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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse by
+Sylvester Bliss
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse
+
+Author: Sylvester Bliss
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2008 [Ebook #26639]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+
+                             BRIEF COMMENTARY
+
+                                  ON THE
+
+                                APOCALYPSE
+
+                           By SYLVESTER BLISS,
+
+             AUTHOR OF “ANALYSIS OF SACRED CHRONOLOGY,� ETC.
+
+                              SECOND EDITION
+
+                                 BOSTON:
+
+                        PUBLISHED BY J. V. HIMES,
+
+                          No. 8 CHARDON STREET.
+
+                                  1853.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE.
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The Apocalypse should be regarded as a peculiarly interesting portion of
+scripture: a blessing being promised those who read, hear, and keep the
+things which are written therein. It has been subjected to so many
+contradictory interpretations, that any attempt to comprehend its meaning
+is often regarded with distrust; and the impression has become very
+prevalent, that it is a “sealed book,�—that its meaning is so hidden in
+unintelligible symbols, that very little can be known respecting it; and
+that to attempt to unfold its meaning, is to tread presumptuously on
+forbidden ground.
+
+The attention of the Christian community has been called more of late to
+its study, by the publication of several elaborate Expositions. One in two
+large volumes, 8vo., by Prof. Stuart, was published at Andover, Mass., in
+1845. A large 8vo. volume, by David N. Lord, was issued from the press of
+the Harpers, in New York, in 1847; and a smaller work, by Rev. Thomas
+Wickes, appeared in that city in 1851. These are the more important works
+on the subject which have been published in this country. In England, the
+“Horæ Apocalypticæ,� by the Rev. E. B. Elliott, A.M., late Vicar of
+Tuxford, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, has passed through
+several editions,—the fourth of which, in four large vols. 8vo., was
+published in London, in 1851. These works, with the writings of Habershon,
+Cunningham, Croly, Bickersteth, Birks, Brooks, Keith, and other
+distinguished English writers, have caused the study of the Apocalypse to
+be regarded with more favor of late than heretofore.
+
+The Expositions of MR. LORD have thrown much light on the nature and laws
+of symbols, by unfolding the principles in accordance with which they are
+used. The evolving of these has removed from many passages the obscurity
+which had before caused them to be regarded as enigmatical. There are,
+doubtless, many portions of the Apocalypse, the meaning of which is as yet
+only dimly perceived, and which will be more clearly unfolded by the
+transpiring of future events; and it would be arrogant to claim that its
+interpretation had been freed from all perplexities. But it is believed
+that it may be as profitably and as satisfactorily studied as other
+portions of Scripture; and that the reader may feel an assurance of
+approximating to a knowledge of the true meaning of its symbolic
+teachings.
+
+The Bible is its own interpreter; and when practicable, scripture should
+be explained by scripture. The meaning imputed to any passage must never
+contradict, but must harmonize with that of parallel texts. In
+illustrating the several references in the Apocalypse to the same events
+and epochs, a repetition of scripture is somewhat unavoidable.
+
+These pages have resulted from notes prepared in a familiar course of
+Bible-class instruction, where the study of brevity was necessary. Without
+designing to speak dogmatically, the didactic was found the more direct
+and simple mode of expression. In presenting this exposition, merely as
+the opinion of the writer, it is with the hope that it will give, in a
+small compass, a common-sense view of the intricacies of this book, and be
+acceptable to those interested in the study of prophecy.
+
+
+
+
+
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+
+
+1. THE GRAMMAR of any science is a development of the principles by which
+it is governed. As the science of interpretation must be founded on some
+fixed and uniform laws, the unfolding of these is the first step in the
+study of prophecy.
+
+2. BIBLICAL EXEGESIS and SACRED HERMENEUTICS, are terms applied to the
+science of interpretation, or of learning the meaning of Biblical words
+and phrases.
+
+3. THE USUS LOQUENDI, is the usual mode of speaking. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it denotes the general _scriptural use_ of words.
+
+4. To learn the meaning of scriptural terms, their general use must be
+ascertained, by comparing their contexts in the several places of their
+occurrence.
+
+5. PROPHECY is the prediction of a future event. The term sometimes
+denotes a book of prophecies (Rev. 22:18); and sometimes a history.—2
+Chron. 9:29.
+
+6. CONSECUTIVE Prophecy gives the succession of future events in the order
+in which they will transpire. _Examples._—See Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 11th, and
+Rev. 6th and 7th, 9th to the 11th; 12th and 15th, &c.
+
+7. DISCURSIVE Prophecy presents future events, irrespective of the order
+of their occurrence. _Examples._—ISAIAH and the minor prophets.
+
+8. CONDITIONAL Prophecy is when the fulfilment is dependent on the
+compliance of those to whom the promise is made, with the conditions on
+which it is given. _Examples._—“_If_ ye walk in my statutes and keep my
+commandments, and do them: then I will give you rain in due season, and
+the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield
+their fruit.� Lev. 26:3, 4. “But _if_ ye will _not_ hearken unto me, and
+will _not_ do all these commandments; and _if_ ye shall despise my
+statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all
+my commandments, _but_ that ye break my covenant: I also will do this unto
+you, I will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning
+ague, that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall
+sow your seed in vain; for your enemies shall eat it.� _Ib._ 14-16.
+
+“And it shall come to pass, _if_ thou shalt hearken diligently unto the
+voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which
+I command thee this day: that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above
+all nations of the earth: and all these blessings shall come on thee, and
+overtake thee, _if_ thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy
+God.� Deut. 28:1, 2. “But it shall come to pass, _if_ thou wilt not
+hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his
+commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day: that all
+these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee,� &c. _Ib._ 15.
+
+Predictions of mere national prosperity, or adversity, are usually
+conditional. When the condition is not expressed, it is implied.
+_Example._—The Lord said unto Jonah, “Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great
+city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee.... And Jonah began
+to enter into the city a day’s journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty
+days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. So the people of Nineveh believed
+God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of
+them even to the least of them.... And God saw their works, that they
+turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil that he had said
+that he would do unto them: and he did it not.�
+
+For all cases of this kind, the Lord has given the following general RULE:
+“At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a
+kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it: if that nation
+against whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will repent of the
+evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what instant I shall speak
+concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it;
+if it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent
+of the good wherewith I said I would benefit them.� Jer. 18:7-10.
+
+9. UNCONDITIONAL Prophecy includes all predictions which are absolute in
+their nature. _Examples._—“But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be
+filled with the glory of the Lord.� Num. 14:21.
+
+“For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the
+people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen
+upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the
+brightness of thy rising.... For the nation and kingdom that will not
+serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted....
+Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for
+ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be
+glorified.� Isa. 60:2, 3, 12, 21.
+
+“But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the
+house of the Lord shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it
+shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it.� Micah
+4:1.
+
+10. A VISION is a revelation from GOD, supernaturally presented. Future
+events are made to pass before the mind of the _seer_, as if actually
+transpiring. _Examples._—See the prophecies of ISAIAH, AMOS, OBADIAH, &c.
+
+11. A SYMBOLIC VISION is where the future events, instead of being
+presented to the mind of the prophet, are represented by analogous
+objects. _Examples._—The prophecies of EZEKIEL, DANIEL, ZECHARIAH, and
+JOHN, are of this kind.
+
+12. A LITERAL Prophecy is where the prediction is given in words used
+according to their primary and natural import. _Examples._—Num. 14:21-35;
+Jer. 25:1-33.
+
+13. Prophecy is _figurative_ when it abounds in tropes, as in much of
+ISAIAH and the minor prophets; and it is symbolic, when symbols instead of
+the objects themselves are presented—as in DANIEL and JOHN.
+
+14. POETRY is writing thus constituted by the metrical or rhythmical
+structure of its sentences; and is not necessarily any more figurative or
+obscure than prose writing. It is, also, a term sometimes applied to the
+language of excited imagination and feeling.
+
+The Poetry of the Bible consists in Hebrew parallelisms, where the idea of
+the preceding line is repeated, or contrasted, in the succeeding one.
+_Examples._—The Psalms, ISAIAH, and other prophets.
+
+15. HIGHLY FIGURATIVE, or SYMBOLIC Prophecies—the laws and use of _Tropes_
+and _Symbols_ being understood are not necessarily more equivocal,
+enigmatical or obscure, than those which are literal.
+
+16. LITERAL FULFILMENT of prophecy is prophecy fulfilled in accordance
+with the _grammatical interpretation_ of its language.
+
+17. LITERAL INTERPRETATION, when _technically_ applied to the
+interpretation of prophecy, is not opposed to tropes or figures of speech,
+but to _spiritual_ interpretation. It interprets the language of the
+Scriptures, as similar language would be interpreted _in all other
+writings_.
+
+18. SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATION (_mystical_) seeks, in the language of
+Scripture, a meaning that is not expressed by any of the ordinary rules of
+language. It sets at defiance all the laws of language, and makes fancy
+the interpreter of prophecy. “It subjects clear predictions to an
+exegetical alembic that effectually subtilizes and evaporates their
+meaning.�—_Bush._
+
+19. ULTRA LITERAL INTERPRETATION is a disregard of the peculiarities of
+symbols and of the several kinds of tropes—understanding them as if they
+were _literally_ expressed.
+
+20. SYMBOLS and TROPES are _literally_ explained, when interpreted in
+accordance with the _grammatical laws_ which respectively govern their
+use.
+
+21. PROPHETIC SYMBOLS are objects, real or imaginary, _representative_ of
+agents or objects possessing analogous characteristics. All agents or
+objects _seen_ in symbolic visions are symbols. The inspired
+_explanations_ of symbols are always literal, except when they are
+affirmed to be the same as some other symbol which represents the same
+object, as in Rev. 17:9.
+
+22. LAWS OF SYMBOLS.
+
+I. “The Symbol and that which it represents resemble each other in the
+station they fill, the relation they sustain, and the agencies they exert
+in their respective spheres.�—_Lord._
+
+II. The Symbol and that which it represents are of the _same_, or they are
+of _different_ species, kinds, or rank, according to the _nature_ and
+_use_ of the symbol.
+
+III. “When the Symbol is of such nature, or is used in such a relation
+that it can properly symbolise something _different_ from itself, the
+representative and that which it represents, while the counterpart of each
+other, are of _different_ species, kinds, or rank.�—_Lord._
+
+_Example._—Dan. 7:3, beasts; v. 17, governments.
+
+IV. “Symbols that are of such a nature, station or relation, that there is
+nothing of an analogous kind that they can represent, symbolize agents,
+objects, acts, or events of _their own_ kind.�—_Ib._ _Example._—Dan. 7:9.
+
+V. “When the Symbol and that which it symbolizes differ from each other,
+the correspondence between the representative and that which it
+represents, still extends to their chief parts; and the elements or parts
+of the symbols denote corresponding parts in that which is
+symbolized.�—_Ib._
+
+VI. “The Names of Symbols are their literal and proper names, not
+metaphorical titles.�—_Ib._
+
+VII. “A single agent, in many instances, symbolizes a body and succession
+of agents.�—_Ib._
+
+VIII. Symbols of the same kind, and used in the same relations, always
+represent one class of objects; and when the office of a symbol has been
+once shown, the same symbol, similarly used, always fills a like office.
+They are never used arbitrarily.
+
+IX. While like symbols represent like objects, the same agents are often
+indicated by different symbols.
+
+Thus, a church may be symbolized by a city and a woman; and government, by
+a beast and a mountain, &c.
+
+23. INSPIRED EXPLANATIONS OF SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS:—
+
+      Ancient of Days—The Most High.—Dan. 7:9, 22.
+      Candlesticks—Churches.—Rev. 1:20.
+      Carpenters—Destroyers of governments.—Zech. 1:21.
+      Days—Years.—Num. 14:34. Ezek. 4:4-6.
+      Horns, of a wild beast—Kings or kingdoms succeeding to a divided
+      empire.—Dan. 8:22 and 7:24.
+      Heads, of a wild beast—Kings or forms of government.—Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      Image, of different metals—A succession of governments.—Dan.
+      2:37-42.
+      Incense, or odors—Prayers.—Rev. 5:8 and 8:4.
+      Lamb, the—Christ.—Rev. 5:6, 9, 10.
+      Lamb’s wife—Risen saints.—Rev. 19:7, 8.
+      Lake of fire and brimstone—The place of the second death.—Rev.
+      20:15.
+      Likeness of a man—The Lord.—Ezek. 1:26, 28, and 8:2, 4.
+      Linen, fine and clean—Righteousness of saints—Rev. 19:8.
+      Mountains—Kings, or forms of government.—Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      New Jerusalem—The redeemed Church, or the Bride, the Lamb’s
+      wife.—Rev. 21:9, 10.
+      Revivification of dry bones—Resurrection of the dead.—Ezek. 37:11,
+      12.
+      Stars—Angels, _i.e._, messengers of the churches.—Rev. 1:20.
+      Souls of martyrs living again—The first resurrection.—Rev. 20:4, 5.
+      Stone, becoming a mountain—Kingdom of God.—Dan. 2:45.
+      Waters—Peoples.—Rev. 17:15.
+      Wild Beasts—Governments.—Dan. 7:17.
+      Woman—A city.—Rev. 17:18. Explained to be a church.—21:9, 10.
+
+24. TROPES are figures of various kinds, used to _illustrate_ the subjects
+to which they are applied.—They embrace the Simile, Metaphor, Prosopopœia,
+Apostrophe, Synecdoche, Allegory, &c.
+
+25. LAWS OF FIGURES—(_a._) “The terms in which they are expressed are used
+in their ordinary and literal sense.�—_Lord._
+
+(_b._) “The agents or objects to which figures are applied are always
+expressly mentioned. Figures, in that respect, differ wholly from symbols,
+which never formally indicate, unless an interpretation is given, who the
+agents, or what the objects are which they represent.�—_Ib._
+
+(_c._) “The figurative terms are always predicates, or are employed in
+affirming something of some other agent or object; and are therefore
+either nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs.�—_Ib._
+
+(_d._) “As their terms are used literally, the figure lies, when they are
+employed in an unusual manner, simply in their being applied to objects to
+which they do not properly belong.�—_Ib._
+
+(_e._) “They are used accordingly in all such cases for the purpose of
+illustration, and their explication is accomplished, not by assigning to
+them some new and extraordinary meaning, but simply by conjoining with
+them the terms of a comparison which expresses the relation in which they
+are employed.�—_Ib._
+
+(_f._) “It is in metaphors and personification only that acts and
+qualities are ascribed to agents and objects that are incompatible with
+their nature; or do not properly belong to them.�—_Ib. Theo. & Lit.
+Jour._, vol. 1, p. 354.
+
+26. A SIMILE, or comparison, is an affirmation that one agent, object, or
+act, is _like_, or as, another,—there being a real or imaginary
+resemblance. Sometimes only the mere fact of a resemblance is affirmed. At
+others, the nature of the resemblance is indicated.
+
+_Examples._—“As for man, his days are _as_ grass.� Psa. 103:15. “Whose
+garment was _white_ as _snow_.� Dan. 7:9.
+
+27. ANTITHESIS is a contrast, or placing in opposite lights things
+dissimilar.
+
+_Example._—“The wicked are overthrown and are not; but the house of the
+righteous shall stand.� Prov. 12:7.
+
+28. A METAPHOR is a simile comprised in a word, without the _sign_ of
+comparison. It is an affirmation of an object, incompatible with its
+nature—_i.e._, it affirms that an object is, what literally it is only
+_like_; or attributes to it acts, to which its acts only bear a
+_resemblance_.
+
+_Examples._—“He is the _Rock_.� Deut. 32:4. “Her gates shall _lament_ and
+_mourn_.� Isa. 3:25.
+
+A metaphor may be a simple affirmation of what an object is, or it may
+embrace “the agent, the act, the object, and the effect of an
+action.�—_Lord._
+
+(_a._) When an object is affirmed to be what it only resembles, that of
+which the affirmation is made is always _literally_ expressed.
+
+(_b._) “When a nature is ascribed to an object that does not belong to it,
+the acts or results affirmed to it are proper to that _imputed nature_,
+not to its own.�—_Lord._
+
+(_c._) “The meaning of a metaphorical passage is precisely what it would
+be if a comparison only were affirmed.�—_Ib._
+
+29. AN ELLIPTICAL METAPHOR is where the figure is incomplete. An object,
+instead of being affirmed to be what it only resembles, is introduced by
+the name proper only to that resemblance. The literal name of the object
+and the affirmation to complete the figure are to be supplied.
+
+To find the meaning of an elliptical metaphor, trace the word through the
+Bible, and find to what object such metaphorical term is applied.
+_Example._—“And in that day there shall be a _Root_ of JESSE, which shall
+stand for an ensign of the people.� Isa. 11:10. _Explanation._—“I [JESUS]
+am the _Root_ and the offspring of DAVID.� Rev. 22:16.
+
+30. PROSOPÅ’IA, or PERSONIFICATION, is an address to an inanimate object,
+as if it were a person, and had intelligence.—_Lord._ _Example._—“Give
+ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my
+mouth.� Deut. 32:1.
+
+31. AN APOSTROPHE is a _digression_ from the order of any discourse, and a
+direct _address_ to the persons of whom it treats, or to those who are to
+form a judgment respecting the subject of which it treats.—_Lord._
+_Example._—“Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom: give ear unto
+the law of our GOD, ye people of Gomorrah.� Isa. 1:10.
+
+32. AN ALLEGORY is a narrative in which the subject of the discourse is
+described by an analogous subject, resembling it in its characteristics
+and circumstances—the subject of which it is descriptive being indicated
+in its connection. _Examples._—See Ezek. 31:3-9; Ps. 80:8-16; Jud. 9:8-15.
+
+Past _historical_ events, instead of supposititious ones, are sometimes
+used for illustration. When thus used they serve as allegories, without
+affecting their original historical significance. _Example._—Gal. 4:
+22-31. See also Rom. 9:7, 8; 1 Cor. 9:9, 10, and 10:11.
+
+33. A PARABLE is a similitude taken from natural things, to instruct us in
+the knowledge of spiritual. _Examples._—Matt. 13th, and 21:28-41.
+
+The Parable differs from the Allegory in that the acts ascribed are
+appropriate to the agents to which they are attributed. In the Allegory,
+acts may be ascribed to real objects which are not natural to those
+objects. _Example._—See Judges 9:7-15.
+
+The Parable is sometimes used to denote a prophecy, (Num. 23:7); sometimes
+a discourse, (Job 27:1); sometimes a lamentation, (Micah 2:4); sometimes a
+proverb, or wise saying, (Prov. 26:7); and sometimes to indicate that a
+thing is apocryphal. Ezek. 20:49. The terms parable and allegory, are
+often wrongfully applied.
+
+34. A RIDDLE is an enigma—something to be guessed. _Example._—See Judges
+14:24-18. It is sometimes used to denote an allegory. Ezek. 17:1-10.
+
+35. TYPES are emblems—greater events in the future being prefigured by
+typical observances, “which are a shadow of good things to come.� Col.
+2:17.
+
+36. THE HYPOCATASTASIS, or substitution, is a figure introduced by Mr.
+LORD, in which the objects, or agents, of one class are, without any
+formal notice, employed in the place of the persons or things of which the
+passages in which they occur treat; and they are exhibited either as
+exerting, or as subjected to an agency proper to their nature, in order to
+represent by analogy, the agency which those persons are to exert, or of
+which those things are to be the subjects. _Example._—“O, my people, they
+which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths.�—Isa.
+3:12,—expressive of the manner in which they were misled by their rulers
+and kept from the truth.
+
+37. A METONYMY is a reversion, or the use of a noun to express that with
+which it is intimately connected, instead of using the term which would
+literally express the idea. Thus the cause is used for the effect, the
+effect for the cause, the thing containing for that which is contained in
+it, &c. _Example._—“Ye have eaten up the _vineyard_.� Isa. 3:14—meaning
+the fruit of the vineyard.
+
+38. A SYNECDOCHE is the use of a word expressive of a part, to signify the
+whole; or that expressive of the whole, to denote only a part—as the genus
+for the species, or the species for the genus, &c. _Example._—“_Man_ dieth
+and wasteth away; yea _man_ giveth up the ghost, and where is he?� Job
+14:10.
+
+39. A HYPERBOLE is an exaggeration in which more is expressed than is
+intended to be understood. _Example._—“I suppose that even the world
+itself could not contain the books that should be written.� John
+21:25—meaning that a great number might be written.
+
+40. IRONY is the utterance of pointed remarks, contrary to the actual
+thoughts of the speaker or writer—not to deceive, but to add force to the
+remark. _Examples._—“No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die
+with you.� Job 12:2.
+
+“And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry
+aloud: for he _is_ a god: either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he
+is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awaked.� 1 Kings
+18:27.
+
+41. THE INTERROGATION—while its legitimate use is to ask a question—is
+also used to affirm or deny with great emphasis. Affirmative
+interrogations usually have _no_ or _not_ in connection with the verb.
+_Example._—“Is _not_ God in the height of the heavens?� Job 22:12.
+_Examples of a negative._—“Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one
+day? or shall a nation be born at once?� Isa. 66:8. “Can the rush grow up
+without mire?� Job 8:11.
+
+42. EXCLAMATIONS are digressions from the order of a discourse or writing,
+to give expression to the emotions of the speaker, or writer.
+_Example._—“O that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away and
+be at rest!� Psa. 55:6.
+
+43. FABLES are fictions—additions to the word of GOD. All false theories
+and doctrines supposed to be based on the Bible, all interpretations of
+Scripture which do violence to the laws of language and falsify their
+meaning, and all opinions which are the result of mere traditions and
+doctrines of men, are to be classed as fables. Mark 7:8-13; 1 Pet. 1:18; 1
+Tim. 1:4; 4:7; Tit. 1:14.
+
+44. SYNCHRONOUS SCRIPTURES are the several passages which have reference
+to any one and the same event.
+
+Each portion of Scripture respecting any subject, must be considered in
+connection with all the Scriptures that refer to the same
+subject.—_Compare_, for example, Dan. 2:34, 35, 44; 7:18, 27; Matt. 6:10;
+13:37-43; 35:34; 1 Tim. 4:1; Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+
+
+
+
+The Title of the Book.
+
+
+    “The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him, to show to
+    his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and sending,
+    he signified _them_ through his angel to his servant John: who
+    testified the word of God, and the testimony of Jesus Christ, and
+    whatever he saw.�—Rev. 1:1, 2.—_Prof. Whiting’s Translation._
+
+
+“The very title of John’s predictions, Apocalypse, implies the _unveiling_
+or ‘_revelation_’ of the mystic and hidden sense of the prophetic oracles,
+previously uttered by his inspired predecessors.�—PROF. BUSH.
+
+“The Αποκαλυψις, from which we have our word Apocalypse, signifies,
+literally, a _revelation_, or _discovery_, of what was _concealed_, or
+_hidden_.�—DR. CLARKE.
+
+The work of the apostles was “to make all men see what is the fellowship
+of the mystery, which, from the beginning of the world, hath been hid in
+God, who created all things by Jesus Christ,� (Eph. 3:9); “even the
+mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is
+made manifest to his saints,� Col. 1:26. The entire record of the New
+Testament, is a revelation that God “hath in these last days spoken unto
+us by his Son;� in distinction from the records of the Old Testament,
+which He, “at sundry times and in divers manners, spake in time past unto
+the fathers by the prophets,� Heb. 1:1. But the closing book of the new
+series is called, in distinction from the others, “THE REVELATION OF JESUS
+CHRIST.�
+
+It contains the “many things� he had to say to his disciples, in addition
+to those recorded by the evangelists; but which they could not then bear,
+John 16:12. It is the revelation “which God gave unto him;� for “there is
+a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known ... what shall be
+in the latter days,� Dan. 2:28. God communicated by his servants the
+prophets what should “come to pass hereafter,� by visions which were
+“certain,� and by “the interpretation thereof� which was “sure,� Dan.
+2:46. But Daniel was commanded to “shut up the words, and seal the book,
+even to the time of the end,� when many should “run to and fro,� and
+knowledge should “be increased.� And it was added, “Go thy way, Daniel;
+for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end: Many
+shall be purified and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do
+wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall
+understand.� Dan. 12:4, 9, 10.
+
+It will thus be seen, that provision had been made for the future
+_unveiling_ of what was left obscure in the predictions of the Old
+Testament writers; and for the _unsealing_ of what was then closed up and
+sealed. This revelation must come from God; for the Saviour has testified,
+that “of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
+but my Father only.� Matt. 24:36. “The secret things belong unto the Lord
+our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our
+children forever.� Deut. 29:29.
+
+As God had provided for a more full “revelation� respecting the events of
+the future, it was necessary that it should be communicated through “the
+appointed Heir of all things,� by whom he was to speak in the last days,
+Heb. 1:2. The BAPTIST said of Christ, that “what he hath seen and heard,
+this he testifieth,� John 3:22. And the Saviour said of him by whom he was
+sent, “I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him,� _Ib._
+8:2, 6. And again, he saith, “I have not spoken of myself; but the Father
+which sent me, he gave me a commandment; what I should say, and what I
+should speak,� _Ib._ 12:49. “The Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of
+David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals
+thereof,� Rev. 5:5.
+
+The design of God in giving this additional revelation, was that he might
+“show unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass;� for
+“surely the Lord God doeth nothing, but he revealeth his secrets unto his
+servants the prophets,� Amos 3:7. And he saith, “I have told you before it
+come to pass, that when it is come to pass ye might believe,� John 14:29.
+When the old world was to be destroyed by water, “Noah, being warned of
+God of things not seen as yet, prepared an ark to the saving of his
+house,� Heb. 11:7. And when the Lord had purposed the destruction of
+Sodom, he said, “Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do?� and
+angels were sent to Lot, that he might say to his children, “Up get ye out
+of this place; for the Lord will destroy this city,� Gen. 18:17, and
+19:14. So of the times and seasons of the second advent: while “the day of
+the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night,� he has said to his chosen
+ones, “Ye brethren are not in darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief,� 1 Thess. 5:1-4. He has condescended to give his people “a
+more sure word of prophecy: whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as
+unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day
+star arise in your hearts,� 2 Pet. 1:19. Therefore it was said to John, “I
+will show thee things which must be hereafter,� Rev. 4:1; which things
+were shortly to begin to come to pass,—they being a series of successive
+events, commencing near the time in which John wrote, and extending to the
+end of the world and the establishment of the everlasting kingdom.
+
+These were shown to John by symbolic representations, in a series of
+visions, the import of which was signified to him by an angelic
+interpreter. Said the Saviour, “I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify
+unto you these things in the churches,� 22:16. And _these things_ were not
+to be sealed up, like the words of Daniel; for John was commanded to
+“_seal not_ the sayings of the prophecy of _this_ book: for the time is at
+hand,� 22:10. He recorded the words which God thus gave him,—“the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw.� He has given
+us, in graphic language, such descriptions of the visions shown, that we
+can easily imagine the symbols which he saw; and we have the inspired
+explanations of those which were “signified� to him. Therefore we may
+read, and receive the blessings promised to those who keep this testimony
+of Jesus.
+
+
+
+
+The Benediction.
+
+
+    “Happy is he, who readeth, and those, who hear the words of this
+    prophecy, and keep the things, written in it: for the season is
+    near.� Rev. 1:3.
+
+
+Those who teach that the Apocalypse is a “sealed book,� most clearly
+contradict the testimony of Christ respecting it. To discourage the study
+of it, is to treat with neglect, and to despise what God has spoken in
+these last days by his Son, Heb. 1:2; of whom it is said: “See that ye
+refuse not him that speaketh; for if they escaped not who refused him who
+spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him
+that speaketh from heaven,� Heb. 12:25. Those who thus neglect it, cannot
+regard the blessing promised to those who read, hear, and keep its
+sayings.
+
+The Apocalypse is not to be undervalued as unprofitable; for “all
+scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine,
+for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: that the
+man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works,� 2
+Tim. 3:16, 17. “For whatsoever things were written aforetime, were written
+for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures
+might have hope,� Rom. 15:4. “Search the scriptures; for in them ye think
+ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me,� John 5:39.
+“Thus saith the Lord, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of
+things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands
+command ye me,� Isa. 45:11. “Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that
+keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book,� Rev. 22:7.
+
+
+
+
+John’s Salutation to the Churches.
+
+
+    “John to the seven congregations in Asia: grace be to you and
+    peace, from Him who is, and who was, and who is to be; and from
+    the seven Spirits, that are before his throne; and from Jesus
+    Christ, the faithful Witness, and the First-born of the dead, and
+    the Ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loved us, and
+    washed us from our sins in his own blood, and hath made us kings
+    and priests to God even his father: to him be glory and dominion
+    for ever and ever. Amen. Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every
+    eye will see him, and those, who pierced him: and all the tribes
+    of the earth will wail because of him. Yea, so be it! I am the
+    Alpha and the Omega, saith the Lord God, who is, and who was, and
+    who is to be, the Almighty.�—Rev. 1:4-8.
+
+
+The seven churches to which John sends salutation, were those of Ephesus,
+Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, 1:11. The
+Asia, in which they were situated, was a province in Asia Minor, distinct
+from Pontus, Gallatia, and Bithynia; which also were in Asia Minor, 1 Pet.
+1:1, and Acts 2:9. Of the province of Asia, Ephesus was the capital, and
+was the principal place of John’s residence. The seven cities which
+contained those churches, were situated in a kind of amphitheatre,
+surrounded by mountains. Smyrna was 46 miles north of Ephesus, and
+Pergamos 64 miles; Thyatira was 48 miles to the east, and Sardis 33 miles;
+Philadelphia 27 miles to the south, and Laodicea 42 miles. These churches
+had all been under the general supervision of John’s ministry; and for
+this reason, doubtless, they are especially designated, instead of those
+with which he had not been so intimately connected.
+
+John writes to the seven churches, in obedience to the command,—“What thou
+seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in
+Asia,� 1:11. He seems to have written what he saw, at the time of its
+exhibition, and not at the close of the entire presentation; for when he
+was about to write the discordant utterances of “the seven thunders,� he
+was told to “write them not,� 10:4.
+
+John observes the oriental custom of placing his name at the commencement,
+instead of the close of his communication. Few persons now deny that this
+was John the Evangelist. Irenæus, who was born only about 30 years after
+the death of John, speaks of the writer of the Apocalypse, as “the
+disciple of Christ,—that same John that leaned on his breast at the last
+supper.�
+
+Most beautiful reference is here made to the attributes of DEITY: “Him who
+is, and who was, and who is to be,� can be no other than the great
+Preëxistent, who said to Moses, “I AM THAT I AM,� Ex. 13:14.
+
+The seven Spirits, would seem to be irrelevantly placed between the Father
+and the Son,—the place always occupied by the Holy Spirit, when spoken of
+in connection with them,—if they were merely seven angels. Grace would
+also seem to be irreverently invoked from such,—its presence being implied
+where it is invoked,—unless they are expressive of the Holy Spirit, in
+which grace is inherent, and from whom it may be communicated; as it may
+not be from angels. Seven is a full and perfect number, and it may be here
+used because in another place “seven lamps of fire burning before the
+throne� are symbolic of “the seven Spirits of God,� (4:5); which, if
+angels, would be expressly named, as in other inspired explanations,—as
+they are in that of the stars, 1:20. A burning _flame_ is often used as a
+symbol of the Holy Spirit. Thus, when God would make a covenant with
+Abraham, and the victims between which the covenanting parties were to
+pass, were divided, the presence of God was symbolized by “a burning lamp
+that passed between those pieces,� Gen. 15:17. And the descent of the Holy
+Spirit on the day of Pentecost, was manifested by “cloven tongues, like as
+of fire,� which “sat upon each of them,� Acts 2:3. In Zechariah 3:9, we
+read of the symbol of a stone laid before Joshua, that on it were engraved
+“seven eyes,� which “are the eyes of the Lord which run to and fro,
+through the whole earth,� (Zech. 4:10);—an expressive figure of God’s
+Omniscience. The same is symbolized in Rev. 5:6, by the “seven eyes� of
+the LAMB.
+
+Jesus Christ is the faithful Witness. He “was faithful to him that
+appointed him,� (Heb. 3:2); and he was given as a Witness to the people, a
+Leader and Commander to the people, Isa. 55:4. He is the “first-begotten
+of the dead,� having “risen from the dead, and become the first fruits of
+them that slept,� 1 Cor. 15:20: he is “declared to be the Son of God, with
+power according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the
+dead,� Rom. 1:4. He is “the Prince of the kings of the earth,� the “King
+of kings and Lord of lords,� 19:16; “all kings shall fall down before him:
+all nations shall serve him,� Psa. 72:11. He hath shown how he “loved us,�
+by giving himself for us, (Gal. 2:20); and hath cleansed his people from
+all sin, not “by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he
+entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption
+for us,� Heb. 9:12. He has redeemed us to God “out of every kindred, and
+tongue, and people, and nation,� Rev. 5:9. He is the one who is to come in
+the clouds of heaven, in resplendent majesty, to reward his saints, and to
+destroy those who destroy the earth, 11:18. The announcement that he
+“cometh with clouds� is as if John had said that what he was commanded to
+write, was a revelation of the events which were to precede and usher in
+that coming.
+
+
+
+
+Christ’s Annunciation.
+
+
+    “I John, your brother, and partner in the affliction, and kingdom
+    and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the island called Patmos, for
+    the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. I was in
+    the Spirit on the Lord’s day, and heard behind me a great voice,
+    like that of a trumpet, saying, What thou seest, write in a book,
+    and send it to the seven congregations, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna,
+    and to Pergamos, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to
+    Philadelphia, and to Laodicea.�—Rev. 1:9-11.
+
+
+This gives a clue to the date of the Apocalypse. It was written when John
+was in the Isle of Patmos: “It is the general testimony of ancient
+authors, that St. John was banished into Patmos in the time of Domitian,
+in the latter part of his reign, and restored by his successor, Nerva. But
+the book could not be published till after John’s release, and return to
+Ephesus, in Asia. Domitian died in 96, and his persecution did not
+commence till near the close of his reign.�—DR. CLARKE.
+
+“DOMITIAN, having exercised his cruelty against many, and unjustly slain
+no small number of noble and illustrious men at Rome, ... at length
+established himself as the successor of NERO, in his hatred and hostility
+to GOD. He was the _second_ that raised a persecution against us. In this
+persecution, it is handed down by tradition, that the apostle and
+evangelist, JOHN, ... was condemned to dwell on the island of Patmos.
+IRENÆUS, indeed, in his fifth book against the heresies, where he speaks
+of the calculation formed on the epithet of Antichrist, in the
+above-mentioned Revelation of JOHN, speaks in the following manner
+respecting him: ‘If, however, it were necessary to proclaim his name
+(_i.e._ Antichrist’s), openly at the present time, it would have been
+declared by him who saw the Revelation, for it was not long since it was
+seen, but _almost in our own times_, at the _close_ of DOMITIAN’s
+reign.’ �—EUSEBIUS.
+
+Prof. Stuart, who dissents from the opinion, admits that “a majority of
+the older critics have been inclined to adopt the opinion of Irenæus,
+viz.: that it was written during the reign of Domitian, _i.e._, during the
+last part of the first century, or in A. D. 95 or 96.�—Com. _Apoc._, V.
+I., p. 263.
+
+John’s adherence to the word and testimony of Christ, had caused his
+banishment—as others “were slain—for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held,� (6:9); and whose living again and reigning
+with Christ, was subsequently shown John in a vision, 20:4.
+
+John was in the spirit; _i.e._, he was in a state of prophetic ecstasy, in
+which he was, as it were, caught away from a realization of the actual and
+the present, and shown “the things which must be hereafter.� It was on the
+“Lord’s day,� the first day of the week, which was so called because on
+that day the Lord arose from the dead. It was a day which has been
+observed by all Christians in especial remembrance of that event. John
+does not appear to have anticipated any such announcement, until he was
+suddenly startled from his meditation by a voice in trumpet tones,
+announcing itself by the titles of Christ, and commanding him to write to
+the churches what he _saw_. Hearing the voice, he turned to see who had
+spoken to him, and beheld a
+
+
+
+
+Vision of Christ.
+
+
+    “And I turned to see the voice, that spoke with me. And having
+    turned, I saw seven golden lamp-stands; and in the midst of the
+    seven lamp-stands one like a Son of man, clothed with a garment
+    reaching the feet, and girded around the breasts with a golden
+    girdle. His head, even his hair, was white like white wool, like
+    snow; and his eyes were like a flame of fire; and his feet like
+    fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice like the
+    sound of many waters. And he had in his right hand seven stars:
+    and from his mouth went forth a sharp two-edged sword: and his
+    countenance was like the sun shining in its strength. And when I
+    saw him, I fell at his feet as if dead. And he laid his right hand
+    on me, saying, Fear not; I am the first and the last, and am he,
+    who liveth, and I became dead; and behold, I am alive for ever and
+    ever, and have the keys of death and the pit. Therefore, write the
+    things, which thou hast seen, and the things, which are, and the
+    things, which will take place hereafter; the secret of the seven
+    stars, which thou hast seen in my right hand, and the seven golden
+    lamp-stands. The seven stars, are the messengers of the seven
+    congregations: and the seven lamp-stands are the seven
+    congregations.�—Rev. 1:12-20.
+
+
+The voice, by a metonymy, is used for the person speaking. He turned to
+see the glorious personage by whom the trumpet-tones were uttered. Being
+turned, he saw the commencement of those great panoramic presentations, by
+which the events of the future were revealed to him, and the significance
+of which were explained by an angelic interpreter.
+
+The “seven golden candlesticks,� symbolize “the seven churches� (1:20), to
+which John was commanded to write. By this, and other symbols which are
+divinely interpreted, are unfolded the principles on which symbols are
+used. A candle or lamp stand, supports the light placed on it, as churches
+are the recipients and dispensers of the light of the Holy Scriptures.
+They are therefore appropriate symbols of churches.
+
+“In the midst of the candlesticks� is one in the form of humanity,
+surrounded by the insignia of Deity. It is the same appearance that
+Ezekiel saw, when he had a vision “of the likeness of the glory of the
+Lord,� (Ezek. 1:26-28); and before which Daniel fell trembling, Dan.
+10:5-9. The sublime spectacle was too overwhelming for John’s endurance,
+and, like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, his strength turned to corruption.
+But the glorified Saviour was the same sympathetic being on whose breast
+John leaned, at the last supper, and he lays his endearing hand on John,
+and, by soothing words, restores his confidence. He explains the mystery
+contained in the symbols shown, and enjoins on him to write the things he
+had seen—symbolic of the things which then were, and of those which were
+then in the future. As no created resemblance is a fit representative of
+Deity, Christ is shown to John by the symbol of his own likeness.
+
+The “seven stars� in the right hand of the Saviour, are the angels,—the
+messengers, or pastors of the seven churches, 1:20. As the Saviour holds
+the stars in his hand, so does he sustain all his gospel ministers,
+enabling them to impart light to those who sit under their ministrations.
+And as he walked in the midst of the golden candlesticks, so the Lord is
+ever in the midst of those who fear him, and call upon his name.
+
+
+
+
+Epistles to the Seven Churches.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Ephesus.
+
+
+    “To the messenger of the congregation of Ephesus write: These
+    things saith He who holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who
+    walketh in the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands: I know thy
+    works, and thy toil, and thy patience, and that thou canst not
+    endure the evil; and thou hast tried those, who say they are
+    apostles, and are not; and hast found them liars; and hast
+    patience, and hast endured on account of my name, and hast not
+    fainted. Nevertheless, I have this against thee, that thou hast
+    left thy first love. Remember therefore whence thou hast fallen,
+    and repent and do the first works; or else I will come to thee
+    quickly, and will remove thy lamp-stand out of its place, except
+    thou repentest. But thou hast this, that thou hatest the deeds of
+    the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. He, who hath an ear, let him
+    hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations: To him, who
+    overcometh, I will grant to eat of the tree of life, which is in
+    the paradise of God.�—Rev. 2:1-7.
+
+
+The seven churches are not, themselves, seen in vision; they were
+symbolized by seven golden candlesticks. Consequently, these are seven
+literal churches that are addressed, and not allegorical, as some teach.
+The symbolic portions of the Apocalypse, are the descriptions of what John
+saw, and the attendant utterances. What was addressed to the ear by way of
+explanation and instruction, does not come under the laws of
+symbolization.
+
+As churches, in all ages, are often in the several conditions ascribed to
+the seven churches, the warnings, admonitions, and consolations addressed
+to them, may serve for instruction to all Christians, as implied in the
+declaration: “He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+the churches,� 2:29.
+
+“By αγγελος, angel [or messenger], we are to understand the _messenger_,
+or person sent by God to preside over the church; and to him the epistle
+is directed, not as pointing out his state, but the state of the church
+under his care. The Angel of the Church, here answers exactly to that
+officer of the synagogue among the Jews, called the _messenger_ of the
+church, whose business it was to _read_, _pray_, and _teach_ in the
+synagogue.�—DR. CLARKE. Timothy is supposed to have had the care of the
+Ephesian church till A. D. 97, when he was martyred.
+
+Ephesus was a large, idolatrous city, “a worshipper of the great goddess
+Diana, and of the image which,� as they claimed, “fell down from Jupiter,�
+Acts 19:35. The gospel was first preached there by Paul, and with such
+success, that “Many of them also which used curious arts, brought their
+books together, and burned them before all men; and they counted the price
+of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver: So mightily grew
+the word of God, and prevailed,� _Ib._ 19, 20. They continued a fine and
+prosperous church, but had fallen away from their first love. Therefore He
+who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks, and holdeth in
+his hand the messengers of the churches, admonished them that, unless they
+repented he would remove their candlestick, _i.e._, their church, of which
+the candlestick was a symbol, out of its place. They did not repent; and,
+says Gibbon, “In the year 1312, began the _captivity_, or ruin of the
+seven churches by the Ottoman power. In the loss of Ephesus, the
+Christians deplored the loss of the first _Angel_, the extinction of the
+first _candlestick_ of the Revelations. The desolation is complete, and
+the temple of _Diana_, or the church of _Mary_, will equally elude the
+search of the curious traveller.�
+
+The Nicolaitanes, whose deeds God hated, were a sect of heretics, who
+assumed the name from Nicholas of Antioch, one of the first seven deacons
+of the church in Jerusalem. It is believed that he was rather the innocent
+occasion, than the author of the infamous practices of those who assumed
+his name,—who allowed a community of wives, and ate meats offered in
+sacrifice to idols. It was a short-lived sect.
+
+For hating their deeds, the church of Ephesus was commended, and also for
+not giving countenance to false teachers, who claimed to be apostles, and
+were proved to be liars. Thus are Christians to “believe not every spirit,
+but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets
+are gone out into the world,� 1 John 4:1. “Such are false apostles,
+deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ,� 2
+Cor. 11:13. “There were false prophets also among the people, even as
+there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in
+damnable heresies,� 2 Pet. 2:1.
+
+The promise to him that overcometh, that he shall “eat of the tree of
+life,� points to the resurrection and to the new creation. As in Eden was
+made to grow “the tree of life� (Gen. 2:9), so in Eden restored, “they
+that do his commandments ... may have right to the tree of life, and may
+enter in through the gates into the city,� Rev. 22:2.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Smyrna.
+
+
+    “And to the messenger of the congregation in Smyrna, write: These
+    things saith the First and the Last, who became dead and is alive:
+    I know thy works, and affliction, and poverty (but thou art rich);
+    and I know the reviling of those, who say they are Jews, and are
+    not, but are a synagogue of Satan. Fear none of the things, which
+    thou wilt suffer. Behold, the devil will cast some of you into
+    prison, that ye may be tried, and ye will have affliction ten
+    days. Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee the crown of
+    life. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the Congregations: he who overcometh, will not be hurt by the
+    second death.�—Rev. 2:8-11.
+
+
+The angel of the church in Smyrna is supposed to have been Polycarp, who,
+rather than to apostatize, was burnt alive in that city about A. D. 166.
+That church had passed through the trial of poverty, and was found “rich
+toward God,� Luke 12:21. It had suffered from the blasphemy of unbelieving
+Jews, who had a synagogue there and were particularly active at the
+martyrdom of Polycarp. But “He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly;
+neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh: but he is a
+Jew which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the
+spirit and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God,�
+Rom. 2:28, 29. And the crucified and risen Saviour has said, that they are
+“of the synagogue of Satan which say they are Jews, and are not, but do
+lie,� Rev. 3:9.
+
+Not a word of reproof is addressed to this faithful flock; but they were
+to be still further tried, and a terrible persecution was foretold, which
+should continue ten prophetic days. Ten years was the duration of the last
+and bloodiest persecution under Diocletian, from A. D. 302 to 312, during
+which all the Asiatic churches were grievously afflicted.
+
+This church passed triumphantly through all those trials; and Smyrna is
+now the most flourishing city of the Asiatic churches. It contains a
+population of 100,000, and is the seat of an archbishop. From 15,000 to
+20,000 of its inhabitants are still professedly Christian.
+
+The “crown of life,� promised to those who are faithful unto death, is to
+be given at Christ’s second coming, “who shall judge the quick and the
+dead at his appearing and kingdom,� 2 Tim. 4:1: “Henceforth there is laid
+up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge,
+shall give me at that day; and not to me only, but unto all them also that
+love his appearing,� _Ib._ 8. “Blessed is the man that endureth
+temptation: for when he is tried he shall receive the crown of life, which
+the Lord hath promised to them that love him,� Jam. 1:12.
+
+Those who shall not be hurt of the “second death,� are those who shall
+attain unto the resurrection of the just, at the commencement of the
+millennium. “Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first
+resurrection: on such the second death hath no power; but they shall be
+priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years,�
+Rev. 20:6. “But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and
+murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars,
+shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone:
+which is the second death,� 21:8.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Pergamos.
+
+
+    And to the messenger of the congregation in Pergamos write: These
+    things saith He who hath the sharp two-edged sword: I know thy
+    works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan’s throne is; and
+    thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in
+    those days in which Antipas was my faithful witness: who was slain
+    among you, where Satan dwelleth. But I have a few things against
+    thee, because thou hast there those, who hold fast the doctrine of
+    Balaam, who taught Balak to cast an enticement to sin before the
+    children of Israel: to eat idol-sacrifices, and to commit
+    fornication. So thou hast also those, who hold fast the doctrine
+    of the Nicolaitanes, in like manner. Repent; or else I will come
+    to thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my
+    mouth. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations: To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of
+    the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the
+    stone a new name written, which no one knoweth, but he, who
+    receiveth it.—Rev. 2:12-17.
+
+
+“He which hath the sharp sword with two edges,� is the one who walked in
+the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands—out of whose “mouth went a sharp
+two-edged sword,� 1:16. This identifies him as the one who was followed by
+the armies of heaven, when “the remnant were slain with the sword of him
+that sat upon the horse: which sword proceeded out of his mouth,� 19:21.
+“The sword of the Spirit ... is the word of God,� Eph. 6:17. “He shall
+smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips
+shall he slay the wicked,� Isa. 11:4. The One who indites this epistle is
+thus designated, probably, because, unless they repented of the things
+alleged against them, he would fight against them with the sword of his
+mouth.
+
+The church of Pergamos had refrained from apostasy, although situated in a
+wicked and corrupt city,—even where Satan reigned almost supreme and
+received the obedience of its inhabitants. They had been faithful in those
+days when Antipas, a faithful Christian, and probably the former pastor of
+the church, was slain (Dr. Hales thinks) in Domitian’s persecution, in A.
+D. 94. Yet, the Lord had some things against them.
+
+The doctrine of Balaam is what that prophet counselled Balak to cast as a
+stumbling-block before Israel: For “the people began to commit whoredom
+with the daughters of Moab. And they called the people unto the sacrifices
+of their gods; and the people did eat and bowed down to their gods. And
+Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor,� Num. 25:1-3. And Moses said of the
+women of Midian, “Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the
+counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord in the matter of
+Peor,� _Ib._ 31:16. This was also, probably, the same as the doctrine of
+the Nicolaitanes, p. 34.
+
+The “hidden manna� seems to be a reference to that hidden in the ark,
+where it was laid up before the Lord (Ex. 16:33), in memory of what was
+sent for the sustenance of Israel in the wilderness, where “man did eat
+angel’s food,� Ps. 78:25. The law having a shadow of good things to come
+(Heb. 10:1), the manna hidden in the ark may be typical of the angelic
+sustenance to be revealed in the future world. The Saviour said, “Verily,
+verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. I
+am that bread of life. This is the bread which cometh down from heaven,
+that a man may eat thereof, and not die,� John 6:47, 48, 50.
+
+The “white stone� has received divers interpretations. In ancient trials,
+the votes of the judges were given by _white_ and _black_ pebbles. The
+former signified acquittal, and the latter condemnation. Conquerors in
+public games sometimes received a _white stone_ with their name inscribed
+on it, which entitled them, during the remainder of their life, to be
+maintained at the public expense. Persons were sometimes invited to feasts
+or banquets, by the presentation of a white stone, with their name on it
+in connection with that of their hosts. The possession of the white stone
+evidently entitles the possessor to all the privileges of the heavenly
+inheritance.
+
+The “new name� is unknown to all but its possessor; who, on its
+possession, becomes a child of God, and will receive, saith God, “in my
+house and within my walls, a place and a name better than of sons and of
+daughters: I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut
+off,� Isa. 56:5. The Saviour has promised that “him that overcometh will I
+make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I
+will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my
+God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God;
+and I will write upon him my new name,� Rev. 3:12. And his new “name� “no
+man knew but he himself,� _Ib._ 19:12.
+
+Pergamos still contains a few thousand inhabitants.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Thyatira.
+
+
+    “And to the messenger of the congregation in Thyatira write: These
+    things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like a flame of
+    fire, and his feet like fine brass: I know thy works, and love,
+    and faith, and service, and thy patience, and thy works; and thy
+    last works to be greater than the first. Notwithstanding, I have
+    something against thee, because thou allowest thy woman Jezebel,
+    who calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce my servants
+    to commit fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices. And I gave her
+    time to repent, and she would not repent of her fornication.
+    Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and those, who commit adultery
+    with her, into great affliction, unless they repent of their
+    deeds. And I will kill her children with pestilence; and all the
+    congregations will know that I am he, who searcheth the reins and
+    hearts: and I will give to each of you according to your works.
+    But to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, As many as have not
+    this doctrine, and who have not known the depths of Satan, as
+    (they say;) I will not put on you another burden: but what ye
+    have, hold fast till I come. And he, who overcometh, and keepeth
+    my works to the end, to him, I will give power over the nations:
+    (and he will rule them with a rod of iron; like the vessels of a
+    potter they will be dashed in pieces:) even as I received of my
+    Father. And I will give him the morning-star. He, who hath an ear,
+    let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations�—Rev.
+    2:18-29.
+
+
+In commending the general piety of this church, they are censured for
+permitting a woman to teach false doctrines among them. The church is not
+only made responsible for what it teaches, but also for what it suffers
+others to teach. In this particular the church in Thyatira appears in
+contrast with the church in Ephesus. The doctrines which this wicked woman
+taught appear to be similar to those of the Nicolaitanes, p. 34. She is
+probably called Jezebel, from her being a woman of power and influence,
+like the wife of Ahab, who “did sell himself to work wickedness in the
+sight of the Lord: whom Jezebel his wife stirred up,� 1 Kings 21:25.
+
+They who had not fallen into those depths of Satan, and should continue
+faithful to the end, were to have “power over the nations.� “The saints of
+the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever,
+even for ever and ever. And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of
+the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the
+saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all
+dominions shall serve and obey him,� Dan. 7:18, 27. “Ask of me, and I
+shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts
+of the earth for thy possession. Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron;
+thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel,� Ps. 2:8, 9. “To
+execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; To
+execute upon them the judgment written: this honor have all the saints.
+Praise ye the Lord,� _Ib._ 149:7, 9.
+
+To receive the morning star, is to receive Christ, who testifieth of
+himself. “I am ... the bright and morning star,� Rev. 22:16. We are
+commanded to take heed to the “sure word of prophecy ... as unto a light
+that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise
+in your hearts,� 2 Pet. 1:19. As “the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of
+prophecy� (19:10), those who refuse to consider the revelation he has
+given of things which shortly after began to come to pass, and which must
+now be verging towards their consummation, may fail of becoming
+illuminated by the day-star in their hearts.
+
+Says Gibbon: “The God of Mahomet, without a rival or a Son, is invoked in
+the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos.�
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Sardis.
+
+
+    “And to the messenger of the congregation in Sardis write: These
+    things saith He, who hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven
+    stars: I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest,
+    and art dead. Be watchful, and strengthen the things, which
+    remain, which are about to die: for I have not found thy works
+    complete before God. Remember therefore how thou hast received and
+    heard, and hold fast and repent. If therefore thou shalt not
+    watch, I will come on thee like a thief, and thou wilt not know
+    what hour I will come on thee. But thou hast a few names in
+    Sardis, that have not defiled their garments; and they will walk
+    with me in white: for they are worthy. He, who overcometh, the
+    same one will be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out
+    his name from the book of life, but I will acknowledge his name
+    before my Father, and before his angels. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith unto the congregations.�—Rev.
+    3:1-6.
+
+
+The church in Sardis was Christian in name, but was destitute of spiritual
+life, with the exception of a few names who had not defiled their
+garments. Having become dead to the revivifying influences of the Holy
+Spirit, they are reminded that he who addresses them is the one who holds
+their messenger in his hand, and who hath the seven Spirits of God;
+_i.e._, that it was from the One who said of “the Comforter, which is the
+Holy Ghost� (John 14:26), “when the Comforter is come, whom I will send
+unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth which proceedeth from
+the Father, he shall testify of me,� _Ib._ 15:26.
+
+They had doubtless become greatly conformed to the corrupt worldly
+influences by which they were surrounded, without having actually denied
+the faith, or embraced the hated doctrines of the Nicolaitanes. Therefore
+they were exhorted to hold fast all that they still retained, and, by
+repentance, to recover what they had lost; and they were admonished that
+if they neglected those precautions, they would be suddenly visited;
+without its being designated what would be the precise nature, time, or
+manner, of their visitation: which made the threatening the more terrible.
+
+The “few names� which had not defiled their garments, were used by a
+metonymy to signify persons. When an apostle was to be chosen in the place
+of Judas, “the number of the names together were about one hundred and
+twenty,� Acts 1:15. Purity of raiment is significant of purity of
+character: “Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth his garments,� 16:15.
+White is an emblem of purity. To the “bride,� it “was granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen clean and white: for the fine linen is the
+righteousness of the saints,� 19:8. Those who came out of great
+tribulation, had “washed their robes and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb,� (7:13); and therefore they were symbolized as standing before
+the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms of
+victory in their hands, 7:9. To be clothed in white raiment, is therefore
+to be accepted of the Saviour.
+
+To blot one’s name out of the book of life, is to erase his title to
+heaven. The figure seems to be an allusion to the ancient custom of
+enrolling in a book the names of all free citizens. If their names were
+confessedly written there, they were entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizenship; but if blotted out, they had forfeited these.
+“They that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written
+in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the
+beast that was, and is not, and yet is,� 17:8. Moses said, if God would
+not forgive Israel, “blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast
+written,� Ex. 32:32. Of his enemies, David said, “Let them be blotted out
+of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous,� Ps.
+67:28. Those only enter the New Jerusalem, “which are written in the
+Lamb’s book of life,� 21:27.
+
+The church in Sardis, has long been utterly extinct; and what remains of
+the city is a miserable Turkish village.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Philadelphia.
+
+
+    “And to the messenger of the congregation in Philadelphia write:
+    These things saith the Holy, the True One, he who hath the key of
+    David, he who openeth, and no one shutteth; and shutteth, and no
+    one openeth: I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an
+    open door, and no one can shut it; for thou hast a little
+    strength, and hast held fast my word, and hast not denied my name.
+    Behold, I will make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they
+    are Jews, and are not, but who lie; behold, I will make them come
+    and bow down before thy feet, and know that I have loved thee.
+    Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep
+    thee from the hour of trial, which will come on all the world, to
+    try those, who dwell on the earth. I come quickly: hold fast that
+    which thou hast, that no one take thy crown. I will make him, who
+    overcometh, a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will go out
+    no more: and I will write on him the name of my God, and the name
+    of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, (which cometh down out
+    of heaven from my God:) and my new name. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations.�—Rev. 3:7-13.
+
+
+The church of Philadelphia had maintained her integrity, and is therefore
+addressed in the language of commendation, without the rebukes which were
+directed to her sister churches. Having remained true to Him who “was
+called Faithful and True� (19:11), the epistle to this church makes
+mention of the Saviour by those titles, which are significant of his own
+faithfulness and inherent holiness.
+
+“The key of David,� brings to view the prediction of that which was to be
+laid “upon his shoulder;� so that “he shall open, and none shall shut; and
+he shall shut, and none shall open,� Isa. 22:22. A key symbolizes that
+which will open or unlock, or will close fast: therefore said the Saviour,
+“I ... have the keys of hell and of death.� By virtue of this power, an
+open door was set before the church of Philadelphia, which no man should
+be able to close.
+
+The Jews in Philadelphia, who had claimed to be the only true church of
+God, but who were in reality of the synagogue of Satan, were to cease
+their opposition to the Christians, and to seek instruction and protection
+from them—recognizing the love of God to Gentiles as well as to Jews.
+History is silent respecting the fulfilment of this; but there is no
+reason to suppose that it was not literally fulfilled.
+
+The “hour of temptation,� which was to “come upon all the world, to try
+them that dwell on the earth,� was to be one of peculiar trial. Some
+suppose it had reference to the persecution under Trajan, which was more
+severe and extensive than those under Nero, or Domitian: and others that
+it was the Mohammedan delusion. In such times there are peculiar
+temptations to apostatize, and the less faithful are in more danger of
+apostasy than others. But because the Philadelphian church had been
+faithful thus far, they were to be kept from that trying hour. When the
+scourge of Mohammedanism swept over all the other churches of Asia, this
+church maintained its integrity. Says Gibbon: “Among the Greek colonies
+and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect, a column in a scene of
+ruins. At a distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors, encompassed
+on all sides by the Turks, her valiant citizens defended their religion
+and their freedom above fourscore years, and at length capitulated with
+the proudest of the Ottomans.� Philadelphia is still the seat of an
+archbishop, and contains from six hundred to seven hundred Greek houses,
+and several places of Christian worship. “The Lord knoweth how to deliver
+the godly out of temptations,� 2 Pet. 2:9.
+
+They are encouraged to constancy by the prospect of the coming coronation
+day, when “the Lord; the righteous Judge shall give� a “crown of
+righteousness,� “unto all them that love his appearing,� 2 Tim. 4:8. He
+has said “Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of
+life� (2:10); and therefore “when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye
+shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away,� 1 Pet. 5:4.
+
+A pillar in the temple of God, is expressive of a position which shall
+give support to the church, which is erected “upon the foundation of the
+apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone;
+In whom the building, fitly framed together, groweth unto a holy temple in
+the Lord: In whom ye also are builded together for a habitation of God
+through the Spirit,� Eph. 2:20-22.
+
+To receive the name of God, is to be recognized as belonging to God. As
+masters designated their servants by branding their name on them, or by
+some peculiar mark, so the children of God are referred to by the same
+figure. In a subsequent vision John saw with the Lamb on Mount Zion, “an
+hundred and forty and four thousand, having his Father’s name written in
+their foreheads,� 14:1. Their connection with new Jerusalem is similarly
+designated.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Laodicea.
+
+
+    “And to the messenger of the congregation in Laodicea write: These
+    things saith the Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Ruler of
+    the creation of God: I know thy works, that thou art neither cold
+    nor hot: I would that thou wast cold or hot. So, because thou art
+    lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will cast thee out of my
+    mouth: because thou sayest, I am rich, and have become wealthy,
+    and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched,
+    and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: I counsel thee to
+    buy of me gold tried by fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white
+    raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy
+    nakedness may not appear; and to anoint thine eyes with eye-salve,
+    that thou mayest see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be
+    fervent therefore, and repent. Behold, I stand at the door, and
+    knock: if any one heareth my voice, and openeth the door, I will
+    come in to him, and will sup with him, and he shall sup with me.
+    To him, who overcometh I will grant to sit with me in my throne,
+    even as I also overcame, and have sat down with my Father in his
+    throne. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations.�—Rev. 3:14-22.
+
+
+By his titles of truth and verity, the Saviour prepares the Laodiceans for
+the humiliating threatenings, which are uttered against them. By that of
+“the beginning of the creation of God,� is indicated Christ’s kingship as
+head and governor of all; and hence the authority on which his
+declarations are founded.
+
+The Laodiceans seemed to have been very well satisfied with their own
+condition, without possessing any very marked characteristics. They were
+neither good, nor very wicked; but supposed that they abounded in all
+spiritual wealth, when they were destitute of all the Christian graces.
+They could not appreciate their own condition; and not realizing their
+need, were unlikely to heed the counsel given them, and therefore they
+have long since ceased to have a name and a place on the earth. Says
+Gibbon: “The circus and three stately temples of Laodicea, are now peopled
+with wolves and foxes.�
+
+The great majority of them seemed to have become unworthy even of the
+chastisement which God bestows on those he loves. “Behold, happy is the
+man whom God correcteth; therefore despise not the chastening of the
+Almighty,� Job 5:17. “My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord:
+neither be weary of his correction: For whom the Lord loveth he
+correcteth, even as a father the son in whom he delighteth,� Prov. 3:11,
+12. “Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he
+shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that
+love him,� Jas. 1:12.
+
+The Saviour shows his readiness to receive those who will open unto him.
+He is saying, “Open to me ... for my head is filled with dew, and my locks
+with the drops of the night,� Cant. 5:2. “Blessed are those servants, whom
+the Lord, when he cometh, shall find watching: verily I say unto you, That
+he shall gird himself, and make them to sit down to meat, and will come
+forth and serve them,� Luke 12:37. Said Jesus, “If any man love me, he
+will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto
+him, and make our abode with him,� John 14:23.
+
+To him that overcometh, as in another place he is promised a crown, so now
+there is the promise of a seat with the Saviour in his throne. Said the
+Saviour, “Ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of
+man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve
+thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel,� Matt. 19:28. “And I appoint
+unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me,� Luke 22:29. “If
+we suffer� _i.e._ with Christ, “we shall also reign with him,� 2 Tim.
+2:12.
+
+
+
+
+Vision of the Deity.
+
+
+    “After this, I looked, and behold, a door opened in heaven: and
+    the first voice, which I heard, was like a trumpet talking with
+    me; saying, Ascend here, and I will show thee things, which must
+    take place hereafter. And immediately I was in the Spirit: and
+    behold, a throne was set in heaven, and One sat on the throne.
+    And, He, who sat, was in appearance like a jasper and a cornelian
+    stone: and there was a rainbow around the throne, in appearance,
+    like an emerald. And around the throne were twenty-four thrones;
+    and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed in
+    white raiment; and crowns of gold on their heads. And from the
+    throne came forth lightnings, and voices and thunders. And seven
+    lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven
+    Spirits of God. And before the throne there was a transparent sea
+    like crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and around the
+    throne, were four living beings, full of eyes before and behind.
+    And the first living being was like a lion, and the second living
+    being like a calf, and the third living being had a face like a
+    man, and the fourth living being was like a flying eagle. And each
+    of the four living beings had six wings around him; and within
+    they were full of eyes: and they rest not day or night, saying,
+    Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to
+    be! And when the living beings give glory, and honor, and thanks
+    to Him seated on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, the
+    four and twenty elders fall down before Him seated on the throne,
+    and worship Him, who liveth for ever and ever, and cast their
+    crowns before the throne, saying, Worthy art thou, O Lord, our
+    God, to receive glory, and honor, and power: for thou hast created
+    all things, and for thy pleasure they existed and were
+    created.�—Rev. 4:1-11.
+
+
+This vision is preparatory to the revelations of “things which must be
+hereafter,� which were given John in the series of visions following.
+Their divine origin, and, consequently, the deference with which they are
+to be received as a revelation from God, are demonstrated by this
+symbolization of the presence chamber of the Almighty.
+
+The revelator had before heard a voice speaking to him, (1:10); and
+turning to look, he beheld the risen Saviour. He then writes the epistles
+which the Saviour dictated to the churches; and again he turns his eyes to
+the place where the voice spake to him.
+
+The opening of a door in heaven, appears to be no part of the “things
+which must be hereafter;� and is, therefore, no symbol. It was doubtless
+an appearance of an aperture in the sky above, through which the revelator
+saw the vision. It indicates that he looked through and beyond the limits
+prescribed to human vision; and the summons to “come up hither,� indicates
+that he was to have free access to the secrets there to be unfolded.
+
+A “throne set in heaven,� is a symbol of sovereignty there. Consequently
+the one who sits thereon is the Almighty—his greatness, glory and majesty,
+being indicated by the “lightnings, thunderings and voices,� the “rainbow
+round about the throne,� and the resemblance to brilliant gems. It is the
+same Being, seen in vision by Ezekiel (1:28), round about whom was “as the
+appearance of the bow in the day of rain;� and who was explained to be
+“the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord.�
+
+The “elders� seated about the throne, and the “four living creatures,�
+improperly rendered beasts, are representatives of the redeemed of our
+race; for they subsequently unite in the new song, saying to Christ, “Thou
+wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood, out of every kindred
+and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto our God kings and
+priests, and we shall reign on the earth,� 5:8-10. The difference between
+the two orders, is not fully apparent. They have “vials full of odors,
+which are the prayers of saints.� The four beasts are evidently of the
+same order as the “living creatures� in Ezek. 1:5; the cherubim of Ezek.
+10:20, and the seraphim of Isa. 6:1. The entire hosts of the redeemed are
+thus represented as interested spectators in the visions which are to be
+unfolded.
+
+The “seven lamps of fire,� are explained to be “the seven Spirits of God,�
+which, as before shown, is expressive of the Holy Spirit.
+
+The “sea of glass,� corresponds to the brazen sea, or laver, under the
+law, which stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 38:8. It was an emblem
+of purity. Before entering the tabernacle the priest must there wash.
+Those admitted on the sea of glass, are those who are purified and made
+white in the blood of the Lamb, 15:2.
+
+With this preliminary representation, the first series of events extending
+to the final consummation, is shown under the symbol of:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealed Book.
+
+
+    “And I saw in the right hand of Him seated on the throne, a book
+    written within and without, sealed with seven seals. And I saw a
+    mighty angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open
+    the book, and to loose its seals? and no one in heaven, or on the
+    earth, or under the earth, was able to open the book nor to look
+    in it. And I was weeping much, because no one was found worthy to
+    open, and to read the book, nor to look in it. And one of the
+    elders saith to me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of
+    Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to
+    loose its seven seals. And I saw in the midst of the throne, and
+    of the four living beings, and in the midst of the elders, the
+    Lamb standing, as having been slain, having seven horns, and seven
+    eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the
+    earth. And he came and took the book out of the right hand of Him
+    seated on the throne. And when he took the book, the living
+    beings, and twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, all of
+    them having harps, and golden bowls full of incense, which are the
+    prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying, Worthy art
+    thou to take the book and to open its seals: for thou wast slain,
+    and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every tribe, and
+    tongue, and people, and nation; and hast made us kings and priests
+    to our God, and we shall reign on the earth! And I beheld, and I
+    heard the voice of many angels around the throne, and the living
+    beings, and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand
+    times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying with a loud
+    voice, Worthy is the Lamb, that was slain, to receive power, and
+    riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and
+    blessing. And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth,
+    and under the earth, and those on the sea, even all that are in
+    them, I heard saying, Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power,
+    be to Him sitting on the throne, and to the Lamb, for ever and
+    ever! And the four living beings said, Amen. And the elders fell
+    down and worshipped.�—Rev. 5:1-14.
+
+
+The written book, must symbolize God’s purposes, which were about to be
+unfolded on the loosening of the seals. Its being written within and
+without, indicates the fulness of its contents, the completeness of the
+record:—God’s purposes being fully and unalterably formed. In like manner
+Ezekiel was shown “a roll of a book ... written within and without,�
+symbolizing the “lamentations, mourning and woe� (Ezek. 2:9), which were
+soon to overtake Israel.
+
+A sealed book is one whose contents are hidden: “The vision of all is
+become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver
+to one that is learned, saying, Read this I pray thee: and he saith, I
+cannot; for it is sealed,� Isa. 29:11. God said to Daniel, “Shut up the
+words, and seal the book, till the time of the end,� Dan. 12:4.
+
+To open the seals, no one was found worthy. There was no being in heaven
+among the angels, no human being on the earth, and no disembodied spirit,
+or demon, under the earth, who was able to unfold the future. The tears of
+the revelator are, however, dried, and his drooping spirits cheered, by
+the announcement of one of the elders, that “the LION of the tribe of
+JUDAH, the ROOT of DAVID, hath prevailed to open the book,� and to unfold
+its mysteries. He stood in the midst of the assembled intelligences,—his
+human nature and sacrificial office, being designated by his metaphorical
+title of the “Lamb:�—John seeing Jesus coming to him said, “Behold the
+Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world,� John 1:29. His
+sovereignty is shown by the “seven horns,� the symbols of power; and his
+relation to the Godhead, by the seven eyes, the seven Spirits of
+God;—expressive of the Holy Spirit. See p. 25.
+
+The rejoicings on the announcement of Christ’s ability to take the book,
+and to open the seals, indicate the greatness of the blessing which God
+gives the church, when he thus reveals a knowledge of the future. All
+creatures should join in these hosannas, and praise the Lord for his great
+condescension, in showing his servants the things which must shortly come
+to pass. To neglect this revelation, is not joining in the ascription of
+praise.
+
+The golden vials, full of odors, symbolize the prayers of saints. Under
+the Mosaic dispensation, the frankincense and odors offered at the
+tabernacle were emblematic of prayer and praise to God. “Let my prayer be
+set forth before thee as _incense_; and the lifting up of my hands as the
+evening sacrifice,� Psa. 141:2.
+
+Christ takes the book from the hand of him who sits on the throne, and
+opens the seals. Thus he makes known unto his servants the revelation
+which God had given him, 1:1. As each successive seal is opened,
+successive portions of the writing in the book become accessible,—an
+_epoch_ is marked, following which, and previous to that symbolized by the
+opening of the next seal, are to be fulfilled, the events symbolized under
+it.
+
+
+
+
+The First Seal.
+
+
+    “And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I
+    heard one of the four living beings, saying, with a voice like
+    thunder, Come! And I saw, and behold, a white horse: and he, who
+    sat on him, had a bow; and a crown was given him: and he went
+    forth conquering and to conquer.�—Rev. 6:1, 2.
+
+
+The voice is evidently addressed to the personage on the white horse, or
+to the agencies thus symbolized. It is the signal for their appearance on
+the stage of action.
+
+The symbol is that of a victorious warrior, armed with weapons of
+conquest,—success being indicated by the crown given him. As there is no
+analogous order, except in the religious world, Mr. Lord very properly
+regards it as a symbol of the body of religious teachers, those faithful
+soldiers of the cross, who, from the middle of the first to the middle of
+the third century, as “soldiers of Jesus Christ� (2 Tim. 2:3), went forth
+to war “against principalities and powers, against the rulers of the
+darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places,� Eph.
+6:12. The apostle, when they received their commission, said to them,
+“Take unto you the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to withstand in
+the evil day, and having done all, to stand. Stand, therefore, having your
+loins girt about with truth, and having on the breast-plate of
+righteousness; and your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of
+peace; above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able
+to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of
+salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God,� _Ib._
+13-17.
+
+Thus equipped, they went forth, conquering and to conquer. They assailed
+the strong-holds of sin and Satan, and planted the standard of the cross
+in all portions of the then civilized world. And at the end of their
+warfare thousands of them could say with the apostle: “I have fought a
+good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: henceforth
+there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the
+righteous Judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto
+all them also that love his appearing,� 2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
+
+The period symbolized under this seal, was distinguished for purity of
+faith in the church, and devotion to the cause of Christ,—indicated by the
+whiteness of the horse that the warrior rides.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Seal.
+
+
+    “And when he opened the second seal, I heard the second living
+    being say, Come! And there went out another horse that was red:
+    and power was given to him, who sat on him, to take peace from the
+    earth, and that they should kill each other: and a great sword was
+    given to him.�—Rev. 6:3, 4.
+
+
+This symbol, like the former, is that of a mounted warrior, and must also
+symbolize a body of religious teachers. The color of the horse, indicates
+that the doctrine and character of the body symbolized will have lost the
+original purity of the church, and become more sanguinary; which is also
+indicated by the great sword given him.
+
+The warfare under this seal is not against outside enemies; for they kill
+each other. This, then, indicates an era when the church shall be
+disquieted, and her peace interrupted by internal dissensions. Such was
+its history during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. This period was
+distinguished for the contentions of the clergy; their usurpation of power
+not conferred by the apostles; their divisions and sub-divisions into
+parties; their opposing councils; their collisions and distractions; their
+love of power; their pride, discord, strife, and tyranny; their mutual
+anathemas and excommunications; the envy, jealousy, and detraction they
+indulged in, and the other hateful passions which they exercised. Thus
+they marred the peace of the church; and by causing many to apostatize,
+killed each other with spiritual death.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Seal.
+
+
+    “And when he opened the third seal I heard the third living being
+    say, Come! And I beheld, and lo, a black horse; and he, who sat on
+    him, had a balance in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst
+    of the four living beings say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and
+    three measures of barley for a penny; and injure thou not the oil
+    and the wine.�—Rev. 6:5, 6.
+
+
+This foreshadows a period of great scarcity and cruel exactions. Applying
+it to the only department of society which is analogous to civil life, and
+the famine symbolized, is like that predicted by Amos: “Behold, the days
+come, saith the Lord God, that I will send a famine into the land, not a
+famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the
+Lord: and they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to
+the east; they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the Lord, and
+shall not find it,� Amos 8:11, 12.
+
+This, then, marks a period when the traditions and opinions of men are
+substituted for the word of God. With Origen was introduced a new mode of
+interpreting scripture, which afterwards became prevalent. The scriptures,
+instead of being received in their natural and obvious sense, were
+regarded as mystical and allegorical. Milner, in his Church History, says:
+“From the fanciful mode of allegory, introduced by him, and uncontrolled
+by scriptural rule and order, there arose a vitiated method of commenting
+on the sacred pages.� And Mosheim says: “The few who explained the sacred
+writings with judgment and a true spirit of criticism, could not oppose,
+with any success, the torrent of allegory that was overflowing the
+church.� Following this example, Luther says, “men make just what they
+please of the Scriptures, until some accommodate the word of God to the
+most extravagant absurdities.�
+
+Substituting the conceptions of their own fancy for the word of God, they
+withheld from the people the bread of life, and produced a famine for the
+word of the Lord. Crude notions took the place of Bible doctrines; and
+pernicious speculations were substituted for the teachings of Christ and
+his apostles. Baptism and the Lord’s supper, lost their emblematic
+significance, and were regarded as saving ordinances. Heaven was sought to
+be merited by works, and sanctification was supposed to be gained by
+penance and mortification of the flesh. In short, all the corruptions of
+the apostasy were substituted for the primitive faith, and the Bible
+became a sealed book to the great mass of the people.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Seal.
+
+
+    “And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the
+    fourth living being saying, Come! And I looked, and behold, a pale
+    horse: and his name, who sat on him, was Death, and the pit
+    followed with him. And power was given to them over the fourth
+    part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with famine, and with
+    pestilence, and with the wild beasts of the earth.�—Rev. 6:7, 8.
