggerated estimate of his importance
+in the world, and an increase of wants which his education has not
+fitted him to supply.
+
+But, in discussing this subject, one is often met with the question,
+Should not the Negro be encouraged to prepare himself for any station
+in life that any other race fills? I would say, Yes; but the surest
+way for the Negro to reach the highest positions is to prepare himself
+to fill well at the present time the basic occupations. This will give
+him a foundation upon which to stand while securing what is called the
+more exalted positions. The Negro has the right to study law; but
+success will come to the race sooner if it produces intelligent,
+thrifty farmers, mechanics, and housekeepers to support the lawyers.
+The want of proper direction of the use of the Negro's education
+results in tempting too many to live mainly by their wits, without
+producing anything that is of real value to the world. Let me quote
+examples of this.
+
+Hayti, Santo Domingo, and Liberia, although among the richest
+countries in natural resources in the world, are discouraging examples
+of what must happen to any people who lack industrial or technical
+training. It is said that in Liberia there are no wagons,
+wheelbarrows, or public roads, showing very plainly that there is a
+painful absence of public spirit and thrift. What is true of Liberia
+is also true in a measure of the republics of Hayti and Santo Domingo.
+The people have not yet learned the lesson of turning their education
+toward the cultivation of the soil and the making of the simplest
+implements for agricultural and other forms of labour.
+
+Much would have been done toward laying a sound foundation for general
+prosperity if some attention had been spent in this direction. General
+education itself has no bearing on the subject at issue, because,
+while there is no well-established public school system in either of
+these countries, yet large numbers of men of both Hayti and Santo
+Domingo have been educated in France for generations. This is
+especially true of Hayti. The education has been altogether in the
+direction of _belles lettres_, however, and practically little in the
+direction of industrial and scientific education.
+
+It is a matter of common knowledge that Hayti has to send abroad even
+to secure engineers for her men-of-war, for plans for her bridges and
+other work requiring technical knowledge and skill. I should very much
+regret to see any such condition obtain in any large measure as
+regards the coloured people in the South, and yet this will be our
+fate if industrial education is much longer neglected. We have spent
+much time in the South in educating men and women in letters alone,
+too, and must now turn our attention more than ever toward educating
+them so as to supply their wants and needs. It is more lamentable to
+see educated people unable to support themselves than to see
+uneducated people in the same condition. Ambition all along this line
+must be stimulated.
+
+If educated men and women of the race will see and acknowledge the
+necessity of practical industrial training and go to work with a zeal
+and determination, their example will be followed by others, who are
+now without ambition of any kind.
+
+The race cannot hope to come into its own until the young coloured men
+and women make up their minds to assist in the general development
+along these lines. The elder men and women trained in the hard school
+of slavery, and who so long possessed all of the labour, skilled and
+unskilled, of the South, are dying out; their places must be filled by
+their children, or we shall lose our hold upon these occupations.
+Leaders in these occupations are needed now more than ever.
+
+It is not enough that the idea be inculcated that coloured people
+should get book learning; along with it they should be taught that
+book education and industrial development must go hand in hand. No
+race which fails to do this can ever hope to succeed. Phillips Brooks
+gave expression to the sentiment: "One generation gathers the
+material, and the next generation builds the palaces." As I understand
+it, he wished to inculcate the idea that one generation lays the
+foundation for succeeding generations. The rough affairs of life very
+largely fall to the earlier generation, while the next one has the
+privilege of dealing with the higher and more æsthetic things of life.
+This is true of all generations, of all peoples; and, unless the
+foundation is deeply laid, it is impossible for the succeeding one to
+have a career in any way approaching success. As regards the coloured
+men of the South, as regards the coloured men of the United States,
+this is the generation which, in a large measure, must gather the
+material with which to lay the foundation for future success.
+
+Some time ago it was my misfortune to see a Negro sixty-five years old
+living in poverty and filth. I was disgusted, and said to him, "If you
+are worthy of your freedom, you would surely have changed your
+condition during the thirty years of freedom which you have enjoyed."
+He answered: "I do want to change. I want to do something for my wife
+and children; but I do not know how,--I do not know what to do." I
+looked into his lean and haggard face, and realised more deeply than
+ever before the absolute need of captains of industry among the great
+masses of the coloured people.
+
+It is possible for a race or an individual to have mental development
+and yet be so handicapped by custom, prejudice, and lack of employment
+as to dwarf and discourage the whole life. This is the condition that
+prevails among the race in many of the large cities of the North; and
+it is to prevent this same condition in the South that I plead with
+all the earnestness of my heart. Mental development alone will not
+give us what we want, but mental development tied to hand and heart
+training will be the salvation of the Negro.
+
+In many respects the next twenty years are going to be the most
+serious in the history of the race. Within this period it will be
+largely decided whether the Negro will be able to retain the hold
+which he now has upon the industries of the South or whether his place
+will be filled by white people from a distance. The only way he can
+prevent the industrial occupations slipping from him in all parts of
+the South, as they have already in certain parts, is for all
+educators, ministers, and friends of the race to unite in pushing
+forward in a whole-souled manner the industrial or business
+development of the Negro, whether in school or out of school. Four
+times as many young men and women of the race should be receiving
+industrial training. Just now the Negro is in a position to feel and
+appreciate the need of this in a way that no one else can. No one can
+fully appreciate what I am saying who has not walked the streets of a
+Northern city day after day seeking employment, only to find every
+door closed against him on account of his colour, except in menial
+service. It is to prevent the same thing taking place in the South
+that I plead. We may argue that mental development will take care of
+all this. Mental development is a good thing. Gold is also a good
+thing, but gold is worthless without an opportunity to make itself
+touch the world of trade. Education increases greatly an individual's
+wants. It is cruel in many cases to increase the wants of the black
+youth by mental development alone without, at the same time,
+increasing his ability to supply these increased wants in occupations
+in which he can find employment.
+
+The place made vacant by the death of the old coloured man who was
+trained as a carpenter during slavery, and who since the war had been
+the leading contractor and builder in the Southern town, had to be
+filled. No young coloured carpenter capable of filling his place could
+be found. The result was that his place was filled by a white mechanic
+from the North, or from Europe, or from elsewhere. What is true of
+carpentry and house-building in this case is true, in a degree, in
+every skilled occupation; and it is becoming true of common labour. I
+do not mean to say that all of the skilled labour has been taken out
+of the Negro's hands; but I do mean to say that in no part of the
+South is he so strong in the matter of skilled labour as he was twenty
+years ago, except possibly in the country districts and the smaller
+towns. In the more northern of the Southern cities, such as Richmond
+and Baltimore, the change is most apparent; and it is being felt in
+every Southern city. Wherever the Negro has lost ground industrially
+in the South, it is not because there is prejudice against him as a
+skilled labourer on the part of the native Southern white man; the
+Southern white man generally prefers to do business with the Negro
+mechanic rather than with a white one, because he is accustomed to do
+business with the Negro in this respect. There is almost no prejudice
+against the Negro in the South in matters of business, so far as the
+native whites are concerned; and here is the entering wedge for the
+solution of the race problem. But too often, where the white mechanic
+or factory operative from the North gets a hold, the trades-union soon
+follows, and the Negro is crowded to the wall.
+
+But what is the remedy for this condition? First, it is most important
+that the Negro and his white friends honestly face the facts as they
+are; otherwise the time will not be very far distant when the Negro of
+the South will be crowded to the ragged edge of industrial life as he
+is in the North. There is still time to repair the damage and to
+reclaim what we have lost.
+
+I stated in the beginning that industrial education for the Negro has
+been misunderstood. This has been chiefly because some have gotten the
+idea that industrial development was opposed to the Negro's higher
+mental development. This has little or nothing to do with the subject
+under discussion; we should no longer permit such an idea to aid in
+depriving the Negro of the legacy in the form of skilled labour that
+was purchased by his forefathers at the price of two hundred and fifty
+years of slavery. I would say to the black boy what I would say to the
+white boy, Get all the mental development that your time and
+pocket-book will allow of,--the more, the better; but the time has
+come when a larger proportion--not all, for we need professional men
+and women--of the educated coloured men and women should give
+themselves to industrial or business life. The professional class will
+be helped in so far as the rank and file have an industrial
+foundation, so that they can pay for professional service. Whether
+they receive the training of the hand while pursuing their academic
+training or after their academic training is finished, or whether they
+will get their literary training in an industrial school or college,
+are questions which each individual must decide for himself. No
+matter how or where educated, the educated men and women must come to
+the rescue of the race in the effort to get and hold its industrial
+footing. I would not have the standard of mental development lowered
+one whit; for, with the Negro, as with all races, mental strength is
+the basis of all progress. But I would have a large measure of this
+mental strength reach the Negroes' actual needs through the medium of
+the hand. Just now the need is not so much for the common carpenters,
+brick masons, farmers, and laundry women as for industrial leaders
+who, in addition to their practical knowledge, can draw plans, make
+estimates, take contracts; those who understand the latest methods of
+truck-gardening and the science underlying practical agriculture;
+those who understand machinery to the extent that they can operate
+steam and electric laundries, so that our women can hold on to the
+laundry work in the South, that is so fast drifting into the hands of
+others in the large cities and towns.
+
+Having tried to show in previous chapters to what a condition the lack
+of practical training has brought matters in the South, and by the
+examples in this chapter where this state of things may go if allowed
+to run its course, I wish now to show what practical training, even in
+its infancy among us, has already accomplished.
+
+I noticed, when I first went to Tuskegee to start the Tuskegee Normal
+and Industrial Institute, that some of the white people about there
+rather looked doubtfully at me; and I thought I could get their
+influence by telling them how much algebra and history and science and
+all those things I had in my head, but they treated me about the same
+as they did before. They didn't seem to care about the algebra,
+history, and science that were in my head only. Those people never
+even began to have confidence in me until we commenced to build a
+large three-story brick building, and then another and another, until
+now we have forty buildings which have been erected largely by the
+labour of our students; and to-day we have the respect and confidence
+of all the white people in that section.
+
+There is an unmistakable influence that comes over a white man when he
+sees a black man living in a two-story brick house that has been paid
+for. I need not stop to explain. It is the tangible evidence of
+prosperity. You know Thomas doubted the Saviour after he had risen
+from the dead; and the Lord said to Thomas, "Reach hither thy finger,
+and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my
+side." The tangible evidence convinced Thomas.
+
+We began, soon after going to Tuskegee, the manufacture of bricks. We
+also started a wheelwright establishment and the manufacture of good
+wagons and buggies; and the white people came to our institution for
+that kind of work. We also put in a printing plant, and did job
+printing for the white people as well as for the blacks.
+
+By having something that these people wanted, we came into contact
+with them, and our interest became interlinked with their interest,
+until to-day we have no warmer friends anywhere in the country than we
+have among the white people of Tuskegee. We have found by experience
+that the best way to get on well with people is to have something that
+they want, and that is why we emphasise this Christian Industrial
+Education.
+
+Not long ago I heard a conversation among three white men something
+like this. Two of them were berating the Negro, saying the Negro was
+shiftless and lazy, and all that sort of thing. The third man
+listened to their remarks for some time in silence, and then he said:
+"I don't know what your experience has been; but there is a 'nigger'
+down our way who owns a good house and lot with about fifty acres of
+ground. His house is well furnished, and he has got some splendid
+horses and cattle. He is intelligent and has a bank account. I don't
+know how the 'niggers' are in your community, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman. Once, when I was hard up, I went to Tobe Jones and borrowed
+fifty dollars; and he hasn't asked me for it yet. I don't know what
+kind of 'niggers' you have down your way, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman."
+
+Now what we want to do is to multiply and place in every community
+these Tobe Joneses; and, just in so far as we can place them
+throughout the South this race question will disappear.
+
+Suppose there was a black man who had business for the railroads to
+the amount of ten thousand dollars a year. Do you suppose that, when
+that black man takes his family aboard the train, they are going to
+put him into a Jim Crow car and run the risk of losing that ten
+thousand dollars a year? No, they will put on a Pullman palace car for
+him.
+
+Some time ago a certain coloured man was passing through the streets
+of one of the little Southern towns, and he chanced to meet two white
+men on the street. It happened that this coloured man owns two or
+three houses and lots, has a good education and a comfortable bank
+account. One of the white men turned to the other, and said: "By Gosh!
+It is all I can do to keep from calling that 'nigger' Mister." That's
+the point we want to get to.
+
+Nothing else so soon brings about right relations between the two
+races in the South as the commercial progress of the Negro. Friction
+between the races will pass away as the black man, by reason of his
+skill, intelligence, and character, can produce something that the
+white man wants or respects in the commercial world. This is another
+reason why at Tuskegee we push industrial training. We find that as
+every year we put into a Southern community coloured men who can start
+a brickyard, a saw-mill, a tin-shop, or a printing-office,--men who
+produce something that makes the white man partly dependent upon the
+Negro instead of all the dependence being on the other side,--a change
+for the better takes place in the relations of the races. It is
+through the dairy farm, the truck-garden, the trades, the commercial
+life, largely, that the Negro is to find his way to respect and
+confidence.
+
+What is the permanent value of the Hampton and Tuskegee system of
+training to the South, in a broader sense? In connection with this, it
+is well to bear in mind that slavery unconsciously taught the white
+man that labour with the hands was something fit for the Negro only,
+and something for the white man to come into contact with just as
+little as possible. It is true that there was a large class of poor
+white people who laboured with the hands, but they did it because they
+were not able to secure Negroes to work for them; and these poor
+whites were constantly trying to imitate the slaveholding class in
+escaping labour, as they, too, regarded it as anything but elevating.
+But the Negro, in turn, looked down upon the poor whites with a
+certain contempt because they had to work. The Negro, it is to be
+borne in mind, worked under constant protest, because he felt that his
+labour was being unjustly requited; and he spent almost as much effort
+in planning how to escape work as in learning how to work. Labour with
+him was a badge of degradation. The white man was held up before him
+as the highest type of civilisation, but the Negro noted that this
+highest type of civilisation himself did little labour with the hand.
+Hence he argued that, the less work he did, the more nearly he would
+be like the white man. Then, in addition to these influences, the
+slave system discouraged labour-saving machinery. To use labour-saving
+machinery, intelligence was required; and intelligence and slavery
+were not on friendly terms. Hence the Negro always associated labour
+with toil, drudgery, something to be escaped. When the Negro first
+became free, his idea of education was that it was something that
+would soon put him in the same position as regards work that his
+recent master had occupied. Out of these conditions grew the habit of
+putting off till to-morrow and the day after the duty that should be
+done promptly to-day. The leaky house was not repaired while the sun
+shone, for then the rain did not come through. While the rain was
+falling, no one cared to expose himself to stop the rain. The plough,
+on the same principle, was left where the last furrow was run, to rot
+and rust in the field during the winter. There was no need to repair
+the wooden chimney that was exposed to the fire, because water could
+be thrown on it when it was on fire. There was no need to trouble
+about the payment of a debt to-day, because it could be paid as well
+next week or next year. Besides these conditions, the whole South at
+the close of the war was without proper food, clothing, and
+shelter,--was in need of habits of thrift and economy and of something
+laid up for a rainy day.
+
+To me it seemed perfectly plain that here was a condition of things
+that could not be met by the ordinary process of education. At
+Tuskegee we became convinced that the thing to do was to make a
+careful, systematic study of the condition and needs of the South,
+especially the Black Belt, and to bend our efforts in the direction of
+meeting these needs, whether we were following a well-beaten track or
+were hewing out a new path to meet conditions probably without a
+parallel in the world. After eighteen years of experience and
+observation, what is the result? Gradually, but surely, we find that
+all through the South the disposition to look upon labour as a
+disgrace is on the wane; and the parents who themselves sought to
+escape work are so anxious to give their children training in
+intelligent labour that every institution which gives training in the
+handicrafts is crowded, and many (among them Tuskegee) have to refuse
+admission to hundreds of applicants. The influence of Hampton and
+Tuskegee is shown again by the fact that almost every little school
+at the remotest cross-road is anxious to be known as an industrial
+school, or, as some of the coloured people call it, an "industrous"
+school.
+
+The social lines that were once sharply drawn between those who
+laboured with the hands and those who did not are disappearing. Those
+who formerly sought to escape labour, now when they see that brains
+and skill rob labour of the toil and drudgery once associated with it,
+instead of trying to avoid it, are willing to pay to be taught how to
+engage in it. The South is beginning to see labour raised up,
+dignified and beautified, and in this sees its salvation. In
+proportion as the love of labour grows, the large idle class, which
+has long been one of the curses of the South, disappears. As people
+become absorbed in their own affairs, they have less time to attend to
+everybody's else business.
+
+The South is still an undeveloped and unsettled country, and for the
+next half-century and more the greater part of the energy of the
+masses will be needed to develop its material resources. Any force
+that brings the rank and file of the people to have a greater love of
+industry is therefore especially valuable. This result industrial
+education is surely bringing about. It stimulates production and
+increases trade,--trade between the races; and in this new and
+engrossing relation both forget the past. The white man respects the
+vote of a coloured man who does ten thousand dollars' worth of
+business; and, the more business the coloured man has, the more
+careful he is how he votes.
+
+Immediately after the war there was a large class of Southern people
+who feared that the opening of the free schools to the freedmen and
+the poor whites--the education of the head alone--would result merely
+in increasing the class who sought to escape labour, and that the
+South would soon be overrun by the idle and vicious. But, as the
+results of industrial combined with academic training begin to show
+themselves in hundreds of communities that have been lifted up, these
+former prejudices against education are being removed. Many of those
+who a few years ago opposed Negro education are now among its warmest
+advocates.
+
+This industrial training, emphasising, as it does, the idea of
+economic production, is gradually bringing the South to the point
+where it is feeding itself. After the war, what profit the South made
+out of the cotton crop it spent outside of the South to purchase food
+supplies,--meat, bread, canned vegetables, and the like,--but the
+improved methods of agriculture are fast changing this custom. With
+the newer methods of labour, which teach promptness and system and
+emphasise the worth of the beautiful, the moral value of the
+well-painted house, the fence with every paling and nail in its place,
+is bringing to bear upon the South an influence that is making it a
+new country in industry, education, and religion.
+
+It seems to me I cannot do better than to close this chapter on the
+needs of the Southern Negro than by quoting from a talk given to the
+students at Tuskegee:--
+
+     "I want to be a little more specific in showing you what you have
+     to do and how you must do it.
+
+     "One trouble with us is--and the same is true of any young
+     people, no matter of what race or condition--we have too many
+     stepping-stones. We step all the time, from one thing to another.
+     You find a young man who is learning to make bricks; and, if you
+     ask him what he intends to do after learning the trade, in too
+     many cases he will answer, 'Oh, I am simply working at this
+     trade as a stepping-stone to something higher.' You see a young
+     man working at the brick-mason's trade, and he will be apt to say
+     the same thing. And young women learning to be milliners and
+     dressmakers will tell you the same. All are stepping to something
+     higher. And so we always go on, stepping somewhere, never getting
+     hold of anything thoroughly. Now we must stop this stepping
+     business, having so many stepping-stones. Instead, we have got to
+     take hold of these important industries, and stick to them until
+     we master them thoroughly. There is no nation so thorough in
+     their education as the Germans. Why? Simply because the German
+     takes hold of a thing, and sticks to it until he masters it. Into
+     it he puts brains and thought from morning to night. He reads all
+     the best books and journals bearing on that particular study, and
+     he feels that nobody else knows so much about it as he does.
+
+     "Take any of the industries I have mentioned, that of
+     brick-making, for example. Any one working at that trade should
+     determine to learn all there is to be known about making bricks;
+     read all the papers and journals bearing upon the trade; learn
+     not only to make common hand-bricks, but pressed bricks,
+     fire-bricks,--in short, the finest and best bricks there are to
+     be made. And, when you have learned all you can by reading and
+     talking with other people, you should travel from one city to
+     another, and learn how the best bricks are made. And then, when
+     you go into business for yourself, you will make a reputation for
+     being the best brick-maker in the community; and in this way you
+     will put yourself on your feet, and become a helpful and useful
+     citizen. When a young man does this, goes out into one of these
+     Southern cities and makes a reputation for himself, that person
+     wins a reputation that is going to give him a standing and
+     position. And, when the children of that successful brick-maker
+     come along, they will be able to take a higher position in life.
+     The grandchildren will be able to take a still higher position.
+     And it will be traced back to that grandfather who, by his great
+     success as a brick-maker, laid a foundation that was of the right
+     kind.
+
+     "What I have said about these two trades can be applied with
+     equal force to the trades followed by women. Take the matter of
+     millinery. There is no good reason why there should not be, in
+     each principal city in the South, at least three or four
+     competent coloured women in charge of millinery establishments.
+     But what is the trouble?
+
+     "Instead of making the most of our opportunities in this
+     industry, the temptation, in too many cases, is to be
+     music-teachers, teachers of elocution, or something else that
+     few of the race at present have any money to pay for, or the
+     opportunity to earn money to pay for, simply because there is no
+     foundation. But, when more coloured people succeed in the more
+     fundamental occupations, they will then be able to make better
+     provision for their children in what are termed the higher walks
+     of life.
+
+     "And, now, what I have said about these important industries is
+     especially true of the important industry of agriculture. We are
+     living in a country where, if we are going to succeed at all, we
+     are going to do so largely by what we raise out of the soil. The
+     people in those backward countries I have told you about have
+     failed to give attention to the cultivation of the soil, to the
+     invention and use of improved agricultural implements and
+     machinery. Without this no people can succeed. No race which
+     fails to put brains into agriculture can succeed; and, if you
+     want to realize the truth of this statement, go with me into the
+     back districts of some of our Southern States, and you will find
+     many people in poverty, and yet they are surrounded by a rich
+     country.
+
+     "A race, like an individual, has got to have a reputation. Such a
+     reputation goes a long way toward helping a race or an
+     individual; and, when we have succeeded in getting such a
+     reputation, we shall find that a great many of the discouraging
+     features of our life will melt away.
+
+     "Reputation is what people think we are, and a great deal depends
+     on that. When a race gets a reputation along certain lines, a
+     great many things which now seem complex, difficult to attain,
+     and are most discouraging, will disappear.
+
+     "When you say that an engine is a Corliss engine, people
+     understand that that engine is a perfect piece of mechanical
+     work,--perfect as far as human skill and ingenuity can make it
+     perfect. You say a car is a Pullman car. That is all; but what
+     does it mean? It means that the builder of that car got a
+     reputation at the outset for thorough, perfect work, for turning
+     out everything in first-class shape. And so with a race. You
+     cannot keep back very long a race that has the reputation for
+     doing perfect work in everything that it undertakes. And then we
+     have got to get a reputation for economy. Nobody cares to
+     associate with an individual in business or otherwise who has a
+     reputation for being a trifling spendthrift, who spends his money
+     for things that he can very easily get along without, who spends
+     his money for clothing, gewgaws, superficialities, and other
+     things, when he has not got the necessaries of life. We want to
+     give the race a reputation for being frugal and saving in
+     everything. Then we want to get a reputation for being
+     industrious. Now, remember these three things: Get a reputation
+     for being skilled. It will not do for a few here and there to
+     have it: the race must have the reputation. Get a reputation for
+     being so skilful, so industrious, that you will not leave a job
+     until it is as nearly perfect as any one can make it. And then we
+     want to make a reputation for the race for being honest,--honest
+     at all times and under all circumstances. A few individuals here
+     and there have it, a few communities have it; but the race as a
+     mass must get it.
+
+     "You recall that story of Abraham Lincoln, how, when he was
+     postmaster at a small village, he had left on his hands $1.50
+     which the government did not call for. Carefully wrapping up this
+     money in a handkerchief, he kept it for ten years. Finally, one
+     day, the government agent called for this amount; and it was
+     promptly handed over to him by Abraham Lincoln, who told him
+     that during all those ten years he had never touched a cent of
+     that money. He made it a principle of his life never to use other
+     people's money. That trait of his character helped him along to
+     the Presidency. The race wants to get a reputation for being
+     strictly honest in all its dealings and transactions,--honest in
+     handling money, honest in all its dealings with its fellow-men.
+
+     "And then we want to get a reputation for being thoughtful. This
+     I want to emphasise more than anything else. We want to get a
+     reputation for doing things without being told to do them every
+     time. If you have work to do, think about it so constantly,
+     investigate and read about it so thoroughly, that you will always
+     be finding ways and means of improving that work. The average
+     person going to work becomes a regular machine, never giving the
+     matter of improving the methods of his work a thought. He is
+     never at his work before the appointed time, and is sure to stop
+     the minute the hour is up. The world is looking for the person
+     who is thoughtful, who will say at the close of work hours: 'Is
+     there not something else I can do for you? Can I not stay a
+     little later, and help you?'
+
+     "Moreover, it is with a race as it is with an individual: it must
+     respect itself if it would win the respect of others. There must
+     be a certain amount of unity about a race, there must be a great
+     amount of pride about a race, there must be a great deal of faith
+     on the part of a race in itself. An individual cannot succeed
+     unless he has about him a certain amount of pride,--enough pride
+     to make him aspire to the highest and best things in life. An
+     individual cannot succeed unless that individual has a great
+     amount of faith in himself.
+
+     "A person who goes at an undertaking with the feeling that he
+     cannot succeed is likely to fail. On the other hand, the
+     individual who goes at an undertaking, feeling that he can
+     succeed, is the individual who in nine cases out of ten does
+     succeed. But, whenever you find an individual that is ashamed of
+     his race, trying to get away from his race, apologising for being
+     a member of his race, then you find a weak individual. Where you
+     find a race that is ashamed of itself, that is apologising for
+     itself, there you will find a weak, vacillating race. Let us no
+     longer have to apologise for our race in these or other matters.
+     Let us think seriously and work seriously: then, as a race, we
+     shall be thought of seriously, and, therefore, seriously
+     respected."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+In this chapter I wish to show how, at Tuskegee, we are trying to work
+out the plan of industrial training, and trust I shall be pardoned the
+seeming egotism if I preface the sketch with a few words, by way of
+example, as to the expansion of my own life and how I came to
+undertake the work at Tuskegee.
+
+My earliest recollection is of a small one-room log hut on a slave
+plantation in Virginia. After the close of the war, while working in
+the coal mines of West Virginia for the support of my mother, I heard,
+in some accidental way, of the Hampton Institute. When I learned that
+it was an institution where a black boy could study, could have a
+chance to work for his board, and at the same time be taught how to
+work and to realise the dignity of labor, I resolved to go there.
+Bidding my mother good-by, I started out one morning to find my way
+to Hampton, although I was almost penniless and had no definite idea
+as to where Hampton was. By walking, begging rides, and paying for a
+portion of the journey on the steam-cars, I finally succeeded in
+reaching the city of Richmond; Virginia. I was without money or
+friends. I slept on a sidewalk; and by working on a vessel the next
+day I earned money enough to continue my way to the institute, where I
+arrived with a capital of fifty cents. At Hampton I found the
+opportunity--in the way of buildings, teachers, and industries
+provided by the generous--to get training in the classroom and by
+practical touch with industrial life,--to learn thrift, economy, and
+push. I was surrounded by an atmosphere of business, Christian
+influence, and spirit of self-help, that seemed to have awakened every
+faculty in me, and caused me for the first time to realise what it
+meant to be a man instead of a piece of property.
+
+While there, I resolved, when I had finished the course of training, I
+would go into the Far South, into the Black Belt of the South, and
+give my life to providing the same kind of opportunity for
+self-reliance, self-awakening, that I had found provided for me at
+Hampton.
+
+My work began at Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1881, in a small shanty church,
+with one teacher and thirty students, without a dollar's worth of
+property. The spirit of work and of industrial thrift, with aid from
+the State and generosity from the North, have enabled us to develop an
+institution which now has about one thousand students, gathered from
+twenty-three States, and eighty-eight instructors. Counting students,
+instructors, and their families, we have a resident population upon
+the school grounds of about twelve hundred persons.
+
+The institution owns two thousand three hundred acres of land, seven
+hundred of which are cultivated by student labor. There are six
+hundred head of live-stock, including horses, mules, cows, hogs, and
+sheep. There are over forty vehicles that have been made, and are now
+used, by the school. Training is given in twenty-six industries. There
+is work in wood, in iron, in leather, in tin; and all forms of
+domestic economy are engaged in. Students are taught mechanical and
+architectural drawing, receive training as agriculturists, dairymen,
+masons, carpenters, contractors, builders, as machinists,
+electricians, printers, dressmakers, and milliners, and in other
+directions.
+
+The value of the property is $300,000. There are forty-two buildings,
+counting large and small, all of which, with the exception of four,
+have been erected by the labour of the students.
+
+Since this work started, there has been collected and spent for its
+founding and support $800,000. The annual expense is now not far from
+$75,000. In a humble, simple manner the effort has been to place a
+great object-lesson in the heart of the South for the elevation of the
+coloured people, where there should be, in a high sense, that union of
+head, heart, and hand which has been the foundation of the greatness
+of all races since the world began.
+
+What is the object of all this outlay? It must be first borne in mind
+that we have in the South a peculiar and unprecedented state of
+things. The cardinal needs among the eight million coloured people in
+the South, most of whom are to be found on the plantations, may be
+stated as food, clothing, shelter, education, proper habits, and a
+settlement of race relations. These millions of coloured people of the
+South cannot be reached directly by any missionary agent; but they can
+be reached by sending out among them strong, selected young men and
+women, with the proper training of head, hand, and heart, who will
+live among them and show them how to lift themselves up.
+
+The problem that the Tuskegee Institute keeps before itself constantly
+is how to prepare these leaders. From the outset, in connection with
+religious and academic training, it has emphasised industrial, or
+hand, training as a means of finding the way out of present
+conditions. First, we have found the industrial teaching useful in
+giving the student a chance to work out a portion of his expenses
+while in school. Second, the school furnishes labour that has an
+economic value and at the same time gives the student a chance to
+acquire knowledge and skill while performing the labour. Most of all,
+we find the industrial system valuable in teaching economy, thrift,
+and the dignity of labour and in giving moral backbone to students.
+The fact that a student goes into the world conscious of his power to
+build a house or a wagon or to make a set of harness gives him a
+certain confidence and moral independence that he would not possess
+without such training.
+
+A more detailed example of our methods at Tuskegee may be of interest.
+For example, we cultivate by student labour seven hundred acres of
+land. The object is not only to cultivate the land in a way to make it
+pay our boarding department, but at the same time to teach the
+students, in addition to the practical work, something of the
+chemistry of the soil, the best methods of drainage, dairying,
+cultivation of fruit, the care of live-stock and tools, and scores of
+other lessons needed by people whose main dependence is on
+agriculture.
+
+Friends some time ago provided means for the erection of a large new
+chapel at Tuskegee. Our students made the bricks for this chapel. A
+large part of the timber was sawed by the students at our saw-mill,
+the plans were drawn by our teacher of architectural and mechanical
+drawing, and students did the brick-masonry, the plastering, the
+painting, the carpentry work, the tinning, the slating, and made most
+of the furniture. Practically, the whole chapel was built and
+furnished by student labour. Now the school has this building for
+permanent use, and the students have a knowledge of the trades
+employed in its construction.
+
+While the young men do the kinds of work I have mentioned, young women
+to a large extent make, mend, and laundry the clothing of the young
+men. They also receive instruction in dairying, horticulture, and
+other valuable industries.
+
+One of the objections sometimes urged against industrial education for
+the Negro is that it aims merely to teach him to work on the same
+plan that he worked on when in slavery. This is far from being the
+object at Tuskegee. At the head of each of the twenty-six industrial
+divisions we have an intelligent and competent instructor, just as we
+have in our history classes, so that the student is taught not only
+practical brick-masonry, for example, but also the underlying
+principles of that industry, the mathematics and the mechanical and
+architectural drawing. Or he is taught how to become master of the
+forces of nature, so that, instead of cultivating corn in the old way,
+he can use a corn cultivator that lays off the furrows, drops the corn
+into them, and covers it; and in this way he can do more work than
+three men by the old process of corn planting, while at the same time
+much of the toil is eliminated and labour is dignified. In a word, the
+constant aim is to show the student how to put brains into every
+process of labour, how to bring his knowledge of mathematics and the
+sciences in farming, carpentry, forging, foundry work, how to dispense
+as soon as possible with the old form of _ante-bellum_ labour. In the
+erection of the chapel referred to, instead of letting the money which
+was given to us go into outside hands, we made it accomplish three
+objects: first, it provided the chapel; second, it gave the students a
+chance to get a practical knowledge of the trades connected with the
+building; and, third, it enabled them to earn something toward the
+payment of their board while receiving academic and industrial
+training.
+
+Having been fortified at Tuskegee by education of mind, skill of hand,
+Christian character, ideas of thrift, economy, and push, and a spirit
+of independence, the student is sent out to become a centre of
+influence and light in showing the masses of our people in the Black
+Belt of the South how to lift themselves up. Can this be done? I give
+but one or two examples. Ten years ago a young coloured man came to
+the institute from one of the large plantation districts. He studied
+in the class-room a portion of the time, and received practical and
+theoretical training on the farm the remainder of the time. Having
+finished his course at Tuskegee, he returned to his plantation home,
+which was in a county where the coloured people outnumbered the whites
+six to one, as is true of many of the counties in the Black Belt of
+the South. He found the Negroes in debt. Ever since the war they had
+been mortgaging their crops for the food on which to live while the
+crops were growing. The majority of them were living from
+hand-to-mouth on rented land, in small one-room log cabins, and
+attempting to pay a rate of interest on their advances that ranged
+from fifteen to forty per cent. per annum. The school had been taught
+in a wreck of a log cabin, with no apparatus, and had never been in
+session longer than three months out of twelve. He found the people,
+as many as eight or ten persons, of all ages and conditions and of
+both sexes, huddled together and living in one-room cabins year after
+year, and with a minister whose only aim was to work upon the
+emotions. One can imagine something of the moral and religious state
+of the community.
+
+But the remedy! In spite of the evil the Negro got the habit of work
+from slavery. The rank and file of the race, especially those on the
+Southern plantations, work hard; but the trouble is that what they
+earn gets away from them in high rents, crop mortgages, whiskey,
+snuff, cheap jewelry, and the like. The young man just referred to had
+been trained at Tuskegee, as most of our graduates are, to meet just
+this condition of things. He took the three months' public school as
+a nucleus for his work. Then he organized the older people into a
+club, or conference, that held meetings every week. In these meetings
+he taught the people, in a plain, simple manner, how to save their
+money, how to farm in a better way, how to sacrifice,--to live on
+bread and potatoes, if necessary, till they could get out of debt, and
+begin the buying of lands.
+
+Soon a large proportion of the people were in a condition to make
+contracts for the buying of homes (land is very cheap in the South)
+and to live without mortgaging their crops. Not only this; under the
+guidance and leadership of this teacher, the first year that he was
+among them they learned how and built, by contributions in money and
+labour, a neat, comfortable school-house that replaced the wreck of a
+log cabin formerly used. The following year the weekly meetings were
+continued, and two months were added to the original three months of
+school. The next year two more months were added. The improvement has
+gone on until these people have every year an eight months' school.
+
+I wish my readers could have the chance that I have had of going into
+this community. I wish they could look into the faces of the people,
+and see them beaming with hope and delight. I wish they could see the
+two or three room cottages that have taken the place of the usual
+one-room cabin, see the well-cultivated farms and the religious life
+of the people that now means something more than the name. The teacher
+has a good cottage and well-kept farm that serve as models. In a word,
+a complete revolution has been wrought in the industrial, educational,
+and religious life of this whole community by reason of the fact that
+they have had this leader, this guide and object-lesson, to show them
+how to take the money and effort that had hitherto been scattered to
+the wind in mortgages and high rents, in whiskey and gewgaws, and how
+to concentrate it in the direction of their own uplifting. One
+community on its feet presents an object-lesson for the adjoining
+communities, and soon improvements show themselves in other places.
+
+Another student, who received academic and industrial training at
+Tuskegee, established himself, three years ago, as a blacksmith and
+wheelwright in a community; and, in addition to the influence of his
+successful business enterprise, he is fast making the same kind of
+changes in the life of the people about him that I have just
+recounted. It would be easy for me to fill many pages describing the
+influence of the Tuskegee graduates in every part of the South. We
+keep it constantly in the minds of our students and graduates that
+the industrial or material condition of the masses of our people must
+be improved, as well as the intellectual, before there can be any
+permanent change in their moral and religious life. We find it a
+pretty hard thing to make a good Christian of a hungry man. No matter
+how much our people "get happy" and "shout" in church, if they go home
+at night from church hungry, they are tempted to find something to eat
+before morning. This is a principle of human nature, and is not
+confined alone to the Negro. The Negro has within him immense power
+for self-uplifting, but for years it will be necessary to guide him
+and stimulate his energies.
+
+The recognition of this power led us to organise, five years ago, what
+is known as the Tuskegee Negro Conference,--a gathering that
+meets every February, and is composed of about eight hundred
+representatives, coloured men and women, from all sections of the
+Black Belt. They come in ox-carts, mule-carts, buggies, on muleback
+and horseback, on foot, by railroad. Some travel all night in order to
+be present. The matters considered at the conference are those that
+the coloured people have it in their own power to control,--such as
+the evils of the mortgage system, the one-room cabin, buying on
+credit, the importance of owning a home and of putting money in the
+bank, how to build school-houses and prolong the school term, and to
+improve their moral and religious condition. As a single example of
+the results, one delegate reported that since the conference was
+started, seven years ago, eleven people in his neighbourhood had
+bought homes, fourteen had gotten out of debt, and a number had
+stopped mortgaging their crops. Moreover, a school-house had been
+built by the people themselves, and the school term had been extended
+from three to six months; and, with a look of triumph, he exclaimed,
+"We's done libin' in de ashes."
+
+Besides this Negro Conference for the masses of the people, we now
+have a gathering at the same time known as the Tuskegee Workers'
+Conference, composed of the officers and instructors of the leading
+coloured schools in the South. After listening to the story of the
+conditions and needs from the people themselves, the Workers'
+Conference finds much food for thought and discussion. Let me repeat,
+from its beginning, this institution has kept in mind the giving of
+thorough mental and religious training, along with such industrial
+training as would enable the student to appreciate the dignity of
+labour and become self-supporting and valuable as a producing factor,
+keeping in mind the occupations open in the South to the average man
+of the race.
+
+This institution has now reached the point where it can begin to judge
+of the value of its work as seen in its graduates. Some years ago we
+noted the fact, for example, that there was quite a movement in many
+parts of the South to organise and start dairies. Soon after this, we
+opened a dairy school where a number of young men could receive
+training in the best and most scientific methods of dairying. At
+present we have calls, mainly from Southern white men, for twice as
+many dairymen as we are able to supply. The reports indicate that our
+young men are giving the highest satisfaction, and are fast changing
+and improving the dairy product in the communities where they labour.
+I have used the dairy industry simply as an example. What I have said
+of this industry is true in a larger or less degree of the others.
+
+I cannot but believe, and my daily observation and experience confirm
+me in it, that, as we continue placing men and women of intelligence,
+religion, modesty, conscience, and skill in every community in the
+South, who will prove by actual results their value to the community,
+this will constitute the solution for many of the present political
+and sociological difficulties. It is with this larger and more
+comprehensive view of improving present conditions and laying the
+foundation wisely that the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute is
+training men and women as teachers and industrial leaders.
+
+Over four hundred students have finished the course of training at
+this institution, and are now scattered throughout the South, doing
+good work. A recent investigation shows that about 3,000 students who
+have taken only a partial course are doing commendable work. One young
+man, who was able to remain in school but two years, has been teaching
+in one community for ten years. During this time he has built a new
+school-house, extended the school term from three to seven months,
+and has bought a nice farm upon which he has erected a neat cottage.
+The example of this young man has inspired many of the coloured people
+in this community to follow his example in some degree; and this is
+one of many such examples.
+
+Wherever our graduates and ex-students go, they teach by precept and
+example the necessary lesson of thrift, economy, and property-getting,
+and friendship between the races.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+It has become apparent that the effort to put the rank and file of the
+coloured people into a position to exercise the right of franchise has
+not been the success that was expected in those portions of our
+country where the Negro is found in large numbers. Either the Negro
+was not prepared for any such wholesale exercise of the ballot as our
+recent amendments to the Constitution contemplated or the American
+people were not prepared to assist and encourage him to use the
+ballot. In either case the result has been the same.
+
+On an important occasion in the life of the Master, when it fell to
+him to pronounce judgment on two courses of action, these memorable
+words fell from his lips: "And Mary hath chosen the better part." This
+was the supreme test in the case of an individual. It is the highest
+test in the case of a race or a nation. Let us apply this test to the
+American Negro.
+
+In the life of our Republic, when he has had the opportunity to
+choose, has it been the better or worse part? When in the childhood of
+this nation the Negro was asked to submit to slavery or choose death
+and extinction, as did the aborigines, he chose the better part, that
+which perpetuated the race.
+
+When, in 1776, the Negro was asked to decide between British
+oppression and American independence, we find him choosing the better
+part; and Crispus Attucks, a Negro, was the first to shed his blood on
+State Street, Boston, that the white American might enjoy liberty
+forever, though his race remained in slavery. When, in 1814, at New
+Orleans, the test of patriotism came again, we find the Negro choosing
+the better part, General Andrew Jackson himself testifying that no
+heart was more loyal and no arm was more strong and useful in defence
+of righteousness.
+
+When the long and memorable struggle came between union and
+separation, when he knew that victory meant freedom, and defeat his
+continued enslavement, although enlisting by the thousands, as
+opportunity presented itself, to fight in honourable combat for the
+cause of the Union and liberty, yet, when the suggestion and the
+temptation came to burn the home and massacre wife and children during
+the absence of the master in battle, and thus insure his liberty, we
+find him choosing the better part, and for four long years protecting
+and supporting the helpless, defenceless ones intrusted to his care.
+
+When, during our war with Spain, the safety and honour of the Republic
+were threatened by a foreign foe, when the wail and anguish of the
+oppressed from a distant isle reached our ears, we find the Negro
+forgetting his own wrongs, forgetting the laws and customs that
+discriminate against him in his own country, and again choosing the
+better part. And, if any one would know how he acquitted himself in
+the field at Santiago, let him apply for answer to Shafter and
+Roosevelt and Wheeler. Let them tell how the Negro faced death and
+laid down his life in defence of honour and humanity. When the full
+story of the heroic conduct of the Negro in the Spanish-American War
+has been heard from the lips of Northern soldier and Southern soldier,
+from ex-abolitionist and ex-master, then shall the country decide
+whether a race that is thus willing to die for its country should not
+be given the highest opportunity to live for its country.
+
+In the midst of all the complaints of suffering in the camp and field
+during the Spanish-American War, suffering from fever and hunger,
+where is the official or citizen that has heard a word of complaint
+from the lips of a black soldier? The only request that came from the
+Negro soldier was that he might be permitted to replace the white
+soldier when heat and malaria began to decimate the ranks of the white
+regiments, and to occupy at the same time the post of greater danger.
+
+But, when all this is said, it remains true that the efforts on the
+part of his friends and the part of himself to share actively in the
+control of State and local government in America have not been a
+success in all sections. What are the causes of this partial failure,
+and what lessons has it taught that we may use in regard to the future
+treatment of the Negro in America?
+
+In my mind there is no doubt but that we made a mistake at the
+beginning of our freedom of putting the emphasis on the wrong end.
+Politics and the holding of office were too largely emphasised,
+almost to the exclusion of every other interest.
+
+I believe the past and present teach but one lesson,--to the Negro's
+friends and to the Negro himself,--that there is but one way out, that
+there is but one hope of solution; and that is for the Negro in every
+part of America to resolve from henceforth that he will throw aside
+every non-essential and cling only to essential,--that his pillar of
+fire by night and pillar of cloud by day shall be property, economy,
+education, and Christian character. To us just now these are the
+wheat, all else the chaff. The individual or race that owns the
+property, pays the taxes, possesses the intelligence and substantial
+character, is the one which is going to exercise the greatest control
+in government, whether he lives in the North or whether he lives in
+the South.
+
+I have often been asked the cause of and the cure for the riots that
+have taken place recently in North Carolina and South Carolina.[1] I
+am not at all sure that what I shall say will answer these questions
+in a satisfactory way, nor shall I attempt to narrow my expressions to
+a mere recital of what has taken place in these two States. I prefer
+to discuss the problem in a broader manner.
+
+[1] November, 1898.
+
+In the first place, in politics I am a Republican, but have always
+refrained from activity in party politics, and expect to pursue this
+policy in the future. So in this connection I shall refrain, as I
+always have done, from entering upon any discussion of mere party
+politics. What I shall say of politics will bear upon the race problem
+and the civilisation of the South in the larger sense. In no case
+would I permit my political relations to stand in the way of my
+speaking and acting in the manner that I believe would be for the
+permanent interest of my race and the whole South.
+
+In 1873 the Negro in the South had reached the point of greatest
+activity and influence in public life, so far as the mere holding of
+elective office was concerned. From that date those who have kept up
+with the history of the South have noticed that the Negro has steadily
+lost in the number of elective offices held. In saying this, I do not
+mean that the Negro has gone backward in the real and more fundamental
+things of life. On the contrary, he has gone forward faster than has
+been true of any other race in history, under anything like similar
+circumstances.
+
+If we can answer the question as to why the Negro has lost ground in
+the matter of holding elective office in the South, perhaps we shall
+find that our reply will prove to be our answer also as to the cause
+of the recent riots in North Carolina and South Carolina. Before
+beginning a discussion of the question I have asked, I wish to say
+that this change in the political influence of the Negro has continued
+from year to year, notwithstanding the fact that for a long time he
+was protected, politically, by force of federal arms and the most
+rigid federal laws, and still more effectively, perhaps, by the voice
+and influence in the halls of legislation of such advocates of the
+rights of the Negro race as Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin
+F. Butler, James M. Ashley, Oliver P. Morton, Carl Schurz, and Roscoe
+Conkling, and on the stump and through the public press by those great
+and powerful Negroes, Frederick Douglass, John M. Langston, Blanche K.
+Bruce, John R. Lynch, P. B. S. Pinchback, Robert Browne Elliot, T.
+Thomas Fortune, and many others; but the Negro has continued for
+twenty years to have fewer representatives in the State and national
+legislatures. The reduction has continued until now it is at the point
+where, with few exceptions, he is without representatives in the
+law-making bodies of the State and of the nation.
+
+Now let us find, if we can, a cause for this. The Negro is fond of
+saying that his present condition is due to the fact that the State
+and federal courts have not sustained the laws passed for the
+protection of the rights of his people; but I think we shall have to
+go deeper than this, because I believe that all agree that court
+decisions, as a rule, represent the public opinion of the community or
+nation creating and sustaining the court.
+
+At the beginning of his freedom it was unfortunate that those of the
+white race who won the political confidence of the Negro were not,
+with few exceptions, men of such high character as would lead them to
+assist him in laying a firm foundation for his development. Their
+main purpose appears to have been, for selfish ends in too many
+instances, merely to control his vote. The history of the
+reconstruction era will show that this was unfortunate for all the
+parties in interest.
+
+It would have been better, from any point of view, if the native
+Southern white man had taken the Negro, at the beginning of his
+freedom, into his political confidence, and exercised an influence and
+control over him before his political affections were alienated.
+
+The average Southern white man has an idea to-day that, if the Negro
+were permitted to get any political power, all the mistakes of the
+reconstruction period would be repeated. He forgets or ignores the
+fact that thirty years of acquiring education and property and
+character have produced a higher type of black man than existed thirty
+years ago.
+
+But, to be more specific, for all practical purposes, there are two
+political parties in the South,--a black man's party and a white man's
+party. In saying this, I do not mean that all white men are Democrats;
+for there are some white men in the South of the highest character who
+are Republicans, and there are a few Negroes in the South of the
+highest character who are Democrats. It is the general understanding
+that all white men are Democrats or the equivalent, and that all black
+men are Republicans. So long as the colour line is the dividing line
+in politics, so long will there be trouble.
+
+The white man feels that he owns most of the property, furnishes the
+Negro most of his employment, thinks he pays most of the taxes, and
+has had years of experience in government. There is no mistaking the
+fact that the feeling which has heretofore governed the Negro--that,
+to be manly and stand by his race, he must oppose the Southern white
+man with his vote--has had much to do with intensifying the opposition
+of the Southern white man to him.
+
+The Southern white man says that it is unreasonable for the Negro to
+come to him, in a large measure, for his clothes, board, shelter, and
+education, and for his politics to go to men a thousand miles away. He
+very properly argues that, when the Negro votes, he should try to
+consult the interests of his employer, just as the Pennsylvania
+employee tries to vote for the interests of his employer. Further,
+that much of the education which has been given the Negro has been
+defective, in not preparing him to love labour and to earn his living
+at some special industry, and has, in too many cases, resulted in
+tempting him to live by his wits as a political creature or by
+trusting to his "influence" as a political time-server.
+
+Then, there is no mistaking the fact, that much opposition to the
+Negro in politics is due to the circumstance that the Southern white
+man has not become accustomed to seeing the Negro exercise political
+power either as a voter or as an office-holder. Again, we want to bear
+it in mind that the South has not yet reached the point where there is
+that strict regard for the enforcement of the law against either black
+or white men that there is in many of our Northern and Western States.
+This laxity in the enforcement of the laws in general, and especially
+of criminal laws, makes such outbreaks as those in North Carolina and
+South Carolina of easy occurrence.
+
+Then there is one other consideration which must not be overlooked. It
+is the common opinion of almost every black man and almost every white
+man that nearly everybody who has had anything to do with the making
+of laws bearing upon the protection of the Negro's vote has proceeded
+on the theory that all the black men for all time will vote the
+Republican ticket and that all the white men in the South will vote
+the Democratic ticket. In a word, all seem to have taken it for
+granted that the two races are always going to oppose each other in
+their voting.
+
+In all the foregoing statements I have not attempted to define my own
+views or position, but simply to describe conditions as I have
+observed them, that might throw light upon the cause of our political
+troubles. As to my own position, I do not favour the Negro's giving up
+anything which is fundamental and which has been guaranteed to him by
+the Constitution of the United States. It is not best for him to
+relinquish any of his rights; nor would his doing so be best for the
+Southern white man. Every law placed in the Constitution of the
+United States was placed there to encourage and stimulate the highest
+citizenship. If the Negro is not stimulated and encouraged by just
+State and national laws to become the highest type of citizen, the
+result will be worse for the Southern white man than for the Negro.
+Take the State of South Carolina, for example, where nearly two-thirds
+of the population are Negroes. Unless these Negroes are encouraged by
+just election laws to become tax-payers and intelligent producers, the
+white people of South Carolina will have an eternal millstone about
+their necks.
+
+In an open letter to the State Constitutional Convention of Louisiana,
+I wrote:
+
+     "I am no politician. On the other hand, I have always advised my
+     race to give attention to acquiring property, intelligence, and
+     character, as the necessary bases of good citizenship, rather
+     than to mere political agitation. But the question upon which I
+     write is out of the region of ordinary politics. It affects the
+     civilisation of two races, not for to-day alone, but for a very
+     long time to come.
+
+     "Since the war, no State has had such an opportunity to settle,
+     for all time, the race question, so far as it concerns politics,
+     as is now given to Louisiana. Will your convention set an example
+     to the world in this respect? Will Louisiana take such high and
+     just grounds in respect to the Negro that no one can doubt that
+     the South is as good a friend to him as he possesses elsewhere?
+     In all this, gentlemen of the convention, I am not pleading for
+     the Negro alone, but for the morals, the higher life, of the
+     white man as well.
+
+     "The Negro agrees with you that it is necessary to the salvation
+     of the South that restrictions be put upon the ballot. I know
+     that you have two serious problems before you; ignorant and
+     corrupt government, on the one hand; and, on the other, a way to
+     restrict the ballot so that control will be in the hands of the
+     intelligent, without regard to race. With the sincerest sympathy
+     with you in your efforts to find a good way out of the
+     difficulty, I want to suggest that no State in the South can make
+     a law that will provide an opportunity or temptation for an
+     ignorant white man to vote, and withhold the opportunity or
+     temptation from an ignorant coloured man, without injuring both
+     men. No State can make a law that can thus be executed without
+     dwarfing, for all time, the morals of the white man in the South.
+     Any law controlling the ballot that is not absolutely just and
+     fair to both races will work more permanent injury to the whites
+     than to the blacks.
+
+     "The Negro does not object to an educational and property test,
+     but let the law be so clear that no one clothed with State
+     authority will be tempted to perjure and degrade himself by
+     putting one interpretation upon it for the white man and another
+     for the black man. Study the history of the South, and you will
+     find that, where there has been the most dishonesty in the matter
+     of voting, there you will find to-day the lowest moral condition
+     of both races. First, there was the temptation to act wrongly
+     with the Negro's ballot. From this it was an easy step to act
+     dishonestly with the white man's ballot, to the carrying of
+     concealed weapons, to the murder of a Negro, and then to the
+     murder of a white man, and then to lynching. I entreat you not to
+     pass a law that will prove an eternal millstone about the necks
+     of your children. No man can have respect for the government and
+     officers of the law when he knows, deep down in his heart, that
+     the exercise of the franchise is tainted with fraud.
+
+     "The road that the South has been compelled to travel during the
+     last thirty years has been strewn with thorns and thistles. It
+     has been as one groping through the long darkness into the light.
+     The time is not far distant when the world will begin to
+     appreciate the real character of the burden that was imposed upon
+     the South in giving the franchise to four millions of ignorant
+     and impoverished ex-slaves. No people was ever before given such
+     a problem to solve. History has blazed no path through the
+     wilderness that could be followed. For thirty years we have
+     wandered in the wilderness. We are now beginning to get out. But
+     there is only one road out; and all makeshifts, expedients,
+     profit and loss calculations, but lead into swamps, quicksands,
+     quagmires, and jungles. There is a highway that will lead both
+     races out into the pure, beautiful sunshine, where there will be
+     nothing to hide and nothing to explain, where both races can
+     grow strong and true and useful in every fibre of their being. I
+     believe that your convention will find this highway, that it will
+     enact a fundamental law that will be absolutely just and fair to
+     white and black alike.
+
+     "I beg of you, further, that in the degree that you close the
+     ballot-box against the ignorant you will open the school-house.
+     More than one-half of the population of your State are Negroes.
+     No State can long prosper when a large part of its citizenship is
+     in ignorance and poverty, and has no interest in the government.
+     I beg of you that you do not treat us as an alien people. We are
+     not aliens. You know us. You know that we have cleared your
+     forests, tilled your fields, nursed your children, and protected
+     your families. There is an attachment between us that few
+     understand. While I do not presume to be able to advise you, yet
+     it is in my heart to say that, if your convention would do
+     something that would prevent for all time strained relations
+     between the two races, and would permanently settle the matter of
+     political relations in one Southern State at least, let the very
+     best educational opportunities be provided for both races; and
+     add to this an election law that shall be incapable of unjust
+     discrimination, at the same time providing that, in proportion as
+     the ignorant secure education, property, and character, they will
+     be given the right of citizenship. Any other course will take
+     from one-half your citizens interest in the State, and hope and
+     ambition to become intelligent producers and tax-payers, and
+     useful and virtuous citizens. Any other course will tie the white
+     citizens of Louisiana to a body of death.
+
+     "The Negroes are not unmindful of the fact that the poverty of
+     the State prevents it from doing all that it desires for public
+     education; yet I believe that you will agree with me that
+     ignorance is more costly to the State than education, that it
+     will cost Louisiana more not to educate the Negroes than it will
+     to educate them. In connection with a generous provision for
+     public schools, I believe that nothing will so help my own people
+     in your State as provision at some institution for the highest
+     academic and normal training, in connection with thorough
+     training in agriculture, mechanics, and domestic economy.
+     First-class training in agriculture, horticulture, dairying,
+     stock-raising, the mechanical arts, and domestic economy, would
+     make us intelligent producers, and not only help us to contribute
+     our honest share as tax-payers, but would result in retaining
+     much money in the State that now goes outside for that which can
+     be as well produced at home. An institution which will give this
+     training of the hand, along with the highest mental culture,
+     would soon convince our people that their salvation is largely
+     in the ownership of property and in industrial and business
+     development, rather than in mere political agitation.
+
+     "The highest test of the civilisation of any race is in its
+     willingness to extend a helping hand to the less fortunate. A
+     race, like an individual, lifts itself up by lifting others up.
+     Surely, no people ever had a greater chance to exhibit the
+     highest Christian fortitude and magnanimity than is now presented
+     to the people of Louisiana. It requires little wisdom or
+     statesmanship to repress, to crush out, to retard the hopes and
+     aspirations of a people; but the highest and most profound
+     statesmanship is shown in guiding and stimulating a people, so
+     that every fibre in the body and soul shall be made to contribute
+     in the highest degree to the usefulness and ability of the State.
+     It is along this line that I pray God the thoughts and
+     activities of your convention may be guided."
+
+As to such outbreaks as have recently occurred in North Carolina and
+South Carolina, the remedy will not be reached by the Southern white
+man merely depriving the Negro of his rights and privileges. This
+method is but superficial, irritating, and must, in the nature of
+things, be short-lived. The statesman, to cure an evil, resorts to
+enlightenment, to stimulation; the politician, to repression. I have
+just remarked that I favour the giving up of nothing that is
+guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the United States, or that is
+fundamental to our citizenship. While I hold to these views as
+strongly as any one, I differ with some as to the method of securing
+the permanent and peaceful enjoyment of all the privileges guaranteed
+to us by our fundamental law.
+
+In finding a remedy, we must recognise the world-wide fact that the
+Negro must be led to see and feel that he must make every effort
+possible, in every way possible, to secure the friendship, the
+confidence, the co-operation of his white neighbour in the South. To
+do this, it is not necessary for the Negro to become a truckler or a
+trimmer. The Southern white man has no respect for a Negro who does
+not act from principle. In some way the Southern white man must be led
+to see that it is to his interest to turn his attention more and more
+to the making of laws that will, in the truest sense, elevate the
+Negro. At the present moment, in many cases, when one attempts to get
+the Negro to co-operate with the Southern white man, he asks the
+question, "Can the people who force me to ride in a Jim Crow car, and
+pay first-class fare, be my best friends?" In answering such
+questions, the Southern white man, as well as the Negro, has a duty to
+perform. In the exercise of his political rights I should advise the
+Negro to be temperate and modest, and more and more to do his own
+thinking.
+
+I believe the permanent cure for our present evils will come through a
+property and educational test for voting that shall apply honestly and
+fairly to both races. This will cut off the large mass of ignorant
+voters of both races that is now proving so demoralising a factor in
+the politics of the Southern States.
+
+But, most of all, it will come through industrial development of the
+Negro. Industrial education makes an intelligent producer of the
+Negro, who becomes of immediate value to the community rather than
+one who yields to the temptation to live merely by politics or
+other parasitical employments. It will make him soon become a
+property-holder; and, when a citizen becomes a holder of property, he
+becomes a conservative and thoughtful voter. He will more carefully
+consider the measures and individuals to be voted for. In proportion
+as he increases his property interests, he becomes important as a
+tax-payer.
+
+There is little trouble between the Negro and the white man in matters
+of education; and, when it comes to his business development, the
+black man has implicit faith in the advice of the Southern white man.
+When he gets into trouble in the courts, which requires a bond to be
+given, in nine cases out of ten, he goes to a Southern white man for
+advice and assistance. Every one who has lived in the South knows
+that, in many of the church troubles among the coloured people, the
+ministers and other church officers apply to the nearest white
+minister for assistance and instruction. When by reason of mutual
+concession we reach the point where we shall consult the Southern
+white man about our politics as we now consult him about our
+business, legal, and religious matters, there will be a change for the
+better in the situation.
+
+The object-lesson of a thousand Negroes in every county in the South
+who own neat and comfortable homes, possessing skill, industry, and
+thrift, with money in the bank, and are large tax-payers co-operating
+with the white men in the South in every manly way for the development
+of their own communities and counties, will go a long way, in a few
+years, toward changing the present status of the Negro as a citizen,
+as well as the attitude of the whites toward the blacks.
+
+As the Negro grows in industrial and business directions, he will
+divide in his politics on economic issues, just as the white man in
+other parts of the country now divides his vote. As the South grows in
+business prosperity it will divide its vote on economic issues, just
+as other sections of the country divide their vote. When we can enact
+laws that result in honestly cutting off the large ignorant and
+non-tax-paying vote, and when we can bring both races to the point
+where they will co-operate with each other in politics, as they do now
+in matters of business, religion, and education, the problem will be
+in a large measure solved, and political outbreaks will cease.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+One of the great questions which Christian education must face in the
+South is the proper adjustment of the new relations of the two races.
+It is a question which must be faced calmly, quietly, dispassionately;
+and the time has now come to rise above party, above race, above
+colour, above sectionalism, into the region of duty of man to man, of
+American to American, of Christian to Christian.
+
+I remember not long ago, when about five hundred coloured people
+sailed from the port of Savannah bound for Liberia, that the news was
+flashed all over the country, "The Negro has made up his mind to
+return to his own country," and that, "in this was the solution of the
+race problem in the South." But these short-sighted people forgot the
+fact that before breakfast that morning about five hundred more Negro
+children were born in the South alone.
+
+And then, once in a while, somebody is so bold as to predict that the
+Negro will be absorbed by the white race. Let us look at this phase of
+the question for a moment. It is a fact that, if a person is known to
+have one per cent. of African blood in his veins, he ceases to be a
+white man. The ninety-nine per cent. of Caucasian blood does not weigh
+by the side of the one per cent. of African blood. The white blood
+counts for nothing. The person is a Negro every time. So it will be a
+very difficult task for the white man to absorb the Negro.
+
+Somebody else conceived the idea of colonising the coloured people, of
+getting territory where nobody lived, putting the coloured people
+there, and letting them be a nation all by themselves. There are two
+objections to that. First, you would have to build one wall to keep
+the coloured people in, and another wall to keep the white people
+out. If you were to build ten walls around Africa to-day you could not
+keep the white people out, especially as long as there was a hope of
+finding gold there.
+
+I have always had the highest respect for those of our race who, in
+trying to find a solution for our Southern problem, advised a return
+of the race to Africa, and because of my respect for those who have
+thus advised, especially Bishop Henry M. Turner, I have tried to make
+a careful and unbiassed study of the question, during a recent sojourn
+in Europe, to see what opportunities presented themselves in Africa
+for self-development and self-government.
+
+I am free to say that I see no way out of the Negro's present
+condition in the South by returning to Africa. Aside from other
+insurmountable obstacles, there is no place in Africa for him to go
+where his condition would be improved. All Europe--especially England,
+France, and Germany--has been running a mad race for the last twenty
+years, to see which could gobble up the greater part of Africa; and
+there is practically nothing left. Old King Cetewayo put it pretty
+well when he said, "First come missionary, then come rum, then come
+traders, then come army"; and Cecil Rhodes has expressed the
+prevailing sentiment more recently in these words, "I would rather
+have land than 'niggers.'" And Cecil Rhodes is directly responsible
+for the killing of thousands of black natives in South Africa, that he
+might secure their land.
+
+In a talk with Henry M. Stanley, the explorer, he told me that he knew
+no place in Africa where the Negroes of the United States might go to
+advantage; but I want to be more specific. Let us see how Africa has
+been divided, and then decide whether there is a place left for us.
+On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, Morocco is an independent State,
+Algeria is a French possession, Tunis is a French protectorate,
+Tripoli is a province of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt is a province of
+Turkey. On the Atlantic coast, Sahara is a French protectorate, Adrar
+is claimed by Spain, Senegambia is a French trading settlement, Gambia
+is a British crown colony, Sierra Leone is a British crown colony.
+Liberia is a republic of freed Negroes, Gold Coast and Ashanti are
+British colonies and British protectorates, Togoland is a German
+protectorate, Dahomey is a kingdom subject to French influence, Slave
+Coast is a British colony and British protectorate, Niger Coast is a
+British protectorate, the Cameroons are trading settlements protected
+by Germany, French Congo is a French protectorate, Congo Free State is
+an international African Association, Angola and Benguela are
+Portuguese protectorates, and the inland countries are controlled as
+follows: The Niger States, Masina, etc., are under French protection;
+Land Gandu is under British protection, administered by the Royal
+Haussan Niger Company.
+
+South Africa is controlled as follows: Damara and Namaqua Land are
+German protectorates, Cape Colony is a British colony, Basutoland is a
+Crown colony, Bechuanaland is a British protectorate, Natal is a
+British colony, Zululand is a British protectorate, Orange Free State
+is independent, the South African Republic is independent, and the
+Zambesi is administered by the British South African Company. Lourence
+Marques is a Portuguese possession.
+
+East Africa has also been disposed of in the following manner:
+Mozambique is a Portuguese possession, British Central Africa is a
+British protectorate, German East Africa is in the German sphere of
+influence, Zanzibar is a sultanate under British protection, British
+East Africa is a British protectorate, Somaliland is under British and
+Italian protection, Abyssinia is independent. East Soudan (including
+Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, and Wadai) is in the British sphere of
+influence. It will be noted that, when one of these European countries
+cannot get direct control over any section of Africa, it at once gives
+it out to the world that the country wanted is in the "sphere of its
+influence,"--a very convenient term. If we are to go to Africa, and be
+under the control of another government, I think we should prefer to
+take our chances in the "sphere of influence" of the United States.
+
+All this shows pretty conclusively that a return to Africa for the
+Negro is out of the question, even provided that a majority of the
+Negroes wished to go back, which they do not. The adjustment of the
+relations of the two races must take place here; and it is taking
+place slowly, but surely. As the Negro is educated to make homes and
+to respect himself, the white man will in turn respect him.
+
+It has been urged that the Negro has inherent in him certain traits of
+character that will prevent his ever reaching the standard of
+civilisation set by the whites, and taking his place among them as an
+equal. It may be some time before the Negro race as a whole can stand
+comparison with the white in all respects,--it would be most
+remarkable, considering the past, if it were not so; but the idea that
+his objectionable traits and weaknesses are fundamental, I think, is a
+mistake. For, although there are elements of weakness about the Negro
+race, there are also many evidences of strength.
+
+It is an encouraging sign, however, when an individual grows to the
+point where he can hold himself up for personal analysis and study. It
+is equally encouraging for a race to be able to study itself,--to
+measure its weakness and strength. It is not helpful to a race to be
+continually praised and have its weakness overlooked, neither is it
+the most helpful thing to have its faults alone continually dwelt
+upon. What is needed is downright, straightforward honesty in both
+directions; and this is not always to be obtained.
+
+There is little question that one of the Negroes' weak points is
+physical. Especially is this true regarding those who live in the
+large cities, North and South. But in almost every case this physical
+weakness can be traced to ignorant violation of the laws of health or
+to vicious habits. The Negro, who during slavery lived on the large
+plantations in the South, surrounded by restraints, at the close of
+the war came to the cities, and in many cases found the freedom and
+temptations of the city too much for him. The transition was too
+sudden.
+
+When we consider what it meant to have four millions of people slaves
+to-day and freemen to-morrow, the wonder is that the race has not
+suffered more physically than it has. I do not believe that statistics
+can be so marshalled as to prove that the Negro as a race is
+physically or numerically on the decline. On the other hand, the Negro
+as a race is increasing in numbers by a larger percentage than is true
+of the French nation. While the death-rate is large in the cities, the
+birth-rate is also large; and it is to be borne in mind that
+eighty-five per cent. of these people in the Gulf States are in the
+country districts and smaller towns, and there the increase is along
+healthy and normal lines. As the Negro becomes educated, the high
+death-rate in the cities will disappear. For proof of this, I have
+only to mention that a few years ago no coloured man could get
+insurance in the large first-class insurance companies. Now there are
+few of these companies which do not seek the insurance of educated
+coloured men. In the North and South the physical intoxication that
+was the result of sudden freedom is giving way to an encouraging,
+sobering process; and, as this continues, the high death-rate will
+disappear even, in the large cities.
+
+Another element of weakness which shows itself in the present stage of
+the civilisation of the Negro is his lack of ability to form a purpose
+and stick to it through a series of years, if need be,--years that
+involve discouragement as well as encouragement,--till the end shall
+be reached. Of course there are brilliant exceptions to this rule; but
+there is no question that here is an element of weakness, and the
+same, I think, would be true of any race with the Negro's history.
+
+Few of the resolutions which are made in conventions, etc., are
+remembered and put into practice six months after the warmth and
+enthusiasm of the debating hall have disappeared. This, I know, is an
+element of the white man's weakness, but it is the Negro I am
+discussing, not the white man. Individually, the Negro is strong.
+Collectively, he is weak. This is not to be wondered at. The ability
+to succeed in organised bodies is one of the highest points in
+civilisation. There are scores of coloured men who can succeed in any
+line of business as individuals, or will discuss any subject in a most
+intelligent manner, yet who, when they attempt to act in an organised
+body, are utter failures.
+
+But the weakness of the Negro which is most frequently held up to the
+public gaze is that of his moral character. No one who wants to be
+honest and at the same time benefit the race will deny that here is
+where the strengthening is to be done. It has become universally
+accepted that the family is the foundation, the bulwark, of any race.
+It should be remembered, sorrowfully withal, that it was the constant
+tendency of slavery to destroy the family life. All through two
+hundred and fifty years of slavery, one of the chief objects was to
+increase the number of slaves; and to this end almost all thought of
+morality was lost sight of, so that the Negro has had only about
+thirty years in which to develop a family life; while the Anglo-Saxon
+rate, with which he is constantly being compared, has had thousands of
+years of training in home life. The Negro felt all through the years
+of bondage that he was being forcibly and unjustly deprived of the
+fruits of his labour. Hence he felt that anything he could get from
+the white man in return for this labour justly belonged to him. Since
+this was true, we must be patient in trying to teach him a different
+code of morals.
+
+From the nature of things, all through slavery it was life in the
+future world that was emphasised in religious teaching rather than
+life in this world. In his religious meetings in _ante-bellum_ days
+the Negro was prevented from discussing many points of practical
+religion which related to this world; and the white minister, who was
+his spiritual guide, found it more convenient to talk about heaven
+than earth, so very naturally that to-day in his religious meeting it
+is the Negro's feelings which are worked upon mostly, and it is
+description of the glories of heaven that occupy most of the time of
+his sermon.
+
+Having touched upon some of the weak points of the Negro, what are
+his strong characteristics? The Negro in America is different from
+most people for whom missionary effort is made, in that he works. He
+is not ashamed or afraid of work. When hard, constant work is
+required, ask any Southern white man, and he will tell you that in
+this the Negro has no superior. He is not given to strikes or to
+lockouts. He not only works himself, but he is unwilling to prevent
+other people from working.
+
+Of the forty buildings of various kinds and sizes on the grounds of
+the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, in Alabama, as I have
+stated before, almost all of them are the results of the labour
+performed by the students while securing their academic education. One
+day the student is in his history class. The next day the same
+student, equally happy, with his trowel and in overalls, is working on
+a brick wall.
+
+While at present the Negro may lack that tenacious mental grasp which
+enables one to pursue a scientific or mathematical investigation
+through a series of years, he has that delicate, mental feeling which
+enables him to succeed in oratory, music, etc.
+
+While I have spoken of the Negro's moral weakness, I hope it will be
+kept in mind that in his original state his is an honest race. It was
+slavery that corrupted him in this respect. But in morals he also has
+his strong points.
+
+Few have ever found the Negro guilty of betraying a trust. There are
+almost no instances in which the Negro betrayed either a Federal or a
+Confederate soldier who confided in him. There are few instances where
+the Negro has been entrusted with valuables when he has not been
+faithful. This country has never had a more loyal citizen. He has
+never proven himself a rebel. Should the Southern States, which so
+long held him in slavery, be invaded by a foreign foe, the Negro would
+be among the first to come to the rescue.
+
+Perhaps the most encouraging thing in connection with the lifting up
+of the Negro in this country is the fact that he knows that he is down
+and wants to get up, he knows that he is ignorant and wants to get
+light. He fills every school-house and every church which is opened
+for him. He is willing to follow leaders, when he is once convinced
+that the leaders have his best interest at heart.
+
+Under the constant influence of the Christian education which began
+thirty-five years ago, his religion is every year becoming less
+emotional and more rational and practical, though I, for one, hope
+that he will always retain in a large degree the emotional element in
+religion.
+
+During the two hundred and fifty years that the Negro spent in
+slavery he had little cause or incentive to accumulate money or
+property. Thirty-five years ago this was something which he had to
+begin to learn. While the great bulk of the race is still without
+money and property, yet the signs of thrift are evident on every hand.
+Especially is this noticeable in the large number of neat little homes
+which are owned by these people on the outer edges of the towns and
+cities in the South.
+
+I wish to give an example of the sort of thing the Negro has to
+contend with, however, in his efforts to lift himself up.
+
+Not long ago a mother, a black mother, who lived in one of our
+Northern States, had heard it whispered around in her community for
+years that the Negro was lazy, shiftless, and would not work. So, when
+her only boy grew to sufficient size, at considerable expense and
+great self-sacrifice, she had her boy thoroughly taught the
+machinist's trade. A job was secured in a neighbouring shop. With
+dinner bucket in hand and spurred on by the prayers of the now
+happy-hearted mother, the boy entered the shop to begin his first
+day's work. What happened? Every one of the twenty white men threw
+down his tools, and deliberately walked out, swearing that he would
+not give a black man an opportunity to earn an honest living. Another
+shop was tried with the same result, and still another, the result
+ever the same. To-day this once promising, ambitious black man is a
+wreck,--a confirmed drunkard,--with no hope, no ambition. I ask, Who
+blasted the life of this young man? On whose hands does his lifeblood
+rest? The present system of education, or rather want of education, is
+responsible.
+
+Public schools and colleges should turn out men who will throw open
+the doors of industry, so that all men, everywhere, regardless of
+colour, shall have the same opportunity to earn a dollar that they now
+have to spend it. I know of a good many kinds of cowardice and
+prejudice, but I know none equal to this. I know not which is the
+worst,--the slaveholder who perforce compelled his slave to work
+without compensation or the man who, by force and strikes, compels his
+neighbour to refrain from working for compensation.
+
+The Negro will be on a different footing in this country when it
+becomes common to associate the possession of wealth with a black
+skin. It is not within the province of human nature that the man who
+is intelligent and virtuous, and owns and cultivates the best farm in
+his county, is the largest tax-payer, shall very long be denied proper
+respect and consideration. Those who would help the Negro most
+effectually during the next fifty years can do so by assisting in his
+development along scientific and industrial lines in connection with
+the broadest mental and religious culture.
+
+From the results of the war with Spain let us learn this, that God has
+been teaching the Spanish nation a terrible lesson. What is it? Simply
+this, that no nation can disregard the interest of any portion of its
+members without that nation becoming weak and corrupt. The penalty may
+be long delayed. God has been teaching Spain that for every one of her
+subjects that she has left in ignorance, poverty, and crime the price
+must be paid; and, if it has not been paid with the very heart of the
+nation, it must be paid with the proudest and bluest blood of her sons
+and with treasure that is beyond computation. From this spectacle I
+pray God that America will learn a lesson in respect to the ten
+million Negroes in this country.
+
+The Negroes in the United States are, in most of the elements of
+civilisation, weak. Providence has placed them here not without a
+purpose. One object, in my opinion, is that the stronger race may
+imbibe a lesson from the weaker in patience, forbearance, and
+childlike yet supreme trust in the God of the Universe. This race has
+been placed here that the white man might have a great opportunity of
+lifting himself by lifting it up.
+
+Out from the Negro colleges and industrial schools in the South there
+are going forth each year thousands of young men and women into dark
+and secluded corners, into lonely log school-houses, amidst poverty
+and ignorance; and though, when they go forth, no drums beat, no
+banners fly, no friends cheer, yet they are fighting the battles of
+this country just as truly and bravely as those who go forth to do
+battle against a foreign enemy.
+
+If they are encouraged and properly supported in their work of
+educating the masses in the industries, in economy, and in morals, as
+well as mentally, they will, before many years, get the race upon such
+an intellectual, industrial, and financial footing that it will be
+able to enjoy without much trouble all the rights inherent in American
+citizenship.
+
+Now, if we wish to bring the race to a point where it should be, where
+it will be strong, and grow and prosper, we have got to, in every way
+possible, encourage it. We can do this in no better way than by
+cultivating that amount of faith in the race which will make us
+patronise its own enterprises wherever those enterprises are worth
+patronising. I do not believe much in the advice that is often given
+that we should patronise the enterprises of our race without regard to
+the worth of those enterprises. I believe that the best way to bring
+the race to the point where it will compare with other races is to
+let it understand that, whenever it enters into any line of business,
+it will be patronised just in proportion as it makes that business as
+successful, as useful, as is true of any business enterprise conducted
+by any other race. The race that would grow strong and powerful must
+have the element of hero-worship in it that will, in the largest
+degree, make it honour its great men, the men who have succeeded in
+that race. I think we should be ashamed of the coloured man or woman
+who would not venerate the name of Frederick Douglass. No race that
+would not look upon such a man with honour and respect and pride could
+ever hope to enjoy the respect of any other race. I speak of this, not
+that I want my people to regard themselves in a narrow, bigoted sense,
+because there is nothing so hurtful to an individual or to a race as
+to get into the habit of feeling that there is no good except in its
+own race, but because I wish that it may have reasonable pride in all
+that is honourable in its history. Whenever you hear a coloured man
+say that he hates the people of the other race, there, in most
+instances, you will find a weak, narrow-minded coloured man. And,
+whenever you find a white man who expresses the same sentiment toward
+the people of other races, there, too, in almost every case, you will
+find a narrow-minded, prejudiced white man.
+
+That person is the broadest, strongest, and most useful who sees
+something to love and admire in all races, no matter what their
+colour.
+
+If the Negro race wishes to grow strong, it must learn to respect
+itself, not to be ashamed. It must learn that it will only grow in
+proportion as its members have confidence in it, in proportion as they
+believe that it is a coming race.
+
+We have reached a period when educated Negroes should give more
+attention to the history of their race; should devote more time to
+finding out the true history of the race, and in collecting in some
+museum the relics that mark its progress. It is true of all races of
+culture and refinement and civilisation that they have gathered in
+some place the relics which mark the progress of their civilisation,
+which show how they lived from period to period. We should have so
+much pride that we would spend more time in looking into the history
+of the race, more effort and money in perpetuating in some durable
+form its achievements, so that from year to year, instead of looking
+back with regret, we can point to our children the rough path through
+which we grew strong and great.
+
+We have a very bright and striking example in the history of the Jews
+in this and other countries. There is, perhaps, no race that has
+suffered so much, not so much in America as in some of the countries
+in Europe. But these people have clung together. They have had a
+certain amount of unity, pride, and love of race; and, as the years go
+on, they will be more and more influential in this country,--a country
+where they were once despised, and looked upon with scorn and
+derision. It is largely because the Jewish race has had faith in
+itself. Unless the Negro learns more and more to imitate the Jew in
+these matters, to have faith in himself, he cannot expect to have any
+high degree of success.
+
+I wish to speak upon another subject which largely concerns the
+welfare of both races, especially in the South,--lynching. It is an
+unpleasant subject; but I feel that I should be omitting some part of
+my duty to both races did I not say something on the subject.
+
+For a number of years the South has appealed to the North and to
+federal authorities, through the public press, from the public
+platform, and most eloquently through the late Henry W. Grady, to
+leave the whole matter of the rights and protection of the Negro to
+the South, declaring that it would see to it that the Negro would be
+made secure in his citizenship. During the last half-dozen years the
+whole country, from the President down, has been inclined more than
+ever to pursue this policy, leaving the whole matter of the destiny of
+the Negro to the Negro himself and to the Southern white people, among
+whom the great bulk of Negroes live.
+
+By the present policy of non-interference on the part of the North and
+the federal government the South is given a sacred trust. How will she
+execute this trust? The world is waiting and watching to see. The
+question must be answered largely by the protection it gives to the
+life of the Negro and the provisions that are made for his development
+in the organic laws of the State. I fear that but few people in the
+South realise to what an extent the habit of lynching, or the taking
+of life without due process of law, has taken hold of us, and is
+hurting us, not only in the eyes of the world, but in our own moral
+and material growth.
+
+Lynching was instituted some years ago with the idea of punishing and
+checking criminal assaults upon women. Let us examine the facts, and
+see where it has already led us and is likely further to carry us, if
+we do not rid ourselves of the evil. Many good people in the South,
+and also out of the South, have gotten the idea that lynching is
+resorted to for one crime only. I have the facts from an authoritative
+source. During last year one hundred and twenty-seven persons were
+lynched in the United States. Of this number, one hundred and
+eighteen were executed in the South and nine in the North and West. Of
+the total number lynched, one hundred and two were Negroes,
+twenty-three were whites, and two Indians. Now, let every one
+interested in the South, his country, and the cause of humanity, note
+this fact,--that only twenty-four of the entire number were charged in
+any way with the crime of rape; that is, twenty-four out of one
+hundred and twenty-seven cases of lynching. Sixty-one of the remaining
+cases were for murder, thirteen for being suspected of murder, six for
+theft, etc. During one week last spring, when I kept a careful record,
+thirteen Negroes were lynched in three of our Southern States; and not
+one was even charged with rape. All of these thirteen were accused of
+murder or house-burning; but in neither case were the men allowed to
+go before a court, so that their innocence or guilt might be proven.
+
+When we get to the point where four-fifths of the people lynched in
+our country in one year are for some crime other than rape, we can no
+longer plead and explain that we lynch for one crime alone.
+
+Let us take another year, that of 1892, for example, when 241 persons
+were lynched in the whole United States. Of this number 36 were
+lynched in Northern and Western States, and 205 in our Southern
+States; 160 were Negroes, 5 of these being women. The facts show that,
+out of the 241 lynched, only 57 were even charged with rape or
+attempted rape, leaving in this year alone 184 persons who were
+lynched for other causes than that of rape.
+
+If it were necessary, I could produce figures for other years. Within
+a period of six years about 900 persons have been lynched in our
+Southern States. This is but a few hundred short of the total number
+of soldiers who lost their lives in Cuba during the Spanish-American
+War. If we would realise still more fully how far this unfortunate
+evil is leading us on, note the classes of crime during a few months
+for which the local papers and the Associated Press say that lynching
+has been inflicted. They include "murder," "rioting," "incendiarism,"
+"robbery," "larceny," "self-defence," "insulting women," "alleged
+stock-poisoning," "malpractice," "alleged barn-burning," "suspected
+robbery," "race prejudice," "attempted murder," "horse-stealing,"
+"mistaken identity," etc.
+
+The evil has so grown that we are now at the point where not only
+blacks are lynched in the South, but white men as well. Not only this,
+but within the last six years at least a half-dozen coloured women
+have been lynched. And there are a few cases where Negroes have
+lynched members of their own race. What is to be the end of all this?
+Furthermore, every lynching drives hundreds of Negroes out of the
+farming districts of the South, where they make the best living and
+where their services are of greatest value to the country, into the
+already over-crowded cities.
+
+I know that some argue that the crime of lynching Negroes is not
+confined to the South. This is true; and no one can excuse such a
+crime as the shooting of innocent black men in Illinois, who were
+guilty of nothing, except seeking labour. But my words just now are to
+the South, where my home is and a part of which I am. Let other
+sections act as they will; I want to see our beautiful Southland free
+from this terrible evil of lynching. Lynching does not stop crime. In
+the vicinity in the South where a coloured man was alleged recently to
+have committed the most terrible crime ever charged against a member
+of my race, but a few weeks previously five coloured men had been
+lynched for supposed incendiarism. If lynching was a cure for crime,
+surely the lynching of those five would have prevented another Negro
+from committing a most heinous crime a few weeks later.
+
+We might as well face the facts bravely and wisely. Since the
+beginning of the world crime has been committed in all civilised and
+uncivilised countries, and a certain percentage of it will always be
+committed both in the North and in the South; but I believe that the
+crime of rape can be stopped. In proportion to the numbers and
+intelligence of the population of the South, there exists little more
+crime than in several other sections of the country; but, because of
+the lynching evil, we are constantly advertising ourselves to the
+world as a lawless people. We cannot disregard the teachings of the
+civilised world for eighteen hundred years, that the only way to
+punish crime is by law. When we leave this anchorage chaos begins.
+
+I am not pleading for the Negro alone. Lynching injures, hardens, and
+blunts the moral sensibilities of the young and tender manhood of the
+South. Never shall I forget the remark by a little nine-year-old white
+boy, with blue eyes and flaxen hair. The little fellow said to his
+mother, after he had returned from a lynching: "I have seen a man
+hanged; now I wish I could see one burned." Rather than hear such a
+remark from one of my little boys, I would prefer to see him in his
+grave. This is not all. Every community guilty of lynching says in so
+many words to the governor, to the legislature, to the sheriff, to the
+jury, and to the judge: "We have no faith in you and no respect for
+you. We have no respect for the law which we helped to make."
+
+In the South, at the present time, there is less excuse for not
+permitting the law to take its course where a Negro is to be tried
+than anywhere else in the world; for, almost without exception, the
+governors, the sheriffs, the judges, the juries, and the lawyers are
+all white men, and they can be trusted, as a rule, to do their duty.
+Otherwise, it is needless to tax the people to support these officers.
+If our present laws are not sufficient properly to punish crime, let
+the laws be changed; but that the punishment may be by lawfully
+constituted authorities is the plea I make. The history of the world
+proves that where the law is most strictly enforced there is the least
+crime: where people take the administration of the law into their own
+hands there is the most crime.
+
+But there is still another side. The white man in the South has not
+only a serious duty and responsibility, but the Negro has a duty and
+responsibility in this matter. In speaking of my own people, I want
+to be equally frank; but I speak with the greatest kindness. There is
+too much crime among them. The figures for a given period show that in
+the United States thirty per cent. of the crime committed is by
+Negroes, while we constitute only about twelve per cent. of the entire
+population. This proportion holds good not only in the South, but also
+in Northern States and cities.
+
+No race that is so largely ignorant and so recently out of slavery
+could, perhaps, show a better record, but we must face these plain
+facts. He is most kind to the Negro who tells him of his faults as
+well as of his virtues. A large percentage of the crime among us grows
+out of the idleness of our young men and women. It is for this reason
+that I have tried to insist upon some industry being taught in
+connection with their course of literary training. It is vitally
+important now that every parent, every teacher and minister of the
+gospel, should teach with unusual emphasis morality and obedience to
+the law. At the fireside, in the school-room, in the Sunday-school,
+from the pulpit, and in the Negro press, there should be such a
+sentiment created regarding the committing of crime against women that
+no such crime could be charged against any member of the race. Let it
+be understood, for all time, that no one guilty of rape can find
+sympathy or shelter with us, and that none will be more active than we
+in bringing to justice, through the proper authorities, those guilty
+of crime. Let the criminal and vicious element of the race have, at
+all times, our most severe condemnation. Let a strict line be drawn
+between the virtuous and the criminal. I condemn, with all the
+indignation of my soul, any beast in human form guilty of assaulting a
+woman. I am sure I voice the sentiment of the thoughtful of my race
+in this condemnation.
+
+We should not, as a race, become discouraged. We are making progress.
+No race has ever gotten upon its feet without discouragements and
+struggles.
+
+I should be a great hypocrite and a coward if I did not add that which
+my daily experience has taught me to be true; namely, that the Negro
+has among many of the Southern whites as good friends as he has
+anywhere in the world. These friends have not forsaken us. They will
+not do so. Neither will our friends in the North. If we make ourselves
+intelligent, industrious, economical, and virtuous, of value to the
+community in which we live, we can and will work out our salvation
+right here in the South. In every community, by means of organised
+effort, we should seek, in a manly and honourable way, the confidence,
+the co-operation, the sympathy, of the best white people in the South
+and in our respective communities. With the best white people and the
+best black people standing together, in favour of law and order and
+justice, I believe that the safety and happiness of both races will be
+made secure.
+
+We are one in this country. The question of the highest citizenship
+and the complete education of all concerns nearly ten millions of my
+people and sixty millions of the white race. When one race is strong,
+the other is strong; when one is weak, the other is weak. There is no
+power that can separate our destiny. Unjust laws and customs which
+exist in many places injure the white man and inconvenience the Negro.
+No race can wrong another race, simply because it has the power to do
+so, without being permanently injured in its own morals. The Negro can
+endure the temporary inconvenience, but the injury to the white man is
+permanent. It is for the white man to save himself from this
+degradation that I plead. If a white man steals a Negro's ballot, it
+is the white man who is permanently injured. Physical death comes to
+the one Negro lynched in a county; but death of the morals--death of
+the soul--comes to those responsible for the lynching.
+
+Those who fought and died on the battlefield for the freedom of the
+slaves performed their duty heroically and well, but a duty remains to
+those left. The mere fiat of law cannot make an ignorant voter an
+intelligent voter, cannot make a dependent man an independent man,
+cannot make one citizen respect another. These results will come to
+the Negro, as to all races, by beginning at the bottom and gradually
+working up to the highest possibilities of his nature.
+
+In the economy of God there is but one standard by which an individual
+can succeed: there is but one for a race. This country expects that
+every race shall measure itself by the American standard. During the
+next half-century, and more, the Negro must continue passing through
+the severe American crucible. He is to be tested in his patience, his
+forbearance, his perseverance, his power to endure wrong,--to
+withstand temptations, to economise, to acquire and use skill,--his
+ability to compete, to succeed in commerce, to disregard the
+superficial for the real, the appearance for the substance, to be
+great and yet small, learned and yet simple, high and yet the servant
+of all. This,--this is the passport to all that is best in the life of
+our Republic; and the Negro must possess it or be barred out.
+
+In working out his own destiny, while the main burden of activity must
+be with the Negro, he will need in the years to come, as he has needed
+in the past, the help, the encouragement, the guidance, that the
+strong can give the weak. Thus helped, those of both races in the
+South will soon throw off the shackles of racial and sectional
+prejudice, and rise above the clouds of ignorance, narrowness, and
+selfishness into that atmosphere, that pure sunshine, where it will be
+the highest ambition to serve man, our brother, regardless of race or
+previous condition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Before ending this volume, I have deemed it wise and fitting to sum up
+in the following chapter all that I have attempted to say in the
+previous chapters, and to speak at the same time a little more
+definitely about the Negro's future and his relation to the white
+race.
+
+All attempts to settle the question of the Negro in the South by his
+removal from this country have so far failed, and I think that they
+are likely to fail. The next census will probably show that we have
+about ten millions of Negroes in the United States. About eight
+millions of these are in the Southern States. We have almost a nation
+within a nation. The Negro population within the United States lacks
+but two millions of being as large as the whole population of Mexico.
+It is nearly twice as large as the population of the Dominion of
+Canada. It is equal to the combined population of Switzerland,
+Greece, Honduras, Nicaragua, Cuba, Uruguay, Santo Domingo, Paraguay,
+and Costa Rica. When we consider, in connection with these facts, that
+the race has doubled itself since its freedom, and is still
+increasing, it hardly seems possible for any one to consider seriously
+any scheme of emigration from America as a method of solution of our
+vexed race problem. At most, even if the government were to provide
+the means, but a few hundred thousand could be transported each year.
+The yearly increase in population would more than overbalance the
+number transplanted. Even if it did not, the time required to get rid
+of the Negro by this method would perhaps be fifty or seventy-five
+years. The idea is chimerical.
+
+Some have advised that the Negro leave the South and take up his
+residence in the Northern States. I question whether this would leave
+him any better off than he is in the South, when all things are
+considered. It has been my privilege to study the condition of our
+people in nearly every part of America; and I say, without hesitation,
+that, with some exceptional cases, the Negro is at his best in the
+Southern States. While he enjoys certain privileges in the North that
+he does not have in the South, when it comes to the matter of securing
+property, enjoying business opportunities and employment, the South
+presents a far better opportunity than the North. Few coloured men
+from the South are as yet able to stand up against the severe and
+increasing competition that exists in the North, to say nothing of the
+unfriendly influence of labour organisations, which in some way
+prevents black men in the North, as a rule, from securing employment
+in skilled labour occupations.
+
+Another point of great danger for the coloured man who goes North is
+in the matter of morals, owing to the numerous temptations by which
+he finds himself surrounded. He has more ways in which he can spend
+money than in the South, but fewer avenues of employment are open to
+him. The fact that at the North the Negro is confined to almost one
+line of employment often tends to discourage and demoralise the
+strongest who go from the South, and to make them an easy prey to
+temptation. A few years ago I made an examination into the condition
+of a settlement of Negroes who left the South and went to Kansas about
+twenty years ago, when there was a good deal of excitement in the
+South concerning emigration to the West. This settlement, I found, was
+much below the standard of that of a similar number of our people in
+the South. The only conclusion, therefore, it seems to me, which any
+one can reach, is that the Negroes, as a mass, are to remain in the
+Southern States. As a race, they do not want to leave the South, and
+the Southern white people do not want them to leave. We must therefore
+find some basis of settlement that will be constitutional, just,
+manly, that will be fair to both races in the South and to the whole
+country. This cannot be done in a day, a year, or any short period of
+time. We can, it seems to me, with the present light, decide upon a
+reasonably safe method of solving the problem, and turn our strength
+and effort in that direction. In doing this, I would not have the
+Negro deprived of any privilege guaranteed to him by the Constitution
+of the United States. It is not best for the Negro that he relinquish
+any of his constitutional rights. It is not best for the Southern
+white man that he should.
+
+In order that we may, without loss of time or effort, concentrate our
+forces in a wise direction, I suggest what seems to me and many others
+the wisest policy to be pursued. I have reached these conclusions by
+reason of my own observations and experience, after eighteen years of
+direct contact with the leading and influential coloured and white men
+in most parts of our country. But I wish first to mention some
+elements of danger in the present situation, which all who desire the
+permanent welfare of both races in the South should carefully
+consider.
+
+_First._--There is danger that a certain class of impatient extremists
+among the Negroes, who have little knowledge of the actual conditions
+in the South, may do the entire race injury by attempting to advise
+their brethren in the South to resort to armed resistance or the use
+of the torch, in order to secure justice. All intelligent and
+well-considered discussion of any important question or condemnation
+of any wrong, both in the North and the South, from the public
+platform and through the press, is to be commended and encouraged;
+but ill-considered, incendiary utterances from black men in the North
+will tend to add to the burdens of our people in the South rather than
+relieve them.
+
+_Second._--Another danger in the South, which should be guarded
+against, is that the whole white South, including the wide,
+conservative, law-abiding element, may find itself represented before
+the bar of public opinion by the mob, or lawless element, which gives
+expression to its feelings and tendency in a manner that advertises
+the South throughout the world. Too often those who have no sympathy
+with such disregard of law are either silent or fail to speak in a
+sufficiently emphatic manner to offset, in any large degree, the
+unfortunate reputation which the lawless have too often made for many
+portions of the South.
+
+_Third._--No race or people ever got upon its feet without severe and
+constant struggle, often in the face of the greatest discouragement.
+While passing through the present trying period of its history, there
+is danger that a large and valuable element of the Negro race may
+become discouraged in the effort to better its condition. Every
+possible influence should be exerted to prevent this.
+
+_Fourth._--There is a possibility that harm may be done to the South
+and to the Negro by exaggerated newspaper articles which are written
+near the scene or in the midst of specially aggravating occurrences.
+Often these reports are written by newspaper men, who give the
+impression that there is a race conflict throughout the South, and
+that all Southern white people are opposed to the Negro's progress,
+overlooking the fact that, while in some sections there is trouble, in
+most parts of the South there is, nevertheless, a very large measure
+of peace, good will, and mutual helpfulness. In this same relation
+much can be done to retard the progress of the Negro by a certain
+class of Southern white people, who, in the midst of excitement, speak
+or write in a manner that gives the impression that all Negroes are
+lawless, untrustworthy, and shiftless. As an example, a Southern
+writer said not long ago, in a communication to the New York
+_Independent_: "Even in small towns the husband cannot venture to
+leave his wife alone for an hour at night. At no time, in no place, is
+the white woman safe from insults and assaults of these creatures."
+These statements, I presume, represented the feelings and the
+conditions that existed at the time they were written in one community
+or county in the South. But thousands of Southern white men and women
+would be ready to testify that this is not the condition throughout
+the South, nor throughout any one State.
+
+_Fifth._--Under the next head I would mention that, owing to the lack
+of school opportunities for the Negro in the rural districts of the
+South, there is danger that ignorance and idleness may increase to the
+extent of giving the Negro race a reputation for crime, and that
+immorality may eat its way into the moral fibre of the race, so as to
+retard its progress for many years. In judging the Negro in this
+regard, we must not be too harsh. We must remember that it has only
+been within the last thirty-four years that the black father and
+mother have had the responsibility, and consequently the experience,
+of training their own children. That they have not reached perfection
+in one generation, with the obstacles that the parents have been
+compelled to overcome, is not to be wondered at.
+
+_Sixth._--As a final source of danger to be guarded against, I would
+mention my fear that some of the white people of the South may be led
+to feel that the way to settle the race problem is to repress the
+aspirations of the Negro by legislation of a kind that confers certain
+legal or political privileges upon an ignorant and poor white man and
+withholds the same privileges from a black man in the same condition.
+Such legislation injures and retards the progress of both races. It is
+an injustice to the poor white man, because it takes from him
+incentive to secure education and property as prerequisites for
+voting. He feels that, because he is a white man, regardless of his
+possessions, a way will be found for him to vote. I would label all
+such measures, "Laws to keep the poor white man in ignorance and
+poverty."
+
+As the Talladega _News Reporter_, a Democratic newspaper of Alabama,
+recently said: "But it is a weak cry when the white man asks odds on
+intelligence over the Negro. When nature has already so handicapped
+the African in the race for knowledge, the cry of the boasted
+Anglo-Saxon for still further odds seems babyish. What wonder that the
+world looks on in surprise, if not disgust. It cannot help but say, if
+our contention be true that the Negro is an inferior race, that the
+odds ought to be on the other side, if any are to be given. And why
+not? No, the thing to do--the only thing that will stand the test of
+time--is to do right, exactly right, let come what will. And that
+right thing, as it seems to me, is to place a fair educational
+qualification before every citizen,--one that is self-testing, and not
+dependent on the wishes of weak men, letting all who pass the test
+stand in the proud ranks of American voters, whose votes shall be
+counted as cast, and whose sovereign will shall be maintained as law
+by all the powers that be. Nothing short of this will do. Every
+exemption, on whatsoever ground, is an outrage that can only rob some
+legitimate voter of his rights."
+
+Such laws as have been made--as an example, in Mississippi--with the
+"understanding" clause hold out a temptation for the election officer
+to perjure and degrade himself by too often deciding that the ignorant
+white man does understand the Constitution when it is read to him and
+that the ignorant black man does not. By such a law the State not only
+commits a wrong against its black citizens; it injures the morals of
+its white citizens by conferring such a power upon any white man who
+may happen to be a judge of elections.
+
+Such laws are hurtful, again, because they keep alive in the heart of
+the black man the feeling that the white man means to oppress him. The
+only safe way out is to set a high standard as a test of citizenship,
+and require blacks and whites alike to come up to it. When this is
+done, both will have a higher respect for the election laws and those
+who make them. I do not believe that, with his centuries of advantage
+over the Negro in the opportunity to acquire property and education as
+prerequisites for voting, the average white man in the South desires
+that any special law be passed to give him advantage over the Negro,
+who has had only a little more than thirty years in which to prepare
+himself for citizenship. In this relation another point of danger is
+that the Negro has been made to feel that it is his duty to oppose
+continually the Southern white man in politics, even in matters where
+no principle is involved, and that he is only loyal to his own race
+and acting in a manly way when he is opposing him. Such a policy has
+proved most hurtful to both races. Where it is a matter of principle,
+where a question of right or wrong is involved, I would advise the
+Negro to stand by principle at all hazards. A Southern white man has
+no respect for or confidence in a Negro who acts merely for policy's
+sake; but there are many cases--and the number is growing--where the
+Negro has nothing to gain and much to lose by opposing the Southern
+white man in many matters that relate to government.
+
+Under these six heads I believe I have stated some of the main points
+which all high-minded white men and black men, North and South, will
+agree need our most earnest and thoughtful consideration, if we would
+hasten, and not hinder, the progress of our country.
+
+As to the policy that should be pursued in a larger sense,--on this
+subject I claim to possess no superior wisdom or unusual insight. I
+may be wrong; I may be in some degree right.
+
+In the future, more than in the past, we want to impress upon the
+Negro the importance of identifying himself more closely with the
+interests of the South,--the importance of making himself part of the
+South and at home in it. Heretofore, for reasons which were natural
+and for which no one is especially to blame, the coloured people have
+been too much like a foreign nation residing in the midst of another
+nation. If William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and George L.
+Stearns were alive to-day, I feel sure that each one of them would
+advise the Negroes to identify their interests as far as possible with
+those of the Southern white man, always with the understanding that
+this should be done where no question of right and wrong is involved.
+In no other way, it seems to me, can we get a foundation for peace and
+progress. He who advises against this policy will advise the Negro to
+do that which no people in history who have succeeded have done. The
+white man, North or South, who advises the Negro against it advises
+him to do that which he himself has not done. The bed-rock upon which
+every individual rests his chances of success in life is securing the
+friendship, the confidence, the respect, of his next-door neighbour of
+the little community in which he lives. Almost the whole problem of
+the Negro in the South rests itself upon the fact as to whether the
+Negro can make himself of such indispensable service to his neighbour
+and the community that no one can fill his place better in the body
+politic. There is at present no other safe course for the black man to
+pursue. If the Negro in the South has a friend in his white neighbour
+and a still larger number of friends in his community, he has a
+protection and a guarantee of his rights that will be more potent and
+more lasting than any our Federal Congress or any outside power can
+confer.
+
+In a recent editorial the London _Times_, in discussing affairs in the
+Transvaal, South Africa, where Englishmen have been denied certain
+privileges by the Boers, says: "England is too sagacious not to
+prefer a gradual reform from within, even should it be less rapid than
+most of us might wish, to the most sweeping redress of grievances
+imposed from without. Our object is to obtain fair play for the
+outlanders, but the best way to do it is to enable them to help
+themselves." This policy, I think, is equally safe when applied to
+conditions in the South. The foreigner who comes to America, as soon
+as possible, identifies himself in business, education, politics, and
+sympathy with the community in which he settles. As I have said, we
+have a conspicuous example of this in the case of the Jews. Also, the
+Negro in Cuba has practically settled the race question there, because
+he has made himself a part of Cuba in thought and action.
+
+What I have tried to indicate cannot be accomplished by any sudden
+revolution of methods, but it does seem that the tendency more and
+more should be in this direction. If a practical example is wanted in
+the direction that I favour, I will mention one. The North sends
+thousands of dollars into the South each year, for the education of
+the Negro. The teachers in most of the academic schools of the South
+are supported by the North, or Northern men and women of the highest
+Christian culture and most unselfish devotion. The Negro owes them a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. The various missionary
+societies in the North have done a work which, in a large degree, has
+been the salvation of the South; and the result will appear in future
+generations more than in this. We have now reached the point in the
+South where, I believe, great good could be accomplished by changing
+the attitude of the white people toward the Negro and of the Negro
+toward the whites, if a few white teachers of high character would
+take an active interest in the work of these high schools. Can this
+be done? Yes. The medical school connected with Shaw University at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, has from the first had as instructors and
+professors, almost exclusively, Southern white doctors, who reside in
+Raleigh; and they have given the highest satisfaction. This gives the
+people of Raleigh the feeling that this is their school, and not
+something located in, but not a part of, the South. In Augusta,
+Georgia, the Payne Institute, one of the best colleges for our people,
+is officered and taught almost wholly by Southern white men and women.
+The Presbyterian Theological School at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, has all
+Southern white men as instructors. Some time ago, at the Calhoun
+School in Alabama, one of the leading white men in the county was
+given an important position in the school. Since then the feeling of
+the white people in the county has greatly changed toward the school.
+
+We must admit the stern fact that at present the Negro, through no
+choice of his own, is living among another race which is far ahead of
+him in education, property, experience, and favourable condition;
+further, that the Negro's present condition makes him dependent upon
+the white people for most of the things necessary to sustain life, as
+well as for his common school education. In all history, those who
+have possessed the property and intelligence have exercised the
+greatest control in government, regardless of colour, race, or
+geographical location. This being the case, how can the black man in
+the South improve his present condition? And does the Southern white
+man want him to improve it?
+
+The Negro in the South has it within his power, if he properly
+utilises the forces at hand, to make of himself such a valuable factor
+in the life of the South that he will not have to seek privileges,
+they will be freely conferred upon him. To bring this about, the Negro
+must begin at the bottom and lay a sure foundation, and not be lured
+by any temptation into trying to rise on a false foundation. While the
+Negro is laying this foundation he will need help, sympathy, and
+simple justice. Progress by any other method will be but temporary and
+superficial, and the latter end of it will be worse than the
+beginning. American slavery was a great curse to both races, and I
+would be the last to apologise for it; but, in the presence of God, I
+believe that slavery laid the foundation for the solution of the
+problem that is now before us in the South. During slavery the Negro
+was taught every trade, every industry, that constitutes the
+foundation for making a living. Now, if on this foundation--laid in
+rather a crude way, it is true, but a foundation, nevertheless--we can
+gradually build and improve, the future for us is bright. Let me be
+more specific. Agriculture is, or has been, the basic industry of
+nearly every race or nation that has succeeded. The Negro got a
+knowledge of this during slavery. Hence, in a large measure, he is in
+possession of this industry in the South to-day. The Negro can buy
+land in the South, as a rule, wherever the white man can buy it, and
+at very low prices. Now, since the bulk of our people already have a
+foundation in agriculture, they are at their best when living in the
+country, engaged in agricultural pursuits. Plainly, then, the best
+thing, the logical thing, is to turn the larger part of our strength
+in a direction that will make the Negro among the most skilled
+agricultural people in the world. The man who has learned to do
+something better than any one else, has learned to do a common thing
+in an uncommon manner, is the man who has a power and influence that
+no adverse circumstances can take from him. The Negro who can make
+himself so conspicuous as a successful farmer, a large tax-payer, a
+wise helper of his fellow-men, as to be placed in a position of trust
+and honour, whether the position be political or otherwise, by natural
+selection, is a hundred-fold more secure in that position than one
+placed there by mere outside force or pressure. I know a Negro, Hon.
+Isaiah T. Montgomery, in Mississippi, who is mayor of a town. It is
+true that this town, at present, is composed almost wholly of Negroes.
+Mr. Montgomery is mayor of this town because his genius, thrift, and
+foresight have created the town; and he is held and supported in his
+office by a charter, granted by the State of Mississippi, and by the
+vote and public sentiment of the community in which he lives.
+
+Let us help the Negro by every means possible to acquire such an
+education in farming, dairying, stock-raising, horticulture, etc., as
+will enable him to become a model in these respects and place him near
+the top in these industries, and the race problem would in a large
+part be settled, or at least stripped of many of its most perplexing
+elements. This policy would also tend to keep the Negro in the country
+and smaller towns, where he succeeds best, and stop the influx into
+the large cities, where he does not succeed so well. The race, like
+the individual, that produces something of superior worth that has a
+common human interest, makes a permanent place for itself, and is
+bound to be recognised.
+
+At a county fair in the South not long ago I saw a Negro awarded the
+first prize by a jury of white men, over white competitors, for the
+production of the best specimen of Indian corn. Every white man at
+this fair seemed to be pleased and proud of the achievement of this
+Negro, because it was apparent that he had done something that would
+add to the wealth and comfort of the people of both races in that
+county. At the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama we
+have a department devoted to training men in the science of
+agriculture; but what we are doing is small when compared with what
+should be done at Tuskegee and at other educational centres. In a
+material sense the South is still an undeveloped country. While race
+prejudice is strongly exhibited in many directions, in the matter of
+business, of commercial and industrial development, there is very
+little obstacle in the Negro's way. A Negro who produces or has for
+sale something that the community wants finds customers among white
+people as well as black people. A Negro can borrow money at the bank
+with equal security as readily as a white man can. A bank in
+Birmingham, Alabama, that has now existed ten years, is officered and
+controlled wholly by Negroes. This bank has white borrowers and white
+depositors. A graduate of the Tuskegee Institute keeps a
+well-appointed grocery store in Tuskegee, and he tells me that he
+sells about as many goods to the one race as to the other. What I have
+said of the opening that awaits the Negro in the direction of
+agriculture is almost equally true of mechanics, manufacturing, and
+all the domestic arts. The field is before him and right about him.
+Will he occupy it? Will he "cast down his bucket where he is"? Will
+his friends North and South encourage him and prepare him to occupy
+it? Every city in the South, for example, would give support to a
+first-class architect or house-builder or contractor of our race. The
+architect and contractor would not only receive support, but, through
+his example, numbers of young coloured men would learn such trades as
+carpentry, brick-masonry, plastering, painting, etc., and the race
+would be put into a position to hold on to many of the industries
+which it is now in danger of losing, because in too many cases brains,
+skill, and dignity are not imparted to the common occupations of life
+that are about his very door. Any individual or race that does not fit
+itself to occupy in the best manner the field or service that is right
+about it will sooner or later be asked to move on, and let some one
+else occupy it.
+
+But it is asked, Would you confine the Negro to agriculture,
+mechanics, and domestic arts, etc.? Not at all; but along the lines
+that I have mentioned is where the stress should be laid just now and
+for many years to come. We will need and must have many teachers and
+ministers, some doctors and lawyers and statesmen; but these
+professional men will have a constituency or a foundation from which
+to draw support just in proportion as the race prospers along the
+economic lines that I have mentioned. During the first fifty or one
+hundred years of the life of any people are not the economic
+occupations always given the greater attention? This is not only the
+historic, but, I think, the common-sense view. If this generation will
+lay the material foundation, it will be the quickest and surest way
+for the succeeding generation to succeed in the cultivation of the
+fine arts, and to surround itself even with some of the luxuries of
+life, if desired. What the race now most needs, in my opinion, is a
+whole army of men and women well trained to lead and at the same time
+infuse themselves into agriculture, mechanics, domestic employment,
+and business. As to the mental training that these educated leaders
+should be equipped with, I should say, Give them all the mental
+training and culture that the circumstances of individuals will
+allow,--the more, the better. No race can permanently succeed until
+its mind is awakened and strengthened by the ripest thought. But I
+would constantly have it kept in the thoughts of those who are
+educated in books that a large proportion of those who are educated
+should be so trained in hand that they can bring this mental strength
+and knowledge to bear upon the physical conditions in the South which
+I have tried to emphasise.
+
+Frederick Douglass, of sainted memory, once, in addressing his race,
+used these words: "We are to prove that we can better our own
+condition. One way to do this is to accumulate property. This may
+sound to you like a new gospel. You have been accustomed to hear
+that money is the root of all evil, etc. On the other hand,
+property--money, if you please--will purchase for us the only
+condition by which any people can rise to the dignity of genuine
+manhood; for without property there can be no leisure, without leisure
+there can be no thought, without thought there can be no invention,
+without invention there can be no progress."
+
+The Negro should be taught that material development is not an end,
+but simply a means to an end. As Professor W. E. B. DuBois puts it,
+"The idea should not be simply to make men carpenters, but to make
+carpenters men." The Negro has a highly religious temperament; but
+what he needs more and more is to be convinced of the importance of
+weaving his religion and morality into the practical affairs of daily
+life. Equally as much does he need to be taught to put so much
+intelligence into his labour that he will see dignity and beauty in
+the occupation, and love it for its own sake. The Negro needs to be
+taught that more of the religion that manifests itself in his
+happiness in the prayer-meeting should be made practical in the
+performance of his daily task. The man who owns a home and is in the
+possession of the elements by which he is sure of making a daily
+living has a great aid to a moral and religious life. What bearing
+will all this have upon the Negro's place in the South as a citizen
+and in the enjoyment of the privileges which our government confers?
+
+To state in detail just what place the black man will occupy in the
+South as a citizen, when he has developed in the direction named, is
+beyond the wisdom of any one. Much will depend upon the sense of
+justice which can be kept alive in the breast of the American people.
+Almost as much will depend upon the good sense of the Negro himself.
+That question, I confess, does not give me the most concern just now.
+The important and pressing question is, Will the Negro with his own
+help and that of his friends take advantage of the opportunities that
+now surround him? When he has done this, I believe that, speaking of
+his future in general terms, he will be treated with justice, will be
+given the protection of the law, and will be given the recognition in
+a large measure which his usefulness and ability warrant. If, fifty
+years ago, any one had predicted that the Negro would have received
+the recognition and honour which individuals have already received, he
+would have been laughed at as an idle dreamer. Time, patience, and
+constant achievement are great factors in the rise of a race.
+
+I do not believe that the world ever takes a race seriously, in its
+desire to enter into the control of the government of a nation in any
+large degree, until a large number of individuals, members of that
+race, have demonstrated, beyond question, their ability to control
+and develop individual business enterprises. When a number of Negroes
+rise to the point where they own and operate the most successful
+farms, are among the largest tax-payers in their county, are moral and
+intelligent, I do not believe that in many portions of the South such
+men need long be denied the right of saying by their votes how they
+prefer their property to be taxed and in choosing those who are to
+make and administer the laws.
+
+In a certain town in the South, recently, I was on the street in
+company with the most prominent Negro in the town. While we were
+together, the mayor of the town sought out the black man, and said,
+"Next week we are going to vote on the question of issuing bonds to
+secure water-works for this town; you must be sure to vote on the day
+of election." The mayor did not suggest whether he must vote "yes" or
+"no"; he knew from the very fact that this Negro man owned nearly a
+block of the most valuable property in the town that he would cast a
+safe, wise vote on this important proposition. This white man knew
+that, because of this Negro's property interests in the city, he would
+cast his vote in the way he thought would benefit every white and
+black citizen in the town, and not be controlled by influences a
+thousand miles away. But a short time ago I read letters from nearly
+every prominent white man in Birmingham, Alabama, asking that the Rev.
+W. R. Pettiford, a Negro, be appointed to a certain important federal
+office. What is the explanation of this? Mr. Pettiford for nine years
+has been the president of the Negro bank in Birmingham to which I have
+alluded. During these nine years these white citizens have had the
+opportunity of seeing that Mr. Pettiford could manage successfully a
+private business, and that he had proven himself a conservative,
+thoughtful citizen; and they were willing to trust him in a public
+office. Such individual examples will have to be multiplied until they
+become the rule rather than the exception. While we are multiplying
+these examples, the Negro must keep a strong and courageous heart. He
+cannot improve his condition by any short-cut course or by artificial
+methods. Above all, he must not be deluded into the temptation of
+believing that his condition can be permanently improved by a mere
+battledore and shuttlecock of words or by any process of mere mental
+gymnastics or oratory alone. What is desired, along with a logical
+defence of his cause, are deeds, results,--multiplied results,--in the
+direction of building himself up, so as to leave no doubt in the minds
+of any one of his ability to succeed.
+
+An important question often asked is, Does the white man in the South
+want the Negro to improve his present condition? I say, "Yes." From
+the Montgomery (Alabama) _Daily Advertiser_ I clip the following in
+reference to the closing of a coloured school in a town in Alabama:--
+
+
+                                        "EUFAULA, May 25, 1899.
+
+     "The closing exercises of the city coloured public school were
+     held at St. Luke's A. M. E. Church last night, and were witnessed
+     by a large gathering, including many white. The recitations by
+     the pupils were excellent, and the music was also an interesting
+     feature. Rev. R. T. Pollard delivered the address, which was
+     quite an able one; and the certificates were presented by
+     Professor T. L. McCoy, white, of the Sanford Street School. The
+     success of the exercises reflects great credit on Professor S. M.
+     Murphy, the principal, who enjoys a deservedly good reputation as
+     a capable and efficient educator."
+
+I quote this report, not because it is the exception, but because such
+marks of interest in the education of the Negro on the part of the
+Southern white people can be seen almost every day in the local
+papers. Why should white people, by their presence, words, and many
+other things, encourage the black man to get education, if they do not
+desire him to improve his condition?