+
+
+The Christian church alone being analogous to the civil power, it is
+within its pale that the fulfilment of this symbol is to be looked for.
+During this period, violence is substituted for famine; and men are
+compelled to apostatize, which results in spiritual death. The Papacy
+having the power to enforce her decrees, Christians had to embrace her
+faith, or be handed over to the secular power for punishment. They
+produced death by compelling men to apostatize, by withholding from them
+the word of life, by infusing into their minds pestiferous doctrines, and
+by the fear of the civil power,—symbolized by the sword, famine,
+pestilence, and beasts of the earth.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Seal.
+
+
+    “And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the
+    souls of those slain on account of the word of God, and on account
+    of the testimony, which they held: and they cried with a loud
+    voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not
+    judge and avenge our blood on those, who dwell on the earth? And a
+    white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them,
+    that they should rest yet for a short time, until their
+    fellow-servants also and their brethren, that were to be slain as
+    they were, should be filled up.�—Rev. 6:9-11.
+
+
+This symbolized a period intervening between the time of the martyrdom, of
+those whose souls are seen in vision, and another time of persecution to
+follow. Consequently, the symbol represents the disembodied spirits of
+those who had already been slain. They symbolize the souls of martyrs who
+counted not their lives dear unto themselves for the sake of Christ; and
+being faithful unto death, were in expectation of a crown of life. Says
+Mr. Lord: “The term τα πτωματα is used in the prophecy to denote the dead
+bodies of the martyrs (chap. 11:9), and αι ψυψαι (20:4) to denote their
+disembodied spirits. They are represented as having been slain, and as
+uttering their appeal to God because of their blood having been shed.�
+Also: “The martyr souls are exhibited in their own persons; and obviously
+because no others could serve as their symbol,—there being no others that
+have undergone a change from a bodied to a disembodied life, nor that
+sustain such relations to God, of forgiveness, acceptance, and assurance
+of a resurrection from death, and a priesthood with Christ during his
+victorious reign on the earth,� Ex. Apoc. p. 155.
+
+The altar, symbolizes the atonement made by Christ for sin; and,
+consequently, the position of the souls of the martyrs under it, indicates
+their reliance on him for an inheritance in his everlasting kingdom,—when
+“he shall come to be glorified in his saints,� and to “take vengeance on
+them that know not God, and obey not the gospel,� 2 Thess. 1:8, 10.
+
+The presentation of white robes to them, symbolizes their acceptance and
+justification.
+
+The declaration that they must rest till _their fellow-servants are
+killed_, as they have been, implies another persecution, to be subsequent
+to the period symbolized by the opening of this seal. The persecutions
+which followed the Reformation, in which the fires of Smithfield were
+lighted in England, the Huguenots were driven from France, and thousands
+suffered martyrdom, probably fulfilled this.
+
+The interest taken by the souls of the martyrs in the avenging of their
+blood on the earth, shows that the spirits of departed saints look forward
+with intense interest to the time of their glorification. And although the
+dead who die in the Lord are blessed, the glories of the resurrection morn
+are not less desired by those who are absent from the body and present
+with the Lord, than by humble, devoted, waiting Christians here.
+
+The opening of this seal evidently synchronizes with the commencement of
+the reformation, when they might have supposed the kingdom of God would
+immediately appear.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Seal.
+
+
+    “And I beheld when he opened the sixth seal, and there was a great
+    earthquake; and the sun became black like sackcloth of hair, and
+    the moon became like blood: and the stars of heaven fell to the
+    earth, as a fig-tree casteth its unripe figs, when shaken by a
+    mighty wind. And the heaven departed like a scroll rolled
+    together; and every mountain and island were removed from their
+    places. And the kings of the earth, and the nobles, and the rich,
+    and the commanders, and the strong men, and every bond-man, and
+    every freeman, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the
+    mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and
+    hide us from the face of Him seated on the throne, and from the
+    wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his wrath is come; and who
+    can stand?�—Rev. 6:12-17.
+
+
+The laws of symbolization require that symbols should not be
+representatives of their own order when there is any analogous order to be
+representatives of. In other places in the Apocalypse, these symbols are
+used, under circumstances where it is impossible to regard them as symbols
+of their own order. And here, as the kings of the earth call on the rocks
+and mountains to fall on them after the heaven has departed as a scroll
+and every mountain and island is moved out of its place, it is necessary
+to regard them as symbols of objects of analogous orders.
+
+The earthquake, then, as in corresponding Scriptures, symbolizes a
+political revolution. The darkening of the sun and moon, would represent a
+change in the character of the rulers and legislators of the world, so
+that instead of extending a genial influence over their subjects, they
+should exert a deleterious one; and the fall of the stars, their ejection
+from their stations—synchronizing with the first five vials (16:1-11), and
+fulfilled in the political revolutions of Europe during the past century.
+
+By the passing away of the heavens and the removal of mountains and
+islands from their places, is symbolized the total dissolution of all
+human governments—corresponding to the seventh vial (16:20).
+
+On the occurrence of this unprecedented state of anarchy, the inhabitants
+of earth will be aware of the proximity of the Advent. They flee from the
+face of the Lamb, which indicates his appearance in the clouds of heaven
+at his personal advent. The great day of wrath will have come; but before
+the infliction of merited punishment on his enemies, the servants of God
+are to be designated, the righteous dead are to be raised, and they with
+the righteous living are to be caught up to meet the Lord in the air, 1
+Thess. 4:17. The living righteous are designated by:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealing of the Servants of God.
+
+
+    “And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four
+    corners of the earth, holding fast the four winds of the earth,
+    that a wind might not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on
+    any tree. And I saw another angel ascending from the rising of the
+    sun, having a seal of the living God: and he cried with a loud
+    voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to injure the earth
+    and the sea, saying, Injure not the earth, nor the sea, nor the
+    trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God on their
+    foreheads! And I heard the number of those sealed: a hundred and
+    forty-four thousand were sealed out of all the tribes of the
+    children of Israel. Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were
+    sealed. Of the tribe of Reuben twelve thousand were sealed. Of the
+    tribe of Gad twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Asher
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Naphtali, twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Manasseh twelve thousand
+    were sealed. Of the tribe of Simeon twelve thousand were sealed.
+    Of the tribe of Levi twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+    Issachar twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Zebulon
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Joseph twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Benjamin twelve thousand
+    were sealed.�—Rev. 7:1-8.
+
+
+The symbols here presented, were seen immediately subsequent to the
+exhibition of the preceding ones. This alone would not prove that the
+events symbolized follow in order, but it is indicated by their being a
+continuation of the symbolization under the sixth seal, and before the
+opening of the seventh.
+
+In the sixth chapter, the great men and rich men, as well as bond-men, are
+aware of the proximity of the day of the Lord, and seek for a refuge from
+the face of the Lamb. The next events in consecutive order, would be the
+resurrection of the righteous dead, the change of the living, their
+ascension to meet the Lord in the air, and the infliction of the wrath of
+God on the wicked.
+
+After the wicked seek to escape from God’s presence, the righteous are
+still unchanged upon the earth. But before the wrath of God is poured upon
+his enemies, the winds of heaven are to be holden while the angel of the
+living God seals his servants in their foreheads. The holding of the winds
+and the sealing are, consequently, subsequent to the terror of the wicked,
+at the appearance of the Saviour.
+
+The four winds are the winds coming from all directions; and symbolize
+strife, war, and commotion among men, analogous to the violent action of
+the winds of heaven.
+
+In Dan. 7:2, the striving of the four winds upon the great sea preceded
+the rising of the four beasts: in other words, the various contests and
+strifes among the different people and tongues of earth resulted in the
+establishment of the successive empires which have arisen to universal
+dominion. The blowing of the wind seems to be any influence exerted upon
+men. In Ezek. 37:9 the breathing of the wind revives the dead; and in
+Zech. 5:9 it symbolizes the removal of the wickedness of the Jews.
+
+The angels holding the winds, consequently, must symbolize the agencies
+which have the power to excite or quell these disturbing influences. They
+do the bidding of the Lord in restraining or exerting the influences which
+should produce the effect symbolized. The holding of them indicates the
+proximity and certainty of their blowing unless they are restrained. The
+earth, sea, and trees, which would be hurt by the blowing of the wind,
+evidently symbolize the different classes of inhabitants of the earth, on
+whom an effect would be produced by the blowing of the winds, analogous to
+the effect produced on those elements by a violent tempest, or hurricane.
+The storm here symbolized is evidently that of which the Scriptures speak.
+“On the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible
+tempest,� Psa. 11:6. “Thou shalt be visited of the Lord of hosts with
+thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and
+the flame of devouring fire,� Isa. 29:6. “The Lord hath a mighty and
+strong one, which as a tempest of hail, and a destroying storm, as flood
+of waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand,� _Ib._
+28:2.
+
+The sealing of the servants of God in their foreheads, designates them,
+but does not constitute them such; for none are sealed, only those who are
+previously his. This is in allusion to the ancient custom of stamping with
+a hot iron the name of the owner on the forehead or shoulder of his slave.
+Before the final destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, Ezekiel saw
+in vision a man clothed in linen, with a writer’s ink-horn by his side,
+who was commissioned to go through the midst of Jerusalem and set a mark
+on the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the
+abominations that be done in the midst thereof. And the destroying angels
+who were commanded to slay all, both old and young, to spare not, nor to
+have pity, were expressly told to “come not near any man upon whom is the
+mark,� Ezek. 9:2-6. When the destroying angel passed through Egypt, on the
+night of the Passover, “to slay all the first-born of that nation, the
+houses of the Israelites were indicated by the blood of the Paschal Lamb
+sprinkled on their lintels and door-posts; and by these the angels
+passed,� Ex. 12:23. Thus in the present instance, before the descent of
+the impending storm, the servants of the Lord are to be indicated by the
+seal of the living God in their foreheads, and will be spared the horrible
+tempest which will “hurt� all those on whom it shall fall.
+
+The 144,000,—the whole number sealed, is a perfect number,—an appropriate
+symbol of all the living righteous on the earth. The twelve tribes, then,
+would symbolize all the branches of Christ’s mystical body in which the
+servants of God are found. The pious dead would need no mark indicative of
+their acceptance, having previously, in the white robes given them,
+received the symbols of their justification, 6:11. That their resurrection
+and the changing of the living, immediately succeeded, is evident from:
+
+
+
+
+The Palm-bearing Multitude.
+
+
+    “After these things I looked, and lo, a great crowd, which no one
+    could number, out of all nations, and tribes, and people, and
+    tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed
+    with white robes, and palm-branches in their hands; and they cried
+    with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God seated on the
+    throne, and to the Lamb! And all the angels stood around the
+    throne, and the elders and the four living beings, and fell before
+    the throne on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, Amen:
+    blessing and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and
+    power, and might, be to our God for ever and ever. Amen! And one
+    of the elders answered, saying to me, Who are these arrayed in
+    white robes? and whence came they? And I said to him, My Lord,
+    thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they who came out of
+    great affliction, and have washed their robes, and made them white
+    in the blood of the Lamb. For this, they are before the throne of
+    God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and He, who
+    sitteth on the throne, will dwell among them. They will hunger no
+    more, and will thirst no more; nor will the sun light on them, nor
+    any heat. For the Lamb, who is in the midst of the throne, will
+    tend them, and lead them to fountains of living waters: and God
+    will wipe away every tear from their eyes.�—Rev. 7:9-17.
+
+
+This great multitude of white-robed palm-bearers, must include those who,
+under the preceding seal, anxiously inquired how long was to be deferred
+the avenging of their blood on those who dwell on the earth. That epoch
+had now arrived; and they come forth arrayed in the white robes then given
+them. The palm-branches in their hands, are emblems of victory. They
+symbolize the subjects of the first resurrection, caught up to meet the
+Lord in the air. That they are gathered from every land and every age, is
+asserted when it is said they are from every kindred, tongue, and people;
+and that they triumph over death and the grave, is evident from the answer
+of one of the elders to the questions: “What are these?� and “Whence came
+they?�
+
+The epoch, is a point of time intervening between the first resurrection,
+and the descent of the new Jerusalem, 21:2. The loud and united voice,
+with which the redeemed multitude cry “Salvation to our God which sitteth
+upon the throne, and unto the Lamb,�—synchronizes with that of the “great
+multitude,� which, like the voice of many waters, and of “mighty
+thunderings,� shouted “Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth�
+(19:6), immediately preceding the marriage-supper of the Lamb (19:6-9).
+They are removed above the troubles of earth, which are impending upon the
+wicked, under:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Seal.
+
+
+    “And when he opened the seventh seal, silence took place in heaven
+    for about half an hour. And I saw the seven angels, who stood
+    before God; and seven trumpets were given to them. And another
+    angel came and stood by the altar, having a golden censer; and
+    much incense was given to him, that he should offer it with the
+    prayers of all the saints on the golden altar before the throne.
+    And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints,
+    ascended before God from the angel’s hand. And the angel took the
+    censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and out it into
+    the earth: and there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings,
+    and an earthquake.�—Rev. 8:1-5.
+
+
+The epoch of this seal, is sometimes regarded as anterior to that of the
+trumpets; and those are often supposed to be included in the events of
+this seal; but no conclusive reason has ever been given for removing it
+from its obvious position as the closing one, of a series of successive
+periods, commencing with the gospel, and extending to the end of the
+world. If the first six are successive in their respective order, analogy
+would require that the seventh be thus considered.
+
+Under the sixth seal, the great men and rich, are seen fleeing to the
+rocks for refuge from the wrath of the Lamb; and the risen saints
+symbolized, are in the Saviour’s presence; but the infliction of the wrath
+of God on the wicked is not there symbolized. The events of that seal come
+down as far as those in the 19th chapter, which precede the marriage of
+the Lamb, 19:7.
+
+The half-hour’s silence, is the first thing indicated under the seventh
+seal. Being so expressly noticed, it would seem to be of some
+significance. As a period of symbolic time, on the scale of a day for a
+year, “about half an hour,� would equal a week’s duration—corresponding to
+the time which intervened between the entrance of Noah into the ark, and
+the commencement of the deluge, Gen. 7:1-4. As the period evidently
+synchronizes with the parable of the Saviour, when “the Bridegroom came;
+and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door
+was shut� (Matt. 25:10),—the others being still without,—it would seem to
+symbolize the time, between the entrance to the marriage of the Lamb
+(19:7), and the going forth of the Word of God with his armies, to judge,
+make war, and to slay the remnant with the sword, 19:11-21. It would be a
+period of holy joy to the righteous in the Saviour’s presence, and of
+awful suspense to the wicked.
+
+The seven angels, to whom were given seven trumpets, being introduced
+here, have doubtless caused the events of this seal to be regarded as
+anterior to the first trumpet. As those immediately following, evidently
+synchronize with occurrences of the closing epoch, the angels can only be
+introduced here in anticipation of the symbolization which they are to
+unfold under the sounding of the successive trumpets—the same as the seven
+angels with the last plagues are introduced, before the epoch of the
+commencement of their allotted work, 15:1.
+
+The golden censer was the instrument in which incense was burned in the
+Jewish worship. Incense symbolizes prayers (5:8). The offering of much
+incense with the prayers of all saints and the smoke of the incense
+ascending up before God, indicates the acceptance of their offerings in
+heaven—the act being before the throne, and not on the earth. The
+acceptance of their prayers, also implies their own acceptance, when
+presented “faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy,�
+Jude 24.
+
+The fire from the altar, symbolizes the instruments of divine justice; and
+the filling the censer with coals after the acceptance of the saints, and
+the casting of both the censer and fire to the earth, indicate that
+thenceforth there would be no more acceptance of prayer from those left on
+the earth, but the speedy infliction of impending judgments.
+
+The “voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake,� which
+followed, evidently synchronize with the same events which follow the
+seventh trumpet: when the “wrath of God� has come, with “the time of the
+dead that they should be judged;� and when those are to be destroyed who
+have destroyed the earth, 11:19. They are the same, also, as those under
+the seventh vial, (16:18); and symbolize the final overturn and commotion,
+previous to the cleansing of the earth and the ushering in of a better
+day: Then will the
+
+        “fire purge all things new,
+Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell.�—MILTON, BOOK XI.
+
+
+
+
+The Seven Trumpets.
+
+
+    “And the seven angels having seven trumpets prepared themselves to
+    sound.�—Rev. 8:6.
+
+
+The sounding of each successive trumpet marks the commencement of an era,
+of a longer or shorter duration, as the striking of a clock does the
+succession of hours. During each era, were to be fulfilled the events
+symbolized in connection with its respective trumpet. Those under the
+trumpets are more of a political character than those presented in
+connection with the seals.
+
+
+
+The First Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the first angel sounded, and there was hail and fire mingled
+    with blood, and they were cast into the earth; and the third part
+    of the earth was burnt up, and the third part of the trees was
+    burnt up, and every green herb was burnt up.�—Rev. 8:7.
+
+
+The earth of the Apocalypse is regarded by most expositors as the Roman
+empire, in a state of comparative quiet. As no tornado like this described
+has ever happened, its correspondence must be sought for in the political
+relations of the empire. There is great unanimity among commentators
+respecting the period and the agents here symbolized,—that it refers to
+the invasions of the Goths and other barbarians, from A. D. 363 to 410.
+After 395, their incursions were more severe than during the earlier
+portion of that period. The third part of the earth, would be the third
+part of the Roman empire, in distinction from the other two-thirds.
+
+The green grass of the earth, the trees, &c., are distinguished from
+“those men which have _not_ the seal of God in their foreheads� (9:4), and
+must therefore symbolize the people of God in the third part of the
+empire. As all the green grass is burnt up, while only one-third of the
+trees suffer, the latter cannot include one-third of all the trees in the
+empire, but only one-third in the parts affected,—the grass indicating the
+more weakly, and the trees the more hardy classes of Christians.
+
+The infidel historian, Gibbon, has given the events which fitly correspond
+with the symbolization of these trumpets. After the death of Theodosius,
+in January, A. D. 395, Alaric, the bold leader of the Gothic nation, took
+arms against the empire. The terrible effects of this invasion, are thus
+described:—
+
+“The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independent standard; and boldly
+avowed hostile designs, which they had long cherished in their ferocious
+minds. Their countrymen, who had been condemned, by the conditions of the
+last treaty, to a life of tranquillity and labor, deserted their farms at
+the first sound of the trumpet, and eagerly assumed the weapons which they
+had reluctantly laid down. The barriers of the Danube were thrown open;
+the savage warriors of Scythia issued from their forest; and the uncommon
+severity of the winter, allowed the poet to remark, that ‘they rolled
+their ponderous wagons over the broad and icy back of the indignant
+river.’ The unhappy nations of the provinces to the south of the Danube,
+submitted to the calamities, which, in the course of twenty years, were
+almost grown familiar to their imagination; and the various troops of
+barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name, were irregularly spread from
+the woody shores of Dalmatia, to the walls of Constantinople. The Goths
+were directed by the bold and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of a
+divided court, and a discontented people, the emperor, Arcadius, was
+terrified by the aspect of the Gothic arms. Alaric disdained to trample
+any longer on the prostrate and ruined countries of Thrace and Dacia, and
+he resolved to seek a plentiful harvest of fame and riches in a province
+which had hitherto escaped the ravages of war.
+
+“Alaric traversed, without resistance, the plains of Macedonia and
+Thessaly. The troops which had been posted to defend the Straits of
+Thermopylæ, retired, as they were directed, without attempting to disturb
+the secure and rapid passage of Alaric; and the fertile fields of Phocis
+and BÅ“otia were instantly covered with a deluge of barbarians, who
+massacred the males of an age to bear arms, and drove away the beautiful
+females, with the spoil and cattle of the flaming villages. The travellers
+who visited Greece several years afterwards, could easily discover the
+deep and bloody traces of the march of the Goths. The whole territory of
+Attica was blasted by his baneful presence; and if we may use the
+comparison of a cotemporary philosopher, Athens itself resembled the
+bleeding and empty skin of a slaughtered victim. Corinth, Argos, Sparta,
+yielded without resistance to the arms of the Goths; and the most
+fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by death, from beholding the
+slavery of their families, and the conflagration of their
+cities.�—_Gibbon’s Rome_, vol. v., p. 177.
+
+Being tempted by the fame of Rome, Alaric hastened to subjugate it. He put
+to flight the Emperor of the West; but deliverance soon came, and Rome was
+saved from his hands. Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another cloud
+was gathering, and is thus described by Gibbon:—
+
+“About four years after the victorious Toulan had assumed the title of
+Khan of the Geougen, another barbarian, the haughty Rhodogast, or
+Radagaisus, marched from the northern extremities of Germany almost to the
+gates of Rome, and left the remains of his army to achieve the destruction
+of the West. The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, formed the
+strength of this mighty host; but the Alani, who had found a hospitable
+reception in their new seats, added their active cavalry to the heavy
+infantry of the Germans; and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly to
+the standard of Radagaisus, that, by some historians, he has been styled
+the King of the Goths. Twelve thousand warriors, distinguished above the
+vulgar by their noble birth, or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van;
+and the whole multitude, which was not less than two hundred thousand
+fighting men, might be increased by the accession of women, of children,
+and of slaves, to the amount of four hundred thousand persons.
+
+“The correspondence of nations was, in that age, so imperfect and
+precarious, that the revolutions of the North might escape the knowledge
+of the court of Ravenna, till the dark cloud, which was collected along
+the coast of the Baltic, burst in thunder upon the banks of the Upper
+Danube, &c. Many cities of Italy were pillaged or destroyed; and the siege
+of Florence by Radagaisus, is one of the earliest events in the history of
+that celebrated republic, whose firmness checked or delayed the unskilful
+fury of the barbarians.
+
+“While the peace of Germany was secured by the attachment of the Franks,
+and the neutrality of the Alemanni, the subjects of Rome, unconscious of
+the approaching calamities, enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, which
+had seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul. Their flocks and herds were
+permitted to graze in the pastures of the barbarians: their huntsmen
+penetrated, without fear or danger, into the darkest recesses of the
+Hercynian wood. The banks of the Rhine were crowded, like those of the
+Tiber, with elegant houses and well-cultivated farms; and if the poet
+descended the river, he might express his doubt on which side was situated
+the territory of the Romans. This scene of peace and plenty was suddenly
+changed into a desert; and the prospect of the smoking ruins, could alone
+distinguish the solitude of nature, from the desolation of man. The
+flourishing city of Mentz was surprised and destroyed; and many thousand
+Christians were inhumanly massacred in the church. Worms perished, after a
+long and obstinate siege; Strasburg, Spires, Rheims, Tournay, Arras,
+Amiens, experienced the cruel oppression of the German yoke; and the
+consuming flames of war spread from the banks of the Rhine over the
+greatest part of the seventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich and extensive
+country, as far as the ocean, the Alps, and the Pyrenees, was delivered to
+the barbarians, who drove before them, in a promiscuous crowd, the bishop,
+the senator, and the virgin, laden with the spoils of their houses and
+altars.�—_Ibid._, vol. v., p. 224.
+
+After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus, Alaric again returned,
+invaded Italy in 408, and in 410 he besieged, took, and sacked Rome, and
+died the same year. In 412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy.
+
+In this last year, “a public conference was held in Carthage, by order of
+the magistrate;� and it was there agreed to inflict the most severe
+penalties on those who dissented from the Catholic doctrines, in the
+African part of the Roman empire. Says Gibbon:—“Three hundred bishops,
+with many thousands of the inferior clergy, were torn from their churches,
+stripped of their ecclesiastical possessions, banished to the islands, and
+proscribed by the laws, if they presumed to conceal themselves in the
+provinces of Africa. Their numerous congregations, both in the cities and
+country, were deprived of the rights of citizens, and of the exercise of
+religious worship.�
+
+
+
+The Second Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the second angel sounded, and it was as if a great mountain
+    burning with fire were cast into the sea: and the third part of
+    the sea became blood; and the third part of the creatures in the
+    sea, and having life, died; and the third part of the ships was
+    destroyed.�—Rev. 8:8, 9.
+
+
+A mountain differs from a tornado, and must symbolize a compact, organized
+body of invaders. Its being of a volcanic nature, renders it so much the
+more terrible and destructive.
+
+As waters symbolize “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues,� the sea
+into which the mountain is cast, is a people already agitated by previous
+commotions.
+
+The ships and fish in the sea, must necessarily symbolize agents
+sustaining a relation to the Roman Sea, analogous to the relation of such
+to the literal sea. They are those who live upon, and are supported by,
+the people:—the rulers and the officers of state.
+
+The symbol of a burning mountain fitly represents the armed invaders under
+Genseric. In the year 429, with fifty thousand effective men he landed on
+the shores of Africa, established an independent government in that part
+of the Roman empire, and from thence, harassed the southern shores of
+Europe and the intermediate islands, by perpetual incursions. Says
+Gibbon:—“The Vandals, who, in twenty years, had penetrated from the Elbe
+to Mount Atlas, were united under the command of their warlike king; and
+he reigned with equal authority over the Alarici, who had passed within
+the term of human life, from the cold of Scythia, to the excessive heat of
+an African climate.
+
+“The Vandals and Alarici, who followed the successful standard of
+Genseric, had acquired a rich and fertile territory, which stretched along
+the coast from Tangiers to Tripoli; but their narrow limits were pressed
+and confined on either side by the sandy desert and the Mediterranean. The
+discovery and conquest of the black nations that might dwell beneath the
+torrid zone, could not tempt the rational ambition of Genseric; but he
+cast his eyes towards the sea; he resolved to create a new naval power,
+and his bold enterprise was executed with steady and active perseverance.
+The woods of Mount Atlas afforded an inexhaustible nursery of timber; his
+new subjects were skilled in the art of navigation and ship-building; he
+animated his daring Vandals to embrace a mode of warfare which would
+render every maritime country accessible to their arms; the Moors and
+Africans were allured by the hope of plunder; and, after an interval of
+six centuries, the fleet that issued from the port of Carthage again
+claimed the empire of the Mediterranean. The success of the Vandals, the
+conquest of Sicily, the sack of Palermo, and the frequent descents on the
+coast of Lucania, awakened and alarmed the mother of Valentinian, and the
+sister of Theodosius.�
+
+“The naval power of Rome was unequal to the task of saving even the
+imperial city from the ravages of the Vandals. Sailing from Africa, they
+disembarked at the port of Ostia, and Rome and its inhabitants were
+delivered to the licentiousness of Vandals and Moors, whose blind passions
+revenged the injuries of Carthage. The pillage lasted fourteen days and
+nights; and all that yet remained of public and private wealth, of sacred
+or profane treasure, was diligently transported to the vessels of
+Genseric. In the forty-five years that had elapsed since the Gothic
+invasion, the pomp and luxury of Rome were in some measure restored; and
+it was difficult either to escape, or to satisfy the avarice of a
+conqueror, who possessed leisure to collect, and ships to transport, the
+wealth of the capital.�—_Gibbon._
+
+
+
+The Third Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the third angel sounded, and a great star fell from heaven,
+    burning like a torch, and it fell on the third part of the rivers,
+    and on the fountains of waters; and the name of the star is called
+    Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and
+    many men died by the waters, because they were made bitter.�—Rev.
+    8:10, 11.
+
+
+The sounding of the third trumpet marks the advent of a third invader of
+the Roman empire. And such was Attila, the king of the Huns, who invaded
+Gaul A. D. 451. Gibbon says:—
+
+“The kings and nations of Germany and Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to
+the Danube, obeyed the warlike summons of Attila. From the royal village
+in the plains of Hungary, his standard moved towards the west; and, after
+a march of seven or eight hundred miles, he reached the conflux of the
+Rhine and the Necker.� “The hostile myriads were poured with resistless
+violence into the Belgic provinces.� “The consternation of Gaul was
+universal.� “From the Rhine and the Moselle, Attila advanced into the
+heart of Gaul, crossed the Seine at Auxerre, and, after a long and
+laborious march, fixed his camp under the walls of Orleans.� “An alliance
+was formed between the Romans and Visigoths.� The hostile armies
+approached. “ ‘I myself,’ said Attila, ‘will throw the first javelin, and
+the wretch who refuses to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devoted
+to inevitable death.’ The spirit of the barbarians was rekindled by the
+presence, the voice, and the example, of their intrepid leader; and
+Attila, yielding to their impatience, immediately formed his order of
+battle. At the head of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila occupied, in
+person, the centre of the line.� The nations from the Volga to the
+Atlantic were assembled on the plains of Chalons; and there fought a
+battle, “fierce, various, obstinate, and bloody, such as could not be
+paralleled, either in the present, or in past ages! The number of the
+slain amounted to one hundred and sixty-two thousand, or according to
+another account, three hundred thousand persons; and these incredible
+exaggerations suppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to justify the
+historian’s remark, that whole generations may be swept away, by the
+madness of kings, in the space of a single hour.�
+
+Attila was compelled to retreat; but neither his forces nor reputation
+suffered. He “passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besieged Aquileia with
+an innumerable host of barbarians.� “The succeeding generation could
+scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. After this dreadful chastisement,
+Attila pursued his march; and, as he passed, the cities of Altinum,
+Concordia, and Padua were reduced into heaps of stones and ashes. The
+inland towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, were exposed to the rapacious
+cruelty of the Huns. Milan and Pavia submitted, without resistance, to the
+loss of their wealth;� and “applauded the unusual clemency which preserved
+from the flames the public as well as private buildings, and spared the
+lives of the captive multitude.� “Attila spread his ravages over the rich
+plains of modern Lombardy; which are divided by the Po, and bounded by the
+Alps and Apennines.� He took possession of the royal palace of Milan. “It
+is a saying worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila, that the grass never
+grew on the spot where his horse had trod.�
+
+He advanced into Italy, only as far as the plains of Lombardy and the
+banks of the Po, reducing the cities he passed to stones and ashes; but
+there his ravages ceased. He concluded a peace with the Romans in the year
+of his invasion of Italy (451), and the next year he died. Thus he
+appeared like a fiery meteor, exerted his appointed influence upon the
+tongues and people, who were tributary to the Romans,—as rivers and
+fountains of waters are to the sea; and like a burning star, he as
+suddenly expired. As a specimen of the bitterness which followed his
+course, it is recorded of the Thuringians who served in his army, and who
+traversed, both in their march and in their return, the territories of the
+Franks, “that they massacred their hostages as well as their captives. Two
+hundred young maidens were tortured with exquisite and unrelenting rage;
+their bodies were torn asunder by wild horses, or were crushed under the
+weight of rolling wagons; and their unburied limbs were abandoned on
+public roads, as a prey to dogs and vultures.�
+
+
+
+The Fourth Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was
+    smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the
+    stars; so that the third part of them was darkened, and the day
+    shone not for a third part of it, and the night in like
+    manner.�—Rev. 8:12.
+
+
+The sun, moon, and stars cannot here, any more than under the sixth seal
+(6:12,13), symbolize agents of their own order, but must represent the
+rulers of the Roman empire. Says Dr. Keith:—
+
+“At the voice of the first angel, and the blast of his trumpet, the whole
+Roman world was in agitation, and ‘the storms of war’ passed over it all.
+‘The union of the empire was dissolved;’ a third part of it fell; and the
+‘transalpine provinces were separated from the empire.’ Under the second
+trumpet, the provinces of Africa, another, or the maritime, part, was in
+like manner reft from Rome, and the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea,
+and even in their harbors. The empire of Rome, hemmed in on every side,
+was then limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within its bounds, and along the
+fountains and rivers of waters, the third trumpet reëchoed from the Alps
+to the Apennines. The last barrier of the empire of Rome was broken. The
+plains of Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe: and from thence new
+enemies arose to bring to an end the strife of the world with the imperial
+city.
+
+“ ‘In the space of twenty years since the death of Valentinian’ (two years
+subsequent to the death of Attila), ‘nine emperors had successively
+disappeared; and the son of Orestes, a youth recommended only by his
+beauty, would be the least entitled to the notice of posterity, if his
+reign, which was marked by the extinction of the Roman empire in the west,
+did not leave a memorable era in the history of mankind.’ �
+
+The throne of the Cæsars had been for ages the sun of the world; while
+other kings were designated as stars. The imperial power had first been
+transferred to Constantinople by Constantine; and it was afterwards
+divided between the east and the west; but the eastern empire was not yet
+doomed to destruction. The precise year in which the western empire was
+extinguished, is not positively ascertained, but it is usually assigned to
+A. D. 476. Some place it in 479. The imperial Roman power, of which either
+Rome or Constantinople had been jointly or singly the seat, whether in the
+West or the East, ceased to be recognized in Italy; and the third part of
+the sun was smitten, till it emitted no longer the faintest rays. The
+power of the Cæsars became unknown in Italy; and a Gothic king reigned
+over Rome.
+
+Dr. Keith considers that “the concluding words of the fourth trumpet imply
+the future restoration of the Western empire: ‘The day shone not for a
+third part of it, and the night likewise.’ In respect to civil authority,
+Rome became subject to Ravenna; and Italy was a conquered province of the
+Eastern empire. But, as more appropriately pertaining to other prophecies,
+the defence of the worship of images first brought the spiritual and
+temporal powers of the Pope and of the emperor into violent collision;
+and, by conferring on the Pope all authority over the churches, Justinian
+laid his helping hand to the promotion of the papal supremacy, which
+afterwards assumed the power of creating monarchs. In the year of our Lord
+800, the Pope conferred on Charlemagne the title of Emperor of the Romans.
+The title was again transferred from the King of France to the Emperor of
+Germany. By the latter it was formally renounced, within the memory of the
+existing generation. In our own days the iron crown of Italy was on the
+head of another ‘emperor.’ � Then the sun was suddenly darkened, as
+symbolized under the sixth seal, 6:12. p. 66.
+
+
+
+The Woe-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    “And I beheld, and heard an eagle flying in the midst of heaven,
+    saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabitants of the
+    earth, from the remaining voices of the trumpet of the three
+    angels, who are to sound.�—Rev. 8:13.
+
+
+The word eagle, instead of angel, is in accordance with the more recent
+revised editions of the Greek. It must symbolize persons peculiarly
+apprehensive at this crisis, of disasters to follow the extinction of the
+Roman empire in the west. During the first half of the sixth century, the
+Sclavonians invaded the east, “spread from the suburbs of Constantinople
+to the Ionian Gulf, destroyed thirty-two cities or castles, razed Potidæa,
+which Athens had built, and Philip had besieged, and repassed the Danube,
+dragging at their horses’ heels one hundred and twenty thousand of the
+subjects of Justinian.�—_Gibbon._ And they continued their inroads, until
+the citizens became apprehensive that the Empire of the East would be
+extinguished like that of the West.
+
+This symbol also indicates that the events under the trumpets which were
+to follow, would be far more dreadful and terrible than those of the
+preceding ones. For this reason, the last three are sometimes denominated
+THE WOE TRUMPETS.
+
+
+
+The Fifth Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star, which had fallen
+    from heaven to the earth: and to him was given the key of the pit
+    of the abyss. And he opened the pit of the abyss: and a smoke
+    arose out of the pit, like the smoke of a great furnace; and the
+    sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the pit. And locusts
+    came out of the smoke into the earth: and power was given to them,
+    as the scorpions of the earth have power. And it was said to them
+    that they should not injure the herbage of the earth, nor any
+    green thing, nor any tree; but only those men who have not the
+    seal of God on their foreheads. And they were not allowed to kill
+    them, but to torment them five months: and their torment was like
+    the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. And in those
+    days men will seek death, and will not find it; and will desire to
+    die, and death will flee from them. And the shapes of the locusts
+    were like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads were as
+    it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like the faces of
+    men. And they had hair like the hair of women, and their teeth
+    were like those of lions. And they had breast-plates, like
+    breast-plates of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the
+    sound of chariots with many horses rushing into battle. And they
+    had tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails:
+    and their power was to injure men five months. They had a king
+    over them, the messenger of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is
+    Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue he hath the name Apollyon. One
+    woe is past away; and behold, there come yet two woes
+    hereafter.�—Rev. 9:1-12.
+
+
+The previous trumpets reveal the agencies which effected the dismemberment
+and overthrow of Western Rome. The fifth and sixth unfold those which
+terminated that empire in the east, embracing the territory between the
+Adriatic and Euphrates, the Lybian desert and the Danube.
+
+A star (1:20) symbolizes a messenger, or head of a religious body, p. 31.
+Mohammed is generally regarded as represented by this symbol. He was, by
+birth, of the princely house of the Koreish, Governors of Mecca, a family
+of eminence.
+
+The star had fallen to the earth before opening the pit of the abyss,
+which illustrates the flight of Mohammed from Mecca, and the seeming
+termination of all his hopes. To save his life, he took refuge, with one
+companion, in a cave near Medina, in A. D. 622, which forms the epoch of
+the Hegira, _i.e._, of his flight.
+
+The bottomless pit, is where Satan is subsequently cast (20:3); and the
+key of it being given to this agent, symbolizes his power to open and to
+cause the smoke to issue from it; the Satanic origin of which is thus
+indicated:
+
+Smoke is an appropriate representative of error, and symbolizes the
+Mohammedan doctrines; which, like the smoke of a great furnace, were
+disseminated far and wide, subverting the religion, and, in time,
+effecting the overthrow of the remaining portion of the Roman empire—the
+sun, one-third of which was smitten under the fourth trumpet.
+
+The locusts were generated in the smoke from whence they issued. In a
+corresponding manner, the spread of Mohammedanism resulted in the
+organization of hordes of Saracens, who propagated the religion of the
+false prophet by the sword, and founded the famous Arabian empire, which
+extended from the Atlantic ocean to the river Euphrates.
+
+The shapes of the locusts were like horses prepared for battle; and the
+Saracenic hordes, thus symbolized, were mounted horsemen, famous for the
+swiftness of their flight or pursuit, and ever ready for the contest.
+
+Their crowns, faces, hair, teeth, breast-plates, &c., seem to be
+indicative of their personal appearance: on their heads they wore yellow
+turbans, like coronets; their demeanor was grave and firm; their hair,
+like that of women, was suffered to grow uncut; they were defended by the
+cuirass or breast-plate; and in rushing to battle, their onset was like
+that of chariots and many horses.
+
+They had a king over them, named Abaddon in the Hebrew, and Apollyon in
+the Greek, both of which signified the Destroyer. The Saracens
+acknowledged the authority of Mohammed during the whole period of their
+conquests; not only recognizing him as their prophet and king during his
+lifetime, but his successors, after his death, considered and called
+themselves Mohammed’s _Caliphs_, or _Vicars_.
+
+Their mission was not against the grass, green things, and trees, but had
+express reference to the men who had _not_ the seal of God in their
+foreheads. The antithesis here expressed, shows that by the former were
+symbolized the servants of God, and that these locust-warriors were
+particularly commissioned against infidels and apostates. Christians were
+not to be molested; and provision was made for their protection, in the
+circular letter which Abubekir sent to the Arabian tribes, A. D. 633. He
+said:
+
+
+    “ ‘Remember, that you are always in the presence of God, on the
+    verge of death, in the assurance of judgment, and the hope of
+    paradise: avoid injustice and oppression; consult with your
+    brethren, and study to preserve the love and confidence of your
+    troops. When you fight the battles of the Lord, acquit yourselves
+    like men, without turning your backs; but let not your victory be
+    stained with the blood of women and children. Destroy _no
+    palm-trees, nor burn any fields of corn_. Cut down no fruit-trees,
+    nor do any mischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When
+    you make any covenant, or article, stand to it, and be as good as
+    your word. As you go on, you will find some _religious persons_
+    who live in retired monasteries, and propose to themselves to
+    serve God that way; let them alone, and neither kill them nor
+    destroy their monasteries; and you will find another sort of
+    people that belong to the synagogue of Satan, who have _shaven
+    crowns_; be sure you cleave their skulls, and give them no quarter
+    _till they either turn Mohammedans or pay tribute_.’ �
+
+
+At this epoch, the Greek church at Constantinople had been preserved from
+the reproach of image worship, and still later it made strenuous efforts
+against it; but the churches of the north of Africa, and the Asiatic
+portion of the Eastern empire, had become greatly debased, and worshipped
+saints and images. And while the territories of these were speedily
+subverted to Mohammedanism, and became a part of the Arabian empire, the
+east of Europe was wonderfully preserved from their inroads.
+
+Their power was not to kill, but to torment men five months. To kill,
+symbolically, according to the significance of the second seal, p. 60, is
+to compel men to apostasize; and they could not be in a condition to force
+their religion on the men of the eastern empire, without first subjecting
+it by force of arms.
+
+The time of this torment was limited to five prophetic months. In one
+hundred and fifty years from the _Hegira_ the Saracen empire had ceased to
+be aggressive. In 762 Bagdad, the city of peace, was founded on the
+Tigris, by Al-Mansur, who died in 774. “From this time,� says ROTTICK,
+“the Arabian history assumes an entirely different character.� It was no
+longer progressive; the proud Saracen empire became dismembered, and three
+independent and hostile Caliphates, and several fragments of kingdoms,
+were formed from its ruins. In 841, the reigning Caliph at Bagdad,
+distrusting the spirit of his own troops, hired a body of fifty thousand
+Turkish soldiers, which he distributed in his dominions. These accelerated
+the ruin of the Caliphate, and, in time, the whole of the Saracen
+territory became subject to the Tartar rule, which had become Mohammedan,
+and also aimed to subject the eastern empire.
+
+The declaration that “one woe is past,� v. 12, implies an interval between
+that and the woe following. In a corresponding manner, the crusaders from
+Europe, like the successive overflowing of a mighty river, restrained the
+Tartars from the conquest of Constantinople, which had now consented to
+image worship, till the sounding of:
+
+
+
+The Sixth Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice out of the four
+    horns of the golden altar before God, saying to the sixth angel
+    having the trumpet, Loose the four messengers bound near the great
+    river Euphrates. And the four messengers were loosed, prepared for
+    an hour, and day, and month, and year, to slay the third part of
+    men. And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred
+    thousand thousand: I heard the number of them. And thus I saw on
+    the horses in the vision, and those, who sat on them, having red,
+    blue and yellow breast-plates: and the heads of the horses were
+    like the heads of lions; and fire, and smoke, and brimstone issued
+    from their mouths. By these three plagues the third part of men
+    was killed; by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone,
+    which issued from their mouths. For the power of the horses is in
+    their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails having heads were
+    like serpents, and they injure with them. And the rest of the men,
+    who were not killed by these plagues, yet repented not of the
+    works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and
+    idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood:
+    which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk; nor did they repent of
+    their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication,
+    nor of their thefts.�—Rev. 9:13-21.
+
+
+The great river, the Euphrates,—waters being a symbol of people,
+(17:15)—must symbolize those who sustain a relation to the Roman
+hierarchy, as its defenders and supporters; analogous to that sustained by
+the river Euphrates to the city of Babylon; which was situated on, and
+drew its wealth and support from it.
+
+The angels bound near the Euphrates, must then be those powers, which,
+approaching and attacking the Roman Empire, were _restrained_ from
+effecting its conquest and enforcing the profession of Mohammedanism.
+Their being loosed, signifies the removal of those restraints. Mr. Lord
+suggests that they symbolize leaders of the four armies of the Tartars,
+which successively overran the surrounding provinces. He says:
+
+“The first horde were the Seljukians, who invaded the Eastern empire about
+the middle of the eleventh century, under Togrul Beg. He suddenly overran,
+with myriads of cavalry, the frontier, from Taurus to Arzeroum, and spread
+it with blood and devastation. Alp Arslan, his successor, soon renewed the
+invasion, conquered Armenia and Georgia, penetrated into Cappadocia and
+Phrygia, and scattered detachments over the whole of lesser Asia. His
+troops being subsequently driven back, he renewed the war, and recovered
+those provinces. His descendants, and others of the race, soon after
+extended their conquests, and established the kingdoms in the east of
+Persia and Syria, and Roum, in lesser Asia, which they maintained through
+many generations, and made their sway a scorpion scourge to the idolatrous
+inhabitants. The Christians were allowed the exercise of their religion on
+the conditions of tribute and servitude, but were compelled to endure the
+scorn of the victors, to submit to the abuse of their priests and bishops,
+and to witness the apostasy of their brethren, the compulsory circumcision
+of many thousands of their children, and the subjection of many thousands
+to a debasing and hopeless slavery.
+
+“The second army was that of the Moguls, who, in the thirteenth century,
+after the conquest of Persia, passed the Euphrates, plundered and
+devastated Syria, subdued Armenia, Iconium, and Anatolia, and extinguished
+the Seljukian dynasty. Another army advancing to the west, devastated the
+country on both sides of the Danube, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia,
+Hungary, Austria, and spread them with the ruins of their cities and
+churches, and the bones of their inhabitants. This horde had been prepared
+for this invasion by vast conquests in the East.
+
+“The third were the Ottomans, who in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century conquered Bithynia, Lydia, Ionia, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, and in
+the following century Constantinople itself, and have maintained their
+empire to the present time. They were released from restraint on the one
+hand by the decay of the Mogul Khans, to whom they had been subject, and
+on the other by the dissensions and weakness of the Greeks.
+
+“The last was that of the Moguls under Tamerlane, who in the beginning of
+the fifteenth century overran Georgia, Syria, and Anatolia, and spread
+them with slaughter and desolation. He also had been prepared for this
+incursion by his previous victories and conquests.�—_Ex. Apoc._, pp. 225,
+226.
+
+These armies, the number of which is literally “myriads of myriads,� were
+not all subsequent to the time when they had power to subject the Eastern
+Roman empire; but may be the four, from the fact that the Mohammedan power
+was extended by these armies, which till this time had been restrained
+from accomplishing the subjugation of Constantinople.
+
+The restraints being removed, they were now to have power to kill, by
+compelling the third part of men to embrace the doctrines of
+Mohammed,—evident reference being had to the men of the eastern empire;
+the conquest of which was now to be effected, the dial of heaven having
+indicated the arrival of the predicted epoch.
+
+In 1449 Constantine Deacoses, being entitled to the throne of
+Constantinople by the death of John Paleologus, did not venture to take
+possession till he had sent ambassadors and gained the consent of Amurath,
+the Turkish Sultan. From this fact, Ducas, the historian, counts
+Paleologus as the last Greek emperor—for he did not consider as such, a
+prince who did not dare to reign without permission of his enemy. Amurath
+died and was succeeded in the empire, in 1451, by MAHOMET II., who set his
+heart on Constantinople, and made preparations for besieging the city. The
+siege commenced on the 6th of April, 1453, and ended in the taking of the
+city, and death of the last of the Constantines, on the 16th of May
+following, when the eastern city of the Cæsars became the seat of the
+Ottoman empire; and its “religion was trampled in the dust by the Moslem
+conquerors.� Thus the two-horned beast (13:11), became merged in, and
+identified with the false prophet, 16:13, and 19:20.
+
+The description of the horses, and those who sat on them (v. 17), is
+strikingly emblematic of the Turkish warriors who subjugated
+Constantinople. Says Dr. Keith: “The breast-plates of the horsemen, in
+reference to the more destructive implements of war, might then, for the
+first time, be said to be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. The musket had
+recently supplied the place of the bow. _Fire_ emanated from their
+breasts. _Brimstone_, the flame of which is _jacinth_, was an ingredient
+both of the _liquid fire_ and of gunpowder.... A new mode of warfare was
+at that time introduced, which has changed the nature of war itself, in
+regard to the form of its instrument of destruction; and sounds and sights
+unheard of and unknown before, were the death-knell and doom of the Roman
+empire. Invention outrivalled force, and a new power was introduced, that
+of musketry as well as of artillery, in the art of war, before which the
+old Macedonian phalanx would not have remained unbroken, nor the Roman
+legions stood. That which JOHN saw ‘in the vision,’ is read in the history
+of the times.�
+
+By these three, the fire, smoke, and brimstone, were the third part of men
+killed (v. 18), and by these was the conquest of Constantinople effected.
+Says Gibbon: “At the request of Mahomet II., Urban produced a piece of
+brass ordnance of stupendous and almost incredible magnitude. A measure of
+twelve palms was assigned to the bore, and the stone bullet weighed about
+six hundred pounds. A vacant place before the new palace was chosen for
+the first experiment; but to prevent the sudden and mischievous effects of
+astonishment and fear, a proclamation was issued that the cannon would be
+discharged the ensuing day. The explosion was felt or heard in a circuit
+of a hundred furlongs; the ball, by the force of the gunpowder, was driven
+about a mile, and on the spot where it fell, it buried itself a fathom
+deep in the ground. For the conveyance of this destructive engine, a frame
+or carriage of thirty wagons was linked together, and drawn along by a
+train of sixty oxen; two hundred men, on both sides, were stationed to
+poise or support the rolling weight; two hundred and fifty workmen marched
+before to smooth the way and repair the bridges, and near two months were
+employed in a laborious journey of a hundred and fifty miles.
+
+“In the siege, the incessant volleys of lances and arrows were accompanied
+with the smoke, the sound, and the fire of their musketry and cannon.
+Their small arms discharged at the same time five or even ten balls of
+lead of the size of a walnut, and according to the closeness of the ranks,
+and the force of the powder, several breast-plates and bodies were
+transpierced by the same shot. But the Turkish approaches were soon sunk
+into trenches, or covered with ruins. Each day added to the science of the
+Christians, but their inadequate stock of gunpowder was wasted in the
+operation of each day. Their ordnance was not powerful either in size or
+number, and if they possessed some heavy cannon, they feared to plant them
+on the walls, lest the aged structure should be shaken and overthrown by
+the explosion. The same destructive secret had been revealed to the
+Moslems, by whom it was employed with the superior energy of zeal, riches,
+and despotism. The great cannon of MAHOMET was flanked by two fellows
+almost of equal magnitude: the long order of the Turkish artillery was
+pointed against the walls: fourteen batteries thundered at once on the
+most accessible places, and of one of these it is ambiguously expressed
+that it was mounted with one hundred and thirty guns, or that it
+discharged one hundred and thirty bullets.�
+
+The conquest of Constantinople being accomplished, they were to have power
+to kill men during an hour, day, month, and year of prophetic time—_i.e._
+three hundred and ninety-one years, fifteen days. If reckoned from the
+conquest of the city, this would extend to June 1844. Whether any
+particular act has transpired to mark the precise point of its
+termination, may not be important; but it is interesting to consider that
+within a few years the Mohammedan government has formally granted
+permission for the full enjoyment of the Protestant religion; and has
+renounced the right of punishing by death, apostates from Islamism.
+
+In August 1843, an Armenian, who had become a Mussulman and subsequently
+returned to the religion of his fathers, was beheaded at Constantinople.
+The Christian powers of Europe immediately remonstrated, and it was hoped
+that the law against apostates from Mohammedanism would be permitted to
+become a dead letter. In a few months, however, a firman issued from the
+government ordering the decapitation of a young man near Brooza, who was
+put to death for having promised in a passion, but had afterwards refused,
+to become a Mohammedan. Lord Aberdeen, the British Secretary of Foreign
+Affairs, then demanded of the Turkish Sultan that the Porte should not
+insult and trample on Christianity, “by treating as a criminal any person
+who embraces it;� but should “renounce, absolutely and without
+equivocation, the barbarous practice which has called forth the
+remonstrance now addressed to it.� To this communication the following
+answer was made early in 1844: “The Sublime Porte engages to take
+effectual measures to prevent, henceforward, the execution and putting to
+death of the Christian who is an apostate.� On the 15th of November, 1847,
+for the first time, a firman was issued recognizing Protestant Christians
+as a distinct community, forbidding any molestation or interference “in
+their temporal or spiritual concerns,� and permitting them “to exercise
+the profession of their creed in security.� This coming from the Vizier,
+did not necessarily survive a change of ministry; but in November, 1850, a
+firman was issued from the Sultan himself, _establishing_ the policy of
+the empire in respect to Protestants, and confirming them in all needed
+civil and religious privileges. Thus has the Mohammedan government
+formally and forever renounced the power it had so long wielded, of
+causing spiritual death by compelling men to apostatize from Christianity.
+
+The rest of the men not killed, must be those in portions of the Roman
+territory not included in the eastern third. The Roman Catholics in the
+western parts, were not reformed by the judgments inflicted on the east.
+They continued to worship the canonized dead, and to bow down to images of
+the saints. Under this trumpet, a mighty movement was to be there
+effected, which was symbolized by the descent of:
+
+
+
+The Rainbow Angel.
+
+
+    “And I saw another mighty angel descending from heaven, clothed
+    with a cloud: and the rainbow was over his head, and his face was
+    like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire; and he had in his
+    hand a little book opened: and he set his right foot on the sea,
+    and his left foot on the land. And shouted with a loud voice, as a
+    lion roareth: and when he shouted, seven thunders uttered their
+    voices. And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I
+    was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying, Seal
+    up those things, which the seven thunders uttered, and write them
+    not. And the angel, whom I saw standing on the sea and on the
+    land, raised his hand to heaven, and swore by him who liveth for
+    ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things in it, and the
+    earth, and the things in it, and the sea, and the things in it,
+    that the time should not yet be; but in the days of the voice of
+    the seventh angel, when he will sound, the secret of God will be
+    finished, as he hath announced to his servants the prophets. And
+    the voice, which I heard from heaven, spoke with me again, and
+    said, Go, take the little book, which is opened in the hand of the
+    angel, who standeth on the sea and on the land. And I went away to
+    the angel, and said to him, Give me the little book. And he said
+    to me, Take, and eat it up; and it will make thy stomach bitter,
+    but in thy mouth, it will be sweet as honey. And I took the little
+    book from the angel’s hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth
+    sweet as honey: and when I had eaten it my stomach was bitter. And
+    he said to me, Thou must prophesy again concerning many people,
+    and nations, and tongues, and kings.�—Rev. 10:1-11.
+
+
+This angel, like those in corresponding passages, must symbolize a body of
+men, whose importance is indicated by the might and splendor of the
+symbol.
+
+His descent from heaven, the cloud, the rainbow, the sun-like face, and
+the fire-like feet of the Mighty Messenger, attest the heaven-inspired
+origin of his utterances. His “eyes as a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace,� would not be given to
+one who came to announce other than heaven-inspired truths.
+
+The _open book_ in the hand of the angel, fixes the chronology of the
+fulfilment of this vision at an epoch when the Scriptures cease to be a
+closed and sealed book, and the people are permitted to have free access
+to them.
+
+His _position_—one foot resting on the sea, and one on the land—attests
+the universality of the movement which is to date from that epoch.
+
+His lion voice, must symbolize the manner in which would be announced the
+great truths, at which the whole world would be startled.
+
+The _singleness_ of his cry, is also symbolic of the simplicity of the
+truth, which is never symbolized by discordant multitudinous sounds.
+
+The _responsive thunders_, unlike the single voice of the angel, are
+multitudinous and discordant; and consequently symbolize errors. Their
+_following_ so immediately on the shout of the angel, shows the proximity
+of their promulgation to the utterance of the truths to which they are
+responsive.
+
+JOHN’S _readiness to write_ what the seven thunders uttered, shows that
+what they uttered was _professedly_ in harmony with the truths previously
+announced, and that men would be liable to be deceived, by their
+promulgation.
+
+His being _forbidden_ by the cloud-robed angel, to write what they
+uttered—while he was commanded to “seal not the sayings of the prophecy of
+this book� (22:10),—shows that their utterances were not heaven-inspired,
+and constituted no part of “the word of GOD, and of the testimony of JESUS
+CHRIST,� which JOHN bare record of.
+
+The _subsequent oath_ of the angel, by Him who liveth forever, that “the
+time is not yet,� shows that those thunders, however erroneous in their
+form manner and connection with other errors, had respect to some great
+event foretold in Scripture; but which the thunders had _antedated_ and
+presented in an _unscriptural_ form.
+
+His further announcement that it would be fulfilled under the sounding of
+the “seventh trumpet,� and that then the mystery of GOD should be finished
+in the manner foretold to his servants the prophets, shows that the great
+event, the time of which was “not yet,�—_i.e._, under the sixth trumpet,
+was the coming of the kingdom of GOD—the fifth universal empire; that at a
+period anterior to the time when it might rationally be expected, it would
+be proclaimed in a form repugnant to the teachings of the prophets; and
+that when thus heralded, it would be met by the party uttering the
+heaven-inspired truths, with the denial that the time had arrived, and by
+arguments to show its true nature and epoch, under the seventh trumpet.
+
+The command to take and eat the little book, shows that its contents were
+such as the soul might feed on; which should be sweet to the believer’s
+taste, but would subject him to bitter persecution. And the announcement
+that they were to prophesy _again_ before many nations and peoples and
+tongues and kings, marks this as the commencement of an era when the
+Gospel should again begin to go forth into distant lands.
+
+All of the above particulars harmonize in the time of the reformation of
+LUTHER in the sixteenth century, and with no other epoch. The great truths
+then promulgated, of which “justification by faith� was the cardinal one,
+electrified the whole world, as the loud roaring of a lion would startle
+the passer-by. These were immediately responded to by the multitudinous
+errors of the Anabaptists and others, who thought to set up the kingdom of
+GOD in _this world_, and _before the resurrection_, by putting to death
+the ungodly and sparing only the saints.
+
+As in all efforts for good Satan is careful to attempt a counterfeit, or
+to mingle impure elements to the injury of the truth, so in the
+Reformation there were false reformers. THOMAS MUNZER, and others, in
+1525, incited vast numbers on the borders of the Danube to make physical
+war on the Papal ecclesiastics. He denounced LUTHER, also, with the same
+violence that he did the Pope. In his mad attempt to slay the ungodly, he
+took possession of Muhlhausen, appointed a new city council, pillaged the
+houses of the rich, proclaimed a community of goods, and committed various
+excesses; but they were finally defeated in a pitched battle, with a loss
+of from five thousand to seven thousand killed. Others succeeded him,
+teaching that GOD spake to them in person, instructing them how to act.
+They professed the most extravagant doctrines, setting aside both LUTHER
+and the Bible. The former did not go near far enough for them; and the
+latter was in their view insufficient for man’s instruction, who could
+only be taught of God. They taught that the world was to be immediately
+devastated; and no priest or ungodly person be left alive; and that then
+the kingdom of GOD would commence, and the saints possess the earth. Those
+who adhered to LUTHER, united with him in bearing a faithful testimony
+against such extravagances, adhered to the written word, denounced new
+revelations, and showed from the Bible that Antichrist was to be
+overthrown by the personal advent of CHRIST, and not by the sword of man.
+The following extracts are from MR. LORD:
+
+“The pretences of the Anabaptists to inspiration were in like manner
+denounced by Melancthon. ‘The Anabaptists, infatuated by the devil, have
+boasted a new species of sanctity, as though they had left the earth, and
+ascended to the skies; and given out, moreover, that they enjoy
+extraordinary inspiration. But as the pretence was hypocritical, and
+designed merely to subserve appetite and ambition, they soon plunged into
+debauchery, and then excited seditions, and undertook to establish a New
+Jerusalem, as other enthusiasts have often attempted. A like tragedy was
+formerly acted at Pepuza in Phrygia, which fanatical prophets denominated
+the new Jerusalem.’
+
+“He also refuted by the Scriptures, the expectation of the Anabaptists of
+the immediate establishment of Christ’s millennial kingdom. He regarded
+the term Antichrist as denoting both the Mohammedan empire and the Papacy,
+and held that they were not to be overthrown till the time of the
+resurrection of the dead, and that a considerable period was to pass
+before that event. ‘God showed to Daniel a series of monarchies and
+kingdoms, which it is certain has already run to the end. Four monarchies
+have passed away. The cruel kingdom of the Turks, which arose out of the
+fourth, still remains, and as it is not to equal the Roman in power, and
+has certainly, therefore, already nearly reached its height, must soon
+decline, and then will dawn the day in which the dead shall be recalled to
+life.’ He then repeats the saying ascribed to Elias, that six thousand
+years were to pass before the advent of Christ; two thousand before the
+law, two under the law, and two under the gospel; and proceeds to show
+that four hundred and fifty-eight years were, therefore, to intervene
+before the advent of the Redeemer, the destruction of Antichrist, and the
+establishment of the kingdom of the saints. ‘It is known that Christ was
+born about the end of the fourth millenary,(1) and one thousand five
+hundred and forty-two years have since revolved. We are not, therefore [in
+1542], far from the end.’
+
+“These views corresponding so conspicuously with the symbol, continued to
+be repeated by a crowd of writers, till at the distance of sixty-seven
+years from the death of Melancthon, the celebrated Joseph Mede published
+his ‘Clavis Apocalyptica,’ in which he showed from the coincidence of the
+periods of the wild beast and the witnesses, that the advent of the
+Redeemer, and the destruction of the anti-Christian powers were not to be
+expected until twelve hundred and sixty years had passed from the rise of
+the ten kingdoms, and that near one hundred of them, therefore, were still
+to revolve. As that period expired and the knowledge of the prophecy
+advanced, the catastrophe of the wild beast was referred to a later time.
+Many recent expositors regard the twelve hundred and sixty years as having
+reached their end in 1792; and most refer the fall of the anti-Christian
+powers to the last half of the present, or the beginning of the next
+century.�—_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 238-240.
+
+All the vagaries of the various sects of heretics were connected with an
+expectation of the immediate establishment of CHRIST’S kingdom. That the
+seven thunders gave utterance to such an expectation, is evident from the
+response of the angel, when he lifted up his hand to heaven and with the
+solemnity of an oath, by Him who liveth forever, affirmed that “_the time
+should not yet be_;� but that “in the days of the voice of the seventh
+angel, when he delays to sound,(2) the secret of GOD will be finished, as
+he hath announced to his servants the prophets.� Why such an annunciation
+at this stage of the vision? It must be to correct a misapprehension which
+would exist at a corresponding time in its fulfilment, respecting the
+immediate appearance of the kingdom. Thus did PAUL correct the
+Thessalonian brethren, when he wrote to them in his second epistle not to
+be shaken in mind, as that the day of the LORD was then impending, 2 Th.
+2:2.
+
+The Bible, was, at this epoch, first opened to the common people. Before,
+it was only found in languages which they were entirely ignorant of. It
+was translated by LUTHER into their own language, and thus made
+accessible. The art of printing, discovered at about that time, enabled
+all who wished, to avail themselves of its unsealed contents. They feasted
+on the words of inspiration, which were sweeter to them than honey, or the
+honey-comb. But afterwards, they had to endure bitterness for the sake of
+the Gospel. Divisions and subdivisions followed, parties multiplied, and
+heresies abounded, accompanied with bitter and mischievous discussions,
+and fierce and rancorous contentions. These being based on the
+understanding which the several parties attached to portions of scripture,
+were fitly symbolized by the bitterness that followed the eating of the
+book. At this time, also, was revived a system of religious teachings
+which has gone forth into many lands.
+
+The reörganization of the church at this epoch, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+The Measuring Reed, Temple, &c.
+
+
+    “And there was given me a measuring reed like a rod, and it was
+    said, Arise, and measure the temple of God, (and the altar,) and
+    those who worship in it. But the court which is without the
+    temple, leave out, and measure it not; for it is given to the
+    Gentiles: and they will tread the holy city under foot forty-two
+    months.�—Rev. 11:1, 2.
+
+
+These symbols are evidently taken from the temple and altar of Jewish
+worship, and represent corresponding analogies under the Christian
+dispensation.
+
+To measure anything, is to examine and take notice of its parts and
+proportions; and that by which it is measured, is the standard or rule to
+which it should conform.
+
+The temple, is a proper symbol of the church of God; which is “built upon
+the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being
+the Chief Corner Stone, in whom all the building, fitly framed together,
+groweth unto a holy temple in the Lord,� Eph. 2:20, 21.
+
+At the epoch of the Reformation, the nominal church was subjected to the
+scrutiny of the word of God; and its pretensions were measured by the
+scriptural rule. The reformers found the Man of Sin, “as God sitting in
+the temple of God,� (2 Thess. 2:4); and they had to re-model their church
+relationship, in accordance with the pattern presented in the New
+Testament. This involved the consideration of what constituted the
+church,—its organization, its ministry, its sacraments, and its
+membership,—their mutual relation to God, and to each other.
+
+The altar, must symbolize the sacrifice and atonement of Christ,—the
+“altar whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle,� Heb.
+13:10. The great question, of justification by faith in the death of
+Christ, was the rallying cry of the Reformation. The fundamental
+principles of Christian truth were then unfolded anew, and the doctrines
+of the Papacy, including the sacrifice of the mass, were rejected as
+contrary to Bible teachings.
+
+The worshippers in the temple, who were to be measured by the same rule,
+are Christians. All who were to be recognized as such, were to give
+evidence of conformity to the Bible standard. Regeneration by the Holy
+Ghost, was held by the reformers to be necessary to church membership. The
+Papists required only baptism and confirmation.
+
+The court without the temple, was that to which the Gentiles had access,
+and beyond which their entrance was prohibited. Devout foreigners were
+there permitted to pay their devotions to the God of heaven. As the
+Gentiles must symbolize those who are not Christians, the occupants of the
+outer court, must be the congregation—the nominal worshippers who throng
+the outer courts of the Lord, in distinction from the true worshippers.
+Such were to have free and unrestricted access to the places of Christian
+worship.
+
+The holy city is that in which the temple is situated, and must embrace
+the church as a whole, subjected to Gentile rule. Its being trodden under
+foot, indicates that the civil polity under which the church would
+subsist, should, during the period specified, be under the control of
+those who worship only in the outer court.
+
+The forty and two months, is a period of time, corresponding with the
+thousand two hundred and three score days of the verse following, the time
+and times and half a time of Rev. 12:14, and the corresponding periods of
+Rev. 12:6; 13:5; Dan. 7:25; and 12:7; symbolizing a period of twelve
+hundred and sixty years, according to the almost unanimous opinion of
+Protestant writers.
+
+This period does not commence with this epoch, but began with the
+subjection of Christianity to the power of the civil arm, which was to
+continue during the time predicted,—notwithstanding the reädjustment of
+the temple-worship,—when Christians should cease to be responsible to any
+human tribunal for the orthodoxy of their faith.
+
+During the same period, also, power to prophesy, though shrouded in
+sackcloth, was to be given to:
+
+
+
+Christ’s Two Witnesses.
+
+
+    “And I will give charge to my two witnesses, and they will
+    prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed in
+    sackcloth. These are the two olive-trees, and the two lamp-stands,
+    standing before the Lord of the earth. And if any one wisheth to
+    injure them, fire proceedeth from their mouth, and devoureth their
+    enemies: and if anyone wisheth to injure them, he must thus be
+    killed. These have power to shut heaven, that it may not rain in
+    the days of their prophecy: and they have power over the waters to
+    turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with every plague, as
+    often as they wish. And when they shall have finished their
+    testimony, the wild beast that ascendeth out of the abyss will
+    make war with them, and will overcome them, and kill them. And
+    their dead body _will lie_ on the wide street of the great city,
+    which is spiritually called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord
+    was crucified. And those of the people, and tribes, and tongues,
+    and nations, will see their dead body three days and a half, and
+    will not allow their dead body to be put into a tomb. And those,
+    who dwell on the earth, will rejoice over them, and exult, and
+    send gifts to each other; because these two prophets tormented
+    those, who dwell on the earth. And after the three days and a half
+    the Spirit of life from God entered them, and they stood on their
+    feet; and great fear fell on those, who saw them. And they heard a
+    great voice from heaven, saying to them, Ascend here! And they
+    ascended into heaven in a cloud; and their enemies saw them. And
+    in that hour there was a great earthquake, and the tenth part of
+    the city fell, and in the earthquake seven thousand names of men
+    were slain: and the remnant became terrified, and gave glory to
+    the God of heaven. The second woe is past away; behold, the third
+    woe cometh quickly.�—Rev. 11:3-14.
+
+
+The two witnesses are not symbolically exhibited, but are referred to by
+an elliptical metaphor, and are explained to be the “two olive-trees, and
+the two candlesticks.� Therefore, they are not two living men, as some
+suppose, shown to John in vision, symbolizing analogous agents; but their
+nature is to be determined by a consideration of the olive-trees and
+candlesticks which symbolize them.
+
+Candlesticks symbolize churches. Thus the Saviour said to John: “The seven
+candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches,� 1:20. When “men
+light a candle,� they put “it on a candlestick, and it giveth light unto
+all that are in the house,� Matt. 5:15. The candlestick does not
+originate, but sustains the light in a position to be seen and exert a
+beneficial influence. It is thus that the church is said to be “the light
+of the world,� and is required to let her light “shine before men,� _Ib._
+vs. 14-16,—_i.e._ She is to disseminate the light committed to her; and in
+so doing, she becomes a _witness_ for Jesus.
+
+The church comprises all the holy persons who have lived on earth, and is
+symbolized by two candlesticks, corresponding to the two dispensations of
+its existence. Those who lived under the former dispensation, are called
+“a great cloud of witnesses,� Heb. 12:1. Of Christ, “give all the prophets
+witness,� Acts 10:43. They constitute the voice of the church in that age.
+Under the gospel dispensation, also, Christ had chosen witnesses of
+himself. He said to his disciples, “Ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in
+Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts
+of the earth,� (_Ib._ 1:8); and they said, “We are his witnesses,� _Ib._
+5:32. “We are witnesses of all things which he did, ... witnesses chosen
+before of God,� (_Ib._ 10:39-41);—“his witnesses unto the people,� _Ib._
+13:31. They and their successors have “testified and preached the word of
+the Lord,� (_Ib._ 8:25), overcoming “by the word of their testimony,�
+(Rev. 12:11),—many of them being “slain for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held,� 6:9. The church, one in all ages, symbolized
+by the two candlesticks, is thus a _witness_ of Jesus.
+
+The two olive-trees, symbolize the other witness, which must sustain a
+relation to the church, analogous to that sustained by the olive-trees to
+the candlesticks. The declaration, that the witnesses are _the_ two
+olive-trees and candlesticks, implies the existence of some previous
+symbolization, where those objects and their relation to each other are
+presented. And the connection shows clearly that reference is made to the
+vision, wherein Zechariah beheld “a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl
+upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the
+seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof; and two olive-trees by it,
+one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side
+thereof,� Zech. 4:2, 3. The relation which the olive-trees sustain to the
+candlestick, is shown by the questions of the prophet: “What are these, my
+Lord?� (_Ib._ v. 4); “What are these two olive-trees upon the right side
+of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? What be these two
+olive-branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out
+of themselves?� _Ib._ vs. 11, 12. The office of the olive-trees, was to
+supply the candlestick with oil which alone enabled them to give light.
+The oil of the olive-tree, was burned before the Lord continually. The
+light committed to the church, is the truth of God’s word. And thus the
+angel explains the meaning of the olive-trees: “This is the word of the
+Lord unto Zerubbabel,� (_Ib._ v. 6); “These are the two anointed ones
+[_mar_, sons of oil], that stand by the Lord of the whole earth,� _Ib._ v.
+14. And this expression, corresponding with that in Rev. 11:4, shows that
+this vision of Zechariah is the one referred to, and that it is
+explanatory of the witnesses.
+
+The Scriptures, as well as the church, testify of Christ: “Search the
+Scriptures,� said the Saviour, speaking of those then written; “they are
+they which _testify_ [or bear witness] of me,� (John 5:39); and of the New
+Testament, he said: “This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world for a _witness_ unto all nations,� Matt. 24:4. Like two
+olive-trees supplying the candlesticks with oil, the Scriptures of the
+Old, and of the New Testament give light to the church, and testify of
+Christ. They stand on either side of him,—the one beginning with the
+creation and pointing to a Messiah to come, testifying of him by types and
+shadows; and the other looking back to the death and resurrection of
+Christ, and cheering the heart of the believer by the evidence of his
+second coming at the end of the world. Thus stood within the oracle of the
+temple the two cherubim, which Solomon made “of _olive-tree_,� and whose
+wings met over the ark of the covenant: “He set the cherubim within the
+inner house, and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubim, so that
+the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub
+touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst
+of the house,� 1 Kings 6, 27. Thus symbolized, the Scriptures and the
+church are Christ’s two witnesses.
+
+To prophesy, is to make known the truths of God. Thus, at the epoch of the
+Reformation, they were to prophesy _again_ before many peoples, and
+nations, and tongues and kings, 10:11. It was to enable the witnesses to
+do this, that the necessary power was to be given them.
+
+Sackcloth, is a symbol of humiliation and sorrow; and the witnesses being
+thus clothed, indicates that during the time specified, they should be in
+a despised and oppressed condition.
+
+The one thousand two hundred and sixty days, symbolize years. God said to
+Israel, after the evil report of the twelve spies: “Your children shall
+wander in the wilderness forty _years_ ... after the number of the _days_
+which ye searched the land,� Num. 14:33, 34. And to Ezekiel, “This shall
+be a sign to the house of Israel: Lie thou upon thy left side, and lay the
+iniquity of the house of Israel upon it, ... for I have laid upon thee the
+years of their iniquity, according to the number of the days, three
+hundred and ninety days.... And when thou hast accomplished them, lie
+again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of
+Judah forty days: I have appointed thee _each day for a year_,� Ezek.
+4:3-6.
+
+This period of one thousand two hundred and sixty years, is not the whole
+time in which the witnesses prophesy, but marks the duration of their
+prophesying in sackcloth. It commenced when the light of the Bible began
+to be obscured by the secondary place which was accorded to it in the
+estimation of the Papal church, and the living witnesses were no longer
+permitted to preach the gospel in its purity.
+
+In A. D. 533, the Emperor Justinian, wrote a letter to the Pope declaring
+him to be “the head of all the holy churches,� and subjecting to his
+control “all the priests of the whole East.� By the edicts and mandates of
+Justinian, who was master of the Roman world, the supremacy of the Pope
+received the fullest sanction; and the highest authorities among the
+civilians and annalists of Rome, refer to these as evidence of the right
+of the Pope to the title of “Universal Bishop,� and date it from A. D.
+533. p. 200.
+
+With this supremacy, the power of the Papacy commenced. The Bible was
+permitted only in a dead language, and the faithful Christian was obliged
+to seek refuge in the wilderness. False doctrines obscuring the Bible, and
+persecuting enactments oppressing the church, clothed the witnesses in
+sackcloth; and thus only did they testify, till the power of the papacy
+was broken.
+
+Fire proceeded out of their mouth, when they made known the fiery
+judgments predicted in the Scriptures against all their enemies. And they
+shut heaven, smite with plagues, turn water to blood, &c., when, in
+accordance with the inspired record, are fulfilled the predictions which,
+in various places, are thus symbolized.—See Rev. 15:6; 16:4, &c.
+
+The finishing of their testimony, refers to the termination of the
+sackcloth period,—twelve hundred and sixty years from A. D. 533; _i.e._ in
+1793,—if the former date is correct.
+
+The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit, is that on which, in a
+subsequent vision, the woman is seated, 17:7, 8. John saw this beast arise
+out of the sea, (13:1); and the subsequent exposition given of it, will
+show that it symbolized the civil power of the Roman empire in its divided
+form.—See p. 169. As the ten kingdoms constitute the beast, what is done
+by any of these kingdoms, is done by the beast. France was one of the more
+prominent of these kingdoms, and at one period, under Napoleon, controlled
+the greater portion of the whole.
+
+To war against the witnesses, is to oppose, resist, and endeavor to crush
+them; and to overcome them, is to be successful in such efforts.
+
+To kill, when used symbolically and applied to Christians, is to cause
+them to apostatize—producing spiritual death, 9:5. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it can only denote their prohibition.