+
+The Payne Institute in Augusta, Georgia, an excellent institution, to
+which I have already referred, is supported almost wholly by the
+Southern white Methodist church. The Southern white Presbyterians
+support a theological school at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for Negroes. For
+a number of years the Southern white Baptists have contributed toward
+Negro education. Other denominations have done the same. If these
+people do not want the Negro educated to a high standard, there is no
+reason why they should act the hypocrite in these matters.
+
+As barbarous as some of the lynchings in the South have been,
+Southern white men here and there, as well as newspapers, have spoken
+out strongly against lynching. I quote from the address of the Rev.
+Mr. Vance, of Nashville, Tennessee, delivered before the National
+Sunday School Union in Atlanta, not long since, as an example:--
+
+     "And yet, as I stand here to-night, a Southerner speaking for my
+     section, and addressing an audience from all sections, there is
+     one foul blot upon the fair fame of the South, at the bare
+     mention of which the heart turns sick and the cheek is crimsoned
+     with shame. I want to lift my voice to-night in loud and long and
+     indignant protest against the awful horror of mob violence, which
+     the other day reached the climax of its madness and infamy in a
+     deed as black and brutal and barbarous as can be found in the
+     annals of human crime.
+
+     "I have a right to speak on the subject, and I propose to be
+     heard. The time has come for every lover of the South to set the
+     might of an angered and resolute manhood against the shame and
+     peril of the lynch demon. These people, whose fiendish glee
+     taunts their victim as his flesh crackles in the flames, do not
+     represent the South. I have not a syllable of apology for the
+     sickening crime they meant to avenge. But it is high time we were
+     learning that lawlessness is no remedy for crime. For one, I dare
+     to believe that the people of my section are able to cope with
+     crime, however treacherous and defiant, through their courts of
+     justice; and I plead for the masterful sway of a righteous and
+     exalted public sentiment that shall class lynch law in the
+     category with crime."
+
+It is a notable and praiseworthy fact that no Negro educated in any of
+our larger institutions of learning in the South has been charged with
+any of the recent crimes connected with assaults upon females.
+
+If we go on making progress in the directions that I have tried to
+indicate, more and more the South will be drawn to one course. As I
+have already said, it is not for the best interests of the white race
+of the South that the Negro be deprived of any privilege guaranteed
+him by the Constitution of the United States. This would put upon the
+South a burden under which no government could stand and prosper.
+Every article in our federal Constitution was placed there with a view
+of stimulating and encouraging the highest type of citizenship. To
+permanently tax the Negro without giving him the right to vote as fast
+as he qualifies himself in education and property for voting would
+work the alienation of the affections of the Negro from the States in
+which he lives, and would be the reversal of the fundamental
+principles of government for which our States have stood. In other
+ways than this the injury would be as great to the white man as to the
+Negro. Taxation without the hope of becoming a voter would take away
+from one-third the citizens of the Gulf States their interest in
+government and their stimulant to become tax-payers or to secure
+education, and thus be able and willing to bear their share of the
+cost of education and government, which now weighs so heavily upon the
+white tax-payers of the South. The more the Negro is stimulated and
+encouraged, the sooner will he be able to bear a larger share of the
+burdens of the South. We have recently had before us an example, in
+the case of Spain, of a government that left a large portion of its
+citizens in ignorance, and neglected their highest interests.
+
+As I have said elsewhere, there is no escape through law of man or God
+from the inevitable:--
+
+           "The laws of changeless justice bind
+              Oppressor with opprest;
+            And, close as sin and suffering joined,
+             We march to fate abreast."
+
+     "Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the
+     load upward or they will pull against you the load downward. We
+     shall constitute one-third and more of the ignorance and crime of
+     the South or one-third its intelligence and progress. We shall
+     contribute one-third to the business and industrial prosperity of
+     the South or we shall prove a veritable body of death,
+     stagnating, depressing, retarding, every effort to advance the
+     body politic."
+
+My own feeling is that the South will gradually reach the point where
+it will see the wisdom and the justice of enacting an educational or
+property qualification, or both, for voting, that shall be made to
+apply honestly to both races. The industrial development of the Negro
+in connection with education and Christian character will help to
+hasten this end. When this is done, we shall have a foundation, in my
+opinion, upon which to build a government that is honest and that will
+be in a high degree satisfactory to both races.
+
+I do not suffer myself to take too optimistic a view of the conditions
+in the South. The problem is a large and serious one, and will require
+the patient help, sympathy, and advice of our most patriotic citizens,
+North and South, for years to come. But I believe that, if the
+principles which I have tried to indicate are followed, a solution of
+the question will come. So long as the Negro is permitted to get
+education, acquire property, and secure employment, and is treated
+with respect in the business or commercial world,--as is now true in
+the greater part of the South,--I shall have the greatest faith in his
+working out his own destiny in our Southern States. The education and
+preparing for citizenship of nearly eight millions of people is a
+tremendous task, and every lover of humanity should count it a
+privilege to help in the solution of a great problem for which our
+whole country is responsible.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Future of the American Negro, by 
+Booker T. Washington
+
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+<body>
+
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Future of the American Negro, by Booker T. Washington
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Future of the American Negro
+
+Author: Booker T. Washington
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2008 [EBook #26507]
+
+Language: English
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO ***
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+
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+<p class="heading">Transcriber's Note</p>
+<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as
+faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>THE FUTURE OF<br />
+THE AMERICAN NEGRO</h1>
+
+<h3>Booker T. Washington</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 134px;">
+<img src="images/publisher.jpg" width="134" height="194" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4>Boston<br />
+Small, Maynard &amp; Company<br />
+1900</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Copyright, 1899,<br />
+By Small, Maynard &amp; Company</i><br />
+(<i>Incorporated</i>)</h4>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+
+<h4><i>Entered at Stationers' Hall</i></h4>
+
+<h5><i>First Edition (2,000 copies), November, 1899</i><br />
+<i>Second Edition (2,000 copies), February, 1900</i></h5>
+
+<h4><i>Press of<br />
+George H. Ellis, Boston, U.S.A.</i></h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+<img src="images/washington.jpg" width="359" height="621" alt="Booker T. Washington." title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p><i>In giving this volume to the public, I deem it fair to say that I
+have yielded to the oft-repeated requests that I put in some more
+definite and permanent form the ideas regarding the Negro and his
+future which I have expressed many times on the public platform and
+through the public press and magazines.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>I make grateful acknowledgment to the "Atlantic Monthly" and
+"Appleton's Popular Science Monthly" for their kindness in granting
+permission for the use of some part of articles which I have at
+various times contributed to their columns.</i></p>
+
+<p class="author">BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute,</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tuskegee, Ala.</span>, October 1, 1899.</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I.</a><span class="ralign">Page 3</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>First appearance of Negroes in America&mdash;Rapid increase&mdash;Conditions
+during Civil War&mdash;During the reconstruction.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II.</a><span class="ralign">Page 16</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Responsibility of the whole country for the Negro&mdash;Progress in the
+past&mdash;Same methods of education do not fit all cases&mdash;Proved in the
+case of the Southern Negro&mdash;Illustrations&mdash;Lack of money&mdash;Comparison
+between outlay for schools North and South&mdash;Duty of North to South.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chapter III.</a><span class="ralign">Page 42</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Decadence of Southern plantation&mdash;Demoralization of Negroes
+natural&mdash;No home life before the war&mdash;Too much classical education at
+the start&mdash;Lack of practical training&mdash;Illustrations&mdash;The well-trained
+slaves now dead&mdash;Former plantations as industrial schools&mdash;The decayed
+plantation built up by a former slave&mdash;Misunderstanding of industrial education.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV.</a><span class="ralign">Page 67</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>The Negroes' proper use of education&mdash;Hayti, Santo Domingo, and
+Liberia as illustrations of the lack of practical training&mdash;Present
+necessity for union of all forces to further the cause of industrial
+education&mdash;Industrial education not opposed to the higher
+education&mdash;Results of practical training so far&mdash;Little or no
+prejudice against capable Negroes in business in the South&mdash;The Negro
+at first shunned labor as degrading&mdash;Hampton and Tuskegee aim to
+remove this feeling&mdash;The South does not oppose industrial education
+for the Negroes&mdash;Address to Tuskegee students setting forth the
+necessity of steadfastness of purpose.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V.</a><span class="ralign">Page 106</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>The author's early life&mdash;At Hampton&mdash;The inception of the Tuskegee
+School in 1881&mdash;Its growth&mdash;Scope&mdash;Size at
+present&mdash;Expenses&mdash;Purposes&mdash;Methods&mdash;Building of the chapel&mdash;Work of
+the graduates&mdash;Similar schools beginning throughout the
+South&mdash;Tuskegee Negro Conference&mdash;The Workers' Conference&mdash;Tuskegee as
+a trainer of teachers.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Chapter VI.</a><span class="ralign">Page 127</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>The Negro race in politics&mdash;Its patriotic zeal in 1776&mdash;In 1814&mdash;In
+the Civil War&mdash;In the Spanish War&mdash;Politics attempted too soon after
+freedom&mdash;Poor leaders&mdash;Two parties in the South, the blacks' and the
+whites'&mdash;Not necessarily opposed in interests&mdash;The Negro should give
+up no rights&mdash;The same tests for the restriction of the franchise
+should be applied alike to both blacks and whites&mdash;This is not the
+case&mdash;Education and the franchise&mdash;The whites must help the blacks to
+pure votes&mdash;Rioting and lynching only to be stopped by mutual
+confidence.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Chapter VII.</a><span class="ralign">Page 157</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Difficulty of fusion&mdash;Africa impossible as a refuge because already
+completely claimed by other nations&mdash;Comparison of Negro race with
+white&mdash;Physical condition of the Negro&mdash;Present lack of ability to
+organize&mdash;Weaknesses&mdash;Ability to work&mdash;Trustworthiness&mdash;Desire to
+rise&mdash;Obstructions put in the way of Negroes' advancement&mdash;Results of
+oppression&mdash;Necessity for encouragement and self-respect&mdash;Comparison
+of Negroes'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> position and that of the Jews&mdash;Lynching&mdash;Non-interference
+of the North&mdash;Increase of lynching&mdash;Statistics of numbers, races,
+places, causes of violence&mdash;Uselessness of lynching in preventing
+crime&mdash;Fairness in carrying out the laws&mdash;Increase of crime among the
+Negroes&mdash;Reason for it&mdash;Responsibility of both races.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Chapter VIII.</a><span class="ralign">Page 200</span></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Population&mdash;Emigration to the North&mdash;Morality North and
+South&mdash;Dangers: 1. incendiary advice; 2. mob violence; 3.
+discouragement; 4. newspaper exaggeration; 5. lack of education; 6.
+bad legislation&mdash;Negroes must identify with best interests of the
+South&mdash;Unwise missionary work&mdash;Wise missionary work&mdash;Opportunity for
+industrial education&mdash;The good standing of business-educated Negroes
+in the South&mdash;Religion and morality&mdash;Justice and appreciation coming
+for the Negro race as it proves itself worthy.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">In</span> this volume I shall not attempt to give the origin and history of
+the Negro race either in Africa or in America. My attempt is to deal
+only with conditions that now exist and bear a relation to the Negro
+in America and that are likely to exist in the future. In discussing
+the Negro, it is always to be borne in mind that, unlike all the other
+inhabitants of America, he came here without his own consent; in fact,
+was compelled to leave his own country and become a part of another
+through physical force. It should also be borne in mind, in our
+efforts to change and improve the present condition of the Negro, that
+we are dealing with a race which had little necessity to labour in its
+native country. After being brought to America, the Negroes were
+forced to labour for about 250 years under circumstances which were
+calculated not to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> inspire them with love and respect for labour. This
+constitutes a part of the reason why I insist that it is necessary to
+emphasise the matter of industrial education as a means of giving the
+black man the foundation of a civilisation upon which he will grow and
+prosper. When I speak of industrial education, however, I wish it
+always understood that I mean, as did General Armstrong, the founder
+of the Hampton Institute, for thorough academic and religious training
+to go side by side with industrial training. Mere training of the hand
+without the culture of brain and heart would mean little.</p>
+
+<p>The first slaves were brought into this country by the Dutch in 1619,
+and were landed at Jamestown, Virginia. The first cargo consisted of
+twenty. The census taken in 1890 shows that these twenty slaves had
+increased to 7,638,360. About 6,353,341 of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> number were residing
+in the Southern States, and 1,283,029 were scattered throughout the
+Northern and Western States. I think I am pretty safe in predicting
+that the census to be taken in 1900 will show that there are not far
+from ten millions of people of African descent in the United States.
+The great majority of these, of course, reside in the Southern States.
+The problem is how to make these millions of Negroes self-supporting,
+intelligent, economical and valuable citizens, as well as how to bring
+about proper relations between them and the white citizens among whom
+they live. This is the question upon which I shall try to throw some
+light in the chapters which follow.</p>
+
+<p>When the Negroes were first brought to America, they were owned by
+white people in all sections of this country, as is well known,&mdash;in
+the New England, the Middle, and in the Southern States.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> It was soon
+found, however, that slave labour was not remunerative in the Northern
+States, and for that reason by far the greater proportion of the
+slaves were held in the Southern States, where their labour in raising
+cotton, rice, and sugar-cane was more productive. The growth of the
+slave population in America was constant and rapid. Beginning, as I
+have stated, with fourteen, in 1619, the number increased at such a
+rate that the total number of Negroes in America in 1800 was
+1,001,463. This number increased by 1860 to 3,950,000. A few people
+predicted that freedom would result disastrously to the Negro, as far
+as numerical increase was concerned; but so far the census figures
+have failed to bear out this prediction. On the other hand, the census
+of 1890 shows that the Negro population had increased from 3,950,000
+in 1860 to 7,638,260 twenty-five years after the war. It is my opinion
+that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> rate of increase in the future will be still greater than it
+has been from the close of the war of the Rebellion up to the present
+time, for the reason that the very sudden changes which took place in
+the life of the Negro, because of having his freedom, plunged him into
+many excesses that were detrimental to his physical well-being. Of
+course, freedom found him unprepared in clothing, in shelter and in
+knowledge of how to care for his body. During slavery the slave mother
+had little control of her own children, and did not therefore have the
+practice and experience of rearing children in a suitable manner. Now
+that the Negro is being taught in thousands of schools how to take
+care of his body, and in thousands of homes mothers are learning how
+to control their children, I believe that the rate of increase, as I
+have stated, will be still greater than it has been in the past. In
+too many cases the Negro had the idea that freedom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> meant merely
+license to do as he pleased, to work or not to work; but this
+erroneous idea is more and more disappearing, by reason of the
+education in the right direction which the Negro is constantly
+receiving.</p>
+
+<p>During the four years that the Civil War lasted, the greater
+proportion of the Negroes remained in the South, and worked faithfully
+for the support of their masters' families, who, as a general rule,
+were away in the war. The self-control which the Negro exhibited
+during the war marks, it seems to me, one of the most important
+chapters in the history of the race. Notwithstanding he knew that his
+master was away from home, fighting a battle which, if successful,
+would result in his continued enslavement, yet he worked faithfully
+for the support of the master's family. If the Negro had yielded to
+the temptation and suggestion to use the torch or dagger in an attempt
+to destroy his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> master's property and family, the result would have
+been that the war would have been ended quickly; for the master would
+have returned from the battlefield to protect and defend his property
+and family. But the Negro to the last was faithful to the trust that
+had been thrust upon him, and during the four years of war in which
+the male members of the family were absent from their homes there is
+not a single instance recorded where he in any way attempted to
+outrage the family of the master or in any way to injure his property.</p>
+
+<p>Not only is this true, but all through the years of preparation for
+the war and during the war itself the Negro showed himself to be an
+uncompromising friend to the Union. In fact, of all the charges
+brought against him, there is scarcely a single instance where one has
+been charged with being a traitor to his country. This has been true
+whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> he has been in a state of slavery or in a state of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>From 1865 to 1876 constituted what perhaps may be termed the days of
+Reconstruction. This was the period when the Southern States which had
+withdrawn from the Union were making an effort to reinstate themselves
+and to establish a permanent system of State government. At the close
+of the war both the Southern white man and the Negro found themselves
+in the midst of poverty. The ex-master returned from the war to find
+his slave property gone, his farms and other industries in a state of
+collapse, and the whole industrial or economic system upon which he
+had depended for years entirely disorganised. As we review calmly and
+dispassionately the period of reconstruction, we must use a great deal
+of sympathy and generosity. The weak point, to my mind, in the
+reconstruction era was that no strong force was brought to bear in
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> direction of preparing the Negro to become an intelligent,
+reliable citizen and voter. The main effort seems to have been in the
+direction of controlling his vote for the time being, regardless of
+future interests. I hardly believe that any race of people with
+similar preparation and similar surroundings would have acted more
+wisely or very differently from the way the Negro acted during the
+period of reconstruction.</p>
+
+<p>Without experience, without preparation, and in most cases without
+ordinary intelligence, he was encouraged to leave the field and shop
+and enter politics. That under such circumstances he should have made
+mistakes is very natural. I do not believe that the Negro was so much
+at fault for entering so largely into politics, and for the mistakes
+that were made in too many cases, as were the unscrupulous white
+leaders who got the Negro's confidence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> and controlled his vote to
+further their own ends, regardless, in many cases, of the permanent
+welfare of the Negro. I have always considered it unfortunate that the
+Southern white man did not make more of an effort during the period of
+reconstruction to get the confidence and sympathy of the Negro, and
+thus have been able to keep him in close touch and sympathy in
+politics. It was also unfortunate that the Negro was so completely
+alienated from the Southern white man in all political matters. I
+think it would have been better for all concerned if, immediately
+after the close of the war, an educational and property qualification
+for the exercise of the franchise had been prescribed that would have
+applied fairly and squarely to both races, and, also, if, in educating
+the Negro, greater stress had been put upon training him along the
+lines of industry for which his services were in the greatest demand
+in the South.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> In a word, too much stress was placed upon the mere
+matter of voting and holding political office rather than upon the
+preparation for the highest citizenship. In saying what I have, I do
+not mean to convey the impression that the whole period of
+reconstruction was barren of fruitful results. While it is not a very
+encouraging chapter in the history of our country, I believe that this
+period did serve to point out many weak points in our effort to
+elevate the Negro, and that we are now taking advantage of the
+mistakes that were made. The period of reconstruction served at least
+to show the world that with proper preparation and with a sufficient
+foundation the Negro possesses the elements out of which men of the
+highest character and usefulness can be developed. I might name
+several characters who were brought before the world by reason of the
+reconstruction period. I give one as an example<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> of others: Hon.
+Blanche K. Bruce, who had been a slave, but who held many honourable
+positions in the State of Mississippi, including an election to the
+United States Senate, where he served a full term; later he was twice
+appointed Register of the United States Treasury. In all these
+positions Mr. Bruce gave the greatest satisfaction, and not a single
+whisper of dishonesty or incompetency has ever been heard against him.
+During the period of his public life he was brought into active and
+daily contact with Northern and Southern white people, all of whom
+speak of him in the highest measure of respect and confidence.</p>
+
+<p>What the Negro wants and what the country wants to do is to take
+advantage of all the lessons that were taught during the days of
+reconstruction, and apply these lessons bravely, honestly, in laying
+the foundation upon which the Negro can stand in the future and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> make
+himself a useful, honourable, and desirable citizen, whether he has
+his residence in the North, the South, or the West.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">In</span> order that the reader may understand me and why I lay so much
+stress upon the importance of pushing the doctrine of industrial
+education for the Negro, it is necessary, first of all, to review the
+condition of affairs at the present time in the Southern States. For
+years I have had something of an opportunity to study the Negro at
+first-hand; and I feel that I know him pretty well,&mdash;him and his
+needs, his failures and his successes, his desires and the likelihood
+of their fulfilment. I have studied him and his relations with his
+white neighbours, and striven to find how these relations may be made
+more conducive to the general peace and welfare both of the South and
+of the country at large.</p>
+
+<p>In the Southern part of the United States there are twenty-two
+millions of people who are bound to the fifty millions of the North by
+ties which neither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> can tear asunder if they would. The most
+intelligent in a New York community has his intelligence darkened by
+the ignorance of a fellow-citizen in the Mississippi bottoms. The most
+wealthy in New York City would be more wealthy but for the poverty of
+a fellow-being in the Carolina rice swamps. The most moral and
+religious men in Massachusetts have their religion and morality
+modified by the degradation of the man in the South whose religion is
+a mere matter of form or of emotionalism. The vote of the man in Maine
+that is cast for the highest and purest form of government is largely
+neutralised by the vote of the man in Louisiana whose ballot is stolen
+or cast in ignorance. Therefore, when the South is ignorant, the North
+is ignorant; when the South is poor, the North is poor; when the South
+commits crime, the nation commits crime. For the citizens of the North
+there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> no escape; they must help raise the character of the
+civilisation in the South, or theirs will be lowered. No member of the
+white race in any part of the country can harm the weakest or meanest
+member of the black race without the proudest and bluest blood of the
+nation being degraded.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the
+country when those interested in education should the more earnestly
+consider to what extent the mere acquiring of the ability to read and
+write, the mere acquisition of a knowledge of literature and science,
+makes men producers, lovers of labour, independent, honest, unselfish,
+and, above all, good. Call education by what name you please, if it
+fails to bring about these results among the masses, it falls short of
+its highest end. The science, the art, the literature, that fails to
+reach down and bring the humblest up to the enjoyment of the fullest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+blessings of our government, is weak, no matter how costly the
+buildings or apparatus used or how modern the methods of instruction
+employed. The study of arithmetic that does not result in making men
+conscientious in receiving and counting the ballots of their
+fellow-men is faulty. The study of art that does not result in making
+the strong less willing to oppress the weak means little. How I wish
+that from the most cultured and highly endowed university in the great
+North to the humblest log cabin school-house in Alabama, we could
+burn, as it were, into the hearts and heads of all that usefulness,
+that service to our brother, is the supreme end of education. Putting
+the thought more directly as it applies to conditions in the South,
+can you make the intelligence of the North affect the South in the
+same ratio that the ignorance of the South affects the North? Let us
+take a not improbable case: A great national case<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> is to be decided,
+one that involves peace or war, the honour or dishonour of our
+nation,&mdash;yea, the very existence of the government. The North and West
+are divided. There are five million votes to be cast in the South;
+and, of this number, one-half are ignorant. Not only are one-half the
+voters ignorant; but, because of the ignorant votes they cast,
+corruption and dishonesty in a dozen forms have crept into the
+exercise of the political franchise to such an extent that the
+conscience of the intelligent class is seared in its attempts to
+defeat the will of the ignorant voters. Here, then, you have on the
+one hand an ignorant vote, on the other an intelligent vote minus a
+conscience. The time may not be far off when to this kind of jury we
+shall have to look for the votes which shall decide in a large measure
+the destiny of our democratic institutions.</p>
+
+<p>When a great national calamity stares<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> us in the face, we are, I fear,
+too much given to depending on a short "campaign of education" to do
+on the hustings what should have been accomplished in the school.</p>
+
+<p>With this idea in view, let us examine with more care the condition of
+civilisation in the South, and the work to be done there before all
+classes will be fit for the high duties of citizenship. In reference
+to the Negro race, I am confronted with some embarrassment at the
+outset, because of the various and conflicting opinions as to what is
+to be its final place in our economic and political life.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last thirty years&mdash;and, I might add, within the last three
+months,&mdash;it has been proven by eminent authority that the Negro is
+increasing in numbers so fast that it is only a question of a few
+years before he will far outnumber the white race in the South, and it
+has also been proven that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> Negro is fast dying out, and it is only
+a question of a few years before he will have completely disappeared.
+It has also been proven that education helps the Negro and that
+education hurts him, that he is fast leaving the South and taking up
+his residence in the North and West, and that his tendency is to drift
+toward the low lands of the Mississippi bottoms. It has been proven
+that education unfits the Negro for work and that education makes him
+more valuable as a labourer, that he is our greatest criminal and that
+he is our most law-abiding citizen. In the midst of these conflicting
+opinions, it is hard to hit upon the truth.</p>
+
+<p>But, also, in the midst of this confusion, there are a few things of
+which I am certain,&mdash;things which furnish a basis for thought and
+action. I know that whether the Negroes are increasing or decreasing,
+whether they are growing better or worse, whether they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> are valuable
+or valueless, that a few years ago some fourteen of them were brought
+into this country, and that now those fourteen are nearly ten
+millions. I know that, whether in slavery or freedom, they have always
+been loyal to the Stars and Stripes, that no school-house has been
+opened for them that has not been filled, that the 2,000,000 ballots
+that they have the right to cast are as potent for weal or woe as an
+equal number cast by the wisest and most influential men in America. I
+know that wherever Negro life touches the life of the nation it helps
+or it hinders, that wherever the life of the white race touches the
+black it makes it stronger or weaker. Further, I know that almost
+every other race that has tried to look the white man in the face has
+disappeared. I know, despite all the conflicting opinions, and with a
+full knowledge of all the Negroes' weaknesses, that only a few
+centuries ago they went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> into slavery in this country pagans, that
+they came out Christians; they went into slavery as so much property,
+they came out American citizens; they went into slavery without a
+language, they came out speaking the proud Anglo-Saxon tongue; they
+went into slavery with the chains clanking about their wrists, they
+came out with the American ballot in their hands.</p>
+
+<p>I submit it to the candid and sober judgment of all men, if a race
+that is capable of such a test, such a transformation, is not worth
+saving and making a part, in reality as well as in name, of our
+democratic government. That the Negro may be fitted for the fullest
+enjoyment of the privileges and responsibilities of our citizenship,
+it is important that the nation be honest and candid with him, whether
+honesty and candour for the time being pleases or displeases him. It
+is with an ignorant race as it is with a child: it craves at first
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> superficial, the ornamental signs of progress rather than the
+reality. The ignorant race is tempted to jump, at one bound, to the
+position that it has required years of hard struggle for others to
+reach.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that, as a general thing, the temptation in the past in
+educational and missionary work has been to do for the new people that
+which was done a thousand years ago, or that which is being done for a
+people a thousand miles away, without making a careful study of the
+needs and conditions of the people whom it is designed to help. The
+temptation is to run all people through a certain educational mould,
+regardless of the condition of the subject or the end to be
+accomplished. This has been the case too often in the South in the
+past, I am sure. Men have tried to use, with these simple people just
+freed from slavery and with no past, no inherited traditions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> of
+learning, the same methods of education which they have used in New
+England, with all its inherited traditions and desires. The Negro is
+behind the white man because he has not had the same chance, and not
+from any inherent difference in his nature and desires. What the race
+accomplishes in these first fifty years of freedom will at the end of
+these years, in a large measure, constitute its past. It is, indeed, a
+responsibility that rests upon this nation,&mdash;the foundation laying for
+a people of its past, present, and future at one and the same time.</p>
+
+<p>One of the weakest points in connection with the present development
+of the race is that so many get the idea that the mere filling of the
+head with a knowledge of mathematics, the sciences, and literature,
+means success in life. Let it be understood, in every corner of the
+South, among the Negro youth at least, that knowledge will benefit
+little except as it is harnessed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> except as its power is pointed in a
+direction that will bear upon the present needs and condition of the
+race. There is in the heads of the Negro youth of the South enough
+general and floating knowledge of chemistry, of botany, of zo&ouml;logy, of
+geology, of mechanics, of electricity, of mathematics, to reconstruct
+and develop a large part of the agricultural, mechanical, and domestic
+life of the race. But how much of it is brought to a focus along lines
+of practical work? In cities of the South like Atlanta, how many
+coloured mechanical engineers are there? or how many machinists? how
+many civil engineers? how many architects? how many house decorators?
+In the whole State of Georgia, where eighty per cent. of the coloured
+people depend upon agriculture, how many men are there who are well
+grounded in the principles and practices of scientific farming? or
+dairy work? or fruit culture? or floriculture?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For example, not very long ago I had a conversation with a young
+coloured man who is a graduate of one of the prominent universities of
+this country. The father of this man is comparatively ignorant, but by
+hard work and the exercise of common sense he has become the owner of
+two thousand acres of land. He owns more than a score of horses, cows,
+and mules and swine in large numbers, and is considered a prosperous
+farmer. In college the son of this farmer has studied chemistry,
+botany, zo&ouml;logy, surveying, and political economy. In my conversation
+I asked this young man how many acres his father cultivated in cotton
+and how many in corn. With a far-off gaze up into the heavens he
+answered that he did not know. When I asked him the classification of
+the soils on his father's farm, he did not know. He did not know how
+many horses or cows his father owned nor of what breeds they were, and
+seemed surprised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> that he should be asked such questions. It never
+seemed to have entered his mind that on his father's farm was the
+place to make his chemistry, his mathematics, and his literature
+penetrate and reflect itself in every acre of land, every bushel of
+corn, every cow, and every pig.</p>
+
+<p>Let me give other examples of this mistaken sort of education. When a
+mere boy, I saw a young coloured man, who had spent several years in
+school, sitting in a common cabin in the South, studying a French
+grammar. I noted the poverty, the untidiness, the want of system and
+thrift, that existed about the cabin, notwithstanding his knowledge of
+French and other academic studies.</p>
+
+<p>Again, not long ago I saw a coloured minister preparing his Sunday
+sermon just as the New England minister prepares his sermon. But this
+coloured minister was in a broken-down, leaky, rented log cabin, with
+weeds in the yard,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> surrounded by evidences of poverty, filth, and
+want of thrift. This minister had spent some time in school studying
+theology. How much better it would have been to have had this minister
+taught the dignity of labour, taught theoretical and practical farming
+in connection with his theology, so that he could have added to his
+meagre salary, and set an example for his people in the matter of
+living in a decent house, and having a knowledge of correct farming!
+In a word, this minister should have been taught that his condition,
+and that of his people, was not that of a New England community; and
+he should have been so trained as to meet the actual needs and
+conditions of the coloured people in this community, so that a
+foundation might be laid that would, in the future, make a community
+like New England communities.</p>
+
+<p>Since the Civil War, no one object has been more misunderstood than
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> of the object and value of industrial education for the Negro.
+To begin with, it must be borne in mind that the condition that
+existed in the South immediately after the war, and that now exists,
+is a peculiar one, without a parallel in history. This being true, it
+seems to me that the wise and honest thing to do is to make a study of
+the actual condition and environment of the Negro, and do that which
+is best for him, regardless of whether the same thing has been done
+for another race in exactly the same way. There are those among the
+white race and those among the black race who assert, with a good deal
+of earnestness, that there is no difference between the white man and
+the black man in this country. This sounds very pleasant and tickles
+the fancy; but, when the test of hard, cold logic is applied to it, it
+must be acknowledged that there is a difference,&mdash;not an inherent one,
+not a racial one, but a difference<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> growing out of unequal
+opportunities in the past.</p>
+
+<p>If I may be permitted to criticise the educational work that has been
+done in the South, I would say that the weak point has been in the
+failure to recognise this difference.</p>
+
+<p>Negro education, immediately after the war in most cases, was begun
+too nearly at the point where New England education had ended. Let me
+illustrate. One of the saddest sights I ever saw was the placing of a
+three hundred dollar rosewood piano in a country school in the South
+that was located in the midst of the "Black Belt." Am I arguing
+against the teaching of instrumental music to the Negroes in that
+community? Not at all; only I should have deferred those music lessons
+about twenty-five years. There are numbers of such pianos in thousands
+of New England homes. But behind the piano in the New England home
+there are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> one hundred years of toil, sacrifice, and economy; there is
+the small manufacturing industry, started several years ago by hand
+power, now grown into a great business; there is ownership in land, a
+comfortable home, free from debt, and a bank account. In this "Black
+Belt" community where this piano went, four-fifths of the people owned
+no land, many lived in rented one-room cabins, many were in debt for
+food supplies, many mortgaged their crops for the food on which to
+live, and not one had a bank account. In this case, how much wiser it
+would have been to have taught the girls in this community sewing,
+intelligent and economical cooking, housekeeping, something of
+dairying and horticulture? The boys should have been taught something
+of farming in connection with their common-school education, instead
+of awakening in them a desire for a musical instrument which resulted
+in their parents going into debt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> for a third-rate piano or organ
+before a home was purchased. Industrial lessons would have awakened,
+in this community, a desire for homes, and would have given the people
+the ability to free themselves from industrial slavery to the extent
+that most of them would have soon purchased homes. After the home and
+the necessaries of life were supplied could come the piano. One piano
+lesson in a home of one's own is worth twenty in a rented log cabin.</p>
+
+<p>All that I have just written, and the various examples illustrating
+it, show the present helpless condition of my people in the
+South,&mdash;how fearfully they lack the primary training for good living
+and good citizenship, how much they stand in need of a solid
+foundation on which to build their future success. I believe, as I
+have many times said in my various addresses in the North and in the
+South, that the main reason for the existence of this curious state
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> affairs is the lack of practical training in the ways of life.</p>
+
+<p>There is, too, a great lack of money with which to carry on the
+educational work in the South. I was in a county in a Southern State
+not long ago where there are some thirty thousand coloured people and
+about seven thousand whites. In this county not a single public school
+for Negroes had been open that year longer than three months, not a
+single coloured teacher had been paid more than $15 per month for his
+teaching. Not one of these schools was taught in a building that was
+worthy of the name of school-house. In this county the State or public
+authorities do not own a single dollar's worth of school
+property,&mdash;not a school-house, a blackboard, or a piece of crayon.
+Each coloured child had had spent on him that year for his education
+about fifty cents, while each child in New York or Massachusetts had
+had spent on him that year for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> education not far from $20. And yet
+each citizen of this county is expected to share the burdens and
+privileges of our democratic form of government just as intelligently
+and conscientiously as the citizens of New York or Boston. A vote in
+this county means as much to the nation as a vote in the city of
+Boston. Crime in this county is as truly an arrow aimed at the heart
+of the government as a crime committed in the streets of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>A single school-house built this year in a town near Boston to shelter
+about three hundred pupils cost more for building alone than is spent
+yearly for the education, including buildings, apparatus, teachers,
+for the whole coloured school population of Alabama. The Commissioner
+of Education for the State of Georgia not long ago reported to the
+State legislature that in that State there were two hundred thousand
+children that had entered no school the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> year past and one hundred
+thousand more who were at school but a few days, making practically
+three hundred thousand children between six and eighteen years of age
+that are growing up in ignorance in one Southern State alone. The same
+report stated that outside of the cities and towns, while the average
+number of school-houses in a county was sixty, all of these sixty
+school-houses were worth in lump less than $2,000, and the report
+further added that many of the school-houses in Georgia were not fit
+for horse stables. I am glad to say, however, that vast improvement
+over this condition is being made in Georgia under the inspired
+leadership of State Commissioner Glenn, and in Alabama under the no
+less zealous leadership of Commissioner Abercrombie.</p>
+
+<p>These illustrations, so far as they concern the Gulf States, are not
+exceptional cases; nor are they overdrawn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Until there is industrial independence, it is hardly possible to have
+good living and a pure ballot in the country districts. In these
+States it is safe to say that not more than one black man in twenty
+owns the land he cultivates. Where so large a proportion of a people
+are dependent, live in other people's houses, eat other people's food,
+and wear clothes they have not paid for, it is pretty hard to expect
+them to live fairly and vote honestly.</p>
+
+<p>I have thus far referred mainly to the Negro race. But there is
+another side. The longer I live and the more I study the question, the
+more I am convinced that it is not so much a problem as to what the
+white man will do with the Negro as what the Negro will do with the
+white man and his civilisation. In considering this side of the
+subject, I thank God that I have grown to the point where I can
+sympathise with a white man as much as I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> can sympathise with a black
+man. I have grown to the point where I can sympathise with a Southern
+white man as much as I can sympathise with a Northern white man.</p>
+
+<p>As bearing upon the future of our civilisation, I ask of the North
+what of their white brethren in the South,&mdash;those who have suffered
+and are still suffering the consequences of American slavery, for
+which both North and South were responsible? Those of the great and
+prosperous North still owe to their less fortunate brethren of the
+Caucasian race in the South, not less than to themselves, a serious
+and uncompleted duty. What was the task the North asked the South to
+perform? Returning to their destitute homes after years of war to face
+blasted hopes, devastation, a shattered industrial system, they asked
+them to add to their own burdens that of preparing in education,
+politics, and economics, in a few short years, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> citizenship, four
+millions of former slaves. That the South, staggering under the
+burden, made blunders, and that in a measure there has been
+disappointment, no one need be surprised. The educators, the
+statesmen, the philanthropists, have imperfectly comprehended their
+duty toward the millions of poor whites in the South who were buffeted
+for two hundred years between slavery and freedom, between
+civilisation and degradation, who were disregarded by both master and
+slave. It needs no prophet to tell the character of our future
+civilisation when the poor white boy in the country districts of the
+South receives one dollar's worth of education and the boy of the same
+class in the North twenty dollars' worth, when one never enters a
+reading-room or library and the other has reading-rooms and libraries
+in every ward and town, when one hears lectures and sermons once in
+two months and the other can hear a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> lecture or a sermon every day in
+the year.</p>
+
+<p>The time has come, it seems to me, when in this matter we should rise
+above party or race or sectionalism into the region of duty of man to
+man, of citizen to citizen, of Christian to Christian; and if the
+Negro, who has been oppressed and denied his rights in a Christian
+land, can help the whites of the North and South to rise, can be the
+inspiration of their rising, into this atmosphere of generous
+Christian brotherhood and self-forgetfulness, he will see in it a
+recompense for all that he has suffered in the past.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">In</span> the heart of the Black Belt of the South in <i>ante-bellum</i> days
+there was a large estate, with palatial mansion, surrounded by a
+beautiful grove, in which grew flowers and shrubbery of every
+description. Magnificent specimens of animal life grazed in the
+fields, and in grain and all manner of plant growth this estate was a
+model. In a word, it was the highest type of the product of slave
+labor.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the long years of war, then freedom, then the trying years
+of reconstruction. The master returned from the war to find the
+faithful slaves who had been the bulwark of this household in
+possession of their freedom. Then there began that social and
+industrial revolution in the South which it is hard for any who was
+not really a part of it to appreciate or understand. Gradually, day by
+day, this ex-master began<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> to realise, with a feeling almost
+indescribable, to what an extent he and his family had grown to be
+dependent upon the activity and faithfulness of his slaves; began to
+appreciate to what an extent slavery had sapped his sinews of strength
+and independence, how his dependence upon slave labour had deprived
+him and his offspring of the benefit of technical and industrial
+training, and, worst of all, had unconsciously led him to see in
+labour drudgery and degradation instead of beauty, dignity, and
+civilising power. At first there was a halt in this man's life. He
+cursed the North and he cursed the Negro. Then there was despair,
+almost utter hopelessness, over his weak and childlike condition. The
+temptation was to forget all in drink, and to this temptation there
+was a gradual yielding. With the loss of physical vigour came the loss
+of mental grasp and pride in surroundings. There was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> the falling off
+of a piece of plaster from the walls of the house which was not
+replaced, then another and still another. Gradually, the window-panes
+began to disappear, then the door-knobs. Touches of paint and
+whitewash, which once helped to give life, were no more to be seen.
+The hinges disappeared from the gate, then a board from the fence,
+then others in quick succession. Weeds and unmown grass covered the
+once well-kept lawn. Sometimes there were servants for domestic
+duties, and sometimes there were none. In the absence of servants the
+unsatisfactory condition of the food told that it was being prepared
+by hands unschooled to such duties. As the years passed by, debts
+accumulated in every direction. The education of the children was
+neglected. Lower and lower sank the industrial, financial, and
+spiritual condition of the household. For the first time the awful
+truth of Scripture, "Whatsoever a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> soweth, that shall he also
+reap," seemed to dawn upon him with a reality that it is hard for
+mortal to appreciate. Within a few months the whole mistake of slavery
+seemed to have concentrated itself upon this household. And this was
+one of many.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen how the ending of slavery and the beginning of freedom
+produced not only a shock, but a stand-still, and in many cases a
+collapse, that lasted several years in the life of many white men. If
+the sudden change thus affected the white man, should this not teach
+us that we should have more sympathy than has been shown in many cases
+with the Negro in connection with his new and changed life? That they
+made many mistakes, plunged into excesses, undertook responsibilities
+for which they were not fitted, in many cases took liberty to mean
+license, is not to be wondered at. It is my opinion that the next
+forty years are going<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> to show by many per cent. a higher degree of
+progress in the life of the Negro along all lines than has been shown
+during the first thirty years of his life. Certainly, the first thirty
+years of the Negro's life was one of experiment; and consequently,
+under such conditions, he was not able to settle down to real,
+earnest, hard common sense efforts to better his condition. While this
+was true in a great many cases, on the other hand a large proportion
+of the race, even from the first, saw what was needed for their new
+life, and began to settle down to lead an industrious, frugal
+existence, and to educate their children and in every way prepare
+themselves for the responsibilities of American citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>The wonder is that the Negro has made as few mistakes as he has, when
+we consider all the surrounding circumstances. Columns of figures have
+been gleaned from the census reports within<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> the last quarter of a
+century to show the great amount of crime committed by the Negro in
+excess of that committed by other races. No one will deny the fact
+that the proportion of crime by the present generation of Negroes is
+seriously large, but I believe that any other race with the Negro's
+history and present environment would have shown about the same
+criminal record.</p>
+
+<p>Another consideration which we must always bear in mind in considering
+the Negro is that he had practically no home life in slavery; that is,
+the mother and father did not have the responsibility, and
+consequently the experience, of training their own children. The
+matter of child training was left to the master and mistress.
+Consequently, it has only been within the last thirty years that the
+Negro parents have had the actual responsibility and experience of
+training their own children. That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> they have made some mistakes in
+thus training them is not to be wondered at. Many families scattered
+over all parts of the United States have not yet been able to bring
+themselves together. When the Negro parents shall have had thirty or
+forty additional years in which to found homes and get experience in
+the training of their children, I believe that we will find that the
+amount of crime will be considerably less than it is now shown to be.</p>
+
+<p>In too large a measure the Negro race began its development at the
+wrong end, simply because neither white nor black understood the case;
+and no wonder, for there had never been such a case in the history of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>To show where this primary mistake has led in its evil results, I wish
+to produce some examples showing plainly how prone we have been to
+make our education formal, superficial, instead of making it meet the
+needs of conditions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In order to emphasise the matter more fully, I repeat, at least eighty
+per cent. of the coloured people in the South are found in the rural
+districts, and they are dependent on agriculture in some form for
+their support. Notwithstanding that we have practically a whole race
+dependent upon agriculture, and notwithstanding that thirty years have
+passed since our freedom, aside from what has been done at Hampton and
+Tuskegee and one or two other institutions, but very little has been
+attempted by State or philanthropy in the way of educating the race in
+this one industry upon which its very existence depends. Boys have
+been taken from the farms and educated in law, theology, Hebrew and
+Greek,&mdash;educated in everything else except the very subject that they
+should know most about. I question whether among all the educated
+coloured people in the United States you can find six, if we except<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+those from the institutions named, who have received anything like a
+thorough training in agriculture. It would have seemed that, since
+self-support, industrial independence, is the first condition for
+lifting up any race, that education in theoretical and practical
+agriculture, horticulture, dairying, and stock-raising, should have
+occupied the first place in our system.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago, when we decided to make tailoring a part of our
+training at the Tuskegee Institute, I was amazed to find that it was
+almost impossible to find in the whole country an educated coloured
+man who could teach the making of clothing. We could find them by the
+score who could teach astronomy, theology, grammar, or Latin, but
+almost none who could instruct in the making of clothing, something
+that has to be used by every one of us every day in the year. How
+often has my heart been made to sink as I have gone through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> the South
+and into the homes of people, and found women who could converse
+intelligently on Grecian history, who had studied geometry, could
+analyse the most complex sentences, and yet could not analyse the
+poorly cooked and still more poorly served corn bread and fat meat
+that they and their families were eating three times a day! It is
+little trouble to find girls who can locate Pekin or the Desert of
+Sahara on an artificial globe, but seldom can you find one who can
+locate on an actual dinner table the proper place for the carving
+knife and fork or the meat and vegetables.</p>
+
+<p>A short time ago, in one of the Southern cities, a coloured man died
+who had received training as a skilled mechanic during the days of
+slavery. Later by his skill and industry he built up a great business
+as a house contractor and builder. In this same city there are 35,000
+coloured people, among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> them young men who have been well educated in
+the languages and in literature; but not a single one could be found
+who had been so trained in mechanical and architectural drawing that
+he could carry on the business which this ex-slave had built up, and
+so it was soon scattered to the wind. Aside from the work done in the
+institutions that I have mentioned, you can find almost no coloured
+men who have been trained in the principles of architecture,
+notwithstanding the fact that a vast majority of our race are without
+homes. Here, then, are the three prime conditions for growth, for
+civilisation,&mdash;food, clothing, shelter; and yet we have been the
+slaves of forms and customs to such an extent that we have failed in a
+large measure to look matters squarely in the face and meet actual
+needs.</p>
+
+<p>It may well be asked by one who has not carefully considered the
+matter: "What has become of all those skilled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> farm-hands that used to
+be on the old plantations? Where are those wonderful cooks we hear
+about, where those exquisitely trained house servants, those cabinet
+makers, and the jacks-of-all-trades that were the pride of the South?"
+This is easily answered,&mdash;they are mostly dead. The survivors are too
+old to work. "But did they not train their children?" is the natural
+question. Alas! the answer is "no." Their skill was so commonplace to
+them, and to their former masters, that neither thought of it as being
+a hard-earned or desirable accomplishment: it was natural, like
+breathing. Their children would have it as a matter of course. What
+their children needed was education. So they went out into the world,
+the ambitious ones, and got education, and forgot the necessity of the
+ordinary training to live.</p>
+
+<p>God for two hundred and fifty years, in my opinion, prepared the way
+for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> redemption of the Negro through industrial development.
+First, he made the Southern white man do business with the Negro for
+two hundred and fifty years in a way that no one else has done
+business with him. If a Southern white man wanted a house or a bridge
+built, he consulted a Negro mechanic about the plan and about the
+actual building of the house or bridge. If he wanted a suit of clothes
+or a pair of shoes made, it was to the Negro tailor or shoemaker that
+he talked. Secondly, every large slave plantation in the South was, in
+a limited sense, an industrial school. On these plantations there were
+scores of young coloured men and women who were constantly being
+trained, not alone as common farmers, but as carpenters, blacksmiths,
+wheelwrights, plasterers, brick masons, engineers, bridge-builders,
+cooks, dressmakers, housekeepers, etc. I would be the last to
+apologise for the curse of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> slavery; but I am simply stating facts.
+This training was crude and was given for selfish purposes, and did
+not answer the highest ends, because there was the absence of brain
+training in connection with that of the hand. Nevertheless, this
+business contact with the Southern white man, and the industrial
+training received on these plantations, put the Negro at the close of
+the war into possession of all the common and skilled labour in the
+South. For nearly twenty years after the war, except in one or two
+cases, the value of the industrial training given by the Negroes'
+former masters on the plantations and elsewhere was overlooked. Negro
+men and women were educated in literature, mathematics, and the
+sciences, with no thought of what had taken place on these plantations
+for two and a half centuries. After twenty years, those who were
+trained as mechanics, etc., during slavery began to disappear by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+death; and gradually we awoke to the fact that we had no one to take
+their places. We had scores of young men learned in Greek, but few in
+carpentry or mechanical or architectural drawing. We had trained many
+in Latin, but almost none as engineers, bridge-builders, and
+machinists. Numbers were taken from the farm and educated, but were
+educated in everything else except agriculture. Hence they had no
+sympathy with farm life, and did not return to it.</p>
+
+<p>This last that I have been saying is practically a repetition of what
+I have said in the preceding paragraph; but, to emphasise it,&mdash;and
+this point is one of the most important I wish to impress on the
+reader,&mdash;it is well to repeat, to say the same thing twice. Oh, if
+only more who had the shaping of the education of the Negro could
+have, thirty years ago, realised, and made others realise, where the
+forgetting of the years of manual training and the sudden acquiring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+of education were going to lead the Negro race, what a saving it would
+have been! How much less my race would have had to answer for, as well
+as the white!</p>
+
+<p>But it is too late to cry over what might have been. It is time to
+make up, as soon as possible, for this mistake,&mdash;time for both races
+to acknowledge it, and go forth on the course that, it seems to me,
+all must now see to be the right one,&mdash;industrial education.</p>
+
+<p>As an example of what a well-trained and educated Negro may now do,
+and how ready to acknowledge him a Southern white man may be, let me
+return once more to the plantation I spoke of in the first part of
+this chapter. As the years went by, the night seemed to grow darker,
+so that all seemed hopeless and lost. At this point relief and
+strength came from an unexpected source. This Southern white man's
+idea of Negro education had been that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> it merely meant a parrot-like
+absorption of Anglo-Saxon civilisation, with a special tendency to
+imitate the weaker elements of the white man's character; that it
+meant merely the high hat, kid gloves, a showy walking cane, patent
+leather shoes, and all the rest of it. To this ex-master it seemed
+impossible that the education of the Negro could produce any other
+results. And so, last of all, did he expect help or encouragement from
+an educated black man; but it was just from this source that help
+came. Soon after the process of decay began in this white man's
+estate, the education of a certain black man began, and began on a
+logical, sensible basis. It was an education that would fit him to see
+and appreciate the physical and moral conditions that existed in his
+own family and neighbourhood, and, in the present generation, would
+fit him to apply himself to their relief. By chance this educated
+Negro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> strayed into the employ of this white man. His employer soon
+learned that this Negro not only had a knowledge of science,
+mathematics, and literature in his head, but in his hands as well.
+This black man applied his knowledge of agricultural chemistry to the
+redemption of the soil; and soon the washes and gulleys began to
+disappear, and the waste places began to bloom. New and improved
+machinery in a few months began to rob labour of its toil and
+drudgery. The animals were given systematic and kindly attention.
+Fences were repaired and rebuilt. Whitewash and paint were made to do
+duty. Everywhere order slowly began to replace confusion; hope,
+despair; and profits, losses. As he observed, day by day, new life and
+strength being imparted to every department of his property, this
+white son of the South began revising his own creed regarding the
+wisdom of educating Negroes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Hitherto his creed regarding the value of an educated Negro had been
+rather a plain and simple one, and read: "The only end that could be
+accomplished by educating a black man was to enable him to talk
+properly to a mule; and the Negro's education did great injustice to
+the mule, since the language tended to confuse him and make him
+balky."</p>
+
+<p>We need not continue the story, except to add that to-day the grasp of
+the hand of this ex-slaveholder, and the listening to his hearty words
+of gratitude and commendation for the education of the Negro, are
+enough to compensate those who have given and those who have worked
+and sacrificed for the elevation of my people through all of these
+years. If we are patient, wise, unselfish, and courageous, such
+examples will multiply as the years go by.</p>
+
+<p>Before closing this chapter,&mdash;which, I think, has clearly shown that
+there is at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> present a very distinct lack of industrial training in
+the South among the Negroes,&mdash;I wish to say a few words in regard to
+certain objections, or rather misunderstandings, which have from time
+to time arisen in regard to the matter.</p>
+
+<p>Many have had the thought that industrial training was meant to make
+the Negro work, much as he worked during the days of slavery. This is
+far from my idea of it. If this training has any value for the Negro,
+as it has for the white man, it consists in teaching the Negro how
+rather not to work, but how to make the forces of nature&mdash;air, water,
+horse-power, steam, and electric power&mdash;work for him, how to lift
+labour up out of toil and drudgery into that which is dignified and
+beautiful. The Negro in the South works, and he works hard; but his
+lack of skill, coupled with ignorance, causes him too often to do his
+work in the most costly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> and shiftless manner, and this has kept him
+near the bottom of the ladder in the business world. I repeat that
+industrial education teaches the Negro how not to drudge in his work.
+Let him who doubts this contrast the Negro in the South toiling
+through a field of oats with an old-fashioned reaper with the white
+man on a modern farm in the West, sitting upon a modern "harvester,"
+behind two spirited horses, with an umbrella over him, using a machine
+that cuts and binds the oats at the same time,&mdash;doing four times as
+much work as the black man with one half the labour. Let us give the
+black man so much skill and brains that he can cut oats like the white
+man, then he can compete with him. The Negro works in cotton, and has
+no trouble so long as his labour is confined to the lower forms of
+work,&mdash;the planting, the picking, and the ginning; but, when the Negro
+attempts to follow the bale of cotton up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> through the higher stages,
+through the mill where it is made into the finer fabrics, where the
+larger profit appears, he is told that he is not wanted.</p>
+
+<p>The Negro can work in wood and iron; and no one objects so long as he
+confines his work to the felling of trees and sawing of boards, to the
+digging of iron ore and making of pig iron. But, when the Negro
+attempts to follow this tree into the factory where it is made into
+desks and chairs and railway coaches, or when he attempts to follow
+the pig iron into the factory where it is made into knife-blades and
+watch-springs, the Negro's trouble begins. And what is the objection?
+Simply that the Negro lacks the skill, coupled with brains, necessary
+to compete with the white man, or that, when white men refuse to work
+with coloured men, enough skilled and educated coloured men cannot be
+found able to superintend and man every part of any one large
+industry; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> hence, for these reasons, they are constantly being
+barred out. The Negro must become, in a larger measure, an intelligent
+producer as well as a consumer. There should be a more vital and
+practical connection between the Negro's educated brain and his
+opportunity of earning his daily living.</p>
+
+<p>A very weak argument often used against pushing industrial training
+for the Negro is that the Southern white man favours it, and,
+therefore, it is not best for the Negro. Although I was born a slave,
+I am thankful that I am able so far to rid myself of prejudice as to
+be able to accept a good thing, whether it comes from a black man or a
+white man, a Southern man or a Northern man. Industrial education will
+not only help the Negro directly in the matter of industrial
+development, but also in bringing about more satisfactory relations
+between him and the Southern white man. For the sake of the Negro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> and
+the Southern white man there are many things in the relation of the
+two races that must soon be changed. We cannot depend wholly upon
+abuse or condemnation of the Southern white man to bring about these
+changes. Each race must be educated to see matters in a broad, high,
+generous, Christian spirit: we must bring the two races together, not
+estrange them. The Negro must live for all time by the side of the
+Southern white man. The man is unwise who does not cultivate in every
+manly way the friendship and good will of his next-door neighbour,
+whether he be black or white. I repeat that industrial training will
+help cement the friendship of the two races. The history of the world
+proves that trade, commerce, is the forerunner of peace and
+civilisation as between races and nations. The Jew, who was once in
+about the same position that the Negro is to-day, has now recognition,
+because he has entwined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> himself about America in a business and
+industrial sense. Say or think what we will, it is the tangible or
+visible element that is going to tell largely during the next twenty
+years in the solution of the race problem.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">One</span> of the main problems as regards the education of the Negro is how
+to have him use his education to the best advantage after he has
+secured it. In saying this, I do not want to be understood as implying
+that the problem of simple ignorance among the masses has been settled
+in the South; for this is far from true. The amount of ignorance still
+prevailing among the Negroes, especially in the rural districts, is
+very large and serious. But I repeat, we must go farther if we would
+secure the best results and most gratifying returns in public good for
+the money spent than merely to put academic education in the Negro's
+head with the idea that this will settle everything.</p>
+
+<p>In his present condition it is important, in seeking after what he
+terms the ideal, that the Negro should not neglect to prepare himself
+to take advantage of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> the opportunities that are right about his door.
+If he lets these opportunities slip, I fear they will never be his
+again. In saying this, I mean always that the Negro should have the
+most thorough mental and religious training; for without it no race
+can succeed. Because of his past history and environment and present
+condition it is important that he be carefully guided for years to
+come in the proper use of his education. Much valuable time has been
+lost and money spent in vain, because too many have not been educated
+with the idea of fitting them to do well the things which they could
+get to do. Because of the lack of proper direction of the Negro's
+education, some good friends of his, North and South, have not taken
+that interest in it that they otherwise would have taken. In too many
+cases where merely literary education alone has been given the Negro
+youth, it has resulted in an exaggerated estimate of his importance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+in the world, and an increase of wants which his education has not
+fitted him to supply.</p>
+
+<p>But, in discussing this subject, one is often met with the question,
+Should not the Negro be encouraged to prepare himself for any station
+in life that any other race fills? I would say, Yes; but the surest
+way for the Negro to reach the highest positions is to prepare himself
+to fill well at the present time the basic occupations. This will give
+him a foundation upon which to stand while securing what is called the
+more exalted positions. The Negro has the right to study law; but
+success will come to the race sooner if it produces intelligent,
+thrifty farmers, mechanics, and housekeepers to support the lawyers.
+The want of proper direction of the use of the Negro's education
+results in tempting too many to live mainly by their wits, without
+producing anything that is of real value to the world. Let me quote
+examples of this.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Hayti, Santo Domingo, and Liberia, although among the richest
+countries in natural resources in the world, are discouraging examples
+of what must happen to any people who lack industrial or technical
+training. It is said that in Liberia there are no wagons,
+wheelbarrows, or public roads, showing very plainly that there is a
+painful absence of public spirit and thrift. What is true of Liberia
+is also true in a measure of the republics of Hayti and Santo Domingo.
+The people have not yet learned the lesson of turning their education
+toward the cultivation of the soil and the making of the simplest
+implements for agricultural and other forms of labour.</p>
+
+<p>Much would have been done toward laying a sound foundation for general
+prosperity if some attention had been spent in this direction. General
+education itself has no bearing on the subject at issue, because,
+while there is no well-established<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> public school system in either of
+these countries, yet large numbers of men of both Hayti and Santo
+Domingo have been educated in France for generations. This is
+especially true of Hayti. The education has been altogether in the
+direction of <i>belles lettres</i>, however, and practically little in the
+direction of industrial and scientific education.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of common knowledge that Hayti has to send abroad even
+to secure engineers for her men-of-war, for plans for her bridges and
+other work requiring technical knowledge and skill. I should very much
+regret to see any such condition obtain in any large measure as
+regards the coloured people in the South, and yet this will be our
+fate if industrial education is much longer neglected. We have spent
+much time in the South in educating men and women in letters alone,
+too, and must now turn our attention more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> than ever toward educating
+them so as to supply their wants and needs. It is more lamentable to
+see educated people unable to support themselves than to see
+uneducated people in the same condition. Ambition all along this line
+must be stimulated.</p>
+
+<p>If educated men and women of the race will see and acknowledge the
+necessity of practical industrial training and go to work with a zeal
+and determination, their example will be followed by others, who are
+now without ambition of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>The race cannot hope to come into its own until the young coloured men
+and women make up their minds to assist in the general development
+along these lines. The elder men and women trained in the hard school
+of slavery, and who so long possessed all of the labour, skilled and
+unskilled, of the South, are dying out; their places must be filled by
+their children, or we shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> lose our hold upon these occupations.