+
+The great city, as shown in connection with Rev. 16:19, p. 290, is the
+Roman hierarchy:—symbolized by Babylon, and “spiritually called Sodom and
+Egypt.� By being thus “_spiritually_ called Sodom,� some understand that
+it is a “spiritual Sodom,� &c., which would be a contradiction of terms;
+others understand that it is called _figuratively_ by those names, and
+deduce from it an argument for spiritualizing the Scriptures; but the use
+of the word “_spiritually_,� it is believed, will not sanction any such
+meaning. It occurs only in two other passages:—in Rom. 8:7, to be
+“spiritually minded,� is to have a mind in accordance with the will of the
+Spirit; and in 1 Cor. 2:14, things “spiritually discerned,� signifies that
+they are discerned by the aid of the Spirit. The great city, then, is
+called by the Spirit, “Sodom and Egypt;� and is so called because of her
+licentiousness and idolatries, and her subjecting the saints to bondage.
+To crucify the Lord afresh, is to apostatize from his teachings, Heb. 6:6.
+
+In 1793, twelve hundred and sixty years from the date of the Papal
+supremacy, the Bible was abolished in France, by the solemn decree of the
+government, which declared that the nation acknowledged no God. A copy of
+the Bible could not be found in a single bookstore in Paris. Inquiry also
+was made for it in Rome, in _all_ the book establishments of that city,
+and the invariable reply was, that it was prohibited. All the churches of
+Paris were shut, and the church plate was declared the property of the
+nation. Professors of religion, at the same time, in large numbers openly
+apostatized and embraced infidelity. Says Dr. Croley:—
+
+“On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet, with the republican priests of
+Paris, had thrown off the gown and abjured religion. On the 11th, a ‘grand
+festival,’ dedicated to ‘Reason and Truth,’ was celebrated instead of
+divine service in the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, which had been
+desecrated, and been named, ‘the Temple of Reason;’ a pyramid was erected
+in the centre of the church, surmounted by a temple, inscribed, ‘To
+Philosophy.’ The torch of ‘Truth’ was on the altar of ‘Reason,’ spreading
+light, &c. The National Convention, and all the authorities, attended at
+this burlesque and insulting ceremony. In February, 1794, a grand fête was
+ordered by the convention, in which hymns to Liberty were chanted, and a
+pageant in honor of the abolition of slavery in the colonies, was
+displayed in the ‘Temple of Reason.’ In June another festival was
+ordered—to the Supreme Being: the God of Philosophy. But the most superb
+exhibition was the ‘general festival,’ in honor of the republic. It was
+distinguished by a more audacious spirit of scoffing and profanation than
+the former. Robespierre acted the ‘high-priest of Reason’ on the day, and
+made himself conspicuous in blasphemy. He was then at the summit of
+power,—actual sovereign of France.�
+
+The dead bodies of the witnesses, would be their existence in that
+prohibited condition, when, in France, neither the Scriptures, nor the
+church showed any symptoms of life. In the street, would be the
+conspicuous and public manner in which indignities should be heaped on
+them. France had been one of the principal states yielding homage to the
+Roman church. Surrounding nations beheld, but would not permit the
+extermination of the Bible and Christianity.
+
+The French made merry over their blasphemous work. Says Dr. Croley:—
+
+“A very remarkable and _prophetic_ distinction of this period, was the
+spirit of frenzied festivity which seized upon France. The capital, and
+all the republican towns, were the scene of civic feasts, processions, and
+shows of the most extravagant kind. The most festive times of peace under
+the most expensive kings were thrown into the shade by the frequency,
+variety, and extent of the republican exhibitions. Yet this was a time of
+perpetual miseries throughout France. The guillotine was bloody from morn
+till night. In the single month of July, 1794, nearly _eight hundred
+persons_, the majority, principal individuals of the state, and all
+possessing some respectability of situation, were guillotined in Paris
+alone. In the midst of this horror, there were twenty-six theatres open,
+filled with the most profane and profligate displays in honor of the
+‘triumph of reason.’ �
+
+In Lyons a Bible was tied to the tail of an ass and dragged in a
+procession through the streets of that city. Thus they rejoiced over the
+supposed end of religion in France; and congratulated themselves that the
+terrors of God’s word, and the church would no more torment them.
+
+“After three days and a half,� would be that number of years from the
+suppression of Christianity in November, 1793. On the 17th day of June,
+1797, three and a half years from the abolition of the Bible and religious
+worship, CAMILLE JOURDAN, in the _Council of Five Hundred_, brought up the
+memorable report on the _Revision of the Laws Relative to Religious
+Worship_, by which France gave permission to all citizens to buy or hire
+edifices for the free exercise of it; repealing all opposing laws, and
+subjecting those to a heavy fine who should in any way impede or interrupt
+any religious service. The Bible and the church again stood erect, to the
+dismay of all who had rejoiced over their overthrow. Those two witnesses
+were again in a position to resume their testimony.
+
+They were not only to be thus restored, but were to be elevated far above
+their former position. Since that epoch, have been made all those great
+efforts to evangelize the world, by means of missionary, tract, Bible, and
+other benevolent societies, which have caused the _Scriptures_ to be
+translated into nearly all known languages, and carried by the _living
+preacher_ to the ends of the earth. The very room in which Voltaire
+uttered his famous prediction—that “the time would arrive when the Bible
+would be regarded only in the light of an old curiosity,�—is now used for
+a Bible depository, and is “piled to the ceiling with that rare old book.�
+Copies of the Bible have been multiplied a million fold, and scattered
+broadcast over the earth. The other witness,—the church, has since then,
+also, been greatly magnified. In this age of missions and Bibles, the
+number of believers has been greatly multiplied; and missionaries have
+penetrated all lands. The last half-century has been distinguished for its
+wonderful revivals; and the servants of the cross have “prophesied [or
+testified] again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings,� 10:11.
+
+The same hour, is the time of the slaughter of the witnesses. Its epoch
+was to be marked by a great political revolution, which, in the
+Apocalypse, is symbolized by an earthquake. In the year in which
+Christianity was suppressed by France, they beheaded their king, abolished
+the monarchy, and entirely revolutionized the government. In the reign of
+terror following, the best blood of the nation was shed like water, and no
+man of influence could consider his life secure. Men, women and children
+were dragged before the revolutionary tribunals, had their accusations
+read to them, and were immediately condemned, and hurried off in crowds
+without a trial, to be shot, drowned or beheaded. At Lyons thirty-one
+thousand persons were thus slain; at Nantes thirty-two thousand,—and
+throughout France in proportion. The number thus slain, has been estimated
+at over one million,—a number hardly credible, and which might well be
+symbolized by seven thousand—a perfect number. Well might the remnant be
+affrighted, and hasten to give glory to the GOD of heaven, by the
+restoration of that book, the setting aside of which had involved them in
+such dire calamities.
+
+The tenth of the city which fell, must be the tenth of the Roman
+hierarchy, which is symbolized by the city. With the suppression of
+religion, the Catholic church was prohibited, with all others. France was
+one of the ten kingdoms, and the overthrow of the church in France, would
+be the fall of one-tenth of that city.
+
+Thus passed the second woe—the prelude to the third woe, which cometh
+quickly.
+
+
+
+The Seventh Trumpet.
+
+
+    “And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud voices in
+    heaven, saying, The kingdom of the world hath become the kingdom
+    of our Lord, and of his Anointed; and he will reign for ever and
+    ever. And the twenty-four elders, who sat before God on their
+    thrones, fell on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, We thank
+    thee, O Lord God Almighty, who art, and who wast, because thou
+    hast taken to thyself thy great power, and reigned. And the
+    nations were enraged, and thy wrath is come, and the season of the
+    dead, when they should be judged, and a reward should be given to
+    thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and to those who
+    fear thy name, small and great; and when thou shouldest destroy
+    those, who destroy the earth. And the temple of God was opened in
+    heaven, and the ark of his covenant in his temple appeared, and
+    there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders, and an
+    earthquake, and great hail.�—Rev. 11:15-19.
+
+
+The seventh, like the preceding trumpets, marks an epoch from which an era
+dates. “The days of the voice of the seventh angel� (10:7), are indicative
+of a period of time to follow its sounding, in which will be fulfilled the
+events predicted of that era.
+
+The voices in heaven, which immediately follow its sounding, are prophetic
+utterances of events then to transpire; and are distinct from the response
+of the elders. When Christ “shall be revealed from heaven,� he will be
+accompanied “with his mighty angels,� 2 Thess. 1:7. He will descend “with
+a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God,� (1
+Thess. 4:16); and the shout is evidently that of the attending angels,
+symbolized by those voices, which will announce the revolution which is to
+be made in the empire of the earth, and of the substitution of the kingdom
+of God in the place of human governments.
+
+The kingdom here established, is the long promised consummation, foretold
+by prophets, and anticipated by saints of every age. It is that predicted
+by Daniel, when he says: “In the days of these kings shall the GOD of
+heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom
+shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and
+consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever.� Dan. 2:44. He
+also “saw in the night visions, and behold, one like the Son of Man came
+with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of Days, and they
+brought him near before him. And there was given him dominion, and glory,
+and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him:
+his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and
+his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.... And the kingdom and
+dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall
+be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him.� _Ib._
+7:13, 14, 27. It is that referred to in the simple petition, “Thy kingdom
+come� (Matt. 6:10), which was to be the great object of our prayer till
+the final consummation; which the disciples thought was to appear
+immediately, when they journeyed towards, and were nigh to, Jerusalem, and
+which misapprehension the Saviour corrected by the parable of a nobleman
+going into a far country to receive for himself kingly authority, and to
+return, Luke 20:12. It is that respecting which they inquired, as the
+SAVIOUR was about to be taken from them, if he would at that time restore
+it to Israel, (Acts 1:6); and to which the apostle refers, when he
+declares to TIMOTHY that the Lord JESUS CHRIST will judge the living and
+the dead at his appearing and kingdom, 2 Tim. 4:1.
+
+“Thy kingdom come! Thus, day by day
+We lift our hands to God and pray;
+But who has ever duly weighed
+The meaning of the words he said?�
+
+This kingdom is to be an eternal kingdom: “He will reign for ever and
+ever.� This is in accordance with the declaration in Daniel, that “the
+saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom
+forever, even for ever and ever,� Dan. 7:18. To its eternity Nathan
+testifies when he says to David, “Thy house and thy kingdom shall be
+established forever before thee: thy throne shall be established forever,�
+2 Sam. 7:16. Though this was spoken to David, it was to be fulfilled in
+Christ; for we read in Luke (1:32, 33), “He shall be great, and shall be
+called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the
+throne of his father David: and he shall reign over the house of Jacob
+forever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end.� It is predicted in
+Isaiah, that “Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the
+government shall be upon his shoulder; and his name shall be called
+Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince
+of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no
+end; upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it and to
+establish it with judgment and with justice, from henceforth, even
+forever,� Isa. 9:6, 7. To the Son the Father saith, “Thy throne, O God, is
+for ever and ever,� (Heb. 1:8); and the blood-washed throng ascribe to him
+“glory and dominion for ever and ever,� 1:5, 6.
+
+“Thy kingdom come! O day of joy,
+When praise shall every tongue employ;
+When hate and strife and war shall cease,
+And man with man shall be at peace.
+Jesus shall reign on Zion’s hill,
+And all the earth with glory fill;
+His word shall Paradise restore,
+And sin and death afflict no more.
+God’s holy will shall then be done
+By all who live beneath the sun;
+For saints shall then as angels be,
+All changed to immortality.�
+
+The four-and-twenty elders,—symbolizing those who are redeemed “out of
+every kindred and tongue and people and nation,� 5:8, 9,—at the
+establishment of the kingdom, are to be made “kings and priests,� and are
+to “reign on the earth,� 5:10. They are “saints of the Most High,� who are
+to “take the kingdom,� and possess it “forever.� With the announcement of
+its establishment, they immediately respond with glad hosannas, which
+spontaneously and unitedly burst forth from the enraptured hosts of the
+ransomed ones, as they find themselves clothed upon with immortality, and
+in the joyful presence of their Lord. They are raised from the dead at
+this epoch; or are among the living who will then be translated, as says
+the apostle:
+
+“Behold I show you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be
+changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, _at the last
+trump_,�—the last of the seven;—“for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead
+shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.�
+
+The nations who are angry, will be the nations out from whom the righteous
+are taken, and who are left to the recompense of their reward;—“when the
+Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, in
+flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God and obey not the
+gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall be punished with everlasting
+destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his
+power; when he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired
+in all them that believe,� 2 Thess. 1:7-10.
+
+The heathen had raged, and the people imagined a vain thing. The kings of
+the earth had set themselves, and the rulers taken counsel against the
+Lord, and against his anointed. Now the time of their anger is to end: the
+time for the exercise of the wrath of Jehovah upon them, has arrived, and
+they are filled with fear, consternation, and shame. The time has come
+when the dead are to be avenged,—when those who had been slain for the
+word of God, and for the testimony which they held, whose souls under the
+altar during the fifth seal, cried with a loud voice, saying,
+
+“How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood
+on them that dwell on the earth?� (6:10) find their expectations answered,
+and the destroyers, or perverters of the earth, in like manner perverted
+and destroyed. This winds up the kingdom of Satan on earth; his reign
+terminates, and his subjects are banished. The absence of all the wicked,
+with the transfiguration of all the righteous living and resurrection of
+the just, leave for subjects only those who have passed the period of
+their probation, and are introduced into the everlasting kingdom of God.
+
+The opening of the temple in heaven, and the presentation of the Ark of
+the Covenant, symbolize the unfolding of the mystery, in which the
+administration of God may have been shrouded, making apparent all which
+may have been inexplicable in his dealings with men; and rendering evident
+the verity of his promises to his chosen ones.
+
+The voices, lightnings, thunders, earthquake, and hail, are appropriate
+symbols of the plagues which will fall upon the wicked. These are
+fearfully depicted in the Scriptures. God says to Job, “Hast thou seen the
+treasures of hail which I have reserved against the time of trouble,
+against the day of battle and war,� 38:22, 23. Judgment then will be laid
+“to the line, and righteousness to the plummet, and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies. The Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be
+heard, and shall show the lighting down of his arm with the indignation of
+his anger, and with the flame of devouring fire, with scattering, and
+tempest, and hailstones,� Isa. 28:17.
+
+This prepares the way for the purification of the earth as foretold by
+Peter (2 Pet. 3:12, 13), the restitution of all things (3:21), the new
+heavens and new earth (21:1), the descent of the saints (21:2), and the
+kingdom of God on the earth, 21:3. Assuming the correctness of the view
+here given, how near to the time now present does it seem to fix the
+consummation!
+
+    “So shall the world go on,
+To good malignant, to bad men benign,
+Under her own weight groaning: till the day
+Appear, of respiration to the just,
+And vengeance to the wicked; at return
+Of him—thy Saviour and thy Lord:
+Last in the clouds from heaven, to be revealed
+In glory of the Father, to dissolve
+Satan, with his perverted world; then raise
+From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,
+New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,
+Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love,
+To bring forth fruits, joy, and eternal bliss.�—_Milton._
+
+“The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring
+New heavens and earth, wherein the just shall dwell,
+And after all their tribulations long,
+See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds,
+With joy and love triumphing, and fair truth.�—_Ib._
+
+
+
+
+The Woman and Dragon.
+
+
+    “And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the
+    sun, and the moon was under her feet, and on her head a crown of
+    twelve stars; and she, being with child, cried, travailing in
+    birth, and pained to be delivered. And another sign appeared in
+    heaven: and behold, a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten
+    horns, and seven diadems on his heads. And his tail dragged the
+    third part of the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth: and
+    the dragon stood before the woman, who was about to be delivered,
+    to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she brought forth
+    a male child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron; and
+    her child was snatched up to God, and to his throne. And the woman
+    fled into the desert, where she hath a place there prepared of
+    God, that they should feed her there one thousand two hundred and
+    sixty days.�—Rev. 12:1-6.
+
+
+With this chapter commences a new series of events, extending through the
+entire gospel dispensation; the former series being terminated by the
+events of the last trumpet.
+
+The heaven, where these great “wonders� are exhibited, must symbolize the
+theatre of their fulfilment—the station to be occupied by the agents
+symbolized, which must be as conspicuous as heaven is relatively high
+above the earth.
+
+The woman, according to the use of the symbol in other places, must be a
+representative of the church. As the harlot on a scarlet-colored beast
+(17:3), is a symbol of a corrupt and apostate church, so a virtuous woman
+is a chosen symbol of the true church.
+
+The “Jerusalem which is above is the mother� of all true Christians (Gal.
+4:26); she is also “the bride, the Lamb’s wife� (21:9); and “the remnant
+of _her seed_,� are those “which keep the commandments of God, and have
+the testimony of Jesus Christ,� v. 17. Her robe of light, her position
+above the moon, and her crown of stars, indicate her greatness and glory.
+
+The epoch symbolized, as appears from the relative position of the woman
+and dragon, is evidently just prior to the first advent of the Messiah,
+when his coming was eagerly anticipated and ardently desired by the
+church, and the Roman power had thereby been excited to jealousy.
+
+The church is the same in all ages, comprising only the true people of
+God; all of whom will have part in the first resurrection, 20:6. The
+Jewish church was continued by the breaking off of unbelieving branches,
+and the grafting in of believing Gentiles with believing Jews, who alike
+partake of the root and fatness of the same olive-tree, Rom. 11:17.
+
+Previous to the first advent, the Jewish church occupied a high political
+position, above that of the inferior officers of state, and was in the
+enjoyment of imperial favor. Patriarchs and prophets—the messengers of the
+church—were stars in her crown of rejoicing, 1:20. From the utterance of
+the prediction that the woman’s seed should bruise the serpent’s head
+(Gen. 3:15), the coming of the promised deliverer was the great desire of
+the church. Even Eve exclaimed, at the birth of her first-born
+(_literally_), “I have gotten _the_ man from the Lord,� Gen. 4:1. For his
+coming,
+
+“Kings and prophets waited long
+But died without the sight.�
+
+They “inquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that
+should come unto you: searching what, or what manner of time the spirit of
+Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the
+sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow,� 1 Pet. 1:10, 11.
+“Many righteous men desired� to see his day (Matt. 13:17); Abraham
+rejoiced and was made glad at its prospect, when in the distant future
+(John, 8:56); and Hezekiah lamented that because of death he should not
+see “the Lord in the land of the living,� Isa. 38:11.
+
+The seventy weeks indicated to the Jews the time of “the Messiah, the
+Prince,� Dan. 9:26-27. When these were near their termination, to the
+pious and devout Simeon who was “waiting for the consolation of Israel,�
+it “was revealed by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death before he
+had seen the Lord’s Christ,� Luke 2:25, 26. And the opinion was so
+general, that when the _Baptist_ preceded him, “the people were in
+expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were
+the Christ or no,� Luke 3:15. This expectation is testified to by the
+Jewish historians Philo and Josephus; and it was that which so troubled
+Herod, when wise men came, saying, “Where is he that is born King of the
+Jews?� Matt. 2:1-3.
+
+The belief that some remarkable personage was about to appear in Judea,
+was not confined to Palestine, but extended to Egypt, Rome, Greece, and
+wherever the Jews were scattered abroad. Says Suetonius, a Roman
+historian: “An ancient and settled persuasion prevailed throughout the
+East, that the Fates had decreed some one to proceed from Judea, who
+should attain universal empire.� And Tacitus, another Roman historian,
+says: “Many were persuaded that it was contained in the ancient books of
+their priests, that at that very time the East should prevail, and that
+some one should proceed from Judea, and possess the dominion.�
+
+The great red dragon sustains a relation to the woman, analogous to that
+sustained by the nondescript beast (of Dan. 7:7), to the saints of the
+Most High; and his position respecting the man-child is like that of the
+exceeding great horn (Dan. 8:9), to the Prince of princes, Dan. 8:25. Like
+the beast referred to, the dragon has ten horns; and its characteristics
+indicate that it also symbolizes the Roman empire,—“the fourth kingdom
+upon earth,� Dan. 7:23. The dragon is a monster serpent. “That old
+serpent� who seduced Eve (Gen. 3:5), “called the devil� (Matt. 4:1-12),
+and “Satan� (2 Cor. 2:11), “who deceiveth the whole world,� is an
+appropriate representative of Rome.
+
+The “head� of a beast, sustains a relation to the beast analogous to that
+of the government to the people of an empire. It is that by which the
+beast is directed and governed. When distinguished from the body of the
+beast (Dan. 7:11), according to the analogy, it must be understood as a
+symbol of the directing and controlling power, in the kingdom indicated by
+the beast. Several heads on the same beast, on this principle, must
+indicate the several forms of government to which the nation is subject.
+As these cannot be contemporary, like the divisions of a kingdom
+represented by the horns, they must be successive. To suppose they
+represent different governments, destroys the analogy, and makes them
+separate beasts, instead of heads of the same beast; and no government can
+be subject to more than one head at the same time.
+
+The “seven heads� of the dragon, then, symbolize the directing and
+controlling powers which ruled the Roman empire,—the seven successive
+forms of government under which it existed. Rome was founded about B. C.
+753, from small beginnings, on the summit of Mount Palatine, and gradually
+increased in extent, till it spread over seven hills: the Palatine,
+Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline, CÅ“lius, and Quirinalia; and its
+population of about three thousand in the time of Romulus, increased to
+about two millions in the time of Augustus Cæsar.
+
+Previous to the subversion of the empire, Rome existed under different
+forms of government, as follows:—
+
+1. _Kingly._—The first government established was a monarchy, and lasted
+two hundred and forty-four years, under seven kings, viz., Romulus, Numa,
+Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquin Priscus, Servius Tullius, and
+Tarquin the Proud, who was afterwards expelled from the throne. This was
+denominated the infancy of the Roman empire.
+
+2. _Consular._—In B. C. 509, the constitution of Rome was remodelled, and
+the executive power committed to two consuls, to be elected annually. This
+commenced the “Commonwealth of Rome.�
+
+3. _Dictatorial._—The office of dictator was the highest known in Rome,
+and was only resorted to in cases of emergency. He was elected for six
+months only, and usually resigned his authority, which, for the time, was
+nearly absolute, as soon as he had effected the object for which he was
+chosen.
+
+4. _Decemviral._—In B. C. 451, the government was so changed, that,
+instead of the two consuls, the government was committed to ten men, to be
+chosen annually, and jointly exercise the sovereign power. After two years
+the decemvirs were banished, and the consular government was restored.
+
+5. _Tribunitial._—In B. C. 426, Rome having become a military state,
+military tribunes were substituted for the consular power, till B. C. 366,
+when the latter was again restored.
+
+6. _Pagan Imperial._—With the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, the Roman
+Commonwealth terminated; and Augustus Cæsar united in his own person not
+only the offices of Consul, Tribune, &c., but also that of _Supreme
+Pontiff_,—the head of the pagan hierarchy. This last office, says Gibbon,
+“was constantly exercised by the emperors.� Thus were united the highest
+civil and ecclesiastical powers of the state.
+
+7. _Christian Imperial._—In A. D. 312, the government was revolutionized,
+by the accession of Constantine to the throne. He effected important
+changes in the relations of the people to the monarch, opposed idolatry,
+and by the introduction of Christianity, effected a political change in
+the laws and administration of the empire. This continued, with a slight
+interruption under Julian the Apostate, till the subversion of the Western
+empire, A. D. 476.
+
+Mr. Elliott, in explanation of the first five heads, says: “I adopt, with
+the most entire satisfaction, that generally-received Protestant
+interpretation, which, following the authoritative statement of Livy and
+Tacitus (the latter great historian, St. John’s own contemporary),
+enumerates kings, consuls, dictators, decemvirs, and military tribunes, as
+the first five constitutional heads of the Roman city and commonwealth;
+then as the sixth, the Imperial head, commencing with Octavian.�—_Horæ
+Apoca._, vol. III., p. 106, 4th ed.
+
+Those heads are shown to symbolize seven forms of government, by the
+explanation that “they are seven mountains where the woman sits on them
+[mountains also symbolizing governments], and are seven kings,� 17:9, 10.
+And they are shown to be successive, by the fact that, when John wrote,
+the first five had passed away, one only then existed,—the Pagan
+Imperial,—and the other head was then in the future, 17:10.
+
+The “ten horns� also symbolize kings, or dynasties; but, unlike the heads,
+instead of being successive, they are contemporaneous. According to the
+explanation, they had received no kingdom when John wrote, and were all to
+exercise power at the same time: “The ten horns which thou didst see, are
+ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom; but they receive power as
+kings, one hour with the wild beast,� 17:12. These will be more
+particularly noticed in connection with the thirteenth chapter, and there
+shown to be the ten contemporaneous governments which succeeded to the
+dominion, on the subversion of the Western Empire. See p. 169.
+
+The “seven crowns� on the heads of the dragon, indicate that the acts here
+symbolized, would be fulfilled during the period when the sovereignty of
+Rome should be vested in the forms of government symbolized by the heads,
+and not during that symbolized by the horns.
+
+The woman appeared in the symbolic heavens anterior to the dragon. Prior
+to the birth of Christ, the church was conspicuous and honored. The
+sacrifices which smoked on Jewish altars, were offered to Jehovah. The
+subjects of the divine government conducted their service with all the
+splendor imparted by the Jewish ritual. Royalty was an appendage of the
+nation: the sceptre did not depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from
+between his feet, till Shiloh came, Gen. 49:10. By an alliance with the
+Romans, B. C. 135, Rome took its position in the presence of the woman.
+
+The first act of the dragon was by a sweep of its tail to draw down
+one-third of the stars, and to cast them to the earth. This was before the
+birth of the man-child. After Rome attained the supremacy, Judea
+proportionably suffered. Her glory was measurably dimmed by many
+indignities before her subjugation to Rome was consummated. Jerusalem was
+repeatedly besieged. At one time (B. C. 94) Alexander Jannæus slew six
+thousand persons on account of their meeting in the temple at the feast of
+tabernacles. In B. C. 63, Judea was conquered by Pompey, the Roman
+general. In B. C. 54, Crassus plundered the temple of Jerusalem. In B. C.
+37, Jerusalem was taken, after a siege of six months. Various other
+difficulties occurred between Judea and Rome, previous to the Saviour’s
+advent, on account of which she was greatly depressed and humbled, so that
+it might with propriety be said that one-third of her stars were cast to
+the ground. This depression was one great reason why the church within her
+borders looked so earnestly for a Deliverer.
+
+The Man-child is the one “who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron,�
+according to the prediction of Christ in the second Psalm; which proves
+its reference to the Saviour.
+
+The purpose of the dragon to destroy the child of the woman as soon as it
+should be born, in accordance with the view here taken, would symbolize
+the purpose of the Roman power, by the agency of Herod the Roman governor
+in Judea, to destroy the infant Saviour. “When he had gathered all the
+chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them
+where Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem, in
+Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet.� And Herod “sent forth and
+slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts
+thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had
+diligently inquired of the wise men,� Matt. 2:1-16. Thus Rome sought to
+slay the Saviour as soon as he was born; but Joseph took the child and
+fled into Egypt. Afterwards Christ was crucified by Roman soldiers, and
+deposited in the tomb, arising again the third day.
+
+His being caught up to God and to his throne, symbolizes his resurrection
+from the dead, and ascension from the Mount of Olives (Acts 1:9), to the
+right hand of the Majesty on high; “whom the heaven must receive until the
+times of restitution of all things,� _Ib._ 3:21.
+
+The flight of the woman into the wilderness, denotes her descent from the
+conspicuous position she had occupied, and the dispersion of the church.
+With the crucifixion of Christ, Judaism was no longer the casket in which
+the church was enshrined. It left its place in the moral heavens, and the
+followers of Christ were scattered abroad, Acts 8:1-4. Thus she virtually
+fled into the wilderness—into the condition, where, subsequently, she was
+to be nourished for 1260 prophetic days.
+
+It is objected to the application of the man-child to the Saviour, that it
+should be prophetic, and not retrospective. This objection would be
+equally valid to the application of the symbolic heads, against which it
+is never urged. That which is retrospective, to be appropriately
+symbolized, must be in harmony with, and explanatory of other parts. Thus,
+by the man-child and previous travail of the woman, she is identified, and
+her relation to the dragon established. No other subject could fulfil the
+conditions of the symbol, for of no other was it predicted: “Thou art my
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.—Ask of me, and I shall give thee the
+heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for
+thy possession.—Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash
+them in pieces like a potter’s vessel,� Psa. 2:8-10.
+
+
+
+
+The War in Heaven.
+
+
+    “And a war took place in heaven: Michael and his angels fought
+    with the dragon;, and the dragon fought and his angels, and he
+    prevailed not; nor was their place found any more in heaven. And
+    the great dragon was cast out, the old serpent, called the Devil,
+    and Satan, who deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the
+    earth, and his angels were cast out with him.�—Rev. 12:7-9.
+
+
+The churches,—which on the persecution subsequent to the Pentecostal
+season were scattered abroad, and went everywhere preaching the word (Acts
+8:4),—afterwards had rest, and were multiplied, _Ib._ 9:31. They were thus
+enabled again to act a conspicuous part, as symbolized by the contest
+between Michael and the dragon.
+
+The contest symbolized, is a religious one; for the dragon is overcome “by
+the word of their testimony,� v. 11.
+
+Michael and his angels, then, must symbolize the body of Christ,—the
+apostles, and their successor, under the guidance of the Lord,—who
+constituted an army of religious teachers. With the arrows of truth they
+assailed the idolatrous combinations of their opponents. Under the first
+seal, they are represented by a mounted warrior, with bow and crown, going
+forth conquering and to conquer, 6:2. See p. 58.
+
+The dragon, with the appendages of heads, horns, and diadems, was seen to
+be a symbol of the Roman government. Divested of those, it would simply
+represent the Pagan hierarchy with which the contest was waged. The
+heathen priests and their adherents, thus warred with the preachers of
+Christianity.
+
+Its prevailing not, shows the relative success of the two parties. The
+struggle continued from the day of Pentecost till the accession of
+Constantine. The church waded through bloody scenes of bitter persecution,
+which, instead of diminishing, greatly added to her numbers—“the blood of
+the martyrs� proving “the seed of the church.�
+
+The heathen priests were not deficient in logic, philosophy, and artful
+sophistry, by which to defend their mythology. They exhausted these, and
+then resorted to persecution, torture, and death; yet they prevailed not.
+With the weapons of truth, the teachers of Christianity successfully
+assailed those antiquated forms of error,—overcoming “by the blood of the
+Lamb, and by the word of their testimony.� “They loved not their lives
+unto the death,� but freely gave themselves for Christ, till, in time, the
+current of popular favor ceased to flow in the direction of paganism. The
+accession of Constantine to the throne, put an end to the dragonic period
+of Rome; the Pagan service gave place to the worship of Jehovah. The rites
+of heathenism were no longer the religion of the state, and its ministers
+were displaced from the exalted position they had so long occupied. Their
+place was no longer in the symbolic heavens, but in a less conspicuous
+station.
+
+The casting out of the dragon, would then be this expulsion of the pagan
+hierarchy from its national importance, and the dejection of the
+priesthood and their adherents to the earth,—below their former high
+station,—and to the sea, among the unsettled tribes and nations outside of
+Rome. This being a religious and not a political event, it does not
+immediately affect Rome’s nationality. That it is not the overthrow of a
+kingdom, but of religious rites, is shown by the rejoicings which
+followed.
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicings of the Victors.
+
+
+    “And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now is come the
+    salvation and the strength, and the Kingdom of or God, and the
+    power of his Anointed: for the accuser of our brethren it cast
+    out, who accused them before our God day and night. And they
+    overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their
+    testimony; and they loved not their lives to death. On this
+    account, rejoice, ye heavens, and ye who dwell in them.�—Rev.
+    12:10-12.
+
+
+The loud voice is heard in the symbolic heaven from which the Dragon had
+been cast. By the displacement of the Pagan hierarchy, and the
+substitution of Christianity under Constantine, the adherents of the
+latter succeeded to the place of the former, and rejoiced over them.
+
+A loud voice symbolizes the utterance of the thoughts and feelings of an
+interested multitude. The nature of the voice indicates the nature of the
+utterance—whether it be one of expectation, fear, warning, or instruction.
+This voice is expressive of the then prevalent expectation, that, with the
+displacement of Paganism commenced the establishment of the Kingdom of God
+on earth. This belief was not necessarily well founded;—its _existence_
+only being symbolized.
+
+On the triumph of Constantine over Licinius, Eusebius says:—“There were
+illuminations everywhere. They who were before dejected looked on one
+another with joyful aspects and smiles, and with choirs and hymns through
+the cities and country, gave honor first to God, the Supreme Ruler of all,
+as they were taught, and then to the pious emperor and his children.� Says
+Mr Lord:
+
+“Eusebius represents the victors at the precipitation of Maxentius and his
+attendants into the Tiber, as saying, like Moses at the overthrow of the
+Egyptians in the Red Sea: ‘Let us sing to the Lord, for he is signally
+glorified. Horse and rider he has thrown into the sea. The Lord my helper
+and defender was with me unto salvation. Who, O Lord, is like to thee
+among gods? Who is like to thee, glorified by the holy, admirable in
+praise, doing wonders? Constantine entered Rome in triumph, hymning these
+and similar passages to God, the author of the victory.’ And on the fall
+of Licinius he represents the church as uniting in thanksgiving for the
+deliverance, and congratulations at the overthrow of idolatry, and
+establishment of Christ’s kingdom; and devotes the tenth book of his
+history to the edicts of the emperor by which the church was nationalized
+and endowed, and to the restoration of the temples, and the public
+rejoicings at their dedication. ‘Let thanks be given by all to the
+Almighty Ruler of the universe, and to Jesus Christ, our Saviour and
+Redeemer, through whom we pray that peace from external foes may be
+uninterruptedly preserved to us, and tranquillity of mind.’
+
+“ ‘Let us sing to the Lord a new song, for he has done wonderful things.
+His right hand has saved him and his holy arm. The Lord has made known his
+salvation; he has revealed his righteousness in the presence of the
+nations. We may now appropriately respond to the inspired command to sing
+a new song, inasmuch as after such direful spectacles and narrations we
+now have the happiness to see and celebrate what many holy men before us
+and the martyrs for God desired to see on earth, and did not see, and to
+hear, and have not heard. But advancing more rapidly they attained far
+superior gifts in heaven, being caught up to the paradise of celestial
+joy; while we acknowledge the gifts we enjoy are greater than we deserve,
+and contemplate with wonder the largeness of the divine bounty. Admiring
+and adoring with all our souls, we testify to the truth of the prophet’s
+words, “Come and see the works of the Lord, what wonders he has wrought in
+the earth, abolishing wars to the ends of the world. The bow he has
+broken, he has dashed the arms, the shield he has burned in the fire.�
+Rejoicing at the manifest fulfilment of these predictions to us, we go on
+with our history.’ He goes on accordingly to represent the whole
+population, freed from the domination of the tyrants, and relieved from
+oppression, as acknowledging the only true God and protector of the pious,
+and these especially who had placed their hope in Christ, as filled with
+inexpressible joy; the ministers everywhere delivering commemorative
+addresses, and the whole multitude offering praises and thanksgiving to
+God.
+
+“Lactantius also: ‘Let us celebrate the triumph of God with gladness; let
+us commemorate his victory with praise; let us make mention in our prayers
+day and night of the peace which, after ten years of persecution, he has
+conferred on his people.’ �—_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 343-4.
+
+Multitudes actually supposed the long-predicted kingdom of God was now
+being established. Says Mr. Elliott:
+
+“Can we wonder, then, at the exultation that was felt at this time by
+many, perhaps by most, that bore the Christian name: or at their
+high-raised expectations as to the future happy destiny of the Roman, now
+that it had been changed into the Christian, nation? It seemed to them as
+if it had become God’s covenanted people, like Israel of old: and the
+expectation was not unnatural,—an expectation strengthened by the
+remarkable tranquillity which, throughout the extent of the now reünited
+empire, followed almost immediately on Constantine’s establishment of
+Christianity,—that not only the temporal blessings of the ancient Jewish
+covenant would thenceforth in no small measure attach to them, but even
+those prophesied of as appertaining to the latter day. Hence on the medals
+of that era the emblem of the phœnix, all radiant with the rising
+sunbeams, to represent the empire as now risen into new life and hope, and
+its legend which spoke of the happy restoration of the times. Hence, in
+forgetfulness of all former prognostications of Antichrist and fearful
+coming evils, the reference by some of the most eminent of their bishops
+to the latter-day blessedness, as even then about fulfilling. The state of
+things was such, Eusebius tells us, that it looked like ‘the very image of
+the kingdom of Christ.’ The city built by the emperor at Jerusalem, beside
+the new and magnificent Church of the Holy Sepulchre,—the sacred capital,
+as it were, to the new empire,—might be, perhaps, he suggested, the New
+Jerusalem, the theme of so many prophecies. Yet again, on occasion of the
+opening of the new church at Tyre, he expressed in the following glowing
+language, not his own feelings only, but those, we may be sure, of not a
+few of the congregated Christian ministers and people that heard him:
+‘What so many of the Lord’s saints and confessors before our time desired
+to see, and saw not, and to hear, and heard not, that behold now before
+our eyes! It was of us the prophet spake when he told how the wildernesses
+and solitary places should be glad, and the desert rejoice and blossom as
+the lily. Whereas the church was widowed and desolate, her children have
+now to exclaim to her, Make room, enlarge thy borders! the place is too
+strait for us. The promise is fulfilling to her, In righteousness shalt
+thou be established: all thy children shall be taught of God: and great
+shall be the peace of thy children.’ �—_Horæ Apoc._, v. i., pp. 230-1.
+
+They rejoiced over the downfall of the dragon as over “the Accuser of our
+brethren, who accused them before our God day and night.� The phrase “our
+brethren,� proves that those who unite in this song are the living saints
+on the earth. The reference to Satan as an Accuser bears a close
+resemblance to Zech. 3:1, where Joshua, as a symbol of the people of
+Israel, is represented as standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan
+standing at his right hand to resist him.—“שטן Satan signifies an
+_adversary_. רשטנו _lesiteno_, to be his adversary or accuser.�—_Dr.
+Clark._
+
+Satan’s most common work is to invent false accusations against those
+whose efforts tend to frustrate his designs. The Christians had endured
+false accusations and bitter persecutions, and therefore rejoiced the more
+over the defeat of the Pagans.
+
+
+
+
+The Flight of the Woman.
+
+
+    “Woe to the inhabitants of the earth, and of the sea! for the
+    devil is come to you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that
+    he hath but a short season.�
+
+
+    “And when the dragon saw that he was cast out into the earth, he
+    persecuted the woman, who brought forth the male child. And two
+    wings of a great eagle were given to the woman, that she might fly
+    into the desert, into her place, where she is nourished for a
+    time, and times, and half a time, from the presence of the
+    serpent. And the serpent cast out of his mouth water like a river,
+    after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away by the
+    river. And the earth helped the woman; and the earth opened its
+    mouth and swallowed up the river, which the dragon cast out of his
+    mouth. And the dragon was enraged against the woman, and went away
+    to make war with the remnant of her seed, that keep the
+    commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus.�—Rev.
+    12:12-17.
+
+
+The rejoicing of Christians, according to this symbolization, is
+afterwards followed by renewed triumphs of the Pagans over them. The
+hatred of the Pagan worshippers to Christianity, is strikingly evinced;
+but it is manifested in a manner different from the former contest.
+
+When the church sought only to overcome by “the blood of the Lamb, and by
+the word of their testimony,� it was owned of Christ; but as it became
+proud and worldly, and cared more for popular favor than for purity of
+faith and practice, the true church which the woman symbolized, was
+represented only by those who continued faithful to their profession.
+Historians inform us that with the success of Constantine, the visible
+church became speedily corrupt. As it became popular, unconverted men
+sought to be enrolled as members. The Pagans, instead of approaching as
+enemies, came as professed friends. As a profession of Christianity was
+alone necessary for admission to the church, multitudes sought connection
+with it. This caused a condition of things, of which Dr. Milner thus
+speaks:—“In the general appearance of the church, we cannot see much of
+the spirit of godliness. External piety flourished. But faith, love,
+heavenly-mindedness appear very rare. The doctrine of real conversion was
+very much lost, and external baptism placed in its stead: and the true
+doctrine of justification by faith, and true practical use of a crucified
+Saviour for troubled consciences were scarcely to be seen at this time.
+Superstition and self-righteousness were making vigorous shoots; and the
+real gospel of Christ was hidden from the men that professed it.�
+
+To the same effect is the report of Mosheim:—Of the life and morals of the
+professing Christians of the fourth century, he says: “Good men were, as
+before, mixed with bad; but the bad were by degrees so multiplied, that
+men truly holy and devoted to God appeared more rarely; and the pious few
+were almost oppressed by the vicious multitude.� Of their doctrines he
+says: “Fictions, of early origin� (about saint veneration and relics, a
+purifying fire, celibacy, &c., &c.), “now so prevailed as in course of
+time almost to thrust true religion aside, or at least to exceedingly
+obscure and tarnish it.�
+
+Says Mr Lord:—“Constantine and his successors introduced a flood of false
+doctrines, superstitions and idolatries, into the church, which were
+incompatible with a pure worship, and swept all who yielded to their
+impulse to the gulf of apostasy. Such were the veneration of the cross,
+and ascription to it of miraculous powers, the homage of relics, the
+invocation of saints, the conversion of religion into gorgeous ceremonies,
+the encouragement of celibacy, and the arrogation of the throne and
+prerogatives of God by civil and ecclesiastical rulers. These falsehoods,
+follies, and impieties, introduced or adopted by the emperors, encouraged
+by their example, sanctioned by their laws, and enforced by the penalties
+of excommunication, imprisonment, the forfeiture of civil rights,
+banishment, and death, came armed with an overpowering force to all who
+were not fortified against them by the special aids of the divine spirit,
+and like a resistless torrent bore away the great mass of the
+church.�—_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 350.
+
+With the accession of multitudes of unworthy members, and the prevalence
+of false doctrines, the true church would have been speedily overwhelmed
+had not the people of God been sustained from such deleterious influences.
+To the woman, therefore, were given two wings of a great eagle that she
+might escape. Wings are symbolic of power of flight—for succor, or escape.
+The four-winged leopard of Daniel used his speed to approach and demolish
+the enemy; the woman, to escape hers. The church of old was sustained in
+like manner. Thus God said to Israel, “Ye have seen what I did unto the
+Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles’ wings, and brought you to
+myself.�—Ex. 19:4.
+
+On the introduction of new rites and doctrines into the church, multitudes
+withdrew from the public assemblies, and worshipped apart. They retired
+from the observation of their rulers and lived secluded for a long period.
+
+Some may inquire for the historical evidence of the _time_ when such a
+body withdrew. This, from the nature of the case, it may be difficult to
+give. If the withdrawal of the true worshippers had been an occurrence of
+so much notoriety as to be prominently historically noticed, it might have
+defeated their withdrawal. It is sufficient that the prophecy makes such a
+withdrawal necessary; and that at a later period such a body was found
+existing as predicted. See p. 198. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+“Her retreat into her place from the face of the serpent, denotes that the
+scene of her residence was unknown to the rulers. The anger of the serpent
+indicates their continued disposition to destroy her, if in their power;
+while its going on to make war with such of her seed as had not retreated
+to the desert, denotes that they continued, after her disappearance, to
+persecute the isolated individuals that from time to time dissented from
+the corrupt church, and professed the pure faith.
+
+“As it was by spiritual aids that the true worshippers were enabled to
+resist the temptations and force by which the rulers endeavored to
+constrain them to apostasy, and to fly to the desert, no specific record
+of those aids is to be sought on the page of history. The only evidence
+that we can ask or possess, that they were conferred, is presented in the
+fact that a body of dissentients from the corrupt church were in a latter
+age found in a secluded scene, who had survived the endeavors of the
+rulers of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and following centuries, to compel all
+their subjects to conformity, and who have continued to maintain a
+separate existence, and offer an unidolatrous worship to the present time.
+
+“And such a body were the Waldenses, inhabiting the eastern valleys of the
+Cottian Alps. They are known, from the testimony of cotemporary Catholics
+and their own authors, to have existed there as early as the eleventh
+century. It was then, and is now, claimed by themselves, and admitted by
+their enemies, that they had subsisted there from a much earlier age.
+These were a Christian church, having the Scriptures of the Old and New
+Testaments, regarding them as a revelation from God, and making them the
+rule of their faith; having a ministry of their own, holding religious
+assemblies, professing and teaching the doctrines of the gospel, and
+celebrating the sacraments.
+
+“They were distinguished for the simplicity and purity of their lives. It
+was asserted by them, and repeated by the Catholics, that they were
+induced to retreat to the secluded valleys which they inhabit, to escape
+the despotism of the rulers and the corruptions and tyranny of the church,
+soon after its nationalization by Constantine. They have continued to
+subsist there to the present time, as a separate and evangelical
+church.�—_Exp. Apoc._, pp. 348, 349, 359.
+
+Says Mr. Elliott:—“I must not pass on without pressing on the reader’s
+notice this notable pre-figuration of the seclusion of Christ’s church in
+the wilderness, as the true and fittest answer to the Romish
+anti-Protestant taunt, ‘Where was your religion before Luther?’
+Protestants have not duly, as it seems to me, applied the answer here
+given. For the wilderness-life necessarily, as I must repeat,—and that on
+Bossuet’s own showing,—implies the _invisibility_ of her who lives in it.
+And consequently, instead of the long previous invisibility of a church
+like the Lutheran, or Anglican Reformed, of the sixteenth century, in
+respect of doctrine and worship, being an argument against, it is an
+argument for it. The Romish church, which never knew the predicted
+wilderness-life, could not, for this very reason, be the woman of the 12th
+Apocalyptic chapter; that is, could not be the true church of Christ.
+
+“For 1260 prophetic days, then, or years, she was to disappear from men’s
+view in the Roman world. Is it asked how her vitality was preserved?
+Doubtless in her children, known to God, though for the most part unknown
+to men; just like the 7000 that Elijah knew not of, who had not bowed the
+knee to Baal; some, it might be, in monasteries, some in the secular walks
+of life; but all alike insulated in spirit from those around them, and as
+regards the usual means of grace, spiritually destitute and desolate; even
+as in a barren and dry land, where no water is.—Besides whom, some few
+there were of her children,—some very few,—prepared, like Elijah of old,
+to act a bolder part, and stand forth, under special commission from God,
+as Christ’s witnesses before Christendom.�—_Horæ Apoc._, pp. 55-57.
+
+The flood of water cast out after the woman, is an appropriate symbol of
+the various tribes which subsequently overran the Western empire. Waters
+symbolize peoples, 17:15; and by hordes of barbarian Huns, Goths, and
+Vandals, Rome was inundated as by a flood, in the 5th century; and in A.
+D. 476 its government was entirely subverted.
+
+Such an irruption of barbarians might be expected to extirpate
+Christianity from the earth; but help came from an unexpected quarter. The
+woman had retired to her secure retreat, and the earth swallowed up the
+flood. Those barbarous tribes were absorbed by, and mixed with, the
+previous population of the empire, and constituted the clay ingredient
+with the iron, in the feet of the metallic image.—Dan. 2:41. They rapidly
+assimilated to the character and habits of the previous inhabitants; and
+ultimately adopted the forms of government and religion which for a time
+they subverted; and within the limits of the Western empire, in the place
+of the Imperial head, constituted ten contemporary kingdoms. These were a
+continuation of the former government, and were symbolized by:
+
+
+
+
+The Ten-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    “And I was standing on the sand of the sea, and saw a wild beast
+    ascending out of the sea, having ten horns and seven heads, and on
+    his horns ten diadems, and on his heads names of reviling. And the
+    wild beast, which I saw was like a leopard, and his feet were like
+    those of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion: and the
+    dragon gave him his power, and his throne, and great authority.
+    And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his
+    deadly wound was healed: and all the world admired and followed
+    the beast. And they worshipped the dragon, for he gave power to
+    the wild beast: and they worshipped the wild beast, saying, Who is
+    like the wild beast, and who is able to make war with him?�—Rev.
+    18:1-4.
+
+
+The sea, from which this beast emerged, is evidently the turbulent state
+of anarchy, to which the people of the fourth kingdom had been reduced, on
+its subversion. And the beast which came up out of the sea, represents the
+forms of government which then arose.
+
+Its heads and horns synchronize with those of the dragonic monster, which
+had preceded it, and disappeared from the view of the revelator. And they
+doubtless symbolize the same forms of government. See pp. 145-148.
+
+The ten crowns encircling its horns, indicate that an era is foreshadowed,
+when the sovereignty of the kingdom shall have been transferred from the
+forms of government symbolized by the heads,—which had before been
+encircled by the crowns,—to that represented by the horns. There is great
+unanimity among Protestant writers, in regarding these as the first ten
+kingdoms which existed in the western empire arising during the period of
+its decline, viz:
+
+1. The Huns in Hungary, from A. D. 356.
+
+2. The Ostrogoths in Mysia, from A. D. 377. They invaded Italy, and
+conquered the Heruli in 493; and were defeated in 538 by Justinian, when
+the Pope was placed in quiet possession of the capital of Rome.
+
+3. The Visigoths in Pannonia, from A. D. 378 to 408, when they removed to
+the south of France till 585. They then removed to, and subjugated Spain.
+
+4. The Franks in France, from A. D. 407.
+
+5. The Vandals in Spain, from A. D. 407 till 427, when they removed to
+Africa, and continued an independent kingdom till subjugated by Justinian
+in 533.
+
+6. The Suevi and Alans in Gascoigne and Spain, from 407 till 585.
+
+7. The Burgundians in Burgundy, from A. D. 407 till 524, when they became
+subject for a time to the Franks; but afterwards they arose again to an
+independent kingdom.
+
+8. The Heruli, who advanced into Italy under Attila, and in 476 terminated
+the imperial rule by the dethronement of Agustulus. They were in turn
+conquered by the Ostrogoths in A. D. 493.
+
+9. The Saxons and Angles in Britain from about A. D. 450. And,
+
+10. The Lombards in Germany, from A. D. 483.
+
+The name of blasphemy, on the heads of this beast, identifies it as the
+successor and representative of the persecuting power which sought the
+life of the Man-child, (12:4), and caused the woman to flee to the
+wilderness, 12:14.
+
+Its characteristics resemble those of the lion, bear, and leopard, of
+Daniel’s vision (Dan. 7:4-6), which respectively symbolized the
+Babylonian, Medo-Persian, and Grecian kingdoms. These mark it as their
+successor—synchronizing with Daniel’s ten-horned nondescript beast, (Dan.
+7:7); which was the fourth kingdom that should exist on the earth, and the
+ten horns of which, symbolized the same ten-fold partition of the Roman
+empire.
+
+His power, seat, and great authority being given by the dragon, is another
+evidence that it is a continuation of that fourth kingdom succeeding to
+its sovereignty. The laws of the ancient empire were generally adopted by
+the ten kingdoms, which assumed and exercised the prerogatives of ancient
+Rome. Says Bossuet: “Whoever carefully examines the laws of the Theodosian
+and Justinian codes against heretics, will see that they are the source of
+the decrees against them, that the church, aided by the edicts of princes,
+enacted in the third and fourth Lateran councils.�
+
+The head, which was as it were wounded to death, would indicate that under
+the government symbolized by that head, the life of the beast had become
+apparently extinct. This was the case when the empire was subverted. In
+the succession of the previous forms of government, the empire itself was
+not in any particular peril. They gave place, each to its successor,
+without any subversion of the government. But when the seventh head ceased
+to exercise sovereignty, the beast itself was apparently dead. The wound,
+however, did not prove mortal. The beast still lived. Its sovereignty was
+perpetuated by the decemregal governments; which constituted the eighth
+form of government—symbolized by the beast that was, is not, and yet is
+again in existence and will continue till the day of perdition, 17:11;
+19:20.
+
+They worshipped the dragon and beast, by regarding the latter as a
+continuation of the former power, and regarding the sovereign power of
+Rome as unparalleled and invincible—as is shown by the questions: “Who is
+like unto the beast? Who is able to make war with him?� Those combined
+governments were regarded by their subjects with wonder and veneration.
+Says Mr. Lord: “The serfs and common people, sunk for ages to the most
+degraded vassalage, revered the monarchs, the various ranks of nobles, and
+their armed followers, as a superior race, while poets and historians
+celebrated their warlike exploits, and philosophers and priests justified
+their usurpations, and eulogized the wisdom and benignity of their rule.�
+
+
+
+
+The Mouth of the Beast.
+
+
+    “And there was given to him a mouth speaking great things and
+    revilings; and power was given to him to make war forty-two
+    months. And he opened his mouth in reviling against God, to revile
+    his name, and his tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven. And
+    it was given to him to make war with the saints, and to overcome
+    them: and power was given him over every tribe, and people, and
+    tongue, and nation. And all, who dwell on the earth, will worship
+    him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the slain
+    Lamb, from the foundation of the world. If any one hath an ear,
+    let him hear. If any one leadeth into captivity, he will go into
+    captivity: if any one killeth by the sword, he must be killed with
+    the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.�—Rev.
+    13:5-10.
+
+
+The mouth of the beast, must symbolize the agency by which utterance is
+given to the great things and blasphemies which are spoken by it. Its
+likeness to the mouth of the lion, shows its resemblance to the Babylonian
+worship of the dead. Moses was “not eloquent,�—he was “slow of speech and
+of a slow tongue,� and the Lord said to him, Aaron “shall be thy spokesman
+unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of _a
+mouth_,� Ex. 4:10, 16. As Aaron was a mouth to Moses, so did the Papacy
+become a mouth-piece for the Roman kingdoms. It was the agency by which
+the people were taught; and through which utterance was given to the
+blasphemies of the beast. It fills a place analogous to that of the image
+afterwards symbolized, which also had like power to speak blasphemies. See
+p. 188.
+
+The beast had power to continue to utter blasphemies by the mouth given to
+it, forty-two months. This identifies the mouth with that of the “little
+horn� (Dan. 7:25), of which it was said, “He shall speak great words
+against the Most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall
+be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of
+time�—_i.e._ 1260 prophetic days.
+
+1. This mouth uttered blasphemy against God by claiming to be Christ’s
+vicegerent—usurping the prerogatives of the Almighty. The Pope claimed
+that he was “Judge, as God’s Vicar, and could himself be judged by none.�
+In A. D. 799, a Roman council declined to hear accusations against the
+Pope, declaring that “he who was Judge of all men, was above being judged
+by any other than himself.� Febroni wrote of the Pope: “He is the Prince
+of princes and Lord of lords. He is, as it were, a God on earth. He is
+above right, superior to law, superior to the canons. He can do all things
+against right, and without right. He is able to free from obligation in
+matters of positive right, without any cause, and they who are so released
+are safe in respect to God.� Assuming such prerogatives, and the power to
+forgive sins, the Holy name of God was blasphemed.
+
+2. He blasphemed the tabernacle of God by “exalting himself above all that
+is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the
+_temple_ of God, showing himself that he is God,� 2 Thess. 2:2. The Pope
+claimed to be the head of the church and that from himself was derived the
+authority of all bishops and other clergy. He usurped the powers in the
+church, which only Christ, its Supreme Head and Lawgiver can exercise.
+
+3. Those in heaven were blasphemed, by the ascription to them of the
+attributes and prerogatives of God; and by representing them as being well
+pleased with the bestowal on them of divine honors. Saint-worship by the
+Papists and demon-worship by the Pagans are alike. They both ascribe the
+same attributes to the spirits of the departed,—all the gods of the
+heathen being the ghosts of their departed heroes. A revival of this
+blasphemy, is subsequently symbolized by the frog-like spirits which
+emerge from the mouths of the beast, the dragon, and false prophet,
+16:13,—see p. 255.
+
+In connection with and in obedience to this mouth, the beast warred with
+the saints, and overcame them. Dissenters from the Papacy were subjected
+to unheard of cruelties and persecutions. And they whose names were not
+written in the book of life, sustained their rulers in these oppressive
+acts. In paying more deference to the edicts of government than to the
+requirements of Jehovah, they blasphemously bestowed on the beast an
+homage which was due only to God.
+
+The revelator being shown what was to be endured by the saints during a
+long period of oppression, now receives an annunciation to which all were
+to listen,—all who had ears to hear. It was the announcement, that “if any
+one leadeth into captivity, he will go into captivity: if any one killeth
+with the sword, he must be killed with the sword.� Most commentators have
+considered this as applicable to the fate of the wild beast,—that its end
+was to be effected by the sword and captivity, as it had in the same way
+tyrannized over the saints. Mr. Lord offers some reasons for supposing
+that it was a caution to the saints not to resist with the sword the
+attacks of enemies, nor to retaliate by making captives of the subjects of
+the beast who should fall into their power. He says:
+
+“The prediction that he who led into captivity should himself become a
+captive, and he that slew with the sword be himself slain, had a signal
+fulfilment in the slaughter and vassalage of all those who attempted to
+deliver themselves by force from the religious tyranny of the European
+monarchs.
+
+“The Albigenses were nearly exterminated by the cruel armies against which
+they attempted to defend themselves, and the small number that remained
+after the devastation of their fields, the conflagration of their cities,
+and the promiscuous slaughters to which they were subjected, were either
+forced to conform to the Catholic church, or driven into other lands. The
+Waldenses perished in far greater numbers by the sword, in their struggles
+for preservation and freedom, than by the fires of martyrdom; and sunk,
+after their contests, to a still more hopeless vassalage to their
+persecutors. The resort to the sword by the Bohemians and the Huguenots of
+France, to defend their religious freedom, resulted, after vast
+slaughters, in their defeat and helpless subjection to the tyranny from
+which they endeavored to extricate themselves. And the Protestants of
+Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain, who
+succeeded in delivering themselves from the dominion of their ancient
+tyrants, instead of securing thereby their religious liberty, only placed
+themselves, by the nationalization of their churches, under the tyranny of
+Protestant rulers in place of Catholics.�—_Exp. of Apoc._ p. 384.
+
+In this was to be exhibited the patience and faith of the saints, who,
+amid all their persecutions, made a wonderful manifestation of these. Of
+the many thousands put to death, or subjected to satanic cruelties for
+their faith, only a very few apostatized. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+“Of those who, under the insupportable agonies and distraction of the
+scourge and the rack, recanted, or promised a recantation, a large
+proportion immediately on being released from the sufferings which had
+overcome them, abjured their retractions, re-professed with redoubled
+energy the faith of Christ, and met without faltering the hideous death to
+which they were immediately hurried. Such is their uniform history in
+whatever age they fell, or to whatever nation or rank they
+belonged.�—_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 385.
+
+If there was no other evidence of their constancy, faith, and patience,
+the horrid instruments of torture which were resorted to to terrify them,
+testify to their adherence to their principles, which required such
+engines for their subversion.
+
+The end of this beast, will be effected by his being cast alive into the
+lake of fire and brimstone, when the Lord shall make war with him, 19:20.
+This is also the end of Daniel’s fourth beast, whose body is to be given
+to the burning flame (Dan. 7:11), and of the scarlet-colored beast on
+which the woman was seated, which is to go into perdition, 17:8.
+
+
+
+
+The Two-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    “And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the earth, and he
+    had two horns like a lamb, and he spoke like a dragon. And he
+    exerciseth all the power of the first wild beast, in his sight,
+    and causeth the earth and those, who dwell in it, to worship the
+    first wild beast, whose deadly wound was healed. And he performeth
+    great signs, so that he causeth fire to come down from heaven into
+    the earth in the sight of men. And he deceiveth those, who dwell
+    on the earth, by means of the signs which it was given him to
+    perform in the sight of the wild beast; saying to those, who dwell
+    on the earth, that they should make an image to the wild beast,
+    that had the wound by a sword, and did live.�—Rev. 13:11-14.
+
+
+The coming up of another beast must symbolize the rise of another
+government. As the two-horned beast exercises its power before (ενωπιον)
+_i.e._ _in the presence_, of the first beast, it is a contemporary power,
+and must necessarily symbolize a kingdom outside of the territory of the
+ten-horned beast. Within that territory it would be one of the horns of
+that beast; but a separate beast requires a separate territory. As it
+arises out of the earth, while it is outside of the territory occupied by
+the ten kingdoms, it must exist within that occupied by the _former_ Roman
+empire, and commence its existence during a period of settled government.
+
+All the forms of Roman government symbolized by the dragon, were also
+symbolized by the wild beast; and as the deadly wound of the former was
+healed in the latter, the two constitute one beast. As that is called the
+“first beast,� the rise of the kingdom symbolized by the two-horned beast
+must have been subsequent to the commencement of the Roman empire. And as
+it caused those who dwell on the earth to worship that beast after its
+deadly wound was healed, it must have arisen anterior to the healing of
+that wound; and, consequently, before the succession of the ten kingdoms
+to the sovereignty of Rome, with which it held an intimate relation.
+
+The only kingdom which has arisen within the geographical locality, and at
+the epoch required by these conditions of the symbol, is the Eastern Roman
+empire; which, consequently, is the government represented by the
+two-horned beast.
+
+The imperial heads of Rome date from the battle of Actium, B. C. 31; but
+the Eastern empire was not commenced, till A. D. 324, when Constantine
+removed the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople. Rome was, previous
+to that removal, the undisputed queen of nations, and Constantine was
+without a rival. Why he should abandon Rome, the citadel and throne of the
+Cæsars, for an obscure corner of Thrace, has never been satisfactorily
+explained. Says Dr. Croly: “The change of government to Constantinople
+still perplexes the historian. It was an act in direct repugnance to the
+whole course of the ancient prejudices.�
+
+The indifference with which Constantine viewed the country of the Cæsars,
+was regarded by Gibbon as the cause of removal.
+
+He transferred the customs and forms of the Roman government, and there
+exercised all the powers of the empire,—the Italians still obeying the
+edicts which he condescended to address from Constantinople to the Senate
+and people of Rome. The western division continued dependent on the
+eastern head, till the death of Theodosius, A. D. 395. His two sons,
+Arcadius and Honorius, “were saluted by the unanimous consent of mankind,
+as the lawful emperors of the East, and of the West,�—the European
+boundary being “not very different from that which separates the Germans
+from the Turks.�—Gibbon, v. 2, p. 199. Gibbon calls this “the final and
+permanent division of the Roman empire.� But its existence as a beast more
+properly dates from the removal of Constantine.
+
+Its two horns like a lamb, must symbolize two divisions of the kingdom.
+These may be contemporary, like those symbolized by the ten horns (17:12),
+or successive, like the two horns of the ram, Dan. 8:3, 20. From the
+history of the Eastern empire, the latter is the more probable; and its
+historical resemblance to the government symbolized by the ram, may be the
+reason of the comparison to “horns like a lamb.� As Persia was a
+government outside of Media, and succeeded to its sovereignty, so did the
+kingdom of the Turks originate outside of the Eastern empire, and at
+length come in, occupy its territory, and succeed to its sovereignty, A.
+D. 1253. With this view, the horns would symbolize the kings of Eastern
+Rome and of Turkey. See pp. 99-104.
+
+Its dragon-like speech shows it to be a blasphemous, persecuting power,
+like that which persecuted the woman, 12:17. Though the Greek empire
+claimed to be Christian, a successor of Constantine, Julian the Apostate,
+renounced Christianity, endeavored to restore the Pagan service in
+Constantinople, and “declared himself the _implacable enemy of Christ_.�
+He assumed the character of Supreme Pontiff, and thus placed himself at
+the head of the Pagan worship. He labored incessantly to restore and
+propagate those dragonic rites, and even thought to disprove the
+predictions of Christ by rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem. “He affected
+to pity the unhappy Christians, as mistaken in the most important object
+of their lives; but his pity was degraded by contempt, his contempt was
+embittered by hatred; and the sentiments of Julian were expressed in a
+style of sarcastic wit which inflicts a deep and deadly wound whenever it
+issues from the mouth of a sovereign.� And he intimated that they might
+have occasion “to dread, not only confiscation and exile, but fire and the
+sword.�—_Gibbon._
+
+The successors of Julian, though Christian in name, issued cruel and
+tyrannical edicts. Valens embraced Arianism, and bitterly persecuted the
+Orthodox party. Justinian established Catholicism by arms. Theodosius
+proscribed Paganism by the infliction of severe penalties. Marcian and Leo
+“enforced, with arms and edicts, the symbols of their faith,� and it was
+declared that “the decrees of the synod of Chalcedon might be lawfully
+supported, even with blood.� And after the accession of the Mohammedan
+power, religious intolerance towards dissenting creeds was still more
+rigidly enforced.
+
+The Eastern empire exercised all the power of the Western. The original
+organization of its government was the same, and it had the same titles
+and prerogatives. Gibbon says of Julian: “The spirit of his
+administration, and his regard for the place of his nativity, induced him
+to confer on the senate of Constantinople the same honors, privileges, and
+authority which were still enjoyed by the senate of ancient Rome.�
+
+It caused worship to be bestowed on the first beast, by extending to the
+Latin rulers that aid which enabled them to perpetuate their system of
+tyranny, to legislate over the laws and subjects of Jehovah, and to claim
+the obedience which only God can demand. The arms of Justinian, both in
+the East and West, caused the Roman name to be respected, and its favor
+sought for.
+
+The wonders to be performed by it, may be as yet involved in some
+obscurity. But by these it is identified as the power which afterwards
+became the seat of the False Prophet. When the “beast� is taken, “the
+false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived
+them that had the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image,�
+is cast with him “into a lake of fire burning with brimstone,� 19:20. This
+identifies the two-horned beast as the Mohammedan kingdom. It also proves
+that the Romanic Turkish government will continue till the Second Advent.
+
+Among the wonders it would perform, making fire come down from heaven is
+specified. John does not intimate that he saw, in vision, fire thus
+descend. The fact is spoken of; and therefore it is not necessarily
+symbolic, but may refer to literal fire. Gibbon, in speaking of “the
+novelty, the terrors, and the real efficacy of the _Greek fire_,� for
+which the Eastern empire was so famous, says:
+
+“The important secret of compounding and directing this artificial flame
+was imparted by Callinicus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria, who deserted
+from the service of the caliph to that of the emperor. The skill of a
+chemist and engineer was equivalent to the succor of fleets and armies;
+and this discovery or improvement of the military art was fortunately
+reserved for the distressful period, when the degenerate Romans of the
+East were incapable of contending with the warlike enthusiasm and youthful
+vigor of the Saracens. The historian who presumes to analyze this
+extraordinary composition, should suspect his own ignorance and that of
+his Byzantine guides, so prone to the marvellous, so careless, and, in
+this instance, so jealous of the truth. From their obscure, and perhaps
+fallacious hints, it should seem that the principal ingredient of the
+Greek fire was the _naphtha_, or liquid bitumen, a light, tenacious, and
+inflammable oil, which springs from the earth, and catches fire as soon as
+it comes in contact with the air. The naphtha was mingled, I know not by
+what methods, or in what proportions, with sulphur, and with the pitch
+that is extracted from evergreen firs. From this mixture, which produced a
+thick smoke and a loud explosion, proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame,
+which not only rose in perpendicular ascent, but likewise burned with
+equal vehemence in descent or lateral progress; instead of being
+extinguished, it was nourished and quickened by the element of water; and
+sand, urine, or vinegar, were the only remedies that could damp the fury
+of this powerful agent, which was justly denominated by the Greeks, the
+_liquid_, or _maritime_ fire. For the annoyance of the enemy, it was
+employed with equal effect by sea and land, in battles or in sieges. It
+was either poured from the rampart in large boilers, or launched in
+red-hot balls of stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins, twisted
+round with flax and tow, which had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil;
+sometimes it was deposited in fire-ships, the victims and instruments of a
+more ample revenge, and was most commonly blown through long tubes of
+copper, which were planted on the prow of a galley, and fancifully shaped
+into the mouths of savage monsters, that seemed to vomit a stream of
+liquid and consuming fire. This important art was preserved at
+Constantinople, as the palladium of the state; the galleys and _artillery_
+might occasionally be lent to the allies of Rome; but the composition on
+the Greek fire was concealed with the most jealous scruple, and the terror
+of the enemies was increased and prolonged by their ignorance and
+surprise. In the treatise of the administration of the empire, the royal
+author suggests the answers and excuses that might best elude the
+indiscreet curiosity and importunate demands of the barbarians. They
+should be told that the mystery of the Greek fire had been revealed by an
+angel to the first and greatest of the Constantines, with a sacred
+injunction, that this gift of _heaven_, this peculiar blessing of the
+Romans should never be communicated to any foreign nation; that the prince
+and subject were alike bound to religious silence under the temporal and
+spiritual penalties of treason and sacrilege; and that the impious attempt
+would provoke the sudden and supernatural vengeance of the God of the
+Christians. By these precautions the secret was confined, above four
+hundred years, to the Romans of the East; and at the end of the eleventh
+century, the Pisans, to whom every sea and every art were familiar,
+suffered the effects, without understanding the composition, of the Greek
+fire. It was at length either discovered or stolen by the Mohammedans;
+and, in the holy wars of Syria and Egypt, they retorted an invention,
+contrived against themselves, on the heads of the Christians. A knight,
+who despised the swords and lances of the Saracens, relates, with
+heartfelt sincerity, his own fears and those of his companions, at the
+sight and sound of the mischievous engine that discharged a torrent of the
+Greek fire, the _feu Gregeois_, as it is styled by the more early of the
+French writers. It came flying through the air, says Joinville, like a
+winged long-tailed dragon, about the thickness of a hogshead, with the
+report of thunder, and the velocity of lightning; and the darkness of
+night was _dispelled by this deadly illumination_.�—_Hist. Rome_, vol.
+III., pp. 465-467.
+
+Its use is thus described by the same author, when the Greeks turned its
+power against the Saracens, at the siege of Constantinople, A. D. 718:
+
+“The Greeks would gladly have ransomed their religion and empire, by a
+fine or assessment of a piece of gold on the head of each inhabitant of
+the city; but the liberal offer was rejected with disdain, and the
+presumption of Moslemah was exalted by the speedy approach and invincible
+force of the natives of Egypt and Syria. They are said to have amounted to
+eighteen hundred ships: the number betrays their inconsiderable size; and
+of the twenty stout and capacious vessels, whose magnitude impeded their
+progress, each was manned with no more than one hundred heavy-armed
+soldiers. This huge armada proceeded on a smooth sea and with a gentle
+gale, towards the mouth of the Bosphorus; the surface of the strait was
+over-shadowed, in the language of the Greeks, with a moving forest, and
+the same fatal night had been fixed by the Saracen chief for a general
+assault by sea and land. To allure the confidence of the enemy, the
+emperor had thrown aside the chain that usually guarded the entrance of
+the harbor: but while they hesitated whether they should seize the
+opportunity or apprehend the snare, the ministers of destruction were at
+hand. The fireships of the Greeks were launched against them: the Arabs,
+their arms and vessels, were involved in the same flames, the disorderly
+fugitives were dashed against each other, or overwhelmed in the waves; and
+I no longer find a vestige of the fleet, that had threatened to extirpate
+the Roman name.�—_Ib._, p. 464.
+
+It deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by its miracles. This deception
+resulted in the creation of:
+
+
+
+
+The Image of the Beast.
+
+
+    “And it was given to him to give breath to the image of the wild
+    beast, that the image of the wild beast should even speak, and to
+    cause, that as many as would not worship the image of the wild
+    beast, should be killed. And he causeth all, the small and the
+    great, and the rich and the poor, and the free and the bond, to
+    receive a mark on their right hand, or on their forehead. And that
+    no one might buy or sell, but he, who had the mark, the name of
+    the wild beast, or the number of his name.�—Rev. 13:15-18.
+
+
+This new creation is not another beast, but the image of one. An image is
+only the _likeness_ of something. As the beast symbolizes a political
+power, its image must symbolize some analogous power of a different
+nature; and this likeness can only be found in a religious government.
+
+1. The beast which received its death-wound (v. 14), was the form of
+government to which the image was made, _i.e._, the imperial. Of this the
+Roman hierarchy was a perfect counterpart. It was an ecclesiastical
+government, coëxtensive in its authority with the political power of the
+empire. And, like the officers of the civil, there was a regular gradation
+of rank in the subordinates of the religious government. The head of the
+former was an emperor, chosen by an electoral college,—the senators of
+Rome.(3) The head of the latter was a Pope, chosen in a similar manner by
+the college of Cardinals,—the ecclesiastical senators of the religious
+empire. Each of those bodies constituted the highest deliberative and
+legislative body in its respective government. The empire had its
+governors of provinces, appointed by the imperial head; and the spiritual
+rule of the church was, in like manner, sustained by diocesan bishops who,
+in their respective provinces, were governors in spiritual matters and
+creatures of the Pope. Subordinate offices in the state and church, also,
+singularly corresponded.
+
+2. The religious customs of the empire, as well as its political, were
+likewise imitated by the papacy. Rome deified her heroes; the papacy
+canonized her saints. The ghosts of the departed were the gods of the
+heathen; and the papists supplicate the dead. The Pagans burned incense to
+their gods; the Papists burn incense in their religious ceremonies. The
+ancient heathen sprinkled themselves with “holy water;� the Papists use
+the same material in a similar manner. Lactantius says of the Pagans, they
+“light up candles to God as if he lived in the dark; and do they not
+deserve to pass for madmen who offer lamps to the author and giver of
+light?� This custom is imitated by the Papists in the use of wax candles
+on their altars.
+
+The ancient Romans prostrated themselves before images of wood and stone;
+and Jerome tells us that “by idols were to be understood the images of the
+dead.� In Catholic Rome, worshippers prostrated themselves before images
+of departed saints. The old Roman Pantheon, which was dedicated by Agrippa
+“to Jove, _and all the gods_,� was re-consecrated by Pope Boniface IV.,
+about A. D. 610, “_to the blessed Virgin and all the saints_.� As in the
+old pagan temple, any stranger could find the god of his own country; so
+in its re-consecrated state, each country could find its patron saint.
+Other temples were changed and re-consecrated in the same manner. The
+ancient statue of Jupiter stands now as the statue of St. Peter. The
+pagans had their vestal virgins; the Papists their nuns.
+
+Dr. Middleton, who visited Rome in 1729, says:
+
+“Nothing, I found, concurred so much with my original intention of
+conversing with the ancients; or so much helped my imagination, to find
+myself wandering about in old heathen Rome, as to observe and attend to
+their religious worship; all whose ceremonies appear plainly to have been
+copied from the rituals of primitive Paganism: as if handed down by an
+uninterrupted succession from the priests of old, to the priests of new
+Rome, whilst each of them readily explained, and called to mind some
+passages of a classic author, where the same ceremony was described, as
+transacted in the same form and manner, and in the same place where I now
+saw it executed before my eyes.�—_Dowl. Hist. of Rom._, p. 114.
+
+Says Mr. Lord:
+
+“After a struggle of more than four centuries, the ecclesiastics of all
+the hierarchies in the empire were united in one vast organization, with
+the pontiff as their supreme legislative and judicial head, and a single
+ecclesiastical government was established over the whole Roman church,
+after the model of the civil government of the ancient empire under
+Constantine and his successors. It is, accordingly, denominated by
+Catholics themselves a monarchy. ‘All Catholic doctors agree in this, that
+the ecclesiastical government committed to men by God is a
+monarchy.’—_Bellarmini de Rom. Pont._, lib. i., c. v. Bellarmine devotes
+his first book ‘of the Pontiff’ to prove that such is and ought to be its
+government. ‘If the monarchical is the best form of government, as we have
+shown, and it is certain that the church of God instituted by Christ its
+head, who is supremely wise, ought to be governed in the best manner, who
+can deny that its rule ought to be monarchical?’—_Ib._, i., c. ix., p.