+Leaders in these occupations are needed now more than ever.</p>
+
+<p>It is not enough that the idea be inculcated that coloured people
+should get book learning; along with it they should be taught that
+book education and industrial development must go hand in hand. No
+race which fails to do this can ever hope to succeed. Phillips Brooks
+gave expression to the sentiment: "One generation gathers the
+material, and the next generation builds the palaces." As I understand
+it, he wished to inculcate the idea that one generation lays the
+foundation for succeeding generations. The rough affairs of life very
+largely fall to the earlier generation, while the next one has the
+privilege of dealing with the higher and more &aelig;sthetic things of life.
+This is true of all generations, of all peoples; and, unless the
+foundation is deeply laid, it is impossible for the succeeding one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> to
+have a career in any way approaching success. As regards the coloured
+men of the South, as regards the coloured men of the United States,
+this is the generation which, in a large measure, must gather the
+material with which to lay the foundation for future success.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago it was my misfortune to see a Negro sixty-five years old
+living in poverty and filth. I was disgusted, and said to him, "If you
+are worthy of your freedom, you would surely have changed your
+condition during the thirty years of freedom which you have enjoyed."
+He answered: "I do want to change. I want to do something for my wife
+and children; but I do not know how,&mdash;I do not know what to do." I
+looked into his lean and haggard face, and realised more deeply than
+ever before the absolute need of captains of industry among the great
+masses of the coloured people.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible for a race or an individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> to have mental development
+and yet be so handicapped by custom, prejudice, and lack of employment
+as to dwarf and discourage the whole life. This is the condition that
+prevails among the race in many of the large cities of the North; and
+it is to prevent this same condition in the South that I plead with
+all the earnestness of my heart. Mental development alone will not
+give us what we want, but mental development tied to hand and heart
+training will be the salvation of the Negro.</p>
+
+<p>In many respects the next twenty years are going to be the most
+serious in the history of the race. Within this period it will be
+largely decided whether the Negro will be able to retain the hold
+which he now has upon the industries of the South or whether his place
+will be filled by white people from a distance. The only way he can
+prevent the industrial occupations slipping<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> from him in all parts of
+the South, as they have already in certain parts, is for all
+educators, ministers, and friends of the race to unite in pushing
+forward in a whole-souled manner the industrial or business
+development of the Negro, whether in school or out of school. Four
+times as many young men and women of the race should be receiving
+industrial training. Just now the Negro is in a position to feel and
+appreciate the need of this in a way that no one else can. No one can
+fully appreciate what I am saying who has not walked the streets of a
+Northern city day after day seeking employment, only to find every
+door closed against him on account of his colour, except in menial
+service. It is to prevent the same thing taking place in the South
+that I plead. We may argue that mental development will take care of
+all this. Mental development is a good thing. Gold is also a good
+thing, but gold is worthless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> without an opportunity to make itself
+touch the world of trade. Education increases greatly an individual's
+wants. It is cruel in many cases to increase the wants of the black
+youth by mental development alone without, at the same time,
+increasing his ability to supply these increased wants in occupations
+in which he can find employment.</p>
+
+<p>The place made vacant by the death of the old coloured man who was
+trained as a carpenter during slavery, and who since the war had been
+the leading contractor and builder in the Southern town, had to be
+filled. No young coloured carpenter capable of filling his place could
+be found. The result was that his place was filled by a white mechanic
+from the North, or from Europe, or from elsewhere. What is true of
+carpentry and house-building in this case is true, in a degree, in
+every skilled occupation; and it is becoming true of common labour. I
+do not mean to say that all of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> the skilled labour has been taken out
+of the Negro's hands; but I do mean to say that in no part of the
+South is he so strong in the matter of skilled labour as he was twenty
+years ago, except possibly in the country districts and the smaller
+towns. In the more northern of the Southern cities, such as Richmond
+and Baltimore, the change is most apparent; and it is being felt in
+every Southern city. Wherever the Negro has lost ground industrially
+in the South, it is not because there is prejudice against him as a
+skilled labourer on the part of the native Southern white man; the
+Southern white man generally prefers to do business with the Negro
+mechanic rather than with a white one, because he is accustomed to do
+business with the Negro in this respect. There is almost no prejudice
+against the Negro in the South in matters of business, so far as the
+native whites are concerned; and here is the entering wedge for the
+solution of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> race problem. But too often, where the white mechanic
+or factory operative from the North gets a hold, the trades-union soon
+follows, and the Negro is crowded to the wall.</p>
+
+<p>But what is the remedy for this condition? First, it is most important
+that the Negro and his white friends honestly face the facts as they
+are; otherwise the time will not be very far distant when the Negro of
+the South will be crowded to the ragged edge of industrial life as he
+is in the North. There is still time to repair the damage and to
+reclaim what we have lost.</p>
+
+<p>I stated in the beginning that industrial education for the Negro has
+been misunderstood. This has been chiefly because some have gotten the
+idea that industrial development was opposed to the Negro's higher
+mental development. This has little or nothing to do with the subject
+under discussion; we should no longer permit such an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> idea to aid in
+depriving the Negro of the legacy in the form of skilled labour that
+was purchased by his forefathers at the price of two hundred and fifty
+years of slavery. I would say to the black boy what I would say to the
+white boy, Get all the mental development that your time and
+pocket-book will allow of,&mdash;the more, the better; but the time has
+come when a larger proportion&mdash;not all, for we need professional men
+and women&mdash;of the educated coloured men and women should give
+themselves to industrial or business life. The professional class will
+be helped in so far as the rank and file have an industrial
+foundation, so that they can pay for professional service. Whether
+they receive the training of the hand while pursuing their academic
+training or after their academic training is finished, or whether they
+will get their literary training in an industrial school or college,
+are questions which each individual must decide for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> himself. No
+matter how or where educated, the educated men and women must come to
+the rescue of the race in the effort to get and hold its industrial
+footing. I would not have the standard of mental development lowered
+one whit; for, with the Negro, as with all races, mental strength is
+the basis of all progress. But I would have a large measure of this
+mental strength reach the Negroes' actual needs through the medium of
+the hand. Just now the need is not so much for the common carpenters,
+brick masons, farmers, and laundry women as for industrial leaders
+who, in addition to their practical knowledge, can draw plans, make
+estimates, take contracts; those who understand the latest methods of
+truck-gardening and the science underlying practical agriculture;
+those who understand machinery to the extent that they can operate
+steam and electric laundries, so that our women can hold on to the
+laundry work in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> South, that is so fast drifting into the hands of
+others in the large cities and towns.</p>
+
+<p>Having tried to show in previous chapters to what a condition the lack
+of practical training has brought matters in the South, and by the
+examples in this chapter where this state of things may go if allowed
+to run its course, I wish now to show what practical training, even in
+its infancy among us, has already accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>I noticed, when I first went to Tuskegee to start the Tuskegee Normal
+and Industrial Institute, that some of the white people about there
+rather looked doubtfully at me; and I thought I could get their
+influence by telling them how much algebra and history and science and
+all those things I had in my head, but they treated me about the same
+as they did before. They didn't seem to care about the algebra,
+history, and science that were in my head only.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> Those people never
+even began to have confidence in me until we commenced to build a
+large three-story brick building, and then another and another, until
+now we have forty buildings which have been erected largely by the
+labour of our students; and to-day we have the respect and confidence
+of all the white people in that section.</p>
+
+<p>There is an unmistakable influence that comes over a white man when he
+sees a black man living in a two-story brick house that has been paid
+for. I need not stop to explain. It is the tangible evidence of
+prosperity. You know Thomas doubted the Saviour after he had risen
+from the dead; and the Lord said to Thomas, "Reach hither thy finger,
+and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my
+side." The tangible evidence convinced Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>We began, soon after going to Tuskegee, the manufacture of bricks. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+also started a wheelwright establishment and the manufacture of good
+wagons and buggies; and the white people came to our institution for
+that kind of work. We also put in a printing plant, and did job
+printing for the white people as well as for the blacks.</p>
+
+<p>By having something that these people wanted, we came into contact
+with them, and our interest became interlinked with their interest,
+until to-day we have no warmer friends anywhere in the country than we
+have among the white people of Tuskegee. We have found by experience
+that the best way to get on well with people is to have something that
+they want, and that is why we emphasise this Christian Industrial
+Education.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago I heard a conversation among three white men something
+like this. Two of them were berating the Negro, saying the Negro was
+shiftless and lazy, and all that sort of thing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> The third man
+listened to their remarks for some time in silence, and then he said:
+"I don't know what your experience has been; but there is a 'nigger'
+down our way who owns a good house and lot with about fifty acres of
+ground. His house is well furnished, and he has got some splendid
+horses and cattle. He is intelligent and has a bank account. I don't
+know how the 'niggers' are in your community, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman. Once, when I was hard up, I went to Tobe Jones and borrowed
+fifty dollars; and he hasn't asked me for it yet. I don't know what
+kind of 'niggers' you have down your way, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman."</p>
+
+<p>Now what we want to do is to multiply and place in every community
+these Tobe Joneses; and, just in so far as we can place them
+throughout the South this race question will disappear.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose there was a black man who had business for the railroads to
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> amount of ten thousand dollars a year. Do you suppose that, when
+that black man takes his family aboard the train, they are going to
+put him into a Jim Crow car and run the risk of losing that ten
+thousand dollars a year? No, they will put on a Pullman palace car for
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago a certain coloured man was passing through the streets
+of one of the little Southern towns, and he chanced to meet two white
+men on the street. It happened that this coloured man owns two or
+three houses and lots, has a good education and a comfortable bank
+account. One of the white men turned to the other, and said: "By Gosh!
+It is all I can do to keep from calling that 'nigger' Mister." That's
+the point we want to get to.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing else so soon brings about right relations between the two
+races in the South as the commercial progress of the Negro. Friction
+between the races<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> will pass away as the black man, by reason of his
+skill, intelligence, and character, can produce something that the
+white man wants or respects in the commercial world. This is another
+reason why at Tuskegee we push industrial training. We find that as
+every year we put into a Southern community coloured men who can start
+a brickyard, a saw-mill, a tin-shop, or a printing-office,&mdash;men who
+produce something that makes the white man partly dependent upon the
+Negro instead of all the dependence being on the other side,&mdash;a change
+for the better takes place in the relations of the races. It is
+through the dairy farm, the truck-garden, the trades, the commercial
+life, largely, that the Negro is to find his way to respect and
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p>What is the permanent value of the Hampton and Tuskegee system of
+training to the South, in a broader sense? In connection with this, it
+is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> well to bear in mind that slavery unconsciously taught the white
+man that labour with the hands was something fit for the Negro only,
+and something for the white man to come into contact with just as
+little as possible. It is true that there was a large class of poor
+white people who laboured with the hands, but they did it because they
+were not able to secure Negroes to work for them; and these poor
+whites were constantly trying to imitate the slaveholding class in
+escaping labour, as they, too, regarded it as anything but elevating.
+But the Negro, in turn, looked down upon the poor whites with a
+certain contempt because they had to work. The Negro, it is to be
+borne in mind, worked under constant protest, because he felt that his
+labour was being unjustly requited; and he spent almost as much effort
+in planning how to escape work as in learning how to work. Labour with
+him was a badge of degradation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> The white man was held up before him
+as the highest type of civilisation, but the Negro noted that this
+highest type of civilisation himself did little labour with the hand.
+Hence he argued that, the less work he did, the more nearly he would
+be like the white man. Then, in addition to these influences, the
+slave system discouraged labour-saving machinery. To use labour-saving
+machinery, intelligence was required; and intelligence and slavery
+were not on friendly terms. Hence the Negro always associated labour
+with toil, drudgery, something to be escaped. When the Negro first
+became free, his idea of education was that it was something that
+would soon put him in the same position as regards work that his
+recent master had occupied. Out of these conditions grew the habit of
+putting off till to-morrow and the day after the duty that should be
+done promptly to-day. The leaky house was not repaired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> while the sun
+shone, for then the rain did not come through. While the rain was
+falling, no one cared to expose himself to stop the rain. The plough,
+on the same principle, was left where the last furrow was run, to rot
+and rust in the field during the winter. There was no need to repair
+the wooden chimney that was exposed to the fire, because water could
+be thrown on it when it was on fire. There was no need to trouble
+about the payment of a debt to-day, because it could be paid as well
+next week or next year. Besides these conditions, the whole South at
+the close of the war was without proper food, clothing, and
+shelter,&mdash;was in need of habits of thrift and economy and of something
+laid up for a rainy day.</p>
+
+<p>To me it seemed perfectly plain that here was a condition of things
+that could not be met by the ordinary process of education. At
+Tuskegee we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> became convinced that the thing to do was to make a
+careful, systematic study of the condition and needs of the South,
+especially the Black Belt, and to bend our efforts in the direction of
+meeting these needs, whether we were following a well-beaten track or
+were hewing out a new path to meet conditions probably without a
+parallel in the world. After eighteen years of experience and
+observation, what is the result? Gradually, but surely, we find that
+all through the South the disposition to look upon labour as a
+disgrace is on the wane; and the parents who themselves sought to
+escape work are so anxious to give their children training in
+intelligent labour that every institution which gives training in the
+handicrafts is crowded, and many (among them Tuskegee) have to refuse
+admission to hundreds of applicants. The influence of Hampton and
+Tuskegee is shown again by the fact that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> almost every little school
+at the remotest cross-road is anxious to be known as an industrial
+school, or, as some of the coloured people call it, an "industrous"
+school.</p>
+
+<p>The social lines that were once sharply drawn between those who
+laboured with the hands and those who did not are disappearing. Those
+who formerly sought to escape labour, now when they see that brains
+and skill rob labour of the toil and drudgery once associated with it,
+instead of trying to avoid it, are willing to pay to be taught how to
+engage in it. The South is beginning to see labour raised up,
+dignified and beautified, and in this sees its salvation. In
+proportion as the love of labour grows, the large idle class, which
+has long been one of the curses of the South, disappears. As people
+become absorbed in their own affairs, they have less time to attend to
+everybody's else business.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The South is still an undeveloped and unsettled country, and for the
+next half-century and more the greater part of the energy of the
+masses will be needed to develop its material resources. Any force
+that brings the rank and file of the people to have a greater love of
+industry is therefore especially valuable. This result industrial
+education is surely bringing about. It stimulates production and
+increases trade,&mdash;trade between the races; and in this new and
+engrossing relation both forget the past. The white man respects the
+vote of a coloured man who does ten thousand dollars' worth of
+business; and, the more business the coloured man has, the more
+careful he is how he votes.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the war there was a large class of Southern people
+who feared that the opening of the free schools to the freedmen and
+the poor whites&mdash;the education of the head<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> alone&mdash;would result merely
+in increasing the class who sought to escape labour, and that the
+South would soon be overrun by the idle and vicious. But, as the
+results of industrial combined with academic training begin to show
+themselves in hundreds of communities that have been lifted up, these
+former prejudices against education are being removed. Many of those
+who a few years ago opposed Negro education are now among its warmest
+advocates.</p>
+
+<p>This industrial training, emphasising, as it does, the idea of
+economic production, is gradually bringing the South to the point
+where it is feeding itself. After the war, what profit the South made
+out of the cotton crop it spent outside of the South to purchase food
+supplies,&mdash;meat, bread, canned vegetables, and the like,&mdash;but the
+improved methods of agriculture are fast changing this custom. With
+the newer methods of labour, which teach promptness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> and system and
+emphasise the worth of the beautiful, the moral value of the
+well-painted house, the fence with every paling and nail in its place,
+is bringing to bear upon the South an influence that is making it a
+new country in industry, education, and religion.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me I cannot do better than to close this chapter on the
+needs of the Southern Negro than by quoting from a talk given to the
+students at Tuskegee:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"I want to be a little more specific in showing you what you have
+to do and how you must do it.</p>
+
+<p>"One trouble with us is&mdash;and the same is true of any young
+people, no matter of what race or condition&mdash;we have too many
+stepping-stones. We step all the time, from one thing to another.
+You find a young man who is learning to make bricks; and, if you
+ask him what he intends to do after learning the trade, in too
+many cases<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> he will answer, 'Oh, I am simply working at this
+trade as a stepping-stone to something higher.' You see a young
+man working at the brick-mason's trade, and he will be apt to say
+the same thing. And young women learning to be milliners and
+dressmakers will tell you the same. All are stepping to something
+higher. And so we always go on, stepping somewhere, never getting
+hold of anything thoroughly. Now we must stop this stepping
+business, having so many stepping-stones. Instead, we have got to
+take hold of these important industries, and stick to them until
+we master them thoroughly. There is no nation so thorough in
+their education as the Germans. Why? Simply because the German
+takes hold of a thing, and sticks to it until he masters it. Into
+it he puts brains and thought from morning to night. He reads all
+the best books and journals bearing on that particular study, and
+he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> feels that nobody else knows so much about it as he does.</p>
+
+<p>"Take any of the industries I have mentioned, that of
+brick-making, for example. Any one working at that trade should
+determine to learn all there is to be known about making bricks;
+read all the papers and journals bearing upon the trade; learn
+not only to make common hand-bricks, but pressed bricks,
+fire-bricks,&mdash;in short, the finest and best bricks there are to
+be made. And, when you have learned all you can by reading and
+talking with other people, you should travel from one city to
+another, and learn how the best bricks are made. And then, when
+you go into business for yourself, you will make a reputation for
+being the best brick-maker in the community; and in this way you
+will put yourself on your feet, and become a helpful and useful
+citizen. When a young man does this, goes out into one of these
+Southern cities and makes a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> reputation for himself, that person
+wins a reputation that is going to give him a standing and
+position. And, when the children of that successful brick-maker
+come along, they will be able to take a higher position in life.
+The grandchildren will be able to take a still higher position.
+And it will be traced back to that grandfather who, by his great
+success as a brick-maker, laid a foundation that was of the right
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>"What I have said about these two trades can be applied with
+equal force to the trades followed by women. Take the matter of
+millinery. There is no good reason why there should not be, in
+each principal city in the South, at least three or four
+competent coloured women in charge of millinery establishments.
+But what is the trouble?</p>
+
+<p>"Instead of making the most of our opportunities in this
+industry, the temptation, in too many cases, is to be
+music-teachers, teachers of elocution,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> or something else that
+few of the race at present have any money to pay for, or the
+opportunity to earn money to pay for, simply because there is no
+foundation. But, when more coloured people succeed in the more
+fundamental occupations, they will then be able to make better
+provision for their children in what are termed the higher walks
+of life.</p>
+
+<p>"And, now, what I have said about these important industries is
+especially true of the important industry of agriculture. We are
+living in a country where, if we are going to succeed at all, we
+are going to do so largely by what we raise out of the soil. The
+people in those backward countries I have told you about have
+failed to give attention to the cultivation of the soil, to the
+invention and use of improved agricultural implements and
+machinery. Without this no people can succeed. No race which
+fails to put brains into agriculture can succeed;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> and, if you
+want to realize the truth of this statement, go with me into the
+back districts of some of our Southern States, and you will find
+many people in poverty, and yet they are surrounded by a rich
+country.</p>
+
+<p>"A race, like an individual, has got to have a reputation. Such a
+reputation goes a long way toward helping a race or an
+individual; and, when we have succeeded in getting such a
+reputation, we shall find that a great many of the discouraging
+features of our life will melt away.</p>
+
+<p>"Reputation is what people think we are, and a great deal depends
+on that. When a race gets a reputation along certain lines, a
+great many things which now seem complex, difficult to attain,
+and are most discouraging, will disappear.</p>
+
+<p>"When you say that an engine is a Corliss engine, people
+understand that that engine is a perfect piece of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> mechanical
+work,&mdash;perfect as far as human skill and ingenuity can make it
+perfect. You say a car is a Pullman car. That is all; but what
+does it mean? It means that the builder of that car got a
+reputation at the outset for thorough, perfect work, for turning
+out everything in first-class shape. And so with a race. You
+cannot keep back very long a race that has the reputation for
+doing perfect work in everything that it undertakes. And then we
+have got to get a reputation for economy. Nobody cares to
+associate with an individual in business or otherwise who has a
+reputation for being a trifling spendthrift, who spends his money
+for things that he can very easily get along without, who spends
+his money for clothing, gewgaws, superficialities, and other
+things, when he has not got the necessaries of life. We want to
+give the race a reputation for being frugal and saving in
+everything. Then we want to get a reputation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> for being
+industrious. Now, remember these three things: Get a reputation
+for being skilled. It will not do for a few here and there to
+have it: the race must have the reputation. Get a reputation for
+being so skilful, so industrious, that you will not leave a job
+until it is as nearly perfect as any one can make it. And then we
+want to make a reputation for the race for being honest,&mdash;honest
+at all times and under all circumstances. A few individuals here
+and there have it, a few communities have it; but the race as a
+mass must get it.</p>
+
+<p>"You recall that story of Abraham Lincoln, how, when he was
+postmaster at a small village, he had left on his hands $1.50
+which the government did not call for. Carefully wrapping up this
+money in a handkerchief, he kept it for ten years. Finally, one
+day, the government agent called for this amount; and it was
+promptly handed over to him by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Abraham Lincoln, who told him
+that during all those ten years he had never touched a cent of
+that money. He made it a principle of his life never to use other
+people's money. That trait of his character helped him along to
+the Presidency. The race wants to get a reputation for being
+strictly honest in all its dealings and transactions,&mdash;honest in
+handling money, honest in all its dealings with its fellow-men.</p>
+
+<p>"And then we want to get a reputation for being thoughtful. This
+I want to emphasise more than anything else. We want to get a
+reputation for doing things without being told to do them every
+time. If you have work to do, think about it so constantly,
+investigate and read about it so thoroughly, that you will always
+be finding ways and means of improving that work. The average
+person going to work becomes a regular machine, never giving the
+matter of improving the methods<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> of his work a thought. He is
+never at his work before the appointed time, and is sure to stop
+the minute the hour is up. The world is looking for the person
+who is thoughtful, who will say at the close of work hours: 'Is
+there not something else I can do for you? Can I not stay a
+little later, and help you?'</p>
+
+<p>"Moreover, it is with a race as it is with an individual: it must
+respect itself if it would win the respect of others. There must
+be a certain amount of unity about a race, there must be a great
+amount of pride about a race, there must be a great deal of faith
+on the part of a race in itself. An individual cannot succeed
+unless he has about him a certain amount of pride,&mdash;enough pride
+to make him aspire to the highest and best things in life. An
+individual cannot succeed unless that individual has a great
+amount of faith in himself.</p>
+
+<p>"A person who goes at an undertaking with the feeling that he
+cannot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> succeed is likely to fail. On the other hand, the
+individual who goes at an undertaking, feeling that he can
+succeed, is the individual who in nine cases out of ten does
+succeed. But, whenever you find an individual that is ashamed of
+his race, trying to get away from his race, apologising for being
+a member of his race, then you find a weak individual. Where you
+find a race that is ashamed of itself, that is apologising for
+itself, there you will find a weak, vacillating race. Let us no
+longer have to apologise for our race in these or other matters.
+Let us think seriously and work seriously: then, as a race, we
+shall be thought of seriously, and, therefore, seriously
+respected."</p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">In</span> this chapter I wish to show how, at Tuskegee, we are trying to work
+out the plan of industrial training, and trust I shall be pardoned the
+seeming egotism if I preface the sketch with a few words, by way of
+example, as to the expansion of my own life and how I came to
+undertake the work at Tuskegee.</p>
+
+<p>My earliest recollection is of a small one-room log hut on a slave
+plantation in Virginia. After the close of the war, while working in
+the coal mines of West Virginia for the support of my mother, I heard,
+in some accidental way, of the Hampton Institute. When I learned that
+it was an institution where a black boy could study, could have a
+chance to work for his board, and at the same time be taught how to
+work and to realise the dignity of labor, I resolved to go there.
+Bidding my mother good-by, I started out one morning to find my way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+to Hampton, although I was almost penniless and had no definite idea
+as to where Hampton was. By walking, begging rides, and paying for a
+portion of the journey on the steam-cars, I finally succeeded in
+reaching the city of Richmond; Virginia. I was without money or
+friends. I slept on a sidewalk; and by working on a vessel the next
+day I earned money enough to continue my way to the institute, where I
+arrived with a capital of fifty cents. At Hampton I found the
+opportunity&mdash;in the way of buildings, teachers, and industries
+provided by the generous&mdash;to get training in the classroom and by
+practical touch with industrial life,&mdash;to learn thrift, economy, and
+push. I was surrounded by an atmosphere of business, Christian
+influence, and spirit of self-help, that seemed to have awakened every
+faculty in me, and caused me for the first time to realise what it
+meant to be a man instead of a piece of property.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While there, I resolved, when I had finished the course of training, I
+would go into the Far South, into the Black Belt of the South, and
+give my life to providing the same kind of opportunity for
+self-reliance, self-awakening, that I had found provided for me at
+Hampton.</p>
+
+<p>My work began at Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1881, in a small shanty church,
+with one teacher and thirty students, without a dollar's worth of
+property. The spirit of work and of industrial thrift, with aid from
+the State and generosity from the North, have enabled us to develop an
+institution which now has about one thousand students, gathered from
+twenty-three States, and eighty-eight instructors. Counting students,
+instructors, and their families, we have a resident population upon
+the school grounds of about twelve hundred persons.</p>
+
+<p>The institution owns two thousand three hundred acres of land, seven
+hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> of which are cultivated by student labor. There are six
+hundred head of live-stock, including horses, mules, cows, hogs, and
+sheep. There are over forty vehicles that have been made, and are now
+used, by the school. Training is given in twenty-six industries. There
+is work in wood, in iron, in leather, in tin; and all forms of
+domestic economy are engaged in. Students are taught mechanical and
+architectural drawing, receive training as agriculturists, dairymen,
+masons, carpenters, contractors, builders, as machinists,
+electricians, printers, dressmakers, and milliners, and in other
+directions.</p>
+
+<p>The value of the property is $300,000. There are forty-two buildings,
+counting large and small, all of which, with the exception of four,
+have been erected by the labour of the students.</p>
+
+<p>Since this work started, there has been collected and spent for its
+founding and support $800,000. The annual expense<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> is now not far from
+$75,000. In a humble, simple manner the effort has been to place a
+great object-lesson in the heart of the South for the elevation of the
+coloured people, where there should be, in a high sense, that union of
+head, heart, and hand which has been the foundation of the greatness
+of all races since the world began.</p>
+
+<p>What is the object of all this outlay? It must be first borne in mind
+that we have in the South a peculiar and unprecedented state of
+things. The cardinal needs among the eight million coloured people in
+the South, most of whom are to be found on the plantations, may be
+stated as food, clothing, shelter, education, proper habits, and a
+settlement of race relations. These millions of coloured people of the
+South cannot be reached directly by any missionary agent; but they can
+be reached by sending out among them strong, selected young men and
+women,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> with the proper training of head, hand, and heart, who will
+live among them and show them how to lift themselves up.</p>
+
+<p>The problem that the Tuskegee Institute keeps before itself constantly
+is how to prepare these leaders. From the outset, in connection with
+religious and academic training, it has emphasised industrial, or
+hand, training as a means of finding the way out of present
+conditions. First, we have found the industrial teaching useful in
+giving the student a chance to work out a portion of his expenses
+while in school. Second, the school furnishes labour that has an
+economic value and at the same time gives the student a chance to
+acquire knowledge and skill while performing the labour. Most of all,
+we find the industrial system valuable in teaching economy, thrift,
+and the dignity of labour and in giving moral backbone to students.
+The fact that a student goes into the world conscious of his power<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> to
+build a house or a wagon or to make a set of harness gives him a
+certain confidence and moral independence that he would not possess
+without such training.</p>
+
+<p>A more detailed example of our methods at Tuskegee may be of interest.
+For example, we cultivate by student labour seven hundred acres of
+land. The object is not only to cultivate the land in a way to make it
+pay our boarding department, but at the same time to teach the
+students, in addition to the practical work, something of the
+chemistry of the soil, the best methods of drainage, dairying,
+cultivation of fruit, the care of live-stock and tools, and scores of
+other lessons needed by people whose main dependence is on
+agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Friends some time ago provided means for the erection of a large new
+chapel at Tuskegee. Our students made the bricks for this chapel. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+large part of the timber was sawed by the students at our saw-mill,
+the plans were drawn by our teacher of architectural and mechanical
+drawing, and students did the brick-masonry, the plastering, the
+painting, the carpentry work, the tinning, the slating, and made most
+of the furniture. Practically, the whole chapel was built and
+furnished by student labour. Now the school has this building for
+permanent use, and the students have a knowledge of the trades
+employed in its construction.</p>
+
+<p>While the young men do the kinds of work I have mentioned, young women
+to a large extent make, mend, and laundry the clothing of the young
+men. They also receive instruction in dairying, horticulture, and
+other valuable industries.</p>
+
+<p>One of the objections sometimes urged against industrial education for
+the Negro is that it aims merely to teach him to work on the same
+plan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> that he worked on when in slavery. This is far from being the
+object at Tuskegee. At the head of each of the twenty-six industrial
+divisions we have an intelligent and competent instructor, just as we
+have in our history classes, so that the student is taught not only
+practical brick-masonry, for example, but also the underlying
+principles of that industry, the mathematics and the mechanical and
+architectural drawing. Or he is taught how to become master of the
+forces of nature, so that, instead of cultivating corn in the old way,
+he can use a corn cultivator that lays off the furrows, drops the corn
+into them, and covers it; and in this way he can do more work than
+three men by the old process of corn planting, while at the same time
+much of the toil is eliminated and labour is dignified. In a word, the
+constant aim is to show the student how to put brains into every
+process of labour, how to bring his knowledge of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> mathematics and the
+sciences in farming, carpentry, forging, foundry work, how to dispense
+as soon as possible with the old form of <i>ante-bellum</i> labour. In the
+erection of the chapel referred to, instead of letting the money which
+was given to us go into outside hands, we made it accomplish three
+objects: first, it provided the chapel; second, it gave the students a
+chance to get a practical knowledge of the trades connected with the
+building; and, third, it enabled them to earn something toward the
+payment of their board while receiving academic and industrial
+training.</p>
+
+<p>Having been fortified at Tuskegee by education of mind, skill of hand,
+Christian character, ideas of thrift, economy, and push, and a spirit
+of independence, the student is sent out to become a centre of
+influence and light in showing the masses of our people in the Black
+Belt of the South how to lift themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> up. Can this be done? I give
+but one or two examples. Ten years ago a young coloured man came to
+the institute from one of the large plantation districts. He studied
+in the class-room a portion of the time, and received practical and
+theoretical training on the farm the remainder of the time. Having
+finished his course at Tuskegee, he returned to his plantation home,
+which was in a county where the coloured people outnumbered the whites
+six to one, as is true of many of the counties in the Black Belt of
+the South. He found the Negroes in debt. Ever since the war they had
+been mortgaging their crops for the food on which to live while the
+crops were growing. The majority of them were living from
+hand-to-mouth on rented land, in small one-room log cabins, and
+attempting to pay a rate of interest on their advances that ranged
+from fifteen to forty per cent. per annum. The school had been taught
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> a wreck of a log cabin, with no apparatus, and had never been in
+session longer than three months out of twelve. He found the people,
+as many as eight or ten persons, of all ages and conditions and of
+both sexes, huddled together and living in one-room cabins year after
+year, and with a minister whose only aim was to work upon the
+emotions. One can imagine something of the moral and religious state
+of the community.</p>
+
+<p>But the remedy! In spite of the evil the Negro got the habit of work
+from slavery. The rank and file of the race, especially those on the
+Southern plantations, work hard; but the trouble is that what they
+earn gets away from them in high rents, crop mortgages, whiskey,
+snuff, cheap jewelry, and the like. The young man just referred to had
+been trained at Tuskegee, as most of our graduates are, to meet just
+this condition of things. He took the three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> months' public school as
+a nucleus for his work. Then he organized the older people into a
+club, or conference, that held meetings every week. In these meetings
+he taught the people, in a plain, simple manner, how to save their
+money, how to farm in a better way, how to sacrifice,&mdash;to live on
+bread and potatoes, if necessary, till they could get out of debt, and
+begin the buying of lands.</p>
+
+<p>Soon a large proportion of the people were in a condition to make
+contracts for the buying of homes (land is very cheap in the South)
+and to live without mortgaging their crops. Not only this; under the
+guidance and leadership of this teacher, the first year that he was
+among them they learned how and built, by contributions in money and
+labour, a neat, comfortable school-house that replaced the wreck of a
+log cabin formerly used. The following year the weekly meetings were
+continued, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> two months were added to the original three months of
+school. The next year two more months were added. The improvement has
+gone on until these people have every year an eight months' school.</p>
+
+<p>I wish my readers could have the chance that I have had of going into
+this community. I wish they could look into the faces of the people,
+and see them beaming with hope and delight. I wish they could see the
+two or three room cottages that have taken the place of the usual
+one-room cabin, see the well-cultivated farms and the religious life
+of the people that now means something more than the name. The teacher
+has a good cottage and well-kept farm that serve as models. In a word,
+a complete revolution has been wrought in the industrial, educational,
+and religious life of this whole community by reason of the fact that
+they have had this leader, this guide and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> object-lesson, to show them
+how to take the money and effort that had hitherto been scattered to
+the wind in mortgages and high rents, in whiskey and gewgaws, and how
+to concentrate it in the direction of their own uplifting. One
+community on its feet presents an object-lesson for the adjoining
+communities, and soon improvements show themselves in other places.</p>
+
+<p>Another student, who received academic and industrial training at
+Tuskegee, established himself, three years ago, as a blacksmith and
+wheelwright in a community; and, in addition to the influence of his
+successful business enterprise, he is fast making the same kind of
+changes in the life of the people about him that I have just
+recounted. It would be easy for me to fill many pages describing the
+influence of the Tuskegee graduates in every part of the South. We
+keep it constantly in the minds of our students and graduates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> that
+the industrial or material condition of the masses of our people must
+be improved, as well as the intellectual, before there can be any
+permanent change in their moral and religious life. We find it a
+pretty hard thing to make a good Christian of a hungry man. No matter
+how much our people "get happy" and "shout" in church, if they go home
+at night from church hungry, they are tempted to find something to eat
+before morning. This is a principle of human nature, and is not
+confined alone to the Negro. The Negro has within him immense power
+for self-uplifting, but for years it will be necessary to guide him
+and stimulate his energies.</p>
+
+<p>The recognition of this power led us to organise, five years ago, what
+is known as the Tuskegee Negro Conference,&mdash;a gathering that meets
+every February, and is composed of about eight hundred
+representatives, coloured men and women, from all sections of the
+Black<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Belt. They come in ox-carts, mule-carts, buggies, on muleback
+and horseback, on foot, by railroad. Some travel all night in order to
+be present. The matters considered at the conference are those that
+the coloured people have it in their own power to control,&mdash;such as
+the evils of the mortgage system, the one-room cabin, buying on
+credit, the importance of owning a home and of putting money in the
+bank, how to build school-houses and prolong the school term, and to
+improve their moral and religious condition. As a single example of
+the results, one delegate reported that since the conference was
+started, seven years ago, eleven people in his neighbourhood had
+bought homes, fourteen had gotten out of debt, and a number had
+stopped mortgaging their crops. Moreover, a school-house had been
+built by the people themselves, and the school term had been extended
+from three to six months; and, with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> look of triumph, he exclaimed,
+"We's done libin' in de ashes."</p>
+
+<p>Besides this Negro Conference for the masses of the people, we now
+have a gathering at the same time known as the Tuskegee Workers'
+Conference, composed of the officers and instructors of the leading
+coloured schools in the South. After listening to the story of the
+conditions and needs from the people themselves, the Workers'
+Conference finds much food for thought and discussion. Let me repeat,
+from its beginning, this institution has kept in mind the giving of
+thorough mental and religious training, along with such industrial
+training as would enable the student to appreciate the dignity of
+labour and become self-supporting and valuable as a producing factor,
+keeping in mind the occupations open in the South to the average man
+of the race.</p>
+
+<p>This institution has now reached the point where it can begin to judge
+of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> value of its work as seen in its graduates. Some years ago we
+noted the fact, for example, that there was quite a movement in many
+parts of the South to organise and start dairies. Soon after this, we
+opened a dairy school where a number of young men could receive
+training in the best and most scientific methods of dairying. At
+present we have calls, mainly from Southern white men, for twice as
+many dairymen as we are able to supply. The reports indicate that our
+young men are giving the highest satisfaction, and are fast changing
+and improving the dairy product in the communities where they labour.
+I have used the dairy industry simply as an example. What I have said
+of this industry is true in a larger or less degree of the others.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but believe, and my daily observation and experience confirm
+me in it, that, as we continue placing men and women of intelligence,
+religion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> modesty, conscience, and skill in every community in the
+South, who will prove by actual results their value to the community,
+this will constitute the solution for many of the present political
+and sociological difficulties. It is with this larger and more
+comprehensive view of improving present conditions and laying the
+foundation wisely that the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute is
+training men and women as teachers and industrial leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Over four hundred students have finished the course of training at
+this institution, and are now scattered throughout the South, doing
+good work. A recent investigation shows that about 3,000 students who
+have taken only a partial course are doing commendable work. One young
+man, who was able to remain in school but two years, has been teaching
+in one community for ten years. During this time he has built a new
+school-house, extended the school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> term from three to seven months,
+and has bought a nice farm upon which he has erected a neat cottage.
+The example of this young man has inspired many of the coloured people
+in this community to follow his example in some degree; and this is
+one of many such examples.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever our graduates and ex-students go, they teach by precept and
+example the necessary lesson of thrift, economy, and property-getting,
+and friendship between the races.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">It</span> has become apparent that the effort to put the rank and file of the
+coloured people into a position to exercise the right of franchise has
+not been the success that was expected in those portions of our
+country where the Negro is found in large numbers. Either the Negro
+was not prepared for any such wholesale exercise of the ballot as our
+recent amendments to the Constitution contemplated or the American
+people were not prepared to assist and encourage him to use the
+ballot. In either case the result has been the same.</p>
+
+<p>On an important occasion in the life of the Master, when it fell to
+him to pronounce judgment on two courses of action, these memorable
+words fell from his lips: "And Mary hath chosen the better part." This
+was the supreme test in the case of an individual. It is the highest
+test in the case of a race or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> a nation. Let us apply this test to the
+American Negro.</p>
+
+<p>In the life of our Republic, when he has had the opportunity to
+choose, has it been the better or worse part? When in the childhood of
+this nation the Negro was asked to submit to slavery or choose death
+and extinction, as did the aborigines, he chose the better part, that
+which perpetuated the race.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1776, the Negro was asked to decide between British
+oppression and American independence, we find him choosing the better
+part; and Crispus Attucks, a Negro, was the first to shed his blood on
+State Street, Boston, that the white American might enjoy liberty
+forever, though his race remained in slavery. When, in 1814, at New
+Orleans, the test of patriotism came again, we find the Negro choosing
+the better part, General Andrew Jackson himself testifying that no
+heart was more loyal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> and no arm was more strong and useful in defence
+of righteousness.</p>
+
+<p>When the long and memorable struggle came between union and
+separation, when he knew that victory meant freedom, and defeat his
+continued enslavement, although enlisting by the thousands, as
+opportunity presented itself, to fight in honourable combat for the
+cause of the Union and liberty, yet, when the suggestion and the
+temptation came to burn the home and massacre wife and children during
+the absence of the master in battle, and thus insure his liberty, we
+find him choosing the better part, and for four long years protecting
+and supporting the helpless, defenceless ones intrusted to his care.</p>
+
+<p>When, during our war with Spain, the safety and honour of the Republic
+were threatened by a foreign foe, when the wail and anguish of the
+oppressed from a distant isle reached our ears, we find the Negro
+forgetting his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> wrongs, forgetting the laws and customs that
+discriminate against him in his own country, and again choosing the
+better part. And, if any one would know how he acquitted himself in
+the field at Santiago, let him apply for answer to Shafter and
+Roosevelt and Wheeler. Let them tell how the Negro faced death and
+laid down his life in defence of honour and humanity. When the full
+story of the heroic conduct of the Negro in the Spanish-American War
+has been heard from the lips of Northern soldier and Southern soldier,
+from ex-abolitionist and ex-master, then shall the country decide
+whether a race that is thus willing to die for its country should not
+be given the highest opportunity to live for its country.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of all the complaints of suffering in the camp and field
+during the Spanish-American War, suffering from fever and hunger,
+where is the official or citizen that has heard a word<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> of complaint
+from the lips of a black soldier? The only request that came from the
+Negro soldier was that he might be permitted to replace the white
+soldier when heat and malaria began to decimate the ranks of the white
+regiments, and to occupy at the same time the post of greater danger.</p>
+
+<p>But, when all this is said, it remains true that the efforts on the
+part of his friends and the part of himself to share actively in the
+control of State and local government in America have not been a
+success in all sections. What are the causes of this partial failure,
+and what lessons has it taught that we may use in regard to the future
+treatment of the Negro in America?</p>
+
+<p>In my mind there is no doubt but that we made a mistake at the
+beginning of our freedom of putting the emphasis on the wrong end.
+Politics and the holding of office were too largely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> emphasised,
+almost to the exclusion of every other interest.</p>
+
+<p>I believe the past and present teach but one lesson,&mdash;to the Negro's
+friends and to the Negro himself,&mdash;that there is but one way out, that
+there is but one hope of solution; and that is for the Negro in every
+part of America to resolve from henceforth that he will throw aside
+every non-essential and cling only to essential,&mdash;that his pillar of
+fire by night and pillar of cloud by day shall be property, economy,
+education, and Christian character. To us just now these are the
+wheat, all else the chaff. The individual or race that owns the
+property, pays the taxes, possesses the intelligence and substantial
+character, is the one which is going to exercise the greatest control
+in government, whether he lives in the North or whether he lives in
+the South.</p>
+
+<p>I have often been asked the cause of and the cure for the riots that
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> taken place recently in North Carolina and South Carolina.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> I
+am not at all sure that what I shall say will answer these questions
+in a satisfactory way, nor shall I attempt to narrow my expressions to
+a mere recital of what has taken place in these two States. I prefer
+to discuss the problem in a broader manner.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> November, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the first place, in politics I am a Republican, but have always
+refrained from activity in party politics, and expect to pursue this
+policy in the future. So in this connection I shall refrain, as I
+always have done, from entering upon any discussion of mere party
+politics. What I shall say of politics will bear upon the race problem
+and the civilisation of the South in the larger sense. In no case
+would I permit my political relations to stand in the way of my
+speaking and acting in the manner that I believe would be for the
+permanent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> interest of my race and the whole South.</p>
+
+<p>In 1873 the Negro in the South had reached the point of greatest
+activity and influence in public life, so far as the mere holding of
+elective office was concerned. From that date those who have kept up
+with the history of the South have noticed that the Negro has steadily
+lost in the number of elective offices held. In saying this, I do not
+mean that the Negro has gone backward in the real and more fundamental
+things of life. On the contrary, he has gone forward faster than has
+been true of any other race in history, under anything like similar
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>If we can answer the question as to why the Negro has lost ground in
+the matter of holding elective office in the South, perhaps we shall
+find that our reply will prove to be our answer also as to the cause
+of the recent riots in North Carolina and South Carolina.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> Before
+beginning a discussion of the question I have asked, I wish to say
+that this change in the political influence of the Negro has continued
+from year to year, notwithstanding the fact that for a long time he
+was protected, politically, by force of federal arms and the most
+rigid federal laws, and still more effectively, perhaps, by the voice
+and influence in the halls of legislation of such advocates of the
+rights of the Negro race as Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin
+F. Butler, James M. Ashley, Oliver P. Morton, Carl Schurz, and Roscoe
+Conkling, and on the stump and through the public press by those great
+and powerful Negroes, Frederick Douglass, John M. Langston, Blanche K.
+Bruce, John R. Lynch, P. B. S. Pinchback, Robert Browne Elliot, T.
+Thomas Fortune, and many others; but the Negro has continued for
+twenty years to have fewer representatives in the State and national<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+legislatures. The reduction has continued until now it is at the point
+where, with few exceptions, he is without representatives in the
+law-making bodies of the State and of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us find, if we can, a cause for this. The Negro is fond of
+saying that his present condition is due to the fact that the State
+and federal courts have not sustained the laws passed for the
+protection of the rights of his people; but I think we shall have to
+go deeper than this, because I believe that all agree that court
+decisions, as a rule, represent the public opinion of the community or
+nation creating and sustaining the court.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of his freedom it was unfortunate that those of the
+white race who won the political confidence of the Negro were not,
+with few exceptions, men of such high character as would lead them to
+assist him in laying a firm foundation for his development.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> Their
+main purpose appears to have been, for selfish ends in too many
+instances, merely to control his vote. The history of the
+reconstruction era will show that this was unfortunate for all the
+parties in interest.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been better, from any point of view, if the native
+Southern white man had taken the Negro, at the beginning of his
+freedom, into his political confidence, and exercised an influence and
+control over him before his political affections were alienated.</p>
+
+<p>The average Southern white man has an idea to-day that, if the Negro
+were permitted to get any political power, all the mistakes of the
+reconstruction period would be repeated. He forgets or ignores the
+fact that thirty years of acquiring education and property and
+character have produced a higher type of black man than existed thirty
+years ago.</p>
+
+<p>But, to be more specific, for all practical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> purposes, there are two
+political parties in the South,&mdash;a black man's party and a white man's
+party. In saying this, I do not mean that all white men are Democrats;
+for there are some white men in the South of the highest character who
+are Republicans, and there are a few Negroes in the South of the
+highest character who are Democrats. It is the general understanding
+that all white men are Democrats or the equivalent, and that all black
+men are Republicans. So long as the colour line is the dividing line
+in politics, so long will there be trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The white man feels that he owns most of the property, furnishes the
+Negro most of his employment, thinks he pays most of the taxes, and
+has had years of experience in government. There is no mistaking the
+fact that the feeling which has heretofore governed the Negro&mdash;that,
+to be manly and stand by his race, he must oppose the Southern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> white
+man with his vote&mdash;has had much to do with intensifying the opposition
+of the Southern white man to him.</p>
+
+<p>The Southern white man says that it is unreasonable for the Negro to
+come to him, in a large measure, for his clothes, board, shelter, and
+education, and for his politics to go to men a thousand miles away. He
+very properly argues that, when the Negro votes, he should try to
+consult the interests of his employer, just as the Pennsylvania
+employee tries to vote for the interests of his employer. Further,
+that much of the education which has been given the Negro has been
+defective, in not preparing him to love labour and to earn his living
+at some special industry, and has, in too many cases, resulted in
+tempting him to live by his wits as a political creature or by
+trusting to his "influence" as a political time-server.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then, there is no mistaking the fact, that much opposition to the
+Negro in politics is due to the circumstance that the Southern white
+man has not become accustomed to seeing the Negro exercise political
+power either as a voter or as an office-holder. Again, we want to bear
+it in mind that the South has not yet reached the point where there is
+that strict regard for the enforcement of the law against either black
+or white men that there is in many of our Northern and Western States.
+This laxity in the enforcement of the laws in general, and especially
+of criminal laws, makes such outbreaks as those in North Carolina and
+South Carolina of easy occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is one other consideration which must not be overlooked. It
+is the common opinion of almost every black man and almost every white
+man that nearly everybody who has had anything to do with the making
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> laws bearing upon the protection of the Negro's vote has proceeded
+on the theory that all the black men for all time will vote the
+Republican ticket and that all the white men in the South will vote
+the Democratic ticket. In a word, all seem to have taken it for
+granted that the two races are always going to oppose each other in
+their voting.</p>
+
+<p>In all the foregoing statements I have not attempted to define my own
+views or position, but simply to describe conditions as I have
+observed them, that might throw light upon the cause of our political
+troubles. As to my own position, I do not favour the Negro's giving up
+anything which is fundamental and which has been guaranteed to him by
+the Constitution of the United States. It is not best for him to
+relinquish any of his rights; nor would his doing so be best for the
+Southern white man. Every law placed in the Constitution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> of the
+United States was placed there to encourage and stimulate the highest
+citizenship. If the Negro is not stimulated and encouraged by just
+State and national laws to become the highest type of citizen, the
+result will be worse for the Southern white man than for the Negro.
+Take the State of South Carolina, for example, where nearly two-thirds
+of the population are Negroes. Unless these Negroes are encouraged by
+just election laws to become tax-payers and intelligent producers, the
+white people of South Carolina will have an eternal millstone about
+their necks.</p>
+
+<p>In an open letter to the State Constitutional Convention of Louisiana,
+I wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"I am no politician. On the other hand, I have always advised my
+race to give attention to acquiring property, intelligence, and
+character, as the necessary bases of good citizenship, rather
+than to mere political agitation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> But the question upon which I
+write is out of the region of ordinary politics. It affects the
+civilisation of two races, not for to-day alone, but for a very
+long time to come.</p>
+
+<p>"Since the war, no State has had such an opportunity to settle,
+for all time, the race question, so far as it concerns politics,
+as is now given to Louisiana. Will your convention set an example
+to the world in this respect? Will Louisiana take such high and
+just grounds in respect to the Negro that no one can doubt that
+the South is as good a friend to him as he possesses elsewhere?
+In all this, gentlemen of the convention, I am not pleading for
+the Negro alone, but for the morals, the higher life, of the
+white man as well.</p>
+
+<p>"The Negro agrees with you that it is necessary to the salvation
+of the South that restrictions be put upon the ballot. I know
+that you have two serious problems before you; ignorant and
+corrupt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> government, on the one hand; and, on the other, a way to
+restrict the ballot so that control will be in the hands of the
+intelligent, without regard to race. With the sincerest sympathy
+with you in your efforts to find a good way out of the
+difficulty, I want to suggest that no State in the South can make
+a law that will provide an opportunity or temptation for an
+ignorant white man to vote, and withhold the opportunity or
+temptation from an ignorant coloured man, without injuring both
+men. No State can make a law that can thus be executed without
+dwarfing, for all time, the morals of the white man in the South.
+Any law controlling the ballot that is not absolutely just and
+fair to both races will work more permanent injury to the whites
+than to the blacks.</p>
+
+<p>"The Negro does not object to an educational and property test,
+but let the law be so clear that no one clothed with State
+authority will be tempted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> perjure and degrade himself by
+putting one interpretation upon it for the white man and another
+for the black man. Study the history of the South, and you will
+find that, where there has been the most dishonesty in the matter
+of voting, there you will find to-day the lowest moral condition
+of both races. First, there was the temptation to act wrongly
+with the Negro's ballot. From this it was an easy step to act
+dishonestly with the white man's ballot, to the carrying of
+concealed weapons, to the murder of a Negro, and then to the
+murder of a white man, and then to lynching. I entreat you not to
+pass a law that will prove an eternal millstone about the necks
+of your children. No man can have respect for the government and
+officers of the law when he knows, deep down in his heart, that
+the exercise of the franchise is tainted with fraud.</p>
+
+<p>"The road that the South has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> compelled to travel during the
+last thirty years has been strewn with thorns and thistles. It
+has been as one groping through the long darkness into the light.
+The time is not far distant when the world will begin to
+appreciate the real character of the burden that was imposed upon
+the South in giving the franchise to four millions of ignorant
+and impoverished ex-slaves. No people was ever before given such
+a problem to solve. History has blazed no path through the
+wilderness that could be followed. For thirty years we have
+wandered in the wilderness. We are now beginning to get out. But
+there is only one road out; and all makeshifts, expedients,
+profit and loss calculations, but lead into swamps, quicksands,
+quagmires, and jungles. There is a highway that will lead both
+races out into the pure, beautiful sunshine, where there will be
+nothing to hide and nothing to explain, where both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> races can
+grow strong and true and useful in every fibre of their being. I
+believe that your convention will find this highway, that it will
+enact a fundamental law that will be absolutely just and fair to
+white and black alike.</p>
+
+<p>"I beg of you, further, that in the degree that you close the
+ballot-box against the ignorant you will open the school-house.
+More than one-half of the population of your State are Negroes.
+No State can long prosper when a large part of its citizenship is
+in ignorance and poverty, and has no interest in the government.
+I beg of you that you do not treat us as an alien people. We are
+not aliens. You know us. You know that we have cleared your
+forests, tilled your fields, nursed your children, and protected
+your families. There is an attachment between us that few
+understand. While I do not presume to be able to advise you, yet
+it is in my heart to say that, if your convention would do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+something that would prevent for all time strained relations
+between the two races, and would permanently settle the matter of
+political relations in one Southern State at least, let the very
+best educational opportunities be provided for both races; and
+add to this an election law that shall be incapable of unjust
+discrimination, at the same time providing that, in proportion as
+the ignorant secure education, property, and character, they will
+be given the right of citizenship. Any other course will take
+from one-half your citizens interest in the State, and hope and
+ambition to become intelligent producers and tax-payers, and
+useful and virtuous citizens. Any other course will tie the white
+citizens of Louisiana to a body of death.</p>
+
+<p>"The Negroes are not unmindful of the fact that the poverty of
+the State prevents it from doing all that it desires for public
+education; yet I believe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> that you will agree with me that
+ignorance is more costly to the State than education, that it
+will cost Louisiana more not to educate the Negroes than it will
+to educate them. In connection with a generous provision for
+public schools, I believe that nothing will so help my own people
+in your State as provision at some institution for the highest
+academic and normal training, in connection with thorough
+training in agriculture, mechanics, and domestic economy.
+First-class training in agriculture, horticulture, dairying,
+stock-raising, the mechanical arts, and domestic economy, would
+make us intelligent producers, and not only help us to contribute
+our honest share as tax-payers, but would result in retaining
+much money in the State that now goes outside for that which can
+be as well produced at home. An institution which will give this
+training of the hand, along with the highest mental culture,
+would soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> convince our people that their salvation is largely
+in the ownership of property and in industrial and business
+development, rather than in mere political agitation.</p>
+
+<p>"The highest test of the civilisation of any race is in its
+willingness to extend a helping hand to the less fortunate. A
+race, like an individual, lifts itself up by lifting others up.
+Surely, no people ever had a greater chance to exhibit the
+highest Christian fortitude and magnanimity than is now presented
+to the people of Louisiana. It requires little wisdom or
+statesmanship to repress, to crush out, to retard the hopes and
+aspirations of a people; but the highest and most profound
+statesmanship is shown in guiding and stimulating a people, so
+that every fibre in the body and soul shall be made to contribute
+in the highest degree to the usefulness and ability of the State.
+It is along this line that I pray God the thoughts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> and
+activities of your convention may be guided."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As to such outbreaks as have recently occurred in North Carolina and
+South Carolina, the remedy will not be reached by the Southern white
+man merely depriving the Negro of his rights and privileges. This
+method is but superficial, irritating, and must, in the nature of
+things, be short-lived. The statesman, to cure an evil, resorts to
+enlightenment, to stimulation; the politician, to repression. I have
+just remarked that I favour the giving up of nothing that is
+guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the United States, or that is
+fundamental to our citizenship. While I hold to these views as
+strongly as any one, I differ with some as to the method of securing
+the permanent and peaceful enjoyment of all the privileges guaranteed
+to us by our fundamental law.</p>
+
+<p>In finding a remedy, we must recognise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the world-wide fact that the
+Negro must be led to see and feel that he must make every effort
+possible, in every way possible, to secure the friendship, the
+confidence, the co-operation of his white neighbour in the South. To
+do this, it is not necessary for the Negro to become a truckler or a
+trimmer. The Southern white man has no respect for a Negro who does
+not act from principle. In some way the Southern white man must be led
+to see that it is to his interest to turn his attention more and more
+to the making of laws that will, in the truest sense, elevate the
+Negro. At the present moment, in many cases, when one attempts to get
+the Negro to co-operate with the Southern white man, he asks the
+question, "Can the people who force me to ride in a Jim Crow car, and
+pay first-class fare, be my best friends?" In answering such
+questions, the Southern white man, as well as the Negro, has a duty to
+perform.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> In the exercise of his political rights I should advise the
+Negro to be temperate and modest, and more and more to do his own
+thinking.</p>
+
+<p>I believe the permanent cure for our present evils will come through a
+property and educational test for voting that shall apply honestly and
+fairly to both races. This will cut off the large mass of ignorant
+voters of both races that is now proving so demoralising a factor in
+the politics of the Southern States.</p>
+
+<p>But, most of all, it will come through industrial development of the
+Negro. Industrial education makes an intelligent producer of the
+Negro, who becomes of immediate value to the community rather than one
+who yields to the temptation to live merely by politics or other
+parasitical employments. It will make him soon become a
+property-holder; and, when a citizen becomes a holder of property, he
+becomes a conservative and thoughtful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> voter. He will more carefully
+consider the measures and individuals to be voted for. In proportion
+as he increases his property interests, he becomes important as a
+tax-payer.</p>
+
+<p>There is little trouble between the Negro and the white man in matters
+of education; and, when it comes to his business development, the
+black man has implicit faith in the advice of the Southern white man.
+When he gets into trouble in the courts, which requires a bond to be
+given, in nine cases out of ten, he goes to a Southern white man for
+advice and assistance. Every one who has lived in the South knows
+that, in many of the church troubles among the coloured people, the
+ministers and other church officers apply to the nearest white
+minister for assistance and instruction. When by reason of mutual
+concession we reach the point where we shall consult the Southern
+white man about our politics<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> as we now consult him about our
+business, legal, and religious matters, there will be a change for the
+better in the situation.</p>
+
+<p>The object-lesson of a thousand Negroes in every county in the South
+who own neat and comfortable homes, possessing skill, industry, and
+thrift, with money in the bank, and are large tax-payers co-operating
+with the white men in the South in every manly way for the development
+of their own communities and counties, will go a long way, in a few
+years, toward changing the present status of the Negro as a citizen,
+as well as the attitude of the whites toward the blacks.</p>
+
+<p>As the Negro grows in industrial and business directions, he will
+divide in his politics on economic issues, just as the white man in
+other parts of the country now divides his vote. As the South grows in
+business prosperity it will divide its vote on economic issues,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> just
+as other sections of the country divide their vote. When we can enact
+laws that result in honestly cutting off the large ignorant and
+non-tax-paying vote, and when we can bring both races to the point
+where they will co-operate with each other in politics, as they do now
+in matters of business, religion, and education, the problem will be
+in a large measure solved, and political outbreaks will cease.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">One</span> of the great questions which Christian education must face in the
+South is the proper adjustment of the new relations of the two races.
+It is a question which must be faced calmly, quietly, dispassionately;
+and the time has now come to rise above party, above race, above
+colour, above sectionalism, into the region of duty of man to man, of
+American to American, of Christian to Christian.</p>
+
+<p>I remember not long ago, when about five hundred coloured people
+sailed from the port of Savannah bound for Liberia, that the news was
+flashed all over the country, "The Negro has made up his mind to
+return to his own country," and that, "in this was the solution of the
+race problem in the South." But these short-sighted people forgot the
+fact that before breakfast that morning about five hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> more Negro
+children were born in the South alone.</p>
+
+<p>And then, once in a while, somebody is so bold as to predict that the
+Negro will be absorbed by the white race. Let us look at this phase of
+the question for a moment. It is a fact that, if a person is known to
+have one per cent. of African blood in his veins, he ceases to be a
+white man. The ninety-nine per cent. of Caucasian blood does not weigh
+by the side of the one per cent. of African blood. The white blood
+counts for nothing. The person is a Negro every time. So it will be a
+very difficult task for the white man to absorb the Negro.</p>
+
+<p>Somebody else conceived the idea of colonising the coloured people, of
+getting territory where nobody lived, putting the coloured people
+there, and letting them be a nation all by themselves. There are two
+objections to that. First, you would have to build one wall to keep
+the coloured people in, and another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> wall to keep the white people
+out. If you were to build ten walls around Africa to-day you could not
+keep the white people out, especially as long as there was a hope of
+finding gold there.</p>
+
+<p>I have always had the highest respect for those of our race who, in
+trying to find a solution for our Southern problem, advised a return
+of the race to Africa, and because of my respect for those who have
+thus advised, especially Bishop Henry M. Turner, I have tried to make
+a careful and unbiassed study of the question, during a recent sojourn
+in Europe, to see what opportunities presented themselves in Africa
+for self-development and self-government.</p>
+
+<p>I am free to say that I see no way out of the Negro's present
+condition in the South by returning to Africa. Aside from other
+insurmountable obstacles, there is no place in Africa for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> him to go
+where his condition would be improved. All Europe&mdash;especially England,
+France, and Germany&mdash;has been running a mad race for the last twenty
+years, to see which could gobble up the greater part of Africa; and
+there is practically nothing left. Old King Cetewayo put it pretty
+well when he said, "First come missionary, then come rum, then come
+traders, then come army"; and Cecil Rhodes has expressed the
+prevailing sentiment more recently in these words, "I would rather
+have land than 'niggers.'" And Cecil Rhodes is directly responsible
+for the killing of thousands of black natives in South Africa, that he
+might secure their land.</p>
+
+<p>In a talk with Henry M. Stanley, the explorer, he told me that he knew
+no place in Africa where the Negroes of the United States might go to
+advantage; but I want to be more specific. Let us see how Africa has
+been divided, and then decide whether there is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> place left for us.
+On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, Morocco is an independent State,
+Algeria is a French possession, Tunis is a French protectorate,
+Tripoli is a province of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt is a province of
+Turkey. On the Atlantic coast, Sahara is a French protectorate, Adrar
+is claimed by Spain, Senegambia is a French trading settlement, Gambia
+is a British crown colony, Sierra Leone is a British crown colony.
+Liberia is a republic of freed Negroes, Gold Coast and Ashanti are
+British colonies and British protectorates, Togoland is a German
+protectorate, Dahomey is a kingdom subject to French influence, Slave
+Coast is a British colony and British protectorate, Niger Coast is a
+British protectorate, the Cameroons are trading settlements protected
+by Germany, French Congo is a French protectorate, Congo Free State is
+an international African Association, Angola and Benguela<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> are
+Portuguese protectorates, and the inland countries are controlled as
+follows: The Niger States, Masina, etc., are under French protection;
+Land Gandu is under British protection, administered by the Royal
+Haussan Niger Company.</p>
+
+<p>South Africa is controlled as follows: Damara and Namaqua Land are
+German protectorates, Cape Colony is a British colony, Basutoland is a
+Crown colony, Bechuanaland is a British protectorate, Natal is a
+British colony, Zululand is a British protectorate, Orange Free State
+is independent, the South African Republic is independent, and the
+Zambesi is administered by the British South African Company. Lourence
+Marques is a Portuguese possession.</p>
+
+<p>East Africa has also been disposed of in the following manner:
+Mozambique is a Portuguese possession, British Central Africa is a
+British protectorate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> German East Africa is in the German sphere of
+influence, Zanzibar is a sultanate under British protection, British
+East Africa is a British protectorate, Somaliland is under British and
+Italian protection, Abyssinia is independent. East Soudan (including
+Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, and Wadai) is in the British sphere of
+influence. It will be noted that, when one of these European countries
+cannot get direct control over any section of Africa, it at once gives
+it out to the world that the country wanted is in the "sphere of its
+influence,"&mdash;a very convenient term. If we are to go to Africa, and be
+under the control of another government, I think we should prefer to
+take our chances in the "sphere of influence" of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>All this shows pretty conclusively that a return to Africa for the
+Negro is out of the question, even provided that a majority of the
+Negroes wished to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> go back, which they do not. The adjustment of the
+relations of the two races must take place here; and it is taking
+place slowly, but surely. As the Negro is educated to make homes and
+to respect himself, the white man will in turn respect him.</p>
+
+<p>It has been urged that the Negro has inherent in him certain traits of
+character that will prevent his ever reaching the standard of
+civilisation set by the whites, and taking his place among them as an
+equal. It may be some time before the Negro race as a whole can stand
+comparison with the white in all respects,&mdash;it would be most
+remarkable, considering the past, if it were not so; but the idea that
+his objectionable traits and weaknesses are fundamental, I think, is a
+mistake. For, although there are elements of weakness about the Negro
+race, there are also many evidences of strength.</p>
+
+<p>It is an encouraging sign, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> when an individual grows to the
+point where he can hold himself up for personal analysis and study. It
+is equally encouraging for a race to be able to study itself,&mdash;to
+measure its weakness and strength. It is not helpful to a race to be
+continually praised and have its weakness overlooked, neither is it
+the most helpful thing to have its faults alone continually dwelt
+upon. What is needed is downright, straightforward honesty in both
+directions; and this is not always to be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>There is little question that one of the Negroes' weak points is
+physical. Especially is this true regarding those who live in the
+large cities, North and South. But in almost every case this physical
+weakness can be traced to ignorant violation of the laws of health or
+to vicious habits. The Negro, who during slavery lived on the large
+plantations in the South, surrounded by restraints, at the close of
+the war came to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> the cities, and in many cases found the freedom and
+temptations of the city too much for him. The transition was too
+sudden.</p>
+
+<p>When we consider what it meant to have four millions of people slaves
+to-day and freemen to-morrow, the wonder is that the race has not
+suffered more physically than it has. I do not believe that statistics
+can be so marshalled as to prove that the Negro as a race is
+physically or numerically on the decline. On the other hand, the Negro
+as a race is increasing in numbers by a larger percentage than is true
+of the French nation. While the death-rate is large in the cities, the
+birth-rate is also large; and it is to be borne in mind that
+eighty-five per cent. of these people in the Gulf States are in the
+country districts and smaller towns, and there the increase is along
+healthy and normal lines. As the Negro becomes educated, the high
+death-rate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> in the cities will disappear. For proof of this, I have
+only to mention that a few years ago no coloured man could get
+insurance in the large first-class insurance companies. Now there are
+few of these companies which do not seek the insurance of educated
+coloured men. In the North and South the physical intoxication that
+was the result of sudden freedom is giving way to an encouraging,
+sobering process; and, as this continues, the high death-rate will
+disappear even, in the large cities.</p>
+
+<p>Another element of weakness which shows itself in the present stage of
+the civilisation of the Negro is his lack of ability to form a purpose
+and stick to it through a series of years, if need be,&mdash;years that
+involve discouragement as well as encouragement,&mdash;till the end shall
+be reached. Of course there are brilliant exceptions to this rule; but
+there is no question that here is an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> element of weakness, and the
+same, I think, would be true of any race with the Negro's history.</p>
+
+<p>Few of the resolutions which are made in conventions, etc., are
+remembered and put into practice six months after the warmth and
+enthusiasm of the debating hall have disappeared. This, I know, is an
+element of the white man's weakness, but it is the Negro I am
+discussing, not the white man. Individually, the Negro is strong.
+Collectively, he is weak. This is not to be wondered at. The ability
+to succeed in organised bodies is one of the highest points in
+civilisation. There are scores of coloured men who can succeed in any
+line of business as individuals, or will discuss any subject in a most
+intelligent manner, yet who, when they attempt to act in an organised
+body, are utter failures.</p>
+
+<p>But the weakness of the Negro which is most frequently held up to the
+public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> gaze is that of his moral character. No one who wants to be
+honest and at the same time benefit the race will deny that here is
+where the strengthening is to be done. It has become universally
+accepted that the family is the foundation, the bulwark, of any race.
+It should be remembered, sorrowfully withal, that it was the constant
+tendency of slavery to destroy the family life. All through two
+hundred and fifty years of slavery, one of the chief objects was to
+increase the number of slaves; and to this end almost all thought of
+morality was lost sight of, so that the Negro has had only about
+thirty years in which to develop a family life; while the Anglo-Saxon
+rate, with which he is constantly being compared, has had thousands of
+years of training in home life. The Negro felt all through the years
+of bondage that he was being forcibly and unjustly deprived of the
+fruits of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> labour. Hence he felt that anything he could get from
+the white man in return for this labour justly belonged to him. Since
+this was true, we must be patient in trying to teach him a different
+code of morals.</p>
+
+<p>From the nature of things, all through slavery it was life in the
+future world that was emphasised in religious teaching rather than
+life in this world. In his religious meetings in <i>ante-bellum</i> days
+the Negro was prevented from discussing many points of practical
+religion which related to this world; and the white minister, who was
+his spiritual guide, found it more convenient to talk about heaven
+than earth, so very naturally that to-day in his religious meeting it
+is the Negro's feelings which are worked upon mostly, and it is
+description of the glories of heaven that occupy most of the time of
+his sermon.</p>
+
+<p>Having touched upon some of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> weak points of the Negro, what are
+his strong characteristics? The Negro in America is different from
+most people for whom missionary effort is made, in that he works. He
+is not ashamed or afraid of work. When hard, constant work is
+required, ask any Southern white man, and he will tell you that in
+this the Negro has no superior. He is not given to strikes or to
+lockouts. He not only works himself, but he is unwilling to prevent
+other people from working.</p>
+
+<p>Of the forty buildings of various kinds and sizes on the grounds of
+the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, in Alabama, as I have
+stated before, almost all of them are the results of the labour
+performed by the students while securing their academic education. One
+day the student is in his history class. The next day the same
+student, equally happy, with his trowel and in overalls, is working on
+a brick wall.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While at present the Negro may lack that tenacious mental grasp which
+enables one to pursue a scientific or mathematical investigation
+through a series of years, he has that delicate, mental feeling which
+enables him to succeed in oratory, music, etc.</p>
+
+<p>While I have spoken of the Negro's moral weakness, I hope it will be
+kept in mind that in his original state his is an honest race. It was
+slavery that corrupted him in this respect. But in morals he also has
+his strong points.</p>
+
+<p>Few have ever found the Negro guilty of betraying a trust. There are
+almost no instances in which the Negro betrayed either a Federal or a
+Confederate soldier who confided in him. There are few instances where
+the Negro has been entrusted with valuables when he has not been
+faithful. This country has never had a more loyal citizen. He has
+never proven himself a rebel. Should the Southern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> States, which so
+long held him in slavery, be invaded by a foreign foe, the Negro would
+be among the first to come to the rescue.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most encouraging thing in connection with the lifting up
+of the Negro in this country is the fact that he knows that he is down
+and wants to get up, he knows that he is ignorant and wants to get
+light. He fills every school-house and every church which is opened
+for him. He is willing to follow leaders, when he is once convinced
+that the leaders have his best interest at heart.</p>
+
+<p>Under the constant influence of the Christian education which began
+thirty-five years ago, his religion is every year becoming less
+emotional and more rational and practical, though I, for one, hope
+that he will always retain in a large degree the emotional element in
+religion.</p>
+
+<p>During the two hundred and fifty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> years that the Negro spent in
+slavery he had little cause or incentive to accumulate money or
+property. Thirty-five years ago this was something which he had to
+begin to learn. While the great bulk of the race is still without
+money and property, yet the signs of thrift are evident on every hand.
+Especially is this noticeable in the large number of neat little homes
+which are owned by these people on the outer edges of the towns and
+cities in the South.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to give an example of the sort of thing the Negro has to
+contend with, however, in his efforts to lift himself up.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago a mother, a black mother, who lived in one of our
+Northern States, had heard it whispered around in her community for
+years that the Negro was lazy, shiftless, and would not work. So, when
+her only boy grew to sufficient size, at considerable expense and
+great self-sacrifice,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> she had her boy thoroughly taught the
+machinist's trade. A job was secured in a neighbouring shop. With
+dinner bucket in hand and spurred on by the prayers of the now
+happy-hearted mother, the boy entered the shop to begin his first
+day's work. What happened? Every one of the twenty white men threw
+down his tools, and deliberately walked out, swearing that he would
+not give a black man an opportunity to earn an honest living. Another
+shop was tried with the same result, and still another, the result
+ever the same. To-day this once promising, ambitious black man is a
+wreck,&mdash;a confirmed drunkard,&mdash;with no hope, no ambition. I ask, Who
+blasted the life of this young man? On whose hands does his lifeblood
+rest? The present system of education, or rather want of education, is
+responsible.</p>
+
+<p>Public schools and colleges should turn out men who will throw open
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> doors of industry, so that all men, everywhere, regardless of
+colour, shall have the same opportunity to earn a dollar that they now
+have to spend it. I know of a good many kinds of cowardice and
+prejudice, but I know none equal to this. I know not which is the
+worst,&mdash;the slaveholder who perforce compelled his slave to work
+without compensation or the man who, by force and strikes, compels his
+neighbour to refrain from working for compensation.</p>
+
+<p>The Negro will be on a different footing in this country when it
+becomes common to associate the possession of wealth with a black
+skin. It is not within the province of human nature that the man who
+is intelligent and virtuous, and owns and cultivates the best farm in
+his county, is the largest tax-payer, shall very long be denied proper
+respect and consideration. Those who would help the Negro most
+effectually during the next fifty years can do so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> by assisting in his
+development along scientific and industrial lines in connection with
+the broadest mental and religious culture.</p>
+
+<p>From the results of the war with Spain let us learn this, that God has
+been teaching the Spanish nation a terrible lesson. What is it? Simply
+this, that no nation can disregard the interest of any portion of its
+members without that nation becoming weak and corrupt. The penalty may
+be long delayed. God has been teaching Spain that for every one of her
+subjects that she has left in ignorance, poverty, and crime the price
+must be paid; and, if it has not been paid with the very heart of the
+nation, it must be paid with the proudest and bluest blood of her sons
+and with treasure that is beyond computation. From this spectacle I
+pray God that America will learn a lesson in respect to the ten
+million Negroes in this country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Negroes in the United States are, in most of the elements of
+civilisation, weak. Providence has placed them here not without a
+purpose. One object, in my opinion, is that the stronger race may
+imbibe a lesson from the weaker in patience, forbearance, and
+childlike yet supreme trust in the God of the Universe. This race has
+been placed here that the white man might have a great opportunity of
+lifting himself by lifting it up.</p>
+
+<p>Out from the Negro colleges and industrial schools in the South there
+are going forth each year thousands of young men and women into dark
+and secluded corners, into lonely log school-houses, amidst poverty
+and ignorance; and though, when they go forth, no drums beat, no
+banners fly, no friends cheer, yet they are fighting the battles of
+this country just as truly and bravely as those who go forth to do
+battle against a foreign enemy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If they are encouraged and properly supported in their work of
+educating the masses in the industries, in economy, and in morals, as
+well as mentally, they will, before many years, get the race upon such
+an intellectual, industrial, and financial footing that it will be
+able to enjoy without much trouble all the rights inherent in American
+citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if we wish to bring the race to a point where it should be, where
+it will be strong, and grow and prosper, we have got to, in every way
+possible, encourage it. We can do this in no better way than by
+cultivating that amount of faith in the race which will make us
+patronise its own enterprises wherever those enterprises are worth
+patronising. I do not believe much in the advice that is often given
+that we should patronise the enterprises of our race without regard to
+the worth of those enterprises. I believe that the best way to bring
+the race to the point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> where it will compare with other races is to
+let it understand that, whenever it enters into any line of business,
+it will be patronised just in proportion as it makes that business as
+successful, as useful, as is true of any business enterprise conducted
+by any other race. The race that would grow strong and powerful must
+have the element of hero-worship in it that will, in the largest
+degree, make it honour its great men, the men who have succeeded in
+that race. I think we should be ashamed of the coloured man or woman
+who would not venerate the name of Frederick Douglass. No race that
+would not look upon such a man with honour and respect and pride could
+ever hope to enjoy the respect of any other race. I speak of this, not
+that I want my people to regard themselves in a narrow, bigoted sense,
+because there is nothing so hurtful to an individual or to a race as
+to get into the habit of feeling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> that there is no good except in its
+own race, but because I wish that it may have reasonable pride in all
+that is honourable in its history. Whenever you hear a coloured man
+say that he hates the people of the other race, there, in most
+instances, you will find a weak, narrow-minded coloured man. And,
+whenever you find a white man who expresses the same sentiment toward
+the people of other races, there, too, in almost every case, you will
+find a narrow-minded, prejudiced white man.</p>
+
+<p>That person is the broadest, strongest, and most useful who sees
+something to love and admire in all races, no matter what their
+colour.</p>
+
+<p>If the Negro race wishes to grow strong, it must learn to respect
+itself, not to be ashamed. It must learn that it will only grow in
+proportion as its members have confidence in it, in proportion as they
+believe that it is a coming race.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We have reached a period when educated Negroes should give more
+attention to the history of their race; should devote more time to
+finding out the true history of the race, and in collecting in some
+museum the relics that mark its progress. It is true of all races of
+culture and refinement and civilisation that they have gathered in
+some place the relics which mark the progress of their civilisation,
+which show how they lived from period to period. We should have so
+much pride that we would spend more time in looking into the history
+of the race, more effort and money in perpetuating in some durable
+form its achievements, so that from year to year, instead of looking
+back with regret, we can point to our children the rough path through
+which we grew strong and great.</p>
+
+<p>We have a very bright and striking example in the history of the Jews
+in this and other countries. There is,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> perhaps, no race that has
+suffered so much, not so much in America as in some of the countries
+in Europe. But these people have clung together. They have had a
+certain amount of unity, pride, and love of race; and, as the years go
+on, they will be more and more influential in this country,&mdash;a country
+where they were once despised, and looked upon with scorn and
+derision. It is largely because the Jewish race has had faith in
+itself. Unless the Negro learns more and more to imitate the Jew in
+these matters, to have faith in himself, he cannot expect to have any
+high degree of success.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to speak upon another subject which largely concerns the
+welfare of both races, especially in the South,&mdash;lynching. It is an
+unpleasant subject; but I feel that I should be omitting some part of
+my duty to both races did I not say something on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>For a number of years the South has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> appealed to the North and to
+federal authorities, through the public press, from the public
+platform, and most eloquently through the late Henry W. Grady, to
+leave the whole matter of the rights and protection of the Negro to
+the South, declaring that it would see to it that the Negro would be
+made secure in his citizenship. During the last half-dozen years the
+whole country, from the President down, has been inclined more than
+ever to pursue this policy, leaving the whole matter of the destiny of
+the Negro to the Negro himself and to the Southern white people, among
+whom the great bulk of Negroes live.</p>
+
+<p>By the present policy of non-interference on the part of the North and
+the federal government the South is given a sacred trust. How will she
+execute this trust? The world is waiting and watching to see. The
+question must be answered largely by the protection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> it gives to the
+life of the Negro and the provisions that are made for his development
+in the organic laws of the State. I fear that but few people in the
+South realise to what an extent the habit of lynching, or the taking
+of life without due process of law, has taken hold of us, and is
+hurting us, not only in the eyes of the world, but in our own moral
+and material growth.</p>
+
+<p>Lynching was instituted some years ago with the idea of punishing and
+checking criminal assaults upon women. Let us examine the facts, and
+see where it has already led us and is likely further to carry us, if
+we do not rid ourselves of the evil. Many good people in the South,
+and also out of the South, have gotten the idea that lynching is
+resorted to for one crime only. I have the facts from an authoritative
+source. During last year one hundred and twenty-seven persons were
+lynched in the United States. Of this number,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> one hundred and
+eighteen were executed in the South and nine in the North and West. Of
+the total number lynched, one hundred and two were Negroes,
+twenty-three were whites, and two Indians. Now, let every one
+interested in the South, his country, and the cause of humanity, note
+this fact,&mdash;that only twenty-four of the entire number were charged in
+any way with the crime of rape; that is, twenty-four out of one
+hundred and twenty-seven cases of lynching. Sixty-one of the remaining
+cases were for murder, thirteen for being suspected of murder, six for
+theft, etc. During one week last spring, when I kept a careful record,
+thirteen Negroes were lynched in three of our Southern States; and not
+one was even charged with rape. All of these thirteen were accused of
+murder or house-burning; but in neither case were the men allowed to
+go before a court, so that their innocence or guilt might be proven.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When we get to the point where four-fifths of the people lynched in
+our country in one year are for some crime other than rape, we can no
+longer plead and explain that we lynch for one crime alone.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take another year, that of 1892, for example, when 241 persons
+were lynched in the whole United States. Of this number 36 were
+lynched in Northern and Western States, and 205 in our Southern
+States; 160 were Negroes, 5 of these being women. The facts show that,
+out of the 241 lynched, only 57 were even charged with rape or
+attempted rape, leaving in this year alone 184 persons who were
+lynched for other causes than that of rape.</p>
+
+<p>If it were necessary, I could produce figures for other years. Within
+a period of six years about 900 persons have been lynched in our
+Southern States. This is but a few hundred short of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> total number
+of soldiers who lost their lives in Cuba during the Spanish-American
+War. If we would realise still more fully how far this unfortunate
+evil is leading us on, note the classes of crime during a few months
+for which the local papers and the Associated Press say that lynching
+has been inflicted. They include "murder," "rioting," "incendiarism,"
+"robbery," "larceny," "self-defence," "insulting women," "alleged
+stock-poisoning," "malpractice," "alleged barn-burning," "suspected
+robbery," "race prejudice," "attempted murder," "horse-stealing,"
+"mistaken identity," etc.</p>
+
+<p>The evil has so grown that we are now at the point where not only
+blacks are lynched in the South, but white men as well. Not only this,
+but within the last six years at least a half-dozen coloured women
+have been lynched. And there are a few cases where Negroes have
+lynched members of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> own race. What is to be the end of all this?
+Furthermore, every lynching drives hundreds of Negroes out of the
+farming districts of the South, where they make the best living and
+where their services are of greatest value to the country, into the
+already over-crowded cities.</p>
+
+<p>I know that some argue that the crime of lynching Negroes is not
+confined to the South. This is true; and no one can excuse such a
+crime as the shooting of innocent black men in Illinois, who were
+guilty of nothing, except seeking labour. But my words just now are to
+the South, where my home is and a part of which I am. Let other
+sections act as they will; I want to see our beautiful Southland free
+from this terrible evil of lynching. Lynching does not stop crime. In
+the vicinity in the South where a coloured man was alleged recently to
+have committed the most terrible crime ever charged against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> a member
+of my race, but a few weeks previously five coloured men had been
+lynched for supposed incendiarism. If lynching was a cure for crime,
+surely the lynching of those five would have prevented another Negro
+from committing a most heinous crime a few weeks later.</p>
+
+<p>We might as well face the facts bravely and wisely. Since the
+beginning of the world crime has been committed in all civilised and
+uncivilised countries, and a certain percentage of it will always be
+committed both in the North and in the South; but I believe that the
+crime of rape can be stopped. In proportion to the numbers and
+intelligence of the population of the South, there exists little more
+crime than in several other sections of the country; but, because of
+the lynching evil, we are constantly advertising ourselves to the
+world as a lawless people. We cannot disregard the teachings of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> the
+civilised world for eighteen hundred years, that the only way to
+punish crime is by law. When we leave this anchorage chaos begins.</p>
+
+<p>I am not pleading for the Negro alone. Lynching injures, hardens, and
+blunts the moral sensibilities of the young and tender manhood of the
+South. Never shall I forget the remark by a little nine-year-old white
+boy, with blue eyes and flaxen hair. The little fellow said to his
+mother, after he had returned from a lynching: "I have seen a man
+hanged; now I wish I could see one burned." Rather than hear such a
+remark from one of my little boys, I would prefer to see him in his
+grave. This is not all. Every community guilty of lynching says in so
+many words to the governor, to the legislature, to the sheriff, to the
+jury, and to the judge: "We have no faith in you and no respect for
+you. We have no respect for the law which we helped to make."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the South, at the present time, there is less excuse for not
+permitting the law to take its course where a Negro is to be tried
+than anywhere else in the world; for, almost without exception, the
+governors, the sheriffs, the judges, the juries, and the lawyers are
+all white men, and they can be trusted, as a rule, to do their duty.
+Otherwise, it is needless to tax the people to support these officers.
+If our present laws are not sufficient properly to punish crime, let
+the laws be changed; but that the punishment may be by lawfully
+constituted authorities is the plea I make. The history of the world
+proves that where the law is most strictly enforced there is the least
+crime: where people take the administration of the law into their own
+hands there is the most crime.</p>
+
+<p>But there is still another side. The white man in the South has not
+only a serious duty and responsibility, but the Negro has a duty and
+responsibility in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> this matter. In speaking of my own people, I want
+to be equally frank; but I speak with the greatest kindness. There is
+too much crime among them. The figures for a given period show that in
+the United States thirty per cent. of the crime committed is by
+Negroes, while we constitute only about twelve per cent. of the entire
+population. This proportion holds good not only in the South, but also
+in Northern States and cities.</p>
+
+<p>No race that is so largely ignorant and so recently out of slavery
+could, perhaps, show a better record, but we must face these plain
+facts. He is most kind to the Negro who tells him of his faults as
+well as of his virtues. A large percentage of the crime among us grows
+out of the idleness of our young men and women. It is for this reason
+that I have tried to insist upon some industry being taught in
+connection with their course of literary training. It is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> vitally
+important now that every parent, every teacher and minister of the
+gospel, should teach with unusual emphasis morality and obedience to
+the law. At the fireside, in the school-room, in the Sunday-school,
+from the pulpit, and in the Negro press, there should be such a
+sentiment created regarding the committing of crime against women that
+no such crime could be charged against any member of the race. Let it
+be understood, for all time, that no one guilty of rape can find
+sympathy or shelter with us, and that none will be more active than we
+in bringing to justice, through the proper authorities, those guilty
+of crime. Let the criminal and vicious element of the race have, at
+all times, our most severe condemnation. Let a strict line be drawn
+between the virtuous and the criminal. I condemn, with all the
+indignation of my soul, any beast in human form guilty of assaulting a
+woman. I am sure I voice the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> sentiment of the thoughtful of my race
+in this condemnation.</p>
+
+<p>We should not, as a race, become discouraged. We are making progress.
+No race has ever gotten upon its feet without discouragements and
+struggles.</p>
+
+<p>I should be a great hypocrite and a coward if I did not add that which
+my daily experience has taught me to be true; namely, that the Negro
+has among many of the Southern whites as good friends as he has
+anywhere in the world. These friends have not forsaken us. They will
+not do so. Neither will our friends in the North. If we make ourselves
+intelligent, industrious, economical, and virtuous, of value to the
+community in which we live, we can and will work out our salvation
+right here in the South. In every community, by means of organised
+effort, we should seek, in a manly and honourable way, the confidence,
+the co-operation, the sympathy, of the best white people in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> South
+and in our respective communities. With the best white people and the
+best black people standing together, in favour of law and order and
+justice, I believe that the safety and happiness of both races will be
+made secure.</p>
+
+<p>We are one in this country. The question of the highest citizenship
+and the complete education of all concerns nearly ten millions of my
+people and sixty millions of the white race. When one race is strong,
+the other is strong; when one is weak, the other is weak. There is no
+power that can separate our destiny. Unjust laws and customs which
+exist in many places injure the white man and inconvenience the Negro.
+No race can wrong another race, simply because it has the power to do
+so, without being permanently injured in its own morals. The Negro can
+endure the temporary inconvenience, but the injury to the white man is
+permanent. It is for the white man to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> save himself from this
+degradation that I plead. If a white man steals a Negro's ballot, it
+is the white man who is permanently injured. Physical death comes to
+the one Negro lynched in a county; but death of the morals&mdash;death of
+the soul&mdash;comes to those responsible for the lynching.</p>
+
+<p>Those who fought and died on the battlefield for the freedom of the
+slaves performed their duty heroically and well, but a duty remains to
+those left. The mere fiat of law cannot make an ignorant voter an
+intelligent voter, cannot make a dependent man an independent man,
+cannot make one citizen respect another. These results will come to
+the Negro, as to all races, by beginning at the bottom and gradually
+working up to the highest possibilities of his nature.</p>
+
+<p>In the economy of God there is but one standard by which an individual
+can succeed: there is but one for a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> race. This country expects that
+every race shall measure itself by the American standard. During the
+next half-century, and more, the Negro must continue passing through
+the severe American crucible. He is to be tested in his patience, his
+forbearance, his perseverance, his power to endure wrong,&mdash;to
+withstand temptations, to economise, to acquire and use skill,&mdash;his
+ability to compete, to succeed in commerce, to disregard the
+superficial for the real, the appearance for the substance, to be
+great and yet small, learned and yet simple, high and yet the servant
+of all. This,&mdash;this is the passport to all that is best in the life of
+our Republic; and the Negro must possess it or be barred out.</p>
+
+<p>In working out his own destiny, while the main burden of activity must
+be with the Negro, he will need in the years to come, as he has needed
+in the past, the help, the encouragement, the guidance,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> that the
+strong can give the weak. Thus helped, those of both races in the
+South will soon throw off the shackles of racial and sectional
+prejudice, and rise above the clouds of ignorance, narrowness, and
+selfishness into that atmosphere, that pure sunshine, where it will be
+the highest ambition to serve man, our brother, regardless of race or
+previous condition.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">Before</span> ending this volume, I have deemed it wise and fitting to sum up
+in the following chapter all that I have attempted to say in the
+previous chapters, and to speak at the same time a little more
+definitely about the Negro's future and his relation to the white
+race.</p>
+
+<p>All attempts to settle the question of the Negro in the South by his
+removal from this country have so far failed, and I think that they
+are likely to fail. The next census will probably show that we have
+about ten millions of Negroes in the United States. About eight
+millions of these are in the Southern States. We have almost a nation
+within a nation. The Negro population within the United States lacks
+but two millions of being as large as the whole population of Mexico.
+It is nearly twice as large as the population of the Dominion of
+Canada. It is equal to the combined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> population of Switzerland,
+Greece, Honduras, Nicaragua, Cuba, Uruguay, Santo Domingo, Paraguay,
+and Costa Rica. When we consider, in connection with these facts, that
+the race has doubled itself since its freedom, and is still
+increasing, it hardly seems possible for any one to consider seriously
+any scheme of emigration from America as a method of solution of our
+vexed race problem. At most, even if the government were to provide
+the means, but a few hundred thousand could be transported each year.
+The yearly increase in population would more than overbalance the
+number transplanted. Even if it did not, the time required to get rid
+of the Negro by this method would perhaps be fifty or seventy-five
+years. The idea is chimerical.</p>
+
+<p>Some have advised that the Negro leave the South and take up his
+residence in the Northern States. I question whether this would leave
+him any better off than he is in the South, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> all things are
+considered. It has been my privilege to study the condition of our
+people in nearly every part of America; and I say, without hesitation,
+that, with some exceptional cases, the Negro is at his best in the
+Southern States. While he enjoys certain privileges in the North that
+he does not have in the South, when it comes to the matter of securing
+property, enjoying business opportunities and employment, the South
+presents a far better opportunity than the North. Few coloured men
+from the South are as yet able to stand up against the severe and
+increasing competition that exists in the North, to say nothing of the
+unfriendly influence of labour organisations, which in some way
+prevents black men in the North, as a rule, from securing employment
+in skilled labour occupations.</p>
+
+<p>Another point of great danger for the coloured man who goes North is
+in the matter of morals, owing to the numerous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> temptations by which
+he finds himself surrounded. He has more ways in which he can spend
+money than in the South, but fewer avenues of employment are open to
+him. The fact that at the North the Negro is confined to almost one
+line of employment often tends to discourage and demoralise the
+strongest who go from the South, and to make them an easy prey to
+temptation. A few years ago I made an examination into the condition
+of a settlement of Negroes who left the South and went to Kansas about
+twenty years ago, when there was a good deal of excitement in the
+South concerning emigration to the West. This settlement, I found, was
+much below the standard of that of a similar number of our people in
+the South. The only conclusion, therefore, it seems to me, which any
+one can reach, is that the Negroes, as a mass, are to remain in the
+Southern States. As a race, they do not want to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> leave the South, and
+the Southern white people do not want them to leave. We must therefore
+find some basis of settlement that will be constitutional, just,
+manly, that will be fair to both races in the South and to the whole
+country. This cannot be done in a day, a year, or any short period of
+time. We can, it seems to me, with the present light, decide upon a
+reasonably safe method of solving the problem, and turn our strength
+and effort in that direction. In doing this, I would not have the
+Negro deprived of any privilege guaranteed to him by the Constitution
+of the United States. It is not best for the Negro that he relinquish
+any of his constitutional rights. It is not best for the Southern
+white man that he should.</p>
+
+<p>In order that we may, without loss of time or effort, concentrate our
+forces in a wise direction, I suggest what seems to me and many others
+the wisest policy to be pursued. I have reached these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> conclusions by
+reason of my own observations and experience, after eighteen years of
+direct contact with the leading and influential coloured and white men
+in most parts of our country. But I wish first to mention some
+elements of danger in the present situation, which all who desire the
+permanent welfare of both races in the South should carefully
+consider.</p>
+
+<p><i>First.</i>&mdash;There is danger that a certain class of impatient extremists
+among the Negroes, who have little knowledge of the actual conditions
+in the South, may do the entire race injury by attempting to advise
+their brethren in the South to resort to armed resistance or the use
+of the torch, in order to secure justice. All intelligent and
+well-considered discussion of any important question or condemnation
+of any wrong, both in the North and the South, from the public
+platform and through the press, is to be commended and encouraged;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+but ill-considered, incendiary utterances from black men in the North
+will tend to add to the burdens of our people in the South rather than
+relieve them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second.</i>&mdash;Another danger in the South, which should be guarded
+against, is that the whole white South, including the wide,
+conservative, law-abiding element, may find itself represented before
+the bar of public opinion by the mob, or lawless element, which gives
+expression to its feelings and tendency in a manner that advertises
+the South throughout the world. Too often those who have no sympathy
+with such disregard of law are either silent or fail to speak in a
+sufficiently emphatic manner to offset, in any large degree, the
+unfortunate reputation which the lawless have too often made for many
+portions of the South.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third.</i>&mdash;No race or people ever got upon its feet without severe and
+constant struggle, often in the face of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> greatest discouragement.
+While passing through the present trying period of its history, there
+is danger that a large and valuable element of the Negro race may
+become discouraged in the effort to better its condition. Every
+possible influence should be exerted to prevent this.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourth.</i>&mdash;There is a possibility that harm may be done to the South
+and to the Negro by exaggerated newspaper articles which are written
+near the scene or in the midst of specially aggravating occurrences.
+Often these reports are written by newspaper men, who give the
+impression that there is a race conflict throughout the South, and
+that all Southern white people are opposed to the Negro's progress,
+overlooking the fact that, while in some sections there is trouble, in
+most parts of the South there is, nevertheless, a very large measure
+of peace, good will, and mutual helpfulness. In this same relation
+much can be done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> to retard the progress of the Negro by a certain
+class of Southern white people, who, in the midst of excitement, speak
+or write in a manner that gives the impression that all Negroes are
+lawless, untrustworthy, and shiftless. As an example, a Southern
+writer said not long ago, in a communication to the New York
+<i>Independent</i>: "Even in small towns the husband cannot venture to
+leave his wife alone for an hour at night. At no time, in no place, is
+the white woman safe from insults and assaults of these creatures."
+These statements, I presume, represented the feelings and the
+conditions that existed at the time they were written in one community
+or county in the South. But thousands of Southern white men and women
+would be ready to testify that this is not the condition throughout
+the South, nor throughout any one State.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fifth.</i>&mdash;Under the next head I would mention that, owing to the lack
+of school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> opportunities for the Negro in the rural districts of the
+South, there is danger that ignorance and idleness may increase to the
+extent of giving the Negro race a reputation for crime, and that
+immorality may eat its way into the moral fibre of the race, so as to
+retard its progress for many years. In judging the Negro in this
+regard, we must not be too harsh. We must remember that it has only
+been within the last thirty-four years that the black father and
+mother have had the responsibility, and consequently the experience,
+of training their own children. That they have not reached perfection
+in one generation, with the obstacles that the parents have been
+compelled to overcome, is not to be wondered at.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixth.</i>&mdash;As a final source of danger to be guarded against, I would
+mention my fear that some of the white people of the South may be led
+to feel that the way to settle the race problem is to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> repress the
+aspirations of the Negro by legislation of a kind that confers certain
+legal or political privileges upon an ignorant and poor white man and
+withholds the same privileges from a black man in the same condition.
+Such legislation injures and retards the progress of both races. It is
+an injustice to the poor white man, because it takes from him
+incentive to secure education and property as prerequisites for
+voting. He feels that, because he is a white man, regardless of his
+possessions, a way will be found for him to vote. I would label all
+such measures, "Laws to keep the poor white man in ignorance and
+poverty."</p>
+
+<p>As the Talladega <i>News Reporter</i>, a Democratic newspaper of Alabama,
+recently said: "But it is a weak cry when the white man asks odds on
+intelligence over the Negro. When nature has already so handicapped
+the African in the race for knowledge, the cry of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> boasted
+Anglo-Saxon for still further odds seems babyish. What wonder that the
+world looks on in surprise, if not disgust. It cannot help but say, if
+our contention be true that the Negro is an inferior race, that the
+odds ought to be on the other side, if any are to be given. And why
+not? No, the thing to do&mdash;the only thing that will stand the test of
+time&mdash;is to do right, exactly right, let come what will. And that
+right thing, as it seems to me, is to place a fair educational
+qualification before every citizen,&mdash;one that is self-testing, and not
+dependent on the wishes of weak men, letting all who pass the test
+stand in the proud ranks of American voters, whose votes shall be
+counted as cast, and whose sovereign will shall be maintained as law
+by all the powers that be. Nothing short of this will do. Every
+exemption, on whatsoever ground, is an outrage that can only rob some
+legitimate voter of his rights."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such laws as have been made&mdash;as an example, in Mississippi&mdash;with the
+"understanding" clause hold out a temptation for the election officer
+to perjure and degrade himself by too often deciding that the ignorant
+white man does understand the Constitution when it is read to him and
+that the ignorant black man does not. By such a law the State not only
+commits a wrong against its black citizens; it injures the morals of
+its white citizens by conferring such a power upon any white man who
+may happen to be a judge of elections.</p>
+
+<p>Such laws are hurtful, again, because they keep alive in the heart of
+the black man the feeling that the white man means to oppress him. The
+only safe way out is to set a high standard as a test of citizenship,
+and require blacks and whites alike to come up to it. When this is
+done, both will have a higher respect for the election laws and those
+who make them. I do not believe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> that, with his centuries of advantage
+over the Negro in the opportunity to acquire property and education as
+prerequisites for voting, the average white man in the South desires
+that any special law be passed to give him advantage over the Negro,
+who has had only a little more than thirty years in which to prepare
+himself for citizenship. In this relation another point of danger is
+that the Negro has been made to feel that it is his duty to oppose
+continually the Southern white man in politics, even in matters where
+no principle is involved, and that he is only loyal to his own race
+and acting in a manly way when he is opposing him. Such a policy has
+proved most hurtful to both races. Where it is a matter of principle,
+where a question of right or wrong is involved, I would advise the
+Negro to stand by principle at all hazards. A Southern white man has
+no respect for or confidence in a Negro who acts merely for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> policy's
+sake; but there are many cases&mdash;and the number is growing&mdash;where the
+Negro has nothing to gain and much to lose by opposing the Southern
+white man in many matters that relate to government.</p>
+
+<p>Under these six heads I believe I have stated some of the main points
+which all high-minded white men and black men, North and South, will
+agree need our most earnest and thoughtful consideration, if we would
+hasten, and not hinder, the progress of our country.</p>
+
+<p>As to the policy that should be pursued in a larger sense,&mdash;on this
+subject I claim to possess no superior wisdom or unusual insight. I
+may be wrong; I may be in some degree right.</p>
+
+<p>In the future, more than in the past, we want to impress upon the
+Negro the importance of identifying himself more closely with the
+interests of the South,&mdash;the importance of making himself part of the
+South and at home in it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> Heretofore, for reasons which were natural
+and for which no one is especially to blame, the coloured people have
+been too much like a foreign nation residing in the midst of another
+nation. If William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and George L.
+Stearns were alive to-day, I feel sure that each one of them would
+advise the Negroes to identify their interests as far as possible with
+those of the Southern white man, always with the understanding that
+this should be done where no question of right and wrong is involved.
+In no other way, it seems to me, can we get a foundation for peace and
+progress. He who advises against this policy will advise the Negro to
+do that which no people in history who have succeeded have done. The
+white man, North or South, who advises the Negro against it advises
+him to do that which he himself has not done. The bed-rock upon which
+every individual rests his chances<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> of success in life is securing the
+friendship, the confidence, the respect, of his next-door neighbour of
+the little community in which he lives. Almost the whole problem of
+the Negro in the South rests itself upon the fact as to whether the
+Negro can make himself of such indispensable service to his neighbour
+and the community that no one can fill his place better in the body
+politic. There is at present no other safe course for the black man to
+pursue. If the Negro in the South has a friend in his white neighbour
+and a still larger number of friends in his community, he has a
+protection and a guarantee of his rights that will be more potent and
+more lasting than any our Federal Congress or any outside power can
+confer.</p>
+
+<p>In a recent editorial the London <i>Times</i>, in discussing affairs in the
+Transvaal, South Africa, where Englishmen have been denied certain
+privileges by the Boers, says: "England is too sagacious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> not to
+prefer a gradual reform from within, even should it be less rapid than
+most of us might wish, to the most sweeping redress of grievances
+imposed from without. Our object is to obtain fair play for the
+outlanders, but the best way to do it is to enable them to help
+themselves." This policy, I think, is equally safe when applied to
+conditions in the South. The foreigner who comes to America, as soon
+as possible, identifies himself in business, education, politics, and
+sympathy with the community in which he settles. As I have said, we
+have a conspicuous example of this in the case of the Jews. Also, the
+Negro in Cuba has practically settled the race question there, because
+he has made himself a part of Cuba in thought and action.</p>
+
+<p>What I have tried to indicate cannot be accomplished by any sudden
+revolution of methods, but it does seem that the tendency more and
+more should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> in this direction. If a practical example is wanted in
+the direction that I favour, I will mention one. The North sends
+thousands of dollars into the South each year, for the education of
+the Negro. The teachers in most of the academic schools of the South
+are supported by the North, or Northern men and women of the highest
+Christian culture and most unselfish devotion. The Negro owes them a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. The various missionary
+societies in the North have done a work which, in a large degree, has
+been the salvation of the South; and the result will appear in future
+generations more than in this. We have now reached the point in the
+South where, I believe, great good could be accomplished by changing
+the attitude of the white people toward the Negro and of the Negro
+toward the whites, if a few white teachers of high character would
+take an active interest in the work of these high schools. Can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> this
+be done? Yes. The medical school connected with Shaw University at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, has from the first had as instructors and
+professors, almost exclusively, Southern white doctors, who reside in
+Raleigh; and they have given the highest satisfaction. This gives the
+people of Raleigh the feeling that this is their school, and not
+something located in, but not a part of, the South. In Augusta,
+Georgia, the Payne Institute, one of the best colleges for our people,
+is officered and taught almost wholly by Southern white men and women.
+The Presbyterian Theological School at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, has all
+Southern white men as instructors. Some time ago, at the Calhoun
+School in Alabama, one of the leading white men in the county was
+given an important position in the school. Since then the feeling of
+the white people in the county has greatly changed toward the school.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We must admit the stern fact that at present the Negro, through no
+choice of his own, is living among another race which is far ahead of
+him in education, property, experience, and favourable condition;
+further, that the Negro's present condition makes him dependent upon
+the white people for most of the things necessary to sustain life, as
+well as for his common school education. In all history, those who
+have possessed the property and intelligence have exercised the
+greatest control in government, regardless of colour, race, or
+geographical location. This being the case, how can the black man in
+the South improve his present condition? And does the Southern white
+man want him to improve it?</p>
+
+<p>The Negro in the South has it within his power, if he properly
+utilises the forces at hand, to make of himself such a valuable factor
+in the life of the South that he will not have to seek privileges,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+they will be freely conferred upon him. To bring this about, the Negro
+must begin at the bottom and lay a sure foundation, and not be lured
+by any temptation into trying to rise on a false foundation. While the
+Negro is laying this foundation he will need help, sympathy, and
+simple justice. Progress by any other method will be but temporary and
+superficial, and the latter end of it will be worse than the
+beginning. American slavery was a great curse to both races, and I
+would be the last to apologise for it; but, in the presence of God, I
+believe that slavery laid the foundation for the solution of the
+problem that is now before us in the South. During slavery the Negro
+was taught every trade, every industry, that constitutes the
+foundation for making a living. Now, if on this foundation&mdash;laid in
+rather a crude way, it is true, but a foundation, nevertheless&mdash;we can
+gradually build and improve, the future for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> us is bright. Let me be
+more specific. Agriculture is, or has been, the basic industry of
+nearly every race or nation that has succeeded. The Negro got a
+knowledge of this during slavery. Hence, in a large measure, he is in
+possession of this industry in the South to-day. The Negro can buy
+land in the South, as a rule, wherever the white man can buy it, and
+at very low prices. Now, since the bulk of our people already have a
+foundation in agriculture, they are at their best when living in the
+country, engaged in agricultural pursuits. Plainly, then, the best
+thing, the logical thing, is to turn the larger part of our strength
+in a direction that will make the Negro among the most skilled
+agricultural people in the world. The man who has learned to do
+something better than any one else, has learned to do a common thing
+in an uncommon manner, is the man who has a power and influence that
+no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> adverse circumstances can take from him. The Negro who can make
+himself so conspicuous as a successful farmer, a large tax-payer, a
+wise helper of his fellow-men, as to be placed in a position of trust
+and honour, whether the position be political or otherwise, by natural
+selection, is a hundred-fold more secure in that position than one
+placed there by mere outside force or pressure. I know a Negro, Hon.
+Isaiah T. Montgomery, in Mississippi, who is mayor of a town. It is
+true that this town, at present, is composed almost wholly of Negroes.
+Mr. Montgomery is mayor of this town because his genius, thrift, and
+foresight have created the town; and he is held and supported in his
+office by a charter, granted by the State of Mississippi, and by the
+vote and public sentiment of the community in which he lives.</p>
+
+<p>Let us help the Negro by every means possible to acquire such an
+education<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> in farming, dairying, stock-raising, horticulture, etc., as
+will enable him to become a model in these respects and place him near
+the top in these industries, and the race problem would in a large
+part be settled, or at least stripped of many of its most perplexing
+elements. This policy would also tend to keep the Negro in the country
+and smaller towns, where he succeeds best, and stop the influx into
+the large cities, where he does not succeed so well. The race, like
+the individual, that produces something of superior worth that has a
+common human interest, makes a permanent place for itself, and is
+bound to be recognised.</p>
+
+<p>At a county fair in the South not long ago I saw a Negro awarded the
+first prize by a jury of white men, over white competitors, for the
+production of the best specimen of Indian corn. Every white man at
+this fair seemed to be pleased and proud of the achievement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> of this
+Negro, because it was apparent that he had done something that would
+add to the wealth and comfort of the people of both races in that
+county. At the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama we
+have a department devoted to training men in the science of
+agriculture; but what we are doing is small when compared with what
+should be done at Tuskegee and at other educational centres. In a
+material sense the South is still an undeveloped country. While race
+prejudice is strongly exhibited in many directions, in the matter of
+business, of commercial and industrial development, there is very
+little obstacle in the Negro's way. A Negro who produces or has for
+sale something that the community wants finds customers among white
+people as well as black people. A Negro can borrow money at the bank
+with equal security as readily as a white man can. A bank in
+Birmingham,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> Alabama, that has now existed ten years, is officered and
+controlled wholly by Negroes. This bank has white borrowers and white
+depositors. A graduate of the Tuskegee Institute keeps a
+well-appointed grocery store in Tuskegee, and he tells me that he
+sells about as many goods to the one race as to the other. What I have
+said of the opening that awaits the Negro in the direction of
+agriculture is almost equally true of mechanics, manufacturing, and
+all the domestic arts. The field is before him and right about him.
+Will he occupy it? Will he "cast down his bucket where he is"? Will
+his friends North and South encourage him and prepare him to occupy
+it? Every city in the South, for example, would give support to a
+first-class architect or house-builder or contractor of our race. The
+architect and contractor would not only receive support, but, through
+his example, numbers of young coloured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> men would learn such trades as
+carpentry, brick-masonry, plastering, painting, etc., and the race
+would be put into a position to hold on to many of the industries
+which it is now in danger of losing, because in too many cases brains,
+skill, and dignity are not imparted to the common occupations of life
+that are about his very door. Any individual or race that does not fit
+itself to occupy in the best manner the field or service that is right
+about it will sooner or later be asked to move on, and let some one
+else occupy it.</p>
+
+<p>But it is asked, Would you confine the Negro to agriculture,
+mechanics, and domestic arts, etc.? Not at all; but along the lines
+that I have mentioned is where the stress should be laid just now and
+for many years to come. We will need and must have many teachers and
+ministers, some doctors and lawyers and statesmen; but these
+professional men will have a constituency or a foundation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> from which
+to draw support just in proportion as the race prospers along the
+economic lines that I have mentioned. During the first fifty or one
+hundred years of the life of any people are not the economic
+occupations always given the greater attention? This is not only the
+historic, but, I think, the common-sense view. If this generation will
+lay the material foundation, it will be the quickest and surest way
+for the succeeding generation to succeed in the cultivation of the
+fine arts, and to surround itself even with some of the luxuries of
+life, if desired. What the race now most needs, in my opinion, is a
+whole army of men and women well trained to lead and at the same time
+infuse themselves into agriculture, mechanics, domestic employment,
+and business. As to the mental training that these educated leaders
+should be equipped with, I should say, Give them all the mental
+training and culture that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> the circumstances of individuals will
+allow,&mdash;the more, the better. No race can permanently succeed until
+its mind is awakened and strengthened by the ripest thought. But I
+would constantly have it kept in the thoughts of those who are
+educated in books that a large proportion of those who are educated
+should be so trained in hand that they can bring this mental strength
+and knowledge to bear upon the physical conditions in the South which
+I have tried to emphasise.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Douglass, of sainted memory, once, in addressing his race,
+used these words: "We are to prove that we can better our own
+condition. One way to do this is to accumulate property. This may
+sound to you like a new gospel. You have been accustomed to hear that
+money is the root of all evil, etc. On the other hand,
+property&mdash;money, if you please&mdash;will purchase for us the only
+condition by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> which any people can rise to the dignity of genuine
+manhood; for without property there can be no leisure, without leisure
+there can be no thought, without thought there can be no invention,
+without invention there can be no progress."</p>
+
+<p>The Negro should be taught that material development is not an end,
+but simply a means to an end. As Professor W. E. B. DuBois puts it,
+"The idea should not be simply to make men carpenters, but to make
+carpenters men." The Negro has a highly religious temperament; but
+what he needs more and more is to be convinced of the importance of
+weaving his religion and morality into the practical affairs of daily
+life. Equally as much does he need to be taught to put so much
+intelligence into his labour that he will see dignity and beauty in
+the occupation, and love it for its own sake. The Negro needs to be
+taught that more of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> religion that manifests itself in his
+happiness in the prayer-meeting should be made practical in the
+performance of his daily task. The man who owns a home and is in the
+possession of the elements by which he is sure of making a daily
+living has a great aid to a moral and religious life. What bearing
+will all this have upon the Negro's place in the South as a citizen
+and in the enjoyment of the privileges which our government confers?</p>
+
+<p>To state in detail just what place the black man will occupy in the
+South as a citizen, when he has developed in the direction named, is
+beyond the wisdom of any one. Much will depend upon the sense of
+justice which can be kept alive in the breast of the American people.
+Almost as much will depend upon the good sense of the Negro himself.
+That question, I confess, does not give me the most concern just now.
+The important and pressing question is, Will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> the Negro with his own
+help and that of his friends take advantage of the opportunities that
+now surround him? When he has done this, I believe that, speaking of
+his future in general terms, he will be treated with justice, will be
+given the protection of the law, and will be given the recognition in
+a large measure which his usefulness and ability warrant. If, fifty
+years ago, any one had predicted that the Negro would have received
+the recognition and honour which individuals have already received, he
+would have been laughed at as an idle dreamer. Time, patience, and
+constant achievement are great factors in the rise of a race.</p>
+
+<p>I do not believe that the world ever takes a race seriously, in its
+desire to enter into the control of the government of a nation in any
+large degree, until a large number of individuals, members of that
+race, have demonstrated, beyond question, their ability to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> control
+and develop individual business enterprises. When a number of Negroes
+rise to the point where they own and operate the most successful
+farms, are among the largest tax-payers in their county, are moral and
+intelligent, I do not believe that in many portions of the South such
+men need long be denied the right of saying by their votes how they
+prefer their property to be taxed and in choosing those who are to
+make and administer the laws.</p>
+
+<p>In a certain town in the South, recently, I was on the street in
+company with the most prominent Negro in the town. While we were
+together, the mayor of the town sought out the black man, and said,
+"Next week we are going to vote on the question of issuing bonds to
+secure water-works for this town; you must be sure to vote on the day
+of election." The mayor did not suggest whether he must vote "yes" or
+"no"; he knew from the very fact that this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> Negro man owned nearly a
+block of the most valuable property in the town that he would cast a
+safe, wise vote on this important proposition. This white man knew
+that, because of this Negro's property interests in the city, he would
+cast his vote in the way he thought would benefit every white and
+black citizen in the town, and not be controlled by influences a
+thousand miles away. But a short time ago I read letters from nearly
+every prominent white man in Birmingham, Alabama, asking that the Rev.
+W. R. Pettiford, a Negro, be appointed to a certain important federal
+office. What is the explanation of this? Mr. Pettiford for nine years
+has been the president of the Negro bank in Birmingham to which I have
+alluded. During these nine years these white citizens have had the
+opportunity of seeing that Mr. Pettiford could manage successfully a
+private business, and that he had proven himself a conservative,
+thoughtful citizen;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> and they were willing to trust him in a public
+office. Such individual examples will have to be multiplied until they
+become the rule rather than the exception. While we are multiplying
+these examples, the Negro must keep a strong and courageous heart. He
+cannot improve his condition by any short-cut course or by artificial
+methods. Above all, he must not be deluded into the temptation of
+believing that his condition can be permanently improved by a mere
+battledore and shuttlecock of words or by any process of mere mental
+gymnastics or oratory alone. What is desired, along with a logical
+defence of his cause, are deeds, results,&mdash;multiplied results,&mdash;in the
+direction of building himself up, so as to leave no doubt in the minds
+of any one of his ability to succeed.</p>
+
+<p>An important question often asked is, Does the white man in the South
+want the Negro to improve his present condition?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> I say, "Yes." From
+the Montgomery (Alabama) <i>Daily Advertiser</i> I clip the following in
+reference to the closing of a coloured school in a town in Alabama:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="ltr-date">"<span class="smcap">Eufaula</span>, May 25, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>"The closing exercises of the city coloured public school were
+held at St. Luke's A. M. E. Church last night, and were witnessed
+by a large gathering, including many white. The recitations by
+the pupils were excellent, and the music was also an interesting
+feature. Rev. R. T. Pollard delivered the address, which was
+quite an able one; and the certificates were presented by
+Professor T. L. McCoy, white, of the Sanford Street School. The
+success of the exercises reflects great credit on Professor S. M.
+Murphy, the principal, who enjoys a deservedly good reputation as
+a capable and efficient educator."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I quote this report, not because it is the exception, but because such
+marks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> of interest in the education of the Negro on the part of the
+Southern white people can be seen almost every day in the local
+papers. Why should white people, by their presence, words, and many
+other things, encourage the black man to get education, if they do not
+desire him to improve his condition?</p>
+
+<p>The Payne Institute in Augusta, Georgia, an excellent institution, to
+which I have already referred, is supported almost wholly by the
+Southern white Methodist church. The Southern white Presbyterians
+support a theological school at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for Negroes. For
+a number of years the Southern white Baptists have contributed toward
+Negro education. Other denominations have done the same. If these
+people do not want the Negro educated to a high standard, there is no
+reason why they should act the hypocrite in these matters.</p>
+
+<p>As barbarous as some of the lynchings<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> in the South have been,
+Southern white men here and there, as well as newspapers, have spoken
+out strongly against lynching. I quote from the address of the Rev.