+527.
+
+“The canonists are accustomed, accordingly, to denominate the Pope a king.
+
+“The pontiffs were as absolutely the legislative and judicial head of this
+ecclesiastical kingdom, as the emperors from Constantine to Augustulus
+were of the civil empire, and imposed whatever laws they pleased on
+subordinate ecclesiastics and on the church by decrees, in the same manner
+as those emperors enacted laws by edicts. The decrees, bulls of
+canonization, sentences, charters, and other legislative and judicial acts
+of the pontiffs, from Gregory VII., in 1073, to Benedict XIV., in 1757,
+collected in the Bullarium Magnum, fill nineteen folios. Many others are
+contained in the decretals and councils.
+
+“They appointed to all ecclesiastical offices throughout the empire, as
+the Christian emperors appointed to all civil and military offices in
+their dominions.
+
+“They exacted oaths of fidelity from all whom they advanced to important
+offices; as the emperors exacted engagements of fidelity from their civil
+magistrates.
+
+“They established courts in which all violations of their laws were tried,
+and a tribunal at the capital for the decision of appeals. There were
+gradations of rank in the hierarchy, like those of the magistrates of the
+civil empire. The hierarchies, as nationalized by Constantine, were formed
+in each patriarchate, after the model of the civil government in the
+provinces. The hierarchy of the western kingdoms, under the Pope, was
+formed after that pattern; having archbishops or metropolitans at the head
+of the clergy of each nation, or large district, and bishops, abbots, and
+a long catalogue of subordinate ranks, under each metropolitan.
+
+“They levied taxes for their support on ecclesiastics and laics.
+
+“They inflicted ecclesiastical penalties on the violators of their laws;
+exclusion from communion, suspension from office, deposition,
+excommunication, and a sentence of eternal death.�—_Exp. of Apoc._, pp.
+429-432.
+
+These, with many other striking resemblances, demonstrate that the Roman
+hierarchy, in all its great features, was a counterpart to imperial
+Rome—an image of, and belonging to, the seven-headed, ten-horned monster,
+whose deadly wound was healed.
+
+Life was to be given to this image by the two-horned beast. The papal
+hierarchy is created when its supremacy over other churches is declared
+and _sustained_; and the power by which this is done, is that which gives
+life to it. This was done, according to the following history, by the
+Eastern empire.
+
+The power of the papacy, symbolized by the image, had been predicted in
+Daniel under the symbol of “a Little Horn,� that came up among the
+previous “ten horns,� before whom “there were three of the first horns
+plucked up by the roots: and behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes
+of man, and a mouth speaking great things,� Dan. 7:8. These horns were
+thus explained to Daniel: “The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom
+upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the
+whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces. And the ten
+horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another
+shall arise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he
+shall subdue three kings. And he shall speak great words against the Most
+High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change
+times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and
+times and the dividing of time. But the judgment shall sit, and they shall
+take away his dominion to consume and to destroy it unto the end. And the
+kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole
+heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey
+him.� _Ib._ vs. 23-27.
+
+When Paul spoke of the second coming of Christ, in his first epistle to
+the Thessalonians, they understood that it was an event then imminent. The
+apostle, in his second epistle, corrects this impression, by referring to
+the foregoing prediction in Daniel, which must be previously fulfilled. He
+assures them that “the day of Christ� “shall not come, except there be� an
+apostasy, or “a falling away first, and that Man of Sin,� or the lawless
+one, “be revealed, the son of perdition; who opposeth and exalteth himself
+above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he, as God,
+sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. Remember ye
+not, that when I was yet with you, I told you these things? And now ye
+know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. For the
+mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let,
+until he be taken out of the way. And then shall that Wicked be revealed,
+whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall
+destroy with the brightness of his coming,� 2 Thess. 2:2-8.
+
+The uniform application of these predictions to the Papacy, by Protestant
+writers, renders it unnecessary to argue this point. That power began
+early to be manifested, but its full development was “let,� _i.e._,
+hindered, by the continuance of the Western empire, which had to be taken
+out of its way. Tertullian, near the close of the second century, in
+expounding those words, says: “Who can this be but the Roman state, the
+division of which into ten kingdoms will bring on Antichrist?� And he
+gives as a reason why the Christians of his time prayed for the Roman
+empire: that _the greatest calamity hanging over the world was retarded by
+the continuance of it_. Cyril of Jerusalem in the fourth century applied
+the passage in the same manner, and says:
+
+“Thus the predicted Antichrist will come when the times of the Roman
+empire shall be fulfilled, and the consummation of the world shall
+approach. Ten kings of the Romans shall arise together, in different
+places indeed, but they shall reign at the same time. Among these the
+eleventh is Antichrist, who, by magical and wicked artifice, shall seize
+the Roman power.� A large number of the ancient fathers interpreted this
+text in the same manner.
+
+In A. D. 257, 1260 years before the time of Luther, Stephen, Bishop of
+Rome, began to act the pope in good earnest,—excommunicating those who
+dissented from the doctrines of Rome.
+
+In 312, 1260 years before the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572,
+Constantine became Emperor of Rome, embraced Christianity, and terminated
+the last and bloodiest of the Pagan persecutions—that of Diocletian, which
+had continued ten years. Constantine undertook to remodel the church, in
+conformity to the government of the state, and the unhallowed union of the
+two resulted in the dignities of patriarchs, exarchs, archbishops, canons,
+prebendaries, &c., which he endowed with wealth and worldly honors.
+
+While paganism was superseded by Christianity under Constantine, its
+ceremonies were not suppressed. The senate was still pagan; and “the
+title, the ensigns, and the prerogatives of Sovereign Pontiff, which had
+been instituted by Numa, and assumed by Augustus, were accepted, without
+hesitation, by seven Christian emperors.�—_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 183. Gratian
+became emperor, A. D. 376, and was the first who refused the pontifical
+robe. In 378, he invested Theodosius with the Empire of the East; under
+their rule paganism was “wholly extirpated,� and the senate was suddenly
+converted.—_Ib._ That which hindered was thus taken out of the way. In
+378, also, Gratian refusing the office, Damasus, the Bishop of Rome, was
+“declared Pontifix Maximus,�(4) and made “the sole judge in religious
+matters.� All who would not adhere to the religion “professed by the
+Pontiff Damasus, and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria,� were declared
+heretics.—_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 156. Damasus, by virtue of his power,
+introduced the worship of the saints, and of Mary, “the mother of
+God,�—excommunicating those who dissented. Thus the apostasy, by adopting
+the gods of the heathen, and the name of the heathen pontiff, began to be
+set up, and the excommunicated church disappeared in the wilderness.
+
+In the ninth century a document was produced, which claimed to be a deed
+of gift from Constantine to the Pope, dated A. D. 324, ceding him the city
+of Rome and all Italy, with the crown, the mitre, &c.; but the forgery of
+this has been fully exposed. With the removal of the capital of the world
+to Constantinople, the empire began to decline; but the church augmented
+as fast. A provisional synod at Sardica, in A. D. 344, and a decree of the
+Emperor Valentinian III., in 445, had acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as
+the primate of the five patriarchs, and as the last tribunal of appeal
+from the other bishops; but the edicts of the Pope were often disregarded
+and opposed, and he continued subject to the civil power till the
+subversion of the Western empire by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in A. D.
+476.
+
+The ten kingdoms which had arisen on the ruins of the Western empire (p.
+169), had nearly all embraced Christianity, corrupted by Arianism. And the
+barbarians transferred to their Christian instructors, the profound
+submission and reverence which they were accustomed to yield to the
+teachers of paganism,—many of the rites and ceremonies of which had been
+incorporated into the Catholic service. Ecclesiastical courts were
+established, in which were tried all questions relating to character,
+office, or property of the clergy; and thus they became nearly independent
+of the civil judges.
+
+The Heruli, which was the first of the ten horns plucked up, were
+conquered by the Ostrogoths, in A. D. 493, when all Italy submitted to
+Theodoric. He fixed his capital at Ravenna, which left the Pope the only
+Prince of Rome; and the Romans, for protection, were forced to pay more
+deference to him.
+
+About A. D. 500, two Popes were simultaneously elected, when Theodoric
+gave the papal chair to Symmachus. Gross crimes being alleged against him
+by the defeated party, the king summoned a council in A. D. 503 to
+investigate the charges; and he was acquitted. The other party being
+dissatisfied, Ennodius, Bishop Ticonum, drew up an apology for the Pope
+and council, in which, for the first time, the Pope was styled a “Judge in
+the place of God, and Vicegerent of the Most High;� and “subject to no
+earthly tribunal.� Thus did the Lawless One attempt, “as God,� to “sit in
+the temple of God.�
+
+In A. D. 533, Justinian, Emperor at Constantinople, being about to attack
+the Vandals in Africa, and wishing first to settle the religious disputes
+of his capital in which he felt a great interest, he submitted the
+controversy to the primate of Rome. To induce a decision in his own favor,
+or to give force to it, he acknowledged the Bishop of Rome the Chief of
+the whole Ecclesiastical body of the empire; and thus addressed him, in a
+letter sent by two distinguished prelates:—
+
+
+    “Justinian, pious, fortunate, renowned, triumphant emperor,
+    consul, &c., to John, the most holy Archbishop of our city of
+    Rome, and patriarch.
+
+
+    “Rendering honor to the Apostolic chair, and to your Holiness, as
+    has been always and is our wish, and honoring your blessedness as
+    a father; we have hastened to bring to the knowledge of your
+    Holiness all matters relating to the state of the churches. It
+    having been at all times our great desire to preserve the unity of
+    your Apostolic chair, and the constitution of the holy churches of
+    God which has obtained hitherto, and still obtains.
+
+
+    “Therefore we have made no delay in subjecting and uniting to your
+    Holiness all the priests of the whole East.
+
+
+    “For this reason we have thought fit to bring to your notice the
+    present matters of disturbance; though they are manifest and
+    unquestionable, and always firmly held and declared by the whole
+    priesthood according to the doctrine of your Apostolic chair. For
+    we cannot suffer that anything which relates to the state of the
+    Church, however manifest and unquestionable, should be moved,
+    without the knowledge of your Holiness, who are The Head of all
+    the Holy Churches, for in all things, as we have already declared,
+    we are anxious to increase the honor and authority of your
+    Apostolic chair.�
+
+
+Says Dr. Croly:—
+
+“The emperor’s letter must have been sent before the 25th of March, 533.
+For, in his letter of that date to Epiphanius he speaks of its having been
+already despatched, and repeats his decision, that all affairs touching
+the church shall be referred to the Pope, ‘head of all bishops, and the
+true and effective corrector of heretics.’
+
+“In the same month of the following year, 534, the Pope returned an answer
+repeating the language of the emperor, applauding his homage to the See,
+and adopting the titles of the imperial mandate. He observes that, among
+the virtues of Justinian, ‘one shines as a star, his reverence for the
+Apostolic chair, to which he has subjected and united all the churches, it
+being truly the head of all; and was testified by the rules of the
+fathers, the laws of the princes, and the declarations of the emperor’s
+piety.’
+
+“The authenticity of the title receives unanswerable proof from the edicts
+in the ‘Novellæ’ of the Justinian code.
+
+“The preamble of the 9th states that ‘as the elder Rome was the founder of
+the laws, so was it not to be questioned that in her was the supremacy of
+the pontificate.’
+
+“The 131st, on the ecclesiastical titles and privileges, chapter II.
+states: ‘We therefore decree that the most holy Pope of the elder Rome is
+the first of all the priesthood, and that the most blessed archbishop of
+Constantinople, the new Rome, shall hold the second rank after the holy
+Apostolic chair of the elder Rome.’
+
+“The supremacy of the Pope had by those mandates and edicts received the
+fullest sanction that could be given by the authority of the master of the
+Roman world. However worthless the motives, the act was done, authentic
+and unquestionable, sanctioned by all the forms of state, and never
+abrogated,—the act of the first potentate in the world. If the supremacy
+over the church of God had been for man to give, it might have been given
+by the unrivalled sovereignty of Justinian.
+
+“From this era the church of Rome dates the earthly acknowledgment of her
+claim. Its heavenly authority is referred to the remoter source of the
+apostles.�—_Apoc._, pp. 14-16, 30, 31.
+
+The war against the Vandals was vigorously prosecuted by Belisarius,
+Justinian’s general, and resulted in their conquest the same year. Thus
+was the second of the first ten divisions of the empire subjugated: the
+second horn was plucked up.
+
+Rome was still in possession of an Arian monarch, who was the bitter enemy
+of the Catholic church. Intelligence of the success of Belisarius in
+Africa reached the emperor, Dec. 16th, A. D. 533. “Impatient to abolish
+the temporal and spiritual tyranny of the Vandals, he proceeded, without
+delay, _to the full establishment of the Catholic church_.�—_Gibbon_,
+Harpers’ ed., v. 3, p. 67. Belisarius proceeded to the conquest of Italy,
+which he effected, and marched on to Rome. Only 4000 soldiers were
+stationed for its defence; and they could not oppose the wishes of the
+Romans, who voluntarily submitted. Seized with a momentary enthusiasm,
+“they furiously exclaimed that the apostolic throne should no longer be
+profaned by the triumph or toleration of Arianism; that the tombs of the
+Cæsars should no longer be trampled on by the savages of the north; and
+without reflecting that Italy must sink into a province of Constantinople,
+they fondly hailed the restoration of a Roman emperor as a new era of
+freedom and prosperity. The deputies of the Pope and clergy, of the senate
+and people, invited the lieutenant of Justinian to accept their voluntary
+allegiance, and to enter the city.� Thus was “the city, after sixty years’
+servitude delivered from the yoke of the barbarians,� Dec. 10, A. D. 536.
+And “the Catholics prepared to celebrate, without a rival, the approaching
+festival of the nativity of Christ.�—_Ib._ p. 80.
+
+In the winter, the Ostrogoths made preparations, and besieged Rome with an
+army of 150,000 fighting men. Pope Sylverius was suspected of treachery,
+and on proof that he had communicated with the enemy, he was banished by
+Belisarius. At the emperor’s command, the clergy of Rome proceeded to the
+choice of a new bishop, and elected “deacon Virgilius, who had purchased
+the papal throne by a bribe of two hundred pounds of gold.�—_Ib._ p. 85.
+As he had obtained the papal seat by fraud, it was claimed that he was not
+the lawful Pope; but in A. D. 538, he was owned as such by the 5th General
+Council, and the whole Christian world.—See Bowers’ _Hist. Popes_, v. 2,
+p. 374. In March of this year (538),—after “one year and nine days�—the
+Ostrogoths raised the siege of Rome, and burned their tents—one-third of
+their number having perished under its walls. The arms of Justinian
+triumphed, and the Catholic hierarchy was established. The third horn had
+been plucked up by the fall of the third of the first ten divisions of
+Rome.
+
+The Bishop of Constantinople did not submit willingly to the Primacy of
+Rome. On the death of Justinian, the supremacy of the Pope was utterly
+denied; and, in A. D. 588, John, Bishop of Constantinople, himself assumed
+the coveted title of “Universal Bishop.� The Roman bishop, Gregory the
+Great, indignant at this usurpation, denounced him as a “usurper, aiming
+at supremacy over the whole church,� and declared that whoever claims such
+supremacy “has the pride and character of _Antichrist_.�
+
+Boniface succeeded to the Roman See, and in the following year, A. D. 606,
+only two years after Gregory’s death, applied to Phocas,—who had ascended
+the throne of Constantinople by the murder of the Emperor Mauritius,—for
+the same blasphemous title, with the privilege of continuing it to his
+successors. His request was granted, the Eastern Bishop was forbidden its
+use, and the Primate of Rome was again acknowledged as “Universal Bishop,�
+and the unrivalled “Head of all the churches.� This title has been worn by
+all the succeeding Popes; “but the highest authority,� says Dr. Croly,
+“among the civilians and annalists of Rome, spurn the idea that Phocas was
+the founder of the supremacy of Rome. They ascend to Justinian as the only
+legitimate source, and rightly date the title from the memorable year
+533.�—_Apoc._ p. 117.
+
+In A. D. 730, Emperor Leo issued an edict for the destruction of all
+images used in religious worship. From that time the Pope scorned his
+authority, and acted in defiance of the emperor’s will, who found himself
+unable to compel the Pope to obey the edict.
+
+The Papacy thus defied all human authority; but did not as yet attempt the
+exercise of political power.
+
+In A. D. 756, Pepin, the usurper of the crown of France, compelled the
+King of Lombardy to cede the exarchate of Ravenna to the Pope, “to be
+forever held and possessed by St. Peter and his lawful successors in the
+See of Rome.� The Pope had now become a temporal prince, and one of the
+kings of the earth. In A. D. 774, Charlemagne, the successor of Pepin,
+confirmed the former gift, and in addition, subjugated the Lombards, and
+annexed a large portion of their kingdom and the Duchy of Rome to the
+Roman See. In A. D. 817, Louis the Pious, granted “St. Peter’s patrimony�
+to the Pope and his successors, “in their own right, principality, and
+dominion, unto the end of the world.� Hence, as a temporal prince, the
+Pope wears a triple crown.
+
+In A. D. 800, Charlemagne was solemnly crowned and proclaimed emperor by
+the Pope, having reduced under his sway nearly the whole of Europe. From
+this time the Popes claimed superiority to all kings and emperors,
+received homage from them, and exercised all the rights of sovereignty;
+but they were nominally dependent on the Emperors of the West till A. D.
+1278, when the Emperor Rudolph released the people of the Papal States
+from all allegiance they might still owe to the imperial crown. This act
+was confirmed by the electors and princes of the empire. The Popes, in the
+greatness of their power, crowned and uncrowned kings at their pleasure,
+absolved subjects from all allegiance to their rulers, excommunicated
+whoever they would, and compelled secular princes to put to death
+heretics.
+
+In A. D. 1294, Boniface VIII. became Pope. From his accession Hallam dates
+the decline of the Papacy, which, for “more than two centuries, had been
+on throne of the earth, and reigned despot of the world.�—_Dowling_. This
+was 1260 years from the death of Peter,—the earliest time from which they
+can date. His bull of excommunication against Philip of France, being
+disregarded by that monarch, who adroitly made the Pope his prisoner, his
+rage brought on a fever, which caused his death. Only a few succeeding
+pontiffs claimed, and none attempted to enforce, the prerogatives
+exercised by the preceding Popes. For seventy years the successors of
+Boniface resided at Avignon, in France, and paid great deference to the
+monarch of that country. After this was the Western schism, which divided
+the church for forty years,—two rival Popes claiming the mitre, and
+thundering out their anathemas against each other. These events greatly
+weakened the Papacy. About this time appeared Wickliffe and Huss, and
+Jerome of Prague; and still later, in 1517, Martin Luther, in opposition
+to the Papal pretensions, published his Thesis against Indulgences, 1260
+years from the time of the arrogance of Pope Stephen.
+
+In A. D. 1572, 1260 years from the removal of Constantine from Rome to
+Constantinople, occurred the bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew, when in
+one day 5000 Protestants were murdered in Paris, and in the same
+proportion in other parts of France. The persecutions of the Papists
+continued till near the close of the last century; and as late as
+November, 1781, a woman was burned alive by the Inquisition in Spain.
+
+In 1793, 1260 years from Justinian’s letter to the Pope, the Papal church,
+with all religion, was entirely suppressed in France. And in 1798, which
+was the same length of time from the establishment of the papacy, by the
+conquest of the Ostrogoths,—the plucking up of the last of the three horns
+in 538, Gen. Berthier entered Rome, compelled the Pope to flee, and
+terminated the Papal government.
+
+The temporal power was afterwards restored; but in 1848, twelve hundred
+and sixty years from 588 when John assumed the title of Universal Bishop,
+the Pope again fled from his throne. Two years subsequently, he was again
+restored.
+
+“Flacius, in his ‘Catalogue of Witnesses,’ represented the twelve hundred
+and sixty days as having commenced in 606;� and Scott, and several others,
+reckon them from the same epoch.
+
+4. The image had power to speak. It thus filled the office of the “mouth,�
+which was given to the ten-horned beast (v. 5), which synchronizes with
+the view taken of that appendage, p. 172.
+
+5. It should _cause_ the infliction of death on those who should refuse to
+worship. The worship it would exact, is doubtless of the kind bestowed on
+the wild beast, 13:4. The Papal hierarchy claimed to be infallible and
+invincible, and to have power to bind and loose on earth and in heaven;
+those who refused to recognize its claims, if incorrigible, were punished
+with death.
+
+The Image was not to put to death, but would _cause_ them to be killed.
+The symbolization corresponds with the fulfilment in this particular. The
+ecclesiastical officials punished rebellious subjects, by delivering them
+over to the civil arm; which punished heretics according to the will of
+the Papacy. “Lucius III. and Innocent III. by formal decrees required them
+to be seized, condemned, and delivered by the civil magistrates, to be
+capitally punished; and enjoined the princes and magistrates to execute on
+them the sentences denounced by the canon and civil laws.�—_Lord’s Exp. of
+Apoc._, p. 434. This is substantiated by Bellarmini and other writers.
+Civil rulers, who refused to enforce the decrees of the councils, were
+anathematized, excommunicated, and often deprived of their political
+power. When the Papacy has been reminded of the numbers killed and
+otherwise punished for alleged heresy, she has replied that the civil
+power, and not the church, has done this! She, however, has caused the
+kings of the earth to execute her wishes.
+
+6. The image would cause all to receive the _mark_ of the Beast. A mark is
+a token of recognition. Slaves, soldiers, and the devotees of various
+gods, were thus identified on their hands or foreheads, both before and
+after the time of St. John—slaves by the name of the Emperor on their
+forehead, and soldiers by his name on their hand. Mr. Elliott proves this
+by quotations from Valerius, Maximus, Ælian, Ambrose, and others. The
+devotees of particular gods gained admittance to the secret meetings of
+the worshippers of their respective deity, by a _mark_ by which they
+identified each other. At the present day the Hindoos are marked on the
+forehead by the hieroglyphic of the god they are consecrated to.
+
+The mark of the beast, is its _name_, or the _number_ of its name. The
+ancients often used numbers to indicate names. “Among the Pagans, the
+Egyptian mystics spoke of Mercury, or Thouth, under the number 1218,
+because the Greek letters composing the name Thouth, when estimated
+according to their numerical value, together made up that number. By
+others, Jupiter was invoked under the mystical number 717; because the
+letters of Ἡ ΑΡΧΗ, _the beginning_, or _first origin_, which was a
+characteristic title of the supreme deity worshipped as Jupiter, made up
+that number: and Apollo under the number 608, as being that of ηυς, or
+υης, words expressing certain solar attributes. Again, the
+pseudo-Christian or semi-pagan Gnostics, from St. John’s time downwards,
+affixed to their gems and amulets, of which multitudes remain even to the
+present day, the mystic word σβ�ασαξ, or αβ�αξας, under the idea of some
+magic virtue attaching to its number 365, as being that of the days of the
+annual solar circle; and equal moreover with that of Μειθ�ας, or Mithras,
+the Magian name for the sun, whom they identified also with Christ. Once
+more, the Christian fathers themselves fell into the same fancies, and
+doctrine of mysteriousness in certain verbal numbers. For example, both
+Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria speak of the virtue of the number 318
+as being that of ΙΗΤ the common abbreviation for Jesus crucified; and
+partly ascribe to its magical virtue the victory which Abraham gained with
+his 318 servants over the Canaanitish kings. Similarly Tertullian refers
+the victory of Gideon, with his 300 men, to the circumstance of that being
+the precise number of Τ, the sign of the cross. In the name of Adam, St.
+Cyprian discerned a mysterious numeral affinity to certain characteristics
+in the life and history of the second Adam, Jesus Christ. Irenæus notes
+the remarkable number 888 of the name Ιησους, Jesus. And in the
+pseudo-Sibylline verses, written by Christians about the end, probably, of
+the second century, and consequently not long after Irenæus, we find
+enigmas proposed of precisely the same characters as that in the text;—the
+number being given, and the name required.�—_Elliott’s Horæ Apoc._, vol.
+iii., pp. 204-6.
+
+The “number of the beast� is indicated in the text by the Greek letters
+“χξς� which were severally used to represent the numbers 600, 60 and 6,
+making 666. As the name of the beast is equivalent to this number, the
+letters in it will represent numbers which amount to six hundred
+threescore and six.
+
+After the division of the Roman empire, the western kingdom adopted for
+itself the name of the Latin kingdom; and its subdivisions were called the
+Latin kingdoms. The church connected with those kingdoms was also
+emphatically called the Latin church. Says Dr. More: “They Latinize
+everything. Mass, prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals, bulls, are
+conceived in Latin. The Papal councils speak in Latin. Women pray in
+Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other language under the Papacy than
+Latin. In short, all things are Latin.� The Council of Trent declared the
+Latin Vulgate to be the only authentic version of the Scriptures; and
+their doctors have preferred it to the Hebrew and Greek text, written by
+prophets and apostles.
+
+This Latin kingdom is the only one that ever corresponded to the
+characteristics of the beast. And its name—_Latinos_ in the Greek, and
+_Romiith_ in the Hebrew—is equivalent to the required number.
+
+“The Greek and Hebrew letters composing the words רומיית,
+_Romiith_—רמענוש, _Romanus_—λατεινος, _Latinos_, each of them making in
+numerals exactly 666, plainly point out not only his name, and the number
+of his name, but also the _mark_ of his _name_; as for example:
+
+in ר ו מ י י ת _Romiith_; so likewise
+400 10 10 40 6 200 = 666
+ר מ ע נ ו ש _Romanus_; and also
+300 6 50 70 40 200 = 666
+the Greek λ α τ ε ι ν ο ς _Latinos_,
+30 1 300 5 10 50 70 200 = 666.
+
+in each of which the exact mark is contained.
+
+“It therefore evidently appears, that each name is both a mark and a
+number; a mark, when viewed as made up of so many letters, therefore
+called the mark of his name; a number, when viewed as made up of so many
+numerals, then called the number of his name. But when considered merely
+as a name, derived from _Romiith_, a Roman, or _Romulus_, the founder of
+Rome, a name common among men, it may then be properly called the _mark,
+or number of a man_.�—_Fleming’s Rise and Fall of Papacy._
+
+To receive the mark of the beast, would be an acknowledgment of subjection
+to it. The connection of the beast and its image was so intimate, that
+submission to the one, was virtual submission to the other. To submit to
+the rites of the church modelled after the wild beast, to profess its
+faith, and to honor its authority, would be a reception of its mark. And
+all persons were compelled to do this, and give evidence of submission to
+its authority on the peril of their lives.
+
+7. Those who should refuse the mark of the beast, were to be prohibited
+from buying and selling. The Lateran Council under Pope Alexander II.,
+passed an act forbidding any to harbor heretics in their houses or to
+trade with them. The Synod of Tours passed a law that no one should assist
+them, “no, not so much as to exercise commerce with them in _selling_ or
+_buying_.�(5)—_Elliott._ In 1179, the third Lateran Council sentenced
+certain heretics, “their defenders and harborers, to an anathema, and
+forbid, under an anathema, that any should presume to keep them in their
+house, or on their lands, sustain them, or transact any business with
+them.�—_Lord._ “It was just the same fearful penalty of interdict from
+buying and selling, traffic and intercourse, that had been inculcated long
+before by the Pagan Dragon’s representative Diocletian, against the early
+Christians.�—_Elliott._
+
+So exact a correspondence between the wild beast and the Western kingdoms,
+the two-horned beast and the Eastern empire, and the image to the wild
+beast and the Roman Hierarchy, makes the symbolization of this chapter
+very intelligible. These three agencies will severally continue till the
+end of the world. The latter will be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ’s coming (2 Thess. 2:8), and the two former will then be taken and
+“cast alive into the lake of fire,� 19:20.
+
+The vision would have been defective without a representation of the end
+of those who refuse to worship the beast, or its image, or to receive
+their mark, and who, although warred against and overcome by the beast,
+should maintain their integrity to Christ. Accordingly the revelator has a
+view of:
+
+
+
+
+The Redeemed on Mount Zion.
+
+
+    “And I looked, and behold a lamb stood on the mount Zion, and with
+    him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having his name and the
+    name of his Father written on their foreheads. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and like the voice of
+    loud thunder: and the voice which I heard was like that of harpers
+    playing with their harps: and they sung as it were a new song
+    before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the
+    elders: and no one could learn the song except the hundred and
+    forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth. These are
+    they, who were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These
+    are they who follow the Lamb wherever he goeth. These were
+    redeemed from among men, the first fruit to God and to the Lamb.
+    And in their mouth no lie was found for they are faultless.�—Rev.
+    14:1-5.
+
+
+The Lamb is shown by the connection to be Christ,—here called by one of
+his metaphorical names.
+
+The Mount Zion, doubtless, symbolizes the place where, in the
+regeneration, the Lord will reign with his saints—_i.e._ in the new earth.
+“The Lord shall reign over them in Mount Zion,� Micah 4:7.—“And they sung
+a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the
+seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood out of every kindred and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth,� 5:9,10.—“And
+I saw a new heavens and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first
+earth were passed away.... And I heard a great voice out of heaven,
+saying, Behold the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with
+them, and they shall, be his people, and God himself shall be with them
+and be their God,� 21:1-3.
+
+The names of Mount Zion, and Jerusalem, were both used to denote the city
+which the Lord chose above all the goodly places of earth to put his name
+there. It is proper to designate the heavenly city, the new Jerusalem, by
+all the names which were applied to the old. The king is to be set upon
+the holy hill of Zion—“Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the
+towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces,� Psa.
+48:12, 13. “When the Lord shall build up Zion, he shall appear in glory,�
+_Ib._ 102:16. “For the Lord hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his
+habitation. This is my rest forever; here will I dwell; for I have desired
+it,� _Ib._ 132:13, 14. “For the Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort
+all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her
+desert like the garden of the Lord; and joy and gladness shall be found
+therein, thanksgiving and the voice of melody.... Therefore the redeemed
+of the Lord shall return and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting
+joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy, and
+sorrow and mourning shall flee away.� Isa. 51:3-11. “Awake, awake, put on
+thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalem, the holy
+city; for henceforth there shall no more come into thee the uncircumcised
+and the unclean.... How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of him
+that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good
+tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, ‘Thy God
+reigneth!’ Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the voice together
+shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye when the Lord shall bring
+again Zion. Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of
+Jerusalem: for the Lord hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed
+Jerusalem.� _Ib._ 52:1-9. “And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto
+them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the Lord.� _Ib._ 59:20.
+
+The standing of the Lamb on Mount Zion, symbolizes an epoch when Christ
+shall assume a corresponding relation to his people. He there appears in
+person; and “when Christ who is your life, shall appear, then shall ye
+also appear with him in glory,� Col. 3:4. It will not be till he shall
+have judged “the quick and the dead at his appearing,� (2 Tim. 4:1), that
+“the redeemed from among men� will “follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth.�
+
+The 144,000, who are with Christ, correspond with the number which are
+sealed, “of all the tribes of the children of Israel,� (7:4); and they are
+doubtless the same persons, who, under the sixth seal, are designated,
+among all denominations of Christians, by the mark of the living God. They
+are there shown to be the godly, who shall be alive on the earth at
+Christ’s coming and shall then be changed, and, with the risen dead,
+caught up to meet him in the air.
+
+The sealing process there symbolized, is here shown to be the inscribing
+of the Father’s name on their foreheads. The subjects of the beast and its
+image, receive its mark; but the children of God and the Lamb, are
+designated instead, by the name of the Father.
+
+The voice from heaven as the voice of many waters, with the voice of
+harpers, is the singing of the new song which none but the 144,000 could
+learn. Those who are translated at Christ’s coming, will be favored above
+all, save two, who will have lived on the earth, insomuch as they will
+have been redeemed from the earth without being subjected to death.
+
+These sing in the presence of the four living creatures and the elders,
+who symbolize those who also are redeemed from among men and will reign on
+the earth, 5:8-10. Consequently those must symbolize the resurrected dead,
+with whom the 144,000 will be ushered into the Lord’s presence, 1 Thess.
+4:16, 17. The two bodies of the redeemed, are therefore both represented
+with the Lord on Mount Zion.
+
+Their not being defiled with women, probably implies that they were not
+guilty of idolatry, which is represented by that figure, Ezek. 16:15. They
+had not submitted to the wiles of the woman seated on the scarlet-colored
+beast, (17:3); had not worshipped the beast or its image (14:9), and had
+been true to their Divine Sovereign.
+
+They follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. All the redeemed will
+doubtless thus follow the Lamb, for of all the “great multitude which no
+man could number, of all nations and kindreds, and people, and tongues,�
+who stood before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed “with white
+robes, and palms in their hands,� (7:9)—it was said: “The Lamb which is in
+the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living
+fountains of water,� 7:17.
+
+Those who are redeemed from among men, are called the “first fruits unto
+God and to the Lamb.� They are not necessarily first fruits of the
+redeemed, to distinguish them from others of the redeemed, but are first
+fruits of the race: “Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth,
+that we should be a kind of _first fruits_ of his creatures,� James 1:18.
+By his resurrection from the dead, Christ became “the first fruits of them
+that slept,� 1 Cor. 15:20. And at his coming there is to be a “first
+resurrection� (20:6), when the bodies of the saints will “be fashioned
+like unto his glorious body� (Phil. 3:21), and thus become the first
+fruits with their risen Head. Those who come up at the second resurrection
+will not attain to that beatific state.
+
+They are faultless, and without guile. They are not perfect by reason of
+any inherent goodness in themselves; for “all we like sheep have gone
+astray ... and the Lord laid on him the iniquity of us all,� Isa. 53:6.
+The redeemed church will be faultless, because its members will be
+sanctified and cleansed by the blood of Christ. Such will constitute “a
+glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing ... holy
+and without blemish,� Eph. 5:27. While “the nations of them which are
+saved shall walk in the light� of the New Jerusalem, and shall “bring
+their glory and honor into it,� there “shall in no wise enter into it
+anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh
+a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb’s book of life,� 21:24-27.
+
+“There awaiteth at the end
+Such a home, and such a Friend,
+Such a crown, and such a throne,
+Such a harp of heavenly tone,
+Such companions, such employ,
+Such a world of hallowed joy!�—_Bunyan._
+
+
+
+
+The Angel of the Everlasting Gospel.
+
+
+    “And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the
+    everlasting good news to preach to those dwelling on the earth,
+    and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue, and people, saying
+    with a loud voice, Fear God and give glory to him; for the hour of
+    his judgment is come: and worship him who made the heaven, and the
+    earth, and the sea, and fountains of water!�—Rev. 14:6, 7.
+
+
+The era symbolized by the flight of this angel, has been applied, by
+different writers to the epoch of the Reformation, to that of modern
+missions, &c. The view here taken, is that it synchronizes with the
+preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles.
+
+The angel flying through the midst of heaven, doubtless symbolizes a body
+of men conspicuous for their position, energetic in their movements,
+extensive in their operations, and urgent in their proclamation,—whose
+teachings correspond with this announcement of the angel.
+
+The message they bear is that of the everlasting gospel ευαγγελιον,
+(_evangelion_)—which is, literally, the good news, the glad tidings; that
+which brings “life and immortality to light,� 2 Tim. 1:10. It is a message
+which foreshadows the resurrection and coming judgment at Christ’s
+appearing; and is therefore called “the gospel of the kingdom,� (Matt.
+4:23);—the good news of the glorious kingdom of the Son of God.
+
+It is the preaching of the _everlasting_ gospel which is thus symbolized.
+It is no _new_ gospel; for, “the Scripture foreseeing that God would
+justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto
+Abraham,—saying: In thee shall all nations be blessed,� Gal. 3:8. And not
+Abraham alone, but all the fathers “did eat the same spiritual meat, and
+did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual
+Rock that followed them: and that rock was Christ,� 1 Cor. 10:3, 4. Of
+this gospel the Jewish nation and a few proselytes, were for ages the sole
+recipients. “Unto them were committed the oracles of God.� Rom. 3:2. To
+them pertained “the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the
+giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises,� Rom. 9:4.
+But the time had been foretold when the Gentiles should come to their
+light, and kings to the brightness of their rising, Isa. 60:3.
+
+With the coming of Christ, and his rejection of that nation, the gospel,
+was no longer to be confined within its former narrow limits. The Savior
+said to his disciples: “Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing
+them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;
+teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and
+lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world,� Matt. 28:19, 20.
+“Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. He that
+believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall
+be damned,� Mark 16:15, 16. “Then opened he their understanding that they
+might understand the Scriptures, and he said unto them, Thus it is
+written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, to rise from the dead the
+third day: and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in
+his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem,� Luke 24:45-47.
+
+The fulfilment of those predictions and commands could not be more
+beautifully and appropriately symbolized, than by an angel flying “in the
+midst of heaven having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that
+dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and
+people.� It could be no other gospel: for Paul testified: “Though we, or
+an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we
+have preached unto you, let him be accursed. As we said before, so say I
+now again, If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have
+received, let him be accursed,� Gal. 1:8, 9.
+
+In accordance with the divine command, to preach the gospel to all the
+nations, beginning at Jerusalem, the apostles began their mission; and
+when the Jews rejected their message, they turned to the Gentiles, and
+went everywhere preaching the word “according to the revelation of the
+mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, but now is made
+manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the
+commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the
+obedience of faith,� Rom. 16:25, 26.
+
+The first converts to the faith, comprised “Parthians, and Medes, and
+Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia,
+in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of
+Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and
+Arabians,� Acts 2:9-12. When the Jews contradicted and blasphemed, “Paul
+and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God
+should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and
+judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the
+Gentiles,� Acts 13:46. Afterwards Paul, in writing to the Colossians,
+refers to the gospel as that “which was preached to every creature which
+is under heaven,� Col. 1:23.
+
+This gospel was to be preached to those who dwell on the earth, and also
+to all nations. The symbolic earth of the Apocalypse, being generally
+admitted to be the Roman empire under a quiet government, its fulfilment
+would require an early introduction of the gospel there. Accordingly we
+find, within thirty years after the crucifixion of Christ, a flourishing
+church existing in the metropolis of the Roman empire, to which Paul
+addressed one of his most able letters. In it, he thanks God that their
+“faith is spoken of throughout all the world,� Rom. 1:8. The apostle had
+then “fully preached the gospel of Christ� from Jerusalem “round about
+[the coast of the Mediterranean] unto Illyricum,� (Rom. 16:19);—a country
+on the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. He afterwards visited Rome, and is
+supposed to have preached the gospel as far west as Spain. The apostles
+spread Christianity throughout the Roman empire. Palestine, Syria,
+Natolia, Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, Italy, and the northern
+coast of Africa, contained societies of Christians in the first century.
+In the second century societies existed, and Christ was worshipped, among
+the Germans, Spaniards, French, Celts, and Britons, and many other nations
+in Europe, and almost throughout the whole east. In the fourth century
+Christianity had become the prevailing religion of the empire.
+
+In later times the gospel which began to be preached at Jerusalem, has
+been extended to more distant countries, and is still finding its way to
+every tribe and people that have not before heard its joyful sound. Thus
+has the light of the gospel nearly encircled the globe, having been, in
+one age or another, proclaimed in every known country—fulfilling the words
+of the Saviour: “And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world, for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come,�
+Matt. 24:14. “And the gospel must first be published among all nations,�
+Mark 13:10. It would not follow from these predictions that it must be
+preached at the _same time_ to all nations, any more than the light of day
+shines on all parts of the earth at once: but all must have been illumined
+by it before the end.
+
+In accordance with this view, those who are finally redeemed to God “out
+of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation� (5:9), are those who
+will “have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the
+Lamb� (7:14), in consequence of this universal extension of the gospel.
+
+The command to fear and give glory to God, and to worship the Creator of
+all things implies that it was to be proclaimed to worshippers of false
+gods, and was not a mere proclamation addressed to _actual Christians_.
+The Gentiles to whom the apostles preached _were_ actual worshippers of
+such, and needed to be taught the worship of the _true_ God. While Paul
+was at Athens, his spirit was stirred within him when he saw the city
+wholly given to idolatry. “Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars hill, and
+said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too
+superstitious. For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an
+altar with this inscription: TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye
+ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. God that made the world and
+all things therein, seeing that he is the Lord of heaven and earth,
+dwelleth not in temples made with hands,� Acts 17:22-24. “Ye know that ye
+were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led,� 1
+Cor. 12:2. “For they themselves show us of what manner of entering in we
+had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols, to serve the living and
+true God: and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the
+dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come,� 1 Thess.
+1:9, 10.
+
+The great motive, to be held forth to induce men to turn from the worship
+of idols to that of God, was the certainty of the approaching judgment. In
+accordance with this, the apostles make constant references to it. The
+Corinthians are exhorted to “come behind in no gift; waiting for the
+coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall also confirm you unto the end,
+that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ,� 1 Cor. 1:7,
+8. As Paul “reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come,
+Felix trembled,� Acts 24:25. He said to the impenitent Romans, that they
+were “treasuring up to themselves wrath against the day of wrath, and
+revelation of the righteous judgment of God,� Rom. 2:5. The first things
+which were presented in all their teachings were “the foundation of
+repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, of the doctrine of
+baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and
+of eternal judgment,� Heb. 6:1, 2. Thus “Enoch also, the seventh from
+Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold the Lord cometh with ten
+thousand of his saints,� Jude 14, 15.
+
+As Christ was to judge the world “at his appearing and kingdom� (2 Tim.
+4:1), a reference to his coming always involved a consideration of the
+hour of his judgment; and his appearing was a great incentive to holiness.
+“For our conversation is in heaven, from whence also we look for the
+Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ,� Phil. 3:20. And “when Christ, who is our
+life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory,� Col.
+3:4. “For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye
+in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming?� 1 Thess. 2:19.
+“To the end he may establish your hearts unblamable in holiness before
+God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his
+saints,� _Ib._ 3:13. “For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again,
+even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. For this
+we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and
+remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are
+asleep. For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with
+the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in
+Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air:
+and so shall we ever be with the Lord,� _Ib._ 4:14-17. “And to you who are
+troubled, rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know
+not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ,� 2 Thess.
+1:7, 8.
+
+Not only the apostles, but their successors, in succeeding ages, have
+constantly made reference to the judgment, as the motive to holiness.
+Beginning in the days of the apostles, the same gospel has been continued
+by a succession of men to the present time; and those who are now
+preaching, or who support those who so preach the everlasting gospel, in
+connection with the warning of approaching judgment, must be regarded as
+belonging to the same body of men symbolized by the angel flying in the
+midst of heaven.
+
+Commencing in the apostolic age, sections of the globe were evangelized—in
+Asia and Africa, that have never received the gospel since, either under
+the reformers or by modern missionaries. But beginning with the
+dispensation of the gospel to the Gentiles, its fulfilment is found in
+China, in Tartary, in Japan, in Egypt, and Ethiopia, and in lands so
+remote that no one can say it has not been almost universally promulgated.
+
+
+
+
+The Angel announcing the Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    “And another angel, a second, followed, saying, She is fallen!
+    Babylon the great is fallen! She made all nations drink of the
+    wine of the wrath of her fornication!�—Rev. 14:8.
+
+
+This angel, like the former, must symbolize a body of religious teachers.
+The former resulted in the spread of Christianity. This announces the fall
+of a corrupt hierarchy.
+
+Babylon being regarded as a symbol of the Roman church, her fall must be
+understood to be her loss of power, as mistress of the kings of the earth;
+and synchronizes with her displacement from her position on the beast, as
+symbolized in the 17th chapter. The epoch of her fall, and consequently of
+the flight of this angel, is that of the Reformation, when the corruptions
+of the Papal See were first exposed, and it was denounced as the
+Apocalyptic harlot. The argument for this application is given in the
+exposition of Rev. 18:1, which is a repetition of the symbol here given,
+p. 300.
+
+
+
+
+The Wrath-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    “And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a loud
+    voice, If any one worship the wild beast and his image, and
+    receive his mark on his forehead, or on his hand, even he will
+    drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out
+    unmingled into the cup of his wrath; and he will be tormented with
+    fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the
+    presence of the Lamb: and the smoke of their torment ascendeth for
+    ever and ever: and they have no rest day or night, who worship the
+    wild beast and his image, and whoever receiveth the mark of his
+    name!�—Rev. 14:9-11.
+
+
+The cry of this angel synchronizes with the “voice from heaven� (18:4),
+and follows the discovery of the corruptions of Romanism.—See the
+exposition of that Scripture, p. 307.
+
+The worship of the beast consisted in a regard for it, equivalent to
+saying, “Who is like unto the beast? and, Who is able to make war with
+him?� 13:4. To worship, is to manifest homage and respect. To worship any
+inferior object, is to bestow on it the confidence and affection which is
+due only to God. It is to trust in it, as invincible, able to protect, and
+infallible in judgment. Thus to regard any civil or ecclesiastical
+organization, is to substitute it for Him, by whom the powers that be are
+ordained (Rom. 13:1), who giveth the kingdom to whomsoever he will (Dan.
+4:17), and by whom alone, kings reign, and princes decree justice, Prov.
+8:15.
+
+Whenever any civil or ecclesiastical enactment conflicts with the
+requisitions of Jehovah, that power is worshipped, which is obeyed in
+preference to the other: “Know ye not that to whom ye yield yourselves
+servants to obey, his servants ye are whom ye obey?� Rom. 6:16. The
+worship of God is incompatible with obedience to any power which compels a
+violation of His laws. Due obedience to government is commanded, when no
+question of conscience is involved. When it is, no forcible resistance to
+the execution of the law is permitted; but while God is obeyed, the
+penalty of the law is to be meekly endured.
+
+The early Christians chose death, rather than to deny their Saviour at the
+command of Jewish Sanhedrim or Roman emperor. When Peter and John were
+commanded “not to speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus,� their
+answer was, “Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you
+more than unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak the things which we
+have seen and heard,� Acts 4:19, 20. In like manner, the Christians living
+at the epoch of this angel, were to be similarly tried, which is implied
+in the command, not to worship.
+
+So soon as the reformers were placed in direct conflict with the Church of
+Rome, her anathemas were hurled against all who assented not to her
+mummeries. And the power of the civil arm was also brought into exercise
+to compel obedience to her commands. Those who maintained their integrity,
+did so in opposition to the requirements of the church and state; while
+those who submitted to the state as invincible, or to the church as
+infallible, extended to the beast or its image that homage and regard
+which was due to God. They thus acknowledged themselves the servants of
+him whom they obeyed, and subjected themselves to the wrath of God.
+
+The smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever, and they have
+no rest, day nor night, who worship the beast and his image. While the
+righteous enter into rest, the wicked are like the troubled sea which
+cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt, Isa. 57:20.
+
+
+
+
+The Harvest of the Earth.
+
+
+    “Here is the patience of the saints: here are those who keep the
+    commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, saying, Write, Happy the dead who die in the Lord,
+    from henceforth! Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from
+    their toils; and their works go with them. And I looked, and
+    behold, a white cloud, and one was seated on the cloud like the
+    Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a
+    sharp sickle. And another angel came out of the temple, crying
+    with a loud voice to him seated on the cloud, Thrust forth thy
+    sickle and reap: for the hour is come for thee to reap; for the
+    harvest of the earth is ripe. And he, who sat on the cloud, cast
+    his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped.�—Rev. 14:12-16.
+
+
+The announcement that here are they who keep the commandments of God,
+implies that, at the epoch symbolized, they are to be the subjects of
+special notice. By the voice from heaven, they are shown to include all of
+the dead who have died in the Lord; and their being blessed from
+thenceforth, indicates that they will at that epoch enter upon their
+eternal reward.
+
+The “rest� of the righteous, is at the advent of Christ:—“To you who are
+troubled, rest with us when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven,�
+2 Thess. 1:6. “There remaineth a rest for the people of God,� Heb. 4:9.
+
+On hearing the voice from heaven, the revelator looked, and beheld on a
+cloud “one like the Son of man.� In Ezek. 1:26, “the likeness as the
+appearance of a man,� upon “the likeness of the throne,� is explained to
+be “the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord.� In Dan.
+7:13, “one like the Son of man,� who comes to the Ancient of days, is
+evidently a symbol of Christ. In Rev. 1:13, “one like unto the Son of
+man,� is the one who was alive, was dead, and is alive forevermore. The
+same symbol repeated, must here also be a representative of Christ.
+
+His position on a cloud, indicates the arrival of the period when he is to
+be manifested in mid-heaven: “Behold he cometh with clouds; and every eye
+shall see him,� 1:7. “One like the Son of man came with the clouds of
+heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before
+him. And there was given him dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all
+people, nations, and languages should serve him,� Dan. 7:13, 14. “And they
+shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven, with power and
+great glory. And he shall send his angels, with a great sound of a
+trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds,
+from one end of heaven to the other,� Matt. 24:30, 31.
+
+The epoch of this manifestation, according to the above, is that of the
+last trump, the second advent, and the first resurrection. “At the last
+trump ... the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed,� 1 Cor. 15:52. “For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven
+with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God;
+and the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we which are alive and
+remain, shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the
+Lord in the air,� 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+His “golden crown� indicates that he is now to take to himself his great
+power, and to reign, “when the kingdoms of this world become our Lord’s
+and his Christ’s,� 11:15, 17. Crowns are symbols of sovereignty. As such,
+they respectively denoted the periods, when the forms of government,
+symbolized by the heads of the beast (12:3) and its horns (13:1), bore
+rule. Now the diadem is to be transferred from them, to encircle the brow
+of earth’s rightful Sovereign.
+
+The sharp sickle in his hand, indicates that the time of harvest has
+arrived; and the act of reaping, the gathering of the harvest. There are
+two gatherings symbolized, corresponding to the two classes of persons who
+are to be gathered. “The dead in Christ shall rise first,� and will be
+“caught up to meet the Lord in the air,� before the wicked are gathered, 1
+Thess. 4:16, 17. “I will come again, and receive you unto myself,� said
+the Saviour, John 14:5. The Lord of the harvest directs its gathering, but
+effects it by the instrumentality of angels: “He shall send his angels,
+and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the
+uttermost part of the earth, to the uttermost part of heaven,� Mark 13:27.
+When thus gathered, they are caught up to meet the Lord in the air, where
+the Lord of the harvest sits. This is the separation of the righteous and
+wicked, who were to “grow together till the harvest,� which, says the
+Saviour, “is the end of the world,� Matt. 13:39.
+
+Mr. Lord suggests, that it is inconsistent with the dignity of Christ, to
+be notified by an angel when to begin his work; and therefore dissents
+from the application of the symbol to him. It may not, however, be
+necessary to consider the cry of the angel, as one of command. The angel
+may be a messenger from the Ancient of days, announcing the epoch of the
+resurrection. Or he may symbolize a body of men, who will be ardently
+praying for the return of the nobleman to take his kingdom.
+
+The harvest is spoken of in distinction from the gathering of the vine,
+and in contrast with it. Men harvest what they prize,—their grain and
+fruits. They do not harvest briers and thorns. They cut or reap both; but
+the act of reaping is not expressive of the destiny of what is reaped.
+This is indicated by the disposition made, and the terms applied; the one
+is gathered into the garner of the Lord; but the other is given to the
+consuming fire.
+
+The righteous being caught up to meet the Lord at his coming, the
+destruction of the wicked, which must precede the regeneration of the
+earth and descent of the saints, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+
+The Reaping of the Vine.
+
+
+    “And another angel came out of the temple in heaven, he also
+    having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out from the altar,
+    who had power over the fire, and called with a loud shout to him
+    who had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and
+    cut off the clusters of the vine of the earth; for its grapes are
+    ripe. And the angel cast in his sickle into the earth, and cut off
+    the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great wine-press of
+    the wrath of God. And the wine-press was trodden without the city,
+    and blood came out of the wine-press, even to the bridles of the
+    horses, for the distance of one thousand six hundred
+    furlongs.�—Rev. 14:17-20.
+
+
+The wicked also are gathered by the instrumentality of angels: said the
+Saviour, “As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so
+shall it be in the end of this world. The Son of man shall send forth his
+angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend,
+and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a furnace of fire:
+there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth,� Matt. 13:40-42. In the
+parable of the tares, the Saviour said, “Let both grow together until the
+harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye
+together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but
+gather the wheat into my barn.� Thus the tares were to be gathered
+_first_—not before the righteous are gathered, but before the wheat is
+placed in the garner: the new earth being the garner where the righteous
+are _finally_ to be gathered, they cannot be placed there till the wicked
+have been gathered out. “Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun
+in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear,�
+Matt. 13:30, 43.
+
+The disposition of the vine, its being trodden down, and the great
+presence of blood flowing, symbolize the awful judgments to overtake the
+wicked, after the escape of the righteous, when they are gathered into
+bundles and burned. Thus Isaiah prophesied: “Who is this that cometh from
+Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his
+apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in
+righteousness, mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel,
+and thy garments like him that treadeth in the wine-vat? I have trodden
+the wine-press alone: and of the people there was none with me: for I will
+tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury, and their blood
+shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For
+the day of vengeance is in my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come,�
+Isa. 63:1-4.
+
+Before the destruction of the old world by the deluge, Noah was secure in
+the ark. Before the destruction of Sodom, Lot is removed to a place of
+safety. So before the destruction of the vine of the earth, the righteous
+are caught up to the Lord in the air, where they are symbolized, in the
+following chapter, as:
+
+
+
+
+The Victors on the Sea of Glass.
+
+
+    “And I saw another sign in heaven, great and wonderful, seven
+    angels having the seven last plagues; for by these, the wrath of
+    God is completed. And I saw as it were a transparent sea mingled
+    with fire; and those who had obtained the victory over the wild
+    beast, and over his image, and over the number of his name,
+    standing on the transparent sea, having harps of God. And they
+    sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the
+    Lamb, saying, Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God
+    Almighty; just and true are thy ways, king of nations! Who should
+    not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art
+    holy; for all nations will come and worship before thee; for thy
+    judgments are manifested.� Rev. 15:1-4.
+
+
+This appears to close the vision commencing with the sixth verse of the
+14th chapter, and to be independent of the remaining portion of the 15th
+chapter.
+
+These “seven angels,� in the subsequent vision, discharge the contents of
+the vials of God’s wrath; but the epoch here presented is evidently
+subsequent to that fulfilment; for the imitation of the “Song of Moses,�
+must follow the infliction of the judgments which call forth that song of
+rejoicing. They had here completed the wrath of God, the manner of which
+act is subsequently shown in a separate vision.
+
+The “sea of glass,� must represent an elevation above the earth. For those
+stationed there had gotten the victory over the beast and his image, had
+escaped the wrath to be poured on those who worshipped those powers
+(14:9), had been gathered when the harvest of the earth was reaped
+(14:16), being then caught up to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17),
+and now, the clusters of the vine of the earth having been gathered and
+cast into the wine-press of the wrath of God (14:19), they rejoice above
+the fires of earth, witnesses of the manifestations of God’s judgments.
+They have come out of all their tribulations, and evidently synchronize
+with the palm-bearing multitude (Rev. 7:9), the hundred and forty-four
+thousand on Mount Zion (14:1), and the multitude in heaven who sing
+Alleluia over the judgment of the great harlot, 19:1.
+
+“The song of Moses,� was that sung by the Israelites when the Egyptians
+had perished in the waters of the Red Sea, and they were safely encamped
+on its further shore. The Lord had triumphed gloriously over the enemies
+of Israel, had buried the horse and his rider in the sea, and was about to
+plant his people in the mountain of his inheritance,—in the place which he
+had made for them to dwell in,—in the sanctuary which he had established,
+Ex. 15:1-21. The analogy requires that when this corresponding song is
+sung, the ransomed of the Lord shall have correspondingly witnessed the
+overthrow of the adversaries of Jehovah, and shall themselves have escaped
+from the perils of the many waters which had threatened to engulf them.
+
+The judgments of God being manifested on the nations of the ungodly, there
+are none remaining, only “the nations of them which are saved,� 21:24. As
+these will all walk in the light of the new Jerusalem, those on the sea of
+glass may well sing:
+
+“Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty!
+Just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints!
+Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?
+For thou only art Holy:
+For all nations shall come and worship before thee;
+For thy judgments are made manifest.�
+
+In accordance with the foregoing view, this synchronizes with the “new
+song� sung by those who are redeemed from every nation, kindred, tongue
+and people (5:9), who are afterwards seen standing with the Lamb on Mount
+Zion, 14:3.
+
+
+
+
+The Angels with the Seven Vials.
+
+
+    “And after this, I looked, and the temple of the tabernacle of the
+    testimony in heaven was opened; and the seven angels came out of
+    the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure white linen,
+    and girded around the breasts with golden girdles. And one of the
+    four living beings gave to the seven angels, seven golden bowls
+    filled with the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. And
+    the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from
+    his power, and no one was able to enter the temple till the seven
+    plagues of the seven angels were completed.� Rev. 15:5-8.
+
+
+    “And I heard a loud voice out of the temple saying, to the seven
+    angels, Depart, and pour out the bowls of the wrath of God on the
+    earth.� Rev. 16:1.
+
+
+“The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven,� must symbolize
+heaven itself. It corresponds with the tabernacle “after the second
+veil,�—called “the holiest of all,� where the tables of the covenant were
+deposited by the command of Moses, Heb. 9:1-5. There, the “cherubims of
+glory� over-shadowed the mercy-seat,—a type of the presence-chamber of the
+Almighty. Consequently, when it is symbolized as being opened in heaven,
+the angels who come out are divinely commissioned executors of God’s
+purposes.
+
+The “seven angels,� are the ministers of the divine vengeance,—the
+rectitude of their character and the dignity of their office, being
+symbolized by their “white robes� and “golden girdles.�
+
+The period of time symbolized by the pouring out of the vials, must be
+anterior to the second advent; for in the analogous instances of God’s
+judgments, he visits his enemies with plagues previous to the deliverance
+of his children. Thus were the ancient Egyptians visited, before the
+Israelites escaped from their power, Ex. 5-11.
+
+The deliverance of the vials to the angels by one of the four “living
+creatures,� indicates that the intelligences in the divine presence, which
+are thus symbolized, are cognizant of God’s design, and acquiesce in his
+purpose to visit the subjects of his wrath with these plagues.
+
+By these being called “the vials of God’s wrath,� we learn that their
+infliction is not corrective, but judicial;—that they are not agents of
+mercy, but of vengeance.
+
+The filling of the temple with the smoke of God’s glory, to the exclusion
+of all persons during the pouring out of the vials, shows that during that
+period, there will be no intercession with God for him to refrain from the
+execution of the purposes thus symbolized. They are inevitable; and there
+will be no supplication for their suspension. When Moses had finished the
+type of the “Holiest of all,� a “cloud covered the tent of the
+congregation, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. And Moses
+was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud
+abode thereon, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle,� Ex.
+40:34, 35. It was only when Moses could enter the tabernacle, that he
+could there commune with God face to face, Ex. 33:9, 11.
+
+The voice from the temple to the seven angels, shows that the acts
+commanded are the subjects of divine appointment,—the angels simply
+designating the commencement of the several judgments.
+
+
+
+
+The First Vial.
+
+
+    “And the first went away, and poured out his bowl on the earth;
+    and there came an evil and sore ulcer on the men who had the mark
+    of the beast, and on those worshipping his image.� Rev. 16:2.
+
+
+The “earth,� in the Apocalypse, symbolizes a quiet and settled government
+(13:11), in distinction from one politically agitated, which is symbolized
+by waters, 13:1; 17:15.
+
+Those who receive the contents of the first vial, being the worshippers of
+the “beast� and its “image� (13:15), it is certain that the governments on
+which it is poured, are subservient to the church of Rome and within the
+boundaries of the ten kingdoms.
+
+The effect of the vial is “a noisome and grievous sore;� and the only
+things analogous, are mental maladies. Therefore the results symbolized
+must be noxious principles and opinions, which fill the mind with rancor
+and hate,—producing strife, alienation and contention.
+
+The _epoch_ here symbolized, in the very unanimous opinion of most
+judicious writers, corresponds with the commencement of the agitations
+which preceded the outbreak of the first French revolution, about A. D.
+1785. Commencing in France, and extending with more or less virulence
+throughout the ten kingdoms, there was excited an intense uneasiness of
+the people respecting their relation to their rulers. They regarded
+themselves as insupportably oppressed and degraded, and were exasperated
+to madness against their respective governments. This, under the next
+vial, resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy, and in attempted
+revolutions in other kingdoms.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Vial.
+
+
+    “And the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea; and it
+    became like the blood of a dead person; and every living creature
+    in the sea died.� Rev. 16:8.
+
+
+The first vial having excited political agitations in previously quiet
+governments, they are now more fitly symbolized by the “sea� than by the
+“earth.� And on such the second vial is poured.
+
+As the sea symbolizes a people agitated and disquieted, the living things
+in it, must symbolize those who live on and are sustained by the people.
+Consequently, the waters becoming blood, and the death of the things
+living in the waters, symbolize the shedding of the blood of the people,
+and the slaughter, by them, of their rulers and superiors.
+
+The epoch symbolized, would therefore correspond with the actual outbreak
+of the French revolution, to which the agitations produced by the previous
+vial had goaded on the excited people. In their riots and insurrections,
+history records the destruction of large numbers of the populace; and
+these exterminated the members of the royal family, and all persons of
+rank and influence. A million of people, according to Alison, perished in
+the civil war of La Vendee alone; and thousands of the nobility and
+persons of distinction were ruthlessly slaughtered throughout France,
+whose rivers were discolored with the blood of the slain.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Vial.
+
+
+    “And the third poured out his bowl on the rivers and on the
+    fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the angel
+    of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Thou, who art, and wast
+    holy, because thou hast inflicted these judgments; for they have
+    poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given
+    them blood to drink: they are worthy! And I heard one from the
+    altar, saying, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are
+    thy judgments!� Rev. 16:4-7.
+
+
+Mr. Lord justly remarks that “Rivers and fountains of waters, are to a
+sea, what smaller exterior communities and nations are to a great central
+people.� As the French nation was the sea, the “rivers and fountains�
+symbolize contiguous or more remote communities surrounding it. These are
+said to have become blood, without its being specified that the living
+things in them perished, as in the sea. Accordingly, while the greater
+portion of Europe continued, with little interruption, for twenty years
+from 1792, to be deluged with war and bloodshed, the nobles and rulers of
+the other nations were not exterminated, as in France.
+
+The nations thus overwhelmed with blood, were those which had sanctioned
+the shedding of the blood of the saints; consequently their retribution
+was just.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Vial.
+
+
+    “And the fourth angel poured out his vial on the sun; and it was
+    given him to burn men with fire. And men were burned with great
+    heat, and reviled the name of God, who had power over these
+    plagues; and they repented not to give him glory.� Rev. 16:8, 9.
+
+
+The influence of the sun on the earth and sea, is analogous to that of a
+government on the subjects of its rule. As the right degree of light and
+heat is conducive to vegetation, and the excessive action of the sun’s
+rays will scorch and destroy; so a genial government is a blessing to the
+people, while its arbitrary and tyrannical acts are often insupportably
+oppressive.
+
+With the overthrow of the French monarchy under the second vial, there
+arose new rulers in France, who usurped despotic powers, and subjected the
+governed to most oppressive exactions. The rich were impoverished, the
+nation was robbed, the business of the country was paralyzed, the
+obnoxious were slain, every species of misery and wickedness abounded, the
+males were subjected to military conscription, and hundreds of thousands
+of them were sent to subjugate surrounding nations. The countries they
+invaded were also devastated, and oppressed, and robbed by impoverishing
+taxations. These continued, though in a milder form, under the imperial
+rule, and all parts of the Roman earth felt the scorching effects of the
+devouring heat of French usurpation. But when Napoleon passed beyond the
+boundaries of the Roman empire, he was met and driven back by the snow and
+frost of the Almighty.
+
+Notwithstanding the oppressions to which the people were subjected, and
+the exactions under which they groaned, they made no recognition of God’s
+sovereignty. They saw not that this chastisement was from Him. They did
+not deprecate his wrath, nor acknowledge his righteousness, but still
+continued to be infidels and apostates. They continued to blaspheme the
+name of God, who had power over these plagues, and repented not to give
+him glory.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Vial.
+
+
+    “And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the wild
+    beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and they gnawed their tongues
+    through pain, and reviled the God of heaven, because of their
+    pains and their ulcers, and repented not of their deeds� Rev.
+    16:10, 11.
+
+
+The beast, here spoken of, is the same seven-headed, ten-horned wild beast
+that ascended out of the sea (Rev. 13:1), symbolizing the Roman empire in
+its divided form. Consequently the seat or throne of the beast would be
+the ruling power which exercised and controlled the government of these
+kingdoms. Just previous to this epoch, Napoleon had reached the summit of
+his power; and the subversion of his throne, with the restoration of the
+Bourbon dynasty in 1814 and 1815, is evidently here symbolized. Napoleon
+had become the idol of France, which worshipped at the shrine of his
+glory. With his fall, their sun was stricken from its firmament, and the
+kingdom was darkened.
+
+The change being effected by foreign arms, the chagrin and mortification
+of his adherents was natural and expected. They were filled with pain and
+anguish at this termination of all their hopes. The re-imposition on them
+of the Bourbon line, revived all their former hatred towards their rulers
+and sense of oppression, symbolized by the ulcers of the first vial. They
+continued still a nation of infidels, performing the same works of
+blasphemy against God; and again and again have they risen in rebellion
+against their government.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Vial.
+
+
+    “And the sixth poured out his bowl on the great river, the
+    Euphrates; and its water was dried up, that the way of the kings
+    from the rising of the sun might be prepared.� Rev. 16:12.
+
+
+This symbol resembles a like prediction respecting ancient Babylon: “A
+drought is upon her waters, and they shall be dried up,� (Jer. 50:38); and
+“I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry,� Jer. 51:36. Ancient
+Babylon was situated on the river Euphrates, which contributed to the
+wealth and greatness of the city, and was a means of its defence. The
+kings of Media and Persia, from the east of Babylon, subjugated it by
+diverting from the city the waters of the river, and entering by its
+unprotected bed. The turning of the waters into other channels, fulfilled
+the prediction that it should be dried up.
+
+Waters, when used as a symbol, are explained to be “peoples, nations,�
+&c., Rev. 17:15. In the 17th chapter of the Apocalypse, the angel informs
+the revelator that he will show him “the judgment of the great harlot who
+sitteth on many waters,� (17:1); which implies that he had already seen a
+vision to that effect. He is then shown a woman on a scarlet-colored beast
+(v. 3), who is spoken of as sitting “on many waters� (v. 1), and on seven
+mountains (v. 10), and who is affirmed to be the “great city, which
+reigneth over the kings of the earth,� v. 18. Under the seventh vial, the
+“great city,� which is “great Babylon,� is divided into three parts
+(16:19); and the inference is, that the harlot and ancient Babylon are
+analogous symbols of the same organized agency; and, that the city was
+here exhibited on the great river Euphrates.
+
+As a woman clothed with sunbeams and crowned with stars (Rev. 12:1), and a
+city illuminated with the glory of God (Rev. 21:10), are each symbols of
+the true church, corresponding symbols of opposite moral characteristics
+are appropriate representatives of a corrupt and apostate church. As
+Jerusalem was the seat of the ancient church, so was Babylon the seat of
+her oppressors. The former is addressed as a woman, and told to put on her
+“beautiful garments,� (Isa. 52:1); and Babylon is called the “daughter of
+the Chaldeans,� and “the lady of kingdoms,� (Isa. 47:5): so that a woman,
+and a city of corresponding character, may, interchangeably, symbolize the
+same object. Consequently, the “Babylon,� and the “harlot� of the
+Apocalypse, both symbolize the corrupt Roman hierarchy.
+
+Ancient Babylon is described as a harlot, and is addressed as one who
+“dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures,� (Jer. 51:13); whose
+end was to come by her waters being dried up, 51:36. That city sustained a
+relation to the waters on which it was situated, analogous to that held by
+the Roman Catholic church to the people who support and defend her
+pretensions. Their alienation and withdrawal from her support, must
+therefore be symbolized by the drying up of the great river Euphrates,
+which becomes diverted into other channels. This is now apparently being
+fulfilled in the marked alienation of feeling from the church of Rome,
+which is evident throughout the ten kingdoms. During the last twenty
+years, the hold of that community on the affection of her supporters in
+Europe, has been constantly becoming weaker and weaker. Infidel principles
+have been extensively propagated. Her cathedrals have been comparatively
+deserted; and her existence has been endured more as a matter of
+expediency than of affection. At the present moment, probably, the mass of
+the people have little confidence in her pretensions; but it will require
+a more marked withdrawal from her support than has yet been witnessed, to
+fulfil, in all its significance, the meaning conveyed in the symbol.
+
+The “kings of the east,� whose way is to be thus prepared, are doubtless
+her enemies, who, having produced the desired alienation from her support,
+will take advantage of her defenceless position, and hasten her ruin; as
+the kings of Media and Persia, in like manner, subjugated old Babylon.
+
+Under the operation of the sixth vial, and, according to the fulfilment of
+the preceding symbols, corresponding with the present time, are to be
+developed:
+
+
+
+
+The Unclean Spirits.
+
+
+    “And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth
+    of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild beast, and out of
+    the mouth of the false prophet. For they are spirits of demons,
+    performing signs, that go forth to the kings of the whole world,
+    to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty.�
+    Rev. 16:13, 14.
+
+
+The “dragon,� “beast,� and “false prophet,� being regarded as symbols: the
+first, of the Roman empire previous to its subversion by the northern
+barbarians; the second of the ten kingdoms which subsequently arose; and
+the third, of the eastern Roman empire—now the Mohamedan power; the mouths
+of each, from which the frog-like spirits emerge, are next to be
+considered.
+
+To the wild beast was given “a mouth, speaking great things and
+blasphemies,� the power of which was “to continue forty and two months,�
+Rev. 13:5. The agreement of this with the corresponding appendages of
+Daniel’s “little horn� (Dan. 7:8), makes it evident that a “mouth� is a
+symbol of an ecclesiastical organization existing in a political one,—that
+it symbolizes the agency by which the people are taught, and is
+representative of ecclesiastics, who are the mouthpiece of the nation in
+all matters of faith and worship, p. 172.
+
+The religion of Rome imperial, when symbolized by the dragon, was
+Paganism; that of the ten kingdoms, was the Papacy; and that of the
+eastern empire, is Mohammedanism. From these three, then, emerge the
+“unclean spirits.� Diverse as their origin appears, they have no marked
+individual peculiarities. Being alike in their characteristics, they must
+symbolize some common agency:—a combination of religious teachers, whose
+views harmonize in a system of belief common to Paganism, Catholicism, and
+Mohammedanism.
+
+The character of these teachers, is shown by the declaration that “they
+are the spirits of _devils_ working miracles.�
+
+There are two words rendered devils in the New Testament, viz.: δαιμονιον
+(_daimonion_) or δαιμων (_daimoon_), and διαβολος (_diabolus_). The latter
+signifies the Devil, or Satan, who is the same as Beelzebub the prince of
+the _demons_, Matt. 12:25. He it was by whom Jesus was tempted in the
+wilderness, (Matt. 4:1-11); who sowed the tares in the field, (Matt,
+13:39); and for whom, with his angels, the final punishment for the wicked
+is prepared, Matt. 25:41.
+
+The word here, is _daimoon_. It is used, in different forms, sixty-five
+times by our Lord and his apostles; and on no occasion do they hint that
+they use the word in a sense different from its then accepted
+signification; to learn which, recourse must be had to the testimony of
+the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian writers of those times.(6)
+
+HESIOD taught that, “The spirits of departed mortals become _demons_ when
+separated from their earthly bodies;� and PLUTARCH, that “The demons of
+the Greeks were the _ghosts_ and _genii_ of departed men.� “All Pagan
+antiquity affirms,� says Dr. CAMPBELL, “that from Titan and Saturn, the
+poetic progeny of Cœlus and Terra, down to Æsculapius, Proteus, and Minos,
+all their _divinities_ were the _ghosts_ of dead men; and were so regarded
+by the most erudite of the Pagans themselves.�
+
+Among the Pagans, the term _demon_, as often represented a good as an evil
+spirit; but among the Jews, it generally, if not universally, denoted an
+unclean, malign, or wicked spirit. Thus JOSEPHUS says: “Demons are the
+spirits of wicked men.� PHILO says that “The souls of dead men are called
+demons.� “The notion,� says Dr. LARDNER, “of demons, or the souls of dead
+men, having power over living men, was universally prevalent among the
+heathen of these times [the first two centuries], and believed by many
+Christians.� JUSTIN MARTYR speaks of “those who are seized by the souls of
+the dead, whom we call _demons_ and madmen.� Ignatius quotes the words of
+Christ to Peter thus: “Handle me and see; for I am not a _daimoon
+asomaton_,—a disembodied demon,�—_i.e._ a spirit without a body.
+
+The foregoing is evidence of the New Testament signification of the word
+_daimoon_, here improperly rendered devils,—spirits of which, the
+frog-like agencies are affirmed to be.
+
+Demon worship is a characteristic of the three religions referred to. As
+already shown, all Pagans regarded their gods as the ghosts of dead men;
+and the Bible speaks of them as devils, _i.e._ _demons_. Moses says of
+them, “Even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to
+their gods,� (Deut. 12:31); while the Psalmist affirms that “they
+sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto _devils_,� Ps. 106:37.
+“They sacrificed unto _devils_, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to
+new gods that came newly up,� Deut. 32:17. Jeroboam “ordained him priests
+for the high places, and for the _devils_,� 2 Chron. 11:15. “The things
+which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to _devils_, and not to God:
+and I would not that ye should have fellowship with _devils_. Ye cannot
+drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of _devils_; ye cannot be partakers
+of the Lord’s table, and of the table of _devils_,�—_i.e._ of _demons_.
+
+Of the same kind are the gods of the heathen now. In the Youth’s
+Day-Spring, for June, a missionary describing the alarm and grief of the
+Africans on the Gaboon river, at the near prospect of a death in their
+village, says: “The room was filled with women, who were weeping in the
+most piteous manner, and calling on the _spirits of their fathers and of
+others who were dead_, and upon all spirits in whom they believe, Ologo,
+Njembi, Abambo, and Mbwini, to save the man from death. These spirits
+could not help them, but they knew of none mightier, and so called on
+them.� Mr. White, a Wesleyan missionary, says: “There is a class of people
+in New Zealand, called Eruku, or priests. These men pretend to have
+intercourse with departed spirits, ... by which they are able to kill by
+incantation any person on whom their anger may fall.� The Sandwich
+Islanders, when they found that Christians supposed they worshipped the
+images of their gods, were much amused, and said “We are not such fools.�
+They used the idol as an aid to fix their minds on their divinity. Some of
+them supposed their divinity was a spirit residing in their idol.
+
+The Mohammedans, while they recognize God, are also “taught by the Koran
+to believe the existence of an intermediate order of creatures, which they
+call Jin, or genii;� some of which are supposed to be good and others bad,
+and capable of communicating with men, and rewarding or punishing them.
+The 72d chapter of the Koran consists of a pretended communication from
+the genii to Mohammed. They are made to say: “There are some among us who
+are upright, and there are some among us who are otherwise;� and speaking
+of men: “If they tread in the way of truth, we will surely water them with
+abundance of rain,� _i.e._ will grant them plenty of good things. Thus
+they are recognized as dispensers of good. They bear a striking
+resemblance to the spirits which now pretend to communicate with men! All
+who are familiar with Arabian romances know how frequently genii, fairies,
+&c., figure as agents in the execution of wonderful exploits.