+Mr. Vance, of Nashville, Tennessee, delivered before the National
+Sunday School Union in Atlanta, not long since, as an example:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"And yet, as I stand here to-night, a Southerner speaking for my
+section, and addressing an audience from all sections, there is
+one foul blot upon the fair fame of the South, at the bare
+mention of which the heart turns sick and the cheek is crimsoned
+with shame. I want to lift my voice to-night in loud and long and
+indignant protest against the awful horror of mob violence, which
+the other day reached the climax of its madness and infamy in a
+deed as black and brutal and barbarous as can be found in the
+annals of human crime.</p>
+
+<p>"I have a right to speak on the subject,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> and I propose to be
+heard. The time has come for every lover of the South to set the
+might of an angered and resolute manhood against the shame and
+peril of the lynch demon. These people, whose fiendish glee
+taunts their victim as his flesh crackles in the flames, do not
+represent the South. I have not a syllable of apology for the
+sickening crime they meant to avenge. But it is high time we were
+learning that lawlessness is no remedy for crime. For one, I dare
+to believe that the people of my section are able to cope with
+crime, however treacherous and defiant, through their courts of
+justice; and I plead for the masterful sway of a righteous and
+exalted public sentiment that shall class lynch law in the
+category with crime."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is a notable and praiseworthy fact that no Negro educated in any of
+our larger institutions of learning in the South has been charged with
+any of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> recent crimes connected with assaults upon females.</p>
+
+<p>If we go on making progress in the directions that I have tried to
+indicate, more and more the South will be drawn to one course. As I
+have already said, it is not for the best interests of the white race
+of the South that the Negro be deprived of any privilege guaranteed
+him by the Constitution of the United States. This would put upon the
+South a burden under which no government could stand and prosper.
+Every article in our federal Constitution was placed there with a view
+of stimulating and encouraging the highest type of citizenship. To
+permanently tax the Negro without giving him the right to vote as fast
+as he qualifies himself in education and property for voting would
+work the alienation of the affections of the Negro from the States in
+which he lives, and would be the reversal of the fundamental
+principles of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> government for which our States have stood. In other
+ways than this the injury would be as great to the white man as to the
+Negro. Taxation without the hope of becoming a voter would take away
+from one-third the citizens of the Gulf States their interest in
+government and their stimulant to become tax-payers or to secure
+education, and thus be able and willing to bear their share of the
+cost of education and government, which now weighs so heavily upon the
+white tax-payers of the South. The more the Negro is stimulated and
+encouraged, the sooner will he be able to bear a larger share of the
+burdens of the South. We have recently had before us an example, in
+the case of Spain, of a government that left a large portion of its
+citizens in ignorance, and neglected their highest interests.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said elsewhere, there is no escape through law of man or God
+from the inevitable:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The laws of changeless justice bind<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Oppressor with opprest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, close as sin and suffering joined,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">We march to fate abreast."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the
+load upward or they will pull against you the load downward. We
+shall constitute one-third and more of the ignorance and crime of
+the South or one-third its intelligence and progress. We shall
+contribute one-third to the business and industrial prosperity of
+the South or we shall prove a veritable body of death,
+stagnating, depressing, retarding, every effort to advance the
+body politic."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>My own feeling is that the South will gradually reach the point where
+it will see the wisdom and the justice of enacting an educational or
+property qualification, or both, for voting, that shall be made to
+apply honestly to both races. The industrial development of the Negro
+in connection with education<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> and Christian character will help to
+hasten this end. When this is done, we shall have a foundation, in my
+opinion, upon which to build a government that is honest and that will
+be in a high degree satisfactory to both races.</p>
+
+<p>I do not suffer myself to take too optimistic a view of the conditions
+in the South. The problem is a large and serious one, and will require
+the patient help, sympathy, and advice of our most patriotic citizens,
+North and South, for years to come. But I believe that, if the
+principles which I have tried to indicate are followed, a solution of
+the question will come. So long as the Negro is permitted to get
+education, acquire property, and secure employment, and is treated
+with respect in the business or commercial world,&mdash;as is now true in
+the greater part of the South,&mdash;I shall have the greatest faith in his
+working out his own destiny in our Southern States. The education<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> and
+preparing for citizenship of nearly eight millions of people is a
+tremendous task, and every lover of humanity should count it a
+privilege to help in the solution of a great problem for which our
+whole country is responsible.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Future of the American Negro, by 
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+Project Gutenberg's The Future of the American Negro, by Booker T. Washington
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Future of the American Negro
+
+Author: Booker T. Washington
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2008 [EBook #26507]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this
+text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant
+spellings and other inconsistencies.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE FUTURE OF
+
+  THE AMERICAN NEGRO
+
+
+  Booker T. Washington
+
+
+  Boston
+  Small, Maynard & Company
+  1900
+
+  _Copyright, 1899,
+  By Small, Maynard & Company_
+  (_Incorporated_)
+
+
+  _Entered at Stationers' Hall_
+
+
+  _First Edition (2,000 copies), November, 1899_
+  _Second Edition (2,000 copies), February, 1900_
+
+
+  _Press of
+  George H. Ellis, Boston, U.S.A._
+
+
+[Illustration: Booker T. Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+_In giving this volume to the public, I deem it fair to say that I
+have yielded to the oft-repeated requests that I put in some more
+definite and permanent form the ideas regarding the Negro and his
+future which I have expressed many times on the public platform and
+through the public press and magazines._
+
+_I make grateful acknowledgment to the "Atlantic Monthly" and
+"Appleton's Popular Science Monthly" for their kindness in granting
+permission for the use of some part of articles which I have at
+various times contributed to their columns._
+
+                                        BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.
+
+  TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE,
+       TUSKEGEE, ALA., October 1, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Chapter I.                                                        Page 3
+
+  First appearance of Negroes in America--Rapid
+  increase--Conditions during Civil War--During the reconstruction.
+
+Chapter II.                                                      Page 16
+
+  Responsibility of the whole country for the Negro--Progress in
+  the past--Same methods of education do not fit all cases--Proved
+  in the case of the Southern Negro--Illustrations--Lack of
+  money--Comparison between outlay for schools North and
+  South--Duty of North to South.
+
+Chapter III.                                                     Page 42
+
+  Decadence of Southern plantation--Demoralization of Negroes
+  natural--No home life before the war--Too much classical
+  education at the start--Lack of practical training--
+  Illustrations--The well-trained slaves now dead--Former
+  plantations as industrial schools--The decayed plantation built
+  up by a former slave--Misunderstanding of industrial education.
+
+Chapter IV.                                                      Page 67
+
+  The Negroes' proper use of education--Hayti, Santo Domingo, and
+  Liberia as illustrations of the lack of practical training--
+  Present necessity for union of all forces to further
+  the cause of industrial education--Industrial education not
+  opposed to the higher education--Results of practical training so
+  far--Little or no prejudice against capable Negroes in business
+  in the South--The Negro at first shunned labor as degrading--
+  Hampton and Tuskegee aim to remove this feeling--The South
+  does not oppose industrial education for the Negroes--
+  Address to Tuskegee students setting forth the necessity
+  of steadfastness of purpose.
+
+Chapter V.                                                      Page 106
+
+  The author's early life--At Hampton--The inception of the
+  Tuskegee School in 1881--Its growth--Scope--Size at
+  present--Expenses--Purposes--Methods--Building of the
+  chapel--Work of the graduates--Similar schools beginning
+  throughout the South--Tuskegee Negro Conference--The Workers'
+  Conference--Tuskegee as a trainer of teachers.
+
+Chapter VI.                                                     Page 127
+
+  The Negro race in politics--Its patriotic zeal in 1776--In
+  1814--In the Civil War--In the Spanish War--Politics attempted
+  too soon after freedom--Poor leaders--Two parties in the South,
+  the blacks' and the whites'--Not necessarily opposed in
+  interests--The Negro should give up no rights--The same tests for
+  the restriction of the franchise should be applied alike to both
+  blacks and whites--This is not the case--Education and the
+  franchise--The whites must help the blacks to pure votes--Rioting
+  and lynching only to be stopped by mutual confidence.
+
+Chapter VII.                                                    Page 157
+
+  Difficulty of fusion--Africa impossible as a refuge because
+  already completely claimed by other nations--Comparison of Negro
+  race with white--Physical condition of the Negro--Present lack of
+  ability to organize--Weaknesses--Ability to work--Trustworthiness
+  Desire to rise--Obstructions put in the way of Negroes'
+  advancement--Results of oppression--Necessity for encouragement
+  and self-respect--Comparison of Negroes' position and that
+  of the Jews--Lynching--Non-interference of the North--
+  Increase of lynching--Statistics of numbers, races, places,
+  causes of violence--Uselessness of lynching in preventing
+  crime--Fairness in carrying out the laws--Increase of crime among
+  the Negroes--Reason for it--Responsibility of both races.
+
+Chapter VIII.                                                   Page 200
+
+  Population--Emigration to the North--Morality North and
+  South--Dangers: 1. incendiary advice; 2. mob violence; 3.
+  discouragement; 4. newspaper exaggeration; 5. lack of education;
+  6. bad legislation--Negroes must identify with best interests of
+  the South--Unwise missionary work--Wise missionary work--
+  Opportunity for industrial education--The good standing of
+  business-educated Negroes in the South--Religion and
+  morality--Justice and appreciation coming for the Negro
+  race as it proves itself worthy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+In this volume I shall not attempt to give the origin and history of
+the Negro race either in Africa or in America. My attempt is to deal
+only with conditions that now exist and bear a relation to the Negro
+in America and that are likely to exist in the future. In discussing
+the Negro, it is always to be borne in mind that, unlike all the other
+inhabitants of America, he came here without his own consent; in fact,
+was compelled to leave his own country and become a part of another
+through physical force. It should also be borne in mind, in our
+efforts to change and improve the present condition of the Negro, that
+we are dealing with a race which had little necessity to labour in its
+native country. After being brought to America, the Negroes were
+forced to labour for about 250 years under circumstances which were
+calculated not to inspire them with love and respect for labour. This
+constitutes a part of the reason why I insist that it is necessary to
+emphasise the matter of industrial education as a means of giving the
+black man the foundation of a civilisation upon which he will grow and
+prosper. When I speak of industrial education, however, I wish it
+always understood that I mean, as did General Armstrong, the founder
+of the Hampton Institute, for thorough academic and religious training
+to go side by side with industrial training. Mere training of the hand
+without the culture of brain and heart would mean little.
+
+The first slaves were brought into this country by the Dutch in 1619,
+and were landed at Jamestown, Virginia. The first cargo consisted of
+twenty. The census taken in 1890 shows that these twenty slaves had
+increased to 7,638,360. About 6,353,341 of this number were residing
+in the Southern States, and 1,283,029 were scattered throughout the
+Northern and Western States. I think I am pretty safe in predicting
+that the census to be taken in 1900 will show that there are not far
+from ten millions of people of African descent in the United States.
+The great majority of these, of course, reside in the Southern States.
+The problem is how to make these millions of Negroes self-supporting,
+intelligent, economical and valuable citizens, as well as how to bring
+about proper relations between them and the white citizens among whom
+they live. This is the question upon which I shall try to throw some
+light in the chapters which follow.
+
+When the Negroes were first brought to America, they were owned by
+white people in all sections of this country, as is well known,--in
+the New England, the Middle, and in the Southern States. It was soon
+found, however, that slave labour was not remunerative in the Northern
+States, and for that reason by far the greater proportion of the
+slaves were held in the Southern States, where their labour in raising
+cotton, rice, and sugar-cane was more productive. The growth of the
+slave population in America was constant and rapid. Beginning, as I
+have stated, with fourteen, in 1619, the number increased at such a
+rate that the total number of Negroes in America in 1800 was
+1,001,463. This number increased by 1860 to 3,950,000. A few people
+predicted that freedom would result disastrously to the Negro, as far
+as numerical increase was concerned; but so far the census figures
+have failed to bear out this prediction. On the other hand, the census
+of 1890 shows that the Negro population had increased from 3,950,000
+in 1860 to 7,638,260 twenty-five years after the war. It is my opinion
+that the rate of increase in the future will be still greater than it
+has been from the close of the war of the Rebellion up to the present
+time, for the reason that the very sudden changes which took place in
+the life of the Negro, because of having his freedom, plunged him into
+many excesses that were detrimental to his physical well-being. Of
+course, freedom found him unprepared in clothing, in shelter and in
+knowledge of how to care for his body. During slavery the slave mother
+had little control of her own children, and did not therefore have the
+practice and experience of rearing children in a suitable manner. Now
+that the Negro is being taught in thousands of schools how to take
+care of his body, and in thousands of homes mothers are learning how
+to control their children, I believe that the rate of increase, as I
+have stated, will be still greater than it has been in the past. In
+too many cases the Negro had the idea that freedom meant merely
+license to do as he pleased, to work or not to work; but this
+erroneous idea is more and more disappearing, by reason of the
+education in the right direction which the Negro is constantly
+receiving.
+
+During the four years that the Civil War lasted, the greater
+proportion of the Negroes remained in the South, and worked faithfully
+for the support of their masters' families, who, as a general rule,
+were away in the war. The self-control which the Negro exhibited
+during the war marks, it seems to me, one of the most important
+chapters in the history of the race. Notwithstanding he knew that his
+master was away from home, fighting a battle which, if successful,
+would result in his continued enslavement, yet he worked faithfully
+for the support of the master's family. If the Negro had yielded to
+the temptation and suggestion to use the torch or dagger in an attempt
+to destroy his master's property and family, the result would have
+been that the war would have been ended quickly; for the master would
+have returned from the battlefield to protect and defend his property
+and family. But the Negro to the last was faithful to the trust that
+had been thrust upon him, and during the four years of war in which
+the male members of the family were absent from their homes there is
+not a single instance recorded where he in any way attempted to
+outrage the family of the master or in any way to injure his property.
+
+Not only is this true, but all through the years of preparation for
+the war and during the war itself the Negro showed himself to be an
+uncompromising friend to the Union. In fact, of all the charges
+brought against him, there is scarcely a single instance where one has
+been charged with being a traitor to his country. This has been true
+whether he has been in a state of slavery or in a state of freedom.
+
+From 1865 to 1876 constituted what perhaps may be termed the days of
+Reconstruction. This was the period when the Southern States which had
+withdrawn from the Union were making an effort to reinstate themselves
+and to establish a permanent system of State government. At the close
+of the war both the Southern white man and the Negro found themselves
+in the midst of poverty. The ex-master returned from the war to find
+his slave property gone, his farms and other industries in a state of
+collapse, and the whole industrial or economic system upon which he
+had depended for years entirely disorganised. As we review calmly and
+dispassionately the period of reconstruction, we must use a great deal
+of sympathy and generosity. The weak point, to my mind, in the
+reconstruction era was that no strong force was brought to bear in
+the direction of preparing the Negro to become an intelligent,
+reliable citizen and voter. The main effort seems to have been in the
+direction of controlling his vote for the time being, regardless of
+future interests. I hardly believe that any race of people with
+similar preparation and similar surroundings would have acted more
+wisely or very differently from the way the Negro acted during the
+period of reconstruction.
+
+Without experience, without preparation, and in most cases without
+ordinary intelligence, he was encouraged to leave the field and shop
+and enter politics. That under such circumstances he should have made
+mistakes is very natural. I do not believe that the Negro was so much
+at fault for entering so largely into politics, and for the mistakes
+that were made in too many cases, as were the unscrupulous white
+leaders who got the Negro's confidence and controlled his vote to
+further their own ends, regardless, in many cases, of the permanent
+welfare of the Negro. I have always considered it unfortunate that the
+Southern white man did not make more of an effort during the period of
+reconstruction to get the confidence and sympathy of the Negro, and
+thus have been able to keep him in close touch and sympathy in
+politics. It was also unfortunate that the Negro was so completely
+alienated from the Southern white man in all political matters. I
+think it would have been better for all concerned if, immediately
+after the close of the war, an educational and property qualification
+for the exercise of the franchise had been prescribed that would have
+applied fairly and squarely to both races, and, also, if, in educating
+the Negro, greater stress had been put upon training him along the
+lines of industry for which his services were in the greatest demand
+in the South. In a word, too much stress was placed upon the mere
+matter of voting and holding political office rather than upon the
+preparation for the highest citizenship. In saying what I have, I do
+not mean to convey the impression that the whole period of
+reconstruction was barren of fruitful results. While it is not a very
+encouraging chapter in the history of our country, I believe that this
+period did serve to point out many weak points in our effort to
+elevate the Negro, and that we are now taking advantage of the
+mistakes that were made. The period of reconstruction served at least
+to show the world that with proper preparation and with a sufficient
+foundation the Negro possesses the elements out of which men of the
+highest character and usefulness can be developed. I might name
+several characters who were brought before the world by reason of the
+reconstruction period. I give one as an example of others: Hon.
+Blanche K. Bruce, who had been a slave, but who held many honourable
+positions in the State of Mississippi, including an election to the
+United States Senate, where he served a full term; later he was twice
+appointed Register of the United States Treasury. In all these
+positions Mr. Bruce gave the greatest satisfaction, and not a single
+whisper of dishonesty or incompetency has ever been heard against him.
+During the period of his public life he was brought into active and
+daily contact with Northern and Southern white people, all of whom
+speak of him in the highest measure of respect and confidence.
+
+What the Negro wants and what the country wants to do is to take
+advantage of all the lessons that were taught during the days of
+reconstruction, and apply these lessons bravely, honestly, in laying
+the foundation upon which the Negro can stand in the future and make
+himself a useful, honourable, and desirable citizen, whether he has
+his residence in the North, the South, or the West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+In order that the reader may understand me and why I lay so much
+stress upon the importance of pushing the doctrine of industrial
+education for the Negro, it is necessary, first of all, to review the
+condition of affairs at the present time in the Southern States. For
+years I have had something of an opportunity to study the Negro at
+first-hand; and I feel that I know him pretty well,--him and his
+needs, his failures and his successes, his desires and the likelihood
+of their fulfilment. I have studied him and his relations with his
+white neighbours, and striven to find how these relations may be made
+more conducive to the general peace and welfare both of the South and
+of the country at large.
+
+In the Southern part of the United States there are twenty-two
+millions of people who are bound to the fifty millions of the North by
+ties which neither can tear asunder if they would. The most
+intelligent in a New York community has his intelligence darkened by
+the ignorance of a fellow-citizen in the Mississippi bottoms. The most
+wealthy in New York City would be more wealthy but for the poverty of
+a fellow-being in the Carolina rice swamps. The most moral and
+religious men in Massachusetts have their religion and morality
+modified by the degradation of the man in the South whose religion is
+a mere matter of form or of emotionalism. The vote of the man in Maine
+that is cast for the highest and purest form of government is largely
+neutralised by the vote of the man in Louisiana whose ballot is stolen
+or cast in ignorance. Therefore, when the South is ignorant, the North
+is ignorant; when the South is poor, the North is poor; when the South
+commits crime, the nation commits crime. For the citizens of the North
+there is no escape; they must help raise the character of the
+civilisation in the South, or theirs will be lowered. No member of the
+white race in any part of the country can harm the weakest or meanest
+member of the black race without the proudest and bluest blood of the
+nation being degraded.
+
+It seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the
+country when those interested in education should the more earnestly
+consider to what extent the mere acquiring of the ability to read and
+write, the mere acquisition of a knowledge of literature and science,
+makes men producers, lovers of labour, independent, honest, unselfish,
+and, above all, good. Call education by what name you please, if it
+fails to bring about these results among the masses, it falls short of
+its highest end. The science, the art, the literature, that fails to
+reach down and bring the humblest up to the enjoyment of the fullest
+blessings of our government, is weak, no matter how costly the
+buildings or apparatus used or how modern the methods of instruction
+employed. The study of arithmetic that does not result in making men
+conscientious in receiving and counting the ballots of their
+fellow-men is faulty. The study of art that does not result in making
+the strong less willing to oppress the weak means little. How I wish
+that from the most cultured and highly endowed university in the great
+North to the humblest log cabin school-house in Alabama, we could
+burn, as it were, into the hearts and heads of all that usefulness,
+that service to our brother, is the supreme end of education. Putting
+the thought more directly as it applies to conditions in the South,
+can you make the intelligence of the North affect the South in the
+same ratio that the ignorance of the South affects the North? Let us
+take a not improbable case: A great national case is to be decided,
+one that involves peace or war, the honour or dishonour of our
+nation,--yea, the very existence of the government. The North and West
+are divided. There are five million votes to be cast in the South;
+and, of this number, one-half are ignorant. Not only are one-half the
+voters ignorant; but, because of the ignorant votes they cast,
+corruption and dishonesty in a dozen forms have crept into the
+exercise of the political franchise to such an extent that the
+conscience of the intelligent class is seared in its attempts to
+defeat the will of the ignorant voters. Here, then, you have on the
+one hand an ignorant vote, on the other an intelligent vote minus a
+conscience. The time may not be far off when to this kind of jury we
+shall have to look for the votes which shall decide in a large measure
+the destiny of our democratic institutions.
+
+When a great national calamity stares us in the face, we are, I fear,
+too much given to depending on a short "campaign of education" to do
+on the hustings what should have been accomplished in the school.
+
+With this idea in view, let us examine with more care the condition of
+civilisation in the South, and the work to be done there before all
+classes will be fit for the high duties of citizenship. In reference
+to the Negro race, I am confronted with some embarrassment at the
+outset, because of the various and conflicting opinions as to what is
+to be its final place in our economic and political life.
+
+Within the last thirty years--and, I might add, within the last three
+months,--it has been proven by eminent authority that the Negro is
+increasing in numbers so fast that it is only a question of a few
+years before he will far outnumber the white race in the South, and it
+has also been proven that the Negro is fast dying out, and it is only
+a question of a few years before he will have completely disappeared.
+It has also been proven that education helps the Negro and that
+education hurts him, that he is fast leaving the South and taking up
+his residence in the North and West, and that his tendency is to drift
+toward the low lands of the Mississippi bottoms. It has been proven
+that education unfits the Negro for work and that education makes him
+more valuable as a labourer, that he is our greatest criminal and that
+he is our most law-abiding citizen. In the midst of these conflicting
+opinions, it is hard to hit upon the truth.
+
+But, also, in the midst of this confusion, there are a few things of
+which I am certain,--things which furnish a basis for thought and
+action. I know that whether the Negroes are increasing or decreasing,
+whether they are growing better or worse, whether they are valuable
+or valueless, that a few years ago some fourteen of them were brought
+into this country, and that now those fourteen are nearly ten
+millions. I know that, whether in slavery or freedom, they have always
+been loyal to the Stars and Stripes, that no school-house has been
+opened for them that has not been filled, that the 2,000,000 ballots
+that they have the right to cast are as potent for weal or woe as an
+equal number cast by the wisest and most influential men in America. I
+know that wherever Negro life touches the life of the nation it helps
+or it hinders, that wherever the life of the white race touches the
+black it makes it stronger or weaker. Further, I know that almost
+every other race that has tried to look the white man in the face has
+disappeared. I know, despite all the conflicting opinions, and with a
+full knowledge of all the Negroes' weaknesses, that only a few
+centuries ago they went into slavery in this country pagans, that
+they came out Christians; they went into slavery as so much property,
+they came out American citizens; they went into slavery without a
+language, they came out speaking the proud Anglo-Saxon tongue; they
+went into slavery with the chains clanking about their wrists, they
+came out with the American ballot in their hands.
+
+I submit it to the candid and sober judgment of all men, if a race
+that is capable of such a test, such a transformation, is not worth
+saving and making a part, in reality as well as in name, of our
+democratic government. That the Negro may be fitted for the fullest
+enjoyment of the privileges and responsibilities of our citizenship,
+it is important that the nation be honest and candid with him, whether
+honesty and candour for the time being pleases or displeases him. It
+is with an ignorant race as it is with a child: it craves at first
+the superficial, the ornamental signs of progress rather than the
+reality. The ignorant race is tempted to jump, at one bound, to the
+position that it has required years of hard struggle for others to
+reach.
+
+It seems to me that, as a general thing, the temptation in the past in
+educational and missionary work has been to do for the new people that
+which was done a thousand years ago, or that which is being done for a
+people a thousand miles away, without making a careful study of the
+needs and conditions of the people whom it is designed to help. The
+temptation is to run all people through a certain educational mould,
+regardless of the condition of the subject or the end to be
+accomplished. This has been the case too often in the South in the
+past, I am sure. Men have tried to use, with these simple people just
+freed from slavery and with no past, no inherited traditions of
+learning, the same methods of education which they have used in New
+England, with all its inherited traditions and desires. The Negro is
+behind the white man because he has not had the same chance, and not
+from any inherent difference in his nature and desires. What the race
+accomplishes in these first fifty years of freedom will at the end of
+these years, in a large measure, constitute its past. It is, indeed, a
+responsibility that rests upon this nation,--the foundation laying for
+a people of its past, present, and future at one and the same time.
+
+One of the weakest points in connection with the present development
+of the race is that so many get the idea that the mere filling of the
+head with a knowledge of mathematics, the sciences, and literature,
+means success in life. Let it be understood, in every corner of the
+South, among the Negro youth at least, that knowledge will benefit
+little except as it is harnessed, except as its power is pointed in a
+direction that will bear upon the present needs and condition of the
+race. There is in the heads of the Negro youth of the South enough
+general and floating knowledge of chemistry, of botany, of zoology, of
+geology, of mechanics, of electricity, of mathematics, to reconstruct
+and develop a large part of the agricultural, mechanical, and domestic
+life of the race. But how much of it is brought to a focus along lines
+of practical work? In cities of the South like Atlanta, how many
+coloured mechanical engineers are there? or how many machinists? how
+many civil engineers? how many architects? how many house decorators?
+In the whole State of Georgia, where eighty per cent. of the coloured
+people depend upon agriculture, how many men are there who are well
+grounded in the principles and practices of scientific farming? or
+dairy work? or fruit culture? or floriculture?
+
+For example, not very long ago I had a conversation with a young
+coloured man who is a graduate of one of the prominent universities of
+this country. The father of this man is comparatively ignorant, but by
+hard work and the exercise of common sense he has become the owner of
+two thousand acres of land. He owns more than a score of horses, cows,
+and mules and swine in large numbers, and is considered a prosperous
+farmer. In college the son of this farmer has studied chemistry,
+botany, zoology, surveying, and political economy. In my conversation
+I asked this young man how many acres his father cultivated in cotton
+and how many in corn. With a far-off gaze up into the heavens he
+answered that he did not know. When I asked him the classification of
+the soils on his father's farm, he did not know. He did not know how
+many horses or cows his father owned nor of what breeds they were, and
+seemed surprised that he should be asked such questions. It never
+seemed to have entered his mind that on his father's farm was the
+place to make his chemistry, his mathematics, and his literature
+penetrate and reflect itself in every acre of land, every bushel of
+corn, every cow, and every pig.
+
+Let me give other examples of this mistaken sort of education. When a
+mere boy, I saw a young coloured man, who had spent several years in
+school, sitting in a common cabin in the South, studying a French
+grammar. I noted the poverty, the untidiness, the want of system and
+thrift, that existed about the cabin, notwithstanding his knowledge of
+French and other academic studies.
+
+Again, not long ago I saw a coloured minister preparing his Sunday
+sermon just as the New England minister prepares his sermon. But this
+coloured minister was in a broken-down, leaky, rented log cabin, with
+weeds in the yard, surrounded by evidences of poverty, filth, and
+want of thrift. This minister had spent some time in school studying
+theology. How much better it would have been to have had this minister
+taught the dignity of labour, taught theoretical and practical farming
+in connection with his theology, so that he could have added to his
+meagre salary, and set an example for his people in the matter of
+living in a decent house, and having a knowledge of correct farming!
+In a word, this minister should have been taught that his condition,
+and that of his people, was not that of a New England community; and
+he should have been so trained as to meet the actual needs and
+conditions of the coloured people in this community, so that a
+foundation might be laid that would, in the future, make a community
+like New England communities.
+
+Since the Civil War, no one object has been more misunderstood than
+that of the object and value of industrial education for the Negro.
+To begin with, it must be borne in mind that the condition that
+existed in the South immediately after the war, and that now exists,
+is a peculiar one, without a parallel in history. This being true, it
+seems to me that the wise and honest thing to do is to make a study of
+the actual condition and environment of the Negro, and do that which
+is best for him, regardless of whether the same thing has been done
+for another race in exactly the same way. There are those among the
+white race and those among the black race who assert, with a good deal
+of earnestness, that there is no difference between the white man and
+the black man in this country. This sounds very pleasant and tickles
+the fancy; but, when the test of hard, cold logic is applied to it, it
+must be acknowledged that there is a difference,--not an inherent one,
+not a racial one, but a difference growing out of unequal
+opportunities in the past.
+
+If I may be permitted to criticise the educational work that has been
+done in the South, I would say that the weak point has been in the
+failure to recognise this difference.
+
+Negro education, immediately after the war in most cases, was begun
+too nearly at the point where New England education had ended. Let me
+illustrate. One of the saddest sights I ever saw was the placing of a
+three hundred dollar rosewood piano in a country school in the South
+that was located in the midst of the "Black Belt." Am I arguing
+against the teaching of instrumental music to the Negroes in that
+community? Not at all; only I should have deferred those music lessons
+about twenty-five years. There are numbers of such pianos in thousands
+of New England homes. But behind the piano in the New England home
+there are one hundred years of toil, sacrifice, and economy; there is
+the small manufacturing industry, started several years ago by hand
+power, now grown into a great business; there is ownership in land, a
+comfortable home, free from debt, and a bank account. In this "Black
+Belt" community where this piano went, four-fifths of the people owned
+no land, many lived in rented one-room cabins, many were in debt for
+food supplies, many mortgaged their crops for the food on which to
+live, and not one had a bank account. In this case, how much wiser it
+would have been to have taught the girls in this community sewing,
+intelligent and economical cooking, housekeeping, something of
+dairying and horticulture? The boys should have been taught something
+of farming in connection with their common-school education, instead
+of awakening in them a desire for a musical instrument which resulted
+in their parents going into debt for a third-rate piano or organ
+before a home was purchased. Industrial lessons would have awakened,
+in this community, a desire for homes, and would have given the people
+the ability to free themselves from industrial slavery to the extent
+that most of them would have soon purchased homes. After the home and
+the necessaries of life were supplied could come the piano. One piano
+lesson in a home of one's own is worth twenty in a rented log cabin.
+
+All that I have just written, and the various examples illustrating
+it, show the present helpless condition of my people in the
+South,--how fearfully they lack the primary training for good living
+and good citizenship, how much they stand in need of a solid
+foundation on which to build their future success. I believe, as I
+have many times said in my various addresses in the North and in the
+South, that the main reason for the existence of this curious state
+of affairs is the lack of practical training in the ways of life.
+
+There is, too, a great lack of money with which to carry on the
+educational work in the South. I was in a county in a Southern State
+not long ago where there are some thirty thousand coloured people and
+about seven thousand whites. In this county not a single public school
+for Negroes had been open that year longer than three months, not a
+single coloured teacher had been paid more than $15 per month for his
+teaching. Not one of these schools was taught in a building that was
+worthy of the name of school-house. In this county the State or public
+authorities do not own a single dollar's worth of school
+property,--not a school-house, a blackboard, or a piece of crayon.
+Each coloured child had had spent on him that year for his education
+about fifty cents, while each child in New York or Massachusetts had
+had spent on him that year for education not far from $20. And yet
+each citizen of this county is expected to share the burdens and
+privileges of our democratic form of government just as intelligently
+and conscientiously as the citizens of New York or Boston. A vote in
+this county means as much to the nation as a vote in the city of
+Boston. Crime in this county is as truly an arrow aimed at the heart
+of the government as a crime committed in the streets of Boston.
+
+A single school-house built this year in a town near Boston to shelter
+about three hundred pupils cost more for building alone than is spent
+yearly for the education, including buildings, apparatus, teachers,
+for the whole coloured school population of Alabama. The Commissioner
+of Education for the State of Georgia not long ago reported to the
+State legislature that in that State there were two hundred thousand
+children that had entered no school the year past and one hundred
+thousand more who were at school but a few days, making practically
+three hundred thousand children between six and eighteen years of age
+that are growing up in ignorance in one Southern State alone. The same
+report stated that outside of the cities and towns, while the average
+number of school-houses in a county was sixty, all of these sixty
+school-houses were worth in lump less than $2,000, and the report
+further added that many of the school-houses in Georgia were not fit
+for horse stables. I am glad to say, however, that vast improvement
+over this condition is being made in Georgia under the inspired
+leadership of State Commissioner Glenn, and in Alabama under the no
+less zealous leadership of Commissioner Abercrombie.
+
+These illustrations, so far as they concern the Gulf States, are not
+exceptional cases; nor are they overdrawn.
+
+Until there is industrial independence, it is hardly possible to have
+good living and a pure ballot in the country districts. In these
+States it is safe to say that not more than one black man in twenty
+owns the land he cultivates. Where so large a proportion of a people
+are dependent, live in other people's houses, eat other people's food,
+and wear clothes they have not paid for, it is pretty hard to expect
+them to live fairly and vote honestly.
+
+I have thus far referred mainly to the Negro race. But there is
+another side. The longer I live and the more I study the question, the
+more I am convinced that it is not so much a problem as to what the
+white man will do with the Negro as what the Negro will do with the
+white man and his civilisation. In considering this side of the
+subject, I thank God that I have grown to the point where I can
+sympathise with a white man as much as I can sympathise with a black
+man. I have grown to the point where I can sympathise with a Southern
+white man as much as I can sympathise with a Northern white man.
+
+As bearing upon the future of our civilisation, I ask of the North
+what of their white brethren in the South,--those who have suffered
+and are still suffering the consequences of American slavery, for
+which both North and South were responsible? Those of the great and
+prosperous North still owe to their less fortunate brethren of the
+Caucasian race in the South, not less than to themselves, a serious
+and uncompleted duty. What was the task the North asked the South to
+perform? Returning to their destitute homes after years of war to face
+blasted hopes, devastation, a shattered industrial system, they asked
+them to add to their own burdens that of preparing in education,
+politics, and economics, in a few short years, for citizenship, four
+millions of former slaves. That the South, staggering under the
+burden, made blunders, and that in a measure there has been
+disappointment, no one need be surprised. The educators, the
+statesmen, the philanthropists, have imperfectly comprehended their
+duty toward the millions of poor whites in the South who were buffeted
+for two hundred years between slavery and freedom, between
+civilisation and degradation, who were disregarded by both master and
+slave. It needs no prophet to tell the character of our future
+civilisation when the poor white boy in the country districts of the
+South receives one dollar's worth of education and the boy of the same
+class in the North twenty dollars' worth, when one never enters a
+reading-room or library and the other has reading-rooms and libraries
+in every ward and town, when one hears lectures and sermons once in
+two months and the other can hear a lecture or a sermon every day in
+the year.
+
+The time has come, it seems to me, when in this matter we should rise
+above party or race or sectionalism into the region of duty of man to
+man, of citizen to citizen, of Christian to Christian; and if the
+Negro, who has been oppressed and denied his rights in a Christian
+land, can help the whites of the North and South to rise, can be the
+inspiration of their rising, into this atmosphere of generous
+Christian brotherhood and self-forgetfulness, he will see in it a
+recompense for all that he has suffered in the past.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+In the heart of the Black Belt of the South in _ante-bellum_ days
+there was a large estate, with palatial mansion, surrounded by a
+beautiful grove, in which grew flowers and shrubbery of every
+description. Magnificent specimens of animal life grazed in the
+fields, and in grain and all manner of plant growth this estate was a
+model. In a word, it was the highest type of the product of slave
+labor.
+
+Then came the long years of war, then freedom, then the trying years
+of reconstruction. The master returned from the war to find the
+faithful slaves who had been the bulwark of this household in
+possession of their freedom. Then there began that social and
+industrial revolution in the South which it is hard for any who was
+not really a part of it to appreciate or understand. Gradually, day by
+day, this ex-master began to realise, with a feeling almost
+indescribable, to what an extent he and his family had grown to be
+dependent upon the activity and faithfulness of his slaves; began to
+appreciate to what an extent slavery had sapped his sinews of strength
+and independence, how his dependence upon slave labour had deprived
+him and his offspring of the benefit of technical and industrial
+training, and, worst of all, had unconsciously led him to see in
+labour drudgery and degradation instead of beauty, dignity, and
+civilising power. At first there was a halt in this man's life. He
+cursed the North and he cursed the Negro. Then there was despair,
+almost utter hopelessness, over his weak and childlike condition. The
+temptation was to forget all in drink, and to this temptation there
+was a gradual yielding. With the loss of physical vigour came the loss
+of mental grasp and pride in surroundings. There was the falling off
+of a piece of plaster from the walls of the house which was not
+replaced, then another and still another. Gradually, the window-panes
+began to disappear, then the door-knobs. Touches of paint and
+whitewash, which once helped to give life, were no more to be seen.
+The hinges disappeared from the gate, then a board from the fence,
+then others in quick succession. Weeds and unmown grass covered the
+once well-kept lawn. Sometimes there were servants for domestic
+duties, and sometimes there were none. In the absence of servants the
+unsatisfactory condition of the food told that it was being prepared
+by hands unschooled to such duties. As the years passed by, debts
+accumulated in every direction. The education of the children was
+neglected. Lower and lower sank the industrial, financial, and
+spiritual condition of the household. For the first time the awful
+truth of Scripture, "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also
+reap," seemed to dawn upon him with a reality that it is hard for
+mortal to appreciate. Within a few months the whole mistake of slavery
+seemed to have concentrated itself upon this household. And this was
+one of many.
+
+We have seen how the ending of slavery and the beginning of freedom
+produced not only a shock, but a stand-still, and in many cases a
+collapse, that lasted several years in the life of many white men. If
+the sudden change thus affected the white man, should this not teach
+us that we should have more sympathy than has been shown in many cases
+with the Negro in connection with his new and changed life? That they
+made many mistakes, plunged into excesses, undertook responsibilities
+for which they were not fitted, in many cases took liberty to mean
+license, is not to be wondered at. It is my opinion that the next
+forty years are going to show by many per cent. a higher degree of
+progress in the life of the Negro along all lines than has been shown
+during the first thirty years of his life. Certainly, the first thirty
+years of the Negro's life was one of experiment; and consequently,
+under such conditions, he was not able to settle down to real,
+earnest, hard common sense efforts to better his condition. While this
+was true in a great many cases, on the other hand a large proportion
+of the race, even from the first, saw what was needed for their new
+life, and began to settle down to lead an industrious, frugal
+existence, and to educate their children and in every way prepare
+themselves for the responsibilities of American citizenship.
+
+The wonder is that the Negro has made as few mistakes as he has, when
+we consider all the surrounding circumstances. Columns of figures have
+been gleaned from the census reports within the last quarter of a
+century to show the great amount of crime committed by the Negro in
+excess of that committed by other races. No one will deny the fact
+that the proportion of crime by the present generation of Negroes is
+seriously large, but I believe that any other race with the Negro's
+history and present environment would have shown about the same
+criminal record.
+
+Another consideration which we must always bear in mind in considering
+the Negro is that he had practically no home life in slavery; that is,
+the mother and father did not have the responsibility, and
+consequently the experience, of training their own children. The
+matter of child training was left to the master and mistress.
+Consequently, it has only been within the last thirty years that the
+Negro parents have had the actual responsibility and experience of
+training their own children. That they have made some mistakes in
+thus training them is not to be wondered at. Many families scattered
+over all parts of the United States have not yet been able to bring
+themselves together. When the Negro parents shall have had thirty or
+forty additional years in which to found homes and get experience in
+the training of their children, I believe that we will find that the
+amount of crime will be considerably less than it is now shown to be.
+
+In too large a measure the Negro race began its development at the
+wrong end, simply because neither white nor black understood the case;
+and no wonder, for there had never been such a case in the history of
+the world.
+
+To show where this primary mistake has led in its evil results, I wish
+to produce some examples showing plainly how prone we have been to
+make our education formal, superficial, instead of making it meet the
+needs of conditions.
+
+In order to emphasise the matter more fully, I repeat, at least eighty
+per cent. of the coloured people in the South are found in the rural
+districts, and they are dependent on agriculture in some form for
+their support. Notwithstanding that we have practically a whole race
+dependent upon agriculture, and notwithstanding that thirty years have
+passed since our freedom, aside from what has been done at Hampton and
+Tuskegee and one or two other institutions, but very little has been
+attempted by State or philanthropy in the way of educating the race in
+this one industry upon which its very existence depends. Boys have
+been taken from the farms and educated in law, theology, Hebrew and
+Greek,--educated in everything else except the very subject that they
+should know most about. I question whether among all the educated
+coloured people in the United States you can find six, if we except
+those from the institutions named, who have received anything like a
+thorough training in agriculture. It would have seemed that, since
+self-support, industrial independence, is the first condition for
+lifting up any race, that education in theoretical and practical
+agriculture, horticulture, dairying, and stock-raising, should have
+occupied the first place in our system.
+
+Some time ago, when we decided to make tailoring a part of our
+training at the Tuskegee Institute, I was amazed to find that it was
+almost impossible to find in the whole country an educated coloured
+man who could teach the making of clothing. We could find them by the
+score who could teach astronomy, theology, grammar, or Latin, but
+almost none who could instruct in the making of clothing, something
+that has to be used by every one of us every day in the year. How
+often has my heart been made to sink as I have gone through the South
+and into the homes of people, and found women who could converse
+intelligently on Grecian history, who had studied geometry, could
+analyse the most complex sentences, and yet could not analyse the
+poorly cooked and still more poorly served corn bread and fat meat
+that they and their families were eating three times a day! It is
+little trouble to find girls who can locate Pekin or the Desert of
+Sahara on an artificial globe, but seldom can you find one who can
+locate on an actual dinner table the proper place for the carving
+knife and fork or the meat and vegetables.
+
+A short time ago, in one of the Southern cities, a coloured man died
+who had received training as a skilled mechanic during the days of
+slavery. Later by his skill and industry he built up a great business
+as a house contractor and builder. In this same city there are 35,000
+coloured people, among them young men who have been well educated in
+the languages and in literature; but not a single one could be found
+who had been so trained in mechanical and architectural drawing that
+he could carry on the business which this ex-slave had built up, and
+so it was soon scattered to the wind. Aside from the work done in the
+institutions that I have mentioned, you can find almost no coloured
+men who have been trained in the principles of architecture,
+notwithstanding the fact that a vast majority of our race are without
+homes. Here, then, are the three prime conditions for growth, for
+civilisation,--food, clothing, shelter; and yet we have been the
+slaves of forms and customs to such an extent that we have failed in a
+large measure to look matters squarely in the face and meet actual
+needs.
+
+It may well be asked by one who has not carefully considered the
+matter: "What has become of all those skilled farm-hands that used to
+be on the old plantations? Where are those wonderful cooks we hear
+about, where those exquisitely trained house servants, those cabinet
+makers, and the jacks-of-all-trades that were the pride of the South?"
+This is easily answered,--they are mostly dead. The survivors are too
+old to work. "But did they not train their children?" is the natural
+question. Alas! the answer is "no." Their skill was so commonplace to
+them, and to their former masters, that neither thought of it as being
+a hard-earned or desirable accomplishment: it was natural, like
+breathing. Their children would have it as a matter of course. What
+their children needed was education. So they went out into the world,
+the ambitious ones, and got education, and forgot the necessity of the
+ordinary training to live.
+
+God for two hundred and fifty years, in my opinion, prepared the way
+for the redemption of the Negro through industrial development.
+First, he made the Southern white man do business with the Negro for
+two hundred and fifty years in a way that no one else has done
+business with him. If a Southern white man wanted a house or a bridge
+built, he consulted a Negro mechanic about the plan and about the
+actual building of the house or bridge. If he wanted a suit of clothes
+or a pair of shoes made, it was to the Negro tailor or shoemaker that
+he talked. Secondly, every large slave plantation in the South was, in
+a limited sense, an industrial school. On these plantations there were
+scores of young coloured men and women who were constantly being
+trained, not alone as common farmers, but as carpenters, blacksmiths,
+wheelwrights, plasterers, brick masons, engineers, bridge-builders,
+cooks, dressmakers, housekeepers, etc. I would be the last to
+apologise for the curse of slavery; but I am simply stating facts.
+This training was crude and was given for selfish purposes, and did
+not answer the highest ends, because there was the absence of brain
+training in connection with that of the hand. Nevertheless, this
+business contact with the Southern white man, and the industrial
+training received on these plantations, put the Negro at the close of
+the war into possession of all the common and skilled labour in the
+South. For nearly twenty years after the war, except in one or two
+cases, the value of the industrial training given by the Negroes'
+former masters on the plantations and elsewhere was overlooked. Negro
+men and women were educated in literature, mathematics, and the
+sciences, with no thought of what had taken place on these plantations
+for two and a half centuries. After twenty years, those who were
+trained as mechanics, etc., during slavery began to disappear by
+death; and gradually we awoke to the fact that we had no one to take
+their places. We had scores of young men learned in Greek, but few in
+carpentry or mechanical or architectural drawing. We had trained many
+in Latin, but almost none as engineers, bridge-builders, and
+machinists. Numbers were taken from the farm and educated, but were
+educated in everything else except agriculture. Hence they had no
+sympathy with farm life, and did not return to it.
+
+This last that I have been saying is practically a repetition of what
+I have said in the preceding paragraph; but, to emphasise it,--and
+this point is one of the most important I wish to impress on the
+reader,--it is well to repeat, to say the same thing twice. Oh, if
+only more who had the shaping of the education of the Negro could
+have, thirty years ago, realised, and made others realise, where the
+forgetting of the years of manual training and the sudden acquiring
+of education were going to lead the Negro race, what a saving it would
+have been! How much less my race would have had to answer for, as well
+as the white!
+
+But it is too late to cry over what might have been. It is time to
+make up, as soon as possible, for this mistake,--time for both races
+to acknowledge it, and go forth on the course that, it seems to me,
+all must now see to be the right one,--industrial education.
+
+As an example of what a well-trained and educated Negro may now do,
+and how ready to acknowledge him a Southern white man may be, let me
+return once more to the plantation I spoke of in the first part of
+this chapter. As the years went by, the night seemed to grow darker,
+so that all seemed hopeless and lost. At this point relief and
+strength came from an unexpected source. This Southern white man's
+idea of Negro education had been that it merely meant a parrot-like
+absorption of Anglo-Saxon civilisation, with a special tendency to
+imitate the weaker elements of the white man's character; that it
+meant merely the high hat, kid gloves, a showy walking cane, patent
+leather shoes, and all the rest of it. To this ex-master it seemed
+impossible that the education of the Negro could produce any other
+results. And so, last of all, did he expect help or encouragement from
+an educated black man; but it was just from this source that help
+came. Soon after the process of decay began in this white man's
+estate, the education of a certain black man began, and began on a
+logical, sensible basis. It was an education that would fit him to see
+and appreciate the physical and moral conditions that existed in his
+own family and neighbourhood, and, in the present generation, would
+fit him to apply himself to their relief. By chance this educated
+Negro strayed into the employ of this white man. His employer soon
+learned that this Negro not only had a knowledge of science,
+mathematics, and literature in his head, but in his hands as well.
+This black man applied his knowledge of agricultural chemistry to the
+redemption of the soil; and soon the washes and gulleys began to
+disappear, and the waste places began to bloom. New and improved
+machinery in a few months began to rob labour of its toil and
+drudgery. The animals were given systematic and kindly attention.
+Fences were repaired and rebuilt. Whitewash and paint were made to do
+duty. Everywhere order slowly began to replace confusion; hope,
+despair; and profits, losses. As he observed, day by day, new life and
+strength being imparted to every department of his property, this
+white son of the South began revising his own creed regarding the
+wisdom of educating Negroes.
+
+Hitherto his creed regarding the value of an educated Negro had been
+rather a plain and simple one, and read: "The only end that could be
+accomplished by educating a black man was to enable him to talk
+properly to a mule; and the Negro's education did great injustice to
+the mule, since the language tended to confuse him and make him
+balky."
+
+We need not continue the story, except to add that to-day the grasp of
+the hand of this ex-slaveholder, and the listening to his hearty words
+of gratitude and commendation for the education of the Negro, are
+enough to compensate those who have given and those who have worked
+and sacrificed for the elevation of my people through all of these
+years. If we are patient, wise, unselfish, and courageous, such
+examples will multiply as the years go by.
+
+Before closing this chapter,--which, I think, has clearly shown that
+there is at present a very distinct lack of industrial training in
+the South among the Negroes,--I wish to say a few words in regard to
+certain objections, or rather misunderstandings, which have from time
+to time arisen in regard to the matter.
+
+Many have had the thought that industrial training was meant to make
+the Negro work, much as he worked during the days of slavery. This is
+far from my idea of it. If this training has any value for the Negro,
+as it has for the white man, it consists in teaching the Negro how
+rather not to work, but how to make the forces of nature--air, water,
+horse-power, steam, and electric power--work for him, how to lift
+labour up out of toil and drudgery into that which is dignified and
+beautiful. The Negro in the South works, and he works hard; but his
+lack of skill, coupled with ignorance, causes him too often to do his
+work in the most costly and shiftless manner, and this has kept him
+near the bottom of the ladder in the business world. I repeat that
+industrial education teaches the Negro how not to drudge in his work.
+Let him who doubts this contrast the Negro in the South toiling
+through a field of oats with an old-fashioned reaper with the white
+man on a modern farm in the West, sitting upon a modern "harvester,"
+behind two spirited horses, with an umbrella over him, using a machine
+that cuts and binds the oats at the same time,--doing four times as
+much work as the black man with one half the labour. Let us give the
+black man so much skill and brains that he can cut oats like the white
+man, then he can compete with him. The Negro works in cotton, and has
+no trouble so long as his labour is confined to the lower forms of
+work,--the planting, the picking, and the ginning; but, when the Negro
+attempts to follow the bale of cotton up through the higher stages,
+through the mill where it is made into the finer fabrics, where the
+larger profit appears, he is told that he is not wanted.
+
+The Negro can work in wood and iron; and no one objects so long as he
+confines his work to the felling of trees and sawing of boards, to the
+digging of iron ore and making of pig iron. But, when the Negro
+attempts to follow this tree into the factory where it is made into
+desks and chairs and railway coaches, or when he attempts to follow
+the pig iron into the factory where it is made into knife-blades and
+watch-springs, the Negro's trouble begins. And what is the objection?
+Simply that the Negro lacks the skill, coupled with brains, necessary
+to compete with the white man, or that, when white men refuse to work
+with coloured men, enough skilled and educated coloured men cannot be
+found able to superintend and man every part of any one large
+industry; and hence, for these reasons, they are constantly being
+barred out. The Negro must become, in a larger measure, an intelligent
+producer as well as a consumer. There should be a more vital and
+practical connection between the Negro's educated brain and his
+opportunity of earning his daily living.
+
+A very weak argument often used against pushing industrial training
+for the Negro is that the Southern white man favours it, and,
+therefore, it is not best for the Negro. Although I was born a slave,
+I am thankful that I am able so far to rid myself of prejudice as to
+be able to accept a good thing, whether it comes from a black man or a
+white man, a Southern man or a Northern man. Industrial education will
+not only help the Negro directly in the matter of industrial
+development, but also in bringing about more satisfactory relations
+between him and the Southern white man. For the sake of the Negro and
+the Southern white man there are many things in the relation of the
+two races that must soon be changed. We cannot depend wholly upon
+abuse or condemnation of the Southern white man to bring about these
+changes. Each race must be educated to see matters in a broad, high,
+generous, Christian spirit: we must bring the two races together, not
+estrange them. The Negro must live for all time by the side of the
+Southern white man. The man is unwise who does not cultivate in every
+manly way the friendship and good will of his next-door neighbour,
+whether he be black or white. I repeat that industrial training will
+help cement the friendship of the two races. The history of the world
+proves that trade, commerce, is the forerunner of peace and
+civilisation as between races and nations. The Jew, who was once in
+about the same position that the Negro is to-day, has now recognition,
+because he has entwined himself about America in a business and
+industrial sense. Say or think what we will, it is the tangible or
+visible element that is going to tell largely during the next twenty
+years in the solution of the race problem.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+One of the main problems as regards the education of the Negro is how
+to have him use his education to the best advantage after he has
+secured it. In saying this, I do not want to be understood as implying
+that the problem of simple ignorance among the masses has been settled
+in the South; for this is far from true. The amount of ignorance still
+prevailing among the Negroes, especially in the rural districts, is
+very large and serious. But I repeat, we must go farther if we would
+secure the best results and most gratifying returns in public good for
+the money spent than merely to put academic education in the Negro's
+head with the idea that this will settle everything.
+
+In his present condition it is important, in seeking after what he
+terms the ideal, that the Negro should not neglect to prepare himself
+to take advantage of the opportunities that are right about his door.
+If he lets these opportunities slip, I fear they will never be his
+again. In saying this, I mean always that the Negro should have the
+most thorough mental and religious training; for without it no race
+can succeed. Because of his past history and environment and present
+condition it is important that he be carefully guided for years to
+come in the proper use of his education. Much valuable time has been
+lost and money spent in vain, because too many have not been educated
+with the idea of fitting them to do well the things which they could
+get to do. Because of the lack of proper direction of the Negro's
+education, some good friends of his, North and South, have not taken
+that interest in it that they otherwise would have taken. In too many
+cases where merely literary education alone has been given the Negro
+youth, it has resulted in an exaggerated estimate of his importance
+in the world, and an increase of wants which his education has not
+fitted him to supply.
+
+But, in discussing this subject, one is often met with the question,
+Should not the Negro be encouraged to prepare himself for any station
+in life that any other race fills? I would say, Yes; but the surest
+way for the Negro to reach the highest positions is to prepare himself
+to fill well at the present time the basic occupations. This will give
+him a foundation upon which to stand while securing what is called the
+more exalted positions. The Negro has the right to study law; but
+success will come to the race sooner if it produces intelligent,
+thrifty farmers, mechanics, and housekeepers to support the lawyers.
+The want of proper direction of the use of the Negro's education
+results in tempting too many to live mainly by their wits, without
+producing anything that is of real value to the world. Let me quote
+examples of this.
+
+Hayti, Santo Domingo, and Liberia, although among the richest
+countries in natural resources in the world, are discouraging examples
+of what must happen to any people who lack industrial or technical
+training. It is said that in Liberia there are no wagons,
+wheelbarrows, or public roads, showing very plainly that there is a
+painful absence of public spirit and thrift. What is true of Liberia
+is also true in a measure of the republics of Hayti and Santo Domingo.
+The people have not yet learned the lesson of turning their education
+toward the cultivation of the soil and the making of the simplest
+implements for agricultural and other forms of labour.
+
+Much would have been done toward laying a sound foundation for general
+prosperity if some attention had been spent in this direction. General
+education itself has no bearing on the subject at issue, because,
+while there is no well-established public school system in either of
+these countries, yet large numbers of men of both Hayti and Santo
+Domingo have been educated in France for generations. This is
+especially true of Hayti. The education has been altogether in the
+direction of _belles lettres_, however, and practically little in the
+direction of industrial and scientific education.
+
+It is a matter of common knowledge that Hayti has to send abroad even
+to secure engineers for her men-of-war, for plans for her bridges and
+other work requiring technical knowledge and skill. I should very much
+regret to see any such condition obtain in any large measure as
+regards the coloured people in the South, and yet this will be our
+fate if industrial education is much longer neglected. We have spent
+much time in the South in educating men and women in letters alone,
+too, and must now turn our attention more than ever toward educating
+them so as to supply their wants and needs. It is more lamentable to
+see educated people unable to support themselves than to see
+uneducated people in the same condition. Ambition all along this line
+must be stimulated.
+
+If educated men and women of the race will see and acknowledge the
+necessity of practical industrial training and go to work with a zeal
+and determination, their example will be followed by others, who are
+now without ambition of any kind.
+
+The race cannot hope to come into its own until the young coloured men
+and women make up their minds to assist in the general development
+along these lines. The elder men and women trained in the hard school
+of slavery, and who so long possessed all of the labour, skilled and
+unskilled, of the South, are dying out; their places must be filled by
+their children, or we shall lose our hold upon these occupations.
+Leaders in these occupations are needed now more than ever.
+
+It is not enough that the idea be inculcated that coloured people
+should get book learning; along with it they should be taught that
+book education and industrial development must go hand in hand. No
+race which fails to do this can ever hope to succeed. Phillips Brooks
+gave expression to the sentiment: "One generation gathers the
+material, and the next generation builds the palaces." As I understand
+it, he wished to inculcate the idea that one generation lays the
+foundation for succeeding generations. The rough affairs of life very
+largely fall to the earlier generation, while the next one has the
+privilege of dealing with the higher and more aesthetic things of life.
+This is true of all generations, of all peoples; and, unless the
+foundation is deeply laid, it is impossible for the succeeding one to
+have a career in any way approaching success. As regards the coloured
+men of the South, as regards the coloured men of the United States,
+this is the generation which, in a large measure, must gather the
+material with which to lay the foundation for future success.
+
+Some time ago it was my misfortune to see a Negro sixty-five years old
+living in poverty and filth. I was disgusted, and said to him, "If you
+are worthy of your freedom, you would surely have changed your
+condition during the thirty years of freedom which you have enjoyed."
+He answered: "I do want to change. I want to do something for my wife
+and children; but I do not know how,--I do not know what to do." I
+looked into his lean and haggard face, and realised more deeply than
+ever before the absolute need of captains of industry among the great
+masses of the coloured people.
+
+It is possible for a race or an individual to have mental development
+and yet be so handicapped by custom, prejudice, and lack of employment
+as to dwarf and discourage the whole life. This is the condition that
+prevails among the race in many of the large cities of the North; and
+it is to prevent this same condition in the South that I plead with
+all the earnestness of my heart. Mental development alone will not
+give us what we want, but mental development tied to hand and heart
+training will be the salvation of the Negro.