+
+The Romanists also pretend to communicate with _demons_,—_i.e._ with
+departed spirits. They deify the Virgin Mary, and supplicate the
+intercessions of many departed saints; and some they supplicate, whose
+claim to saintship is somewhat equivocal. Their teachings in this
+particular, Protestants generally recognize as the subject of the
+following prediction: “Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in the
+latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing
+spirits, and doctrines of devils,�—_demons_, 1 Tim. 4:1.
+
+Demon-worship being common to Paganism, Mohammedanism, and Popery, when
+the frog-like agency emerges from them, the conditions of the symbol seem
+to require that it shall originate with, but shall pass beyond and outside
+the influence of those religions. The agency thus symbolized, was to “go
+forth unto the kings of the earth, and of the whole world.� Its fulfilment
+requires a wonderful and an alarming increase of those who teach and
+believe these doctrines; and as they are to work miracles, whereby the
+world will be deceived, their teachings are to be accompanied by
+extraordinary phenomena, which will be unexplainable by any of the known
+laws of science. The spirits of the departed are to be recognized by them
+as authoritative teachers, who are to be reverenced and obeyed. They will
+be regarded as communicating with mortals, as unveiling the hidden things
+of the invisible state, and as performing acts requiring the exercise of
+physical power. The former are evident from the analogy which exists
+between this and demon-worship; and the latter, from the ascription to
+them of miraculous acts.
+
+The existence of demoniacal intelligences, capable of communicating with
+and acting on mortals, appears to be in accordance with the teachings of
+the Saviour and apostles. Demoniacal possessions are clearly distinguished
+from all diseases; and demons are shown, by the admissions of the New
+Testament, to be actual intelligences, capable of physical power. When the
+fame of Christ “went throughout all Syria, they brought unto him all sick
+people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which
+were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those which
+had the palsy; and he healed them,� Matt. 4:24. “When the unclean spirit
+is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and
+findeth none. Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I
+came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.
+Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked
+than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of
+that man is worse than the first,� Matt. 12:43-45. “And as they went out,
+behold they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.(7) And when
+the devil was cast out, the dumb spake; and the multitudes marvelled,
+saying, It was never so seen in Israel. But the Pharisees said, He casteth
+out devils,(8) through the prince of the devils,� Matt. 9:32-34. “And when
+they were come to the multitude, there came to him a certain man kneeling
+down to him, and saying, Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic,
+and sore vexed, for oft-times he falleth into the fire, and oft into the
+water. And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him.
+Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how
+long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? Bring him hither to
+me. And Jesus rebuked the devil, and he departed out of him; and the child
+was cured from that very hour,� Matt. 17:14-18. “And there was in their
+synagogue a man with an unclean spirit: and he cried out, saying, Let us
+alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come
+to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus
+rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the
+unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of
+him. And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among
+themselves, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with what
+authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him!�
+Mark 1:23-27. “And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met
+him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling
+among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: because
+that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had
+been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither
+could any man tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the
+mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. But
+when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, and cried with a
+loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the
+Most High God! I adjure thee, by God, that thou torment me not. (For he
+said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit.) And he asked
+him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we
+are many. And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of
+the country. Now there was nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine
+feeding. And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine,
+that we may enter into them. And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the
+unclean spirits went out, and entered into the swine; and the herd ran
+violently down a steep place into the sea (they were about two thousand),
+and were choked in the sea,� Mark 5:2-13.
+
+In all these instances, the demons are recognized as actual intelligences,
+performing given acts. Without the admission of this, it will be difficult
+to explain the meaning of a large class of scriptures. It cannot for a
+moment be supposed that the inspired writers would be permitted to use
+language which should directly mislead the common mind.
+
+Among the miracles which the apostles wrought, “unclean spirits, crying
+with a loud voice, came out of many possessed with them, and many taken
+with palsies, and that were lame, were healed,� Acts 8:7. “And God wrought
+special miracles by the hands of Paul: so that from his body were brought
+unto the sick handkerchiefs, or aprons, and the diseases departed from
+them, and the evil spirits went out of them. Then certain of the vagabond
+Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits,
+the name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul
+preacheth. And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the
+priests, who did so. And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know,
+and Paul I know; but who are ye? And the man in whom the evil spirit was,
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that
+they fled out of that house naked and wounded. And many that believed,
+came and confessed, and showed their deeds. Many of them also which used
+curious arts, brought their books together, and burned them before all
+men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand
+pieces of silver,� Acts 19:11-16, 18, 19.
+
+The necromancy, divination, and witchcraft, forbidden in the Old Testament
+and practised by the heathen of those times, were all of a similar
+character. A necromancer was one who had, or pretended to have
+communication with the dead,—who sought “for the living to the dead,�(9)
+Isa. 8:19. They practised divination in divers ways, but usually admitted
+their dependence on familiar spirits,—the spirits of the departed,—demons.
+“The king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the
+two ways, to use divination; he made his arrows bright, he consulted with
+images, he looked in the liver. At his right hand was the divination for
+Jerusalem, to appoint captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to
+lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering-rams against the
+gates, to cast a mount, and to build a fort. And it shall be unto them as
+false divination in their sight, to them that have sworn oaths: but he
+will call to remembrance the iniquity, that they may be taken,� Ezek.
+21:21-23. They observed times, _i.e._ they regarded some as lucky, and
+others as unlucky times for the commencement of any work,—recognizing
+distinctions which God had not made. The heathen divinities were regarded
+as more propitious at some times than others. It is enumerated among the
+sins of Manasseh, that he “made his sons pass through the fire, and
+observed times, and used enchantments, and dealt with familiar spirits and
+wizards,� 2 Kings 21:6.
+
+They practised various arts, whereby they thought to protect themselves
+from evil, and to pry into the secrets of futurity. Because of these
+things, ancient Babylon was suddenly overwhelmed,—“for the multitude of
+thy sorceries, and for the great abundance of thine enchantments.� These
+could not save, as they supposed. Therefore God said to them: “Stand now
+with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein
+thou hast labored from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit,
+if so be thou mayest prevail. Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy
+counsels. Let now the astrologers, the star-gazers, the monthly
+prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come
+upon thee,� Isa. 47:12, 13. All these practices were forbidden by God, who
+said: “Neither shall ye use enchantments, nor observe times,� Lev. 19:26.
+
+Those who consulted with familiar spirits were termed wizards and
+witches,—the practice of which was also expressly forbidden. To make
+witchcraft a mere pretence, is to impute to Jehovah the making of laws
+against pretences and nonentities. To suppose that he would legislate
+against, and inflict capital punishment, because of mere pretences, is
+incredible! God said to Moses, “Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,�
+Ex. 22:18. And to the Jews he said, “Regard not them that have familiar
+spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the Lord
+your God,� Lev. 19:31. “And the soul that turneth after such as have
+familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will
+even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his
+people.� “A man, also, or a woman, that hath a familiar spirit, or that is
+a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones:
+their blood shall be upon them,� Lev. 20:6,27. When Egypt was to be
+destroyed, they were left to “seek to the idols, and to charmers, and to
+them that have familiar spirits, and to wizards,� Isa. 19:3.
+
+The manner in which the familiar spirit spoke, was by “peeping,�
+“muttering,� whispering out of the dust, &c. God said to Ariel, “And thou
+shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the ground, and thy speech
+shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be as of one that hath a
+familiar spirit, out of the ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of
+the dust,� Isa. 29:4. “And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them
+that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter:
+(should not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead!) to
+the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it
+is because there is no light in them,� Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of
+the land; but when he “inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not,
+neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. Then said Saul unto his
+servants, Seek a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her,
+and inquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman
+that hath a familiar spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself, and put
+on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the
+woman by night: and he said, I pray thee divine unto me by the familiar
+spirit, and bring me him up whom I shall name unto thee. And the woman
+said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut
+off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards out of the land;
+wherefore, then, layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? And
+Saul sware unto her by the Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall
+no punishment happen to thee for this thing. Then said the woman, Whom
+shall I bring up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. And when the
+woman saw Samuel she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul,
+saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. And the king said
+unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto
+Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. And he said unto her, What
+form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with
+a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his
+face to the ground, and bowed himself. And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast
+thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore
+distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed
+from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams:
+therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I
+shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the
+Lord is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? And the Lord hath
+done to him, as he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the kingdom out of
+thine hand, and given it to thy neighbor, even to David: because thou
+obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedest his fierce wrath upon
+Amelek, therefore hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this day.
+Moreover, the Lord will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the
+Philistines: and to-morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the Lord
+also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.
+Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid,
+because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him,� 1 Sam.
+28:6-20.
+
+Micaiah “saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven
+standing by him on his right hand and on his left. And the Lord said, Who
+shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? And one
+said on this manner, and another said on that manner. And there came forth
+a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him. And
+the Lord said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I
+will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou
+shalt persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. Now therefore,
+behold, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy
+prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning thee,� 1 Kings
+22:19-23.
+
+When Paul was in the house of Lydia, he says, “It came to pass, as we went
+to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination, met us,
+which brought her masters much gain by her soothsaying: the same followed
+Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most
+high God, which show unto us the way of salvation. And this she did many
+days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command
+thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the
+same hour,� Acts 16:16-18.
+
+By sorcery, enchantment, &c., they performed wonders, or _miracles_,
+either real or pretended. “There was a certain man called Simon, which
+beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of
+Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: to whom they all gave
+heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power
+of God. And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had
+bewitched them with sorceries,� Acts 8:9-11. When “Aaron cast down his rod
+before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent, then
+Pharaoh also called the wise men, and the sorcerers: now the magicians of
+Egypt they also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast
+down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod
+swallowed up their rods,� Ex. 7:10-12. When Aaron turned the water of the
+river to blood, “the magicians did so with their enchantments,� v. 22. In
+like manner they “brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt,� 8:7. But when
+Aaron changed the dust to lice, the magicians attempted the same with
+their enchantments, “but they could not,� Ex. 8:18. These sorcerers who
+withstood Moses, we learn by Paul, were “Jannes and Jambres,� 2 Tim. 3:8.
+They belonged to an ancient profession in Egypt; for, when Pharaoh dreamed
+his dreams, he first “sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and
+all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was
+none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh,� Gen. 41:8. In like manner
+Nebuchadnezzar “commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and
+the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to show the king his dreams. So they
+came, and stood before the king,� Dan. 2:2.
+
+These things were practised to some extent in Judah, but were all put away
+by Josiah. “Moreover, the workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards,
+and the images, and the idols, and all the abominations that were spied in
+the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did Josiah put away, that he might
+perform the words of the law which were written in the book that Hilkiah
+the priest found in the house of the Lord,� 2 Kings 23:24.
+
+The acts and influences of demoniacal agencies are apparent from the
+foregoing; and the symbolization under the sixth seal, seems to indicate a
+revival of those teachings and manifestations at the present time. Within
+a few years, the curiosity of the community has been excited, and large
+numbers of persons greatly interested, in various phenomena, known as
+Mesmerism, Animal-Magnetism, Clairvoyance, Pathetism, Neurology,
+Psychology, Biology, Electro-Biology, &c. &c. Similar manifestations have
+been before exhibited, but not in modern times to the extent now
+witnessed. These were regarded as harmless phenomena and independent of
+any supernatural agency, till audible sounds were heard communicating
+intelligible responses. Then the claim was set up that these are caused by
+departed spirits.
+
+These sounds were first heard near Rochester, New York, in 1847; and, at
+the present time (1852), they are affirmed to exist in hundreds of places
+in this country, and other sections of the globe. They are audible raps,
+the cause of which, aside from the hypothesis of spiritual agency, has
+never been satisfactorily accounted for. By these raps, unimpeached and
+credible witnesses testify that correct answers have been given to
+questions, the facts respecting which were known to no one at the time of
+answering. Since then, furniture has been seen to move about the room, and
+other _wonders_, or miracles, been performed, by invisible agency, at the
+command of mediums to attending spirits,—_i.e._ to _demons_. Mediums have
+written on paper, as they profess, involuntarily, lengthy communications,
+in poetry and prose, the subjects of which they claim to have been
+ignorant of, while the pen they held was moved independent of their own
+will. These exhibitions have been attested by hundreds of credible
+witnesses.
+
+By such manifestations large numbers of persons have given their adherence
+to these real or pretended agencies as truthful and reliable
+intelligences; whose responses they receive with the same credence that we
+do the revelations of scripture. “Circles� are extensively formed, who
+have sittings, at stated times, to receive communications from the spirits
+of the departed; and these are enforced by miracles, audible sounds, the
+exercise of physical power, &c.
+
+The reality and the credibility of these agencies are separate questions.
+Their reality is shown by their identity with similar manifestations of
+former times. The Bible affirms the existence of such: “For we wrestle not
+against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers,
+against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual
+wickedness in high places;� or “wicked spirits� in “heavenly places,� as
+the _margin_ reads, Eph. 6:12.
+
+1. The familiar spirits of old responded in a manner similar to these.
+They did “peep� and “mutter;� their speech was low out of the dust; they
+spoke out of the ground, and whispered; or, as in the margin, did “peep�
+or “chirp� out of the dust. These “rap� and mutter. They respond from
+beneath chairs, tables and floors.
+
+2. They exercised similar physical powers. They threw down and tare the
+persons they possessed. They turned the swine into the sea, &c. These
+claim that chairs and tables, are lifted and moved at will by an invisible
+agency.
+
+3. They made similar pretensions to credibility. Simon Magus gave out
+“that himself was some great one;� and these, that they utter divine
+truths.
+
+4. Similar regard was bestowed on those, which is claimed for these. To
+Simon “they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This
+man is the great power of God.� Yet “he had bewitched them with
+sorceries.� Similar claims by, and regard for these modern pretenders to
+the same art, do not relieve them from the suspicion of a like agency.
+“For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves
+into the apostles of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself is
+transformed into an angel of light. Therefore, it is no great thing if his
+_ministers_ also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness: whose
+end shall be according to their works,� 2 Cor. 11:13-15.
+
+5. Both have given utterance to some truths. The legion of demons who were
+cast out of the man into a herd of swine, acknowledged Jesus to be “the
+Son of the Most High God;� and the pythonic spirit which so grieved Paul,
+declared the apostles to be “the servants of the Most High God, which show
+unto us the way of salvation.� Such communications with the invisible
+world being forbidden, their _credibility_ is disproved.
+
+They claim that spirits of the departed are brought into direct and
+intelligent communication with the living, who desire to interrogate them.
+What more was claimed by the necromancers of old? Said Saul to the woman
+of Endor: “Divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up whom
+I shall name unto thee,� 1 Sam. 28:8.
+
+They claim that not all, but only those persons are mediums who are
+peculiarly susceptible to spiritual influences. Wherein, then, admitting
+their claims, do the “mediums� differ from those of old, who divined by a
+familiar spirit?
+
+Their responses are frequently disproved by facts; and themselves admit
+the existence of unreliable spirits, which communicate like them. They
+give contradictory responses, and mutually criminate each other; but their
+_reality_ is not disproved by any discrepancy, or want of truthfulness in
+their responses; for if they are spirits, none but unclean spirits would
+respond in a forbidden manner.
+
+These spirits are to be discredited, because they preach a different
+gospel from that preached by Paul, who says: “I marvel that ye are so soon
+removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ, unto another
+gospel: which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and
+would pervert the gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel from
+heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let
+him be accursed,� Gal. 1:6-9. “If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ,
+let him be Anathema, Maran-atha.� 1 Cor. 16:22. Said John, “Beloved,
+believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God:
+because many false prophets are gone out into the world,� 1 John 4:1. Also
+Isaiah said, “And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have
+familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should not
+a people seek unto their God? To the law and to the testimony: if they
+speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in
+them,� Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Because of these practices, the nations were driven out from before the
+children of Israel. And with the _miracles_ to be wrought, the frog-like
+spirits are to go forth to “the whole world to gather them to the battle
+of that great day of God Almighty.�
+
+In the time of Abraham, “the iniquity of the Amorites was not yet full,�
+(Gen. 15:16); but in four hundred years they had practised all the
+abominations for which they were to be destroyed, and the practice of
+which God has expressly forbidden. He said to Israel, in the wilderness,
+“When thou art come into the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, thou
+shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nation. There shall
+not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass
+through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an
+enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits,
+or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that do these things are an
+abomination unto the Lord: and because of these abominations the Lord thy
+God doth drive them out from before thee. Thou shalt be perfect with the
+Lord thy God. For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto
+observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the Lord thy God
+hath not suffered thee so to do,� Deut. 18:9-14.
+
+Similar pernicious practices and dangerous heresies, are to prepare the
+way for the final destruction of the nations who reject the claims of
+Jehovah. Peter declares that “there shall be false teachers among you, who
+privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that
+bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall
+follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be
+evil spoken of. And through covetousness shall they with feigned words
+make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not,
+and their damnation slumbereth not,� 2 Pet. 2:1-3. And Paul says of that
+wicked: “Whose coming is after the working of Satan, with all power, and
+signs, and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness
+in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that
+they might be saved. And for this cause God shall send them strong
+delusion, that they should believe a lie: that they might be damned who
+believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness,� 2 Thess.
+2:9-12.
+
+“The battle of that great day of God Almighty,� it would seem, must
+commence by a conflict of opinions. Mind will war with mind, and puny man
+will stoutly contend against the truths of the Almighty. In this revival
+of demon-worship, the old gods of the heathen are to be set up against the
+claims of Jehovah. His declarations are to be made to give place to
+“doctrines of demons.� The teachings of God and of these spirits are to be
+brought into direct conflict.
+
+The followers of the spirits have baptized their new theological dogmas,
+“The Harmonial Philosophy,� of which _Reason_ is the final umpire.
+Revelation no longer speaks to them in tones of authority. From the Bible,
+it is claimed, “the seal of infallibility must be broken away, before a
+new light and beauty can enliven and embellish the mystical disclosures of
+any seer, prophet, or evangelist.� So writes Andrew Jackson Davis, the
+Poughkeepsie seer, one of the leaders of this new school, who complains
+that “owing to the dogmatism of infallibility, the Bible is taught
+now-a-days as it was nearly four centuries ago.�—_Review of Dr. Bushnell_,
+p. 10.
+
+The Scriptures are, with those of his faith, only “the _paper and ink_
+relics of Christianity,� (_Ib._, p. 21); which they regard as “a
+foundation as impermanent as the changeful sand� (_Ib._ p. 24), and not
+adapted “to the wants or requirements of the nineteenth century,� _Ib._ p.
+26. They reject Him, whom they style “the cruel and capricious God
+generally worshipped by the Bible Christians,� _Ib._ p. 47. “The Jewish
+God,� says Davis, “is cruel, capricious and tyrannical,� whose “kingdom is
+more despotic, and more contracted in principle, than the present
+government of the Russian empire,� _Ib._ p. 61. He adds, “The Old
+Testament idea of a Deity is the outgrowth of the despotic stage of human
+mental development,� and “a superannuated monotheistic conception,� _Ib._
+p. 62. In their opinion, “the developments of republicanism, and of mental
+happiness among men, depend very much upon the _absence_ of these
+dogmatical compilations, or fossil relics, of an old Hebrew and Chaldean
+theology,� _Ib._ p. 70. With them “the Bible account of creation is a very
+interesting _myth_,—mainly a plagiarism from the early traditions and
+cosmological doctrines of the ancient Persians and Chaldeans;� and,
+instead of being “a divine revelation of truth,� is “a pagan relic, which
+should no more command serious respect than the ancient doctrines of
+Fetichism,� _Ib._ p. 90.
+
+These “Harmonial Philosophers� are antagonistic to the teachings of
+Jehovah in nearly all their theological notions. They scout the idea that
+any actual evil exists in the universe. They deny the existence of the
+devil, and of evil spirits. “Everything,� says Davis, “is forever
+progressing in goodness and perfection,� _Ib._ p. 180. The salvation of
+all men, is with them as certain as the operation of fixed laws. They
+recognize no Saviour and no atonement in their system of faith. The
+teachings of spirits, and “a certain organization of labor, capital and
+talent,� they fancy, “will effect the desired cure� for all actual or
+supposed ills, _Ib._ p. 178. They recognize no responsibility in the
+sinner, but attribute his wrong-doings to ignorance and accident; and
+their laws of right, are the dictates of their own wisdom.
+
+Their system is essentially Pantheistic, all things being regarded by them
+as a part and parcel of Deity. They argue that “every object which has an
+existence in the universe must be in its nature good and pure, on the
+principle that the effect must partake of the nature of the cause, and the
+stream must be the corresponding emanation of the fountain from which it
+flows.�—_Elements of Spiritual Philosophy_, p. 55. They teach that human
+spirits are “formed primarily from the animating essences that pervade the
+creation,—which essences,� they say, “are the breath and presence of the
+Divinity;� and hence they argue, “that there are no spirits which are
+intrinsically evil in their nature, and none which do not present in their
+inward depths the reflection of divine purity,� _Ib._ p. 56. Going still
+further, they claim that there is no existing “source of positive evil,�
+“no principle of this nature in the human spirit,� and that consequently
+“there can be no evil designs to emanate from such a source,� _Ib._ p. 60.
+
+These assertions are put forth authoritatively; for the “Elements of
+Spiritual Philosophy� are attested by witnesses to be “written by Spirits
+of the Sixth Circle, R. P. Ambler, Medium.� And if they are met by the
+declarations written by those who spake as they were moved by the Holy
+Ghost, they reply: “The Christian who deifies his Bible is as much an
+idolater as the heathen who burns his incense before his household image.
+It is surely attributing to the book what the Pagan attributes to his
+image.�—_Shekinah, April No._, p. 251. Christianity, they denominate,
+“learned scepticism, baptized in the name of Jesus,� &c., _Ib._, p. 301.
+Thus are they warring against the word of God, and placing themselves in
+direct conflict with the Almighty.
+
+This warfare is not only avowed to be against the God of the Bible, but is
+recognized by themselves as _the last great conflict __ previous to the
+millennium_. They regard this subject as “the great question of the age,
+which is destined to convulse and divide Protestantism, and around which
+all other religious controversies must necessarily revolve.�—_Davis’
+Review of Bushnell_, page 3. The millennium which is to be thus ushered
+in, they regard as a period when “every one that desires will be able to
+hold direct intercourse and conversation with the spirit
+world.�—_Spiritual Tel., Vol. 1, No. 1._ Says Davis: “The thunders of a
+stupendous reformation are soon to issue from the now open mouth of the
+Protestant church. The supernatural faith,� _i.e._ a belief in the
+authenticity of Scripture, “will be shaken, as a reed in the tempest. New
+channels will be formed for the inflowing of new truths, and then a
+long-promised era will steal upon the religious and political
+world.�—_Review of Bushnell_, p. 187.
+
+In another place he says: “You may be assured of the truth of this
+_approaching crisis_. The world must recognize it, because it will be
+accompanied with _war_; for politics are inseparably connected, all over
+the world, with religious systems. Religion will develop reason; but
+politics will impel the masses to _unsheath the sword, and to stain the
+bosom of Nature with blood_! Friends of progress! be not discouraged; for
+the FINAL CRISIS must come; _then the strange interregnum_,� _Ib._ p. 217.
+“Protestantism as now constructed will first decay; because it is to be
+divided into two,—the smallest party will go back into Catholicism; the
+other will go forward into Rationalism. And then, after a succession of
+eventful years, a political revolution will hurl the Catholic
+superstructure to the earth, and the prismatic bow of promise will span
+the heavens. The children of earth will then be comparatively free and
+happy! for the _millennial_ epoch will have arrived; and there will be
+something like a realization of peace on earth, and good will toward all
+men!� _Ib._ p. 221.
+
+Such are their delusive hopes, while setting themselves against the Lord,
+and against his Anointed. The Bible teaches that multitudes will be
+deceived by them, and, if it were possible, some of the elect; and hence:
+
+
+
+
+The Admonition.
+
+
+    “Behold, I come like a thief. Happy is he who watcheth, and
+    keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame.�
+    Rev. 16:15.
+
+
+“The day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in which the
+heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt
+with fervent heat,� 2 Pet. 3:10. The Saviour said to his disciples:
+“Watch, therefore; for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come,� Matt.
+24:42. Says Paul: “Yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so
+cometh as a thief in the night; for when they shall say, peace and safety,
+then sudden destruction cometh, ... and they shall not escape; but ye,
+brethren, are not in darkness that that day should overtake you as a
+thief,� 1 Thess. 5:1-6.
+
+Thus will the day of the Lord come, as a thief, on those who are careless
+and indifferent to its approach; but it will not thus overtake those who
+watch, and keep their garments. Because so many will be deceived by the
+strange performances of the spirits of demons, and their miracles so
+delude the multitude, Christ’s coming will be to them sudden and
+unexpected. Therefore the greater necessity for watchfulness. While this
+is a predicted means for lulling the world to sleep, it is given to the
+Christian as an indication of the near coming of Christ, whose advent
+synchronizes with the outpouring of the seventh vial. The blessing
+pronounced on those who watch, is an intimation that the people of God
+will be expecting Christ’s advent, while others will be taken by surprise:
+“unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin
+unto salvation,� Heb. 9:28. “For the grace of God that bringeth salvation
+hath appeared to all men, teaching us, that denying ungodliness, and
+worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this
+present world; looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing
+of the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ,� Titus 2:11-13.
+
+Those who keep their garments, are those who have not “defiled� them with
+sin, (3:4); they will walk with Christ in white, being worthy; “for the
+fine linen� in which they are to be arrayed “is the righteousness of
+saints,� 19:8. To be destitute of this, is to be unclothed; and hence the
+Saviour says: “I counsel thee to buy of me ... white raiment, that thou
+mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear,�
+3:18. The intimation is clear, that to be deceived by the unclean spirits,
+is to lose those robes of righteousness, and to be found naked at Christ’s
+appearing.
+
+
+
+
+The Success of the Spirits.
+
+
+    “And they gathered them into a place called in Hebrew Armageddon.�
+    Rev. 16:16.
+
+
+Before the coming of the Lord, and as a preparation for that event, the
+nations are to be thus gathered. Armageddon is the name of a valley at the
+foot of Mount Megiddo, famous for its bloody slaughters. It fitly
+symbolizes the final gathering of the nations. The enemies of God will
+marshal for the final conflict. The powers of darkness will fancy
+themselves on the verge of victory; and then will be poured out:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Vial.
+
+
+    “And the seventh poured out his bowl on the air; and there came a
+    loud voice from the temple [of heaven], from the throne, saying,
+    It is done! And there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders;
+    and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were
+    on the earth, so mighty and so great an earthquake. And the great
+    city became three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and
+    great Babylon was remembered before God, to give to her the cup of
+    the wine of his furious wrath. And every island fled, and the
+    mountains were no more. And vast hail, weighing a talent, fell
+    from heaven on men; and men reviled God because of the plague of
+    the hail; for the plague thereof was exceedingly great.� Rev.
+    16:17-21.
+
+
+The atmosphere is not limited, like a river, or portion of the earth, to a
+given locality, but encircles the globe. Consequently the effect of the
+vial poured out on the air, would be universal, and not local like the
+effects of the previous vials. The air is the region of storms. These
+symbolize the expression of conflicting opinions, and violent outbursts of
+passion; which may be the commencement of that “great battle,� for the
+preparation of which the unclean spirits went forth under the sixth vial,
+to gather the people, and which terminates by the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword of the Lord, 19:21.
+
+An earthquake is a symbol of a political revolution. As this is to be
+greater than all preceding ones, it must extend to all nations. It is
+during the earthquake, that the cities fall and the mountains and islands
+flee away. This commotion evidently synchronizes with the “time of
+trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same
+time,� when God’s “people shall be delivered, every one that shall be
+found written in the book,� Dan. 12:1.
+
+“It is done,� is a declaration indicating the completion of the work
+symbolized. It marks the termination of the events of the seventh vial,
+which are described in the verses following:
+
+“The great city� is “Babylon,� (14:8); which “reigneth over the kings of
+the earth,� (17:8); and which John had seen sitting “upon many waters,�
+17:1. This was doubtless seen when he saw the waters of the symbolic
+Euphrates being dried up, 16:12. Babylon, being a symbol of the Roman
+hierarchy, its triple division indicates a like division of the church of
+Rome, not geographical, but under different leaders, previous to its
+destruction.
+
+“The cities of the nations,� must symbolize other hierarchies, analogous
+to that of Rome, of which there are the Greek church, in Russia and
+Greece, the Arminian and Syrian churches, and other corrupt nationalized
+establishments. All such will become disconnected, like Babylon, with the
+governments by which they are sustained.
+
+“Great Babylon� then comes into remembrance to drink the cup of the wine
+of the fierceness of God’s wrath. Because her sins have reached unto
+heaven, “God hath remembered her iniquities,� 18:5. This synchronizes with
+her destruction, symbolized in Rev. 18:8-23. As the Papacy continues till
+Christ’s coming (Dan. 7:21, and 2 Thess. 2:3-8), this epoch must
+synchronize with that event, when he comes to receive his chosen ones.
+
+With the destruction of Babylon, occurs the subversion of all national
+authority. As ecclesiastical hierarchies are symbolized by cities, the
+“mountains� and “islands� on which they are situated must symbolize the
+larger and smaller governments; and their removal from their places, their
+subversion in the great moral “earthquake� which is to overwhelm them.
+This synchronizes with the sixth seal, when they are all “removed out of
+their places,� (6:14); and it leaves the inhabitants of earth in a state
+of anarchy. It is at this time that the kings and great men of the earth
+become aware that the great day of God’s wrath is come, 6:15-17. With this
+time of trouble, comes the deliverance of God’s people, (Dan. 12:1); who
+shall be caught up together “to meet the Lord in the air,� 1 Thess. 4:17.
+To them the Lord has said, “Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by
+night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; nor for the pestilence that
+walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noon-day. A
+thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but
+it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and
+see the reward of the wicked. Because thou hast made the Lord which is my
+refuge, even the Most High, thy habitation,� Ps. 91:5-9.
+
+The removal of the saints leaves the wicked exposed to the vengeance of
+God’s wrath, of which a terrific hail-storm on their defenceless heads, is
+an expressive symbol. The Lord said, by Isaiah: “Judgment also will I lay
+to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding-place.
+And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with
+hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through,
+then ye shall be trodden down by it. From the time that it goeth forth it
+shall take you: for morning by morning shall it pass over, by day and by
+night: and it shall be a vexation only to understand the report. For the
+bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it: and the covering
+narrower than that he can wrap himself in it. For the Lord shall rise up
+as in Mount Perazim, he shall be wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he
+may do his work, his strange work; and bring to pass his act, his strange
+act. Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for
+I have heard from the Lord God of hosts a consumption even determined upon
+the whole earth,� Isa. 28:17-22.
+
+This must synchronize with the final conflict, (symbolized in Rev.
+19:19-21): also with the casting of the vine of the earth into the
+wine-press of God’s wrath (14:19), and terminates the battle of
+“Armageddon,�—the “battle of that great day of God Almighty,� 16:14.
+
+
+
+
+The Judgment of the Harlot.
+
+
+    “And one of the seven angels, who had the seven bowls, came and
+    talked with me, saying, Come here; I will show thee the judgment
+    of the great harlot who sitteth on many waters; with whom the
+    kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants
+    of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her
+    fornication.� Rev. 17:1, 2.
+
+
+The Roman hierarchy had been frequently referred to in the preceding
+visions; but an institution, so interwoven with the history of the
+nations, required a more full and minute symbolization.
+
+The subject of this vision is announced to the revelator, by one of the
+angels who had the seven vials;—very probably, the seventh. The harlot is
+identified as one “that sitteth upon many waters.� Ancient Babylon was
+thus addressed: “O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in
+treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness,� Jer.
+51:13. She is also described as “The well-favored _harlot_, the mistress
+of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families
+through her witchcrafts,� Nahum 3:4. Therefore the harlot whose judgment
+is to be more minutely shown, is the city of the previous vision, which
+received the cup of the wine of God’s wrath (16:19), and which probably
+was shown to John on the waters of the Euphrates, (16:12); for the
+reference indicates that she had been thus previously exhibited,—the
+waters on which she was seated, being the people, nations, &c., which
+sustained and defended her idolatries, 17:15. In the vision now to be
+shown John, the Roman hierarchy is symbolized by Babylon; but it is first
+exhibited as:
+
+
+
+
+A Woman on a Scarlet-Colored Beast.
+
+
+    “And he carried me away in spirit into a desert: and I saw a woman
+    seated on a crimson-colored wild beast, full of names of reviling,
+    having seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was arrayed in
+    purple and crimson, and decked with gold and precious stones and
+    pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and
+    the impurities of her fornication; and on her forehead a name was
+    written, A SECRET: BABYLON, THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF THE HARLOTS
+    AND THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken
+    with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the witnesses
+    of Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered greatly.� Rev. 17:3-6.
+
+
+    “And the angel said to me, Why dost thou wonder? I will tell thee
+    the secret of the woman, and of the wild beast that carrieth her,
+    which hath the seven heads and the ten horns. The wild beast which
+    thou didst see, was, and is not, and will ascend out of the abyss,
+    and go into destruction; and those who dwell on the earth will
+    wonder, (whose names were not written in the book of life from the
+    foundation of the world,) as they behold the wild beast that was
+    and is not, and will be. And here is the mind having wisdom. The
+    seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth, and
+    they are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is and the other is
+    not yet come; and when he cometh he must remain a little while.
+    And the wild beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth,
+    and is of the seven, and goeth into destruction. And the ten horns
+    which thou didst see are ten kings, who have not yet received a
+    kingdom; but they receive power as kings, one hour, with the wild
+    beast. These have one mind, and will give their power and strength
+    to the wild beast. These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb
+    will overcome them; for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings;
+    and those with him are called, and chosen, and faithful.� Rev.
+    17:7-14.
+
+
+    “And he saith to me, The waters which thou didst see, where the
+    harlot sitteth, are peoples, and crowds, and nations, and tongues.
+    And the ten horns which thou didst see, and the wild beast, these
+    will hate the harlot, and will make her desolate and naked, and
+    will eat her flesh, and burn her up with fire. For God hath put it
+    into their hearts to perform his purpose, and to agree, and give
+    their kingdom to the wild beast, until the words of God shall be
+    fulfilled. And the woman whom thou didst see is the great city,
+    which reigneth over the kings of the earth.� Rev. 17:15-18.
+
+
+That the woman and city symbolize the same, is shown by the declaration
+that she is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth,
+v. 18. She is also thus indicated by the name of “Babylon,� on her
+forehead, and the golden cup in her hand: “Babylon hath been a golden cup
+in the Lord’s hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have
+drunken of her wine; therefore are the nations mad,� Jer. 51:7. In like
+manner has the church of Rome intoxicated the nations.
+
+“The scarlet-colored beast� on which the woman is seated, is evidently the
+same beast that John saw “rise out of the sea, having seven heads, and ten
+horns,� 13:1. The Roman empire had been symbolized by “a great red
+dragon,� which also had seven heads and ten horns. In that vision, crowns
+were on the heads of the beast, (12:3); which indicated that Rome, during
+the period thus represented, existed under the forms of government
+symbolized by the heads. These heads, the angel affirms, are the seven
+mountains on which the woman sitteth, (v. 9); and also that they are seven
+kings (v. 10), or forms of government. Mountains also symbolize
+governments, (16:20); and as the heads and mountains are the same, they
+must alike symbolize the seven forms of government under which Rome
+existed previous to its subversion by the northern barbarians,—viz.: 1,
+the kingly; 2, consular; 3, dictatorial; 4, decemviral; 5, tribunitial; 6,
+pagan-imperial; and 7, Christian-imperial. At the time of the explanation
+of this vision to John, the “five� first-named forms had passed away; or,
+as the angel says, had “fallen,� v. 10. One then was:—Rome then existed
+under its pagan-imperial, or sixth head. The other, the
+Christian-imperial, had not then come; but after it came, and had
+continued for a time, the Roman empire was subverted by the irruptions of
+northern barbarians. Thus “the beast was;� and then, was not for a season.
+But afterwards it emerged again from the sea (13:1), under an “eight�
+form, which was of the previous seven, 17:11. When it reäppears, its
+crowns are not upon its heads, but encircle its horns, (13:1); indicating
+that those governments have the ascendency, which are symbolized by the
+“ten horns;� and which, according to the angel, are “ten kings,� which had
+not received their kingdom at the time of the vision, v. 12. These were to
+be kings in “one,� or the same hour with the beast, and must therefore be
+contemporary kingdoms, while the forms symbolized by the heads, are
+evidently successive. They constitute the government of Rome, in its
+eighth, or decem-regal form; and symbolize the ten kingdoms which arose
+after and out of the subversion of imperial Rome. Under this form, the
+beast goes into perdition, (v. 11):—they continue under various
+combinations, till the end of the world, when they will war with and be
+overcome by the Lamb (v. 14), in the great battle of Armageddon, 19:19-21.
+
+The ten contemporary kingdoms have one mind, (v. 13): they perpetuate the
+kingdom of the beast, by adopting similar laws, pursuing the same line of
+policy, and assuming the same powers that the empire exercised.
+
+The “names of blasphemy� which cover the beast, symbolize its arrogating
+the right to dictate in matters of faith and religious worship, and to
+punish those who dissent from its creed. The Roman hierarchy was supported
+by legal enactments against heretics in all of the ten kingdoms. Those who
+dissented from the church were delivered over to the power of the civil
+arm, which punished by imprisonment, confiscation of goods, bodily
+torture, and death. The exercise of such power, was a blasphemous
+usurpation of the prerogatives of Christ, and an assumption of authority
+over the legislation of God.
+
+On this beast the woman is seated. As its rider, she guides it, and is
+sustained by it. She is its directing power; and while she is thus seated,
+there is no reference to crowns encircling either heads or horns. All rule
+for a time is subservient to her control. Thus were the ten kingdoms
+obedient to the Roman hierarchy,—sustaining, and being controlled by it.
+She crowned their kings, and dethroned them at her pleasure. The religion
+of the church was enforced by the sword of the state; and thus did the
+kings of the earth commit fornication with her,—the idolatries of the
+church being sanctioned by them.
+
+The superb attire of the woman, and the costly gems with which she is
+decked, denote the wealth, luxury, and regal splendor of the hierarchy
+which she symbolizes. The cup, and its abominations in her hand, denote
+the false doctrines with which she would seduce the nations. Her names
+describe her nature, and identify her with Babylon; and her intoxication
+with blood, indicates her blood-thirsty, persecuting character, and the
+delight with which she would exult over the slaughter of the saints.
+
+The Roman hierarchy was not, however, _always_ to retain her supremacy
+over the nations. She was in due time to _fall_ from the position
+symbolized by the woman seated on the beast; and the kings of the earth
+were to hate and burn with fire, her whom they had recognized as their
+mistress, and to whose control they had submitted. The governments which
+have sustained her pretensions, were to cast her off contemptuously. This
+has been in progress of fulfilment from the days of Martin Luther, since
+which her control of the ten kingdoms has been only limited and partial.
+Many of her ecclesiastical estates have been confiscated, and she has been
+deprived of her prerogatives in many countries. There may, perhaps, be
+hereafter a more complete fulfilment of this prediction. It is symbolized
+in the following chapter, by:
+
+
+
+
+The Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    “And after this, I saw another angel descending from heaven,
+    having great power; and the earth was enlightened by his glory.
+    And he cried with a mighty voice, saying, She is fallen: Babylon
+    the great is fallen, and is become a dwelling of demons, and a
+    prison of every unclean spirit, and a prison of every unclean and
+    hateful bird, for all the nations have drunk of the wine of the
+    fury of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed
+    fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth have become
+    rich through the abundance of her luxury.� Rev. 18:1-3.
+
+
+This announcement of the fall of the city, synchronizes with the same
+symbolization in the 14th chapter: “And there followed another angel,
+saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made
+all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication,� 14:8. The
+angel, proclaiming her fall, doubtless symbolizes a body of men, who shall
+give utterance to corresponding declarations.
+
+The _epoch_ of this utterance is shown by the identity of this angel with
+that of Rev. 10:1-3. They thus correspond: They both descend from heaven:
+the one is a mighty angel, and the other has great power; the one is
+enveloped with a robe of cloud, his head is arched with the rainbow, his
+face is like the sun, and his feet like fire, and he stands on both earth
+and sea; the other is so glorified, and occupies a position so
+conspicuous, that the earth is enlightened with his glory; and the one
+cries “with a loud voice as when a lion roareth,� while the other cries
+“mighty with a strong voice.� Thus their position, manner and
+conspicuousness, are alike. What was uttered by the angel of the tenth
+chapter, is not revealed; but the fall of Babylon being announced in the
+eighteenth, it follows that it was the subject of the angel’s utterance in
+the tenth.
+
+As the messenger of the tenth chapter appears subsequent to the sixth, and
+before the seventh trumpet; and as, after this epoch, there were to be
+prophesyings “_again_, before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings� (10:11), it follows that the _time_ then symbolized must be at an
+epoch _anterior_ to the end of the world. A corresponding reason—namely,
+the command to come out of Babylon, and the fulfilment of her plagues and
+sorrows, which are to intervene between the cry of the angel announcing
+her fall and the time of her actual destruction—proves that the mighty
+angel of the 18th of Revelation must also be at an _epoch_ having a
+considerable period between it and the end.
+
+It follows, that when John saw the angel of the eighteenth chapter, and
+“the earth was lightened with his glory,� it did not symbolize a _literal_
+but a _moral_ light,—_the light of truth_. And as the enlightening of the
+earth by its promulgation, pre-supposes a previous state of corresponding
+moral _darkness_, it must, as in the tenth chapter, symbolize an _epoch_,
+prominent in the history of the world, as a time when the _darkness_ of
+ignorance, error and superstition, began rapidly to disappear before the
+spread of the _light_ of truth and knowledge.
+
+These considerations point to the epoch of the REFORMATION, when the
+midnight _darkness_ of the _dark ages_ began to be scattered before the
+uprising and onward progress of truth and knowledge. Then appeared a body
+of religious teachers, aided by the newly discovered art of printing, who
+so brought the Scriptures out from their obscurity, opposed the
+pretensions of the Papal hierarchy, and, by the clear teachings of the
+word, so secured the spread of gospel light and liberty, that they might
+appropriately be symbolized by an angel coming down from heaven, and
+enlightening the earth with his glory. The descent from heaven would
+symbolize the heavenly origin of the doctrines promulgated. His mighty
+power, and the strong voice with which he proclaimed his cry, would
+symbolize the greatness and earnestness of the movement, and the mighty
+results to be effected by it. This symbolization, twice given, could only
+be fulfilled by some great and mighty movement, like the Reformation.
+
+The fall of Babylon is distinct from and anterior to its destruction, and
+must correspond with the fall of the woman from her position on the
+beast;—she is no longer to be the director of, and to be sustained by, the
+civil power. The cry of the angel, announcing her fall, as Mr. Elliot
+remarks, seems to be anticipative, and not retrospective. The
+denunciations of the Papacy by the reformers were of a character to fulfil
+this symbolization.
+
+The year 1300, during the pontificate of Boniface VIII., may be regarded
+as marking the highest eminence to which the Papal power ever attained.
+From this period the dominion of the Roman Pontiffs appeared to be
+gradually undermined. Twenty-four years after this date, John Wickliffe
+was born, who, together with his followers, made more vigorous attacks
+upon Babylon itself. Some of these declared Rome to be mystical Babylon,
+and the Pope and church there to be Antichrist. These heralds announced
+the fall of mystical Babylon, as the ancient prophets had done that of
+literal Babylon, long before the event.—Jer. 51:7, 8. Antichrist and
+Babylon are identified in prophecy. In 1518, Luther first suspected their
+application to the Papacy; and, writing to his friend Link, on sending him
+a copy of the acts just published of the conference at Augsburg, he says:
+“My pen is ready to give birth to things much greater. _I know not myself
+whence these thoughts come to me._ I will send you what I write, that you
+may see if I have well conjectured in believing that the _Antichrist_ of
+whom St. Paul speaks now reigns in the court of Rome.�
+
+At first, Luther and his companions sought only the reformation of that
+church. They had no idea of dissolving their own connection with it. But
+when the thunders of the Vatican were hurled at them, and they found
+themselves excommunicated as heretics, they came to the conclusion that
+the church of Rome was _the Babylon of the Apocalypse_. Immediately upon
+this conviction, they began to cry, “Babylon is fallen!�
+
+In 1520 appeared a famous book, by Luther, on the “_Babylonish Captivity
+of the Church_,� in which he attacked Rome with great skill and courage.
+In Switzerland and England the reformers considered themselves as
+fulfilling this message of the Apocalyptic angel. Elliot says, “They
+_seized on this very prophecy for application; and, for the first time_,
+upon grounds of evidence sound and tenable, concluded on the fact of
+progress having been made up to it, in the evolution of the great mundane
+drama, and on their own chronological place being already far advanced
+under the sixth trumpet, and in near expectancy of the seventh trumpet, of
+the Apocalyptic prophecy.�
+
+These denunciations against Mystic Babylon, and protestations against all
+her idolatrous ceremonies and superstitious appendages, were given, by the
+great body of the reformers, within the very bounds of her empire. They
+resulted in her loss of power, and of control over the princes of Europe.
+In 1526, the other monarchs becoming jealous of the power of Charles V.,
+Emperor of Germany, “Pope Clement VII. placed himself at the head of a
+league of the principal states of Italy against him; but their
+ill-directed efforts were productive of new misfortunes. Rome was taken by
+storm, by the troops of the constable, sacked, and the Pope himself made
+prisoner. Charles V. publicly disavowed the proceedings of the constable,
+went into mourning with his court, and carried his hypocrisy so far as to
+order prayers for the deliverance of the Pope. On restoring the holy
+father to liberty, he demanded a ransom of four hundred thousand crowns of
+gold, but was satisfied with a quarter of that sum.�—_Ency. Am._, v. 3. p.
+76.
+
+All the Protestant princes of Germany denied the assumptions of the Pope;
+and the powers of western and northern Europe, one after another, denied
+their allegiance to him. In 1798, Pius VI. was taken prisoner by the
+French, under Gen. Berthier, and died in exile. When Berthier entered
+Rome, many of the cardinals “fled from the city on the wings of terror;�
+but those who remained “were disposed still to uphold the authority of the
+Pontiff.� Finally, however, “with melancholy voice, they pronounced their
+absolute renunciation of the temporal government.�—_Life of Pius VI._ His
+successor resumed his position. But in 1848 Pius IX. fled from his own
+subjects, and was only restored by French arms. Thus gradually the
+Babylonish _woman_ became unseated, and fell from her position on the
+beast; and, instead of guiding and directing the civil power, now only
+exists by sufferance. As a city, also, her supremacy was gone. Being no
+longer the mistress of the nations, or the ruling city, the Papal See is
+in the condition of ancient Babylon when becoming a dependency of the
+Medes and Persians.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, it became gradually more and more
+deserted, until there was a literal fulfilment of the words of Isaiah:
+“Wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full
+of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance
+there. And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate
+houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces,� Isa. 13:21, 22. In like
+manner the apocalyptic Babylon, after her fall, and the withdrawal of
+Protestants from her communion, was to become the receptacle of
+corresponding spirits. Her members were to be more impious than before,
+and were to adhere more closely than ever to her idolatrous practices. The
+contrast between these and true Christians would also be more apparent
+from the separation which succeeds her fall, in obedience to:
+
+
+
+
+The Voice From Heaven.
+
+
+    “And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her,
+    my people, that ye partake not of her sins, and that ye receive
+    not of her plagues, for her sins have reached to heaven, and God
+    hath remembered her iniquities! Reward her even as she rendered to
+    you, and double to her according to her works, in the cup which
+    she hath poured out, pour out double to her. By as much as she
+    hath glorified herself, and lived luxuriously, so much torment and
+    mourning give her; for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and
+    am not a widow, and shall see no mourning. On this account, her
+    plagues will come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and
+    she will be burned up with fire; for strong is the Lord God, who
+    judgeth her.�—Rev. 18:4-8.
+
+
+So long as the true character of the apostate church was unperceived, she
+would contain many good, as well as a multitude of bad members. The voice
+from heaven, indicates an epoch when there should be a widely extended and
+marked separation between these two classes. Till the time of that
+separation should be indicated, the children of God would be justified in
+continuing members of her communion; but not subsequently. The condition
+of Babylon, at the time of her fall, indicates that the separation must
+take place in near connection with that event; and the cry must
+synchronize with that of the third angel in Rev. 14:9,—which symbolized a
+body of men who should insist on such a separation from the Papacy as that
+here symbolized.
+
+After the discovery that the church of Rome was the Babylon of the
+Apocalypse, the reformers began to call on the people of God to desert her
+communion; and the formation of the reformed churches was the consequence.
+This was preached wherever the Reformation extended, and has been
+continued to the present time. The Protestant churches have proclaimed
+connection with Romanism, an obstacle to salvation; and have called on its
+Christian members to come out from her abominations. Even the name
+“Protestant,� was given because of their protestation against the
+corruptions of the Papal See.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, and before her destruction, the people
+were, in like manner, commanded to forsake her. Said Jeremiah: “Flee out
+of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in
+her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord’s vengeance; he will render
+unto her a recompense. Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for
+her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. We would have
+healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every
+one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is
+lifted up even to the skies,� Jer. 51:6, 8, 9. And Isaiah said: “Go ye
+forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing
+declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The
+Lord hath redeemed his servant Jacob,� Isa. 48:20. “Depart ye, depart ye,
+go ye out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go ye out of the midst of
+her; be ye clean, that bear the vessels of the Lord,� Isa. 52:11.
+
+Sins reaching to heaven, indicate great wickedness. Thus God said to
+Jonah: “Go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their
+wickedness is come up before me,� Jonah 1:2. And he said of old Babylon:
+“Her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies,�
+Jer. 51:9.
+
+
+
+
+The Destruction of Babylon.
+
+
+    “And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and
+    lived luxuriously with her, will weep and wail for her, when they
+    see the smoke of her burning, standing afar off through the fear
+    of her torment, saying, Woe! woe! that great city, Babylon, that
+    mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come! And the
+    merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her; for no one
+    buyeth their merchandise any more; the merchandise of gold, and
+    silver, and precious stones, and pearls, and fine linen, and
+    purple, and silk, and crimson, and all thine wood, and all kinds
+    of vessels of ivory, and all kinds of vessels of most precious
+    wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and cinnamon, and
+    fragrant ointment, and incense, and myrrh, and frankincense, and
+    wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep,
+    and horses, and chariots, and bodies, and souls of men. And the
+    autumnal fruit of thine appetite’s desire is departed from thee,
+    and all things dainty and sumptuous are destroyed from thee, and
+    thou wilt find them no more at all. The merchants of these things,
+    who were enriched by her, will stand afar off, through the fear of
+    her torment, weeping and mourning, saying, Woe! woe! that great
+    city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and crimson, and
+    adorned with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! for in one
+    hour such great wealth is destroyed. And every pilot, and every
+    one sailing to any place, and sailors, and as many as trade by
+    sea, stood afar off, and cried, when they saw the smoke of her
+    burning, saying, What city is like the great city? And they cast
+    dust on their heads, and cried out, weeping and mourning, saying,
+    Woe! woe! the great city by which all who had ships on the sea,
+    were made rich through her precious merchandise! for in one hour
+    she is desolated.� Rev. 18:9-20.
+
+
+    “Rejoice over her, O heaven, and ye saints and apostles and
+    prophets; for God hath avenged you on her!� Rev. 18:20.
+
+
+    “And a strong angel took up a stone like a great mill-stone, and
+    cast it into the sea, saying, Thus violently, will Babylon, the
+    great city, be cast down, and be no more at all. And the voice of
+    harpers, and musicians, and pipers, and trumpeters, will be heard
+    no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of any art, will be
+    found any more in thee; and the sound of a mill-stone will be
+    heard no more at all in thee; and the light of a lamp will shine
+    no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and the
+    bride will be heard no more at all in thee; for thy merchants were
+    the nobles of the earth; for by thy sorcery all nations were
+    deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of
+    saints, and of all those slain on the earth.� Rev. 18:21-24.
+
+
+The punishment of Babylon is proportioned to her wickedness, and is to be
+inflicted partially by the kings of the earth, and partially by other
+agencies. The kings were to hate, and burn her with fire, (17:16); and
+were also, when they should see the smoke of her burnings, to bewail and
+lament for her, 18:9. The former passage indicates their agency in her
+impoverishment, and has been fulfilled in the confiscation of her property
+in France and England, the spoliation of churches and religious houses,
+wherever the arms of Napoleon extended; the dethronement of the Pope, by
+Gen. Berthier, in 1798; the refusal of some of the powers to permit her to
+nominate, within their limits, the candidates for ecclesiastical
+preferment, &c. She is thus made to feel her widowhood,—her divorce from
+the secular arm,—and has mourned the loss of her most devoted children,
+who have forsaken her communion.
+
+Her final destruction is, however, to be _entire_. She is totally to
+disappear, like the sinking of a millstone in the sea. She is to be
+_utterly_ burned with fire; but the lamentation of the kings over her
+burning, indicates that her destruction is to be completed by other
+instrumentality than theirs. Probably the multitude are to be incensed
+against her, and will so manifest their hatred that the governments will
+neither join in it, nor attempt to resist it, for fear that the same
+torment will be inflicted on them, 18:10. But her existence is terminated
+by the brightness of Christ’s coming, 2 Thess. 2:8. Her destruction
+precedes that of the kings of the earth, who mourn her end. The merchants
+of the earth, the captains, sailors, &c., symbolize those who bear a
+relation to the hierarchy, analogous to that sustained by such to a great
+commercial emporium. They are those who have the control of her
+preferments, benefices and revenues,—who traffic in her indulgences, and
+thereby become themselves enriched. And these articles of traffic are
+symbolized by the merchandise which, after her destruction, no man would
+buy.
+
+The commerce of this ecclesiastical city, has been immense,—particularly
+in indulgences. The sale of these was reduced to a system, says D’Aubigné,
+by “the celebrated and scandalous Tariff of Indulgences,� which went
+through more than forty editions. The least delicate ears would be
+offended by an enumeration of all the horrors it contains. Incest, if not
+detected, was to cost five groats; and six, if it was known. There was a
+stated price for murder, infanticide, adultery, perjury, burglary, &c.
+Polygamy cost six ducats; sacrilege and perjury, nine; murder, eight; and
+witchcraft, two ducats.
+
+The penances of various kinds which were imposed as a punishment for sin,
+might also be compounded for money.
+
+Tetzel, one of Rome’s travelling merchants, told the people of Germany
+that for “a quarter of a florin� they might “receive letters of
+indulgence,� by means of which they might “introduce into paradise a
+divine and immortal soul, without its running any risk.� _Hist. Ref._, pp.
+56, 242.
+
+He also said “Indulgences avail not only for the living but for the dead.
+With twelve groats you can deliver your father from purgatory.� “At the
+very instant,� said he, “that the money rattles at the bottom of the
+chest, the soul escapes from purgatory, and flies, liberated to heaven.�
+This is but a specimen of her vile traffic.
+
+Responding to the command, are heard the voices of much people in heaven,
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicing Over Babylon’s Destruction.
+
+
+    “And after this, I heard a loud voice of a mighty crowd in heaven,
+    saying, Praise ye Jehovah! The salvation, and the glory, and the
+    power of our God! For true and righteous are his judgments; for he
+    hath judged the great harlot, who corrupted the earth with her
+    fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her
+    hand! And again they said, Praise ye Jehovah! And her smoke
+    ascendeth for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders and the
+    four living beings fell down and worshipped God, who sat on the
+    throne, saying, So be it! Praise ye Jehovah!� Rev. 19:1-4.
+
+
+Daniel, in vision, saw the same persecuting power symbolized by a “Little
+Horn,� having “eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth speaking great
+things;� and he beheld, “and the same Horn made war with the saints, and
+prevailed against them, until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was
+given to the saints of the Most High, and the time came that the saints
+possessed the kingdom,� Dan. 7:8, 21, 22. And Paul testified of “that
+Wicked� who was to be revealed, that he was the “Man of Sin,� “whom the
+Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with
+the brightness of his coming,� 2 Thess. 2:3-8. The destruction of that
+which was thus symbolized and predicted, must, consequently, be at the
+epoch of Christ’s second coming and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God.
+
+It is also at the epoch anticipated by “the souls of them that were slain
+for the word of God and for the testimony which they held,� who, from
+under the altar, on the opening of the “fifth seal,� “cried with a loud
+voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and
+avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?� 6:9, 10. The epoch
+which they anticipated not having then arrived, “white robes were given
+unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest
+yet for a little season, until their fellow servants also, and their
+brethren that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled�
+(6:11),—_i.e._, till their number should be filled up. As the destruction
+of that hierarchy, in which “was found the blood of prophets and of saints
+and of all that were slain upon the earth� (18:24), had just been
+symbolized (in the 18th chap.), and as these rejoicings are because God
+“hath judged the great whore which did corrupt the earth with her
+fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand�
+(19:2), it follows that the epoch here symbolized is that to which the
+saints were to wait, and that they are now to be crowned with their
+reward.
+
+As the destruction of Babylon is a little anterior to that of the beast
+and false prophet (19:20), and is to be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ’s coming (2 Thess. 2:8), at a time when the kingdom is to be given
+to the saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:22), it explains how it is that the
+kingdom is set up in the days of the kings symbolized by the divided toes
+of Nebuchadnezzar’s image: symbolic of the same as the horns of the beast
+in Dan. 7:7, 24, and Rev. 17:3, 12, 16; for “in the days of these kings
+shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed,
+and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in
+pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever,� Dan.
+2:44.
+
+The kingdom is therefore commenced previous to the descent of the Lord to
+the earth, by the saints being caught up to meet him in the air. “For the
+Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the
+archangel and the trump of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first;
+then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them
+in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with
+the Lord,� 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+This epoch, then, is that of the sounding of the seventh trumpet; for “in
+the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound,
+the mystery of God shall be finished, as he hath declared to his servants
+the prophets,� 10:7. This mystery Paul thus explains: “Now this I say,
+brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, neither
+doth corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery: We
+shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the
+twinkling of an eye, _at the last trump_: for the trumpet shall sound, and
+the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed,� 1 Cor.
+15:50-54. This “saying� was thus written by Isaiah,—“He will swallow up
+death in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away tears from off all
+faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it. And it shall be said in that day, Lo,
+this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the
+Lord; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his
+salvation,� Isa. 25:8, 9. It follows, then, that the voices heard in
+heaven, shouting “Alleluia,� and ascribing “salvation, and glory, and
+honor, and power, unto the Lord our God� (v. 1), synchronize with those
+heard when “the seventh angel sounded: and there were great voices in
+heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our
+Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.—And the
+four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon
+their faces and worshipped God, saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God
+Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to
+thee thy great power, and hast reigned: And the nations were angry, and
+thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged,
+and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to
+the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest
+destroy them which destroy the earth,� Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+The time of the dead being come that they should be judged, and the saints
+rewarded, is another evidence that this epoch is that of the second advent
+and kingdom of Christ, “who shall judge the quick and the dead at his
+appearing and kingdom,� 2 Tim. 4:1. Consequently it must synchronize with
+that of:
+
+
+
+
+The Marriage of the Lamb.
+
+
+    “And a voice came from the throne saying, Praise our God, all ye
+    his servants, and ye that fear him, both the small and the great!
+    And I heard a voice like that of a great crowd, and like the voice
+    of many waters, and like the voice of mighty thunders, saying,
+    Praise ye Jehovah! for the Lord God Almighty reigneth. Let us
+    rejoice and exult, and give glory up him: for the marriage of the
+    Lamb hath come, and his wife hath prepared herself! And it was
+    granted to her to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: (for
+    the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints.) And he saith
+    to me, Write, Happy are those called to the marriage-supper of the
+    Lamb. And he saith to me, These are the true words of God. And I
+    fell before his feet to worship him. And he saith to me, See thou
+    do it not: I am thy fellow-servant and one of thy brethren, who
+    have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of
+    Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.� Rev. 19:5-10.
+
+
+The marriage of the Lamb is at the epoch when “the kingdoms of this world
+are to become our Lord’s and his Christ’s�—when the Lord God Almighty
+takes to himself his great power and reigns, 11:15, 17. Therefore, in
+connection, are heard the mighty thunderings, saying, “Alleluia; for the
+Lord God Omnipotent reigneth,� 9:16. This scripture, then, corresponds
+with that in Matt. 24:30, 31, when “they shall see the Son of Man coming
+in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory; and he shall send his
+angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.� For,
+“when the Son of Man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with
+him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: and before him shall
+be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another as a
+shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats—the one on his right hand and
+the other on his left,� Matt. 25:31, 32. Those on his right, we learn from
+1 Cor. 15:51, and 1 Thess. 4:16, 17, are the elect, gathered by the angels
+from all parts under heaven, who are caught up to meet the Lord in the
+air—and those on the left are consequently the living wicked, who are to
+be slain by the sword which proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lamb,
+19:21.
+
+_The wife_ who “hath made herself ready,� is shown by the foregoing
+scriptures to be, undoubtedly, the church triumphant—the redeemed, who
+have been raised out from among the dead, and the living saints, caught up
+together to meet the Lord in the air; to welcome him in his coming to
+reign. These constitute the bride, the Lamb’s wife; for as “the husband is
+the head of the wife,� even so “Christ is the head of the church,� Eph.
+5:23. He “loved the church, and gave himself for it, that he might
+sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, that he
+might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle,
+or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish,� Eph.
+5:25-27. This accords with God’s ancient promises to his people. Thus
+Isaiah saith: “Thy Maker is thy husband; the Lord of hosts is his name,
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel: the Lord of the whole earth shall
+he be called,� Isa. 54:5. Also Hosea: “And it shall be at that day, saith
+the Lord, that thou shalt call me Ishi,� my husband; “and shalt call me no
+more Baali,� my Lord. “And I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness,
+and in judgment, and in loving kindness, and in mercies. I will even
+betroth thee unto me in faithfulness; and thou shalt know the Lord,� Hos.
+2:16, 19. Thus is the church “espoused to one husband,� to be presented
+“as a chaste virgin to Christ,� 2 Cor. 11:2.
+
+The epoch of this presentation being here symbolized, it synchronizes with
+that part of the parable of the “ten virgins which took their lamps and
+went forth to meet the Bridegroom,� when, the Bridegroom having come,
+“they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door was
+shut�—those left without, afterwards crying in vain for admittance, Matt.
+25:10. The wife had been made ready by its having been “granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white—[_mar._ ‘bright’]; for
+the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints,� 19:8. Such were the
+“white robes� given to those who cried from under the altar (6:11), and
+who afterwards, at an epoch synchronizing with the marriage of the Lamb,
+appeared, “a great multitude which no man could number, of all nations,
+and kindreds, and people, and tongues,� who “stood before the throne, and
+before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands, and
+cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon
+the throne, and unto the Lamb,� 7:9, 10. These were they of whom one of
+the elders asked, saying, “What are these which are arrayed in white
+robes? and whence came they?� and who was answered: “These are they which
+came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes and made them
+white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the throne of
+God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the
+throne shall dwell among them. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst
+any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb
+which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them
+unto living fountains of waters; and God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes,� 7:13-17. These had complied with the condition to the
+promise: “He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment;
+and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will
+confess his name before the Father and before his holy angels,� 3:5.
+“These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were
+redeemed from among men, being the first fruits unto God and to the Lamb,�
+14:4.
+
+“Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb,�
+19:9. Truly are they blessed; for “they shall hunger no more, neither
+thirst any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat,� 7:16.
+They attain the promised blessing: “Blessed and holy is he that hath part
+in the first resurrection,� 20:6. “And God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying,
+neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+away,� 21:4. So entranced was the apocalyptic seer at these symbols of the
+glorified redeemed, that he fell at his feet to worship the angel who
+showed him these things. But his fellow servant shrank back from the
+reception of homage, and pointed to God as the only object of adoration.
+
+The union of the saints to Christ in the clouds of heaven being
+symbolized, they receive the gracious welcome: “Come, ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,� Matt. 25:34. But first it is necessary to redeem the “purchased
+possession� (Eph. 1:14), to reconquer the revolted province, which, since
+the fall, has been subject to “the god of this world� (2 Cor. 4:4), the
+“prince of the power of the air� (Eph. 2:2), to rescue it from the
+dominion of the usurper, and deliver it from its present mis-rule “up to
+God the Father� (1 Cor. 15:24), who will bestow it on One who is worthy to
+wear its crown. For when Daniel saw that “the judgment was set and the
+books were opened,� he also “saw in the night visions, and, behold, one
+like the Son of man came in the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient
+of days, and they brought him near before him; and there was given him
+dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations and
+languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion,
+which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be
+destroyed,� Dan. 7:10, 13, 14. He comes, then, to dispossess the usurper,
+and to take possession of his kingdom. The next representation, then,
+symbolizes the coming of:
+
+
+
+
+The King and his Armies.
+
+
+    “And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse: and he who
+    sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he
+    judgeth and maketh war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on
+    his head were many diadems; and he had a name written which no one
+    knew except himself. And he was clothed with a garment dipped in
+    blood: and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies in
+    heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in fine linen, white
+    and clean. And from his mouth goeth forth a sharp sword, that he
+    may smite the nations with it: and he will rule them with a rod of
+    iron: and he treadeth the wine-press of the furious wrath of God,
+    the Almighty. And he hath on his garment and on his thigh a name
+    written, KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.� Rev. 19:11-16.
+
+
+According to the significance of symbolic language, Christ is here
+represented as coming personally. The heavens open and he appears in
+resplendent majesty, in accordance with the predictions respecting his
+second advent. When the clouds of heaven had received the ascending
+Saviour, the shining ones who stood by said to the gazing disciples, “This
+same Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like
+manner as ye have seen him go into heaven,� Acts 1:11. “And they shall see
+the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory,�
+Matt. 24:30. “Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him,
+and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail
+because of him,� Rev. 1:7.
+
+The white horse of the King, and those of his armies, are symbols of the
+pomp and grandeur of their descent, and show that they will triumph in
+victory.
+
+The names ascribed to the descending Monarch are applicable only to
+Christ. He was “the Faithful and True Witness� who commanded John to write
+“to the angel of the church of the Laodiceans,� (3:14); for he who
+commanded John to “write in a book and send it unto the seven churches� of
+Asia (1:11), was the One whom John saw “in the midst of the seven
+candlesticks, like unto the Son of man� (1:13), and who announced himself
+as “the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord,
+which is, and which was, and which is to come—the Almighty,� 1:8. “The
+Word of God,� was the “Word� that was “in the beginning,� that “was with
+God,� and that “was God,� the same that was “in the beginning with God,�
+and which “was made flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, the
+glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth,�
+John 1:1-14. Jesus is “the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the
+world,� (_Ib._, 29); and “the Lamb� “is Lord of lords and King of kings,�
+17:14. It is “Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first
+begotten of the dead, and the Prince of the kings of the earth,� (1:5);
+and he alone is possessed of that incomprehensible “Name� which no man
+knoweth, and which he hath promised to write on “him that overcometh,�
+3:12.
+
+That the visible and personal coming of Christ, and not any providential
+interposition, is here symbolized, is self-evident. For, while no created
+object can adequately symbolize Him, it would derogate from the dignity of
+his character and position to be a symbol of some inferior object. In all
+mere providential interpositions, foreshown by symbolic imagery, the
+predicted events are represented by corresponding acts of symbolic agents.
+War between nations is symbolized by beasts, representatives of the
+nations, contending with each other. (See Dan. 8th chap.) Pestilence and
+famine are symbolized by analogous results, and not by Christ’s appearing.
+When, therefore, he is seen coming in person, it must symbolize his
+personal advent.
+
+His eyes “as a flame of fire,� show his identity with the one “like unto
+the Son of man� in the “midst of the seven candlesticks� (1:13), the
+author of the message to “the church in Thyatira;� which “things saith the
+Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass,� 2:18.
+
+His “many crowns� are symbols of his sovereignty. Rome undivided and
+mistress of the world, when symbolized by the seven-headed and ten-horned
+dragon, is represented with the crowns on the heads, which were the seven
+successive kinds of government by which its sovereignty was enforced,
+12:3, and 17:9, 10. But when its imperial had given place to its
+decem-regal form, and it is to be shown under the government of ten
+contemporaneous kingdoms, “the crowns,� the symbols of sovereignty, are
+represented as encircling the “horns� of the beast, 13:1. So, when “the
+King of kings� cometh, to take to himself his great power, and to reign,
+and “the kingdoms of this world are become those of our Lord and of his
+Christ� (11:15, 17), He, “the head of all principality and power� (Col.
+2:10), at whose name “every knee should bow� (Phil. 2:9), is shown the
+wearer of “many crowns.�
+
+“Come, then, and, added to thy many crowns,
+Receive yet one, the crown of all the Earth,
+Thou who alone art worthy! It was thine
+By ancient covenant, ere nature’s birth;
+And thou hast made it thine by purchase since,
+And overpaid its value with thy blood.�
+          _Cowper’s Task._
+
+His “vesture dipped in blood� is symbolic of his coming to tread “the
+wine-press of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God� (19:15), when he
+shall “smite the nations,� and “rule them with a rod of iron,� (_Ib._)
+Thus Isaiah prophesied: “Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed
+garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in
+the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to
+save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him
+that treadeth in the wine-fat? I have trodden the wine-press alone; and of
+the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger,
+and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my
+garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For the day of vengeance is in
+my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come. And I looked, and there was
+none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold: therefore mine
+own arm brought salvation unto me; and my fury, it upheld me. And I will
+tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I
+will bring down their strength to the earth,� Isa. 63:1-6.
+
+The “armies� which follow him, symbolize the attending saints and angels
+who will accompany his advent. They are all “clothed in fine linen, white
+and clean,� which constituted the wedding garments of those who were
+called to the marriage-supper of the Lamb, and which was worn by those who
+had washed their robes, and made them white in his blood, (7:14); “for the
+fine linen is the righteousness of saints,� 19:8. The righteous being
+caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17), “when
+Christ, who is our life shall appear,� they will “appear with him in
+glory,� (Col. 3:4); so that “the Lord my God shall come and all the saints
+with thee,� Zech. 14:5. “Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of
+these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints, to
+execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them
+of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all
+their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him,� Jude
+14, 15.
+
+Not only saints, but angels also, will attend his coming. For “when the
+Son of man shall come in his glory,� there will be “all the holy angels
+with him,� Matt. 25:31. “He cometh in the glory of his Father, with the
+holy angels,� Mark 8:38. “The Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels,� 2 Thess. 1:7.
+
+The “sharp sword,� going out of his mouth, must be a symbol of his word.
+He speaks, and it is done, Psa. 33:9. “For the word of God is quick and
+powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the
+dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is
+a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart,� Heb. 4:12. As “he
+shall smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of
+his lips shall he slay the wicked,� (Isa. 11:4); and as “the Lord shall
+consume� “that Wicked� one “with the spirit of his mouth� (2 Thess. 2:8),
+it follows that the sword proceeding out of his mouth is a symbol of the
+words he shall speak for their destruction; for with it he smites the
+nations, 19:15. And this he does when he comes to “rule them with a rod of
+iron� (_Ib._) and tread them in “the wine-press� of the wrath of God. This
+brings us to the object of his coming, which is to “judge and make war,�
+19:11.
+
+And first, “To judge.� This proves, that Christ’s second advent is here
+symbolized; for, as before quoted, he is to “judge the quick and the dead
+at his appearing and kingdom,� 2 Tim. 4:1. This is at the sounding of the
+seventh trumpet, for then is “the time of the dead that they should be
+judged,� 11:18. “With righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove
+with equity for the meek of the earth,� when he “shall smite the earth
+with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay
+the wicked,� Isa. 11:4. “Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be
+glad; let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof. Let the field be joyful,
+and all that is therein: then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice
+before the Lord: for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the
+world with righteousness, and the people with truth,� Psa. 96:11-13. He
+cometh “to execute judgment upon all,� Jude 15.
+
+To “make war.� That this is another object of his coming, is shown by:
+
+
+
+
+The Final Conflict.
+
+
+    “And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud
+    voice, saying to all the birds flying in the midst of heaven,
+    Come! gather yourselves to the great supper of God; that ye may
+    eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of commanders, and the flesh
+    of the mighty, and the flesh of the horses, and of those who sit
+    on them, and the flesh of all, both free and bond, both small and
+    great. And I saw the wild beast, and the kings of the earth, and
+    their armies, gathered to make war with him, who sat on the horse,
+    and with his army. And the wild beast was taken, and with him the
+    false prophet, who wrought signs in his sight, with which he had
+    deceived those who received the mark of the wild beast, and those
+    who worshipped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake
+    of fire burning with brimstone. And the rest were slain with the
+    sword of him who sat on the horse, which sword goeth forth from
+    his mouth; and all the birds were filled with their flesh.� Rev.
+    19:17-21.
+
+
+The contest being between the Lord and his armies on the one part, and the
+wicked nations on the other, the angel seen standing in the sun and
+performing an important act in connection with the Lord’s army, must
+represent one of his attending angels; for the acts to be performed are to
+be by their instrumentality: “In the end of this world, the Son of man
+shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a
+furnace of fire,� Matt. 13:40-42.
+
+His crying to the fowls of heaven to come and sup on the bodies of the
+slain, is indicative of the certainty of victory and of the entire
+overthrow of those who war against the Lamb. As birds gather on fields of
+slaughter to feast on the slain, so a cry to “all the fowls of heaven� is
+expressive of the extent and thoroughness of the destruction to be
+inflicted. It is the same cry which is made in Ezekiel, 39:17, when the
+armies of Gog are slain on the mountains of Israel. The beast and the
+kings of the earth symbolize the various governments in the world. The
+“beast� is that which had seven heads and ten horns (13:1, and 17:3), and
+was a symbol of Rome in its decem-regal form. It was said of this beast,
+it shall “go into perdition,� (17:8); so that under some manifestation, it
+must continue till the end of the world: the earth being “reserved unto
+fire against the day of judgement, and perdition of ungodly men,� 2 Pet.
+3:7. As only in its divided form, the Roman empire continues till then,
+the beast is here significant of the divisions represented by its ten
+horns—the governments of modern Europe. “These shall war with the Lamb,
+and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords and King of
+kings; and they that are with him are called and chosen and faithful,�
+17:14.
+
+“The false prophet,� which is taken with the beast, is described as the
+one “that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that
+had received the mark of the beast and them that worshipped his image,� v.
+20. This identifies him as the two-horned beast of Rev. 13. (13:11-17).
+The two-horned beast being a representative of the Eastern Roman empire,
+when that was subverted by the Turks it became the seat of the false
+prophet,—the Mahometan hierarchy.
+
+The kings of the earth must be the remaining governments which are not
+represented by those two. By their subsequently warring with the Lamb, it
+follows that the previous resurrection and translation of the saints does
+not produce a cessation of all government. Those events may not be
+apparent to all eyes; or they may serve only to madden the unbelieving,
+and to make them more desperate in their infidelity.
+
+They gather their armies to war against the Lamb. They resist his
+authority. They will not have Him to reign over them. They are instigated
+to oppose him by “unclean spirits like frogs� (16:13), which are the
+spirits of devils [_demons_, understood by the Jews to be spirits of the
+wicked dead] working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth
+and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of
+God Almighty, _Ib._ v. 14. This is when Christ is to “come as a thief;�
+and they are to be gathered “into a place called in the Hebrew tongue
+Armageddon,� 16:15, 16. This was the name of the valley at the foot of
+Mount Megiddo (Judg. 5:19), which was famous as a valley of slaughter. In
+it Jehu fought against Ahaziah and Joram, and slew both the kings of
+Israel and Judah, 2 Kings 9:27. It was afterwards memorable for the death
+of king Josiah, when Pharaoh-necho fought against him, (2 Kings 23:29); so
+that the mourning as “in the valley of Megiddon,� became a proverbial
+expression in Israel for great mourning, Zech. 12:11,12. It is therefore
+significantly applied to the final battle.
+
+Thus do “the kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take
+counsel together against the Lord, and against his Anointed;� but “He that
+sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision.�
+For the decree has gone forth: “I shall give thee the heathen for thine
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. Thou
+shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
+potter’s vessel,� Ps. 2:2-9. In this victory the saints, also, have a
+part; for it is written: “He that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto
+the end, to him will I give power over the nations, and he shall rule them
+with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to
+shivers: even as I received of my Father,� 2:26, 27.
+
+As thus predicted, in this final conflict the nations are smitten, 19:15.
+Those symbolized by the beast and false prophet are cast alive into the
+burning flame; _i.e._, the individuals constituting the bodies of those
+beasts are cast therein: their governments cease when taken by the Lamb
+and his armies. This is in accordance with what Daniel saw, who “beheld,
+even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed and given to the
+burning flame,� Dan. 7:11.
+
+“The remnant� also are slain; so that there are none left alive on the
+earth of all the wicked. Thus Daniel interpreted to king Nebuchadnezzar
+his dream: “Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which
+smote the image [representing the governments of earth] upon his feet,
+that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron,
+the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together,
+and became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floors; and the wind
+carried them away, that no place was found for them,� Dan. 2:34, 35. It
+will “break in pieces, and consume all these kingdoms� (_Ib._), according
+to the prediction: “The nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall
+perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted,� Isa. 60:12. “And this
+shall be the plague wherewith the Lord will smite all the people which
+have fought against Jerusalem: Their flesh shall consume away while they
+stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes,
+and their tongues shall consume away in their mouth,� Zech. 14:12. “For,
+behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud,
+yea, and all that do wickedly shall be stubble, and the day that cometh
+shall burn them up, saith the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them
+neither root nor branch,� Mal. 4:1. “Behold, the day of the Lord cometh,
+cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he
+shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it,� Isa. 13:9. Thus will the
+Saviour come “in flaming fire, taking vengeance on them that know not God,
+and obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; who shall be punished
+with everlasting destruction, from the presence of the Lord, and from the
+glory of his power, when he comes to be glorified in his saints, and to be
+admired in all them that believe in that day,� (2 Thess. 1:8-10): saying
+to the nations on his left, “Depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting
+fire, prepared for the devil and his angels,� Matt. 25:41. Thus will he
+“gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do
+iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be
+wailing and gnashing of teeth,� _Ib._, 13:41, 42. The destruction of all
+the wicked from the earth is followed by:
+
+
+
+
+The Binding of Satan.
+
+
+    “And I saw an angel descending from heaven, having the key of the
+    abyss and a great chain in his hand. And he seized the dragon, the
+    old serpent, who is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand
+    years, and cast him into the abyss, and shut him up, and set a
+    seal over him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till
+    the thousand years were completed; and after that, he must be
+    loosed a short time.� Rev. 20:1-3.
+
+
+The angel descending from heaven, must be a representative of his own
+order; for at this epoch there are no other orders of beings for him to be
+a representative of. He therefore symbolizes the angels who are
+commissioned to “gather out of his kingdom all things that offend,� Matt.
+13:41.
+
+The “key,� “pit,� and “chain,� symbolize the instruments of restraint and
+confinement to which Satan is to be subjected; and his being bound and
+confined symbolize his restraint.
+
+The “Dragon� is expressly called “that old serpent, which is the Devil and
+Satan.� With the appendages of heads and horns—symbols of political
+sovereignty—he is used in Rev. 12:3, as a symbol of the Roman civil power,
+under Pagan rule; and in verse 7, when divested of political insignia, of
+the pagan hierarchy. But now, as the beast, another symbol of Roman civil
+rule, has been cast into “the lake of fire and brimstone,� and the
+“remnant� are “slain with the sword� (19:21), there are no analogous
+powers remaining on earth for him to be a representative of, and
+consequently he is here represented as a symbol of himself.
+
+Of his identity there can be no question: He is “that Old Serpent,� who,
+being “more subtle than any beast of the field which the Lord God had
+made� (Gen. 3:1), “beguiled Eve through his subtlety,� 2 Cor. 11:3. He is
+also the Devil, by whom our Saviour was tempted in the wilderness, (Matt.
+4:1-12); and the Satan, whose working is “with all power and signs and
+lying wonders,� 2 Thess. 2:9. He is our adversary the devil, who, “as a
+roaring lion, walketh about seeking whom he may devour,� (1 Pet. 5:8); and
+against whom we are to guard continually, “lest Satan should get an
+advantage of us,� 2 Cor. 2:11.
+
+Coëval with the fall, the promise was given that his head should in due
+time be bruised, and he is not ignorant of his doom; for when the legion
+saw the Saviour about to dispossess them of the two men among the tombs,
+they recognized him as “the Son of God,� and cried, “Art thou come hither
+to torment us before _the time_?� (Matt. 8:29); “and they besought him,
+that he would not command them to go out into the _deep_,�—the _pit_, or
+_abyss_, Luke 8:31. The epoch when he should be there confined, is also
+shown by Isaiah to be when “the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the
+inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity,� when “the earth also shall
+disclose her blood, and no more cover her slain,� Isa. 26:21. For “in that
+day the Lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish
+leviathan [the dragon], the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked
+serpent,� _Ib._ 27:1. This synchronizes with the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword, when Satan is bound and cast into the _abyss_, to continue
+there a thousand years.
+
+His being bound and confined must symbolize his dejection to a position
+where he can have no possible influence over the nations during the time
+he is bound. It can be no _partial_ restraint, as some theologians hold;
+for that is contrary to the conditions of the symbolic representation. His
+restraint is full, complete, and entire. Consequently his influence, for
+the time being, will have entirely ceased. The period of his confinement,
+therefore, cannot be one of partial exemption from sin; but the living
+will be perfectly free from all its contagious influences. He is to
+deceive the nations _no more_, till the thousand years shall be fulfilled.
+
+“The nations� who are freed from his influences, and also those whom he is
+subsequently to deceive, are not, necessarily, organized political bodies,
+under civil rulers, as they now exist. The original term, εθνος, is
+defined by Robinson to be “a multitude, people, race, belonging and living
+together.� At this epoch, the national organizations having disappeared,
+and the people constituting them being translated or slain, the only
+nations remaining will be “the nations of them which are saved� (21:24),
+over whom the influence of Satan will have ceased forever; and those
+constituting “the rest of the dead� (20:5), who will not live again till
+the end of the thousand years—at the very time when Satan is to be loosed
+from his prison to go out to deceive them, 20:7, 8.
+
+
+
+
+The Cleansing of the Earth.
+
+
+There is, in the Apocalypse, no symbolic representation of the act of the
+cleansing of the earth, yet various scriptures show that it is at the
+epoch of the second advent, and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God. If so, it follows the destruction of the wicked and the binding of
+Satan, while the raised and transfigured saints—constituting “the
+bride�—are still with the Lord in the clouds of heaven (19:7-9), where
+they were caught up to meet him in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17.
+
+A restoration of the earth, in connection with the first resurrection, is
+in accordance with the testimony of scripture, and was the opinion of the
+ancients. We read in Isaiah: “Behold, I create new heavens and a new
+earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind,� Isa.
+65:17.
+
+“As for my opinion,� saith R. Menasse, a Jewish Rabbi, “I think that after
+six thousand years, the world shall be destroyed, upon one certain day, or
+in one hour; that the arches of heaven shall make a stand as immovable;
+that there will be no more generation or corruption; and that all things
+by the resurrection shall be renovated, and return to a better condition.�
+He also assures us that “this, without doubt, is the opinion of the most
+learned Aben Ezra,� who looked for it in the new earth of Isa. 65:17.
+
+“Man shall be restored in that time, namely, in the days of the Messiah,
+to that state in which he was before the first man sinned.�—_R. Moses
+Nachmanides in Duet. § 45._
+
+“Although all things were created perfect, yet when the first man sinned,
+they were corrupted, and will not again return to their congruous state
+till PHEREZ (_i.e._, the MESSIAH) comes.� “There are six things which
+shall be restored to their primitive state, viz.: the splendor of man, his
+life, the height of his stature, the fruits of the earth, the fruits of
+the trees, and the luminaries, (the sun, moon, and stars.)�—_R. Berakyah_,
+in the _name of R. Samuel—Bereshith Rabba, Fol. 11, Col. 3_.
+
+“In that time (_i.e._, of the Messiah) the whole work of creation shall be
+changed for the better, and shall return into its perfect and pure state,
+as it was in the time of the first man, before he had sinned.�—_R. Becai,
+in Shilcan Orba, Fol. 9, Col. 4, p. 360._
+
+“Theopompus, who flourished three hundred and forty years B. C., relates
+that the Persian Magi taught that the present state of things would
+continue 6000 years; after which _hades_, or death, would be destroyed,
+and men would live happy,� &c. “The opinion of the ancient Jews, on this
+head, may be gathered from the statement of one of their Rabbins, who
+said, ‘The world endures 6000 years, and in the thousand, or millennium
+that follows, the enemies of God would be destroyed.’ It was in like
+manner a tradition of the house of Elias, a holy man, who lived about B.
+C. 200, that the world was to endure 6000 years, and that the righteous,
+whom God should raise up, would not be turned again into dust. That, by
+this resurrection, he meant a resurrection prior to the millennium, is
+manifest from what follows.... It is worthy of remark, that the two
+ancient authors, whose words have just been quoted, speak of the seventh
+millennium as ‘that day’—the day in which God will renew the world, and in
+which he alone shall be exalted.�—_Dis. on Mill. by Bishop Russell, Prof.
+Eccl. Hist. in the Scottish Epis. Ch._
+
+“The Divine institution of a sabbatical, or seventh year’s solemnity among
+the Jews, has a plain typical reference to the seventh chiliad, or
+millenary of the world, according to the well known tradition among the
+Jewish doctors, adopted by many in every age of the Christian Church, that
+this world will attain to its limit at the end of 6000 years.�—_Mede._
+
+“The observance of the Sabbath is essential to the faith; for such only as
+observe the Sabbath confess that the earth will be renewed: because He who
+created it out of nothing will renew it.�—_David Kimchi, on Isa. 55:5,
+quoted by Mede._
+
+“In as many days as this world was made, in so many thousand years it is
+perfected; for if the day of the Lord be as it were a 1000 years, and in
+six days those things that are made were finished, it is manifest that the
+perfecting of those things is in the 6000th year, when anti-Christ,
+reigning 1260 years, shall have wasted all things in the world, ... then
+shall the Lord come from heaven in the clouds, with the glory of his
+Father.� _Irenæus, Bish. of Lyons, A. D. 178._
+
+“In six thousand years, the Lord will bring all things to an end, ... when
+iniquity shall be no more, all things being renewed by the Lord.�—_Epst.
+of Barnabas, sec. 14, 15._
+
+“Let philosophers know, who number thousands of years, ages since the
+beginning of the world, that the 6000th year is not yet concluded or
+ended. But that number being fulfilled, of necessity there must be an end,
+and the state of human things must be transformed into that which is
+better.�—_Lactantius, B. of Divine Inst., A. D. 310._
+
+Thomas Burnet (Theory of Earth, Lon. 1697) states “that it was the
+received opinion of the primitive church from the days of the apostles to
+the council of Nice, that this earth would continue 6000 years, when the
+resurrection of the just, and conflagration of the earth, would usher in
+the millennium and reign of Christ on earth.�
+
+“God’s blessing the Sabbath day, and resting on it from all his works, was
+a type of that glorious rest that the saints shall have when the six days
+of this world are fully ended.... He will finish the toil and travail of
+his saints, with the burden of the beasts and the curse of the ground, and
+bring all into rest for a thousand years.... None ever saw this world as
+it was in its first creation but Adam and his wife, neither will any see
+it until the manifestation of the children of God; _i.e._, until the
+redemption or resurrection of the saints.�—_John Bunyan’s Works, vol. 6,
+pp. 301, 329._
+
+“I expect with Paul a reparation of _all_ the evils caused by sin, for
+which he represents the creatures as groaning and travailing.�—_John
+Calvin, in his __“__Institutes.__�_
+
+The reformation of the earth “never was, nor yet shall be, till the
+righteous King and Judge appear for the restoration of all things.�—_John
+Knox._
+
+  “The groans of nature in this nether world,
+Which heaven has heard for ages, have an end.
+Foretold by prophets, and by poets sung,
+Whose fire was kindled at the prophet’s lamp,
+The time of rest, the promised Sabbath, comes:
+Six thousand years of sorrow have well nigh
+Fulfilled their tardy and disastrous course
+Over a sinful world; and what remains
+Of this tempestuous state of human things,
+Is merely as the working of a sea
+Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest;
+For HE, whose car the winds are, and the clouds
+The dust that waits upon his sultry march,
+When sin hath moved him, and his wrath is hot,
+Shall visit earth in mercy; shall descend,
+Propitious, in his chariot paved with love;
+And what his storms have blasted and defaced
+For man’s _revolt_, shall with a smile _repair_.�
+      _Cowper’s Task._
+
+The above are only a few of many extracts which might be made, showing the
+faith of the church in past ages; but which are of no weight, only as they
+are in accordance with the harmony of scriptural testimony.
+
+When man sinned, this earth was cursed for his sake. The Lord said to him,
+“Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the
+days of thy life; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth unto thee,
+and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in the sweat of thy face shalt
+thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou
+taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return,� Gen. 3:17-19.
+
+Such was the curse to which the whole creation was subjected because man
+sinned. “For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but
+by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope,� Rom. 8:20. And this
+hope is for a removal of the curse thus inflicted, and a restoration of
+all things to their original condition.
+
+As the earth was subjected to the curse at the time when man was made
+subject to death, the removal of the former would naturally be expected at
+the epoch of the fulfillment of the promise to the just: “I will ransom
+them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death I
+will be thy plagues; O grave I will be thy destruction,� Hos. 13:14. And
+thus Paul testifies: “For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth
+for the manifestation of the sons of God, ... Because the creature itself,
+also, shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious
+liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation
+groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. And not only they, but
+ourselves also, which have the first fruits of the Spirit, even we
+ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the
+redemption of our body,� Rom. 8:19, 21-23.
+
+The removal of the curse removes also its consequences. Thus it is
+promised: “Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of
+the briar shall come up the myrtle tree,� Isa. 55:13. “The inhabitant
+shall not say I am sick: the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven
+their iniquity,� Isa. 33:24. “He will swallow up death in victory; and the
+Lord God will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his
+people will he take away from off all the earth; for the Lord hath spoken
+it,� Isa. 25:8. “For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth,� Isa.
+65:17. “And there shall be no more curse,� Rev. 22:3. “For the Lord shall
+comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her
+wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord; joy and
+gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody,�
+Isa. 51:3.
+
+The removal of the curse is called “the regeneration� (Matt. 19:28), “the
+times of refreshing,� and of “restitution;� which Peter places at the
+advent of Christ: “whom the heavens must receive until the times of
+restitution(10) of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all
+his holy prophets since the world began,� Acts 3:21. He also places it at
+“the perdition of ungodly men,� which must synchronize with the epoch when
+the beast “goeth into perdition� (17:11), and “the remnant� are “slain
+with the sword,� (19:21); “when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from
+heaven, with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them
+that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ,�
+2 Thess. 1:7, 8. Says Peter: “The heavens and the earth, which are now, by
+the same word [‘whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with
+water, perished’ v.6] are kept in store, reserved unto fire, against the
+day of judgment, and perdition of ungodly men.... But the day of the Lord
+will come, as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass
+away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat,
+the earth also; and the works that are therein shall be burned up....
+Nevertheless, we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new
+earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness,� _i.e._, “righteous
+persons�—_Horsely_, 2 Pet. 3:7-13. This harmonizes with the day that
+“cometh that shall burn as an oven,� when “all the proud, yea, and all
+that do wickedly� shall be burned up, and become “ashes under the soles�
+of those on whom “shall the Sun of righteousness arise,� (Mal. 4:1-3);
+which must be the time intervening between the resurrection of the
+righteous and that of the wicked. This also harmonizes with the testimony
+of our Saviour, that when, “in the end of this world,� He “shall send
+forth his angels and gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and
+them which do iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire; ...
+_then_ shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their
+Father,� Matt. 13:40-43.
+
+The earth being cleansed, and all things made new, it will have been
+prepared for the “dwelling� of “righteous persons� (2 Pet. 3:13),
+who,—having “put on incorruption� (1 Cor. 15:53), and been “caught up ...
+in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air� (1 Thess. 4:17), where,
+constituting “the bride,� “the Lamb’s wife,� they were “called unto the
+marriage supper of the Lamb� (19:7-9),—will descend from heaven to take
+possession. Thus John writes, that one of the angels said to him: “Come
+hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb’s wife. And he carried me
+away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and he showed me that
+great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,� 21:9,
+10.
+
+“Lo, what a glorious sight appears
+  To our believing eyes:
+The earth and seas are passed away,
+  And the old rolling skies!
+
+From the third heaven where God resides,
+  That holy, happy place,
+The New Jerusalem comes down
+  Adorned with shining grace.
+
+Attending angels shout for joy,
+  And the bright armies sing,
+Mortals, behold the sacred seat
+  Of your descending King.�—_Watts._
+
+
+
+
+The Kingdom given to the Saints at the resurrection of the just.
+
+
+    “And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given
+    for them: and I saw the persons of those beheaded for the
+    testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and those, who had
+    not worshipped the wild beast, nor his image, nor had received the
+    mark on their forehead, or on their hand; and they lived and
+    reigned with Christ the thousand years. But the rest of the dead
+    lived not until the thousand years were completed. This is the
+    first resurrection. Happy and holy is he, who bath part in the
+    first resurrection: on such, the second death hath no power, but
+    they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign with him
+    a thousand years!� Rev. 20:4-6.
+
+
+“Thrones� are symbols of power. As the saints are to reign with Christ on
+the renewed earth, in obedience to the invitation: “Come ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,� (Matt. 25:34); their being inducted into the kingdom is symbolized
+by their being seated on thrones. Thus they sing in the “new song,�
+addressed to Christ: “Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us unto our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth,�
+5:9, 10. In the first chapter, also, all who ascribe praises to “Him that
+loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood,� also add: “and
+hath made us kings and priests unto God, and his Father,� 1:5, 6.
+
+All the saints being thus exalted to kingly and priestly dignity,
+symbolizes the exalted rank they are to hold in the new creation—the
+symbols of their station being taken from the most exalted offices known
+on earth. Thus God said to ancient Israel: “Ye shall be unto me a kingdom
+of priests, and a holy nation,� (Ex. 19:6); and the Christian church is
+addressed as “a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a
+peculiar people,� 1 Pet. 2:9.
+
+The time when the saints shall reign on the earth is in connection with
+the destruction of the “little horn� of Daniel’s “fourth beast,� which, as
+he saw, “made war with the saints and prevailed against them, until the
+Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the Most
+High, and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom,� Dan. 7:21,
+22. “The saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the
+kingdom forever, even forever and ever,� _Ib._ v. 18. “And the kingdom and
+dominion and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be
+given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him,� _Ib._ v.
+27. “And they shall reign forever and ever,� 22:5. Thus the Saviour said:
+“Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you
+the kingdom,� Luke 12:32.
+
+Those who receive the kingdom are symbolized by the souls of martyrs, &c.,
+living again and reigning with Christ. The symbol includes, with the
+martyred saints, those who had stood aloof from the worship of the beast
+and his image, and those who had not received his mark; who are shown by a
+parallel scripture to represent all who are redeemed to God “out of every
+kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation,� 5:9, 10. Some of these were
+symbolized, under the fifth seal, as crying from under the altar in
+anticipation of this day, 6:9. Now, with “their fellow servants,� they
+receive their reward.
+
+The souls of the departed living again, can only symbolize those who have
+been subjected to death, and are again raised. Consequently they are the
+subjects of a real resurrection. And this is shown by the explanation of
+the symbol, which affirms that, “This is the first resurrection.�
+
+It is denied by many that a literal resurrection is here taught; but in so
+doing they deny the faith of the church in its best and purest ages. In
+the first two centuries after Christ, there was not an individual, who
+believed in any resurrection of the dead whose name or memory has survived
+to the present time, who denied that the resurrection of the just is here
+taught.
+
+Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes Papias, who he admits was a
+disciple of St. John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying that “after
+the resurrection of the dead the kingdom of Christ shall be established
+corporeally on this earth.� And Jerome, another opposer, quotes from him
+that “he had the apostles for his authors; and that he considered what
+Andrew, what Peter said, what Philip, what Thomas said, and other
+disciples of the Lord.�
+
+Polycarp was another of John’s disciples; and Irenæus testifies in an
+epistle to Florinus, that he had seen Polycarp, “who related his
+conversation with John and others who had seen the Lord, and how he
+related their sayings, and the things he had heard of them concerning the
+Lord, both concerning his miracles and doctrine, as he had received them
+from the Lord of life; all of which Polycarp related agreeable to the
+scriptures.� Following such a teacher, Irenæus taught that at the
+resurrection of the just, the meek should inherit the earth; and that then
+would be fulfilled the promise which God made to Abraham.
+
+Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that, “A certain man _among us_, whose
+name is John, being one of the twelve apostles of Christ, in that
+Revelation which was shown him, prophesied that those who believe in our
+Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem.� He affirms that
+himself “and many others are of this mind�—“that Christ shall reign
+personally on earth;� and that “all who were accounted orthodox so
+believed.�
+
+Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a custom for Christians to pray
+that they might have part in the first resurrection. And Cyprian, about
+220, says that Christians “had a thirst for martyrdom that they might
+obtain a better resurrection.�
+
+Mosheim assures us that the opinion “that Christ was to come and reign
+1000 years among men,� had, before the time of Origen, about the middle of
+the 3d century, “met with no opposition.� And it is the testimony of
+ecclesiastical historians, that the first who opposed it, seeing no way of
+avoiding the meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied the authenticity of
+the Apocalypse, and claimed that it was written by one Cerenthus, a
+heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining what they called “his fiction
+of the reign of Christ on earth.� This doctrine is not _now_ evaded in
+this way, but by spiritualizing the language of the Apocalypse, and thus
+finding a meaning in it which is not expressed by any of the admitted laws
+of language. Theologians who thus reason make the first resurrection the
+conversion of the world. But those who are affirmed to be raised, are
+persons who have lived and are dead. If the resurrection is a mere
+metaphor, then the martyrs must have metaphorically died, and must have
+comprised only those who had been previously converted and were fallen
+away. The rest of the dead must then be understood as persons morally
+dead, which would be inconsistent with the idea of a converted world.
+Those who were raised being those who were previously converted, they must
+have been literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable of such is
+a literal resurrection.
+
+The Bible teaches such a resurrection of the righteous prior to that of
+the wicked. Thus the Psalmist says of them: “Like sheep they are laid in
+the grave; death shall feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion
+over them in the morning.� But of himself he says: “But God will redeem my
+soul from the power of the grave,� Psa. 49:14, 15. Of the wicked Isaiah
+testifies: “They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they
+shall not rise,� _i.e._ with the righteous; but to Zion he says: “Thy dead
+men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and
+sing, ye that dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and
+the earth shall cast out her dead,� Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import is
+the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time when Michael shall stand up,
+and “thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written
+in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall
+awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting life, and some, [the
+unawakened, shall be] to shame and everlasting contempt,� Dan. 12:1, 2.
+Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the precise rendering of the original.
+
+The New Testament also teaches a resurrection of the just, in distinction
+from that of the wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made alive, that
+it will be “every man in his own order,� or band—“Christ the first fruits;
+afterwards they that are Christ’s at his coming,� 1 Cor. 15:23. None
+others are spoken of as being raised at that epoch. When the Lord descends
+from heaven with a shout, at the trump of God, not the entire mass of the
+dead, but “the dead in Christ shall rise first,� before the righteous
+living are changed, 1 Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority in the
+resurrection of the righteous, Paul teaches that the worthies who died in
+faith “accepted not deliverance, that they might obtain _a better_
+resurrection,� (Heb. 11:13); and himself, he says, counted all things loss
+for Christ, “if by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the
+dead,� (Phil. 3:11); which is “the resurrection from among the dead�—it
+being a resurrection to which some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour
+taught: while “they that have done good shall come forth _at_ [as it is
+literally] the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil at the
+resurrection of damnation� (John 5:29), the two are not co-etaneous; for
+the righteous shall be “recompensed at the resurrection _of the just_,�
+Lu. 14:14. That must be the resurrection of which those are the subjects
+who receive the kingdom; for “flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom
+of God,� 1 Cor. 15:50. While “the children of this world marry and are
+given in marriage,� “they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that
+world, and the resurrection _from_ the dead, neither marry, nor are given
+in marriage; neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the
+angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the
+resurrection,� Lu. 20:34-36.
+
+The children of the resurrection thus include all who attain unto that
+world, which, consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and of which the
+righteous dead and the living saints are made equal subjects, according to
+Paul’s “mystery:� “We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in
+a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet
+shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed,� _i.e._, to the same incorruptible state to which the dead are
+raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the righteous will alike “bear the
+image of the heavenly� (v. 49) when they “shall be caught up together� (1
+Thess. 4:16) “to meet the Lord in the air.�
+
+The resurrection state is that to which the ancients looked for the
+restoration of Israel.
+
+Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have lived just after the second
+temple was built, applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who seemed likely
+to die without seeing the glory of Israel, saying: “As I live, saith
+Jehovah, I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the dead; and I will
+gather you with all Israel.�
+
+The Sadducees are reported to have asked Rabbi Gamaliel, the preceptor of
+Paul, whence he would prove that God would raise the dead, who quoted
+Deut. 9:21: “Which land the Lord sware that he would give to your
+_fathers_.� He argued, as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob had it not, and as God
+cannot lie, that they must be raised from the dead to inherit it.
+
+Rabbi Simai, though of later date, argues the same from Ex. 6:4, insisting
+that the law asserts in this place the resurrection from the dead, when it
+said: “And also I have established my covenant with them, to give them the
+Canaan;� for, he adds, “it is not said to _you_, but to them.�
+
+Mennasseh Ben Israel says: “It is plain that Abraham and the rest of the
+patriarchs did not possess that land; it follows, therefore, that they
+must be raised in order to enjoy the promised good, as otherwise the
+promises of God would be vain and false.�—_De Resurrec. Mort., L. i., c.
+1. § 4._
+
+Rabbi Saahias Gaion, commenting on Dan. 12:2, says: “This is the
+resuscitation of the dead Israel, whose lot is eternal life, and those who
+shall not awake are the forsakers of Jehovah.�
+
+“In the world to come,� says the Sahar, fol. 81, “the blessed God will
+vivify the dead and raise them from their dust, so that they shall be no
+more an earthly structure.�
+
+Thus “Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should
+after receive for an inheritance ... sojourned in the land of promise, as
+in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles, with Isaac and Jacob, the
+heirs with him of the same promise; for he looked for a city which hath
+foundations, whose builder and maker is God,� Heb. 11:8-10. While he dwelt
+in that land, God “gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to
+set his foot on; yet he promised that he would give it to _him_ for a
+possession, and to his seed after him,� Acts 7:5. This was also true of
+all those “who died in faith, not having received the promises, but having
+seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and
+confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth,�—desiring “a
+better country, that is, a heavenly� (Heb. 11:13-16), “not accepting
+deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection� (v. 35), “God
+having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not
+be made perfect,� v. 40.
+
+When the promises are thus made good to Israel, all who are of the faith
+of Abraham will participate in the same promises. For “Christ hath
+redeemed us from the curse of the law ... that the blessing of Abraham
+might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ.� “And if ye be Christ’s,
+then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise,� Gal.
+3:13, 14, 29. So the Saviour said to the Jews: “Many shall come from the
+east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in
+the kingdom of heaven; but the children of the kingdom [unregenerate Jews]
+shall be cast into outer darkness,� Matt. 8:11, 12. And then, as the
+Saviour said to the twelve: “Ye which have followed me, in the
+regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye
+also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel,�
+Matt. 19:28.
+
+“The rest of the dead,� who live not again till the thousand years are
+ended, must be the wicked dead; for, the righteous being raised, no other
+dead ones remain. They include all the wicked, who have died in all ages,
+and “the remnant� who “are slain with the sword� (19:21), when the kingdom
+is cleansed from all things that offend.
+
+“The thousand years� to intervene between the two resurrections, are
+regarded by some as a symbol of 360,000 years. There seems to be no
+necessity for such an interpretation. When time is symbolized, it is
+always proportioned to the duration of the other symbols used. Thus, in
+Dan. 8th, when beasts symbolize kingdoms, it would have been incongruous
+to have specified the duration of the vision in literal years; for beasts
+do not continue during centuries, as the kingdoms symbolized by them have
+done. But days are proportioned to years, as beasts are to kingdoms; so
+that there is a fitness in symbolizing the years foreshadowed in that
+vision, by 2300 days; between which measure of time and the duration of
+the existence of beasts, there is a perfect congruity.
+
+In the 4th of Daniel, where the cutting down of a tree is used to
+symbolize the loss of the king’s reason, there is no such disproportion
+between the duration of man’s existence and that of a tree, as there is
+between the life of a beast and that of an empire. And therefore there is
+no incongruity if the time specified is a symbol of literal time, _i.e._,
+if a time is used to symbolize a year. In this case, the seven years could
+not have been symbolized by seven days; for there is no marked
+disproportion between the duration of the other symbols in connection, and
+the things symbolized; and had days been used, days must have been
+understood in the fulfilment.
+
+There might be either 1000 years, or 360,000, between the first and second
+resurrections, without conflicting with any other Scripture. But there is
+no disproportion between the other symbols and the things symbolized,—the
+living again of the martyrs in vision, and their actual resurrection; and
+therefore the 1000 years need not, by any parallel usage or law of
+language, be understood, to be other than a literal thousand.
+
+
+
+
+The Wicked Raised, and Satan Loosed
+
+
+    “And when the thousand years are completed, Satan will be loosed
+    out of his prison, and will go out to deceive the nations in the
+    four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them to
+    battle: the number of whom is like the sand of the sea. And they
+    ascended on the breadth of the earth, and encompassed the camp of
+    the saints, and the beloved city: and fire descended from God out
+    of heaven, and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them,
+    was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where both the wild
+    beast and the false prophet are, and will be tormented day and
+    night for ever and ever. And I saw a great white throne, and him
+    who sat on it; from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away,
+    and a place was not for them. And I saw the dead, the small and
+    the great, standing before God; and the books were opened: and
+    another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead
+    were judged from the things written in the books, according to
+    their works. And the sea gave up the dead in it; and death and the
+    pit gave up the dead in them: and they were judged every one
+    according to their works. And death and the pit were cast into the
+    lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. And
+    whoever was not found written in the book of life, was cast into
+    the lake of fire.� Rev. 20:7-15.
+
+
+Verses 11-15 contain the record of the symbolization John saw, of what was
+to transpire at the end of the thousand years; while verses 7-10 appear to
+be explanatory of events which would then be fulfilled. This explanation,
+previous to the exhibition of the symbolization, is appropriate in the
+connection, and makes more forcible the fact that “the rest of the dead
+lived not again until the thousand years were finished.�
+
+As the rest of the dead live not till the end of the thousand years, they
+come forth at “the resurrection of damnation,� at the end of a thousand
+years of the reign of the saints on the earth, and at the epoch when Satan
+was to be loosed from his prison. As all who had part in the first
+resurrection were to be exempted from the power of the second death, the
+nations who are then deceived by Satan, must be the nations composing the
+rest of the dead, who live again at that epoch.
+
+Their number “as the sand of the sea,� and their coming from “the four
+quarters of the earth,� show that they are no obscure people, living
+unknown to the saints; and their existence can only be accounted for by
+the event of a resurrection of the wicked.
+
+Their names, “Gog and Magog,�—those applied to the ancient enemies of
+Israel, (Ezek. 38:38),—are appropriate titles to designate the subjects of
+the second resurrection.
+
+They encompass the camp of the saints, and the beloved city—showing that
+the city descends at the commencement of the thousand years—but there is
+no battle: before they are permitted to harm the saints, fire from heaven
+devours them; and the devil that thought to lead them against the holy
+city, is cast into the lake of fire, where the beast and false prophet
+were cast at the commencement of the millennium.
+
+In connection with the resurrection of the wicked, is their judgment—not
+following necessarily in the precise order of the record. The “small and
+great� who stand before God, are not small and large persons, but those
+from all stations and ranks in society. The king and the beggar equally
+receive according to their deserts: They are the bond and the free, the
+high and the low, the rich and the poor, including those who fought
+against the Lamb, and were overcome by Him, 19:18.
+
+The open books symbolize the record of their evil deeds, for which they
+are to be judged. And the “book of Life� is opened to symbolize that the
+names of those who are judged are not there recorded, and that
+consequently they are justly condemned. To “him that overcometh,� the
+Saviour promised “I will not blot his name out of this book of life,� 3:3.
+
+The sea, death, and hell giving up their dead, indicates that all of the
+“rest of the dead� are here resurrected, and that none are left out from
+among whom these are raised, as these were, from whom came forth the
+subjects of the first resurrection.
+
+The casting of death and hell into the lake of fire, symbolizes the
+casting in of those who were within their domains; and “the lake of fire,�
+symbolizes the place into which—the impenitent are consigned—which is the
+“second death.�
+
+
+
+
+The New Creation.
+
+
+    “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and
+    the first earth were passed away; and the sea was no more. And I
+    saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, descending out of heaven, from
+    God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband.� Rev. 21:1, 2.
+
+
+The new heaven and new earth are symbols of the new order of things. The
+old heavens and earth having been dissolved, their elements melting with
+fervent heat (2 Pet. 3:12), the “new heavens and the new earth, wherein
+dwelleth righteousness,� for which Peter looked, succeed to their place.
+So much more resplendent are these than the former, that those “shall not
+be remembered, nor come into mind,� _i.e._, to be desired, Isa. 65:17.
+This is the eternal state in which we are commanded to be “glad and
+rejoice forever,� when God shall “create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her
+people a joy.� Then “the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her,
+nor the voice of crying.� There “the elect shall long enjoy the work of
+their hands;� for “as the days of a tree, are the days of my people,�
+saith the Lord; who has also declared that, “as the new heavens and the
+new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, so shall your seed
+and your name remain,� Isa. 66:22.
+
+The sea is now “no more,� in the same sense that the first heavens and
+earth are passed away—all having disappeared in the conflagration, and
+given place to the “restitution of all things spoken of by the mouth of
+all the holy prophets,� Acts 3:21. Whether the new creation will comprise
+both sea and dry land, as was first created (Gen. 1:10), is not here
+decided; but there is no reason to suppose that this characteristic of the
+original creation will be forever obliterated.
+
+The new Jerusalem descends, adorned as a bride for her husband. She is
+shown in the 19th chapter to be “arrayed in fine linen, clean and white�—a
+symbol of “the righteousness of the saints.� As the corrupt Roman
+hierarchy was symbolized by an adulterous woman (17:3), and also by the
+corrupt city of Babylon (18:2), so symbols of an opposite character—a
+chaste bride, and the new Jerusalem—are chosen representatives of the
+church triumphant, whose Maker is her husband.
+
+Mr. Lord very justly remarks: “The descent of the city is to take place at
+the commencement of the millennium, manifestly from the representation
+that the marriage of the Lamb was come, and that his wife had prepared
+herself, immediately after the destruction of great Babylon, (19:7, 8);
+from the exhibition of the risen and glorified saints, as seated on
+thrones, and reigning with Christ during the thousand years; and from the
+representation of the beloved city as on earth at the revolt of Gog and
+Magog, after the close of the thousand years.�—“_Ex. Apoc._� p. 529.
+
+“Jerusalem, my happy home,
+  O how I long for thee;
+When shall my sorrows have an end?
+  Thy joys when shall I see?
+
+“When shall these eyes thy heaven-built walls
+  And pearly gates behold!
+Thy bulwarks with salvation strong,
+  And streets of shining gold?
+
+“O when, thou city of my God,
+  Shall I thy courts ascend,
+Where congregations ne’er break up,
+  And Sabbaths have no end?�
+
+
+
+
+The Tabernacle of God with Men.
+
+
+    “And I heard a loud voice out of heaven, saying, Behold, the
+    tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and
+    they will be his people, and God himself will be with them, even
+    their God. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and
+    there will be no more death, nor mourning, nor crying out, nor
+    will there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+    away. And he who sat on the throne said, Behold, I make all things
+    new. And he said, Write, for these words are faithful and true.
+    And he said to me, It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
+    beginning and the end. I will give to him, who thirsteth, from the
+    fountain of the water of life freely. He, who overcometh, will
+    inherit these things; and I will be his God, and he will be my
+    son. But the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, and
+    murderers, and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all
+    liars, will have their part in the lake burning with fire and
+    brimstone, which is the second death.� Rev. 21:3-8.
+
+
+The utterances of the “great voice out of heaven� are not what John saw,
+but are what he heard; and are therefore to be interpreted, not by the
+laws of symbols, but by those of tropes and literal language.
+
+The “tabernacle of God with men� is explained in the same connection to be
+his “dwelling with them.�
+
+“When our Saviour was incarnate, and vouchsafed to dwell amongst the
+children of men, the same phrase is used by this same author, _Eskeenoose_
+(John 1:14), ‘The Word was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us: and we
+beheld his glory,’ etc. We read it, he dwelt amongst us: but rendered more
+closely, it is, he set his tabernacle amongst us. And that which the
+Hebrews call the _Shekinah_, or divine presence (Maimon, Mor. Nev. par. 1,
+chap. 25), comes from a word of the like signification, and found with the
+Greek word here used. Therefore there will be a _Shekinah_ in that kingdom
+of Christ.�—_Tho. Burnett._
+
+When Israel first entered the wilderness, God entered into a _covenant_
+with them (Ex. 19:3-8), in consequence of which he said to Moses, “Let
+them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them,� (Ex. 25:8)—the
+pattern of which was shown Moses in the mount; and when completed “the
+glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle� (Ex. 40:34), and there “the Lord
+talked with Moses,� Ex. 33:9. Thus did God dwell among them while they
+were in a probationary state; but he indicated a more intimate connection
+with them, by promising, if they were obedient to his statutes in all
+things, that “I will set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not
+abhor you. And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall
+be my people,� Lev. 26:11, 12. This promise was not fulfilled to the Jews,
+because of their sins; but Paul quotes it (2 Cor. 6:16), and applies it as
+a promise still to be made good to the church of Christ. Thus, the “Word�
+that “was God,� who was made flesh and tabernacled among us at his
+incarnation, is again to come and dwell with us in his human tabernacle,
+as at his first advent. Then will God enter into a new covenant with his
+people, as he has said: “Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I
+will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of
+Judah; not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers, in
+the day that I took them by the hand, to bring them out of the land of
+Egypt, which my covenant they brake, although I was a husband unto them,
+saith the Lord; but this shall be the covenant that I will make with the
+house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in
+their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God,
+and they shall be my people. And they shall teach no more every man his
+neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall
+all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the
+Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no
+more,� Jer. 31:31-34.
+
+As the saints, before the resurrection of “the rest of the dead,� “reign
+with Christ 1000 years,� (20:4); it follows that during that period the
+tabernacle of God is with men, when he dwells among them, which is an
+additional evidence that “the restitution of all things� (Acts 3:21) is at
+the commencement of the millennium.
+
+This is a tearless state—all tears being then wiped from every eye. Isaiah
+predicted, when “He will swallow up death in victory,� that “the Lord God
+will wipe away tears from off all faces: and the rebuke of his people
+shall he take away from off all the earth: for the Lord hath spoken it.
+And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for
+him, and he will save us: this is the Lord; we have waited for him, we
+will be glad and rejoice in his salvation,� Isa. 25:8, 9. The commencement
+of the tearless state is thus placed by Isaiah at the resurrection, and at
+the appearance of Christ; which is confirmed by Paul, in his inspired
+commentary on the same, who affirms that at the last trump, “when this
+corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put
+on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written,
+Death is swallowed up in victory,� 1 Cor. 15:54. This state was also
+promised to the entire company “which came out of great tribulation, and
+have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.
+Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night
+in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them.
+They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall the sun
+light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, which is in the midst of the
+throne, shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of
+waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes,� Rev. 7:14-17.
+
+There shall then “be no more death�—for that “last enemy shall be
+destroyed� (1 Cor. 15:26), and there shall be nothing to “hurt nor
+destroy, in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord.� Death will have been
+swallowed up in victory, (Isa. 25:8)—the redeemed having been ransomed
+“from the power of the grave,� Hos. 13:14. “Neither can they die any more:
+for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the
+children of the resurrection,� Luke 20:36.
+
+After the destruction of death, there shall be “neither sorrow, nor
+crying, neither shall there be any more pain.� This was to be when “the
+ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and
+everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and
+sorrow and sighing shall flee away,� Isa. 35:10. And one of these songs
+was to be: “Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out
+of every kindred and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto
+our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth,� Rev. 5:9,10.
+
+Then, everything which distinguishes the present world from that, will
+have passed away; for all things will be created anew. These words,
+uttered by Him who is the “Alpha and Omega,� are no rhetorical flourishes,
+nor mere figures of speech, but contain the exact and literal truth, and
+are not to be set aside as unmeaning figures. For He who sat upon the
+throne has declared: “These words are true and faithful.� Faithful is He
+who hath promised, and he will surely make good his words—bestowing on the
+righteous the inheritance of all things; and on the wicked, their fearful
+doom.
+
+
+
+
+The New Jerusalem.
+
+
+    “And there came to me one of the seven angels, who had the seven
+    bowls full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying,
+    Come, I will shew thee the bride, the wife of the Lamb. And he
+    carried me away in spirit to a vast and high mountain, and shewed
+    me the holy city Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
+    having the glory of God. Her light was like a most precious stone,
+    like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; having a wall vast and
+    high, and having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and
+    names written on the gates, which are the names of the twelve
+    tribes of the sons of Israel. On the east, three gates; on the
+    north, three gates; on the south, three gates; and on the west,
+    three gates. And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and
+    on them, the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. And
+    he, who talked with me, had a golden measuring-reed to measure the
+    city, and its gates, and its wall. And the city lieth square, and
+    the length is as much as the breadth: and he measured the city
+    with the measuring-reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length, and
+    the breadth, and the height of it are equal. And he measured its
+    wall, a hundred and forty-four cubits, according to the measure of
+    a man, that is, of the angel. And the structure of its wall was
+    jasper: and the city was pure gold, like clear glass. And the
+    foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind
+    of precious stone. The first foundation was a jasper; the second,
+    a sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; the
+    fifth, a sardonyx; the sixth, a sardius; the seventh, a
+    chrysolite; the eighth, a beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a
+    chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.
+    And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; each one of the gates was
+    of one pearl; and the wide street of the city was pure gold, like
+    transparent glass.� Rev. 21:9-21.
+
+
+    “And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal,
+    proceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb. In the midst of
+    its wide street, and on each side of the river, was the tree of
+    life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit monthly,
+    and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
+    And there will be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the
+    Lamb will be in it; and his servants will serve him: and they will
+    see his face; and his name will be on their foreheads. And there
+    will be no night there; and they have no need of the light of a
+    lamp, nor of the light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them
+    light: and they will reign forever and ever.� Rev. 22:1-5.
+
+
+Objects of great interest, of which only a passing glance was permitted in
+previous visions, are again and again presented, until their relative
+glory is sufficiently manifested. Thus the new earth was considered worthy
+of being the subject of a special vision; and now the Bride, the Lamb’s
+wife, although before referred to, is again made the subject of a special
+vision, under the symbol of a city, explained to be the bride.
+
+The descent of the city, to harmonize with corresponding scriptures, has
+been shown to be at the commencement of the millennium, when those who are
+called to the marriage supper of the Lamb descend from the clouds of
+heaven, to receive “an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that
+fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you ... ready to be revealed in
+the last time,� 1 Pet. 4:5.
+
+“The glory of the Lord,� which is the light of the city, is explained to
+be “the Lamb� (21:23), which “is the light thereof.� “In him was life, and
+the life was the light of men.� “That was the true light which lighteth
+every man that cometh into the world,� John 1:4, 9. In Him dwelleth all
+the fulness of the Godhead bodily (Col. 2:9), so that as the Holy Shekineh
+illumined the pathway of ancient Israel, the nations of the redeemed will
+walk in the light of His glory.
+
+The gates of the city correspond with the number of the tribes of Israel;
+and the “names of the apostles� are in its foundations. Thus Paul affirms
+that the “fellow citizens� of “the household of God� are built upon the
+foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the
+chief corner-stone, Eph. 2:20.
+
+The dimensions of the city are in length equal to the breadth—and 1500
+miles in circumference, or 375 miles square. The length is in all parts
+equal; and so is the breadth, and the height,—the latter being 216 feet.
+
+Its splendor is fully equal to all that inspiration has recorded
+respecting those on whom the Lord will have “everlasting kindness;� and to
+whom he saith: “O thou afflicted, tossed with the tempest, and not
+comforted! behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors, and lay thy
+foundations with sapphires. And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy
+gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. And all thy
+children shall be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the peace of thy
+children. In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far
+from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall
+not come near thee,� Isa. 54:11-14. “Therefore thy gates shall be open
+continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto
+thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought. For
+the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those
+nations shall be utterly wasted. The glory of Lebanon shall come unto
+thee, the fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the box together, to beautify the
+place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. The
+sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and
+all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy
+feet; and they shall call thee, The city of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy
+One of Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and hated, so that no man
+went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many
+generations. Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck
+the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the Lord am thy Saviour
+and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. For brass I will bring gold,
+and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron:
+I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness.
+Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction
+within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates
+Praise. The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness
+shall the moon give light unto thee: but the Lord shall be unto thee an
+everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy sun shall no more go down;
+neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the Lord shall be thine
+everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. Thy people
+also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land forever, the
+branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. A
+little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I the
+Lord will hasten it in his time,� Isa. 60:11-22.
+
+  O scenes surpassing fable, and yet true,
+Scenes of accomplish’d bliss! which who can see,
+Though but in distant prospect, and not feel
+His soul refresh’d with foretaste of the joy?
+Rivers of gladness water all the Earth,
+And clothe all climes with beauty. The reproach
+Of barrenness is past. The fruitful field
+Laughs with abundance; and the land, once lean,
+Or fertile only in its own disgrace,
+Exults to see its thistly curse repeal’d.
+The various seasons woven into one,
+And that one season an eternal spring,
+The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence;
+For there is none to covet: all are full.
+The lion, and the libbard, and the bear,
+Graze with the fearless flocks; all bask at noon
+Together, or all gambol in the shade
+Of the same grove, and drink one common stream.
+Antipathies are none. No foe to man
+Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees,
+And smiles to see, her infant’s playful hand
+Stretch’d forth to dally with the crested worm,
+To stroke his azure neck, or to receive
+The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.
+All creatures worship man, and all mankind
+One Lord, one Father. Error has no place;
+That creeping pestilence is driv’n away:
+The breath of Heav’n has chas’d it. In the heart
+No passion touches a discordant string,
+But all is harmony and love. Disease
+Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood
+Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.
+One song employs all nations; and all cry,
+“Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!�
+The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
+Shout to each other, and the mountain-tops
+From distant mountains catch the flying joy;
+Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
+Earth rolls the rapturous Hosanna round.
+Behold the measure of the promise fill’d!
+See Salem built, the labor of a God!
+Bright as a sun the sacred city shines:
+All kingdoms and all princes of the Earth
+Flock to that light; the glory of all lands
+Flows into her; unbounded is her joy,
+And endless her increase. Thy rams are there,
+Nebaioth, and the flocks of Kedar there:
+The looms of Ormus, and the mines of Ind,
+And Saba’s spicy groves, pay tribute there.
+Praise is in all her gates; upon her walls,
+And in her streets, and in her spacious courts,
+Is heard salvation. Eastern Java there
+Kneels with the native of the farthest west;
+And Æthiopia spreads abroad the hand,
+And worships. Her report has travel’d forth
+Into all lands. From ev’ry clime they come
+To see thy beauty, and to share thy joy,
+O Sion! an assembly such as Earth
+Saw never, such as Heav’n stoops down to see.
+  Thus Heav’nward all things tend. For all were once
+Perfect, and all must be at length restor’d,
+So God has greatly purpos’d: who would else
+In his dishonor’d works himself endure
+Dishonor, and be wrong’d without redress.
+Haste then, and wheel away a shatter’d world,
+Ye slow-revolving seasons! we would see
+(A sight to which our eyes are strangers yet)
+A world that does not dread and hate his laws,
+And suffer for its crime; would learn how fair
+The creature is, that God pronounces good,
+How pleasant in itself what pleases him.—_Cowper._
+
+
+
+
+Final Admonitions.
+
+
+    “And he said to me, These words are faithful and true. And the
+    Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to
+    shew his servants the things, which must shortly take place. And
+    behold, I come quickly: happy is he, who keepeth the words of the
+    prophecy of this book. And I John saw and heard these things. And
+    when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet
+    of the angel who shewed me these things. And he saith to me, See
+    thou do it not: I am thy fellow-servant, and one of thy brethren
+    the prophets, and one of those, who keep the words of this book:
+    worship God. And he saith to me, Seal not up the words of the
+    prophecy of this book: for the season is near. He, who is unjust,
+    let him be unjust still: and he, who is filthy, let him be filthy
+    still: and he, who is righteous, let him perform righteousness
+    still: and he, who is holy, let him be holy still. Behold, I come
+    quickly; and my reward is with me, to give each one as his work
+    shall be. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last,
+    the beginning and the end. Happy are those, who do his
+    commandments, that they may have the privilege of the tree of
+    life, and may enter through the gates into the city. For without
+    are the Sodomites, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the
+    murderers, and the idolaters, and whoever loveth and practiseth
+    falsehood. I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify to you these
+    things in the congregations. I am the root and the offspring of
+    David, the bright morning-star. And the Spirit and the bride say,
+    Come! And let him, who heareth, say, Come! And let him, who
+    thirsteth, come. And whoever will, let him take the water of life
+    freely.
+
+
+    “I testify to every one, who heareth the words of the prophecy of
+    this book, If any one shall add to these things, God will add to
+    him the plagues written in this book: and if any one shall take
+    away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take
+    away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, and
+    from the things written in this book. He, who testifieth these
+    things, saith, Surely I come quickly. So be it, come, O Lord
+    Jesus!
+
+
+    “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all the saints.� Rev.
+    22:6-21.
+
+
+With the representation of the city, the symbols of the Apocalypse are
+terminated. What follows are the words of Christ. The import of these is
+guarded by his declaration that they are “true and faithful.� There is a
+reality and definiteness in them, which will not admit of their being
+added to, or taken from. So that any attempt to fritter away their
+meaning, will be followed by the curses written in the book, and a loss of
+the blessings therein promised.
+
+The command not to seal this prophecy, is in contrast with the close of
+Daniel’s prophecy, which was “closed up and sealed till the time of the
+end,� Dan. 12:9. The Apocalypse, as its name imports, being an “unveiling�
+of the obscurities of Daniel, the seal from the former was removed—the
+time of the end, in that sense, being equivalent to the last days, or the
+gospel dispensation.
+
+The time was “at hand,� when the great series of predicted events was to
+commence. As he that was unjust was to be unjust still, and he that was
+righteous was thus to remain, it follows that the visions therein
+recorded, continue down to the close of probation; and that the new earth
+is one of everlasting reward, wherein is to be fulfilled the promise:
+“Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth,� Matt. 5:3.
+
+In this connection the Saviour answers the question, which so perplexed
+the Pharisees: If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? Matt.
+22:45. Being the Root from whence David sprang, and in his humanity
+David’s offspring, he was both his Lord and son.
+
+The invitation appended is one of the most endearing that it is possible
+to conceive of, and the threats are the most terrific. These are given for
+the admonition of all; and yet how many will turn away from the study of
+the book, which commences with a blessing on him “that readeth, and they
+that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are
+written therein,� (1:3); and closes with an invitation for all to come and
+“take of the water of life freely.� It is no mystical record, and there is
+nothing equivocal in its predictions. Neither is it to be fulfilled in the
+distant future; for “He which testifieth these things saith: Surely I come
+quickly.� And shall not every one who loves his Lord respond, “Even so;
+come, Lord Jesus.�
+
+“The Church has waited long
+  Her absent Lord to see;
+And still in loneliness she waits,
+  A friendless stranger she.
+Age after age has gone,
+  Sun after sun has set,
+And still, in weeds of widowhood,
+  She weeps, a mourner yet.�
+
+“The whole creation groans,
+  And waits to hear that voice
+That shall restore her comeliness,
+  And make her wastes rejoice.
+Come, Lord, and wipe away
+  The curse, the sin, the stain,
+And make this blighted world of ours
+  Thine own fair world again.
+Come, then, Lord Jesus, come!�
+
+_Rev. H. A. Bonar_, (_Eng._)
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD EARTH.
+
+
+Old Mother EARTH is wan and pale,
+  Her face is wrinkled sore;
+Her locks are blanched, her heart is cold,
+  Her garments stiff with gore;
+With furrowed brow and dim sad eyes,
+  With trembling steps and slow,
+She marks the course that first she trod
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+The Earth is old, the Earth is cold,
+  She shivers and complains;
+How many Winters fierce and chill
+  Have racked her limbs with pains!
+Drear tempests, lightning, flood and flame
+  Have scarred her visage so,
+That scarce we deem she shone so fair,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Yet comely was the youthful Earth,
+  And lightly tripped along
+To music from a starry choir,
+  Whose sweet celestial song
+Through Nature’s temple echoed wild,
+  And soft as streamlets flow,
+Where sister spheres replied with her,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+And many happy children there
+  Upon her breast reclined,
+The young Earth smiled with aspect fair,
+  The heavens were bright and kind;
+The azure cope above her head
+  In love seemed bending low,
+O happy was the youthful Earth,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Alas! those children of the Earth
+  With hate began to burn,
+And Murder stained her beauteous robe,
+  And bade the young Earth mourn.
+And ages, heavy ages, still
+  Have bowed with gathering woe
+The form of her whose life was joy,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! drear Earth! thy tender heart
+  Bewails thy chosen ones;
+Thou look’st upon the myriad graves
+  That hide their gathered bones;
+For them, by day and night, thy tears
+  Unceasingly must flow;
+Death chilled the fountain-head of life
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! old Earth! above thy head
+  The heavens are dark and chill,
+The sun looks coldly on thee now,
+  The stars shine pale and still;
+No more the heavenly symphonies
+  Through listening ether flow,
+Which swelled upon creation’s ear,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Weep not in bitter grief, O Earth!
+  Weep not in hopelessness!
+From out the heavens “a still small voice�
+  Whispers returning peace.
+Thy tears are precious in the sight
+  Of ONE who marks their flow,
+Who purposes of mercy formed,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy days of grief are numbered all,
+  Their sum will soon be told:
+The joy of youth, the smile of God,
+  Shall bless thee as of old;
+Shall shed a purer, holier light
+  Upon thy peaceful brow,
+Than beamed upon thy morning hour
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy chosen ones shall live again,
+  A countless, tearless throng,
+To wake creation’s voice anew,
+  And swell the choral song.
+Go, Earth! go wipe thy falling tears,
+  Forget thy heavy woe:
+Hope died not with thy first-born sons,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+KNICKERBOCKER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The first Advent was, according to the best-settled chronological
+      data, about four thousand one hundred and twenty years from
+      creation.
+
+    2 See margin of Whiting’s Testament. Lord has it, “when he can be
+      ready to sound.�
+
+    3 The constitutional language was, “By the authority of the senate,
+      and consent of the soldiers.�—_Gibbon_, vol. I., p. 44.
+
+    4 This is given on the authority of the London Quarterly Journal of
+      Prophecy, for 1852, p. 330, which states that the edict will be
+      found in the “Theodosian Code, XVII. to XX.�
+
+    5 “Ubi cogniti fuerint illius hæresis sectatores, ne receptaculum iis
+      quisquam in terra sua præbere præsumat: sed nec in venditione aut
+      emptione aliqua cum iis omnino commercium habeatur.�—_Hard._, vi.
+      ii. 1597.
+
+    6 The following philological law or canon of criticism is universally
+      admitted, and all dictionaries, grammars, and translations, are
+      formed in accordance with it:
+
+      “Every word not specially explained or defined in a particular
+      sense, by any standard writer of any particular age and country, is
+      to be taken and applied in the current or commonly received
+      signification of that country and age in which the writer lived and
+      wrote.�—_Campbell._
+
+    7 This possession by demons is similar to the mode by which pretended
+      spirits claim that they communicate through mediums. One of them,
+      purporting to be the spirit of a departed son of Adin Ballou, in
+      answer to the question, by his father, “Can you describe how you are
+      able to write through a medium?� says, “I feel as though I enter
+      into her for the time being, or as if my spirit entered into her. I
+      am disencumbered of my spiritual form, and take hers. More than one
+      spirit can enter the medium at once. The mediums all go into the
+      trance by means of several spirits entering the body at one
+      time.�—_Spiritual Telegraph, May 8, 1852._
+
+    8 The word is _demon_ or _demons_ in all the instances referred to.
+
+    9 Necromancy is derived from the Greek words _nekros_, dead, and
+      _mantis_, a diviner. The Greek, _Necromantia_, is defined: “The
+      revealing future events by communication with the dead; necromancy.�
+      And Nekromantis: “One who reveals future events by communication
+      with the dead; a necromancer.�
+
+   10 This is in the Syriac, “Until the fulness of the time of all
+      things.� Irenæus says, “Till the time of the exhibition or disposal
+      of all things;� and Œcumenius, “Till the time of all things does
+      come to an end;� and we have the suffrage of Thesychius and
+      Phavorinus, that “ἀποκατάστασις is τελειωσις, ‘the consummation’ of
+      a thing.�—_Whitby._
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
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+***FINIS***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse by
+Sylvester Bliss
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse
+
+Author: Sylvester Bliss
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2008 [Ebook #26639]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+
+                             BRIEF COMMENTARY
+
+                                  ON THE
+
+                                APOCALYPSE
+
+                           By SYLVESTER BLISS,
+
+             AUTHOR OF "ANALYSIS OF SACRED CHRONOLOGY," ETC.
+
+                              SECOND EDITION
+
+                                 BOSTON:
+
+                        PUBLISHED BY J. V. HIMES,
+
+                          No. 8 CHARDON STREET.
+
+                                  1853.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE.
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The Apocalypse should be regarded as a peculiarly interesting portion of
+scripture: a blessing being promised those who read, hear, and keep the
+things which are written therein. It has been subjected to so many
+contradictory interpretations, that any attempt to comprehend its meaning
+is often regarded with distrust; and the impression has become very
+prevalent, that it is a "sealed book,"--that its meaning is so hidden in
+unintelligible symbols, that very little can be known respecting it; and
+that to attempt to unfold its meaning, is to tread presumptuously on
+forbidden ground.
+
+The attention of the Christian community has been called more of late to
+its study, by the publication of several elaborate Expositions. One in two
+large volumes, 8vo., by Prof. Stuart, was published at Andover, Mass., in
+1845. A large 8vo. volume, by David N. Lord, was issued from the press of
+the Harpers, in New York, in 1847; and a smaller work, by Rev. Thomas
+Wickes, appeared in that city in 1851. These are the more important works
+on the subject which have been published in this country. In England, the
+"Horæ Apocalypticæ," by the Rev. E. B. Elliott, A.M., late Vicar of
+Tuxford, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, has passed through
+several editions,--the fourth of which, in four large vols. 8vo., was
+published in London, in 1851. These works, with the writings of Habershon,
+Cunningham, Croly, Bickersteth, Birks, Brooks, Keith, and other
+distinguished English writers, have caused the study of the Apocalypse to
+be regarded with more favor of late than heretofore.
+
+The Expositions of MR. LORD have thrown much light on the nature and laws
+of symbols, by unfolding the principles in accordance with which they are
+used. The evolving of these has removed from many passages the obscurity
+which had before caused them to be regarded as enigmatical. There are,
+doubtless, many portions of the Apocalypse, the meaning of which is as yet
+only dimly perceived, and which will be more clearly unfolded by the
+transpiring of future events; and it would be arrogant to claim that its
+interpretation had been freed from all perplexities. But it is believed
+that it may be as profitably and as satisfactorily studied as other
+portions of Scripture; and that the reader may feel an assurance of
+approximating to a knowledge of the true meaning of its symbolic
+teachings.
+
+The Bible is its own interpreter; and when practicable, scripture should
+be explained by scripture. The meaning imputed to any passage must never
+contradict, but must harmonize with that of parallel texts. In
+illustrating the several references in the Apocalypse to the same events
+and epochs, a repetition of scripture is somewhat unavoidable.
+
+These pages have resulted from notes prepared in a familiar course of
+Bible-class instruction, where the study of brevity was necessary. Without
+designing to speak dogmatically, the didactic was found the more direct
+and simple mode of expression. In presenting this exposition, merely as
+the opinion of the writer, it is with the hope that it will give, in a
+small compass, a common-sense view of the intricacies of this book, and be
+acceptable to those interested in the study of prophecy.
+
+
+
+
+
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+
+
+1. THE GRAMMAR of any science is a development of the principles by which
+it is governed. As the science of interpretation must be founded on some
+fixed and uniform laws, the unfolding of these is the first step in the
+study of prophecy.
+
+2. BIBLICAL EXEGESIS and SACRED HERMENEUTICS, are terms applied to the
+science of interpretation, or of learning the meaning of Biblical words
+and phrases.
+
+3. THE USUS LOQUENDI, is the usual mode of speaking. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it denotes the general _scriptural use_ of words.
+
+4. To learn the meaning of scriptural terms, their general use must be
+ascertained, by comparing their contexts in the several places of their
+occurrence.
+
+5. PROPHECY is the prediction of a future event. The term sometimes
+denotes a book of prophecies (Rev. 22:18); and sometimes a history.--2
+Chron. 9:29.
+
+6. CONSECUTIVE Prophecy gives the succession of future events in the order
+in which they will transpire. _Examples._--See Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 11th, and
+Rev. 6th and 7th, 9th to the 11th; 12th and 15th, &c.
+
+7. DISCURSIVE Prophecy presents future events, irrespective of the order
+of their occurrence. _Examples._--ISAIAH and the minor prophets.
+
+8. CONDITIONAL Prophecy is when the fulfilment is dependent on the
+compliance of those to whom the promise is made, with the conditions on
+which it is given. _Examples._--"_If_ ye walk in my statutes and keep my
+commandments, and do them: then I will give you rain in due season, and
+the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield
+their fruit." Lev. 26:3, 4. "But _if_ ye will _not_ hearken unto me, and
+will _not_ do all these commandments; and _if_ ye shall despise my
+statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all
+my commandments, _but_ that ye break my covenant: I also will do this unto
+you, I will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning
+ague, that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall
+sow your seed in vain; for your enemies shall eat it." _Ib._ 14-16.
+
+"And it shall come to pass, _if_ thou shalt hearken diligently unto the
+voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which
+I command thee this day: that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above
+all nations of the earth: and all these blessings shall come on thee, and
+overtake thee, _if_ thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy
+God." Deut. 28:1, 2. "But it shall come to pass, _if_ thou wilt not
+hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his
+commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day: that all
+these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee," &c. _Ib._ 15.
+
+Predictions of mere national prosperity, or adversity, are usually
+conditional. When the condition is not expressed, it is implied.
+_Example._--The Lord said unto Jonah, "Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great
+city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee.... And Jonah began
+to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty
+days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. So the people of Nineveh believed
+God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of
+them even to the least of them.... And God saw their works, that they
+turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil that he had said
+that he would do unto them: and he did it not."
+
+For all cases of this kind, the Lord has given the following general RULE:
+"At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a
+kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it: if that nation
+against whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will repent of the
+evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what instant I shall speak
+concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it;
+if it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent
+of the good wherewith I said I would benefit them." Jer. 18:7-10.
+
+9. UNCONDITIONAL Prophecy includes all predictions which are absolute in
+their nature. _Examples._--"But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be
+filled with the glory of the Lord." Num. 14:21.
+
+"For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the
+people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen
+upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the
+brightness of thy rising.... For the nation and kingdom that will not
+serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted....
+Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for
+ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be
+glorified." Isa. 60:2, 3, 12, 21.
+
+"But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the
+house of the Lord shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it
+shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it." Micah
+4:1.
+
+10. A VISION is a revelation from GOD, supernaturally presented. Future
+events are made to pass before the mind of the _seer_, as if actually
+transpiring. _Examples._--See the prophecies of ISAIAH, AMOS, OBADIAH, &c.
+
+11. A SYMBOLIC VISION is where the future events, instead of being
+presented to the mind of the prophet, are represented by analogous
+objects. _Examples._--The prophecies of EZEKIEL, DANIEL, ZECHARIAH, and
+JOHN, are of this kind.
+
+12. A LITERAL Prophecy is where the prediction is given in words used
+according to their primary and natural import. _Examples._--Num. 14:21-35;
+Jer. 25:1-33.
+
+13. Prophecy is _figurative_ when it abounds in tropes, as in much of
+ISAIAH and the minor prophets; and it is symbolic, when symbols instead of
+the objects themselves are presented--as in DANIEL and JOHN.
+
+14. POETRY is writing thus constituted by the metrical or rhythmical
+structure of its sentences; and is not necessarily any more figurative or
+obscure than prose writing. It is, also, a term sometimes applied to the
+language of excited imagination and feeling.
+
+The Poetry of the Bible consists in Hebrew parallelisms, where the idea of
+the preceding line is repeated, or contrasted, in the succeeding one.
+_Examples._--The Psalms, ISAIAH, and other prophets.
+
+15. HIGHLY FIGURATIVE, or SYMBOLIC Prophecies--the laws and use of _Tropes_
+and _Symbols_ being understood are not necessarily more equivocal,
+enigmatical or obscure, than those which are literal.
+
+16. LITERAL FULFILMENT of prophecy is prophecy fulfilled in accordance
+with the _grammatical interpretation_ of its language.
+
+17. LITERAL INTERPRETATION, when _technically_ applied to the
+interpretation of prophecy, is not opposed to tropes or figures of speech,
+but to _spiritual_ interpretation. It interprets the language of the
+Scriptures, as similar language would be interpreted _in all other
+writings_.
+
+18. SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATION (_mystical_) seeks, in the language of
+Scripture, a meaning that is not expressed by any of the ordinary rules of
+language. It sets at defiance all the laws of language, and makes fancy
+the interpreter of prophecy. "It subjects clear predictions to an
+exegetical alembic that effectually subtilizes and evaporates their
+meaning."--_Bush._
+
+19. ULTRA LITERAL INTERPRETATION is a disregard of the peculiarities of
+symbols and of the several kinds of tropes--understanding them as if they
+were _literally_ expressed.
+
+20. SYMBOLS and TROPES are _literally_ explained, when interpreted in
+accordance with the _grammatical laws_ which respectively govern their
+use.
+
+21. PROPHETIC SYMBOLS are objects, real or imaginary, _representative_ of
+agents or objects possessing analogous characteristics. All agents or
+objects _seen_ in symbolic visions are symbols. The inspired
+_explanations_ of symbols are always literal, except when they are
+affirmed to be the same as some other symbol which represents the same
+object, as in Rev. 17:9.
+
+22. LAWS OF SYMBOLS.
+
+I. "The Symbol and that which it represents resemble each other in the
+station they fill, the relation they sustain, and the agencies they exert
+in their respective spheres."--_Lord._
+
+II. The Symbol and that which it represents are of the _same_, or they are
+of _different_ species, kinds, or rank, according to the _nature_ and
+_use_ of the symbol.
+
+III. "When the Symbol is of such nature, or is used in such a relation
+that it can properly symbolise something _different_ from itself, the
+representative and that which it represents, while the counterpart of each
+other, are of _different_ species, kinds, or rank."--_Lord._
+
+_Example._--Dan. 7:3, beasts; v. 17, governments.
+
+IV. "Symbols that are of such a nature, station or relation, that there is
+nothing of an analogous kind that they can represent, symbolize agents,
+objects, acts, or events of _their own_ kind."--_Ib._ _Example._--Dan. 7:9.
+
+V. "When the Symbol and that which it symbolizes differ from each other,
+the correspondence between the representative and that which it
+represents, still extends to their chief parts; and the elements or parts
+of the symbols denote corresponding parts in that which is
+symbolized."--_Ib._
+
+VI. "The Names of Symbols are their literal and proper names, not
+metaphorical titles."--_Ib._
+
+VII. "A single agent, in many instances, symbolizes a body and succession
+of agents."--_Ib._
+
+VIII. Symbols of the same kind, and used in the same relations, always
+represent one class of objects; and when the office of a symbol has been
+once shown, the same symbol, similarly used, always fills a like office.
+They are never used arbitrarily.
+
+IX. While like symbols represent like objects, the same agents are often
+indicated by different symbols.
+
+Thus, a church may be symbolized by a city and a woman; and government, by
+a beast and a mountain, &c.
+
+23. INSPIRED EXPLANATIONS OF SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS:--
+
+      Ancient of Days--The Most High.--Dan. 7:9, 22.
+      Candlesticks--Churches.--Rev. 1:20.
+      Carpenters--Destroyers of governments.--Zech. 1:21.
+      Days--Years.--Num. 14:34. Ezek. 4:4-6.
+      Horns, of a wild beast--Kings or kingdoms succeeding to a divided
+      empire.--Dan. 8:22 and 7:24.
+      Heads, of a wild beast--Kings or forms of government.--Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      Image, of different metals--A succession of governments.--Dan.
+      2:37-42.
+      Incense, or odors--Prayers.--Rev. 5:8 and 8:4.
+      Lamb, the--Christ.--Rev. 5:6, 9, 10.
+      Lamb's wife--Risen saints.--Rev. 19:7, 8.
+      Lake of fire and brimstone--The place of the second death.--Rev.
+      20:15.
+      Likeness of a man--The Lord.--Ezek. 1:26, 28, and 8:2, 4.
+      Linen, fine and clean--Righteousness of saints--Rev. 19:8.
+      Mountains--Kings, or forms of government.--Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      New Jerusalem--The redeemed Church, or the Bride, the Lamb's
+      wife.--Rev. 21:9, 10.
+      Revivification of dry bones--Resurrection of the dead.--Ezek. 37:11,
+      12.
+      Stars--Angels, _i.e._, messengers of the churches.--Rev. 1:20.
+      Souls of martyrs living again--The first resurrection.--Rev. 20:4, 5.
+      Stone, becoming a mountain--Kingdom of God.--Dan. 2:45.
+      Waters--Peoples.--Rev. 17:15.
+      Wild Beasts--Governments.--Dan. 7:17.
+      Woman--A city.--Rev. 17:18. Explained to be a church.--21:9, 10.
+
+24. TROPES are figures of various kinds, used to _illustrate_ the subjects
+to which they are applied.--They embrace the Simile, Metaphor, Prosopopoeia,
+Apostrophe, Synecdoche, Allegory, &c.
+
+25. LAWS OF FIGURES--(_a._) "The terms in which they are expressed are used
+in their ordinary and literal sense."--_Lord._
+
+(_b._) "The agents or objects to which figures are applied are always
+expressly mentioned. Figures, in that respect, differ wholly from symbols,
+which never formally indicate, unless an interpretation is given, who the
+agents, or what the objects are which they represent."--_Ib._
+
+(_c._) "The figurative terms are always predicates, or are employed in
+affirming something of some other agent or object; and are therefore
+either nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs."--_Ib._
+
+(_d._) "As their terms are used literally, the figure lies, when they are
+employed in an unusual manner, simply in their being applied to objects to
+which they do not properly belong."--_Ib._
+
+(_e._) "They are used accordingly in all such cases for the purpose of
+illustration, and their explication is accomplished, not by assigning to
+them some new and extraordinary meaning, but simply by conjoining with
+them the terms of a comparison which expresses the relation in which they
+are employed."--_Ib._
+
+(_f._) "It is in metaphors and personification only that acts and
+qualities are ascribed to agents and objects that are incompatible with
+their nature; or do not properly belong to them."--_Ib. Theo. & Lit.
+Jour._, vol. 1, p. 354.
+
+26. A SIMILE, or comparison, is an affirmation that one agent, object, or
+act, is _like_, or as, another,--there being a real or imaginary
+resemblance. Sometimes only the mere fact of a resemblance is affirmed. At
+others, the nature of the resemblance is indicated.
+
+_Examples._--"As for man, his days are _as_ grass." Psa. 103:15. "Whose
+garment was _white_ as _snow_." Dan. 7:9.
+
+27. ANTITHESIS is a contrast, or placing in opposite lights things
+dissimilar.
+
+_Example._--"The wicked are overthrown and are not; but the house of the
+righteous shall stand." Prov. 12:7.
+
+28. A METAPHOR is a simile comprised in a word, without the _sign_ of
+comparison. It is an affirmation of an object, incompatible with its
+nature--_i.e._, it affirms that an object is, what literally it is only
+_like_; or attributes to it acts, to which its acts only bear a
+_resemblance_.
+
+_Examples._--"He is the _Rock_." Deut. 32:4. "Her gates shall _lament_ and
+_mourn_." Isa. 3:25.
+
+A metaphor may be a simple affirmation of what an object is, or it may
+embrace "the agent, the act, the object, and the effect of an
+action."--_Lord._
+
+(_a._) When an object is affirmed to be what it only resembles, that of
+which the affirmation is made is always _literally_ expressed.
+
+(_b._) "When a nature is ascribed to an object that does not belong to it,
+the acts or results affirmed to it are proper to that _imputed nature_,
+not to its own."--_Lord._
+
+(_c._) "The meaning of a metaphorical passage is precisely what it would
+be if a comparison only were affirmed."--_Ib._
+
+29. AN ELLIPTICAL METAPHOR is where the figure is incomplete. An object,
+instead of being affirmed to be what it only resembles, is introduced by
+the name proper only to that resemblance. The literal name of the object
+and the affirmation to complete the figure are to be supplied.
+
+To find the meaning of an elliptical metaphor, trace the word through the
+Bible, and find to what object such metaphorical term is applied.
+_Example._--"And in that day there shall be a _Root_ of JESSE, which shall
+stand for an ensign of the people." Isa. 11:10. _Explanation._--"I [JESUS]
+am the _Root_ and the offspring of DAVID." Rev. 22:16.
+
+30. PROSOPOEIA, or PERSONIFICATION, is an address to an inanimate object,
+as if it were a person, and had intelligence.--_Lord._ _Example._--"Give
+ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my
+mouth." Deut. 32:1.
+
+31. AN APOSTROPHE is a _digression_ from the order of any discourse, and a
+direct _address_ to the persons of whom it treats, or to those who are to
+form a judgment respecting the subject of which it treats.--_Lord._
+_Example._--"Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom: give ear unto
+the law of our GOD, ye people of Gomorrah." Isa. 1:10.