+
+In many respects the next twenty years are going to be the most
+serious in the history of the race. Within this period it will be
+largely decided whether the Negro will be able to retain the hold
+which he now has upon the industries of the South or whether his place
+will be filled by white people from a distance. The only way he can
+prevent the industrial occupations slipping from him in all parts of
+the South, as they have already in certain parts, is for all
+educators, ministers, and friends of the race to unite in pushing
+forward in a whole-souled manner the industrial or business
+development of the Negro, whether in school or out of school. Four
+times as many young men and women of the race should be receiving
+industrial training. Just now the Negro is in a position to feel and
+appreciate the need of this in a way that no one else can. No one can
+fully appreciate what I am saying who has not walked the streets of a
+Northern city day after day seeking employment, only to find every
+door closed against him on account of his colour, except in menial
+service. It is to prevent the same thing taking place in the South
+that I plead. We may argue that mental development will take care of
+all this. Mental development is a good thing. Gold is also a good
+thing, but gold is worthless without an opportunity to make itself
+touch the world of trade. Education increases greatly an individual's
+wants. It is cruel in many cases to increase the wants of the black
+youth by mental development alone without, at the same time,
+increasing his ability to supply these increased wants in occupations
+in which he can find employment.
+
+The place made vacant by the death of the old coloured man who was
+trained as a carpenter during slavery, and who since the war had been
+the leading contractor and builder in the Southern town, had to be
+filled. No young coloured carpenter capable of filling his place could
+be found. The result was that his place was filled by a white mechanic
+from the North, or from Europe, or from elsewhere. What is true of
+carpentry and house-building in this case is true, in a degree, in
+every skilled occupation; and it is becoming true of common labour. I
+do not mean to say that all of the skilled labour has been taken out
+of the Negro's hands; but I do mean to say that in no part of the
+South is he so strong in the matter of skilled labour as he was twenty
+years ago, except possibly in the country districts and the smaller
+towns. In the more northern of the Southern cities, such as Richmond
+and Baltimore, the change is most apparent; and it is being felt in
+every Southern city. Wherever the Negro has lost ground industrially
+in the South, it is not because there is prejudice against him as a
+skilled labourer on the part of the native Southern white man; the
+Southern white man generally prefers to do business with the Negro
+mechanic rather than with a white one, because he is accustomed to do
+business with the Negro in this respect. There is almost no prejudice
+against the Negro in the South in matters of business, so far as the
+native whites are concerned; and here is the entering wedge for the
+solution of the race problem. But too often, where the white mechanic
+or factory operative from the North gets a hold, the trades-union soon
+follows, and the Negro is crowded to the wall.
+
+But what is the remedy for this condition? First, it is most important
+that the Negro and his white friends honestly face the facts as they
+are; otherwise the time will not be very far distant when the Negro of
+the South will be crowded to the ragged edge of industrial life as he
+is in the North. There is still time to repair the damage and to
+reclaim what we have lost.
+
+I stated in the beginning that industrial education for the Negro has
+been misunderstood. This has been chiefly because some have gotten the
+idea that industrial development was opposed to the Negro's higher
+mental development. This has little or nothing to do with the subject
+under discussion; we should no longer permit such an idea to aid in
+depriving the Negro of the legacy in the form of skilled labour that
+was purchased by his forefathers at the price of two hundred and fifty
+years of slavery. I would say to the black boy what I would say to the
+white boy, Get all the mental development that your time and
+pocket-book will allow of,--the more, the better; but the time has
+come when a larger proportion--not all, for we need professional men
+and women--of the educated coloured men and women should give
+themselves to industrial or business life. The professional class will
+be helped in so far as the rank and file have an industrial
+foundation, so that they can pay for professional service. Whether
+they receive the training of the hand while pursuing their academic
+training or after their academic training is finished, or whether they
+will get their literary training in an industrial school or college,
+are questions which each individual must decide for himself. No
+matter how or where educated, the educated men and women must come to
+the rescue of the race in the effort to get and hold its industrial
+footing. I would not have the standard of mental development lowered
+one whit; for, with the Negro, as with all races, mental strength is
+the basis of all progress. But I would have a large measure of this
+mental strength reach the Negroes' actual needs through the medium of
+the hand. Just now the need is not so much for the common carpenters,
+brick masons, farmers, and laundry women as for industrial leaders
+who, in addition to their practical knowledge, can draw plans, make
+estimates, take contracts; those who understand the latest methods of
+truck-gardening and the science underlying practical agriculture;
+those who understand machinery to the extent that they can operate
+steam and electric laundries, so that our women can hold on to the
+laundry work in the South, that is so fast drifting into the hands of
+others in the large cities and towns.
+
+Having tried to show in previous chapters to what a condition the lack
+of practical training has brought matters in the South, and by the
+examples in this chapter where this state of things may go if allowed
+to run its course, I wish now to show what practical training, even in
+its infancy among us, has already accomplished.
+
+I noticed, when I first went to Tuskegee to start the Tuskegee Normal
+and Industrial Institute, that some of the white people about there
+rather looked doubtfully at me; and I thought I could get their
+influence by telling them how much algebra and history and science and
+all those things I had in my head, but they treated me about the same
+as they did before. They didn't seem to care about the algebra,
+history, and science that were in my head only. Those people never
+even began to have confidence in me until we commenced to build a
+large three-story brick building, and then another and another, until
+now we have forty buildings which have been erected largely by the
+labour of our students; and to-day we have the respect and confidence
+of all the white people in that section.
+
+There is an unmistakable influence that comes over a white man when he
+sees a black man living in a two-story brick house that has been paid
+for. I need not stop to explain. It is the tangible evidence of
+prosperity. You know Thomas doubted the Saviour after he had risen
+from the dead; and the Lord said to Thomas, "Reach hither thy finger,
+and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my
+side." The tangible evidence convinced Thomas.
+
+We began, soon after going to Tuskegee, the manufacture of bricks. We
+also started a wheelwright establishment and the manufacture of good
+wagons and buggies; and the white people came to our institution for
+that kind of work. We also put in a printing plant, and did job
+printing for the white people as well as for the blacks.
+
+By having something that these people wanted, we came into contact
+with them, and our interest became interlinked with their interest,
+until to-day we have no warmer friends anywhere in the country than we
+have among the white people of Tuskegee. We have found by experience
+that the best way to get on well with people is to have something that
+they want, and that is why we emphasise this Christian Industrial
+Education.
+
+Not long ago I heard a conversation among three white men something
+like this. Two of them were berating the Negro, saying the Negro was
+shiftless and lazy, and all that sort of thing. The third man
+listened to their remarks for some time in silence, and then he said:
+"I don't know what your experience has been; but there is a 'nigger'
+down our way who owns a good house and lot with about fifty acres of
+ground. His house is well furnished, and he has got some splendid
+horses and cattle. He is intelligent and has a bank account. I don't
+know how the 'niggers' are in your community, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman. Once, when I was hard up, I went to Tobe Jones and borrowed
+fifty dollars; and he hasn't asked me for it yet. I don't know what
+kind of 'niggers' you have down your way, but Tobe Jones is a
+gentleman."
+
+Now what we want to do is to multiply and place in every community
+these Tobe Joneses; and, just in so far as we can place them
+throughout the South this race question will disappear.
+
+Suppose there was a black man who had business for the railroads to
+the amount of ten thousand dollars a year. Do you suppose that, when
+that black man takes his family aboard the train, they are going to
+put him into a Jim Crow car and run the risk of losing that ten
+thousand dollars a year? No, they will put on a Pullman palace car for
+him.
+
+Some time ago a certain coloured man was passing through the streets
+of one of the little Southern towns, and he chanced to meet two white
+men on the street. It happened that this coloured man owns two or
+three houses and lots, has a good education and a comfortable bank
+account. One of the white men turned to the other, and said: "By Gosh!
+It is all I can do to keep from calling that 'nigger' Mister." That's
+the point we want to get to.
+
+Nothing else so soon brings about right relations between the two
+races in the South as the commercial progress of the Negro. Friction
+between the races will pass away as the black man, by reason of his
+skill, intelligence, and character, can produce something that the
+white man wants or respects in the commercial world. This is another
+reason why at Tuskegee we push industrial training. We find that as
+every year we put into a Southern community coloured men who can start
+a brickyard, a saw-mill, a tin-shop, or a printing-office,--men who
+produce something that makes the white man partly dependent upon the
+Negro instead of all the dependence being on the other side,--a change
+for the better takes place in the relations of the races. It is
+through the dairy farm, the truck-garden, the trades, the commercial
+life, largely, that the Negro is to find his way to respect and
+confidence.
+
+What is the permanent value of the Hampton and Tuskegee system of
+training to the South, in a broader sense? In connection with this, it
+is well to bear in mind that slavery unconsciously taught the white
+man that labour with the hands was something fit for the Negro only,
+and something for the white man to come into contact with just as
+little as possible. It is true that there was a large class of poor
+white people who laboured with the hands, but they did it because they
+were not able to secure Negroes to work for them; and these poor
+whites were constantly trying to imitate the slaveholding class in
+escaping labour, as they, too, regarded it as anything but elevating.
+But the Negro, in turn, looked down upon the poor whites with a
+certain contempt because they had to work. The Negro, it is to be
+borne in mind, worked under constant protest, because he felt that his
+labour was being unjustly requited; and he spent almost as much effort
+in planning how to escape work as in learning how to work. Labour with
+him was a badge of degradation. The white man was held up before him
+as the highest type of civilisation, but the Negro noted that this
+highest type of civilisation himself did little labour with the hand.
+Hence he argued that, the less work he did, the more nearly he would
+be like the white man. Then, in addition to these influences, the
+slave system discouraged labour-saving machinery. To use labour-saving
+machinery, intelligence was required; and intelligence and slavery
+were not on friendly terms. Hence the Negro always associated labour
+with toil, drudgery, something to be escaped. When the Negro first
+became free, his idea of education was that it was something that
+would soon put him in the same position as regards work that his
+recent master had occupied. Out of these conditions grew the habit of
+putting off till to-morrow and the day after the duty that should be
+done promptly to-day. The leaky house was not repaired while the sun
+shone, for then the rain did not come through. While the rain was
+falling, no one cared to expose himself to stop the rain. The plough,
+on the same principle, was left where the last furrow was run, to rot
+and rust in the field during the winter. There was no need to repair
+the wooden chimney that was exposed to the fire, because water could
+be thrown on it when it was on fire. There was no need to trouble
+about the payment of a debt to-day, because it could be paid as well
+next week or next year. Besides these conditions, the whole South at
+the close of the war was without proper food, clothing, and
+shelter,--was in need of habits of thrift and economy and of something
+laid up for a rainy day.
+
+To me it seemed perfectly plain that here was a condition of things
+that could not be met by the ordinary process of education. At
+Tuskegee we became convinced that the thing to do was to make a
+careful, systematic study of the condition and needs of the South,
+especially the Black Belt, and to bend our efforts in the direction of
+meeting these needs, whether we were following a well-beaten track or
+were hewing out a new path to meet conditions probably without a
+parallel in the world. After eighteen years of experience and
+observation, what is the result? Gradually, but surely, we find that
+all through the South the disposition to look upon labour as a
+disgrace is on the wane; and the parents who themselves sought to
+escape work are so anxious to give their children training in
+intelligent labour that every institution which gives training in the
+handicrafts is crowded, and many (among them Tuskegee) have to refuse
+admission to hundreds of applicants. The influence of Hampton and
+Tuskegee is shown again by the fact that almost every little school
+at the remotest cross-road is anxious to be known as an industrial
+school, or, as some of the coloured people call it, an "industrous"
+school.
+
+The social lines that were once sharply drawn between those who
+laboured with the hands and those who did not are disappearing. Those
+who formerly sought to escape labour, now when they see that brains
+and skill rob labour of the toil and drudgery once associated with it,
+instead of trying to avoid it, are willing to pay to be taught how to
+engage in it. The South is beginning to see labour raised up,
+dignified and beautified, and in this sees its salvation. In
+proportion as the love of labour grows, the large idle class, which
+has long been one of the curses of the South, disappears. As people
+become absorbed in their own affairs, they have less time to attend to
+everybody's else business.
+
+The South is still an undeveloped and unsettled country, and for the
+next half-century and more the greater part of the energy of the
+masses will be needed to develop its material resources. Any force
+that brings the rank and file of the people to have a greater love of
+industry is therefore especially valuable. This result industrial
+education is surely bringing about. It stimulates production and
+increases trade,--trade between the races; and in this new and
+engrossing relation both forget the past. The white man respects the
+vote of a coloured man who does ten thousand dollars' worth of
+business; and, the more business the coloured man has, the more
+careful he is how he votes.
+
+Immediately after the war there was a large class of Southern people
+who feared that the opening of the free schools to the freedmen and
+the poor whites--the education of the head alone--would result merely
+in increasing the class who sought to escape labour, and that the
+South would soon be overrun by the idle and vicious. But, as the
+results of industrial combined with academic training begin to show
+themselves in hundreds of communities that have been lifted up, these
+former prejudices against education are being removed. Many of those
+who a few years ago opposed Negro education are now among its warmest
+advocates.
+
+This industrial training, emphasising, as it does, the idea of
+economic production, is gradually bringing the South to the point
+where it is feeding itself. After the war, what profit the South made
+out of the cotton crop it spent outside of the South to purchase food
+supplies,--meat, bread, canned vegetables, and the like,--but the
+improved methods of agriculture are fast changing this custom. With
+the newer methods of labour, which teach promptness and system and
+emphasise the worth of the beautiful, the moral value of the
+well-painted house, the fence with every paling and nail in its place,
+is bringing to bear upon the South an influence that is making it a
+new country in industry, education, and religion.
+
+It seems to me I cannot do better than to close this chapter on the
+needs of the Southern Negro than by quoting from a talk given to the
+students at Tuskegee:--
+
+     "I want to be a little more specific in showing you what you have
+     to do and how you must do it.
+
+     "One trouble with us is--and the same is true of any young
+     people, no matter of what race or condition--we have too many
+     stepping-stones. We step all the time, from one thing to another.
+     You find a young man who is learning to make bricks; and, if you
+     ask him what he intends to do after learning the trade, in too
+     many cases he will answer, 'Oh, I am simply working at this
+     trade as a stepping-stone to something higher.' You see a young
+     man working at the brick-mason's trade, and he will be apt to say
+     the same thing. And young women learning to be milliners and
+     dressmakers will tell you the same. All are stepping to something
+     higher. And so we always go on, stepping somewhere, never getting
+     hold of anything thoroughly. Now we must stop this stepping
+     business, having so many stepping-stones. Instead, we have got to
+     take hold of these important industries, and stick to them until
+     we master them thoroughly. There is no nation so thorough in
+     their education as the Germans. Why? Simply because the German
+     takes hold of a thing, and sticks to it until he masters it. Into
+     it he puts brains and thought from morning to night. He reads all
+     the best books and journals bearing on that particular study, and
+     he feels that nobody else knows so much about it as he does.
+
+     "Take any of the industries I have mentioned, that of
+     brick-making, for example. Any one working at that trade should
+     determine to learn all there is to be known about making bricks;
+     read all the papers and journals bearing upon the trade; learn
+     not only to make common hand-bricks, but pressed bricks,
+     fire-bricks,--in short, the finest and best bricks there are to
+     be made. And, when you have learned all you can by reading and
+     talking with other people, you should travel from one city to
+     another, and learn how the best bricks are made. And then, when
+     you go into business for yourself, you will make a reputation for
+     being the best brick-maker in the community; and in this way you
+     will put yourself on your feet, and become a helpful and useful
+     citizen. When a young man does this, goes out into one of these
+     Southern cities and makes a reputation for himself, that person
+     wins a reputation that is going to give him a standing and
+     position. And, when the children of that successful brick-maker
+     come along, they will be able to take a higher position in life.
+     The grandchildren will be able to take a still higher position.
+     And it will be traced back to that grandfather who, by his great
+     success as a brick-maker, laid a foundation that was of the right
+     kind.
+
+     "What I have said about these two trades can be applied with
+     equal force to the trades followed by women. Take the matter of
+     millinery. There is no good reason why there should not be, in
+     each principal city in the South, at least three or four
+     competent coloured women in charge of millinery establishments.
+     But what is the trouble?
+
+     "Instead of making the most of our opportunities in this
+     industry, the temptation, in too many cases, is to be
+     music-teachers, teachers of elocution, or something else that
+     few of the race at present have any money to pay for, or the
+     opportunity to earn money to pay for, simply because there is no
+     foundation. But, when more coloured people succeed in the more
+     fundamental occupations, they will then be able to make better
+     provision for their children in what are termed the higher walks
+     of life.
+
+     "And, now, what I have said about these important industries is
+     especially true of the important industry of agriculture. We are
+     living in a country where, if we are going to succeed at all, we
+     are going to do so largely by what we raise out of the soil. The
+     people in those backward countries I have told you about have
+     failed to give attention to the cultivation of the soil, to the
+     invention and use of improved agricultural implements and
+     machinery. Without this no people can succeed. No race which
+     fails to put brains into agriculture can succeed; and, if you
+     want to realize the truth of this statement, go with me into the
+     back districts of some of our Southern States, and you will find
+     many people in poverty, and yet they are surrounded by a rich
+     country.
+
+     "A race, like an individual, has got to have a reputation. Such a
+     reputation goes a long way toward helping a race or an
+     individual; and, when we have succeeded in getting such a
+     reputation, we shall find that a great many of the discouraging
+     features of our life will melt away.
+
+     "Reputation is what people think we are, and a great deal depends
+     on that. When a race gets a reputation along certain lines, a
+     great many things which now seem complex, difficult to attain,
+     and are most discouraging, will disappear.
+
+     "When you say that an engine is a Corliss engine, people
+     understand that that engine is a perfect piece of mechanical
+     work,--perfect as far as human skill and ingenuity can make it
+     perfect. You say a car is a Pullman car. That is all; but what
+     does it mean? It means that the builder of that car got a
+     reputation at the outset for thorough, perfect work, for turning
+     out everything in first-class shape. And so with a race. You
+     cannot keep back very long a race that has the reputation for
+     doing perfect work in everything that it undertakes. And then we
+     have got to get a reputation for economy. Nobody cares to
+     associate with an individual in business or otherwise who has a
+     reputation for being a trifling spendthrift, who spends his money
+     for things that he can very easily get along without, who spends
+     his money for clothing, gewgaws, superficialities, and other
+     things, when he has not got the necessaries of life. We want to
+     give the race a reputation for being frugal and saving in
+     everything. Then we want to get a reputation for being
+     industrious. Now, remember these three things: Get a reputation
+     for being skilled. It will not do for a few here and there to
+     have it: the race must have the reputation. Get a reputation for
+     being so skilful, so industrious, that you will not leave a job
+     until it is as nearly perfect as any one can make it. And then we
+     want to make a reputation for the race for being honest,--honest
+     at all times and under all circumstances. A few individuals here
+     and there have it, a few communities have it; but the race as a
+     mass must get it.
+
+     "You recall that story of Abraham Lincoln, how, when he was
+     postmaster at a small village, he had left on his hands $1.50
+     which the government did not call for. Carefully wrapping up this
+     money in a handkerchief, he kept it for ten years. Finally, one
+     day, the government agent called for this amount; and it was
+     promptly handed over to him by Abraham Lincoln, who told him
+     that during all those ten years he had never touched a cent of
+     that money. He made it a principle of his life never to use other
+     people's money. That trait of his character helped him along to
+     the Presidency. The race wants to get a reputation for being
+     strictly honest in all its dealings and transactions,--honest in
+     handling money, honest in all its dealings with its fellow-men.
+
+     "And then we want to get a reputation for being thoughtful. This
+     I want to emphasise more than anything else. We want to get a
+     reputation for doing things without being told to do them every
+     time. If you have work to do, think about it so constantly,
+     investigate and read about it so thoroughly, that you will always
+     be finding ways and means of improving that work. The average
+     person going to work becomes a regular machine, never giving the
+     matter of improving the methods of his work a thought. He is
+     never at his work before the appointed time, and is sure to stop
+     the minute the hour is up. The world is looking for the person
+     who is thoughtful, who will say at the close of work hours: 'Is
+     there not something else I can do for you? Can I not stay a
+     little later, and help you?'
+
+     "Moreover, it is with a race as it is with an individual: it must
+     respect itself if it would win the respect of others. There must
+     be a certain amount of unity about a race, there must be a great
+     amount of pride about a race, there must be a great deal of faith
+     on the part of a race in itself. An individual cannot succeed
+     unless he has about him a certain amount of pride,--enough pride
+     to make him aspire to the highest and best things in life. An
+     individual cannot succeed unless that individual has a great
+     amount of faith in himself.
+
+     "A person who goes at an undertaking with the feeling that he
+     cannot succeed is likely to fail. On the other hand, the
+     individual who goes at an undertaking, feeling that he can
+     succeed, is the individual who in nine cases out of ten does
+     succeed. But, whenever you find an individual that is ashamed of
+     his race, trying to get away from his race, apologising for being
+     a member of his race, then you find a weak individual. Where you
+     find a race that is ashamed of itself, that is apologising for
+     itself, there you will find a weak, vacillating race. Let us no
+     longer have to apologise for our race in these or other matters.
+     Let us think seriously and work seriously: then, as a race, we
+     shall be thought of seriously, and, therefore, seriously
+     respected."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+In this chapter I wish to show how, at Tuskegee, we are trying to work
+out the plan of industrial training, and trust I shall be pardoned the
+seeming egotism if I preface the sketch with a few words, by way of
+example, as to the expansion of my own life and how I came to
+undertake the work at Tuskegee.
+
+My earliest recollection is of a small one-room log hut on a slave
+plantation in Virginia. After the close of the war, while working in
+the coal mines of West Virginia for the support of my mother, I heard,
+in some accidental way, of the Hampton Institute. When I learned that
+it was an institution where a black boy could study, could have a
+chance to work for his board, and at the same time be taught how to
+work and to realise the dignity of labor, I resolved to go there.
+Bidding my mother good-by, I started out one morning to find my way
+to Hampton, although I was almost penniless and had no definite idea
+as to where Hampton was. By walking, begging rides, and paying for a
+portion of the journey on the steam-cars, I finally succeeded in
+reaching the city of Richmond; Virginia. I was without money or
+friends. I slept on a sidewalk; and by working on a vessel the next
+day I earned money enough to continue my way to the institute, where I
+arrived with a capital of fifty cents. At Hampton I found the
+opportunity--in the way of buildings, teachers, and industries
+provided by the generous--to get training in the classroom and by
+practical touch with industrial life,--to learn thrift, economy, and
+push. I was surrounded by an atmosphere of business, Christian
+influence, and spirit of self-help, that seemed to have awakened every
+faculty in me, and caused me for the first time to realise what it
+meant to be a man instead of a piece of property.
+
+While there, I resolved, when I had finished the course of training, I
+would go into the Far South, into the Black Belt of the South, and
+give my life to providing the same kind of opportunity for
+self-reliance, self-awakening, that I had found provided for me at
+Hampton.
+
+My work began at Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1881, in a small shanty church,
+with one teacher and thirty students, without a dollar's worth of
+property. The spirit of work and of industrial thrift, with aid from
+the State and generosity from the North, have enabled us to develop an
+institution which now has about one thousand students, gathered from
+twenty-three States, and eighty-eight instructors. Counting students,
+instructors, and their families, we have a resident population upon
+the school grounds of about twelve hundred persons.
+
+The institution owns two thousand three hundred acres of land, seven
+hundred of which are cultivated by student labor. There are six
+hundred head of live-stock, including horses, mules, cows, hogs, and
+sheep. There are over forty vehicles that have been made, and are now
+used, by the school. Training is given in twenty-six industries. There
+is work in wood, in iron, in leather, in tin; and all forms of
+domestic economy are engaged in. Students are taught mechanical and
+architectural drawing, receive training as agriculturists, dairymen,
+masons, carpenters, contractors, builders, as machinists,
+electricians, printers, dressmakers, and milliners, and in other
+directions.
+
+The value of the property is $300,000. There are forty-two buildings,
+counting large and small, all of which, with the exception of four,
+have been erected by the labour of the students.
+
+Since this work started, there has been collected and spent for its
+founding and support $800,000. The annual expense is now not far from
+$75,000. In a humble, simple manner the effort has been to place a
+great object-lesson in the heart of the South for the elevation of the
+coloured people, where there should be, in a high sense, that union of
+head, heart, and hand which has been the foundation of the greatness
+of all races since the world began.
+
+What is the object of all this outlay? It must be first borne in mind
+that we have in the South a peculiar and unprecedented state of
+things. The cardinal needs among the eight million coloured people in
+the South, most of whom are to be found on the plantations, may be
+stated as food, clothing, shelter, education, proper habits, and a
+settlement of race relations. These millions of coloured people of the
+South cannot be reached directly by any missionary agent; but they can
+be reached by sending out among them strong, selected young men and
+women, with the proper training of head, hand, and heart, who will
+live among them and show them how to lift themselves up.
+
+The problem that the Tuskegee Institute keeps before itself constantly
+is how to prepare these leaders. From the outset, in connection with
+religious and academic training, it has emphasised industrial, or
+hand, training as a means of finding the way out of present
+conditions. First, we have found the industrial teaching useful in
+giving the student a chance to work out a portion of his expenses
+while in school. Second, the school furnishes labour that has an
+economic value and at the same time gives the student a chance to
+acquire knowledge and skill while performing the labour. Most of all,
+we find the industrial system valuable in teaching economy, thrift,
+and the dignity of labour and in giving moral backbone to students.
+The fact that a student goes into the world conscious of his power to
+build a house or a wagon or to make a set of harness gives him a
+certain confidence and moral independence that he would not possess
+without such training.
+
+A more detailed example of our methods at Tuskegee may be of interest.
+For example, we cultivate by student labour seven hundred acres of
+land. The object is not only to cultivate the land in a way to make it
+pay our boarding department, but at the same time to teach the
+students, in addition to the practical work, something of the
+chemistry of the soil, the best methods of drainage, dairying,
+cultivation of fruit, the care of live-stock and tools, and scores of
+other lessons needed by people whose main dependence is on
+agriculture.
+
+Friends some time ago provided means for the erection of a large new
+chapel at Tuskegee. Our students made the bricks for this chapel. A
+large part of the timber was sawed by the students at our saw-mill,
+the plans were drawn by our teacher of architectural and mechanical
+drawing, and students did the brick-masonry, the plastering, the
+painting, the carpentry work, the tinning, the slating, and made most
+of the furniture. Practically, the whole chapel was built and
+furnished by student labour. Now the school has this building for
+permanent use, and the students have a knowledge of the trades
+employed in its construction.
+
+While the young men do the kinds of work I have mentioned, young women
+to a large extent make, mend, and laundry the clothing of the young
+men. They also receive instruction in dairying, horticulture, and
+other valuable industries.
+
+One of the objections sometimes urged against industrial education for
+the Negro is that it aims merely to teach him to work on the same
+plan that he worked on when in slavery. This is far from being the
+object at Tuskegee. At the head of each of the twenty-six industrial
+divisions we have an intelligent and competent instructor, just as we
+have in our history classes, so that the student is taught not only
+practical brick-masonry, for example, but also the underlying
+principles of that industry, the mathematics and the mechanical and
+architectural drawing. Or he is taught how to become master of the
+forces of nature, so that, instead of cultivating corn in the old way,
+he can use a corn cultivator that lays off the furrows, drops the corn
+into them, and covers it; and in this way he can do more work than
+three men by the old process of corn planting, while at the same time
+much of the toil is eliminated and labour is dignified. In a word, the
+constant aim is to show the student how to put brains into every
+process of labour, how to bring his knowledge of mathematics and the
+sciences in farming, carpentry, forging, foundry work, how to dispense
+as soon as possible with the old form of _ante-bellum_ labour. In the
+erection of the chapel referred to, instead of letting the money which
+was given to us go into outside hands, we made it accomplish three
+objects: first, it provided the chapel; second, it gave the students a
+chance to get a practical knowledge of the trades connected with the
+building; and, third, it enabled them to earn something toward the
+payment of their board while receiving academic and industrial
+training.
+
+Having been fortified at Tuskegee by education of mind, skill of hand,
+Christian character, ideas of thrift, economy, and push, and a spirit
+of independence, the student is sent out to become a centre of
+influence and light in showing the masses of our people in the Black
+Belt of the South how to lift themselves up. Can this be done? I give
+but one or two examples. Ten years ago a young coloured man came to
+the institute from one of the large plantation districts. He studied
+in the class-room a portion of the time, and received practical and
+theoretical training on the farm the remainder of the time. Having
+finished his course at Tuskegee, he returned to his plantation home,
+which was in a county where the coloured people outnumbered the whites
+six to one, as is true of many of the counties in the Black Belt of
+the South. He found the Negroes in debt. Ever since the war they had
+been mortgaging their crops for the food on which to live while the
+crops were growing. The majority of them were living from
+hand-to-mouth on rented land, in small one-room log cabins, and
+attempting to pay a rate of interest on their advances that ranged
+from fifteen to forty per cent. per annum. The school had been taught
+in a wreck of a log cabin, with no apparatus, and had never been in
+session longer than three months out of twelve. He found the people,
+as many as eight or ten persons, of all ages and conditions and of
+both sexes, huddled together and living in one-room cabins year after
+year, and with a minister whose only aim was to work upon the
+emotions. One can imagine something of the moral and religious state
+of the community.
+
+But the remedy! In spite of the evil the Negro got the habit of work
+from slavery. The rank and file of the race, especially those on the
+Southern plantations, work hard; but the trouble is that what they
+earn gets away from them in high rents, crop mortgages, whiskey,
+snuff, cheap jewelry, and the like. The young man just referred to had
+been trained at Tuskegee, as most of our graduates are, to meet just
+this condition of things. He took the three months' public school as
+a nucleus for his work. Then he organized the older people into a
+club, or conference, that held meetings every week. In these meetings
+he taught the people, in a plain, simple manner, how to save their
+money, how to farm in a better way, how to sacrifice,--to live on
+bread and potatoes, if necessary, till they could get out of debt, and
+begin the buying of lands.
+
+Soon a large proportion of the people were in a condition to make
+contracts for the buying of homes (land is very cheap in the South)
+and to live without mortgaging their crops. Not only this; under the
+guidance and leadership of this teacher, the first year that he was
+among them they learned how and built, by contributions in money and
+labour, a neat, comfortable school-house that replaced the wreck of a
+log cabin formerly used. The following year the weekly meetings were
+continued, and two months were added to the original three months of
+school. The next year two more months were added. The improvement has
+gone on until these people have every year an eight months' school.
+
+I wish my readers could have the chance that I have had of going into
+this community. I wish they could look into the faces of the people,
+and see them beaming with hope and delight. I wish they could see the
+two or three room cottages that have taken the place of the usual
+one-room cabin, see the well-cultivated farms and the religious life
+of the people that now means something more than the name. The teacher
+has a good cottage and well-kept farm that serve as models. In a word,
+a complete revolution has been wrought in the industrial, educational,
+and religious life of this whole community by reason of the fact that
+they have had this leader, this guide and object-lesson, to show them
+how to take the money and effort that had hitherto been scattered to
+the wind in mortgages and high rents, in whiskey and gewgaws, and how
+to concentrate it in the direction of their own uplifting. One
+community on its feet presents an object-lesson for the adjoining
+communities, and soon improvements show themselves in other places.
+
+Another student, who received academic and industrial training at
+Tuskegee, established himself, three years ago, as a blacksmith and
+wheelwright in a community; and, in addition to the influence of his
+successful business enterprise, he is fast making the same kind of
+changes in the life of the people about him that I have just
+recounted. It would be easy for me to fill many pages describing the
+influence of the Tuskegee graduates in every part of the South. We
+keep it constantly in the minds of our students and graduates that
+the industrial or material condition of the masses of our people must
+be improved, as well as the intellectual, before there can be any
+permanent change in their moral and religious life. We find it a
+pretty hard thing to make a good Christian of a hungry man. No matter
+how much our people "get happy" and "shout" in church, if they go home
+at night from church hungry, they are tempted to find something to eat
+before morning. This is a principle of human nature, and is not
+confined alone to the Negro. The Negro has within him immense power
+for self-uplifting, but for years it will be necessary to guide him
+and stimulate his energies.
+
+The recognition of this power led us to organise, five years ago, what
+is known as the Tuskegee Negro Conference,--a gathering that
+meets every February, and is composed of about eight hundred
+representatives, coloured men and women, from all sections of the
+Black Belt. They come in ox-carts, mule-carts, buggies, on muleback
+and horseback, on foot, by railroad. Some travel all night in order to
+be present. The matters considered at the conference are those that
+the coloured people have it in their own power to control,--such as
+the evils of the mortgage system, the one-room cabin, buying on
+credit, the importance of owning a home and of putting money in the
+bank, how to build school-houses and prolong the school term, and to
+improve their moral and religious condition. As a single example of
+the results, one delegate reported that since the conference was
+started, seven years ago, eleven people in his neighbourhood had
+bought homes, fourteen had gotten out of debt, and a number had
+stopped mortgaging their crops. Moreover, a school-house had been
+built by the people themselves, and the school term had been extended
+from three to six months; and, with a look of triumph, he exclaimed,
+"We's done libin' in de ashes."
+
+Besides this Negro Conference for the masses of the people, we now
+have a gathering at the same time known as the Tuskegee Workers'
+Conference, composed of the officers and instructors of the leading
+coloured schools in the South. After listening to the story of the
+conditions and needs from the people themselves, the Workers'
+Conference finds much food for thought and discussion. Let me repeat,
+from its beginning, this institution has kept in mind the giving of
+thorough mental and religious training, along with such industrial
+training as would enable the student to appreciate the dignity of
+labour and become self-supporting and valuable as a producing factor,
+keeping in mind the occupations open in the South to the average man
+of the race.
+
+This institution has now reached the point where it can begin to judge
+of the value of its work as seen in its graduates. Some years ago we
+noted the fact, for example, that there was quite a movement in many
+parts of the South to organise and start dairies. Soon after this, we
+opened a dairy school where a number of young men could receive
+training in the best and most scientific methods of dairying. At
+present we have calls, mainly from Southern white men, for twice as
+many dairymen as we are able to supply. The reports indicate that our
+young men are giving the highest satisfaction, and are fast changing
+and improving the dairy product in the communities where they labour.
+I have used the dairy industry simply as an example. What I have said
+of this industry is true in a larger or less degree of the others.
+
+I cannot but believe, and my daily observation and experience confirm
+me in it, that, as we continue placing men and women of intelligence,
+religion, modesty, conscience, and skill in every community in the
+South, who will prove by actual results their value to the community,
+this will constitute the solution for many of the present political
+and sociological difficulties. It is with this larger and more
+comprehensive view of improving present conditions and laying the
+foundation wisely that the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute is
+training men and women as teachers and industrial leaders.
+
+Over four hundred students have finished the course of training at
+this institution, and are now scattered throughout the South, doing
+good work. A recent investigation shows that about 3,000 students who
+have taken only a partial course are doing commendable work. One young
+man, who was able to remain in school but two years, has been teaching
+in one community for ten years. During this time he has built a new
+school-house, extended the school term from three to seven months,
+and has bought a nice farm upon which he has erected a neat cottage.
+The example of this young man has inspired many of the coloured people
+in this community to follow his example in some degree; and this is
+one of many such examples.
+
+Wherever our graduates and ex-students go, they teach by precept and
+example the necessary lesson of thrift, economy, and property-getting,
+and friendship between the races.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+It has become apparent that the effort to put the rank and file of the
+coloured people into a position to exercise the right of franchise has
+not been the success that was expected in those portions of our
+country where the Negro is found in large numbers. Either the Negro
+was not prepared for any such wholesale exercise of the ballot as our
+recent amendments to the Constitution contemplated or the American
+people were not prepared to assist and encourage him to use the
+ballot. In either case the result has been the same.
+
+On an important occasion in the life of the Master, when it fell to
+him to pronounce judgment on two courses of action, these memorable
+words fell from his lips: "And Mary hath chosen the better part." This
+was the supreme test in the case of an individual. It is the highest
+test in the case of a race or a nation. Let us apply this test to the
+American Negro.
+
+In the life of our Republic, when he has had the opportunity to
+choose, has it been the better or worse part? When in the childhood of
+this nation the Negro was asked to submit to slavery or choose death
+and extinction, as did the aborigines, he chose the better part, that
+which perpetuated the race.
+
+When, in 1776, the Negro was asked to decide between British
+oppression and American independence, we find him choosing the better
+part; and Crispus Attucks, a Negro, was the first to shed his blood on
+State Street, Boston, that the white American might enjoy liberty
+forever, though his race remained in slavery. When, in 1814, at New
+Orleans, the test of patriotism came again, we find the Negro choosing
+the better part, General Andrew Jackson himself testifying that no
+heart was more loyal and no arm was more strong and useful in defence
+of righteousness.
+
+When the long and memorable struggle came between union and
+separation, when he knew that victory meant freedom, and defeat his
+continued enslavement, although enlisting by the thousands, as
+opportunity presented itself, to fight in honourable combat for the
+cause of the Union and liberty, yet, when the suggestion and the
+temptation came to burn the home and massacre wife and children during
+the absence of the master in battle, and thus insure his liberty, we
+find him choosing the better part, and for four long years protecting
+and supporting the helpless, defenceless ones intrusted to his care.
+
+When, during our war with Spain, the safety and honour of the Republic
+were threatened by a foreign foe, when the wail and anguish of the
+oppressed from a distant isle reached our ears, we find the Negro
+forgetting his own wrongs, forgetting the laws and customs that
+discriminate against him in his own country, and again choosing the
+better part. And, if any one would know how he acquitted himself in
+the field at Santiago, let him apply for answer to Shafter and
+Roosevelt and Wheeler. Let them tell how the Negro faced death and
+laid down his life in defence of honour and humanity. When the full
+story of the heroic conduct of the Negro in the Spanish-American War
+has been heard from the lips of Northern soldier and Southern soldier,
+from ex-abolitionist and ex-master, then shall the country decide
+whether a race that is thus willing to die for its country should not
+be given the highest opportunity to live for its country.
+
+In the midst of all the complaints of suffering in the camp and field
+during the Spanish-American War, suffering from fever and hunger,
+where is the official or citizen that has heard a word of complaint
+from the lips of a black soldier? The only request that came from the
+Negro soldier was that he might be permitted to replace the white
+soldier when heat and malaria began to decimate the ranks of the white
+regiments, and to occupy at the same time the post of greater danger.
+
+But, when all this is said, it remains true that the efforts on the
+part of his friends and the part of himself to share actively in the
+control of State and local government in America have not been a
+success in all sections. What are the causes of this partial failure,
+and what lessons has it taught that we may use in regard to the future
+treatment of the Negro in America?
+
+In my mind there is no doubt but that we made a mistake at the
+beginning of our freedom of putting the emphasis on the wrong end.
+Politics and the holding of office were too largely emphasised,
+almost to the exclusion of every other interest.
+
+I believe the past and present teach but one lesson,--to the Negro's
+friends and to the Negro himself,--that there is but one way out, that
+there is but one hope of solution; and that is for the Negro in every
+part of America to resolve from henceforth that he will throw aside
+every non-essential and cling only to essential,--that his pillar of
+fire by night and pillar of cloud by day shall be property, economy,
+education, and Christian character. To us just now these are the
+wheat, all else the chaff. The individual or race that owns the
+property, pays the taxes, possesses the intelligence and substantial
+character, is the one which is going to exercise the greatest control
+in government, whether he lives in the North or whether he lives in
+the South.
+
+I have often been asked the cause of and the cure for the riots that
+have taken place recently in North Carolina and South Carolina.[1] I
+am not at all sure that what I shall say will answer these questions
+in a satisfactory way, nor shall I attempt to narrow my expressions to
+a mere recital of what has taken place in these two States. I prefer
+to discuss the problem in a broader manner.
+
+[1] November, 1898.
+
+In the first place, in politics I am a Republican, but have always
+refrained from activity in party politics, and expect to pursue this
+policy in the future. So in this connection I shall refrain, as I
+always have done, from entering upon any discussion of mere party
+politics. What I shall say of politics will bear upon the race problem
+and the civilisation of the South in the larger sense. In no case
+would I permit my political relations to stand in the way of my
+speaking and acting in the manner that I believe would be for the
+permanent interest of my race and the whole South.
+
+In 1873 the Negro in the South had reached the point of greatest
+activity and influence in public life, so far as the mere holding of
+elective office was concerned. From that date those who have kept up
+with the history of the South have noticed that the Negro has steadily
+lost in the number of elective offices held. In saying this, I do not
+mean that the Negro has gone backward in the real and more fundamental
+things of life. On the contrary, he has gone forward faster than has
+been true of any other race in history, under anything like similar
+circumstances.
+
+If we can answer the question as to why the Negro has lost ground in
+the matter of holding elective office in the South, perhaps we shall
+find that our reply will prove to be our answer also as to the cause
+of the recent riots in North Carolina and South Carolina. Before
+beginning a discussion of the question I have asked, I wish to say
+that this change in the political influence of the Negro has continued
+from year to year, notwithstanding the fact that for a long time he
+was protected, politically, by force of federal arms and the most
+rigid federal laws, and still more effectively, perhaps, by the voice
+and influence in the halls of legislation of such advocates of the
+rights of the Negro race as Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin
+F. Butler, James M. Ashley, Oliver P. Morton, Carl Schurz, and Roscoe
+Conkling, and on the stump and through the public press by those great
+and powerful Negroes, Frederick Douglass, John M. Langston, Blanche K.
+Bruce, John R. Lynch, P. B. S. Pinchback, Robert Browne Elliot, T.
+Thomas Fortune, and many others; but the Negro has continued for
+twenty years to have fewer representatives in the State and national
+legislatures. The reduction has continued until now it is at the point
+where, with few exceptions, he is without representatives in the
+law-making bodies of the State and of the nation.
+
+Now let us find, if we can, a cause for this. The Negro is fond of
+saying that his present condition is due to the fact that the State
+and federal courts have not sustained the laws passed for the
+protection of the rights of his people; but I think we shall have to
+go deeper than this, because I believe that all agree that court
+decisions, as a rule, represent the public opinion of the community or
+nation creating and sustaining the court.
+
+At the beginning of his freedom it was unfortunate that those of the
+white race who won the political confidence of the Negro were not,
+with few exceptions, men of such high character as would lead them to
+assist him in laying a firm foundation for his development. Their
+main purpose appears to have been, for selfish ends in too many
+instances, merely to control his vote. The history of the
+reconstruction era will show that this was unfortunate for all the
+parties in interest.
+
+It would have been better, from any point of view, if the native
+Southern white man had taken the Negro, at the beginning of his
+freedom, into his political confidence, and exercised an influence and
+control over him before his political affections were alienated.
+
+The average Southern white man has an idea to-day that, if the Negro
+were permitted to get any political power, all the mistakes of the
+reconstruction period would be repeated. He forgets or ignores the
+fact that thirty years of acquiring education and property and
+character have produced a higher type of black man than existed thirty
+years ago.
+
+But, to be more specific, for all practical purposes, there are two
+political parties in the South,--a black man's party and a white man's
+party. In saying this, I do not mean that all white men are Democrats;
+for there are some white men in the South of the highest character who
+are Republicans, and there are a few Negroes in the South of the
+highest character who are Democrats. It is the general understanding
+that all white men are Democrats or the equivalent, and that all black
+men are Republicans. So long as the colour line is the dividing line
+in politics, so long will there be trouble.
+
+The white man feels that he owns most of the property, furnishes the
+Negro most of his employment, thinks he pays most of the taxes, and
+has had years of experience in government. There is no mistaking the
+fact that the feeling which has heretofore governed the Negro--that,
+to be manly and stand by his race, he must oppose the Southern white
+man with his vote--has had much to do with intensifying the opposition
+of the Southern white man to him.
+
+The Southern white man says that it is unreasonable for the Negro to
+come to him, in a large measure, for his clothes, board, shelter, and
+education, and for his politics to go to men a thousand miles away. He
+very properly argues that, when the Negro votes, he should try to
+consult the interests of his employer, just as the Pennsylvania
+employee tries to vote for the interests of his employer. Further,
+that much of the education which has been given the Negro has been
+defective, in not preparing him to love labour and to earn his living
+at some special industry, and has, in too many cases, resulted in
+tempting him to live by his wits as a political creature or by
+trusting to his "influence" as a political time-server.
+
+Then, there is no mistaking the fact, that much opposition to the
+Negro in politics is due to the circumstance that the Southern white
+man has not become accustomed to seeing the Negro exercise political
+power either as a voter or as an office-holder. Again, we want to bear
+it in mind that the South has not yet reached the point where there is
+that strict regard for the enforcement of the law against either black
+or white men that there is in many of our Northern and Western States.
+This laxity in the enforcement of the laws in general, and especially
+of criminal laws, makes such outbreaks as those in North Carolina and
+South Carolina of easy occurrence.
+
+Then there is one other consideration which must not be overlooked. It
+is the common opinion of almost every black man and almost every white
+man that nearly everybody who has had anything to do with the making
+of laws bearing upon the protection of the Negro's vote has proceeded
+on the theory that all the black men for all time will vote the
+Republican ticket and that all the white men in the South will vote
+the Democratic ticket. In a word, all seem to have taken it for
+granted that the two races are always going to oppose each other in
+their voting.
+
+In all the foregoing statements I have not attempted to define my own
+views or position, but simply to describe conditions as I have
+observed them, that might throw light upon the cause of our political
+troubles. As to my own position, I do not favour the Negro's giving up
+anything which is fundamental and which has been guaranteed to him by
+the Constitution of the United States. It is not best for him to
+relinquish any of his rights; nor would his doing so be best for the
+Southern white man. Every law placed in the Constitution of the
+United States was placed there to encourage and stimulate the highest
+citizenship. If the Negro is not stimulated and encouraged by just
+State and national laws to become the highest type of citizen, the
+result will be worse for the Southern white man than for the Negro.
+Take the State of South Carolina, for example, where nearly two-thirds
+of the population are Negroes. Unless these Negroes are encouraged by
+just election laws to become tax-payers and intelligent producers, the
+white people of South Carolina will have an eternal millstone about
+their necks.
+
+In an open letter to the State Constitutional Convention of Louisiana,
+I wrote:
+
+     "I am no politician. On the other hand, I have always advised my
+     race to give attention to acquiring property, intelligence, and
+     character, as the necessary bases of good citizenship, rather
+     than to mere political agitation. But the question upon which I
+     write is out of the region of ordinary politics. It affects the
+     civilisation of two races, not for to-day alone, but for a very
+     long time to come.
+
+     "Since the war, no State has had such an opportunity to settle,
+     for all time, the race question, so far as it concerns politics,
+     as is now given to Louisiana. Will your convention set an example
+     to the world in this respect? Will Louisiana take such high and
+     just grounds in respect to the Negro that no one can doubt that
+     the South is as good a friend to him as he possesses elsewhere?
+     In all this, gentlemen of the convention, I am not pleading for
+     the Negro alone, but for the morals, the higher life, of the
+     white man as well.
+
+     "The Negro agrees with you that it is necessary to the salvation
+     of the South that restrictions be put upon the ballot. I know
+     that you have two serious problems before you; ignorant and
+     corrupt government, on the one hand; and, on the other, a way to
+     restrict the ballot so that control will be in the hands of the
+     intelligent, without regard to race. With the sincerest sympathy
+     with you in your efforts to find a good way out of the
+     difficulty, I want to suggest that no State in the South can make
+     a law that will provide an opportunity or temptation for an
+     ignorant white man to vote, and withhold the opportunity or
+     temptation from an ignorant coloured man, without injuring both
+     men. No State can make a law that can thus be executed without
+     dwarfing, for all time, the morals of the white man in the South.
+     Any law controlling the ballot that is not absolutely just and
+     fair to both races will work more permanent injury to the whites
+     than to the blacks.
+
+     "The Negro does not object to an educational and property test,
+     but let the law be so clear that no one clothed with State
+     authority will be tempted to perjure and degrade himself by
+     putting one interpretation upon it for the white man and another
+     for the black man. Study the history of the South, and you will
+     find that, where there has been the most dishonesty in the matter
+     of voting, there you will find to-day the lowest moral condition
+     of both races. First, there was the temptation to act wrongly
+     with the Negro's ballot. From this it was an easy step to act
+     dishonestly with the white man's ballot, to the carrying of
+     concealed weapons, to the murder of a Negro, and then to the
+     murder of a white man, and then to lynching. I entreat you not to
+     pass a law that will prove an eternal millstone about the necks
+     of your children. No man can have respect for the government and
+     officers of the law when he knows, deep down in his heart, that
+     the exercise of the franchise is tainted with fraud.
+
+     "The road that the South has been compelled to travel during the
+     last thirty years has been strewn with thorns and thistles. It
+     has been as one groping through the long darkness into the light.
+     The time is not far distant when the world will begin to
+     appreciate the real character of the burden that was imposed upon
+     the South in giving the franchise to four millions of ignorant
+     and impoverished ex-slaves. No people was ever before given such
+     a problem to solve. History has blazed no path through the
+     wilderness that could be followed. For thirty years we have
+     wandered in the wilderness. We are now beginning to get out. But
+     there is only one road out; and all makeshifts, expedients,
+     profit and loss calculations, but lead into swamps, quicksands,
+     quagmires, and jungles. There is a highway that will lead both
+     races out into the pure, beautiful sunshine, where there will be
+     nothing to hide and nothing to explain, where both races can
+     grow strong and true and useful in every fibre of their being. I
+     believe that your convention will find this highway, that it will
+     enact a fundamental law that will be absolutely just and fair to
+     white and black alike.
+
+     "I beg of you, further, that in the degree that you close the
+     ballot-box against the ignorant you will open the school-house.
+     More than one-half of the population of your State are Negroes.
+     No State can long prosper when a large part of its citizenship is
+     in ignorance and poverty, and has no interest in the government.
+     I beg of you that you do not treat us as an alien people. We are
+     not aliens. You know us. You know that we have cleared your
+     forests, tilled your fields, nursed your children, and protected
+     your families. There is an attachment between us that few
+     understand. While I do not presume to be able to advise you, yet
+     it is in my heart to say that, if your convention would do
+     something that would prevent for all time strained relations
+     between the two races, and would permanently settle the matter of
+     political relations in one Southern State at least, let the very
+     best educational opportunities be provided for both races; and
+     add to this an election law that shall be incapable of unjust
+     discrimination, at the same time providing that, in proportion as
+     the ignorant secure education, property, and character, they will
+     be given the right of citizenship. Any other course will take
+     from one-half your citizens interest in the State, and hope and
+     ambition to become intelligent producers and tax-payers, and
+     useful and virtuous citizens. Any other course will tie the white
+     citizens of Louisiana to a body of death.
+
+     "The Negroes are not unmindful of the fact that the poverty of
+     the State prevents it from doing all that it desires for public
+     education; yet I believe that you will agree with me that
+     ignorance is more costly to the State than education, that it
+     will cost Louisiana more not to educate the Negroes than it will
+     to educate them. In connection with a generous provision for
+     public schools, I believe that nothing will so help my own people
+     in your State as provision at some institution for the highest
+     academic and normal training, in connection with thorough
+     training in agriculture, mechanics, and domestic economy.
+     First-class training in agriculture, horticulture, dairying,
+     stock-raising, the mechanical arts, and domestic economy, would
+     make us intelligent producers, and not only help us to contribute
+     our honest share as tax-payers, but would result in retaining
+     much money in the State that now goes outside for that which can
+     be as well produced at home. An institution which will give this
+     training of the hand, along with the highest mental culture,
+     would soon convince our people that their salvation is largely
+     in the ownership of property and in industrial and business
+     development, rather than in mere political agitation.
+
+     "The highest test of the civilisation of any race is in its
+     willingness to extend a helping hand to the less fortunate. A
+     race, like an individual, lifts itself up by lifting others up.
+     Surely, no people ever had a greater chance to exhibit the
+     highest Christian fortitude and magnanimity than is now presented
+     to the people of Louisiana. It requires little wisdom or
+     statesmanship to repress, to crush out, to retard the hopes and
+     aspirations of a people; but the highest and most profound
+     statesmanship is shown in guiding and stimulating a people, so
+     that every fibre in the body and soul shall be made to contribute
+     in the highest degree to the usefulness and ability of the State.
+     It is along this line that I pray God the thoughts and
+     activities of your convention may be guided."
+
+As to such outbreaks as have recently occurred in North Carolina and
+South Carolina, the remedy will not be reached by the Southern white
+man merely depriving the Negro of his rights and privileges. This
+method is but superficial, irritating, and must, in the nature of
+things, be short-lived. The statesman, to cure an evil, resorts to
+enlightenment, to stimulation; the politician, to repression. I have
+just remarked that I favour the giving up of nothing that is
+guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the United States, or that is
+fundamental to our citizenship. While I hold to these views as
+strongly as any one, I differ with some as to the method of securing
+the permanent and peaceful enjoyment of all the privileges guaranteed
+to us by our fundamental law.
+
+In finding a remedy, we must recognise the world-wide fact that the
+Negro must be led to see and feel that he must make every effort
+possible, in every way possible, to secure the friendship, the
+confidence, the co-operation of his white neighbour in the South. To
+do this, it is not necessary for the Negro to become a truckler or a
+trimmer. The Southern white man has no respect for a Negro who does
+not act from principle. In some way the Southern white man must be led
+to see that it is to his interest to turn his attention more and more
+to the making of laws that will, in the truest sense, elevate the
+Negro. At the present moment, in many cases, when one attempts to get
+the Negro to co-operate with the Southern white man, he asks the
+question, "Can the people who force me to ride in a Jim Crow car, and
+pay first-class fare, be my best friends?" In answering such
+questions, the Southern white man, as well as the Negro, has a duty to
+perform. In the exercise of his political rights I should advise the
+Negro to be temperate and modest, and more and more to do his own
+thinking.
+
+I believe the permanent cure for our present evils will come through a
+property and educational test for voting that shall apply honestly and
+fairly to both races. This will cut off the large mass of ignorant
+voters of both races that is now proving so demoralising a factor in
+the politics of the Southern States.
+
+But, most of all, it will come through industrial development of the
+Negro. Industrial education makes an intelligent producer of the
+Negro, who becomes of immediate value to the community rather than
+one who yields to the temptation to live merely by politics or
+other parasitical employments. It will make him soon become a
+property-holder; and, when a citizen becomes a holder of property, he
+becomes a conservative and thoughtful voter. He will more carefully
+consider the measures and individuals to be voted for. In proportion
+as he increases his property interests, he becomes important as a
+tax-payer.
+
+There is little trouble between the Negro and the white man in matters
+of education; and, when it comes to his business development, the
+black man has implicit faith in the advice of the Southern white man.
+When he gets into trouble in the courts, which requires a bond to be
+given, in nine cases out of ten, he goes to a Southern white man for
+advice and assistance. Every one who has lived in the South knows
+that, in many of the church troubles among the coloured people, the
+ministers and other church officers apply to the nearest white
+minister for assistance and instruction. When by reason of mutual
+concession we reach the point where we shall consult the Southern
+white man about our politics as we now consult him about our
+business, legal, and religious matters, there will be a change for the
+better in the situation.
+
+The object-lesson of a thousand Negroes in every county in the South
+who own neat and comfortable homes, possessing skill, industry, and
+thrift, with money in the bank, and are large tax-payers co-operating
+with the white men in the South in every manly way for the development
+of their own communities and counties, will go a long way, in a few
+years, toward changing the present status of the Negro as a citizen,
+as well as the attitude of the whites toward the blacks.
+
+As the Negro grows in industrial and business directions, he will
+divide in his politics on economic issues, just as the white man in
+other parts of the country now divides his vote. As the South grows in
+business prosperity it will divide its vote on economic issues, just
+as other sections of the country divide their vote. When we can enact
+laws that result in honestly cutting off the large ignorant and
+non-tax-paying vote, and when we can bring both races to the point
+where they will co-operate with each other in politics, as they do now
+in matters of business, religion, and education, the problem will be
+in a large measure solved, and political outbreaks will cease.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+One of the great questions which Christian education must face in the
+South is the proper adjustment of the new relations of the two races.
+It is a question which must be faced calmly, quietly, dispassionately;
+and the time has now come to rise above party, above race, above
+colour, above sectionalism, into the region of duty of man to man, of
+American to American, of Christian to Christian.
+
+I remember not long ago, when about five hundred coloured people
+sailed from the port of Savannah bound for Liberia, that the news was
+flashed all over the country, "The Negro has made up his mind to
+return to his own country," and that, "in this was the solution of the
+race problem in the South." But these short-sighted people forgot the
+fact that before breakfast that morning about five hundred more Negro
+children were born in the South alone.
+
+And then, once in a while, somebody is so bold as to predict that the
+Negro will be absorbed by the white race. Let us look at this phase of
+the question for a moment. It is a fact that, if a person is known to
+have one per cent. of African blood in his veins, he ceases to be a
+white man. The ninety-nine per cent. of Caucasian blood does not weigh
+by the side of the one per cent. of African blood. The white blood
+counts for nothing. The person is a Negro every time. So it will be a
+very difficult task for the white man to absorb the Negro.
+
+Somebody else conceived the idea of colonising the coloured people, of
+getting territory where nobody lived, putting the coloured people
+there, and letting them be a nation all by themselves. There are two
+objections to that. First, you would have to build one wall to keep
+the coloured people in, and another wall to keep the white people
+out. If you were to build ten walls around Africa to-day you could not
+keep the white people out, especially as long as there was a hope of
+finding gold there.
+
+I have always had the highest respect for those of our race who, in
+trying to find a solution for our Southern problem, advised a return
+of the race to Africa, and because of my respect for those who have
+thus advised, especially Bishop Henry M. Turner, I have tried to make
+a careful and unbiassed study of the question, during a recent sojourn
+in Europe, to see what opportunities presented themselves in Africa
+for self-development and self-government.
+
+I am free to say that I see no way out of the Negro's present
+condition in the South by returning to Africa. Aside from other
+insurmountable obstacles, there is no place in Africa for him to go
+where his condition would be improved. All Europe--especially England,
+France, and Germany--has been running a mad race for the last twenty
+years, to see which could gobble up the greater part of Africa; and
+there is practically nothing left. Old King Cetewayo put it pretty
+well when he said, "First come missionary, then come rum, then come
+traders, then come army"; and Cecil Rhodes has expressed the
+prevailing sentiment more recently in these words, "I would rather
+have land than 'niggers.'" And Cecil Rhodes is directly responsible
+for the killing of thousands of black natives in South Africa, that he
+might secure their land.