+
+32. AN ALLEGORY is a narrative in which the subject of the discourse is
+described by an analogous subject, resembling it in its characteristics
+and circumstances--the subject of which it is descriptive being indicated
+in its connection. _Examples._--See Ezek. 31:3-9; Ps. 80:8-16; Jud. 9:8-15.
+
+Past _historical_ events, instead of supposititious ones, are sometimes
+used for illustration. When thus used they serve as allegories, without
+affecting their original historical significance. _Example._--Gal. 4:
+22-31. See also Rom. 9:7, 8; 1 Cor. 9:9, 10, and 10:11.
+
+33. A PARABLE is a similitude taken from natural things, to instruct us in
+the knowledge of spiritual. _Examples._--Matt. 13th, and 21:28-41.
+
+The Parable differs from the Allegory in that the acts ascribed are
+appropriate to the agents to which they are attributed. In the Allegory,
+acts may be ascribed to real objects which are not natural to those
+objects. _Example._--See Judges 9:7-15.
+
+The Parable is sometimes used to denote a prophecy, (Num. 23:7); sometimes
+a discourse, (Job 27:1); sometimes a lamentation, (Micah 2:4); sometimes a
+proverb, or wise saying, (Prov. 26:7); and sometimes to indicate that a
+thing is apocryphal. Ezek. 20:49. The terms parable and allegory, are
+often wrongfully applied.
+
+34. A RIDDLE is an enigma--something to be guessed. _Example._--See Judges
+14:24-18. It is sometimes used to denote an allegory. Ezek. 17:1-10.
+
+35. TYPES are emblems--greater events in the future being prefigured by
+typical observances, "which are a shadow of good things to come." Col.
+2:17.
+
+36. THE HYPOCATASTASIS, or substitution, is a figure introduced by Mr.
+LORD, in which the objects, or agents, of one class are, without any
+formal notice, employed in the place of the persons or things of which the
+passages in which they occur treat; and they are exhibited either as
+exerting, or as subjected to an agency proper to their nature, in order to
+represent by analogy, the agency which those persons are to exert, or of
+which those things are to be the subjects. _Example._--"O, my people, they
+which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths."--Isa.
+3:12,--expressive of the manner in which they were misled by their rulers
+and kept from the truth.
+
+37. A METONYMY is a reversion, or the use of a noun to express that with
+which it is intimately connected, instead of using the term which would
+literally express the idea. Thus the cause is used for the effect, the
+effect for the cause, the thing containing for that which is contained in
+it, &c. _Example._--"Ye have eaten up the _vineyard_." Isa. 3:14--meaning
+the fruit of the vineyard.
+
+38. A SYNECDOCHE is the use of a word expressive of a part, to signify the
+whole; or that expressive of the whole, to denote only a part--as the genus
+for the species, or the species for the genus, &c. _Example._--"_Man_ dieth
+and wasteth away; yea _man_ giveth up the ghost, and where is he?" Job
+14:10.
+
+39. A HYPERBOLE is an exaggeration in which more is expressed than is
+intended to be understood. _Example._--"I suppose that even the world
+itself could not contain the books that should be written." John
+21:25--meaning that a great number might be written.
+
+40. IRONY is the utterance of pointed remarks, contrary to the actual
+thoughts of the speaker or writer--not to deceive, but to add force to the
+remark. _Examples._--"No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die
+with you." Job 12:2.
+
+"And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry
+aloud: for he _is_ a god: either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he
+is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awaked." 1 Kings
+18:27.
+
+41. THE INTERROGATION--while its legitimate use is to ask a question--is
+also used to affirm or deny with great emphasis. Affirmative
+interrogations usually have _no_ or _not_ in connection with the verb.
+_Example._--"Is _not_ God in the height of the heavens?" Job 22:12.
+_Examples of a negative._--"Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one
+day? or shall a nation be born at once?" Isa. 66:8. "Can the rush grow up
+without mire?" Job 8:11.
+
+42. EXCLAMATIONS are digressions from the order of a discourse or writing,
+to give expression to the emotions of the speaker, or writer.
+_Example._--"O that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away and
+be at rest!" Psa. 55:6.
+
+43. FABLES are fictions--additions to the word of GOD. All false theories
+and doctrines supposed to be based on the Bible, all interpretations of
+Scripture which do violence to the laws of language and falsify their
+meaning, and all opinions which are the result of mere traditions and
+doctrines of men, are to be classed as fables. Mark 7:8-13; 1 Pet. 1:18; 1
+Tim. 1:4; 4:7; Tit. 1:14.
+
+44. SYNCHRONOUS SCRIPTURES are the several passages which have reference
+to any one and the same event.
+
+Each portion of Scripture respecting any subject, must be considered in
+connection with all the Scriptures that refer to the same
+subject.--_Compare_, for example, Dan. 2:34, 35, 44; 7:18, 27; Matt. 6:10;
+13:37-43; 35:34; 1 Tim. 4:1; Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+
+
+
+
+The Title of the Book.
+
+
+    "The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him, to show to
+    his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and sending,
+    he signified _them_ through his angel to his servant John: who
+    testified the word of God, and the testimony of Jesus Christ, and
+    whatever he saw."--Rev. 1:1, 2.--_Prof. Whiting's Translation._
+
+
+"The very title of John's predictions, Apocalypse, implies the _unveiling_
+or '_revelation_' of the mystic and hidden sense of the prophetic oracles,
+previously uttered by his inspired predecessors."--PROF. BUSH.
+
+"The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from which we have our word Apocalypse, signifies,
+literally, a _revelation_, or _discovery_, of what was _concealed_, or
+_hidden_."--DR. CLARKE.
+
+The work of the apostles was "to make all men see what is the fellowship
+of the mystery, which, from the beginning of the world, hath been hid in
+God, who created all things by Jesus Christ," (Eph. 3:9); "even the
+mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is
+made manifest to his saints," Col. 1:26. The entire record of the New
+Testament, is a revelation that God "hath in these last days spoken unto
+us by his Son;" in distinction from the records of the Old Testament,
+which He, "at sundry times and in divers manners, spake in time past unto
+the fathers by the prophets," Heb. 1:1. But the closing book of the new
+series is called, in distinction from the others, "THE REVELATION OF JESUS
+CHRIST."
+
+It contains the "many things" he had to say to his disciples, in addition
+to those recorded by the evangelists; but which they could not then bear,
+John 16:12. It is the revelation "which God gave unto him;" for "there is
+a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known ... what shall be
+in the latter days," Dan. 2:28. God communicated by his servants the
+prophets what should "come to pass hereafter," by visions which were
+"certain," and by "the interpretation thereof" which was "sure," Dan.
+2:46. But Daniel was commanded to "shut up the words, and seal the book,
+even to the time of the end," when many should "run to and fro," and
+knowledge should "be increased." And it was added, "Go thy way, Daniel;
+for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end: Many
+shall be purified and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do
+wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall
+understand." Dan. 12:4, 9, 10.
+
+It will thus be seen, that provision had been made for the future
+_unveiling_ of what was left obscure in the predictions of the Old
+Testament writers; and for the _unsealing_ of what was then closed up and
+sealed. This revelation must come from God; for the Saviour has testified,
+that "of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
+but my Father only." Matt. 24:36. "The secret things belong unto the Lord
+our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our
+children forever." Deut. 29:29.
+
+As God had provided for a more full "revelation" respecting the events of
+the future, it was necessary that it should be communicated through "the
+appointed Heir of all things," by whom he was to speak in the last days,
+Heb. 1:2. The BAPTIST said of Christ, that "what he hath seen and heard,
+this he testifieth," John 3:22. And the Saviour said of him by whom he was
+sent, "I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him," _Ib._
+8:2, 6. And again, he saith, "I have not spoken of myself; but the Father
+which sent me, he gave me a commandment; what I should say, and what I
+should speak," _Ib._ 12:49. "The Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of
+David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals
+thereof," Rev. 5:5.
+
+The design of God in giving this additional revelation, was that he might
+"show unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass;" for
+"surely the Lord God doeth nothing, but he revealeth his secrets unto his
+servants the prophets," Amos 3:7. And he saith, "I have told you before it
+come to pass, that when it is come to pass ye might believe," John 14:29.
+When the old world was to be destroyed by water, "Noah, being warned of
+God of things not seen as yet, prepared an ark to the saving of his
+house," Heb. 11:7. And when the Lord had purposed the destruction of
+Sodom, he said, "Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do?" and
+angels were sent to Lot, that he might say to his children, "Up get ye out
+of this place; for the Lord will destroy this city," Gen. 18:17, and
+19:14. So of the times and seasons of the second advent: while "the day of
+the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night," he has said to his chosen
+ones, "Ye brethren are not in darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief," 1 Thess. 5:1-4. He has condescended to give his people "a
+more sure word of prophecy: whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as
+unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day
+star arise in your hearts," 2 Pet. 1:19. Therefore it was said to John, "I
+will show thee things which must be hereafter," Rev. 4:1; which things
+were shortly to begin to come to pass,--they being a series of successive
+events, commencing near the time in which John wrote, and extending to the
+end of the world and the establishment of the everlasting kingdom.
+
+These were shown to John by symbolic representations, in a series of
+visions, the import of which was signified to him by an angelic
+interpreter. Said the Saviour, "I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify
+unto you these things in the churches," 22:16. And _these things_ were not
+to be sealed up, like the words of Daniel; for John was commanded to
+"_seal not_ the sayings of the prophecy of _this_ book: for the time is at
+hand," 22:10. He recorded the words which God thus gave him,--"the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw." He has given
+us, in graphic language, such descriptions of the visions shown, that we
+can easily imagine the symbols which he saw; and we have the inspired
+explanations of those which were "signified" to him. Therefore we may
+read, and receive the blessings promised to those who keep this testimony
+of Jesus.
+
+
+
+
+The Benediction.
+
+
+    "Happy is he, who readeth, and those, who hear the words of this
+    prophecy, and keep the things, written in it: for the season is
+    near." Rev. 1:3.
+
+
+Those who teach that the Apocalypse is a "sealed book," most clearly
+contradict the testimony of Christ respecting it. To discourage the study
+of it, is to treat with neglect, and to despise what God has spoken in
+these last days by his Son, Heb. 1:2; of whom it is said: "See that ye
+refuse not him that speaketh; for if they escaped not who refused him who
+spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him
+that speaketh from heaven," Heb. 12:25. Those who thus neglect it, cannot
+regard the blessing promised to those who read, hear, and keep its
+sayings.
+
+The Apocalypse is not to be undervalued as unprofitable; for "all
+scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine,
+for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: that the
+man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works," 2
+Tim. 3:16, 17. "For whatsoever things were written aforetime, were written
+for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures
+might have hope," Rom. 15:4. "Search the scriptures; for in them ye think
+ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me," John 5:39.
+"Thus saith the Lord, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of
+things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands
+command ye me," Isa. 45:11. "Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that
+keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book," Rev. 22:7.
+
+
+
+
+John's Salutation to the Churches.
+
+
+    "John to the seven congregations in Asia: grace be to you and
+    peace, from Him who is, and who was, and who is to be; and from
+    the seven Spirits, that are before his throne; and from Jesus
+    Christ, the faithful Witness, and the First-born of the dead, and
+    the Ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loved us, and
+    washed us from our sins in his own blood, and hath made us kings
+    and priests to God even his father: to him be glory and dominion
+    for ever and ever. Amen. Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every
+    eye will see him, and those, who pierced him: and all the tribes
+    of the earth will wail because of him. Yea, so be it! I am the
+    Alpha and the Omega, saith the Lord God, who is, and who was, and
+    who is to be, the Almighty."--Rev. 1:4-8.
+
+
+The seven churches to which John sends salutation, were those of Ephesus,
+Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, 1:11. The
+Asia, in which they were situated, was a province in Asia Minor, distinct
+from Pontus, Gallatia, and Bithynia; which also were in Asia Minor, 1 Pet.
+1:1, and Acts 2:9. Of the province of Asia, Ephesus was the capital, and
+was the principal place of John's residence. The seven cities which
+contained those churches, were situated in a kind of amphitheatre,
+surrounded by mountains. Smyrna was 46 miles north of Ephesus, and
+Pergamos 64 miles; Thyatira was 48 miles to the east, and Sardis 33 miles;
+Philadelphia 27 miles to the south, and Laodicea 42 miles. These churches
+had all been under the general supervision of John's ministry; and for
+this reason, doubtless, they are especially designated, instead of those
+with which he had not been so intimately connected.
+
+John writes to the seven churches, in obedience to the command,--"What thou
+seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in
+Asia," 1:11. He seems to have written what he saw, at the time of its
+exhibition, and not at the close of the entire presentation; for when he
+was about to write the discordant utterances of "the seven thunders," he
+was told to "write them not," 10:4.
+
+John observes the oriental custom of placing his name at the commencement,
+instead of the close of his communication. Few persons now deny that this
+was John the Evangelist. Irenæus, who was born only about 30 years after
+the death of John, speaks of the writer of the Apocalypse, as "the
+disciple of Christ,--that same John that leaned on his breast at the last
+supper."
+
+Most beautiful reference is here made to the attributes of DEITY: "Him who
+is, and who was, and who is to be," can be no other than the great
+Preëxistent, who said to Moses, "I AM THAT I AM," Ex. 13:14.
+
+The seven Spirits, would seem to be irrelevantly placed between the Father
+and the Son,--the place always occupied by the Holy Spirit, when spoken of
+in connection with them,--if they were merely seven angels. Grace would
+also seem to be irreverently invoked from such,--its presence being implied
+where it is invoked,--unless they are expressive of the Holy Spirit, in
+which grace is inherent, and from whom it may be communicated; as it may
+not be from angels. Seven is a full and perfect number, and it may be here
+used because in another place "seven lamps of fire burning before the
+throne" are symbolic of "the seven Spirits of God," (4:5); which, if
+angels, would be expressly named, as in other inspired explanations,--as
+they are in that of the stars, 1:20. A burning _flame_ is often used as a
+symbol of the Holy Spirit. Thus, when God would make a covenant with
+Abraham, and the victims between which the covenanting parties were to
+pass, were divided, the presence of God was symbolized by "a burning lamp
+that passed between those pieces," Gen. 15:17. And the descent of the Holy
+Spirit on the day of Pentecost, was manifested by "cloven tongues, like as
+of fire," which "sat upon each of them," Acts 2:3. In Zechariah 3:9, we
+read of the symbol of a stone laid before Joshua, that on it were engraved
+"seven eyes," which "are the eyes of the Lord which run to and fro,
+through the whole earth," (Zech. 4:10);--an expressive figure of God's
+Omniscience. The same is symbolized in Rev. 5:6, by the "seven eyes" of
+the LAMB.
+
+Jesus Christ is the faithful Witness. He "was faithful to him that
+appointed him," (Heb. 3:2); and he was given as a Witness to the people, a
+Leader and Commander to the people, Isa. 55:4. He is the "first-begotten
+of the dead," having "risen from the dead, and become the first fruits of
+them that slept," 1 Cor. 15:20: he is "declared to be the Son of God, with
+power according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the
+dead," Rom. 1:4. He is "the Prince of the kings of the earth," the "King
+of kings and Lord of lords," 19:16; "all kings shall fall down before him:
+all nations shall serve him," Psa. 72:11. He hath shown how he "loved us,"
+by giving himself for us, (Gal. 2:20); and hath cleansed his people from
+all sin, not "by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he
+entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption
+for us," Heb. 9:12. He has redeemed us to God "out of every kindred, and
+tongue, and people, and nation," Rev. 5:9. He is the one who is to come in
+the clouds of heaven, in resplendent majesty, to reward his saints, and to
+destroy those who destroy the earth, 11:18. The announcement that he
+"cometh with clouds" is as if John had said that what he was commanded to
+write, was a revelation of the events which were to precede and usher in
+that coming.
+
+
+
+
+Christ's Annunciation.
+
+
+    "I John, your brother, and partner in the affliction, and kingdom
+    and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the island called Patmos, for
+    the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. I was in
+    the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice,
+    like that of a trumpet, saying, What thou seest, write in a book,
+    and send it to the seven congregations, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna,
+    and to Pergamos, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to
+    Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."--Rev. 1:9-11.
+
+
+This gives a clue to the date of the Apocalypse. It was written when John
+was in the Isle of Patmos: "It is the general testimony of ancient
+authors, that St. John was banished into Patmos in the time of Domitian,
+in the latter part of his reign, and restored by his successor, Nerva. But
+the book could not be published till after John's release, and return to
+Ephesus, in Asia. Domitian died in 96, and his persecution did not
+commence till near the close of his reign."--DR. CLARKE.
+
+"DOMITIAN, having exercised his cruelty against many, and unjustly slain
+no small number of noble and illustrious men at Rome, ... at length
+established himself as the successor of NERO, in his hatred and hostility
+to GOD. He was the _second_ that raised a persecution against us. In this
+persecution, it is handed down by tradition, that the apostle and
+evangelist, JOHN, ... was condemned to dwell on the island of Patmos.
+IRENÆUS, indeed, in his fifth book against the heresies, where he speaks
+of the calculation formed on the epithet of Antichrist, in the
+above-mentioned Revelation of JOHN, speaks in the following manner
+respecting him: 'If, however, it were necessary to proclaim his name
+(_i.e._ Antichrist's), openly at the present time, it would have been
+declared by him who saw the Revelation, for it was not long since it was
+seen, but _almost in our own times_, at the _close_ of DOMITIAN's
+reign.' "--EUSEBIUS.
+
+Prof. Stuart, who dissents from the opinion, admits that "a majority of
+the older critics have been inclined to adopt the opinion of Irenæus,
+viz.: that it was written during the reign of Domitian, _i.e._, during the
+last part of the first century, or in A. D. 95 or 96."--Com. _Apoc._, V.
+I., p. 263.
+
+John's adherence to the word and testimony of Christ, had caused his
+banishment--as others "were slain--for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held," (6:9); and whose living again and reigning
+with Christ, was subsequently shown John in a vision, 20:4.
+
+John was in the spirit; _i.e._, he was in a state of prophetic ecstasy, in
+which he was, as it were, caught away from a realization of the actual and
+the present, and shown "the things which must be hereafter." It was on the
+"Lord's day," the first day of the week, which was so called because on
+that day the Lord arose from the dead. It was a day which has been
+observed by all Christians in especial remembrance of that event. John
+does not appear to have anticipated any such announcement, until he was
+suddenly startled from his meditation by a voice in trumpet tones,
+announcing itself by the titles of Christ, and commanding him to write to
+the churches what he _saw_. Hearing the voice, he turned to see who had
+spoken to him, and beheld a
+
+
+
+
+Vision of Christ.
+
+
+    "And I turned to see the voice, that spoke with me. And having
+    turned, I saw seven golden lamp-stands; and in the midst of the
+    seven lamp-stands one like a Son of man, clothed with a garment
+    reaching the feet, and girded around the breasts with a golden
+    girdle. His head, even his hair, was white like white wool, like
+    snow; and his eyes were like a flame of fire; and his feet like
+    fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice like the
+    sound of many waters. And he had in his right hand seven stars:
+    and from his mouth went forth a sharp two-edged sword: and his
+    countenance was like the sun shining in its strength. And when I
+    saw him, I fell at his feet as if dead. And he laid his right hand
+    on me, saying, Fear not; I am the first and the last, and am he,
+    who liveth, and I became dead; and behold, I am alive for ever and
+    ever, and have the keys of death and the pit. Therefore, write the
+    things, which thou hast seen, and the things, which are, and the
+    things, which will take place hereafter; the secret of the seven
+    stars, which thou hast seen in my right hand, and the seven golden
+    lamp-stands. The seven stars, are the messengers of the seven
+    congregations: and the seven lamp-stands are the seven
+    congregations."--Rev. 1:12-20.
+
+
+The voice, by a metonymy, is used for the person speaking. He turned to
+see the glorious personage by whom the trumpet-tones were uttered. Being
+turned, he saw the commencement of those great panoramic presentations, by
+which the events of the future were revealed to him, and the significance
+of which were explained by an angelic interpreter.
+
+The "seven golden candlesticks," symbolize "the seven churches" (1:20), to
+which John was commanded to write. By this, and other symbols which are
+divinely interpreted, are unfolded the principles on which symbols are
+used. A candle or lamp stand, supports the light placed on it, as churches
+are the recipients and dispensers of the light of the Holy Scriptures.
+They are therefore appropriate symbols of churches.
+
+"In the midst of the candlesticks" is one in the form of humanity,
+surrounded by the insignia of Deity. It is the same appearance that
+Ezekiel saw, when he had a vision "of the likeness of the glory of the
+Lord," (Ezek. 1:26-28); and before which Daniel fell trembling, Dan.
+10:5-9. The sublime spectacle was too overwhelming for John's endurance,
+and, like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, his strength turned to corruption.
+But the glorified Saviour was the same sympathetic being on whose breast
+John leaned, at the last supper, and he lays his endearing hand on John,
+and, by soothing words, restores his confidence. He explains the mystery
+contained in the symbols shown, and enjoins on him to write the things he
+had seen--symbolic of the things which then were, and of those which were
+then in the future. As no created resemblance is a fit representative of
+Deity, Christ is shown to John by the symbol of his own likeness.
+
+The "seven stars" in the right hand of the Saviour, are the angels,--the
+messengers, or pastors of the seven churches, 1:20. As the Saviour holds
+the stars in his hand, so does he sustain all his gospel ministers,
+enabling them to impart light to those who sit under their ministrations.
+And as he walked in the midst of the golden candlesticks, so the Lord is
+ever in the midst of those who fear him, and call upon his name.
+
+
+
+
+Epistles to the Seven Churches.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Ephesus.
+
+
+    "To the messenger of the congregation of Ephesus write: These
+    things saith He who holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who
+    walketh in the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands: I know thy
+    works, and thy toil, and thy patience, and that thou canst not
+    endure the evil; and thou hast tried those, who say they are
+    apostles, and are not; and hast found them liars; and hast
+    patience, and hast endured on account of my name, and hast not
+    fainted. Nevertheless, I have this against thee, that thou hast
+    left thy first love. Remember therefore whence thou hast fallen,
+    and repent and do the first works; or else I will come to thee
+    quickly, and will remove thy lamp-stand out of its place, except
+    thou repentest. But thou hast this, that thou hatest the deeds of
+    the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. He, who hath an ear, let him
+    hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations: To him, who
+    overcometh, I will grant to eat of the tree of life, which is in
+    the paradise of God."--Rev. 2:1-7.
+
+
+The seven churches are not, themselves, seen in vision; they were
+symbolized by seven golden candlesticks. Consequently, these are seven
+literal churches that are addressed, and not allegorical, as some teach.
+The symbolic portions of the Apocalypse, are the descriptions of what John
+saw, and the attendant utterances. What was addressed to the ear by way of
+explanation and instruction, does not come under the laws of
+symbolization.
+
+As churches, in all ages, are often in the several conditions ascribed to
+the seven churches, the warnings, admonitions, and consolations addressed
+to them, may serve for instruction to all Christians, as implied in the
+declaration: "He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+the churches," 2:29.
+
+"By {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, angel [or messenger], we are to understand the _messenger_,
+or person sent by God to preside over the church; and to him the epistle
+is directed, not as pointing out his state, but the state of the church
+under his care. The Angel of the Church, here answers exactly to that
+officer of the synagogue among the Jews, called the _messenger_ of the
+church, whose business it was to _read_, _pray_, and _teach_ in the
+synagogue."--DR. CLARKE. Timothy is supposed to have had the care of the
+Ephesian church till A. D. 97, when he was martyred.
+
+Ephesus was a large, idolatrous city, "a worshipper of the great goddess
+Diana, and of the image which," as they claimed, "fell down from Jupiter,"
+Acts 19:35. The gospel was first preached there by Paul, and with such
+success, that "Many of them also which used curious arts, brought their
+books together, and burned them before all men; and they counted the price
+of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver: So mightily grew
+the word of God, and prevailed," _Ib._ 19, 20. They continued a fine and
+prosperous church, but had fallen away from their first love. Therefore He
+who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks, and holdeth in
+his hand the messengers of the churches, admonished them that, unless they
+repented he would remove their candlestick, _i.e._, their church, of which
+the candlestick was a symbol, out of its place. They did not repent; and,
+says Gibbon, "In the year 1312, began the _captivity_, or ruin of the
+seven churches by the Ottoman power. In the loss of Ephesus, the
+Christians deplored the loss of the first _Angel_, the extinction of the
+first _candlestick_ of the Revelations. The desolation is complete, and
+the temple of _Diana_, or the church of _Mary_, will equally elude the
+search of the curious traveller."
+
+The Nicolaitanes, whose deeds God hated, were a sect of heretics, who
+assumed the name from Nicholas of Antioch, one of the first seven deacons
+of the church in Jerusalem. It is believed that he was rather the innocent
+occasion, than the author of the infamous practices of those who assumed
+his name,--who allowed a community of wives, and ate meats offered in
+sacrifice to idols. It was a short-lived sect.
+
+For hating their deeds, the church of Ephesus was commended, and also for
+not giving countenance to false teachers, who claimed to be apostles, and
+were proved to be liars. Thus are Christians to "believe not every spirit,
+but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets
+are gone out into the world," 1 John 4:1. "Such are false apostles,
+deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ," 2
+Cor. 11:13. "There were false prophets also among the people, even as
+there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in
+damnable heresies," 2 Pet. 2:1.
+
+The promise to him that overcometh, that he shall "eat of the tree of
+life," points to the resurrection and to the new creation. As in Eden was
+made to grow "the tree of life" (Gen. 2:9), so in Eden restored, "they
+that do his commandments ... may have right to the tree of life, and may
+enter in through the gates into the city," Rev. 22:2.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Smyrna.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Smyrna, write: These
+    things saith the First and the Last, who became dead and is alive:
+    I know thy works, and affliction, and poverty (but thou art rich);
+    and I know the reviling of those, who say they are Jews, and are
+    not, but are a synagogue of Satan. Fear none of the things, which
+    thou wilt suffer. Behold, the devil will cast some of you into
+    prison, that ye may be tried, and ye will have affliction ten
+    days. Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee the crown of
+    life. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the Congregations: he who overcometh, will not be hurt by the
+    second death."--Rev. 2:8-11.
+
+
+The angel of the church in Smyrna is supposed to have been Polycarp, who,
+rather than to apostatize, was burnt alive in that city about A. D. 166.
+That church had passed through the trial of poverty, and was found "rich
+toward God," Luke 12:21. It had suffered from the blasphemy of unbelieving
+Jews, who had a synagogue there and were particularly active at the
+martyrdom of Polycarp. But "He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly;
+neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh: but he is a
+Jew which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the
+spirit and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God,"
+Rom. 2:28, 29. And the crucified and risen Saviour has said, that they are
+"of the synagogue of Satan which say they are Jews, and are not, but do
+lie," Rev. 3:9.
+
+Not a word of reproof is addressed to this faithful flock; but they were
+to be still further tried, and a terrible persecution was foretold, which
+should continue ten prophetic days. Ten years was the duration of the last
+and bloodiest persecution under Diocletian, from A. D. 302 to 312, during
+which all the Asiatic churches were grievously afflicted.
+
+This church passed triumphantly through all those trials; and Smyrna is
+now the most flourishing city of the Asiatic churches. It contains a
+population of 100,000, and is the seat of an archbishop. From 15,000 to
+20,000 of its inhabitants are still professedly Christian.
+
+The "crown of life," promised to those who are faithful unto death, is to
+be given at Christ's second coming, "who shall judge the quick and the
+dead at his appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1: "Henceforth there is laid
+up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge,
+shall give me at that day; and not to me only, but unto all them also that
+love his appearing," _Ib._ 8. "Blessed is the man that endureth
+temptation: for when he is tried he shall receive the crown of life, which
+the Lord hath promised to them that love him," Jam. 1:12.
+
+Those who shall not be hurt of the "second death," are those who shall
+attain unto the resurrection of the just, at the commencement of the
+millennium. "Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first
+resurrection: on such the second death hath no power; but they shall be
+priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years,"
+Rev. 20:6. "But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and
+murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars,
+shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone:
+which is the second death," 21:8.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Pergamos.
+
+
+    And to the messenger of the congregation in Pergamos write: These
+    things saith He who hath the sharp two-edged sword: I know thy
+    works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's throne is; and
+    thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in
+    those days in which Antipas was my faithful witness: who was slain
+    among you, where Satan dwelleth. But I have a few things against
+    thee, because thou hast there those, who hold fast the doctrine of
+    Balaam, who taught Balak to cast an enticement to sin before the
+    children of Israel: to eat idol-sacrifices, and to commit
+    fornication. So thou hast also those, who hold fast the doctrine
+    of the Nicolaitanes, in like manner. Repent; or else I will come
+    to thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my
+    mouth. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations: To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of
+    the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the
+    stone a new name written, which no one knoweth, but he, who
+    receiveth it.--Rev. 2:12-17.
+
+
+"He which hath the sharp sword with two edges," is the one who walked in
+the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands--out of whose "mouth went a sharp
+two-edged sword," 1:16. This identifies him as the one who was followed by
+the armies of heaven, when "the remnant were slain with the sword of him
+that sat upon the horse: which sword proceeded out of his mouth," 19:21.
+"The sword of the Spirit ... is the word of God," Eph. 6:17. "He shall
+smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips
+shall he slay the wicked," Isa. 11:4. The One who indites this epistle is
+thus designated, probably, because, unless they repented of the things
+alleged against them, he would fight against them with the sword of his
+mouth.
+
+The church of Pergamos had refrained from apostasy, although situated in a
+wicked and corrupt city,--even where Satan reigned almost supreme and
+received the obedience of its inhabitants. They had been faithful in those
+days when Antipas, a faithful Christian, and probably the former pastor of
+the church, was slain (Dr. Hales thinks) in Domitian's persecution, in A.
+D. 94. Yet, the Lord had some things against them.
+
+The doctrine of Balaam is what that prophet counselled Balak to cast as a
+stumbling-block before Israel: For "the people began to commit whoredom
+with the daughters of Moab. And they called the people unto the sacrifices
+of their gods; and the people did eat and bowed down to their gods. And
+Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor," Num. 25:1-3. And Moses said of the
+women of Midian, "Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the
+counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord in the matter of
+Peor," _Ib._ 31:16. This was also, probably, the same as the doctrine of
+the Nicolaitanes, p. 34.
+
+The "hidden manna" seems to be a reference to that hidden in the ark,
+where it was laid up before the Lord (Ex. 16:33), in memory of what was
+sent for the sustenance of Israel in the wilderness, where "man did eat
+angel's food," Ps. 78:25. The law having a shadow of good things to come
+(Heb. 10:1), the manna hidden in the ark may be typical of the angelic
+sustenance to be revealed in the future world. The Saviour said, "Verily,
+verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. I
+am that bread of life. This is the bread which cometh down from heaven,
+that a man may eat thereof, and not die," John 6:47, 48, 50.
+
+The "white stone" has received divers interpretations. In ancient trials,
+the votes of the judges were given by _white_ and _black_ pebbles. The
+former signified acquittal, and the latter condemnation. Conquerors in
+public games sometimes received a _white stone_ with their name inscribed
+on it, which entitled them, during the remainder of their life, to be
+maintained at the public expense. Persons were sometimes invited to feasts
+or banquets, by the presentation of a white stone, with their name on it
+in connection with that of their hosts. The possession of the white stone
+evidently entitles the possessor to all the privileges of the heavenly
+inheritance.
+
+The "new name" is unknown to all but its possessor; who, on its
+possession, becomes a child of God, and will receive, saith God, "in my
+house and within my walls, a place and a name better than of sons and of
+daughters: I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut
+off," Isa. 56:5. The Saviour has promised that "him that overcometh will I
+make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I
+will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my
+God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God;
+and I will write upon him my new name," Rev. 3:12. And his new "name" "no
+man knew but he himself," _Ib._ 19:12.
+
+Pergamos still contains a few thousand inhabitants.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Thyatira.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Thyatira write: These
+    things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like a flame of
+    fire, and his feet like fine brass: I know thy works, and love,
+    and faith, and service, and thy patience, and thy works; and thy
+    last works to be greater than the first. Notwithstanding, I have
+    something against thee, because thou allowest thy woman Jezebel,
+    who calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce my servants
+    to commit fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices. And I gave her
+    time to repent, and she would not repent of her fornication.
+    Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and those, who commit adultery
+    with her, into great affliction, unless they repent of their
+    deeds. And I will kill her children with pestilence; and all the
+    congregations will know that I am he, who searcheth the reins and
+    hearts: and I will give to each of you according to your works.
+    But to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, As many as have not
+    this doctrine, and who have not known the depths of Satan, as
+    (they say;) I will not put on you another burden: but what ye
+    have, hold fast till I come. And he, who overcometh, and keepeth
+    my works to the end, to him, I will give power over the nations:
+    (and he will rule them with a rod of iron; like the vessels of a
+    potter they will be dashed in pieces:) even as I received of my
+    Father. And I will give him the morning-star. He, who hath an ear,
+    let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations"--Rev.
+    2:18-29.
+
+
+In commending the general piety of this church, they are censured for
+permitting a woman to teach false doctrines among them. The church is not
+only made responsible for what it teaches, but also for what it suffers
+others to teach. In this particular the church in Thyatira appears in
+contrast with the church in Ephesus. The doctrines which this wicked woman
+taught appear to be similar to those of the Nicolaitanes, p. 34. She is
+probably called Jezebel, from her being a woman of power and influence,
+like the wife of Ahab, who "did sell himself to work wickedness in the
+sight of the Lord: whom Jezebel his wife stirred up," 1 Kings 21:25.
+
+They who had not fallen into those depths of Satan, and should continue
+faithful to the end, were to have "power over the nations." "The saints of
+the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever,
+even for ever and ever. And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of
+the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the
+saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all
+dominions shall serve and obey him," Dan. 7:18, 27. "Ask of me, and I
+shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts
+of the earth for thy possession. Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron;
+thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel," Ps. 2:8, 9. "To
+execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; To
+execute upon them the judgment written: this honor have all the saints.
+Praise ye the Lord," _Ib._ 149:7, 9.
+
+To receive the morning star, is to receive Christ, who testifieth of
+himself. "I am ... the bright and morning star," Rev. 22:16. We are
+commanded to take heed to the "sure word of prophecy ... as unto a light
+that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise
+in your hearts," 2 Pet. 1:19. As "the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of
+prophecy" (19:10), those who refuse to consider the revelation he has
+given of things which shortly after began to come to pass, and which must
+now be verging towards their consummation, may fail of becoming
+illuminated by the day-star in their hearts.
+
+Says Gibbon: "The God of Mahomet, without a rival or a Son, is invoked in
+the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos."
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Sardis.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Sardis write: These
+    things saith He, who hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven
+    stars: I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest,
+    and art dead. Be watchful, and strengthen the things, which
+    remain, which are about to die: for I have not found thy works
+    complete before God. Remember therefore how thou hast received and
+    heard, and hold fast and repent. If therefore thou shalt not
+    watch, I will come on thee like a thief, and thou wilt not know
+    what hour I will come on thee. But thou hast a few names in
+    Sardis, that have not defiled their garments; and they will walk
+    with me in white: for they are worthy. He, who overcometh, the
+    same one will be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out
+    his name from the book of life, but I will acknowledge his name
+    before my Father, and before his angels. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith unto the congregations."--Rev.
+    3:1-6.
+
+
+The church in Sardis was Christian in name, but was destitute of spiritual
+life, with the exception of a few names who had not defiled their
+garments. Having become dead to the revivifying influences of the Holy
+Spirit, they are reminded that he who addresses them is the one who holds
+their messenger in his hand, and who hath the seven Spirits of God;
+_i.e._, that it was from the One who said of "the Comforter, which is the
+Holy Ghost" (John 14:26), "when the Comforter is come, whom I will send
+unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth which proceedeth from
+the Father, he shall testify of me," _Ib._ 15:26.
+
+They had doubtless become greatly conformed to the corrupt worldly
+influences by which they were surrounded, without having actually denied
+the faith, or embraced the hated doctrines of the Nicolaitanes. Therefore
+they were exhorted to hold fast all that they still retained, and, by
+repentance, to recover what they had lost; and they were admonished that
+if they neglected those precautions, they would be suddenly visited;
+without its being designated what would be the precise nature, time, or
+manner, of their visitation: which made the threatening the more terrible.
+
+The "few names" which had not defiled their garments, were used by a
+metonymy to signify persons. When an apostle was to be chosen in the place
+of Judas, "the number of the names together were about one hundred and
+twenty," Acts 1:15. Purity of raiment is significant of purity of
+character: "Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth his garments," 16:15.
+White is an emblem of purity. To the "bride," it "was granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen clean and white: for the fine linen is the
+righteousness of the saints," 19:8. Those who came out of great
+tribulation, had "washed their robes and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb," (7:13); and therefore they were symbolized as standing before
+the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms of
+victory in their hands, 7:9. To be clothed in white raiment, is therefore
+to be accepted of the Saviour.
+
+To blot one's name out of the book of life, is to erase his title to
+heaven. The figure seems to be an allusion to the ancient custom of
+enrolling in a book the names of all free citizens. If their names were
+confessedly written there, they were entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizenship; but if blotted out, they had forfeited these.
+"They that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written
+in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the
+beast that was, and is not, and yet is," 17:8. Moses said, if God would
+not forgive Israel, "blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast
+written," Ex. 32:32. Of his enemies, David said, "Let them be blotted out
+of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous," Ps.
+67:28. Those only enter the New Jerusalem, "which are written in the
+Lamb's book of life," 21:27.
+
+The church in Sardis, has long been utterly extinct; and what remains of
+the city is a miserable Turkish village.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Philadelphia.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Philadelphia write:
+    These things saith the Holy, the True One, he who hath the key of
+    David, he who openeth, and no one shutteth; and shutteth, and no
+    one openeth: I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an
+    open door, and no one can shut it; for thou hast a little
+    strength, and hast held fast my word, and hast not denied my name.
+    Behold, I will make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they
+    are Jews, and are not, but who lie; behold, I will make them come
+    and bow down before thy feet, and know that I have loved thee.
+    Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep
+    thee from the hour of trial, which will come on all the world, to
+    try those, who dwell on the earth. I come quickly: hold fast that
+    which thou hast, that no one take thy crown. I will make him, who
+    overcometh, a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will go out
+    no more: and I will write on him the name of my God, and the name
+    of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, (which cometh down out
+    of heaven from my God:) and my new name. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations."--Rev. 3:7-13.
+
+
+The church of Philadelphia had maintained her integrity, and is therefore
+addressed in the language of commendation, without the rebukes which were
+directed to her sister churches. Having remained true to Him who "was
+called Faithful and True" (19:11), the epistle to this church makes
+mention of the Saviour by those titles, which are significant of his own
+faithfulness and inherent holiness.
+
+"The key of David," brings to view the prediction of that which was to be
+laid "upon his shoulder;" so that "he shall open, and none shall shut; and
+he shall shut, and none shall open," Isa. 22:22. A key symbolizes that
+which will open or unlock, or will close fast: therefore said the Saviour,
+"I ... have the keys of hell and of death." By virtue of this power, an
+open door was set before the church of Philadelphia, which no man should
+be able to close.
+
+The Jews in Philadelphia, who had claimed to be the only true church of
+God, but who were in reality of the synagogue of Satan, were to cease
+their opposition to the Christians, and to seek instruction and protection
+from them--recognizing the love of God to Gentiles as well as to Jews.
+History is silent respecting the fulfilment of this; but there is no
+reason to suppose that it was not literally fulfilled.
+
+The "hour of temptation," which was to "come upon all the world, to try
+them that dwell on the earth," was to be one of peculiar trial. Some
+suppose it had reference to the persecution under Trajan, which was more
+severe and extensive than those under Nero, or Domitian: and others that
+it was the Mohammedan delusion. In such times there are peculiar
+temptations to apostatize, and the less faithful are in more danger of
+apostasy than others. But because the Philadelphian church had been
+faithful thus far, they were to be kept from that trying hour. When the
+scourge of Mohammedanism swept over all the other churches of Asia, this
+church maintained its integrity. Says Gibbon: "Among the Greek colonies
+and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect, a column in a scene of
+ruins. At a distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors, encompassed
+on all sides by the Turks, her valiant citizens defended their religion
+and their freedom above fourscore years, and at length capitulated with
+the proudest of the Ottomans." Philadelphia is still the seat of an
+archbishop, and contains from six hundred to seven hundred Greek houses,
+and several places of Christian worship. "The Lord knoweth how to deliver
+the godly out of temptations," 2 Pet. 2:9.
+
+They are encouraged to constancy by the prospect of the coming coronation
+day, when "the Lord; the righteous Judge shall give" a "crown of
+righteousness," "unto all them that love his appearing," 2 Tim. 4:8. He
+has said "Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of
+life" (2:10); and therefore "when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye
+shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away," 1 Pet. 5:4.
+
+A pillar in the temple of God, is expressive of a position which shall
+give support to the church, which is erected "upon the foundation of the
+apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone;
+In whom the building, fitly framed together, groweth unto a holy temple in
+the Lord: In whom ye also are builded together for a habitation of God
+through the Spirit," Eph. 2:20-22.
+
+To receive the name of God, is to be recognized as belonging to God. As
+masters designated their servants by branding their name on them, or by
+some peculiar mark, so the children of God are referred to by the same
+figure. In a subsequent vision John saw with the Lamb on Mount Zion, "an
+hundred and forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in
+their foreheads," 14:1. Their connection with new Jerusalem is similarly
+designated.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Laodicea.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Laodicea write: These
+    things saith the Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Ruler of
+    the creation of God: I know thy works, that thou art neither cold
+    nor hot: I would that thou wast cold or hot. So, because thou art
+    lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will cast thee out of my
+    mouth: because thou sayest, I am rich, and have become wealthy,
+    and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched,
+    and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: I counsel thee to
+    buy of me gold tried by fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white
+    raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy
+    nakedness may not appear; and to anoint thine eyes with eye-salve,
+    that thou mayest see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be
+    fervent therefore, and repent. Behold, I stand at the door, and
+    knock: if any one heareth my voice, and openeth the door, I will
+    come in to him, and will sup with him, and he shall sup with me.
+    To him, who overcometh I will grant to sit with me in my throne,
+    even as I also overcame, and have sat down with my Father in his
+    throne. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations."--Rev. 3:14-22.
+
+
+By his titles of truth and verity, the Saviour prepares the Laodiceans for
+the humiliating threatenings, which are uttered against them. By that of
+"the beginning of the creation of God," is indicated Christ's kingship as
+head and governor of all; and hence the authority on which his
+declarations are founded.
+
+The Laodiceans seemed to have been very well satisfied with their own
+condition, without possessing any very marked characteristics. They were
+neither good, nor very wicked; but supposed that they abounded in all
+spiritual wealth, when they were destitute of all the Christian graces.
+They could not appreciate their own condition; and not realizing their
+need, were unlikely to heed the counsel given them, and therefore they
+have long since ceased to have a name and a place on the earth. Says
+Gibbon: "The circus and three stately temples of Laodicea, are now peopled
+with wolves and foxes."
+
+The great majority of them seemed to have become unworthy even of the
+chastisement which God bestows on those he loves. "Behold, happy is the
+man whom God correcteth; therefore despise not the chastening of the
+Almighty," Job 5:17. "My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord:
+neither be weary of his correction: For whom the Lord loveth he
+correcteth, even as a father the son in whom he delighteth," Prov. 3:11,
+12. "Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he
+shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that
+love him," Jas. 1:12.
+
+The Saviour shows his readiness to receive those who will open unto him.
+He is saying, "Open to me ... for my head is filled with dew, and my locks
+with the drops of the night," Cant. 5:2. "Blessed are those servants, whom
+the Lord, when he cometh, shall find watching: verily I say unto you, That
+he shall gird himself, and make them to sit down to meat, and will come
+forth and serve them," Luke 12:37. Said Jesus, "If any man love me, he
+will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto
+him, and make our abode with him," John 14:23.
+
+To him that overcometh, as in another place he is promised a crown, so now
+there is the promise of a seat with the Saviour in his throne. Said the
+Saviour, "Ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of
+man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve
+thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel," Matt. 19:28. "And I appoint
+unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me," Luke 22:29. "If
+we suffer" _i.e._ with Christ, "we shall also reign with him," 2 Tim.
+2:12.
+
+
+
+
+Vision of the Deity.
+
+
+    "After this, I looked, and behold, a door opened in heaven: and
+    the first voice, which I heard, was like a trumpet talking with
+    me; saying, Ascend here, and I will show thee things, which must
+    take place hereafter. And immediately I was in the Spirit: and
+    behold, a throne was set in heaven, and One sat on the throne.
+    And, He, who sat, was in appearance like a jasper and a cornelian
+    stone: and there was a rainbow around the throne, in appearance,
+    like an emerald. And around the throne were twenty-four thrones;
+    and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed in
+    white raiment; and crowns of gold on their heads. And from the
+    throne came forth lightnings, and voices and thunders. And seven
+    lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven
+    Spirits of God. And before the throne there was a transparent sea
+    like crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and around the
+    throne, were four living beings, full of eyes before and behind.
+    And the first living being was like a lion, and the second living
+    being like a calf, and the third living being had a face like a
+    man, and the fourth living being was like a flying eagle. And each
+    of the four living beings had six wings around him; and within
+    they were full of eyes: and they rest not day or night, saying,
+    Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to
+    be! And when the living beings give glory, and honor, and thanks
+    to Him seated on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, the
+    four and twenty elders fall down before Him seated on the throne,
+    and worship Him, who liveth for ever and ever, and cast their
+    crowns before the throne, saying, Worthy art thou, O Lord, our
+    God, to receive glory, and honor, and power: for thou hast created
+    all things, and for thy pleasure they existed and were
+    created."--Rev. 4:1-11.
+
+
+This vision is preparatory to the revelations of "things which must be
+hereafter," which were given John in the series of visions following.
+Their divine origin, and, consequently, the deference with which they are
+to be received as a revelation from God, are demonstrated by this
+symbolization of the presence chamber of the Almighty.
+
+The revelator had before heard a voice speaking to him, (1:10); and
+turning to look, he beheld the risen Saviour. He then writes the epistles
+which the Saviour dictated to the churches; and again he turns his eyes to
+the place where the voice spake to him.
+
+The opening of a door in heaven, appears to be no part of the "things
+which must be hereafter;" and is, therefore, no symbol. It was doubtless
+an appearance of an aperture in the sky above, through which the revelator
+saw the vision. It indicates that he looked through and beyond the limits
+prescribed to human vision; and the summons to "come up hither," indicates
+that he was to have free access to the secrets there to be unfolded.
+
+A "throne set in heaven," is a symbol of sovereignty there. Consequently
+the one who sits thereon is the Almighty--his greatness, glory and majesty,
+being indicated by the "lightnings, thunderings and voices," the "rainbow
+round about the throne," and the resemblance to brilliant gems. It is the
+same Being, seen in vision by Ezekiel (1:28), round about whom was "as the
+appearance of the bow in the day of rain;" and who was explained to be
+"the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord."
+
+The "elders" seated about the throne, and the "four living creatures,"
+improperly rendered beasts, are representatives of the redeemed of our
+race; for they subsequently unite in the new song, saying to Christ, "Thou
+wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood, out of every kindred
+and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto our God kings and
+priests, and we shall reign on the earth," 5:8-10. The difference between
+the two orders, is not fully apparent. They have "vials full of odors,
+which are the prayers of saints." The four beasts are evidently of the
+same order as the "living creatures" in Ezek. 1:5; the cherubim of Ezek.
+10:20, and the seraphim of Isa. 6:1. The entire hosts of the redeemed are
+thus represented as interested spectators in the visions which are to be
+unfolded.
+
+The "seven lamps of fire," are explained to be "the seven Spirits of God,"
+which, as before shown, is expressive of the Holy Spirit.
+
+The "sea of glass," corresponds to the brazen sea, or laver, under the
+law, which stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 38:8. It was an emblem
+of purity. Before entering the tabernacle the priest must there wash.
+Those admitted on the sea of glass, are those who are purified and made
+white in the blood of the Lamb, 15:2.
+
+With this preliminary representation, the first series of events extending
+to the final consummation, is shown under the symbol of:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealed Book.
+
+
+    "And I saw in the right hand of Him seated on the throne, a book
+    written within and without, sealed with seven seals. And I saw a
+    mighty angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open
+    the book, and to loose its seals? and no one in heaven, or on the
+    earth, or under the earth, was able to open the book nor to look
+    in it. And I was weeping much, because no one was found worthy to
+    open, and to read the book, nor to look in it. And one of the
+    elders saith to me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of
+    Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to
+    loose its seven seals. And I saw in the midst of the throne, and
+    of the four living beings, and in the midst of the elders, the
+    Lamb standing, as having been slain, having seven horns, and seven
+    eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the
+    earth. And he came and took the book out of the right hand of Him
+    seated on the throne. And when he took the book, the living
+    beings, and twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, all of
+    them having harps, and golden bowls full of incense, which are the
+    prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying, Worthy art
+    thou to take the book and to open its seals: for thou wast slain,
+    and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every tribe, and
+    tongue, and people, and nation; and hast made us kings and priests
+    to our God, and we shall reign on the earth! And I beheld, and I
+    heard the voice of many angels around the throne, and the living
+    beings, and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand
+    times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying with a loud
+    voice, Worthy is the Lamb, that was slain, to receive power, and
+    riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and
+    blessing. And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth,
+    and under the earth, and those on the sea, even all that are in
+    them, I heard saying, Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power,
+    be to Him sitting on the throne, and to the Lamb, for ever and
+    ever! And the four living beings said, Amen. And the elders fell
+    down and worshipped."--Rev. 5:1-14.
+
+
+The written book, must symbolize God's purposes, which were about to be
+unfolded on the loosening of the seals. Its being written within and
+without, indicates the fulness of its contents, the completeness of the
+record:--God's purposes being fully and unalterably formed. In like manner
+Ezekiel was shown "a roll of a book ... written within and without,"
+symbolizing the "lamentations, mourning and woe" (Ezek. 2:9), which were
+soon to overtake Israel.
+
+A sealed book is one whose contents are hidden: "The vision of all is
+become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver
+to one that is learned, saying, Read this I pray thee: and he saith, I
+cannot; for it is sealed," Isa. 29:11. God said to Daniel, "Shut up the
+words, and seal the book, till the time of the end," Dan. 12:4.
+
+To open the seals, no one was found worthy. There was no being in heaven
+among the angels, no human being on the earth, and no disembodied spirit,
+or demon, under the earth, who was able to unfold the future. The tears of
+the revelator are, however, dried, and his drooping spirits cheered, by
+the announcement of one of the elders, that "the LION of the tribe of
+JUDAH, the ROOT of DAVID, hath prevailed to open the book," and to unfold
+its mysteries. He stood in the midst of the assembled intelligences,--his
+human nature and sacrificial office, being designated by his metaphorical
+title of the "Lamb:"--John seeing Jesus coming to him said, "Behold the
+Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world," John 1:29. His
+sovereignty is shown by the "seven horns," the symbols of power; and his
+relation to the Godhead, by the seven eyes, the seven Spirits of
+God;--expressive of the Holy Spirit. See p. 25.
+
+The rejoicings on the announcement of Christ's ability to take the book,
+and to open the seals, indicate the greatness of the blessing which God
+gives the church, when he thus reveals a knowledge of the future. All
+creatures should join in these hosannas, and praise the Lord for his great
+condescension, in showing his servants the things which must shortly come
+to pass. To neglect this revelation, is not joining in the ascription of
+praise.
+
+The golden vials, full of odors, symbolize the prayers of saints. Under
+the Mosaic dispensation, the frankincense and odors offered at the
+tabernacle were emblematic of prayer and praise to God. "Let my prayer be
+set forth before thee as _incense_; and the lifting up of my hands as the
+evening sacrifice," Psa. 141:2.
+
+Christ takes the book from the hand of him who sits on the throne, and
+opens the seals. Thus he makes known unto his servants the revelation
+which God had given him, 1:1. As each successive seal is opened,
+successive portions of the writing in the book become accessible,--an
+_epoch_ is marked, following which, and previous to that symbolized by the
+opening of the next seal, are to be fulfilled, the events symbolized under
+it.
+
+
+
+
+The First Seal.
+
+
+    "And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I
+    heard one of the four living beings, saying, with a voice like
+    thunder, Come! And I saw, and behold, a white horse: and he, who
+    sat on him, had a bow; and a crown was given him: and he went
+    forth conquering and to conquer."--Rev. 6:1, 2.
+
+
+The voice is evidently addressed to the personage on the white horse, or
+to the agencies thus symbolized. It is the signal for their appearance on
+the stage of action.
+
+The symbol is that of a victorious warrior, armed with weapons of
+conquest,--success being indicated by the crown given him. As there is no
+analogous order, except in the religious world, Mr. Lord very properly
+regards it as a symbol of the body of religious teachers, those faithful
+soldiers of the cross, who, from the middle of the first to the middle of
+the third century, as "soldiers of Jesus Christ" (2 Tim. 2:3), went forth
+to war "against principalities and powers, against the rulers of the
+darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places," Eph.
+6:12. The apostle, when they received their commission, said to them,
+"Take unto you the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to withstand in
+the evil day, and having done all, to stand. Stand, therefore, having your
+loins girt about with truth, and having on the breast-plate of
+righteousness; and your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of
+peace; above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able
+to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of
+salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God," _Ib._
+13-17.
+
+Thus equipped, they went forth, conquering and to conquer. They assailed
+the strong-holds of sin and Satan, and planted the standard of the cross
+in all portions of the then civilized world. And at the end of their
+warfare thousands of them could say with the apostle: "I have fought a
+good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: henceforth
+there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the
+righteous Judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto
+all them also that love his appearing," 2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
+
+The period symbolized under this seal, was distinguished for purity of
+faith in the church, and devotion to the cause of Christ,--indicated by the
+whiteness of the horse that the warrior rides.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the second seal, I heard the second living
+    being say, Come! And there went out another horse that was red:
+    and power was given to him, who sat on him, to take peace from the
+    earth, and that they should kill each other: and a great sword was
+    given to him."--Rev. 6:3, 4.
+
+
+This symbol, like the former, is that of a mounted warrior, and must also
+symbolize a body of religious teachers. The color of the horse, indicates
+that the doctrine and character of the body symbolized will have lost the
+original purity of the church, and become more sanguinary; which is also
+indicated by the great sword given him.
+
+The warfare under this seal is not against outside enemies; for they kill
+each other. This, then, indicates an era when the church shall be
+disquieted, and her peace interrupted by internal dissensions. Such was
+its history during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. This period was
+distinguished for the contentions of the clergy; their usurpation of power
+not conferred by the apostles; their divisions and sub-divisions into
+parties; their opposing councils; their collisions and distractions; their
+love of power; their pride, discord, strife, and tyranny; their mutual
+anathemas and excommunications; the envy, jealousy, and detraction they
+indulged in, and the other hateful passions which they exercised. Thus
+they marred the peace of the church; and by causing many to apostatize,
+killed each other with spiritual death.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the third seal I heard the third living being
+    say, Come! And I beheld, and lo, a black horse; and he, who sat on
+    him, had a balance in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst
+    of the four living beings say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and
+    three measures of barley for a penny; and injure thou not the oil
+    and the wine."--Rev. 6:5, 6.
+
+
+This foreshadows a period of great scarcity and cruel exactions. Applying
+it to the only department of society which is analogous to civil life, and
+the famine symbolized, is like that predicted by Amos: "Behold, the days
+come, saith the Lord God, that I will send a famine into the land, not a
+famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the
+Lord: and they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to
+the east; they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the Lord, and
+shall not find it," Amos 8:11, 12.
+
+This, then, marks a period when the traditions and opinions of men are
+substituted for the word of God. With Origen was introduced a new mode of
+interpreting scripture, which afterwards became prevalent. The scriptures,
+instead of being received in their natural and obvious sense, were
+regarded as mystical and allegorical. Milner, in his Church History, says:
+"From the fanciful mode of allegory, introduced by him, and uncontrolled
+by scriptural rule and order, there arose a vitiated method of commenting
+on the sacred pages." And Mosheim says: "The few who explained the sacred
+writings with judgment and a true spirit of criticism, could not oppose,
+with any success, the torrent of allegory that was overflowing the
+church." Following this example, Luther says, "men make just what they
+please of the Scriptures, until some accommodate the word of God to the
+most extravagant absurdities."
+
+Substituting the conceptions of their own fancy for the word of God, they
+withheld from the people the bread of life, and produced a famine for the
+word of the Lord. Crude notions took the place of Bible doctrines; and
+pernicious speculations were substituted for the teachings of Christ and
+his apostles. Baptism and the Lord's supper, lost their emblematic
+significance, and were regarded as saving ordinances. Heaven was sought to
+be merited by works, and sanctification was supposed to be gained by
+penance and mortification of the flesh. In short, all the corruptions of
+the apostasy were substituted for the primitive faith, and the Bible
+became a sealed book to the great mass of the people.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the
+    fourth living being saying, Come! And I looked, and behold, a pale
+    horse: and his name, who sat on him, was Death, and the pit
+    followed with him. And power was given to them over the fourth
+    part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with famine, and with
+    pestilence, and with the wild beasts of the earth."--Rev. 6:7, 8.
+
+
+The Christian church alone being analogous to the civil power, it is
+within its pale that the fulfilment of this symbol is to be looked for.
+During this period, violence is substituted for famine; and men are
+compelled to apostatize, which results in spiritual death. The Papacy
+having the power to enforce her decrees, Christians had to embrace her
+faith, or be handed over to the secular power for punishment. They
+produced death by compelling men to apostatize, by withholding from them
+the word of life, by infusing into their minds pestiferous doctrines, and
+by the fear of the civil power,--symbolized by the sword, famine,
+pestilence, and beasts of the earth.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the
+    souls of those slain on account of the word of God, and on account
+    of the testimony, which they held: and they cried with a loud
+    voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not
+    judge and avenge our blood on those, who dwell on the earth? And a
+    white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them,
+    that they should rest yet for a short time, until their
+    fellow-servants also and their brethren, that were to be slain as
+    they were, should be filled up."--Rev. 6:9-11.
+
+
+This symbolized a period intervening between the time of the martyrdom, of
+those whose souls are seen in vision, and another time of persecution to
+follow. Consequently, the symbol represents the disembodied spirits of
+those who had already been slain. They symbolize the souls of martyrs who
+counted not their lives dear unto themselves for the sake of Christ; and
+being faithful unto death, were in expectation of a crown of life. Says
+Mr. Lord: "The term {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is used in the prophecy to denote the dead
+bodies of the martyrs (chap. 11:9), and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (20:4) to denote their
+disembodied spirits. They are represented as having been slain, and as
+uttering their appeal to God because of their blood having been shed."
+Also: "The martyr souls are exhibited in their own persons; and obviously
+because no others could serve as their symbol,--there being no others that
+have undergone a change from a bodied to a disembodied life, nor that
+sustain such relations to God, of forgiveness, acceptance, and assurance
+of a resurrection from death, and a priesthood with Christ during his
+victorious reign on the earth," Ex. Apoc. p. 155.
+
+The altar, symbolizes the atonement made by Christ for sin; and,
+consequently, the position of the souls of the martyrs under it, indicates
+their reliance on him for an inheritance in his everlasting kingdom,--when
+"he shall come to be glorified in his saints," and to "take vengeance on
+them that know not God, and obey not the gospel," 2 Thess. 1:8, 10.
+
+The presentation of white robes to them, symbolizes their acceptance and
+justification.
+
+The declaration that they must rest till _their fellow-servants are
+killed_, as they have been, implies another persecution, to be subsequent
+to the period symbolized by the opening of this seal. The persecutions
+which followed the Reformation, in which the fires of Smithfield were
+lighted in England, the Huguenots were driven from France, and thousands
+suffered martyrdom, probably fulfilled this.
+
+The interest taken by the souls of the martyrs in the avenging of their
+blood on the earth, shows that the spirits of departed saints look forward
+with intense interest to the time of their glorification. And although the
+dead who die in the Lord are blessed, the glories of the resurrection morn
+are not less desired by those who are absent from the body and present
+with the Lord, than by humble, devoted, waiting Christians here.
+
+The opening of this seal evidently synchronizes with the commencement of
+the reformation, when they might have supposed the kingdom of God would
+immediately appear.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Seal.
+
+
+    "And I beheld when he opened the sixth seal, and there was a great
+    earthquake; and the sun became black like sackcloth of hair, and
+    the moon became like blood: and the stars of heaven fell to the
+    earth, as a fig-tree casteth its unripe figs, when shaken by a
+    mighty wind. And the heaven departed like a scroll rolled
+    together; and every mountain and island were removed from their
+    places. And the kings of the earth, and the nobles, and the rich,
+    and the commanders, and the strong men, and every bond-man, and
+    every freeman, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the
+    mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and
+    hide us from the face of Him seated on the throne, and from the
+    wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his wrath is come; and who
+    can stand?"--Rev. 6:12-17.
+
+
+The laws of symbolization require that symbols should not be
+representatives of their own order when there is any analogous order to be
+representatives of. In other places in the Apocalypse, these symbols are
+used, under circumstances where it is impossible to regard them as symbols
+of their own order. And here, as the kings of the earth call on the rocks
+and mountains to fall on them after the heaven has departed as a scroll
+and every mountain and island is moved out of its place, it is necessary
+to regard them as symbols of objects of analogous orders.
+
+The earthquake, then, as in corresponding Scriptures, symbolizes a
+political revolution. The darkening of the sun and moon, would represent a
+change in the character of the rulers and legislators of the world, so
+that instead of extending a genial influence over their subjects, they
+should exert a deleterious one; and the fall of the stars, their ejection
+from their stations--synchronizing with the first five vials (16:1-11), and
+fulfilled in the political revolutions of Europe during the past century.
+
+By the passing away of the heavens and the removal of mountains and
+islands from their places, is symbolized the total dissolution of all
+human governments--corresponding to the seventh vial (16:20).
+
+On the occurrence of this unprecedented state of anarchy, the inhabitants
+of earth will be aware of the proximity of the Advent. They flee from the
+face of the Lamb, which indicates his appearance in the clouds of heaven
+at his personal advent. The great day of wrath will have come; but before
+the infliction of merited punishment on his enemies, the servants of God
+are to be designated, the righteous dead are to be raised, and they with
+the righteous living are to be caught up to meet the Lord in the air, 1
+Thess. 4:17. The living righteous are designated by:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealing of the Servants of God.
+
+
+    "And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four
+    corners of the earth, holding fast the four winds of the earth,
+    that a wind might not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on
+    any tree. And I saw another angel ascending from the rising of the
+    sun, having a seal of the living God: and he cried with a loud
+    voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to injure the earth
+    and the sea, saying, Injure not the earth, nor the sea, nor the
+    trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God on their
+    foreheads! And I heard the number of those sealed: a hundred and
+    forty-four thousand were sealed out of all the tribes of the
+    children of Israel. Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were
+    sealed. Of the tribe of Reuben twelve thousand were sealed. Of the
+    tribe of Gad twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Asher
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Naphtali, twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Manasseh twelve thousand
+    were sealed. Of the tribe of Simeon twelve thousand were sealed.
+    Of the tribe of Levi twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+    Issachar twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Zebulon
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Joseph twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Benjamin twelve thousand
+    were sealed."--Rev. 7:1-8.
+
+
+The symbols here presented, were seen immediately subsequent to the
+exhibition of the preceding ones. This alone would not prove that the
+events symbolized follow in order, but it is indicated by their being a
+continuation of the symbolization under the sixth seal, and before the
+opening of the seventh.
+
+In the sixth chapter, the great men and rich men, as well as bond-men, are
+aware of the proximity of the day of the Lord, and seek for a refuge from
+the face of the Lamb. The next events in consecutive order, would be the
+resurrection of the righteous dead, the change of the living, their
+ascension to meet the Lord in the air, and the infliction of the wrath of
+God on the wicked.
+
+After the wicked seek to escape from God's presence, the righteous are
+still unchanged upon the earth. But before the wrath of God is poured upon
+his enemies, the winds of heaven are to be holden while the angel of the
+living God seals his servants in their foreheads. The holding of the winds
+and the sealing are, consequently, subsequent to the terror of the wicked,
+at the appearance of the Saviour.
+
+The four winds are the winds coming from all directions; and symbolize
+strife, war, and commotion among men, analogous to the violent action of
+the winds of heaven.
+
+In Dan. 7:2, the striving of the four winds upon the great sea preceded
+the rising of the four beasts: in other words, the various contests and
+strifes among the different people and tongues of earth resulted in the
+establishment of the successive empires which have arisen to universal
+dominion. The blowing of the wind seems to be any influence exerted upon
+men. In Ezek. 37:9 the breathing of the wind revives the dead; and in
+Zech. 5:9 it symbolizes the removal of the wickedness of the Jews.
+
+The angels holding the winds, consequently, must symbolize the agencies
+which have the power to excite or quell these disturbing influences. They
+do the bidding of the Lord in restraining or exerting the influences which
+should produce the effect symbolized. The holding of them indicates the
+proximity and certainty of their blowing unless they are restrained. The
+earth, sea, and trees, which would be hurt by the blowing of the wind,
+evidently symbolize the different classes of inhabitants of the earth, on
+whom an effect would be produced by the blowing of the winds, analogous to
+the effect produced on those elements by a violent tempest, or hurricane.
+The storm here symbolized is evidently that of which the Scriptures speak.
+"On the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible
+tempest," Psa. 11:6. "Thou shalt be visited of the Lord of hosts with
+thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and
+the flame of devouring fire," Isa. 29:6. "The Lord hath a mighty and
+strong one, which as a tempest of hail, and a destroying storm, as flood
+of waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand," _Ib._
+28:2.
+
+The sealing of the servants of God in their foreheads, designates them,
+but does not constitute them such; for none are sealed, only those who are
+previously his. This is in allusion to the ancient custom of stamping with
+a hot iron the name of the owner on the forehead or shoulder of his slave.
+Before the final destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, Ezekiel saw
+in vision a man clothed in linen, with a writer's ink-horn by his side,
+who was commissioned to go through the midst of Jerusalem and set a mark
+on the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the
+abominations that be done in the midst thereof. And the destroying angels
+who were commanded to slay all, both old and young, to spare not, nor to
+have pity, were expressly told to "come not near any man upon whom is the
+mark," Ezek. 9:2-6. When the destroying angel passed through Egypt, on the
+night of the Passover, "to slay all the first-born of that nation, the
+houses of the Israelites were indicated by the blood of the Paschal Lamb
+sprinkled on their lintels and door-posts; and by these the angels
+passed," Ex. 12:23. Thus in the present instance, before the descent of
+the impending storm, the servants of the Lord are to be indicated by the
+seal of the living God in their foreheads, and will be spared the horrible
+tempest which will "hurt" all those on whom it shall fall.
+
+The 144,000,--the whole number sealed, is a perfect number,--an appropriate
+symbol of all the living righteous on the earth. The twelve tribes, then,
+would symbolize all the branches of Christ's mystical body in which the
+servants of God are found. The pious dead would need no mark indicative of
+their acceptance, having previously, in the white robes given them,
+received the symbols of their justification, 6:11. That their resurrection
+and the changing of the living, immediately succeeded, is evident from:
+
+
+
+
+The Palm-bearing Multitude.
+
+
+    "After these things I looked, and lo, a great crowd, which no one
+    could number, out of all nations, and tribes, and people, and
+    tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed
+    with white robes, and palm-branches in their hands; and they cried
+    with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God seated on the
+    throne, and to the Lamb! And all the angels stood around the
+    throne, and the elders and the four living beings, and fell before
+    the throne on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, Amen:
+    blessing and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and
+    power, and might, be to our God for ever and ever. Amen! And one
+    of the elders answered, saying to me, Who are these arrayed in
+    white robes? and whence came they? And I said to him, My Lord,
+    thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they who came out of
+    great affliction, and have washed their robes, and made them white
+    in the blood of the Lamb. For this, they are before the throne of
+    God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and He, who
+    sitteth on the throne, will dwell among them. They will hunger no
+    more, and will thirst no more; nor will the sun light on them, nor
+    any heat. For the Lamb, who is in the midst of the throne, will
+    tend them, and lead them to fountains of living waters: and God
+    will wipe away every tear from their eyes."--Rev. 7:9-17.
+
+
+This great multitude of white-robed palm-bearers, must include those who,
+under the preceding seal, anxiously inquired how long was to be deferred
+the avenging of their blood on those who dwell on the earth. That epoch
+had now arrived; and they come forth arrayed in the white robes then given
+them. The palm-branches in their hands, are emblems of victory. They
+symbolize the subjects of the first resurrection, caught up to meet the
+Lord in the air. That they are gathered from every land and every age, is
+asserted when it is said they are from every kindred, tongue, and people;
+and that they triumph over death and the grave, is evident from the answer
+of one of the elders to the questions: "What are these?" and "Whence came
+they?"
+
+The epoch, is a point of time intervening between the first resurrection,
+and the descent of the new Jerusalem, 21:2. The loud and united voice,
+with which the redeemed multitude cry "Salvation to our God which sitteth
+upon the throne, and unto the Lamb,"--synchronizes with that of the "great
+multitude," which, like the voice of many waters, and of "mighty
+thunderings," shouted "Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth"
+(19:6), immediately preceding the marriage-supper of the Lamb (19:6-9).
+They are removed above the troubles of earth, which are impending upon the
+wicked, under:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the seventh seal, silence took place in heaven
+    for about half an hour. And I saw the seven angels, who stood
+    before God; and seven trumpets were given to them. And another
+    angel came and stood by the altar, having a golden censer; and
+    much incense was given to him, that he should offer it with the
+    prayers of all the saints on the golden altar before the throne.
+    And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints,
+    ascended before God from the angel's hand. And the angel took the
+    censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and out it into
+    the earth: and there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings,
+    and an earthquake."--Rev. 8:1-5.
+
+
+The epoch of this seal, is sometimes regarded as anterior to that of the
+trumpets; and those are often supposed to be included in the events of
+this seal; but no conclusive reason has ever been given for removing it
+from its obvious position as the closing one, of a series of successive
+periods, commencing with the gospel, and extending to the end of the
+world. If the first six are successive in their respective order, analogy
+would require that the seventh be thus considered.
+
+Under the sixth seal, the great men and rich, are seen fleeing to the
+rocks for refuge from the wrath of the Lamb; and the risen saints
+symbolized, are in the Saviour's presence; but the infliction of the wrath
+of God on the wicked is not there symbolized. The events of that seal come
+down as far as those in the 19th chapter, which precede the marriage of
+the Lamb, 19:7.
+
+The half-hour's silence, is the first thing indicated under the seventh
+seal. Being so expressly noticed, it would seem to be of some
+significance. As a period of symbolic time, on the scale of a day for a
+year, "about half an hour," would equal a week's duration--corresponding to
+the time which intervened between the entrance of Noah into the ark, and
+the commencement of the deluge, Gen. 7:1-4. As the period evidently
+synchronizes with the parable of the Saviour, when "the Bridegroom came;
+and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door
+was shut" (Matt. 25:10),--the others being still without,--it would seem to
+symbolize the time, between the entrance to the marriage of the Lamb
+(19:7), and the going forth of the Word of God with his armies, to judge,
+make war, and to slay the remnant with the sword, 19:11-21. It would be a
+period of holy joy to the righteous in the Saviour's presence, and of
+awful suspense to the wicked.
+
+The seven angels, to whom were given seven trumpets, being introduced
+here, have doubtless caused the events of this seal to be regarded as
+anterior to the first trumpet. As those immediately following, evidently
+synchronize with occurrences of the closing epoch, the angels can only be
+introduced here in anticipation of the symbolization which they are to
+unfold under the sounding of the successive trumpets--the same as the seven
+angels with the last plagues are introduced, before the epoch of the
+commencement of their allotted work, 15:1.
+
+The golden censer was the instrument in which incense was burned in the
+Jewish worship. Incense symbolizes prayers (5:8). The offering of much
+incense with the prayers of all saints and the smoke of the incense
+ascending up before God, indicates the acceptance of their offerings in
+heaven--the act being before the throne, and not on the earth. The
+acceptance of their prayers, also implies their own acceptance, when
+presented "faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy,"
+Jude 24.
+
+The fire from the altar, symbolizes the instruments of divine justice; and
+the filling the censer with coals after the acceptance of the saints, and
+the casting of both the censer and fire to the earth, indicate that
+thenceforth there would be no more acceptance of prayer from those left on
+the earth, but the speedy infliction of impending judgments.
+
+The "voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake," which
+followed, evidently synchronize with the same events which follow the
+seventh trumpet: when the "wrath of God" has come, with "the time of the
+dead that they should be judged;" and when those are to be destroyed who
+have destroyed the earth, 11:19. They are the same, also, as those under
+the seventh vial, (16:18); and symbolize the final overturn and commotion,
+previous to the cleansing of the earth and the ushering in of a better
+day: Then will the
+
+        "fire purge all things new,
+Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell."--MILTON, BOOK XI.
+
+
+
+
+The Seven Trumpets.
+
+
+    "And the seven angels having seven trumpets prepared themselves to
+    sound."--Rev. 8:6.
+
+
+The sounding of each successive trumpet marks the commencement of an era,
+of a longer or shorter duration, as the striking of a clock does the
+succession of hours. During each era, were to be fulfilled the events
+symbolized in connection with its respective trumpet. Those under the
+trumpets are more of a political character than those presented in
+connection with the seals.
+
+
+
+The First Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the first angel sounded, and there was hail and fire mingled
+    with blood, and they were cast into the earth; and the third part
+    of the earth was burnt up, and the third part of the trees was
+    burnt up, and every green herb was burnt up."--Rev. 8:7.
+
+
+The earth of the Apocalypse is regarded by most expositors as the Roman
+empire, in a state of comparative quiet. As no tornado like this described
+has ever happened, its correspondence must be sought for in the political
+relations of the empire. There is great unanimity among commentators
+respecting the period and the agents here symbolized,--that it refers to
+the invasions of the Goths and other barbarians, from A. D. 363 to 410.
+After 395, their incursions were more severe than during the earlier
+portion of that period. The third part of the earth, would be the third
+part of the Roman empire, in distinction from the other two-thirds.
+
+The green grass of the earth, the trees, &c., are distinguished from
+"those men which have _not_ the seal of God in their foreheads" (9:4), and
+must therefore symbolize the people of God in the third part of the
+empire. As all the green grass is burnt up, while only one-third of the
+trees suffer, the latter cannot include one-third of all the trees in the
+empire, but only one-third in the parts affected,--the grass indicating the
+more weakly, and the trees the more hardy classes of Christians.
+
+The infidel historian, Gibbon, has given the events which fitly correspond
+with the symbolization of these trumpets. After the death of Theodosius,
+in January, A. D. 395, Alaric, the bold leader of the Gothic nation, took
+arms against the empire. The terrible effects of this invasion, are thus
+described:--
+
+"The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independent standard; and boldly
+avowed hostile designs, which they had long cherished in their ferocious
+minds. Their countrymen, who had been condemned, by the conditions of the
+last treaty, to a life of tranquillity and labor, deserted their farms at
+the first sound of the trumpet, and eagerly assumed the weapons which they
+had reluctantly laid down. The barriers of the Danube were thrown open;
+the savage warriors of Scythia issued from their forest; and the uncommon
+severity of the winter, allowed the poet to remark, that 'they rolled
+their ponderous wagons over the broad and icy back of the indignant
+river.' The unhappy nations of the provinces to the south of the Danube,
+submitted to the calamities, which, in the course of twenty years, were
+almost grown familiar to their imagination; and the various troops of
+barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name, were irregularly spread from
+the woody shores of Dalmatia, to the walls of Constantinople. The Goths
+were directed by the bold and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of a
+divided court, and a discontented people, the emperor, Arcadius, was
+terrified by the aspect of the Gothic arms. Alaric disdained to trample
+any longer on the prostrate and ruined countries of Thrace and Dacia, and
+he resolved to seek a plentiful harvest of fame and riches in a province
+which had hitherto escaped the ravages of war.