+
+In a talk with Henry M. Stanley, the explorer, he told me that he knew
+no place in Africa where the Negroes of the United States might go to
+advantage; but I want to be more specific. Let us see how Africa has
+been divided, and then decide whether there is a place left for us.
+On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, Morocco is an independent State,
+Algeria is a French possession, Tunis is a French protectorate,
+Tripoli is a province of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt is a province of
+Turkey. On the Atlantic coast, Sahara is a French protectorate, Adrar
+is claimed by Spain, Senegambia is a French trading settlement, Gambia
+is a British crown colony, Sierra Leone is a British crown colony.
+Liberia is a republic of freed Negroes, Gold Coast and Ashanti are
+British colonies and British protectorates, Togoland is a German
+protectorate, Dahomey is a kingdom subject to French influence, Slave
+Coast is a British colony and British protectorate, Niger Coast is a
+British protectorate, the Cameroons are trading settlements protected
+by Germany, French Congo is a French protectorate, Congo Free State is
+an international African Association, Angola and Benguela are
+Portuguese protectorates, and the inland countries are controlled as
+follows: The Niger States, Masina, etc., are under French protection;
+Land Gandu is under British protection, administered by the Royal
+Haussan Niger Company.
+
+South Africa is controlled as follows: Damara and Namaqua Land are
+German protectorates, Cape Colony is a British colony, Basutoland is a
+Crown colony, Bechuanaland is a British protectorate, Natal is a
+British colony, Zululand is a British protectorate, Orange Free State
+is independent, the South African Republic is independent, and the
+Zambesi is administered by the British South African Company. Lourence
+Marques is a Portuguese possession.
+
+East Africa has also been disposed of in the following manner:
+Mozambique is a Portuguese possession, British Central Africa is a
+British protectorate, German East Africa is in the German sphere of
+influence, Zanzibar is a sultanate under British protection, British
+East Africa is a British protectorate, Somaliland is under British and
+Italian protection, Abyssinia is independent. East Soudan (including
+Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, and Wadai) is in the British sphere of
+influence. It will be noted that, when one of these European countries
+cannot get direct control over any section of Africa, it at once gives
+it out to the world that the country wanted is in the "sphere of its
+influence,"--a very convenient term. If we are to go to Africa, and be
+under the control of another government, I think we should prefer to
+take our chances in the "sphere of influence" of the United States.
+
+All this shows pretty conclusively that a return to Africa for the
+Negro is out of the question, even provided that a majority of the
+Negroes wished to go back, which they do not. The adjustment of the
+relations of the two races must take place here; and it is taking
+place slowly, but surely. As the Negro is educated to make homes and
+to respect himself, the white man will in turn respect him.
+
+It has been urged that the Negro has inherent in him certain traits of
+character that will prevent his ever reaching the standard of
+civilisation set by the whites, and taking his place among them as an
+equal. It may be some time before the Negro race as a whole can stand
+comparison with the white in all respects,--it would be most
+remarkable, considering the past, if it were not so; but the idea that
+his objectionable traits and weaknesses are fundamental, I think, is a
+mistake. For, although there are elements of weakness about the Negro
+race, there are also many evidences of strength.
+
+It is an encouraging sign, however, when an individual grows to the
+point where he can hold himself up for personal analysis and study. It
+is equally encouraging for a race to be able to study itself,--to
+measure its weakness and strength. It is not helpful to a race to be
+continually praised and have its weakness overlooked, neither is it
+the most helpful thing to have its faults alone continually dwelt
+upon. What is needed is downright, straightforward honesty in both
+directions; and this is not always to be obtained.
+
+There is little question that one of the Negroes' weak points is
+physical. Especially is this true regarding those who live in the
+large cities, North and South. But in almost every case this physical
+weakness can be traced to ignorant violation of the laws of health or
+to vicious habits. The Negro, who during slavery lived on the large
+plantations in the South, surrounded by restraints, at the close of
+the war came to the cities, and in many cases found the freedom and
+temptations of the city too much for him. The transition was too
+sudden.
+
+When we consider what it meant to have four millions of people slaves
+to-day and freemen to-morrow, the wonder is that the race has not
+suffered more physically than it has. I do not believe that statistics
+can be so marshalled as to prove that the Negro as a race is
+physically or numerically on the decline. On the other hand, the Negro
+as a race is increasing in numbers by a larger percentage than is true
+of the French nation. While the death-rate is large in the cities, the
+birth-rate is also large; and it is to be borne in mind that
+eighty-five per cent. of these people in the Gulf States are in the
+country districts and smaller towns, and there the increase is along
+healthy and normal lines. As the Negro becomes educated, the high
+death-rate in the cities will disappear. For proof of this, I have
+only to mention that a few years ago no coloured man could get
+insurance in the large first-class insurance companies. Now there are
+few of these companies which do not seek the insurance of educated
+coloured men. In the North and South the physical intoxication that
+was the result of sudden freedom is giving way to an encouraging,
+sobering process; and, as this continues, the high death-rate will
+disappear even, in the large cities.
+
+Another element of weakness which shows itself in the present stage of
+the civilisation of the Negro is his lack of ability to form a purpose
+and stick to it through a series of years, if need be,--years that
+involve discouragement as well as encouragement,--till the end shall
+be reached. Of course there are brilliant exceptions to this rule; but
+there is no question that here is an element of weakness, and the
+same, I think, would be true of any race with the Negro's history.
+
+Few of the resolutions which are made in conventions, etc., are
+remembered and put into practice six months after the warmth and
+enthusiasm of the debating hall have disappeared. This, I know, is an
+element of the white man's weakness, but it is the Negro I am
+discussing, not the white man. Individually, the Negro is strong.
+Collectively, he is weak. This is not to be wondered at. The ability
+to succeed in organised bodies is one of the highest points in
+civilisation. There are scores of coloured men who can succeed in any
+line of business as individuals, or will discuss any subject in a most
+intelligent manner, yet who, when they attempt to act in an organised
+body, are utter failures.
+
+But the weakness of the Negro which is most frequently held up to the
+public gaze is that of his moral character. No one who wants to be
+honest and at the same time benefit the race will deny that here is
+where the strengthening is to be done. It has become universally
+accepted that the family is the foundation, the bulwark, of any race.
+It should be remembered, sorrowfully withal, that it was the constant
+tendency of slavery to destroy the family life. All through two
+hundred and fifty years of slavery, one of the chief objects was to
+increase the number of slaves; and to this end almost all thought of
+morality was lost sight of, so that the Negro has had only about
+thirty years in which to develop a family life; while the Anglo-Saxon
+rate, with which he is constantly being compared, has had thousands of
+years of training in home life. The Negro felt all through the years
+of bondage that he was being forcibly and unjustly deprived of the
+fruits of his labour. Hence he felt that anything he could get from
+the white man in return for this labour justly belonged to him. Since
+this was true, we must be patient in trying to teach him a different
+code of morals.
+
+From the nature of things, all through slavery it was life in the
+future world that was emphasised in religious teaching rather than
+life in this world. In his religious meetings in _ante-bellum_ days
+the Negro was prevented from discussing many points of practical
+religion which related to this world; and the white minister, who was
+his spiritual guide, found it more convenient to talk about heaven
+than earth, so very naturally that to-day in his religious meeting it
+is the Negro's feelings which are worked upon mostly, and it is
+description of the glories of heaven that occupy most of the time of
+his sermon.
+
+Having touched upon some of the weak points of the Negro, what are
+his strong characteristics? The Negro in America is different from
+most people for whom missionary effort is made, in that he works. He
+is not ashamed or afraid of work. When hard, constant work is
+required, ask any Southern white man, and he will tell you that in
+this the Negro has no superior. He is not given to strikes or to
+lockouts. He not only works himself, but he is unwilling to prevent
+other people from working.
+
+Of the forty buildings of various kinds and sizes on the grounds of
+the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, in Alabama, as I have
+stated before, almost all of them are the results of the labour
+performed by the students while securing their academic education. One
+day the student is in his history class. The next day the same
+student, equally happy, with his trowel and in overalls, is working on
+a brick wall.
+
+While at present the Negro may lack that tenacious mental grasp which
+enables one to pursue a scientific or mathematical investigation
+through a series of years, he has that delicate, mental feeling which
+enables him to succeed in oratory, music, etc.
+
+While I have spoken of the Negro's moral weakness, I hope it will be
+kept in mind that in his original state his is an honest race. It was
+slavery that corrupted him in this respect. But in morals he also has
+his strong points.
+
+Few have ever found the Negro guilty of betraying a trust. There are
+almost no instances in which the Negro betrayed either a Federal or a
+Confederate soldier who confided in him. There are few instances where
+the Negro has been entrusted with valuables when he has not been
+faithful. This country has never had a more loyal citizen. He has
+never proven himself a rebel. Should the Southern States, which so
+long held him in slavery, be invaded by a foreign foe, the Negro would
+be among the first to come to the rescue.
+
+Perhaps the most encouraging thing in connection with the lifting up
+of the Negro in this country is the fact that he knows that he is down
+and wants to get up, he knows that he is ignorant and wants to get
+light. He fills every school-house and every church which is opened
+for him. He is willing to follow leaders, when he is once convinced
+that the leaders have his best interest at heart.
+
+Under the constant influence of the Christian education which began
+thirty-five years ago, his religion is every year becoming less
+emotional and more rational and practical, though I, for one, hope
+that he will always retain in a large degree the emotional element in
+religion.
+
+During the two hundred and fifty years that the Negro spent in
+slavery he had little cause or incentive to accumulate money or
+property. Thirty-five years ago this was something which he had to
+begin to learn. While the great bulk of the race is still without
+money and property, yet the signs of thrift are evident on every hand.
+Especially is this noticeable in the large number of neat little homes
+which are owned by these people on the outer edges of the towns and
+cities in the South.
+
+I wish to give an example of the sort of thing the Negro has to
+contend with, however, in his efforts to lift himself up.
+
+Not long ago a mother, a black mother, who lived in one of our
+Northern States, had heard it whispered around in her community for
+years that the Negro was lazy, shiftless, and would not work. So, when
+her only boy grew to sufficient size, at considerable expense and
+great self-sacrifice, she had her boy thoroughly taught the
+machinist's trade. A job was secured in a neighbouring shop. With
+dinner bucket in hand and spurred on by the prayers of the now
+happy-hearted mother, the boy entered the shop to begin his first
+day's work. What happened? Every one of the twenty white men threw
+down his tools, and deliberately walked out, swearing that he would
+not give a black man an opportunity to earn an honest living. Another
+shop was tried with the same result, and still another, the result
+ever the same. To-day this once promising, ambitious black man is a
+wreck,--a confirmed drunkard,--with no hope, no ambition. I ask, Who
+blasted the life of this young man? On whose hands does his lifeblood
+rest? The present system of education, or rather want of education, is
+responsible.
+
+Public schools and colleges should turn out men who will throw open
+the doors of industry, so that all men, everywhere, regardless of
+colour, shall have the same opportunity to earn a dollar that they now
+have to spend it. I know of a good many kinds of cowardice and
+prejudice, but I know none equal to this. I know not which is the
+worst,--the slaveholder who perforce compelled his slave to work
+without compensation or the man who, by force and strikes, compels his
+neighbour to refrain from working for compensation.
+
+The Negro will be on a different footing in this country when it
+becomes common to associate the possession of wealth with a black
+skin. It is not within the province of human nature that the man who
+is intelligent and virtuous, and owns and cultivates the best farm in
+his county, is the largest tax-payer, shall very long be denied proper
+respect and consideration. Those who would help the Negro most
+effectually during the next fifty years can do so by assisting in his
+development along scientific and industrial lines in connection with
+the broadest mental and religious culture.
+
+From the results of the war with Spain let us learn this, that God has
+been teaching the Spanish nation a terrible lesson. What is it? Simply
+this, that no nation can disregard the interest of any portion of its
+members without that nation becoming weak and corrupt. The penalty may
+be long delayed. God has been teaching Spain that for every one of her
+subjects that she has left in ignorance, poverty, and crime the price
+must be paid; and, if it has not been paid with the very heart of the
+nation, it must be paid with the proudest and bluest blood of her sons
+and with treasure that is beyond computation. From this spectacle I
+pray God that America will learn a lesson in respect to the ten
+million Negroes in this country.
+
+The Negroes in the United States are, in most of the elements of
+civilisation, weak. Providence has placed them here not without a
+purpose. One object, in my opinion, is that the stronger race may
+imbibe a lesson from the weaker in patience, forbearance, and
+childlike yet supreme trust in the God of the Universe. This race has
+been placed here that the white man might have a great opportunity of
+lifting himself by lifting it up.
+
+Out from the Negro colleges and industrial schools in the South there
+are going forth each year thousands of young men and women into dark
+and secluded corners, into lonely log school-houses, amidst poverty
+and ignorance; and though, when they go forth, no drums beat, no
+banners fly, no friends cheer, yet they are fighting the battles of
+this country just as truly and bravely as those who go forth to do
+battle against a foreign enemy.
+
+If they are encouraged and properly supported in their work of
+educating the masses in the industries, in economy, and in morals, as
+well as mentally, they will, before many years, get the race upon such
+an intellectual, industrial, and financial footing that it will be
+able to enjoy without much trouble all the rights inherent in American
+citizenship.
+
+Now, if we wish to bring the race to a point where it should be, where
+it will be strong, and grow and prosper, we have got to, in every way
+possible, encourage it. We can do this in no better way than by
+cultivating that amount of faith in the race which will make us
+patronise its own enterprises wherever those enterprises are worth
+patronising. I do not believe much in the advice that is often given
+that we should patronise the enterprises of our race without regard to
+the worth of those enterprises. I believe that the best way to bring
+the race to the point where it will compare with other races is to
+let it understand that, whenever it enters into any line of business,
+it will be patronised just in proportion as it makes that business as
+successful, as useful, as is true of any business enterprise conducted
+by any other race. The race that would grow strong and powerful must
+have the element of hero-worship in it that will, in the largest
+degree, make it honour its great men, the men who have succeeded in
+that race. I think we should be ashamed of the coloured man or woman
+who would not venerate the name of Frederick Douglass. No race that
+would not look upon such a man with honour and respect and pride could
+ever hope to enjoy the respect of any other race. I speak of this, not
+that I want my people to regard themselves in a narrow, bigoted sense,
+because there is nothing so hurtful to an individual or to a race as
+to get into the habit of feeling that there is no good except in its
+own race, but because I wish that it may have reasonable pride in all
+that is honourable in its history. Whenever you hear a coloured man
+say that he hates the people of the other race, there, in most
+instances, you will find a weak, narrow-minded coloured man. And,
+whenever you find a white man who expresses the same sentiment toward
+the people of other races, there, too, in almost every case, you will
+find a narrow-minded, prejudiced white man.
+
+That person is the broadest, strongest, and most useful who sees
+something to love and admire in all races, no matter what their
+colour.
+
+If the Negro race wishes to grow strong, it must learn to respect
+itself, not to be ashamed. It must learn that it will only grow in
+proportion as its members have confidence in it, in proportion as they
+believe that it is a coming race.
+
+We have reached a period when educated Negroes should give more
+attention to the history of their race; should devote more time to
+finding out the true history of the race, and in collecting in some
+museum the relics that mark its progress. It is true of all races of
+culture and refinement and civilisation that they have gathered in
+some place the relics which mark the progress of their civilisation,
+which show how they lived from period to period. We should have so
+much pride that we would spend more time in looking into the history
+of the race, more effort and money in perpetuating in some durable
+form its achievements, so that from year to year, instead of looking
+back with regret, we can point to our children the rough path through
+which we grew strong and great.
+
+We have a very bright and striking example in the history of the Jews
+in this and other countries. There is, perhaps, no race that has
+suffered so much, not so much in America as in some of the countries
+in Europe. But these people have clung together. They have had a
+certain amount of unity, pride, and love of race; and, as the years go
+on, they will be more and more influential in this country,--a country
+where they were once despised, and looked upon with scorn and
+derision. It is largely because the Jewish race has had faith in
+itself. Unless the Negro learns more and more to imitate the Jew in
+these matters, to have faith in himself, he cannot expect to have any
+high degree of success.
+
+I wish to speak upon another subject which largely concerns the
+welfare of both races, especially in the South,--lynching. It is an
+unpleasant subject; but I feel that I should be omitting some part of
+my duty to both races did I not say something on the subject.
+
+For a number of years the South has appealed to the North and to
+federal authorities, through the public press, from the public
+platform, and most eloquently through the late Henry W. Grady, to
+leave the whole matter of the rights and protection of the Negro to
+the South, declaring that it would see to it that the Negro would be
+made secure in his citizenship. During the last half-dozen years the
+whole country, from the President down, has been inclined more than
+ever to pursue this policy, leaving the whole matter of the destiny of
+the Negro to the Negro himself and to the Southern white people, among
+whom the great bulk of Negroes live.
+
+By the present policy of non-interference on the part of the North and
+the federal government the South is given a sacred trust. How will she
+execute this trust? The world is waiting and watching to see. The
+question must be answered largely by the protection it gives to the
+life of the Negro and the provisions that are made for his development
+in the organic laws of the State. I fear that but few people in the
+South realise to what an extent the habit of lynching, or the taking
+of life without due process of law, has taken hold of us, and is
+hurting us, not only in the eyes of the world, but in our own moral
+and material growth.
+
+Lynching was instituted some years ago with the idea of punishing and
+checking criminal assaults upon women. Let us examine the facts, and
+see where it has already led us and is likely further to carry us, if
+we do not rid ourselves of the evil. Many good people in the South,
+and also out of the South, have gotten the idea that lynching is
+resorted to for one crime only. I have the facts from an authoritative
+source. During last year one hundred and twenty-seven persons were
+lynched in the United States. Of this number, one hundred and
+eighteen were executed in the South and nine in the North and West. Of
+the total number lynched, one hundred and two were Negroes,
+twenty-three were whites, and two Indians. Now, let every one
+interested in the South, his country, and the cause of humanity, note
+this fact,--that only twenty-four of the entire number were charged in
+any way with the crime of rape; that is, twenty-four out of one
+hundred and twenty-seven cases of lynching. Sixty-one of the remaining
+cases were for murder, thirteen for being suspected of murder, six for
+theft, etc. During one week last spring, when I kept a careful record,
+thirteen Negroes were lynched in three of our Southern States; and not
+one was even charged with rape. All of these thirteen were accused of
+murder or house-burning; but in neither case were the men allowed to
+go before a court, so that their innocence or guilt might be proven.
+
+When we get to the point where four-fifths of the people lynched in
+our country in one year are for some crime other than rape, we can no
+longer plead and explain that we lynch for one crime alone.
+
+Let us take another year, that of 1892, for example, when 241 persons
+were lynched in the whole United States. Of this number 36 were
+lynched in Northern and Western States, and 205 in our Southern
+States; 160 were Negroes, 5 of these being women. The facts show that,
+out of the 241 lynched, only 57 were even charged with rape or
+attempted rape, leaving in this year alone 184 persons who were
+lynched for other causes than that of rape.
+
+If it were necessary, I could produce figures for other years. Within
+a period of six years about 900 persons have been lynched in our
+Southern States. This is but a few hundred short of the total number
+of soldiers who lost their lives in Cuba during the Spanish-American
+War. If we would realise still more fully how far this unfortunate
+evil is leading us on, note the classes of crime during a few months
+for which the local papers and the Associated Press say that lynching
+has been inflicted. They include "murder," "rioting," "incendiarism,"
+"robbery," "larceny," "self-defence," "insulting women," "alleged
+stock-poisoning," "malpractice," "alleged barn-burning," "suspected
+robbery," "race prejudice," "attempted murder," "horse-stealing,"
+"mistaken identity," etc.
+
+The evil has so grown that we are now at the point where not only
+blacks are lynched in the South, but white men as well. Not only this,
+but within the last six years at least a half-dozen coloured women
+have been lynched. And there are a few cases where Negroes have
+lynched members of their own race. What is to be the end of all this?
+Furthermore, every lynching drives hundreds of Negroes out of the
+farming districts of the South, where they make the best living and
+where their services are of greatest value to the country, into the
+already over-crowded cities.
+
+I know that some argue that the crime of lynching Negroes is not
+confined to the South. This is true; and no one can excuse such a
+crime as the shooting of innocent black men in Illinois, who were
+guilty of nothing, except seeking labour. But my words just now are to
+the South, where my home is and a part of which I am. Let other
+sections act as they will; I want to see our beautiful Southland free
+from this terrible evil of lynching. Lynching does not stop crime. In
+the vicinity in the South where a coloured man was alleged recently to
+have committed the most terrible crime ever charged against a member
+of my race, but a few weeks previously five coloured men had been
+lynched for supposed incendiarism. If lynching was a cure for crime,
+surely the lynching of those five would have prevented another Negro
+from committing a most heinous crime a few weeks later.
+
+We might as well face the facts bravely and wisely. Since the
+beginning of the world crime has been committed in all civilised and
+uncivilised countries, and a certain percentage of it will always be
+committed both in the North and in the South; but I believe that the
+crime of rape can be stopped. In proportion to the numbers and
+intelligence of the population of the South, there exists little more
+crime than in several other sections of the country; but, because of
+the lynching evil, we are constantly advertising ourselves to the
+world as a lawless people. We cannot disregard the teachings of the
+civilised world for eighteen hundred years, that the only way to
+punish crime is by law. When we leave this anchorage chaos begins.
+
+I am not pleading for the Negro alone. Lynching injures, hardens, and
+blunts the moral sensibilities of the young and tender manhood of the
+South. Never shall I forget the remark by a little nine-year-old white
+boy, with blue eyes and flaxen hair. The little fellow said to his
+mother, after he had returned from a lynching: "I have seen a man
+hanged; now I wish I could see one burned." Rather than hear such a
+remark from one of my little boys, I would prefer to see him in his
+grave. This is not all. Every community guilty of lynching says in so
+many words to the governor, to the legislature, to the sheriff, to the
+jury, and to the judge: "We have no faith in you and no respect for
+you. We have no respect for the law which we helped to make."
+
+In the South, at the present time, there is less excuse for not
+permitting the law to take its course where a Negro is to be tried
+than anywhere else in the world; for, almost without exception, the
+governors, the sheriffs, the judges, the juries, and the lawyers are
+all white men, and they can be trusted, as a rule, to do their duty.
+Otherwise, it is needless to tax the people to support these officers.
+If our present laws are not sufficient properly to punish crime, let
+the laws be changed; but that the punishment may be by lawfully
+constituted authorities is the plea I make. The history of the world
+proves that where the law is most strictly enforced there is the least
+crime: where people take the administration of the law into their own
+hands there is the most crime.
+
+But there is still another side. The white man in the South has not
+only a serious duty and responsibility, but the Negro has a duty and
+responsibility in this matter. In speaking of my own people, I want
+to be equally frank; but I speak with the greatest kindness. There is
+too much crime among them. The figures for a given period show that in
+the United States thirty per cent. of the crime committed is by
+Negroes, while we constitute only about twelve per cent. of the entire
+population. This proportion holds good not only in the South, but also
+in Northern States and cities.
+
+No race that is so largely ignorant and so recently out of slavery
+could, perhaps, show a better record, but we must face these plain
+facts. He is most kind to the Negro who tells him of his faults as
+well as of his virtues. A large percentage of the crime among us grows
+out of the idleness of our young men and women. It is for this reason
+that I have tried to insist upon some industry being taught in
+connection with their course of literary training. It is vitally
+important now that every parent, every teacher and minister of the
+gospel, should teach with unusual emphasis morality and obedience to
+the law. At the fireside, in the school-room, in the Sunday-school,
+from the pulpit, and in the Negro press, there should be such a
+sentiment created regarding the committing of crime against women that
+no such crime could be charged against any member of the race. Let it
+be understood, for all time, that no one guilty of rape can find
+sympathy or shelter with us, and that none will be more active than we
+in bringing to justice, through the proper authorities, those guilty
+of crime. Let the criminal and vicious element of the race have, at
+all times, our most severe condemnation. Let a strict line be drawn
+between the virtuous and the criminal. I condemn, with all the
+indignation of my soul, any beast in human form guilty of assaulting a
+woman. I am sure I voice the sentiment of the thoughtful of my race
+in this condemnation.
+
+We should not, as a race, become discouraged. We are making progress.
+No race has ever gotten upon its feet without discouragements and
+struggles.
+
+I should be a great hypocrite and a coward if I did not add that which
+my daily experience has taught me to be true; namely, that the Negro
+has among many of the Southern whites as good friends as he has
+anywhere in the world. These friends have not forsaken us. They will
+not do so. Neither will our friends in the North. If we make ourselves
+intelligent, industrious, economical, and virtuous, of value to the
+community in which we live, we can and will work out our salvation
+right here in the South. In every community, by means of organised
+effort, we should seek, in a manly and honourable way, the confidence,
+the co-operation, the sympathy, of the best white people in the South
+and in our respective communities. With the best white people and the
+best black people standing together, in favour of law and order and
+justice, I believe that the safety and happiness of both races will be
+made secure.
+
+We are one in this country. The question of the highest citizenship
+and the complete education of all concerns nearly ten millions of my
+people and sixty millions of the white race. When one race is strong,
+the other is strong; when one is weak, the other is weak. There is no
+power that can separate our destiny. Unjust laws and customs which
+exist in many places injure the white man and inconvenience the Negro.
+No race can wrong another race, simply because it has the power to do
+so, without being permanently injured in its own morals. The Negro can
+endure the temporary inconvenience, but the injury to the white man is
+permanent. It is for the white man to save himself from this
+degradation that I plead. If a white man steals a Negro's ballot, it
+is the white man who is permanently injured. Physical death comes to
+the one Negro lynched in a county; but death of the morals--death of
+the soul--comes to those responsible for the lynching.
+
+Those who fought and died on the battlefield for the freedom of the
+slaves performed their duty heroically and well, but a duty remains to
+those left. The mere fiat of law cannot make an ignorant voter an
+intelligent voter, cannot make a dependent man an independent man,
+cannot make one citizen respect another. These results will come to
+the Negro, as to all races, by beginning at the bottom and gradually
+working up to the highest possibilities of his nature.
+
+In the economy of God there is but one standard by which an individual
+can succeed: there is but one for a race. This country expects that
+every race shall measure itself by the American standard. During the
+next half-century, and more, the Negro must continue passing through
+the severe American crucible. He is to be tested in his patience, his
+forbearance, his perseverance, his power to endure wrong,--to
+withstand temptations, to economise, to acquire and use skill,--his
+ability to compete, to succeed in commerce, to disregard the
+superficial for the real, the appearance for the substance, to be
+great and yet small, learned and yet simple, high and yet the servant
+of all. This,--this is the passport to all that is best in the life of
+our Republic; and the Negro must possess it or be barred out.
+
+In working out his own destiny, while the main burden of activity must
+be with the Negro, he will need in the years to come, as he has needed
+in the past, the help, the encouragement, the guidance, that the
+strong can give the weak. Thus helped, those of both races in the
+South will soon throw off the shackles of racial and sectional
+prejudice, and rise above the clouds of ignorance, narrowness, and
+selfishness into that atmosphere, that pure sunshine, where it will be
+the highest ambition to serve man, our brother, regardless of race or
+previous condition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Before ending this volume, I have deemed it wise and fitting to sum up
+in the following chapter all that I have attempted to say in the
+previous chapters, and to speak at the same time a little more
+definitely about the Negro's future and his relation to the white
+race.
+
+All attempts to settle the question of the Negro in the South by his
+removal from this country have so far failed, and I think that they
+are likely to fail. The next census will probably show that we have
+about ten millions of Negroes in the United States. About eight
+millions of these are in the Southern States. We have almost a nation
+within a nation. The Negro population within the United States lacks
+but two millions of being as large as the whole population of Mexico.
+It is nearly twice as large as the population of the Dominion of
+Canada. It is equal to the combined population of Switzerland,
+Greece, Honduras, Nicaragua, Cuba, Uruguay, Santo Domingo, Paraguay,
+and Costa Rica. When we consider, in connection with these facts, that
+the race has doubled itself since its freedom, and is still
+increasing, it hardly seems possible for any one to consider seriously
+any scheme of emigration from America as a method of solution of our
+vexed race problem. At most, even if the government were to provide
+the means, but a few hundred thousand could be transported each year.
+The yearly increase in population would more than overbalance the
+number transplanted. Even if it did not, the time required to get rid
+of the Negro by this method would perhaps be fifty or seventy-five
+years. The idea is chimerical.
+
+Some have advised that the Negro leave the South and take up his
+residence in the Northern States. I question whether this would leave
+him any better off than he is in the South, when all things are
+considered. It has been my privilege to study the condition of our
+people in nearly every part of America; and I say, without hesitation,
+that, with some exceptional cases, the Negro is at his best in the
+Southern States. While he enjoys certain privileges in the North that
+he does not have in the South, when it comes to the matter of securing
+property, enjoying business opportunities and employment, the South
+presents a far better opportunity than the North. Few coloured men
+from the South are as yet able to stand up against the severe and
+increasing competition that exists in the North, to say nothing of the
+unfriendly influence of labour organisations, which in some way
+prevents black men in the North, as a rule, from securing employment
+in skilled labour occupations.
+
+Another point of great danger for the coloured man who goes North is
+in the matter of morals, owing to the numerous temptations by which
+he finds himself surrounded. He has more ways in which he can spend
+money than in the South, but fewer avenues of employment are open to
+him. The fact that at the North the Negro is confined to almost one
+line of employment often tends to discourage and demoralise the
+strongest who go from the South, and to make them an easy prey to
+temptation. A few years ago I made an examination into the condition
+of a settlement of Negroes who left the South and went to Kansas about
+twenty years ago, when there was a good deal of excitement in the
+South concerning emigration to the West. This settlement, I found, was
+much below the standard of that of a similar number of our people in
+the South. The only conclusion, therefore, it seems to me, which any
+one can reach, is that the Negroes, as a mass, are to remain in the
+Southern States. As a race, they do not want to leave the South, and
+the Southern white people do not want them to leave. We must therefore
+find some basis of settlement that will be constitutional, just,
+manly, that will be fair to both races in the South and to the whole
+country. This cannot be done in a day, a year, or any short period of
+time. We can, it seems to me, with the present light, decide upon a
+reasonably safe method of solving the problem, and turn our strength
+and effort in that direction. In doing this, I would not have the
+Negro deprived of any privilege guaranteed to him by the Constitution
+of the United States. It is not best for the Negro that he relinquish
+any of his constitutional rights. It is not best for the Southern
+white man that he should.
+
+In order that we may, without loss of time or effort, concentrate our
+forces in a wise direction, I suggest what seems to me and many others
+the wisest policy to be pursued. I have reached these conclusions by
+reason of my own observations and experience, after eighteen years of
+direct contact with the leading and influential coloured and white men
+in most parts of our country. But I wish first to mention some
+elements of danger in the present situation, which all who desire the
+permanent welfare of both races in the South should carefully
+consider.
+
+_First._--There is danger that a certain class of impatient extremists
+among the Negroes, who have little knowledge of the actual conditions
+in the South, may do the entire race injury by attempting to advise
+their brethren in the South to resort to armed resistance or the use
+of the torch, in order to secure justice. All intelligent and
+well-considered discussion of any important question or condemnation
+of any wrong, both in the North and the South, from the public
+platform and through the press, is to be commended and encouraged;
+but ill-considered, incendiary utterances from black men in the North
+will tend to add to the burdens of our people in the South rather than
+relieve them.
+
+_Second._--Another danger in the South, which should be guarded
+against, is that the whole white South, including the wide,
+conservative, law-abiding element, may find itself represented before
+the bar of public opinion by the mob, or lawless element, which gives
+expression to its feelings and tendency in a manner that advertises
+the South throughout the world. Too often those who have no sympathy
+with such disregard of law are either silent or fail to speak in a
+sufficiently emphatic manner to offset, in any large degree, the
+unfortunate reputation which the lawless have too often made for many
+portions of the South.
+
+_Third._--No race or people ever got upon its feet without severe and
+constant struggle, often in the face of the greatest discouragement.
+While passing through the present trying period of its history, there
+is danger that a large and valuable element of the Negro race may
+become discouraged in the effort to better its condition. Every
+possible influence should be exerted to prevent this.
+
+_Fourth._--There is a possibility that harm may be done to the South
+and to the Negro by exaggerated newspaper articles which are written
+near the scene or in the midst of specially aggravating occurrences.
+Often these reports are written by newspaper men, who give the
+impression that there is a race conflict throughout the South, and
+that all Southern white people are opposed to the Negro's progress,
+overlooking the fact that, while in some sections there is trouble, in
+most parts of the South there is, nevertheless, a very large measure
+of peace, good will, and mutual helpfulness. In this same relation
+much can be done to retard the progress of the Negro by a certain
+class of Southern white people, who, in the midst of excitement, speak
+or write in a manner that gives the impression that all Negroes are
+lawless, untrustworthy, and shiftless. As an example, a Southern
+writer said not long ago, in a communication to the New York
+_Independent_: "Even in small towns the husband cannot venture to
+leave his wife alone for an hour at night. At no time, in no place, is
+the white woman safe from insults and assaults of these creatures."
+These statements, I presume, represented the feelings and the
+conditions that existed at the time they were written in one community
+or county in the South. But thousands of Southern white men and women
+would be ready to testify that this is not the condition throughout
+the South, nor throughout any one State.
+
+_Fifth._--Under the next head I would mention that, owing to the lack
+of school opportunities for the Negro in the rural districts of the
+South, there is danger that ignorance and idleness may increase to the
+extent of giving the Negro race a reputation for crime, and that
+immorality may eat its way into the moral fibre of the race, so as to
+retard its progress for many years. In judging the Negro in this
+regard, we must not be too harsh. We must remember that it has only
+been within the last thirty-four years that the black father and
+mother have had the responsibility, and consequently the experience,
+of training their own children. That they have not reached perfection
+in one generation, with the obstacles that the parents have been
+compelled to overcome, is not to be wondered at.
+
+_Sixth._--As a final source of danger to be guarded against, I would
+mention my fear that some of the white people of the South may be led
+to feel that the way to settle the race problem is to repress the
+aspirations of the Negro by legislation of a kind that confers certain
+legal or political privileges upon an ignorant and poor white man and
+withholds the same privileges from a black man in the same condition.
+Such legislation injures and retards the progress of both races. It is
+an injustice to the poor white man, because it takes from him
+incentive to secure education and property as prerequisites for
+voting. He feels that, because he is a white man, regardless of his
+possessions, a way will be found for him to vote. I would label all
+such measures, "Laws to keep the poor white man in ignorance and
+poverty."
+
+As the Talladega _News Reporter_, a Democratic newspaper of Alabama,
+recently said: "But it is a weak cry when the white man asks odds on
+intelligence over the Negro. When nature has already so handicapped
+the African in the race for knowledge, the cry of the boasted
+Anglo-Saxon for still further odds seems babyish. What wonder that the
+world looks on in surprise, if not disgust. It cannot help but say, if
+our contention be true that the Negro is an inferior race, that the
+odds ought to be on the other side, if any are to be given. And why
+not? No, the thing to do--the only thing that will stand the test of
+time--is to do right, exactly right, let come what will. And that
+right thing, as it seems to me, is to place a fair educational
+qualification before every citizen,--one that is self-testing, and not
+dependent on the wishes of weak men, letting all who pass the test
+stand in the proud ranks of American voters, whose votes shall be
+counted as cast, and whose sovereign will shall be maintained as law
+by all the powers that be. Nothing short of this will do. Every
+exemption, on whatsoever ground, is an outrage that can only rob some
+legitimate voter of his rights."
+
+Such laws as have been made--as an example, in Mississippi--with the
+"understanding" clause hold out a temptation for the election officer
+to perjure and degrade himself by too often deciding that the ignorant
+white man does understand the Constitution when it is read to him and
+that the ignorant black man does not. By such a law the State not only
+commits a wrong against its black citizens; it injures the morals of
+its white citizens by conferring such a power upon any white man who
+may happen to be a judge of elections.
+
+Such laws are hurtful, again, because they keep alive in the heart of
+the black man the feeling that the white man means to oppress him. The
+only safe way out is to set a high standard as a test of citizenship,
+and require blacks and whites alike to come up to it. When this is
+done, both will have a higher respect for the election laws and those
+who make them. I do not believe that, with his centuries of advantage
+over the Negro in the opportunity to acquire property and education as
+prerequisites for voting, the average white man in the South desires
+that any special law be passed to give him advantage over the Negro,
+who has had only a little more than thirty years in which to prepare
+himself for citizenship. In this relation another point of danger is
+that the Negro has been made to feel that it is his duty to oppose
+continually the Southern white man in politics, even in matters where
+no principle is involved, and that he is only loyal to his own race
+and acting in a manly way when he is opposing him. Such a policy has
+proved most hurtful to both races. Where it is a matter of principle,
+where a question of right or wrong is involved, I would advise the
+Negro to stand by principle at all hazards. A Southern white man has
+no respect for or confidence in a Negro who acts merely for policy's
+sake; but there are many cases--and the number is growing--where the
+Negro has nothing to gain and much to lose by opposing the Southern
+white man in many matters that relate to government.
+
+Under these six heads I believe I have stated some of the main points
+which all high-minded white men and black men, North and South, will
+agree need our most earnest and thoughtful consideration, if we would
+hasten, and not hinder, the progress of our country.
+
+As to the policy that should be pursued in a larger sense,--on this
+subject I claim to possess no superior wisdom or unusual insight. I
+may be wrong; I may be in some degree right.
+
+In the future, more than in the past, we want to impress upon the
+Negro the importance of identifying himself more closely with the
+interests of the South,--the importance of making himself part of the
+South and at home in it. Heretofore, for reasons which were natural
+and for which no one is especially to blame, the coloured people have
+been too much like a foreign nation residing in the midst of another
+nation. If William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and George L.
+Stearns were alive to-day, I feel sure that each one of them would
+advise the Negroes to identify their interests as far as possible with
+those of the Southern white man, always with the understanding that
+this should be done where no question of right and wrong is involved.
+In no other way, it seems to me, can we get a foundation for peace and
+progress. He who advises against this policy will advise the Negro to
+do that which no people in history who have succeeded have done. The
+white man, North or South, who advises the Negro against it advises
+him to do that which he himself has not done. The bed-rock upon which
+every individual rests his chances of success in life is securing the
+friendship, the confidence, the respect, of his next-door neighbour of
+the little community in which he lives. Almost the whole problem of
+the Negro in the South rests itself upon the fact as to whether the
+Negro can make himself of such indispensable service to his neighbour
+and the community that no one can fill his place better in the body
+politic. There is at present no other safe course for the black man to
+pursue. If the Negro in the South has a friend in his white neighbour
+and a still larger number of friends in his community, he has a
+protection and a guarantee of his rights that will be more potent and
+more lasting than any our Federal Congress or any outside power can
+confer.
+
+In a recent editorial the London _Times_, in discussing affairs in the
+Transvaal, South Africa, where Englishmen have been denied certain
+privileges by the Boers, says: "England is too sagacious not to
+prefer a gradual reform from within, even should it be less rapid than
+most of us might wish, to the most sweeping redress of grievances
+imposed from without. Our object is to obtain fair play for the
+outlanders, but the best way to do it is to enable them to help
+themselves." This policy, I think, is equally safe when applied to
+conditions in the South. The foreigner who comes to America, as soon
+as possible, identifies himself in business, education, politics, and
+sympathy with the community in which he settles. As I have said, we
+have a conspicuous example of this in the case of the Jews. Also, the
+Negro in Cuba has practically settled the race question there, because
+he has made himself a part of Cuba in thought and action.
+
+What I have tried to indicate cannot be accomplished by any sudden
+revolution of methods, but it does seem that the tendency more and
+more should be in this direction. If a practical example is wanted in
+the direction that I favour, I will mention one. The North sends
+thousands of dollars into the South each year, for the education of
+the Negro. The teachers in most of the academic schools of the South
+are supported by the North, or Northern men and women of the highest
+Christian culture and most unselfish devotion. The Negro owes them a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. The various missionary
+societies in the North have done a work which, in a large degree, has
+been the salvation of the South; and the result will appear in future
+generations more than in this. We have now reached the point in the
+South where, I believe, great good could be accomplished by changing
+the attitude of the white people toward the Negro and of the Negro
+toward the whites, if a few white teachers of high character would
+take an active interest in the work of these high schools. Can this
+be done? Yes. The medical school connected with Shaw University at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, has from the first had as instructors and
+professors, almost exclusively, Southern white doctors, who reside in
+Raleigh; and they have given the highest satisfaction. This gives the
+people of Raleigh the feeling that this is their school, and not
+something located in, but not a part of, the South. In Augusta,
+Georgia, the Payne Institute, one of the best colleges for our people,
+is officered and taught almost wholly by Southern white men and women.
+The Presbyterian Theological School at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, has all
+Southern white men as instructors. Some time ago, at the Calhoun
+School in Alabama, one of the leading white men in the county was
+given an important position in the school. Since then the feeling of
+the white people in the county has greatly changed toward the school.
+
+We must admit the stern fact that at present the Negro, through no
+choice of his own, is living among another race which is far ahead of
+him in education, property, experience, and favourable condition;
+further, that the Negro's present condition makes him dependent upon
+the white people for most of the things necessary to sustain life, as
+well as for his common school education. In all history, those who
+have possessed the property and intelligence have exercised the
+greatest control in government, regardless of colour, race, or
+geographical location. This being the case, how can the black man in
+the South improve his present condition? And does the Southern white
+man want him to improve it?
+
+The Negro in the South has it within his power, if he properly
+utilises the forces at hand, to make of himself such a valuable factor
+in the life of the South that he will not have to seek privileges,
+they will be freely conferred upon him. To bring this about, the Negro
+must begin at the bottom and lay a sure foundation, and not be lured
+by any temptation into trying to rise on a false foundation. While the
+Negro is laying this foundation he will need help, sympathy, and
+simple justice. Progress by any other method will be but temporary and
+superficial, and the latter end of it will be worse than the
+beginning. American slavery was a great curse to both races, and I
+would be the last to apologise for it; but, in the presence of God, I
+believe that slavery laid the foundation for the solution of the
+problem that is now before us in the South. During slavery the Negro
+was taught every trade, every industry, that constitutes the
+foundation for making a living. Now, if on this foundation--laid in
+rather a crude way, it is true, but a foundation, nevertheless--we can
+gradually build and improve, the future for us is bright. Let me be
+more specific. Agriculture is, or has been, the basic industry of
+nearly every race or nation that has succeeded. The Negro got a
+knowledge of this during slavery. Hence, in a large measure, he is in
+possession of this industry in the South to-day. The Negro can buy
+land in the South, as a rule, wherever the white man can buy it, and
+at very low prices. Now, since the bulk of our people already have a
+foundation in agriculture, they are at their best when living in the
+country, engaged in agricultural pursuits. Plainly, then, the best
+thing, the logical thing, is to turn the larger part of our strength
+in a direction that will make the Negro among the most skilled
+agricultural people in the world. The man who has learned to do
+something better than any one else, has learned to do a common thing
+in an uncommon manner, is the man who has a power and influence that
+no adverse circumstances can take from him. The Negro who can make
+himself so conspicuous as a successful farmer, a large tax-payer, a
+wise helper of his fellow-men, as to be placed in a position of trust
+and honour, whether the position be political or otherwise, by natural
+selection, is a hundred-fold more secure in that position than one
+placed there by mere outside force or pressure. I know a Negro, Hon.
+Isaiah T. Montgomery, in Mississippi, who is mayor of a town. It is
+true that this town, at present, is composed almost wholly of Negroes.
+Mr. Montgomery is mayor of this town because his genius, thrift, and
+foresight have created the town; and he is held and supported in his
+office by a charter, granted by the State of Mississippi, and by the
+vote and public sentiment of the community in which he lives.
+
+Let us help the Negro by every means possible to acquire such an
+education in farming, dairying, stock-raising, horticulture, etc., as
+will enable him to become a model in these respects and place him near
+the top in these industries, and the race problem would in a large
+part be settled, or at least stripped of many of its most perplexing
+elements. This policy would also tend to keep the Negro in the country
+and smaller towns, where he succeeds best, and stop the influx into
+the large cities, where he does not succeed so well. The race, like
+the individual, that produces something of superior worth that has a
+common human interest, makes a permanent place for itself, and is
+bound to be recognised.
+
+At a county fair in the South not long ago I saw a Negro awarded the
+first prize by a jury of white men, over white competitors, for the
+production of the best specimen of Indian corn. Every white man at
+this fair seemed to be pleased and proud of the achievement of this
+Negro, because it was apparent that he had done something that would
+add to the wealth and comfort of the people of both races in that
+county. At the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama we
+have a department devoted to training men in the science of
+agriculture; but what we are doing is small when compared with what
+should be done at Tuskegee and at other educational centres. In a
+material sense the South is still an undeveloped country. While race
+prejudice is strongly exhibited in many directions, in the matter of
+business, of commercial and industrial development, there is very
+little obstacle in the Negro's way. A Negro who produces or has for
+sale something that the community wants finds customers among white
+people as well as black people. A Negro can borrow money at the bank
+with equal security as readily as a white man can. A bank in
+Birmingham, Alabama, that has now existed ten years, is officered and
+controlled wholly by Negroes. This bank has white borrowers and white
+depositors. A graduate of the Tuskegee Institute keeps a
+well-appointed grocery store in Tuskegee, and he tells me that he
+sells about as many goods to the one race as to the other. What I have
+said of the opening that awaits the Negro in the direction of
+agriculture is almost equally true of mechanics, manufacturing, and
+all the domestic arts. The field is before him and right about him.
+Will he occupy it? Will he "cast down his bucket where he is"? Will
+his friends North and South encourage him and prepare him to occupy
+it? Every city in the South, for example, would give support to a
+first-class architect or house-builder or contractor of our race. The
+architect and contractor would not only receive support, but, through
+his example, numbers of young coloured men would learn such trades as
+carpentry, brick-masonry, plastering, painting, etc., and the race
+would be put into a position to hold on to many of the industries
+which it is now in danger of losing, because in too many cases brains,
+skill, and dignity are not imparted to the common occupations of life
+that are about his very door. Any individual or race that does not fit
+itself to occupy in the best manner the field or service that is right
+about it will sooner or later be asked to move on, and let some one
+else occupy it.
+
+But it is asked, Would you confine the Negro to agriculture,
+mechanics, and domestic arts, etc.? Not at all; but along the lines
+that I have mentioned is where the stress should be laid just now and
+for many years to come. We will need and must have many teachers and
+ministers, some doctors and lawyers and statesmen; but these
+professional men will have a constituency or a foundation from which
+to draw support just in proportion as the race prospers along the
+economic lines that I have mentioned. During the first fifty or one
+hundred years of the life of any people are not the economic
+occupations always given the greater attention? This is not only the
+historic, but, I think, the common-sense view. If this generation will
+lay the material foundation, it will be the quickest and surest way
+for the succeeding generation to succeed in the cultivation of the
+fine arts, and to surround itself even with some of the luxuries of
+life, if desired. What the race now most needs, in my opinion, is a
+whole army of men and women well trained to lead and at the same time
+infuse themselves into agriculture, mechanics, domestic employment,
+and business. As to the mental training that these educated leaders
+should be equipped with, I should say, Give them all the mental
+training and culture that the circumstances of individuals will
+allow,--the more, the better. No race can permanently succeed until
+its mind is awakened and strengthened by the ripest thought. But I
+would constantly have it kept in the thoughts of those who are
+educated in books that a large proportion of those who are educated
+should be so trained in hand that they can bring this mental strength
+and knowledge to bear upon the physical conditions in the South which
+I have tried to emphasise.
+
+Frederick Douglass, of sainted memory, once, in addressing his race,
+used these words: "We are to prove that we can better our own
+condition. One way to do this is to accumulate property. This may
+sound to you like a new gospel. You have been accustomed to hear
+that money is the root of all evil, etc. On the other hand,
+property--money, if you please--will purchase for us the only
+condition by which any people can rise to the dignity of genuine
+manhood; for without property there can be no leisure, without leisure
+there can be no thought, without thought there can be no invention,
+without invention there can be no progress."
+
+The Negro should be taught that material development is not an end,
+but simply a means to an end. As Professor W. E. B. DuBois puts it,
+"The idea should not be simply to make men carpenters, but to make
+carpenters men." The Negro has a highly religious temperament; but
+what he needs more and more is to be convinced of the importance of
+weaving his religion and morality into the practical affairs of daily
+life. Equally as much does he need to be taught to put so much
+intelligence into his labour that he will see dignity and beauty in
+the occupation, and love it for its own sake. The Negro needs to be
+taught that more of the religion that manifests itself in his
+happiness in the prayer-meeting should be made practical in the
+performance of his daily task. The man who owns a home and is in the
+possession of the elements by which he is sure of making a daily
+living has a great aid to a moral and religious life. What bearing
+will all this have upon the Negro's place in the South as a citizen
+and in the enjoyment of the privileges which our government confers?
+
+To state in detail just what place the black man will occupy in the
+South as a citizen, when he has developed in the direction named, is
+beyond the wisdom of any one. Much will depend upon the sense of
+justice which can be kept alive in the breast of the American people.
+Almost as much will depend upon the good sense of the Negro himself.
+That question, I confess, does not give me the most concern just now.
+The important and pressing question is, Will the Negro with his own
+help and that of his friends take advantage of the opportunities that
+now surround him? When he has done this, I believe that, speaking of
+his future in general terms, he will be treated with justice, will be
+given the protection of the law, and will be given the recognition in
+a large measure which his usefulness and ability warrant. If, fifty
+years ago, any one had predicted that the Negro would have received
+the recognition and honour which individuals have already received, he
+would have been laughed at as an idle dreamer. Time, patience, and
+constant achievement are great factors in the rise of a race.
+
+I do not believe that the world ever takes a race seriously, in its
+desire to enter into the control of the government of a nation in any
+large degree, until a large number of individuals, members of that
+race, have demonstrated, beyond question, their ability to control
+and develop individual business enterprises. When a number of Negroes
+rise to the point where they own and operate the most successful
+farms, are among the largest tax-payers in their county, are moral and
+intelligent, I do not believe that in many portions of the South such
+men need long be denied the right of saying by their votes how they
+prefer their property to be taxed and in choosing those who are to
+make and administer the laws.
+
+In a certain town in the South, recently, I was on the street in
+company with the most prominent Negro in the town. While we were
+together, the mayor of the town sought out the black man, and said,
+"Next week we are going to vote on the question of issuing bonds to
+secure water-works for this town; you must be sure to vote on the day
+of election." The mayor did not suggest whether he must vote "yes" or
+"no"; he knew from the very fact that this Negro man owned nearly a
+block of the most valuable property in the town that he would cast a
+safe, wise vote on this important proposition. This white man knew
+that, because of this Negro's property interests in the city, he would
+cast his vote in the way he thought would benefit every white and
+black citizen in the town, and not be controlled by influences a
+thousand miles away. But a short time ago I read letters from nearly
+every prominent white man in Birmingham, Alabama, asking that the Rev.
+W. R. Pettiford, a Negro, be appointed to a certain important federal
+office. What is the explanation of this? Mr. Pettiford for nine years
+has been the president of the Negro bank in Birmingham to which I have
+alluded. During these nine years these white citizens have had the
+opportunity of seeing that Mr. Pettiford could manage successfully a
+private business, and that he had proven himself a conservative,
+thoughtful citizen; and they were willing to trust him in a public
+office. Such individual examples will have to be multiplied until they
+become the rule rather than the exception. While we are multiplying
+these examples, the Negro must keep a strong and courageous heart. He
+cannot improve his condition by any short-cut course or by artificial
+methods. Above all, he must not be deluded into the temptation of
+believing that his condition can be permanently improved by a mere
+battledore and shuttlecock of words or by any process of mere mental
+gymnastics or oratory alone. What is desired, along with a logical
+defence of his cause, are deeds, results,--multiplied results,--in the
+direction of building himself up, so as to leave no doubt in the minds
+of any one of his ability to succeed.
+
+An important question often asked is, Does the white man in the South
+want the Negro to improve his present condition? I say, "Yes." From
+the Montgomery (Alabama) _Daily Advertiser_ I clip the following in
+reference to the closing of a coloured school in a town in Alabama:--
+
+
+                                        "EUFAULA, May 25, 1899.
+
+     "The closing exercises of the city coloured public school were
+     held at St. Luke's A. M. E. Church last night, and were witnessed
+     by a large gathering, including many white. The recitations by
+     the pupils were excellent, and the music was also an interesting
+     feature. Rev. R. T. Pollard delivered the address, which was
+     quite an able one; and the certificates were presented by
+     Professor T. L. McCoy, white, of the Sanford Street School. The
+     success of the exercises reflects great credit on Professor S. M.
+     Murphy, the principal, who enjoys a deservedly good reputation as
+     a capable and efficient educator."
+
+I quote this report, not because it is the exception, but because such
+marks of interest in the education of the Negro on the part of the
+Southern white people can be seen almost every day in the local
+papers. Why should white people, by their presence, words, and many
+other things, encourage the black man to get education, if they do not
+desire him to improve his condition?
+
+The Payne Institute in Augusta, Georgia, an excellent institution, to
+which I have already referred, is supported almost wholly by the
+Southern white Methodist church. The Southern white Presbyterians
+support a theological school at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for Negroes. For
+a number of years the Southern white Baptists have contributed toward
+Negro education. Other denominations have done the same. If these
+people do not want the Negro educated to a high standard, there is no
+reason why they should act the hypocrite in these matters.
+
+As barbarous as some of the lynchings in the South have been,
+Southern white men here and there, as well as newspapers, have spoken
+out strongly against lynching. I quote from the address of the Rev.
+Mr. Vance, of Nashville, Tennessee, delivered before the National
+Sunday School Union in Atlanta, not long since, as an example:--
+
+     "And yet, as I stand here to-night, a Southerner speaking for my
+     section, and addressing an audience from all sections, there is
+     one foul blot upon the fair fame of the South, at the bare
+     mention of which the heart turns sick and the cheek is crimsoned
+     with shame. I want to lift my voice to-night in loud and long and
+     indignant protest against the awful horror of mob violence, which
+     the other day reached the climax of its madness and infamy in a
+     deed as black and brutal and barbarous as can be found in the
+     annals of human crime.
+
+     "I have a right to speak on the subject, and I propose to be
+     heard. The time has come for every lover of the South to set the
+     might of an angered and resolute manhood against the shame and
+     peril of the lynch demon. These people, whose fiendish glee
+     taunts their victim as his flesh crackles in the flames, do not
+     represent the South. I have not a syllable of apology for the
+     sickening crime they meant to avenge. But it is high time we were
+     learning that lawlessness is no remedy for crime. For one, I dare
+     to believe that the people of my section are able to cope with
+     crime, however treacherous and defiant, through their courts of
+     justice; and I plead for the masterful sway of a righteous and
+     exalted public sentiment that shall class lynch law in the
+     category with crime."
+
+It is a notable and praiseworthy fact that no Negro educated in any of
+our larger institutions of learning in the South has been charged with
+any of the recent crimes connected with assaults upon females.
+
+If we go on making progress in the directions that I have tried to
+indicate, more and more the South will be drawn to one course. As I
+have already said, it is not for the best interests of the white race
+of the South that the Negro be deprived of any privilege guaranteed
+him by the Constitution of the United States. This would put upon the
+South a burden under which no government could stand and prosper.
+Every article in our federal Constitution was placed there with a view
+of stimulating and encouraging the highest type of citizenship. To
+permanently tax the Negro without giving him the right to vote as fast
+as he qualifies himself in education and property for voting would
+work the alienation of the affections of the Negro from the States in
+which he lives, and would be the reversal of the fundamental
+principles of government for which our States have stood. In other
+ways than this the injury would be as great to the white man as to the
+Negro. Taxation without the hope of becoming a voter would take away
+from one-third the citizens of the Gulf States their interest in
+government and their stimulant to become tax-payers or to secure
+education, and thus be able and willing to bear their share of the
+cost of education and government, which now weighs so heavily upon the
+white tax-payers of the South. The more the Negro is stimulated and
+encouraged, the sooner will he be able to bear a larger share of the
+burdens of the South. We have recently had before us an example, in
+the case of Spain, of a government that left a large portion of its
+citizens in ignorance, and neglected their highest interests.
+
+As I have said elsewhere, there is no escape through law of man or God
+from the inevitable:--
+
+           "The laws of changeless justice bind
+              Oppressor with opprest;
+            And, close as sin and suffering joined,
+             We march to fate abreast."
+
+     "Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the
+     load upward or they will pull against you the load downward. We
+     shall constitute one-third and more of the ignorance and crime of
+     the South or one-third its intelligence and progress. We shall
+     contribute one-third to the business and industrial prosperity of
+     the South or we shall prove a veritable body of death,
+     stagnating, depressing, retarding, every effort to advance the
+     body politic."
+
+My own feeling is that the South will gradually reach the point where
+it will see the wisdom and the justice of enacting an educational or
+property qualification, or both, for voting, that shall be made to
+apply honestly to both races. The industrial development of the Negro
+in connection with education and Christian character will help to
+hasten this end. When this is done, we shall have a foundation, in my
+opinion, upon which to build a government that is honest and that will
+be in a high degree satisfactory to both races.
+
+I do not suffer myself to take too optimistic a view of the conditions
+in the South. The problem is a large and serious one, and will require
+the patient help, sympathy, and advice of our most patriotic citizens,
+North and South, for years to come. But I believe that, if the
+principles which I have tried to indicate are followed, a solution of
+the question will come. So long as the Negro is permitted to get
+education, acquire property, and secure employment, and is treated
+with respect in the business or commercial world,--as is now true in
+the greater part of the South,--I shall have the greatest faith in his
+working out his own destiny in our Southern States. The education and
+preparing for citizenship of nearly eight millions of people is a
+tremendous task, and every lover of humanity should count it a
+privilege to help in the solution of a great problem for which our
+whole country is responsible.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Future of the American Negro, by
+Booker T. Washington
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