+
+"Alaric traversed, without resistance, the plains of Macedonia and
+Thessaly. The troops which had been posted to defend the Straits of
+Thermopylæ, retired, as they were directed, without attempting to disturb
+the secure and rapid passage of Alaric; and the fertile fields of Phocis
+and Boeotia were instantly covered with a deluge of barbarians, who
+massacred the males of an age to bear arms, and drove away the beautiful
+females, with the spoil and cattle of the flaming villages. The travellers
+who visited Greece several years afterwards, could easily discover the
+deep and bloody traces of the march of the Goths. The whole territory of
+Attica was blasted by his baneful presence; and if we may use the
+comparison of a cotemporary philosopher, Athens itself resembled the
+bleeding and empty skin of a slaughtered victim. Corinth, Argos, Sparta,
+yielded without resistance to the arms of the Goths; and the most
+fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by death, from beholding the
+slavery of their families, and the conflagration of their
+cities."--_Gibbon's Rome_, vol. v., p. 177.
+
+Being tempted by the fame of Rome, Alaric hastened to subjugate it. He put
+to flight the Emperor of the West; but deliverance soon came, and Rome was
+saved from his hands. Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another cloud
+was gathering, and is thus described by Gibbon:--
+
+"About four years after the victorious Toulan had assumed the title of
+Khan of the Geougen, another barbarian, the haughty Rhodogast, or
+Radagaisus, marched from the northern extremities of Germany almost to the
+gates of Rome, and left the remains of his army to achieve the destruction
+of the West. The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, formed the
+strength of this mighty host; but the Alani, who had found a hospitable
+reception in their new seats, added their active cavalry to the heavy
+infantry of the Germans; and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly to
+the standard of Radagaisus, that, by some historians, he has been styled
+the King of the Goths. Twelve thousand warriors, distinguished above the
+vulgar by their noble birth, or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van;
+and the whole multitude, which was not less than two hundred thousand
+fighting men, might be increased by the accession of women, of children,
+and of slaves, to the amount of four hundred thousand persons.
+
+"The correspondence of nations was, in that age, so imperfect and
+precarious, that the revolutions of the North might escape the knowledge
+of the court of Ravenna, till the dark cloud, which was collected along
+the coast of the Baltic, burst in thunder upon the banks of the Upper
+Danube, &c. Many cities of Italy were pillaged or destroyed; and the siege
+of Florence by Radagaisus, is one of the earliest events in the history of
+that celebrated republic, whose firmness checked or delayed the unskilful
+fury of the barbarians.
+
+"While the peace of Germany was secured by the attachment of the Franks,
+and the neutrality of the Alemanni, the subjects of Rome, unconscious of
+the approaching calamities, enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, which
+had seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul. Their flocks and herds were
+permitted to graze in the pastures of the barbarians: their huntsmen
+penetrated, without fear or danger, into the darkest recesses of the
+Hercynian wood. The banks of the Rhine were crowded, like those of the
+Tiber, with elegant houses and well-cultivated farms; and if the poet
+descended the river, he might express his doubt on which side was situated
+the territory of the Romans. This scene of peace and plenty was suddenly
+changed into a desert; and the prospect of the smoking ruins, could alone
+distinguish the solitude of nature, from the desolation of man. The
+flourishing city of Mentz was surprised and destroyed; and many thousand
+Christians were inhumanly massacred in the church. Worms perished, after a
+long and obstinate siege; Strasburg, Spires, Rheims, Tournay, Arras,
+Amiens, experienced the cruel oppression of the German yoke; and the
+consuming flames of war spread from the banks of the Rhine over the
+greatest part of the seventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich and extensive
+country, as far as the ocean, the Alps, and the Pyrenees, was delivered to
+the barbarians, who drove before them, in a promiscuous crowd, the bishop,
+the senator, and the virgin, laden with the spoils of their houses and
+altars."--_Ibid._, vol. v., p. 224.
+
+After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus, Alaric again returned,
+invaded Italy in 408, and in 410 he besieged, took, and sacked Rome, and
+died the same year. In 412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy.
+
+In this last year, "a public conference was held in Carthage, by order of
+the magistrate;" and it was there agreed to inflict the most severe
+penalties on those who dissented from the Catholic doctrines, in the
+African part of the Roman empire. Says Gibbon:--"Three hundred bishops,
+with many thousands of the inferior clergy, were torn from their churches,
+stripped of their ecclesiastical possessions, banished to the islands, and
+proscribed by the laws, if they presumed to conceal themselves in the
+provinces of Africa. Their numerous congregations, both in the cities and
+country, were deprived of the rights of citizens, and of the exercise of
+religious worship."
+
+
+
+The Second Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the second angel sounded, and it was as if a great mountain
+    burning with fire were cast into the sea: and the third part of
+    the sea became blood; and the third part of the creatures in the
+    sea, and having life, died; and the third part of the ships was
+    destroyed."--Rev. 8:8, 9.
+
+
+A mountain differs from a tornado, and must symbolize a compact, organized
+body of invaders. Its being of a volcanic nature, renders it so much the
+more terrible and destructive.
+
+As waters symbolize "peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues," the sea
+into which the mountain is cast, is a people already agitated by previous
+commotions.
+
+The ships and fish in the sea, must necessarily symbolize agents
+sustaining a relation to the Roman Sea, analogous to the relation of such
+to the literal sea. They are those who live upon, and are supported by,
+the people:--the rulers and the officers of state.
+
+The symbol of a burning mountain fitly represents the armed invaders under
+Genseric. In the year 429, with fifty thousand effective men he landed on
+the shores of Africa, established an independent government in that part
+of the Roman empire, and from thence, harassed the southern shores of
+Europe and the intermediate islands, by perpetual incursions. Says
+Gibbon:--"The Vandals, who, in twenty years, had penetrated from the Elbe
+to Mount Atlas, were united under the command of their warlike king; and
+he reigned with equal authority over the Alarici, who had passed within
+the term of human life, from the cold of Scythia, to the excessive heat of
+an African climate.
+
+"The Vandals and Alarici, who followed the successful standard of
+Genseric, had acquired a rich and fertile territory, which stretched along
+the coast from Tangiers to Tripoli; but their narrow limits were pressed
+and confined on either side by the sandy desert and the Mediterranean. The
+discovery and conquest of the black nations that might dwell beneath the
+torrid zone, could not tempt the rational ambition of Genseric; but he
+cast his eyes towards the sea; he resolved to create a new naval power,
+and his bold enterprise was executed with steady and active perseverance.
+The woods of Mount Atlas afforded an inexhaustible nursery of timber; his
+new subjects were skilled in the art of navigation and ship-building; he
+animated his daring Vandals to embrace a mode of warfare which would
+render every maritime country accessible to their arms; the Moors and
+Africans were allured by the hope of plunder; and, after an interval of
+six centuries, the fleet that issued from the port of Carthage again
+claimed the empire of the Mediterranean. The success of the Vandals, the
+conquest of Sicily, the sack of Palermo, and the frequent descents on the
+coast of Lucania, awakened and alarmed the mother of Valentinian, and the
+sister of Theodosius."
+
+"The naval power of Rome was unequal to the task of saving even the
+imperial city from the ravages of the Vandals. Sailing from Africa, they
+disembarked at the port of Ostia, and Rome and its inhabitants were
+delivered to the licentiousness of Vandals and Moors, whose blind passions
+revenged the injuries of Carthage. The pillage lasted fourteen days and
+nights; and all that yet remained of public and private wealth, of sacred
+or profane treasure, was diligently transported to the vessels of
+Genseric. In the forty-five years that had elapsed since the Gothic
+invasion, the pomp and luxury of Rome were in some measure restored; and
+it was difficult either to escape, or to satisfy the avarice of a
+conqueror, who possessed leisure to collect, and ships to transport, the
+wealth of the capital."--_Gibbon._
+
+
+
+The Third Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the third angel sounded, and a great star fell from heaven,
+    burning like a torch, and it fell on the third part of the rivers,
+    and on the fountains of waters; and the name of the star is called
+    Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and
+    many men died by the waters, because they were made bitter."--Rev.
+    8:10, 11.
+
+
+The sounding of the third trumpet marks the advent of a third invader of
+the Roman empire. And such was Attila, the king of the Huns, who invaded
+Gaul A. D. 451. Gibbon says:--
+
+"The kings and nations of Germany and Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to
+the Danube, obeyed the warlike summons of Attila. From the royal village
+in the plains of Hungary, his standard moved towards the west; and, after
+a march of seven or eight hundred miles, he reached the conflux of the
+Rhine and the Necker." "The hostile myriads were poured with resistless
+violence into the Belgic provinces." "The consternation of Gaul was
+universal." "From the Rhine and the Moselle, Attila advanced into the
+heart of Gaul, crossed the Seine at Auxerre, and, after a long and
+laborious march, fixed his camp under the walls of Orleans." "An alliance
+was formed between the Romans and Visigoths." The hostile armies
+approached. " 'I myself,' said Attila, 'will throw the first javelin, and
+the wretch who refuses to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devoted
+to inevitable death.' The spirit of the barbarians was rekindled by the
+presence, the voice, and the example, of their intrepid leader; and
+Attila, yielding to their impatience, immediately formed his order of
+battle. At the head of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila occupied, in
+person, the centre of the line." The nations from the Volga to the
+Atlantic were assembled on the plains of Chalons; and there fought a
+battle, "fierce, various, obstinate, and bloody, such as could not be
+paralleled, either in the present, or in past ages! The number of the
+slain amounted to one hundred and sixty-two thousand, or according to
+another account, three hundred thousand persons; and these incredible
+exaggerations suppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to justify the
+historian's remark, that whole generations may be swept away, by the
+madness of kings, in the space of a single hour."
+
+Attila was compelled to retreat; but neither his forces nor reputation
+suffered. He "passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besieged Aquileia with
+an innumerable host of barbarians." "The succeeding generation could
+scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. After this dreadful chastisement,
+Attila pursued his march; and, as he passed, the cities of Altinum,
+Concordia, and Padua were reduced into heaps of stones and ashes. The
+inland towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, were exposed to the rapacious
+cruelty of the Huns. Milan and Pavia submitted, without resistance, to the
+loss of their wealth;" and "applauded the unusual clemency which preserved
+from the flames the public as well as private buildings, and spared the
+lives of the captive multitude." "Attila spread his ravages over the rich
+plains of modern Lombardy; which are divided by the Po, and bounded by the
+Alps and Apennines." He took possession of the royal palace of Milan. "It
+is a saying worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila, that the grass never
+grew on the spot where his horse had trod."
+
+He advanced into Italy, only as far as the plains of Lombardy and the
+banks of the Po, reducing the cities he passed to stones and ashes; but
+there his ravages ceased. He concluded a peace with the Romans in the year
+of his invasion of Italy (451), and the next year he died. Thus he
+appeared like a fiery meteor, exerted his appointed influence upon the
+tongues and people, who were tributary to the Romans,--as rivers and
+fountains of waters are to the sea; and like a burning star, he as
+suddenly expired. As a specimen of the bitterness which followed his
+course, it is recorded of the Thuringians who served in his army, and who
+traversed, both in their march and in their return, the territories of the
+Franks, "that they massacred their hostages as well as their captives. Two
+hundred young maidens were tortured with exquisite and unrelenting rage;
+their bodies were torn asunder by wild horses, or were crushed under the
+weight of rolling wagons; and their unburied limbs were abandoned on
+public roads, as a prey to dogs and vultures."
+
+
+
+The Fourth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was
+    smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the
+    stars; so that the third part of them was darkened, and the day
+    shone not for a third part of it, and the night in like
+    manner."--Rev. 8:12.
+
+
+The sun, moon, and stars cannot here, any more than under the sixth seal
+(6:12,13), symbolize agents of their own order, but must represent the
+rulers of the Roman empire. Says Dr. Keith:--
+
+"At the voice of the first angel, and the blast of his trumpet, the whole
+Roman world was in agitation, and 'the storms of war' passed over it all.
+'The union of the empire was dissolved;' a third part of it fell; and the
+'transalpine provinces were separated from the empire.' Under the second
+trumpet, the provinces of Africa, another, or the maritime, part, was in
+like manner reft from Rome, and the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea,
+and even in their harbors. The empire of Rome, hemmed in on every side,
+was then limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within its bounds, and along the
+fountains and rivers of waters, the third trumpet reëchoed from the Alps
+to the Apennines. The last barrier of the empire of Rome was broken. The
+plains of Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe: and from thence new
+enemies arose to bring to an end the strife of the world with the imperial
+city.
+
+" 'In the space of twenty years since the death of Valentinian' (two years
+subsequent to the death of Attila), 'nine emperors had successively
+disappeared; and the son of Orestes, a youth recommended only by his
+beauty, would be the least entitled to the notice of posterity, if his
+reign, which was marked by the extinction of the Roman empire in the west,
+did not leave a memorable era in the history of mankind.' "
+
+The throne of the Cæsars had been for ages the sun of the world; while
+other kings were designated as stars. The imperial power had first been
+transferred to Constantinople by Constantine; and it was afterwards
+divided between the east and the west; but the eastern empire was not yet
+doomed to destruction. The precise year in which the western empire was
+extinguished, is not positively ascertained, but it is usually assigned to
+A. D. 476. Some place it in 479. The imperial Roman power, of which either
+Rome or Constantinople had been jointly or singly the seat, whether in the
+West or the East, ceased to be recognized in Italy; and the third part of
+the sun was smitten, till it emitted no longer the faintest rays. The
+power of the Cæsars became unknown in Italy; and a Gothic king reigned
+over Rome.
+
+Dr. Keith considers that "the concluding words of the fourth trumpet imply
+the future restoration of the Western empire: 'The day shone not for a
+third part of it, and the night likewise.' In respect to civil authority,
+Rome became subject to Ravenna; and Italy was a conquered province of the
+Eastern empire. But, as more appropriately pertaining to other prophecies,
+the defence of the worship of images first brought the spiritual and
+temporal powers of the Pope and of the emperor into violent collision;
+and, by conferring on the Pope all authority over the churches, Justinian
+laid his helping hand to the promotion of the papal supremacy, which
+afterwards assumed the power of creating monarchs. In the year of our Lord
+800, the Pope conferred on Charlemagne the title of Emperor of the Romans.
+The title was again transferred from the King of France to the Emperor of
+Germany. By the latter it was formally renounced, within the memory of the
+existing generation. In our own days the iron crown of Italy was on the
+head of another 'emperor.' " Then the sun was suddenly darkened, as
+symbolized under the sixth seal, 6:12. p. 66.
+
+
+
+The Woe-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    "And I beheld, and heard an eagle flying in the midst of heaven,
+    saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabitants of the
+    earth, from the remaining voices of the trumpet of the three
+    angels, who are to sound."--Rev. 8:13.
+
+
+The word eagle, instead of angel, is in accordance with the more recent
+revised editions of the Greek. It must symbolize persons peculiarly
+apprehensive at this crisis, of disasters to follow the extinction of the
+Roman empire in the west. During the first half of the sixth century, the
+Sclavonians invaded the east, "spread from the suburbs of Constantinople
+to the Ionian Gulf, destroyed thirty-two cities or castles, razed Potidæa,
+which Athens had built, and Philip had besieged, and repassed the Danube,
+dragging at their horses' heels one hundred and twenty thousand of the
+subjects of Justinian."--_Gibbon._ And they continued their inroads, until
+the citizens became apprehensive that the Empire of the East would be
+extinguished like that of the West.
+
+This symbol also indicates that the events under the trumpets which were
+to follow, would be far more dreadful and terrible than those of the
+preceding ones. For this reason, the last three are sometimes denominated
+THE WOE TRUMPETS.
+
+
+
+The Fifth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star, which had fallen
+    from heaven to the earth: and to him was given the key of the pit
+    of the abyss. And he opened the pit of the abyss: and a smoke
+    arose out of the pit, like the smoke of a great furnace; and the
+    sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the pit. And locusts
+    came out of the smoke into the earth: and power was given to them,
+    as the scorpions of the earth have power. And it was said to them
+    that they should not injure the herbage of the earth, nor any
+    green thing, nor any tree; but only those men who have not the
+    seal of God on their foreheads. And they were not allowed to kill
+    them, but to torment them five months: and their torment was like
+    the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. And in those
+    days men will seek death, and will not find it; and will desire to
+    die, and death will flee from them. And the shapes of the locusts
+    were like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads were as
+    it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like the faces of
+    men. And they had hair like the hair of women, and their teeth
+    were like those of lions. And they had breast-plates, like
+    breast-plates of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the
+    sound of chariots with many horses rushing into battle. And they
+    had tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails:
+    and their power was to injure men five months. They had a king
+    over them, the messenger of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is
+    Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue he hath the name Apollyon. One
+    woe is past away; and behold, there come yet two woes
+    hereafter."--Rev. 9:1-12.
+
+
+The previous trumpets reveal the agencies which effected the dismemberment
+and overthrow of Western Rome. The fifth and sixth unfold those which
+terminated that empire in the east, embracing the territory between the
+Adriatic and Euphrates, the Lybian desert and the Danube.
+
+A star (1:20) symbolizes a messenger, or head of a religious body, p. 31.
+Mohammed is generally regarded as represented by this symbol. He was, by
+birth, of the princely house of the Koreish, Governors of Mecca, a family
+of eminence.
+
+The star had fallen to the earth before opening the pit of the abyss,
+which illustrates the flight of Mohammed from Mecca, and the seeming
+termination of all his hopes. To save his life, he took refuge, with one
+companion, in a cave near Medina, in A. D. 622, which forms the epoch of
+the Hegira, _i.e._, of his flight.
+
+The bottomless pit, is where Satan is subsequently cast (20:3); and the
+key of it being given to this agent, symbolizes his power to open and to
+cause the smoke to issue from it; the Satanic origin of which is thus
+indicated:
+
+Smoke is an appropriate representative of error, and symbolizes the
+Mohammedan doctrines; which, like the smoke of a great furnace, were
+disseminated far and wide, subverting the religion, and, in time,
+effecting the overthrow of the remaining portion of the Roman empire--the
+sun, one-third of which was smitten under the fourth trumpet.
+
+The locusts were generated in the smoke from whence they issued. In a
+corresponding manner, the spread of Mohammedanism resulted in the
+organization of hordes of Saracens, who propagated the religion of the
+false prophet by the sword, and founded the famous Arabian empire, which
+extended from the Atlantic ocean to the river Euphrates.
+
+The shapes of the locusts were like horses prepared for battle; and the
+Saracenic hordes, thus symbolized, were mounted horsemen, famous for the
+swiftness of their flight or pursuit, and ever ready for the contest.
+
+Their crowns, faces, hair, teeth, breast-plates, &c., seem to be
+indicative of their personal appearance: on their heads they wore yellow
+turbans, like coronets; their demeanor was grave and firm; their hair,
+like that of women, was suffered to grow uncut; they were defended by the
+cuirass or breast-plate; and in rushing to battle, their onset was like
+that of chariots and many horses.
+
+They had a king over them, named Abaddon in the Hebrew, and Apollyon in
+the Greek, both of which signified the Destroyer. The Saracens
+acknowledged the authority of Mohammed during the whole period of their
+conquests; not only recognizing him as their prophet and king during his
+lifetime, but his successors, after his death, considered and called
+themselves Mohammed's _Caliphs_, or _Vicars_.
+
+Their mission was not against the grass, green things, and trees, but had
+express reference to the men who had _not_ the seal of God in their
+foreheads. The antithesis here expressed, shows that by the former were
+symbolized the servants of God, and that these locust-warriors were
+particularly commissioned against infidels and apostates. Christians were
+not to be molested; and provision was made for their protection, in the
+circular letter which Abubekir sent to the Arabian tribes, A. D. 633. He
+said:
+
+
+    " 'Remember, that you are always in the presence of God, on the
+    verge of death, in the assurance of judgment, and the hope of
+    paradise: avoid injustice and oppression; consult with your
+    brethren, and study to preserve the love and confidence of your
+    troops. When you fight the battles of the Lord, acquit yourselves
+    like men, without turning your backs; but let not your victory be
+    stained with the blood of women and children. Destroy _no
+    palm-trees, nor burn any fields of corn_. Cut down no fruit-trees,
+    nor do any mischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When
+    you make any covenant, or article, stand to it, and be as good as
+    your word. As you go on, you will find some _religious persons_
+    who live in retired monasteries, and propose to themselves to
+    serve God that way; let them alone, and neither kill them nor
+    destroy their monasteries; and you will find another sort of
+    people that belong to the synagogue of Satan, who have _shaven
+    crowns_; be sure you cleave their skulls, and give them no quarter
+    _till they either turn Mohammedans or pay tribute_.' "
+
+
+At this epoch, the Greek church at Constantinople had been preserved from
+the reproach of image worship, and still later it made strenuous efforts
+against it; but the churches of the north of Africa, and the Asiatic
+portion of the Eastern empire, had become greatly debased, and worshipped
+saints and images. And while the territories of these were speedily
+subverted to Mohammedanism, and became a part of the Arabian empire, the
+east of Europe was wonderfully preserved from their inroads.
+
+Their power was not to kill, but to torment men five months. To kill,
+symbolically, according to the significance of the second seal, p. 60, is
+to compel men to apostasize; and they could not be in a condition to force
+their religion on the men of the eastern empire, without first subjecting
+it by force of arms.
+
+The time of this torment was limited to five prophetic months. In one
+hundred and fifty years from the _Hegira_ the Saracen empire had ceased to
+be aggressive. In 762 Bagdad, the city of peace, was founded on the
+Tigris, by Al-Mansur, who died in 774. "From this time," says ROTTICK,
+"the Arabian history assumes an entirely different character." It was no
+longer progressive; the proud Saracen empire became dismembered, and three
+independent and hostile Caliphates, and several fragments of kingdoms,
+were formed from its ruins. In 841, the reigning Caliph at Bagdad,
+distrusting the spirit of his own troops, hired a body of fifty thousand
+Turkish soldiers, which he distributed in his dominions. These accelerated
+the ruin of the Caliphate, and, in time, the whole of the Saracen
+territory became subject to the Tartar rule, which had become Mohammedan,
+and also aimed to subject the eastern empire.
+
+The declaration that "one woe is past," v. 12, implies an interval between
+that and the woe following. In a corresponding manner, the crusaders from
+Europe, like the successive overflowing of a mighty river, restrained the
+Tartars from the conquest of Constantinople, which had now consented to
+image worship, till the sounding of:
+
+
+
+The Sixth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice out of the four
+    horns of the golden altar before God, saying to the sixth angel
+    having the trumpet, Loose the four messengers bound near the great
+    river Euphrates. And the four messengers were loosed, prepared for
+    an hour, and day, and month, and year, to slay the third part of
+    men. And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred
+    thousand thousand: I heard the number of them. And thus I saw on
+    the horses in the vision, and those, who sat on them, having red,
+    blue and yellow breast-plates: and the heads of the horses were
+    like the heads of lions; and fire, and smoke, and brimstone issued
+    from their mouths. By these three plagues the third part of men
+    was killed; by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone,
+    which issued from their mouths. For the power of the horses is in
+    their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails having heads were
+    like serpents, and they injure with them. And the rest of the men,
+    who were not killed by these plagues, yet repented not of the
+    works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and
+    idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood:
+    which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk; nor did they repent of
+    their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication,
+    nor of their thefts."--Rev. 9:13-21.
+
+
+The great river, the Euphrates,--waters being a symbol of people,
+(17:15)--must symbolize those who sustain a relation to the Roman
+hierarchy, as its defenders and supporters; analogous to that sustained by
+the river Euphrates to the city of Babylon; which was situated on, and
+drew its wealth and support from it.
+
+The angels bound near the Euphrates, must then be those powers, which,
+approaching and attacking the Roman Empire, were _restrained_ from
+effecting its conquest and enforcing the profession of Mohammedanism.
+Their being loosed, signifies the removal of those restraints. Mr. Lord
+suggests that they symbolize leaders of the four armies of the Tartars,
+which successively overran the surrounding provinces. He says:
+
+"The first horde were the Seljukians, who invaded the Eastern empire about
+the middle of the eleventh century, under Togrul Beg. He suddenly overran,
+with myriads of cavalry, the frontier, from Taurus to Arzeroum, and spread
+it with blood and devastation. Alp Arslan, his successor, soon renewed the
+invasion, conquered Armenia and Georgia, penetrated into Cappadocia and
+Phrygia, and scattered detachments over the whole of lesser Asia. His
+troops being subsequently driven back, he renewed the war, and recovered
+those provinces. His descendants, and others of the race, soon after
+extended their conquests, and established the kingdoms in the east of
+Persia and Syria, and Roum, in lesser Asia, which they maintained through
+many generations, and made their sway a scorpion scourge to the idolatrous
+inhabitants. The Christians were allowed the exercise of their religion on
+the conditions of tribute and servitude, but were compelled to endure the
+scorn of the victors, to submit to the abuse of their priests and bishops,
+and to witness the apostasy of their brethren, the compulsory circumcision
+of many thousands of their children, and the subjection of many thousands
+to a debasing and hopeless slavery.
+
+"The second army was that of the Moguls, who, in the thirteenth century,
+after the conquest of Persia, passed the Euphrates, plundered and
+devastated Syria, subdued Armenia, Iconium, and Anatolia, and extinguished
+the Seljukian dynasty. Another army advancing to the west, devastated the
+country on both sides of the Danube, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia,
+Hungary, Austria, and spread them with the ruins of their cities and
+churches, and the bones of their inhabitants. This horde had been prepared
+for this invasion by vast conquests in the East.
+
+"The third were the Ottomans, who in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century conquered Bithynia, Lydia, Ionia, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, and in
+the following century Constantinople itself, and have maintained their
+empire to the present time. They were released from restraint on the one
+hand by the decay of the Mogul Khans, to whom they had been subject, and
+on the other by the dissensions and weakness of the Greeks.
+
+"The last was that of the Moguls under Tamerlane, who in the beginning of
+the fifteenth century overran Georgia, Syria, and Anatolia, and spread
+them with slaughter and desolation. He also had been prepared for this
+incursion by his previous victories and conquests."--_Ex. Apoc._, pp. 225,
+226.
+
+These armies, the number of which is literally "myriads of myriads," were
+not all subsequent to the time when they had power to subject the Eastern
+Roman empire; but may be the four, from the fact that the Mohammedan power
+was extended by these armies, which till this time had been restrained
+from accomplishing the subjugation of Constantinople.
+
+The restraints being removed, they were now to have power to kill, by
+compelling the third part of men to embrace the doctrines of
+Mohammed,--evident reference being had to the men of the eastern empire;
+the conquest of which was now to be effected, the dial of heaven having
+indicated the arrival of the predicted epoch.
+
+In 1449 Constantine Deacoses, being entitled to the throne of
+Constantinople by the death of John Paleologus, did not venture to take
+possession till he had sent ambassadors and gained the consent of Amurath,
+the Turkish Sultan. From this fact, Ducas, the historian, counts
+Paleologus as the last Greek emperor--for he did not consider as such, a
+prince who did not dare to reign without permission of his enemy. Amurath
+died and was succeeded in the empire, in 1451, by MAHOMET II., who set his
+heart on Constantinople, and made preparations for besieging the city. The
+siege commenced on the 6th of April, 1453, and ended in the taking of the
+city, and death of the last of the Constantines, on the 16th of May
+following, when the eastern city of the Cæsars became the seat of the
+Ottoman empire; and its "religion was trampled in the dust by the Moslem
+conquerors." Thus the two-horned beast (13:11), became merged in, and
+identified with the false prophet, 16:13, and 19:20.
+
+The description of the horses, and those who sat on them (v. 17), is
+strikingly emblematic of the Turkish warriors who subjugated
+Constantinople. Says Dr. Keith: "The breast-plates of the horsemen, in
+reference to the more destructive implements of war, might then, for the
+first time, be said to be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. The musket had
+recently supplied the place of the bow. _Fire_ emanated from their
+breasts. _Brimstone_, the flame of which is _jacinth_, was an ingredient
+both of the _liquid fire_ and of gunpowder.... A new mode of warfare was
+at that time introduced, which has changed the nature of war itself, in
+regard to the form of its instrument of destruction; and sounds and sights
+unheard of and unknown before, were the death-knell and doom of the Roman
+empire. Invention outrivalled force, and a new power was introduced, that
+of musketry as well as of artillery, in the art of war, before which the
+old Macedonian phalanx would not have remained unbroken, nor the Roman
+legions stood. That which JOHN saw 'in the vision,' is read in the history
+of the times."
+
+By these three, the fire, smoke, and brimstone, were the third part of men
+killed (v. 18), and by these was the conquest of Constantinople effected.
+Says Gibbon: "At the request of Mahomet II., Urban produced a piece of
+brass ordnance of stupendous and almost incredible magnitude. A measure of
+twelve palms was assigned to the bore, and the stone bullet weighed about
+six hundred pounds. A vacant place before the new palace was chosen for
+the first experiment; but to prevent the sudden and mischievous effects of
+astonishment and fear, a proclamation was issued that the cannon would be
+discharged the ensuing day. The explosion was felt or heard in a circuit
+of a hundred furlongs; the ball, by the force of the gunpowder, was driven
+about a mile, and on the spot where it fell, it buried itself a fathom
+deep in the ground. For the conveyance of this destructive engine, a frame
+or carriage of thirty wagons was linked together, and drawn along by a
+train of sixty oxen; two hundred men, on both sides, were stationed to
+poise or support the rolling weight; two hundred and fifty workmen marched
+before to smooth the way and repair the bridges, and near two months were
+employed in a laborious journey of a hundred and fifty miles.
+
+"In the siege, the incessant volleys of lances and arrows were accompanied
+with the smoke, the sound, and the fire of their musketry and cannon.
+Their small arms discharged at the same time five or even ten balls of
+lead of the size of a walnut, and according to the closeness of the ranks,
+and the force of the powder, several breast-plates and bodies were
+transpierced by the same shot. But the Turkish approaches were soon sunk
+into trenches, or covered with ruins. Each day added to the science of the
+Christians, but their inadequate stock of gunpowder was wasted in the
+operation of each day. Their ordnance was not powerful either in size or
+number, and if they possessed some heavy cannon, they feared to plant them
+on the walls, lest the aged structure should be shaken and overthrown by
+the explosion. The same destructive secret had been revealed to the
+Moslems, by whom it was employed with the superior energy of zeal, riches,
+and despotism. The great cannon of MAHOMET was flanked by two fellows
+almost of equal magnitude: the long order of the Turkish artillery was
+pointed against the walls: fourteen batteries thundered at once on the
+most accessible places, and of one of these it is ambiguously expressed
+that it was mounted with one hundred and thirty guns, or that it
+discharged one hundred and thirty bullets."
+
+The conquest of Constantinople being accomplished, they were to have power
+to kill men during an hour, day, month, and year of prophetic time--_i.e._
+three hundred and ninety-one years, fifteen days. If reckoned from the
+conquest of the city, this would extend to June 1844. Whether any
+particular act has transpired to mark the precise point of its
+termination, may not be important; but it is interesting to consider that
+within a few years the Mohammedan government has formally granted
+permission for the full enjoyment of the Protestant religion; and has
+renounced the right of punishing by death, apostates from Islamism.
+
+In August 1843, an Armenian, who had become a Mussulman and subsequently
+returned to the religion of his fathers, was beheaded at Constantinople.
+The Christian powers of Europe immediately remonstrated, and it was hoped
+that the law against apostates from Mohammedanism would be permitted to
+become a dead letter. In a few months, however, a firman issued from the
+government ordering the decapitation of a young man near Brooza, who was
+put to death for having promised in a passion, but had afterwards refused,
+to become a Mohammedan. Lord Aberdeen, the British Secretary of Foreign
+Affairs, then demanded of the Turkish Sultan that the Porte should not
+insult and trample on Christianity, "by treating as a criminal any person
+who embraces it;" but should "renounce, absolutely and without
+equivocation, the barbarous practice which has called forth the
+remonstrance now addressed to it." To this communication the following
+answer was made early in 1844: "The Sublime Porte engages to take
+effectual measures to prevent, henceforward, the execution and putting to
+death of the Christian who is an apostate." On the 15th of November, 1847,
+for the first time, a firman was issued recognizing Protestant Christians
+as a distinct community, forbidding any molestation or interference "in
+their temporal or spiritual concerns," and permitting them "to exercise
+the profession of their creed in security." This coming from the Vizier,
+did not necessarily survive a change of ministry; but in November, 1850, a
+firman was issued from the Sultan himself, _establishing_ the policy of
+the empire in respect to Protestants, and confirming them in all needed
+civil and religious privileges. Thus has the Mohammedan government
+formally and forever renounced the power it had so long wielded, of
+causing spiritual death by compelling men to apostatize from Christianity.
+
+The rest of the men not killed, must be those in portions of the Roman
+territory not included in the eastern third. The Roman Catholics in the
+western parts, were not reformed by the judgments inflicted on the east.
+They continued to worship the canonized dead, and to bow down to images of
+the saints. Under this trumpet, a mighty movement was to be there
+effected, which was symbolized by the descent of:
+
+
+
+The Rainbow Angel.
+
+
+    "And I saw another mighty angel descending from heaven, clothed
+    with a cloud: and the rainbow was over his head, and his face was
+    like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire; and he had in his
+    hand a little book opened: and he set his right foot on the sea,
+    and his left foot on the land. And shouted with a loud voice, as a
+    lion roareth: and when he shouted, seven thunders uttered their
+    voices. And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I
+    was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying, Seal
+    up those things, which the seven thunders uttered, and write them
+    not. And the angel, whom I saw standing on the sea and on the
+    land, raised his hand to heaven, and swore by him who liveth for
+    ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things in it, and the
+    earth, and the things in it, and the sea, and the things in it,
+    that the time should not yet be; but in the days of the voice of
+    the seventh angel, when he will sound, the secret of God will be
+    finished, as he hath announced to his servants the prophets. And
+    the voice, which I heard from heaven, spoke with me again, and
+    said, Go, take the little book, which is opened in the hand of the
+    angel, who standeth on the sea and on the land. And I went away to
+    the angel, and said to him, Give me the little book. And he said
+    to me, Take, and eat it up; and it will make thy stomach bitter,
+    but in thy mouth, it will be sweet as honey. And I took the little
+    book from the angel's hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth
+    sweet as honey: and when I had eaten it my stomach was bitter. And
+    he said to me, Thou must prophesy again concerning many people,
+    and nations, and tongues, and kings."--Rev. 10:1-11.
+
+
+This angel, like those in corresponding passages, must symbolize a body of
+men, whose importance is indicated by the might and splendor of the
+symbol.
+
+His descent from heaven, the cloud, the rainbow, the sun-like face, and
+the fire-like feet of the Mighty Messenger, attest the heaven-inspired
+origin of his utterances. His "eyes as a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace," would not be given to
+one who came to announce other than heaven-inspired truths.
+
+The _open book_ in the hand of the angel, fixes the chronology of the
+fulfilment of this vision at an epoch when the Scriptures cease to be a
+closed and sealed book, and the people are permitted to have free access
+to them.
+
+His _position_--one foot resting on the sea, and one on the land--attests
+the universality of the movement which is to date from that epoch.
+
+His lion voice, must symbolize the manner in which would be announced the
+great truths, at which the whole world would be startled.
+
+The _singleness_ of his cry, is also symbolic of the simplicity of the
+truth, which is never symbolized by discordant multitudinous sounds.
+
+The _responsive thunders_, unlike the single voice of the angel, are
+multitudinous and discordant; and consequently symbolize errors. Their
+_following_ so immediately on the shout of the angel, shows the proximity
+of their promulgation to the utterance of the truths to which they are
+responsive.
+
+JOHN'S _readiness to write_ what the seven thunders uttered, shows that
+what they uttered was _professedly_ in harmony with the truths previously
+announced, and that men would be liable to be deceived, by their
+promulgation.
+
+His being _forbidden_ by the cloud-robed angel, to write what they
+uttered--while he was commanded to "seal not the sayings of the prophecy of
+this book" (22:10),--shows that their utterances were not heaven-inspired,
+and constituted no part of "the word of GOD, and of the testimony of JESUS
+CHRIST," which JOHN bare record of.
+
+The _subsequent oath_ of the angel, by Him who liveth forever, that "the
+time is not yet," shows that those thunders, however erroneous in their
+form manner and connection with other errors, had respect to some great
+event foretold in Scripture; but which the thunders had _antedated_ and
+presented in an _unscriptural_ form.
+
+His further announcement that it would be fulfilled under the sounding of
+the "seventh trumpet," and that then the mystery of GOD should be finished
+in the manner foretold to his servants the prophets, shows that the great
+event, the time of which was "not yet,"--_i.e._, under the sixth trumpet,
+was the coming of the kingdom of GOD--the fifth universal empire; that at a
+period anterior to the time when it might rationally be expected, it would
+be proclaimed in a form repugnant to the teachings of the prophets; and
+that when thus heralded, it would be met by the party uttering the
+heaven-inspired truths, with the denial that the time had arrived, and by
+arguments to show its true nature and epoch, under the seventh trumpet.
+
+The command to take and eat the little book, shows that its contents were
+such as the soul might feed on; which should be sweet to the believer's
+taste, but would subject him to bitter persecution. And the announcement
+that they were to prophesy _again_ before many nations and peoples and
+tongues and kings, marks this as the commencement of an era when the
+Gospel should again begin to go forth into distant lands.
+
+All of the above particulars harmonize in the time of the reformation of
+LUTHER in the sixteenth century, and with no other epoch. The great truths
+then promulgated, of which "justification by faith" was the cardinal one,
+electrified the whole world, as the loud roaring of a lion would startle
+the passer-by. These were immediately responded to by the multitudinous
+errors of the Anabaptists and others, who thought to set up the kingdom of
+GOD in _this world_, and _before the resurrection_, by putting to death
+the ungodly and sparing only the saints.
+
+As in all efforts for good Satan is careful to attempt a counterfeit, or
+to mingle impure elements to the injury of the truth, so in the
+Reformation there were false reformers. THOMAS MUNZER, and others, in
+1525, incited vast numbers on the borders of the Danube to make physical
+war on the Papal ecclesiastics. He denounced LUTHER, also, with the same
+violence that he did the Pope. In his mad attempt to slay the ungodly, he
+took possession of Muhlhausen, appointed a new city council, pillaged the
+houses of the rich, proclaimed a community of goods, and committed various
+excesses; but they were finally defeated in a pitched battle, with a loss
+of from five thousand to seven thousand killed. Others succeeded him,
+teaching that GOD spake to them in person, instructing them how to act.
+They professed the most extravagant doctrines, setting aside both LUTHER
+and the Bible. The former did not go near far enough for them; and the
+latter was in their view insufficient for man's instruction, who could
+only be taught of God. They taught that the world was to be immediately
+devastated; and no priest or ungodly person be left alive; and that then
+the kingdom of GOD would commence, and the saints possess the earth. Those
+who adhered to LUTHER, united with him in bearing a faithful testimony
+against such extravagances, adhered to the written word, denounced new
+revelations, and showed from the Bible that Antichrist was to be
+overthrown by the personal advent of CHRIST, and not by the sword of man.
+The following extracts are from MR. LORD:
+
+"The pretences of the Anabaptists to inspiration were in like manner
+denounced by Melancthon. 'The Anabaptists, infatuated by the devil, have
+boasted a new species of sanctity, as though they had left the earth, and
+ascended to the skies; and given out, moreover, that they enjoy
+extraordinary inspiration. But as the pretence was hypocritical, and
+designed merely to subserve appetite and ambition, they soon plunged into
+debauchery, and then excited seditions, and undertook to establish a New
+Jerusalem, as other enthusiasts have often attempted. A like tragedy was
+formerly acted at Pepuza in Phrygia, which fanatical prophets denominated
+the new Jerusalem.'
+
+"He also refuted by the Scriptures, the expectation of the Anabaptists of
+the immediate establishment of Christ's millennial kingdom. He regarded
+the term Antichrist as denoting both the Mohammedan empire and the Papacy,
+and held that they were not to be overthrown till the time of the
+resurrection of the dead, and that a considerable period was to pass
+before that event. 'God showed to Daniel a series of monarchies and
+kingdoms, which it is certain has already run to the end. Four monarchies
+have passed away. The cruel kingdom of the Turks, which arose out of the
+fourth, still remains, and as it is not to equal the Roman in power, and
+has certainly, therefore, already nearly reached its height, must soon
+decline, and then will dawn the day in which the dead shall be recalled to
+life.' He then repeats the saying ascribed to Elias, that six thousand
+years were to pass before the advent of Christ; two thousand before the
+law, two under the law, and two under the gospel; and proceeds to show
+that four hundred and fifty-eight years were, therefore, to intervene
+before the advent of the Redeemer, the destruction of Antichrist, and the
+establishment of the kingdom of the saints. 'It is known that Christ was
+born about the end of the fourth millenary,(1) and one thousand five
+hundred and forty-two years have since revolved. We are not, therefore [in
+1542], far from the end.'
+
+"These views corresponding so conspicuously with the symbol, continued to
+be repeated by a crowd of writers, till at the distance of sixty-seven
+years from the death of Melancthon, the celebrated Joseph Mede published
+his 'Clavis Apocalyptica,' in which he showed from the coincidence of the
+periods of the wild beast and the witnesses, that the advent of the
+Redeemer, and the destruction of the anti-Christian powers were not to be
+expected until twelve hundred and sixty years had passed from the rise of
+the ten kingdoms, and that near one hundred of them, therefore, were still
+to revolve. As that period expired and the knowledge of the prophecy
+advanced, the catastrophe of the wild beast was referred to a later time.
+Many recent expositors regard the twelve hundred and sixty years as having
+reached their end in 1792; and most refer the fall of the anti-Christian
+powers to the last half of the present, or the beginning of the next
+century."--_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 238-240.
+
+All the vagaries of the various sects of heretics were connected with an
+expectation of the immediate establishment of CHRIST'S kingdom. That the
+seven thunders gave utterance to such an expectation, is evident from the
+response of the angel, when he lifted up his hand to heaven and with the
+solemnity of an oath, by Him who liveth forever, affirmed that "_the time
+should not yet be_;" but that "in the days of the voice of the seventh
+angel, when he delays to sound,(2) the secret of GOD will be finished, as
+he hath announced to his servants the prophets." Why such an annunciation
+at this stage of the vision? It must be to correct a misapprehension which
+would exist at a corresponding time in its fulfilment, respecting the
+immediate appearance of the kingdom. Thus did PAUL correct the
+Thessalonian brethren, when he wrote to them in his second epistle not to
+be shaken in mind, as that the day of the LORD was then impending, 2 Th.
+2:2.
+
+The Bible, was, at this epoch, first opened to the common people. Before,
+it was only found in languages which they were entirely ignorant of. It
+was translated by LUTHER into their own language, and thus made
+accessible. The art of printing, discovered at about that time, enabled
+all who wished, to avail themselves of its unsealed contents. They feasted
+on the words of inspiration, which were sweeter to them than honey, or the
+honey-comb. But afterwards, they had to endure bitterness for the sake of
+the Gospel. Divisions and subdivisions followed, parties multiplied, and
+heresies abounded, accompanied with bitter and mischievous discussions,
+and fierce and rancorous contentions. These being based on the
+understanding which the several parties attached to portions of scripture,
+were fitly symbolized by the bitterness that followed the eating of the
+book. At this time, also, was revived a system of religious teachings
+which has gone forth into many lands.
+
+The reörganization of the church at this epoch, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+The Measuring Reed, Temple, &c.
+
+
+    "And there was given me a measuring reed like a rod, and it was
+    said, Arise, and measure the temple of God, (and the altar,) and
+    those who worship in it. But the court which is without the
+    temple, leave out, and measure it not; for it is given to the
+    Gentiles: and they will tread the holy city under foot forty-two
+    months."--Rev. 11:1, 2.
+
+
+These symbols are evidently taken from the temple and altar of Jewish
+worship, and represent corresponding analogies under the Christian
+dispensation.
+
+To measure anything, is to examine and take notice of its parts and
+proportions; and that by which it is measured, is the standard or rule to
+which it should conform.
+
+The temple, is a proper symbol of the church of God; which is "built upon
+the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being
+the Chief Corner Stone, in whom all the building, fitly framed together,
+groweth unto a holy temple in the Lord," Eph. 2:20, 21.
+
+At the epoch of the Reformation, the nominal church was subjected to the
+scrutiny of the word of God; and its pretensions were measured by the
+scriptural rule. The reformers found the Man of Sin, "as God sitting in
+the temple of God," (2 Thess. 2:4); and they had to re-model their church
+relationship, in accordance with the pattern presented in the New
+Testament. This involved the consideration of what constituted the
+church,--its organization, its ministry, its sacraments, and its
+membership,--their mutual relation to God, and to each other.
+
+The altar, must symbolize the sacrifice and atonement of Christ,--the
+"altar whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle," Heb.
+13:10. The great question, of justification by faith in the death of
+Christ, was the rallying cry of the Reformation. The fundamental
+principles of Christian truth were then unfolded anew, and the doctrines
+of the Papacy, including the sacrifice of the mass, were rejected as
+contrary to Bible teachings.
+
+The worshippers in the temple, who were to be measured by the same rule,
+are Christians. All who were to be recognized as such, were to give
+evidence of conformity to the Bible standard. Regeneration by the Holy
+Ghost, was held by the reformers to be necessary to church membership. The
+Papists required only baptism and confirmation.
+
+The court without the temple, was that to which the Gentiles had access,
+and beyond which their entrance was prohibited. Devout foreigners were
+there permitted to pay their devotions to the God of heaven. As the
+Gentiles must symbolize those who are not Christians, the occupants of the
+outer court, must be the congregation--the nominal worshippers who throng
+the outer courts of the Lord, in distinction from the true worshippers.
+Such were to have free and unrestricted access to the places of Christian
+worship.
+
+The holy city is that in which the temple is situated, and must embrace
+the church as a whole, subjected to Gentile rule. Its being trodden under
+foot, indicates that the civil polity under which the church would
+subsist, should, during the period specified, be under the control of
+those who worship only in the outer court.
+
+The forty and two months, is a period of time, corresponding with the
+thousand two hundred and three score days of the verse following, the time
+and times and half a time of Rev. 12:14, and the corresponding periods of
+Rev. 12:6; 13:5; Dan. 7:25; and 12:7; symbolizing a period of twelve
+hundred and sixty years, according to the almost unanimous opinion of
+Protestant writers.
+
+This period does not commence with this epoch, but began with the
+subjection of Christianity to the power of the civil arm, which was to
+continue during the time predicted,--notwithstanding the reädjustment of
+the temple-worship,--when Christians should cease to be responsible to any
+human tribunal for the orthodoxy of their faith.
+
+During the same period, also, power to prophesy, though shrouded in
+sackcloth, was to be given to:
+
+
+
+Christ's Two Witnesses.
+
+
+    "And I will give charge to my two witnesses, and they will
+    prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed in
+    sackcloth. These are the two olive-trees, and the two lamp-stands,
+    standing before the Lord of the earth. And if any one wisheth to
+    injure them, fire proceedeth from their mouth, and devoureth their
+    enemies: and if anyone wisheth to injure them, he must thus be
+    killed. These have power to shut heaven, that it may not rain in
+    the days of their prophecy: and they have power over the waters to
+    turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with every plague, as
+    often as they wish. And when they shall have finished their
+    testimony, the wild beast that ascendeth out of the abyss will
+    make war with them, and will overcome them, and kill them. And
+    their dead body _will lie_ on the wide street of the great city,
+    which is spiritually called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord
+    was crucified. And those of the people, and tribes, and tongues,
+    and nations, will see their dead body three days and a half, and
+    will not allow their dead body to be put into a tomb. And those,
+    who dwell on the earth, will rejoice over them, and exult, and
+    send gifts to each other; because these two prophets tormented
+    those, who dwell on the earth. And after the three days and a half
+    the Spirit of life from God entered them, and they stood on their
+    feet; and great fear fell on those, who saw them. And they heard a
+    great voice from heaven, saying to them, Ascend here! And they
+    ascended into heaven in a cloud; and their enemies saw them. And
+    in that hour there was a great earthquake, and the tenth part of
+    the city fell, and in the earthquake seven thousand names of men
+    were slain: and the remnant became terrified, and gave glory to
+    the God of heaven. The second woe is past away; behold, the third
+    woe cometh quickly."--Rev. 11:3-14.
+
+
+The two witnesses are not symbolically exhibited, but are referred to by
+an elliptical metaphor, and are explained to be the "two olive-trees, and
+the two candlesticks." Therefore, they are not two living men, as some
+suppose, shown to John in vision, symbolizing analogous agents; but their
+nature is to be determined by a consideration of the olive-trees and
+candlesticks which symbolize them.
+
+Candlesticks symbolize churches. Thus the Saviour said to John: "The seven
+candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches," 1:20. When "men
+light a candle," they put "it on a candlestick, and it giveth light unto
+all that are in the house," Matt. 5:15. The candlestick does not
+originate, but sustains the light in a position to be seen and exert a
+beneficial influence. It is thus that the church is said to be "the light
+of the world," and is required to let her light "shine before men," _Ib._
+vs. 14-16,--_i.e._ She is to disseminate the light committed to her; and in
+so doing, she becomes a _witness_ for Jesus.
+
+The church comprises all the holy persons who have lived on earth, and is
+symbolized by two candlesticks, corresponding to the two dispensations of
+its existence. Those who lived under the former dispensation, are called
+"a great cloud of witnesses," Heb. 12:1. Of Christ, "give all the prophets
+witness," Acts 10:43. They constitute the voice of the church in that age.
+Under the gospel dispensation, also, Christ had chosen witnesses of
+himself. He said to his disciples, "Ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in
+Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts
+of the earth," (_Ib._ 1:8); and they said, "We are his witnesses," _Ib._
+5:32. "We are witnesses of all things which he did, ... witnesses chosen
+before of God," (_Ib._ 10:39-41);--"his witnesses unto the people," _Ib._
+13:31. They and their successors have "testified and preached the word of
+the Lord," (_Ib._ 8:25), overcoming "by the word of their testimony,"
+(Rev. 12:11),--many of them being "slain for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held," 6:9. The church, one in all ages, symbolized
+by the two candlesticks, is thus a _witness_ of Jesus.
+
+The two olive-trees, symbolize the other witness, which must sustain a
+relation to the church, analogous to that sustained by the olive-trees to
+the candlesticks. The declaration, that the witnesses are _the_ two
+olive-trees and candlesticks, implies the existence of some previous
+symbolization, where those objects and their relation to each other are
+presented. And the connection shows clearly that reference is made to the
+vision, wherein Zechariah beheld "a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl
+upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the
+seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof; and two olive-trees by it,
+one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side
+thereof," Zech. 4:2, 3. The relation which the olive-trees sustain to the
+candlestick, is shown by the questions of the prophet: "What are these, my
+Lord?" (_Ib._ v. 4); "What are these two olive-trees upon the right side
+of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? What be these two
+olive-branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out
+of themselves?" _Ib._ vs. 11, 12. The office of the olive-trees, was to
+supply the candlestick with oil which alone enabled them to give light.
+The oil of the olive-tree, was burned before the Lord continually. The
+light committed to the church, is the truth of God's word. And thus the
+angel explains the meaning of the olive-trees: "This is the word of the
+Lord unto Zerubbabel," (_Ib._ v. 6); "These are the two anointed ones
+[_mar_, sons of oil], that stand by the Lord of the whole earth," _Ib._ v.
+14. And this expression, corresponding with that in Rev. 11:4, shows that
+this vision of Zechariah is the one referred to, and that it is
+explanatory of the witnesses.
+
+The Scriptures, as well as the church, testify of Christ: "Search the
+Scriptures," said the Saviour, speaking of those then written; "they are
+they which _testify_ [or bear witness] of me," (John 5:39); and of the New
+Testament, he said: "This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world for a _witness_ unto all nations," Matt. 24:4. Like two
+olive-trees supplying the candlesticks with oil, the Scriptures of the
+Old, and of the New Testament give light to the church, and testify of
+Christ. They stand on either side of him,--the one beginning with the
+creation and pointing to a Messiah to come, testifying of him by types and
+shadows; and the other looking back to the death and resurrection of
+Christ, and cheering the heart of the believer by the evidence of his
+second coming at the end of the world. Thus stood within the oracle of the
+temple the two cherubim, which Solomon made "of _olive-tree_," and whose
+wings met over the ark of the covenant: "He set the cherubim within the
+inner house, and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubim, so that
+the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub
+touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst
+of the house," 1 Kings 6, 27. Thus symbolized, the Scriptures and the
+church are Christ's two witnesses.
+
+To prophesy, is to make known the truths of God. Thus, at the epoch of the
+Reformation, they were to prophesy _again_ before many peoples, and
+nations, and tongues and kings, 10:11. It was to enable the witnesses to
+do this, that the necessary power was to be given them.
+
+Sackcloth, is a symbol of humiliation and sorrow; and the witnesses being
+thus clothed, indicates that during the time specified, they should be in
+a despised and oppressed condition.
+
+The one thousand two hundred and sixty days, symbolize years. God said to
+Israel, after the evil report of the twelve spies: "Your children shall
+wander in the wilderness forty _years_ ... after the number of the _days_
+which ye searched the land," Num. 14:33, 34. And to Ezekiel, "This shall
+be a sign to the house of Israel: Lie thou upon thy left side, and lay the
+iniquity of the house of Israel upon it, ... for I have laid upon thee the
+years of their iniquity, according to the number of the days, three
+hundred and ninety days.... And when thou hast accomplished them, lie
+again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of
+Judah forty days: I have appointed thee _each day for a year_," Ezek.
+4:3-6.
+
+This period of one thousand two hundred and sixty years, is not the whole
+time in which the witnesses prophesy, but marks the duration of their
+prophesying in sackcloth. It commenced when the light of the Bible began
+to be obscured by the secondary place which was accorded to it in the
+estimation of the Papal church, and the living witnesses were no longer
+permitted to preach the gospel in its purity.
+
+In A. D. 533, the Emperor Justinian, wrote a letter to the Pope declaring
+him to be "the head of all the holy churches," and subjecting to his
+control "all the priests of the whole East." By the edicts and mandates of
+Justinian, who was master of the Roman world, the supremacy of the Pope
+received the fullest sanction; and the highest authorities among the
+civilians and annalists of Rome, refer to these as evidence of the right
+of the Pope to the title of "Universal Bishop," and date it from A. D.
+533. p. 200.
+
+With this supremacy, the power of the Papacy commenced. The Bible was
+permitted only in a dead language, and the faithful Christian was obliged
+to seek refuge in the wilderness. False doctrines obscuring the Bible, and
+persecuting enactments oppressing the church, clothed the witnesses in
+sackcloth; and thus only did they testify, till the power of the papacy
+was broken.
+
+Fire proceeded out of their mouth, when they made known the fiery
+judgments predicted in the Scriptures against all their enemies. And they
+shut heaven, smite with plagues, turn water to blood, &c., when, in
+accordance with the inspired record, are fulfilled the predictions which,
+in various places, are thus symbolized.--See Rev. 15:6; 16:4, &c.
+
+The finishing of their testimony, refers to the termination of the
+sackcloth period,--twelve hundred and sixty years from A. D. 533; _i.e._ in
+1793,--if the former date is correct.
+
+The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit, is that on which, in a
+subsequent vision, the woman is seated, 17:7, 8. John saw this beast arise
+out of the sea, (13:1); and the subsequent exposition given of it, will
+show that it symbolized the civil power of the Roman empire in its divided
+form.--See p. 169. As the ten kingdoms constitute the beast, what is done
+by any of these kingdoms, is done by the beast. France was one of the more
+prominent of these kingdoms, and at one period, under Napoleon, controlled
+the greater portion of the whole.
+
+To war against the witnesses, is to oppose, resist, and endeavor to crush
+them; and to overcome them, is to be successful in such efforts.
+
+To kill, when used symbolically and applied to Christians, is to cause
+them to apostatize--producing spiritual death, 9:5. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it can only denote their prohibition.
+
+The great city, as shown in connection with Rev. 16:19, p. 290, is the
+Roman hierarchy:--symbolized by Babylon, and "spiritually called Sodom and
+Egypt." By being thus "_spiritually_ called Sodom," some understand that
+it is a "spiritual Sodom," &c., which would be a contradiction of terms;
+others understand that it is called _figuratively_ by those names, and
+deduce from it an argument for spiritualizing the Scriptures; but the use
+of the word "_spiritually_," it is believed, will not sanction any such
+meaning. It occurs only in two other passages:--in Rom. 8:7, to be
+"spiritually minded," is to have a mind in accordance with the will of the
+Spirit; and in 1 Cor. 2:14, things "spiritually discerned," signifies that
+they are discerned by the aid of the Spirit. The great city, then, is
+called by the Spirit, "Sodom and Egypt;" and is so called because of her
+licentiousness and idolatries, and her subjecting the saints to bondage.
+To crucify the Lord afresh, is to apostatize from his teachings, Heb. 6:6.
+
+In 1793, twelve hundred and sixty years from the date of the Papal
+supremacy, the Bible was abolished in France, by the solemn decree of the
+government, which declared that the nation acknowledged no God. A copy of
+the Bible could not be found in a single bookstore in Paris. Inquiry also
+was made for it in Rome, in _all_ the book establishments of that city,
+and the invariable reply was, that it was prohibited. All the churches of
+Paris were shut, and the church plate was declared the property of the
+nation. Professors of religion, at the same time, in large numbers openly
+apostatized and embraced infidelity. Says Dr. Croley:--
+
+"On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet, with the republican priests of
+Paris, had thrown off the gown and abjured religion. On the 11th, a 'grand
+festival,' dedicated to 'Reason and Truth,' was celebrated instead of
+divine service in the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, which had been
+desecrated, and been named, 'the Temple of Reason;' a pyramid was erected
+in the centre of the church, surmounted by a temple, inscribed, 'To
+Philosophy.' The torch of 'Truth' was on the altar of 'Reason,' spreading
+light, &c. The National Convention, and all the authorities, attended at
+this burlesque and insulting ceremony. In February, 1794, a grand fête was
+ordered by the convention, in which hymns to Liberty were chanted, and a
+pageant in honor of the abolition of slavery in the colonies, was
+displayed in the 'Temple of Reason.' In June another festival was
+ordered--to the Supreme Being: the God of Philosophy. But the most superb
+exhibition was the 'general festival,' in honor of the republic. It was
+distinguished by a more audacious spirit of scoffing and profanation than
+the former. Robespierre acted the 'high-priest of Reason' on the day, and
+made himself conspicuous in blasphemy. He was then at the summit of
+power,--actual sovereign of France."
+
+The dead bodies of the witnesses, would be their existence in that
+prohibited condition, when, in France, neither the Scriptures, nor the
+church showed any symptoms of life. In the street, would be the
+conspicuous and public manner in which indignities should be heaped on
+them. France had been one of the principal states yielding homage to the
+Roman church. Surrounding nations beheld, but would not permit the
+extermination of the Bible and Christianity.
+
+The French made merry over their blasphemous work. Says Dr. Croley:--
+
+"A very remarkable and _prophetic_ distinction of this period, was the
+spirit of frenzied festivity which seized upon France. The capital, and
+all the republican towns, were the scene of civic feasts, processions, and
+shows of the most extravagant kind. The most festive times of peace under
+the most expensive kings were thrown into the shade by the frequency,
+variety, and extent of the republican exhibitions. Yet this was a time of
+perpetual miseries throughout France. The guillotine was bloody from morn
+till night. In the single month of July, 1794, nearly _eight hundred
+persons_, the majority, principal individuals of the state, and all
+possessing some respectability of situation, were guillotined in Paris
+alone. In the midst of this horror, there were twenty-six theatres open,
+filled with the most profane and profligate displays in honor of the
+'triumph of reason.' "
+
+In Lyons a Bible was tied to the tail of an ass and dragged in a
+procession through the streets of that city. Thus they rejoiced over the
+supposed end of religion in France; and congratulated themselves that the
+terrors of God's word, and the church would no more torment them.
+
+"After three days and a half," would be that number of years from the
+suppression of Christianity in November, 1793. On the 17th day of June,
+1797, three and a half years from the abolition of the Bible and religious
+worship, CAMILLE JOURDAN, in the _Council of Five Hundred_, brought up the
+memorable report on the _Revision of the Laws Relative to Religious
+Worship_, by which France gave permission to all citizens to buy or hire
+edifices for the free exercise of it; repealing all opposing laws, and
+subjecting those to a heavy fine who should in any way impede or interrupt
+any religious service. The Bible and the church again stood erect, to the
+dismay of all who had rejoiced over their overthrow. Those two witnesses
+were again in a position to resume their testimony.
+
+They were not only to be thus restored, but were to be elevated far above
+their former position. Since that epoch, have been made all those great
+efforts to evangelize the world, by means of missionary, tract, Bible, and
+other benevolent societies, which have caused the _Scriptures_ to be
+translated into nearly all known languages, and carried by the _living
+preacher_ to the ends of the earth. The very room in which Voltaire
+uttered his famous prediction--that "the time would arrive when the Bible
+would be regarded only in the light of an old curiosity,"--is now used for
+a Bible depository, and is "piled to the ceiling with that rare old book."
+Copies of the Bible have been multiplied a million fold, and scattered
+broadcast over the earth. The other witness,--the church, has since then,
+also, been greatly magnified. In this age of missions and Bibles, the
+number of believers has been greatly multiplied; and missionaries have
+penetrated all lands. The last half-century has been distinguished for its
+wonderful revivals; and the servants of the cross have "prophesied [or
+testified] again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings," 10:11.
+
+The same hour, is the time of the slaughter of the witnesses. Its epoch
+was to be marked by a great political revolution, which, in the
+Apocalypse, is symbolized by an earthquake. In the year in which
+Christianity was suppressed by France, they beheaded their king, abolished
+the monarchy, and entirely revolutionized the government. In the reign of
+terror following, the best blood of the nation was shed like water, and no
+man of influence could consider his life secure. Men, women and children
+were dragged before the revolutionary tribunals, had their accusations
+read to them, and were immediately condemned, and hurried off in crowds
+without a trial, to be shot, drowned or beheaded. At Lyons thirty-one
+thousand persons were thus slain; at Nantes thirty-two thousand,--and
+throughout France in proportion. The number thus slain, has been estimated
+at over one million,--a number hardly credible, and which might well be
+symbolized by seven thousand--a perfect number. Well might the remnant be
+affrighted, and hasten to give glory to the GOD of heaven, by the
+restoration of that book, the setting aside of which had involved them in
+such dire calamities.
+
+The tenth of the city which fell, must be the tenth of the Roman
+hierarchy, which is symbolized by the city. With the suppression of
+religion, the Catholic church was prohibited, with all others. France was
+one of the ten kingdoms, and the overthrow of the church in France, would
+be the fall of one-tenth of that city.
+
+Thus passed the second woe--the prelude to the third woe, which cometh
+quickly.
+
+
+
+The Seventh Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud voices in
+    heaven, saying, The kingdom of the world hath become the kingdom
+    of our Lord, and of his Anointed; and he will reign for ever and
+    ever. And the twenty-four elders, who sat before God on their
+    thrones, fell on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, We thank
+    thee, O Lord God Almighty, who art, and who wast, because thou
+    hast taken to thyself thy great power, and reigned. And the
+    nations were enraged, and thy wrath is come, and the season of the
+    dead, when they should be judged, and a reward should be given to
+    thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and to those who
+    fear thy name, small and great; and when thou shouldest destroy
+    those, who destroy the earth. And the temple of God was opened in
+    heaven, and the ark of his covenant in his temple appeared, and
+    there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders, and an
+    earthquake, and great hail."--Rev. 11:15-19.
+
+
+The seventh, like the preceding trumpets, marks an epoch from which an era
+dates. "The days of the voice of the seventh angel" (10:7), are indicative
+of a period of time to follow its sounding, in which will be fulfilled the
+events predicted of that era.
+
+The voices in heaven, which immediately follow its sounding, are prophetic
+utterances of events then to transpire; and are distinct from the response
+of the elders. When Christ "shall be revealed from heaven," he will be
+accompanied "with his mighty angels," 2 Thess. 1:7. He will descend "with
+a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God," (1
+Thess. 4:16); and the shout is evidently that of the attending angels,
+symbolized by those voices, which will announce the revolution which is to
+be made in the empire of the earth, and of the substitution of the kingdom
+of God in the place of human governments.
+
+The kingdom here established, is the long promised consummation, foretold
+by prophets, and anticipated by saints of every age. It is that predicted
+by Daniel, when he says: "In the days of these kings shall the GOD of
+heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom
+shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and
+consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever." Dan. 2:44. He
+also "saw in the night visions, and behold, one like the Son of Man came
+with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of Days, and they
+brought him near before him. And there was given him dominion, and glory,
+and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him:
+his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and
+his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.... And the kingdom and
+dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall
+be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him." _Ib._
+7:13, 14, 27. It is that referred to in the simple petition, "Thy kingdom
+come" (Matt. 6:10), which was to be the great object of our prayer till
+the final consummation; which the disciples thought was to appear
+immediately, when they journeyed towards, and were nigh to, Jerusalem, and
+which misapprehension the Saviour corrected by the parable of a nobleman
+going into a far country to receive for himself kingly authority, and to
+return, Luke 20:12. It is that respecting which they inquired, as the
+SAVIOUR was about to be taken from them, if he would at that time restore
+it to Israel, (Acts 1:6); and to which the apostle refers, when he
+declares to TIMOTHY that the Lord JESUS CHRIST will judge the living and
+the dead at his appearing and kingdom, 2 Tim. 4:1.
+
+"Thy kingdom come! Thus, day by day
+We lift our hands to God and pray;
+But who has ever duly weighed
+The meaning of the words he said?"
+
+This kingdom is to be an eternal kingdom: "He will reign for ever and
+ever." This is in accordance with the declaration in Daniel, that "the
+saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom
+forever, even for ever and ever," Dan. 7:18. To its eternity Nathan
+testifies when he says to David, "Thy house and thy kingdom shall be
+established forever before thee: thy throne shall be established forever,"
+2 Sam. 7:16. Though this was spoken to David, it was to be fulfilled in
+Christ; for we read in Luke (1:32, 33), "He shall be great, and shall be
+called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the
+throne of his father David: and he shall reign over the house of Jacob
+forever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end." It is predicted in
+Isaiah, that "Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the
+government shall be upon his shoulder; and his name shall be called
+Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince
+of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no
+end; upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it and to
+establish it with judgment and with justice, from henceforth, even
+forever," Isa. 9:6, 7. To the Son the Father saith, "Thy throne, O God, is
+for ever and ever," (Heb. 1:8); and the blood-washed throng ascribe to him
+"glory and dominion for ever and ever," 1:5, 6.
+
+"Thy kingdom come! O day of joy,
+When praise shall every tongue employ;
+When hate and strife and war shall cease,
+And man with man shall be at peace.
+Jesus shall reign on Zion's hill,
+And all the earth with glory fill;
+His word shall Paradise restore,
+And sin and death afflict no more.
+God's holy will shall then be done
+By all who live beneath the sun;
+For saints shall then as angels be,
+All changed to immortality."
+
+The four-and-twenty elders,--symbolizing those who are redeemed "out of
+every kindred and tongue and people and nation," 5:8, 9,--at the
+establishment of the kingdom, are to be made "kings and priests," and are
+to "reign on the earth," 5:10. They are "saints of the Most High," who are
+to "take the kingdom," and possess it "forever." With the announcement of
+its establishment, they immediately respond with glad hosannas, which
+spontaneously and unitedly burst forth from the enraptured hosts of the
+ransomed ones, as they find themselves clothed upon with immortality, and
+in the joyful presence of their Lord. They are raised from the dead at
+this epoch; or are among the living who will then be translated, as says
+the apostle:
+
+"Behold I show you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be
+changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, _at the last
+trump_,"--the last of the seven;--"for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead
+shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed."
+
+The nations who are angry, will be the nations out from whom the righteous
+are taken, and who are left to the recompense of their reward;--"when the
+Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, in
+flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God and obey not the
+gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall be punished with everlasting
+destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his
+power; when he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired
+in all them that believe," 2 Thess. 1:7-10.
+
+The heathen had raged, and the people imagined a vain thing. The kings of
+the earth had set themselves, and the rulers taken counsel against the
+Lord, and against his anointed. Now the time of their anger is to end: the
+time for the exercise of the wrath of Jehovah upon them, has arrived, and
+they are filled with fear, consternation, and shame. The time has come
+when the dead are to be avenged,--when those who had been slain for the
+word of God, and for the testimony which they held, whose souls under the
+altar during the fifth seal, cried with a loud voice, saying,
+
+"How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood
+on them that dwell on the earth?" (6:10) find their expectations answered,
+and the destroyers, or perverters of the earth, in like manner perverted
+and destroyed. This winds up the kingdom of Satan on earth; his reign
+terminates, and his subjects are banished. The absence of all the wicked,
+with the transfiguration of all the righteous living and resurrection of
+the just, leave for subjects only those who have passed the period of
+their probation, and are introduced into the everlasting kingdom of God.
+
+The opening of the temple in heaven, and the presentation of the Ark of
+the Covenant, symbolize the unfolding of the mystery, in which the
+administration of God may have been shrouded, making apparent all which
+may have been inexplicable in his dealings with men; and rendering evident
+the verity of his promises to his chosen ones.
+
+The voices, lightnings, thunders, earthquake, and hail, are appropriate
+symbols of the plagues which will fall upon the wicked. These are
+fearfully depicted in the Scriptures. God says to Job, "Hast thou seen the
+treasures of hail which I have reserved against the time of trouble,
+against the day of battle and war," 38:22, 23. Judgment then will be laid
+"to the line, and righteousness to the plummet, and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies. The Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be
+heard, and shall show the lighting down of his arm with the indignation of
+his anger, and with the flame of devouring fire, with scattering, and
+tempest, and hailstones," Isa. 28:17.
+
+This prepares the way for the purification of the earth as foretold by
+Peter (2 Pet. 3:12, 13), the restitution of all things (3:21), the new
+heavens and new earth (21:1), the descent of the saints (21:2), and the
+kingdom of God on the earth, 21:3. Assuming the correctness of the view
+here given, how near to the time now present does it seem to fix the
+consummation!
+
+    "So shall the world go on,
+To good malignant, to bad men benign,
+Under her own weight groaning: till the day
+Appear, of respiration to the just,
+And vengeance to the wicked; at return
+Of him--thy Saviour and thy Lord:
+Last in the clouds from heaven, to be revealed
+In glory of the Father, to dissolve
+Satan, with his perverted world; then raise
+From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,
+New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,
+Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love,
+To bring forth fruits, joy, and eternal bliss."--_Milton._
+
+"The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring
+New heavens and earth, wherein the just shall dwell,
+And after all their tribulations long,
+See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds,
+With joy and love triumphing, and fair truth."--_Ib._
+
+
+
+
+The Woman and Dragon.
+
+
+    "And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the
+    sun, and the moon was under her feet, and on her head a crown of
+    twelve stars; and she, being with child, cried, travailing in
+    birth, and pained to be delivered. And another sign appeared in
+    heaven: and behold, a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten
+    horns, and seven diadems on his heads. And his tail dragged the
+    third part of the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth: and
+    the dragon stood before the woman, who was about to be delivered,
+    to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she brought forth
+    a male child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron; and
+    her child was snatched up to God, and to his throne. And the woman
+    fled into the desert, where she hath a place there prepared of
+    God, that they should feed her there one thousand two hundred and
+    sixty days."--Rev. 12:1-6.
+
+
+With this chapter commences a new series of events, extending through the
+entire gospel dispensation; the former series being terminated by the
+events of the last trumpet.
+
+The heaven, where these great "wonders" are exhibited, must symbolize the
+theatre of their fulfilment--the station to be occupied by the agents
+symbolized, which must be as conspicuous as heaven is relatively high
+above the earth.
+
+The woman, according to the use of the symbol in other places, must be a
+representative of the church. As the harlot on a scarlet-colored beast
+(17:3), is a symbol of a corrupt and apostate church, so a virtuous woman
+is a chosen symbol of the true church.
+
+The "Jerusalem which is above is the mother" of all true Christians (Gal.
+4:26); she is also "the bride, the Lamb's wife" (21:9); and "the remnant
+of _her seed_," are those "which keep the commandments of God, and have
+the testimony of Jesus Christ," v. 17. Her robe of light, her position
+above the moon, and her crown of stars, indicate her greatness and glory.
+
+The epoch symbolized, as appears from the relative position of the woman
+and dragon, is evidently just prior to the first advent of the Messiah,
+when his coming was eagerly anticipated and ardently desired by the
+church, and the Roman power had thereby been excited to jealousy.
+
+The church is the same in all ages, comprising only the true people of
+God; all of whom will have part in the first resurrection, 20:6. The
+Jewish church was continued by the breaking off of unbelieving branches,
+and the grafting in of believing Gentiles with believing Jews, who alike
+partake of the root and fatness of the same olive-tree, Rom. 11:17.
+
+Previous to the first advent, the Jewish church occupied a high political
+position, above that of the inferior officers of state, and was in the
+enjoyment of imperial favor. Patriarchs and prophets--the messengers of the
+church--were stars in her crown of rejoicing, 1:20. From the utterance of
+the prediction that the woman's seed should bruise the serpent's head
+(Gen. 3:15), the coming of the promised deliverer was the great desire of
+the church. Even Eve exclaimed, at the birth of her first-born
+(_literally_), "I have gotten _the_ man from the Lord," Gen. 4:1. For his
+coming,
+
+"Kings and prophets waited long
+But died without the sight."
+
+They "inquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that
+should come unto you: searching what, or what manner of time the spirit of
+Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the
+sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow," 1 Pet. 1:10, 11.
+"Many righteous men desired" to see his day (Matt. 13:17); Abraham
+rejoiced and was made glad at its prospect, when in the distant future
+(John, 8:56); and Hezekiah lamented that because of death he should not
+see "the Lord in the land of the living," Isa. 38:11.
+
+The seventy weeks indicated to the Jews the time of "the Messiah, the
+Prince," Dan. 9:26-27. When these were near their termination, to the
+pious and devout Simeon who was "waiting for the consolation of Israel,"
+it "was revealed by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death before he
+had seen the Lord's Christ," Luke 2:25, 26. And the opinion was so
+general, that when the _Baptist_ preceded him, "the people were in
+expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were
+the Christ or no," Luke 3:15. This expectation is testified to by the
+Jewish historians Philo and Josephus; and it was that which so troubled
+Herod, when wise men came, saying, "Where is he that is born King of the
+Jews?" Matt. 2:1-3.
+
+The belief that some remarkable personage was about to appear in Judea,
+was not confined to Palestine, but extended to Egypt, Rome, Greece, and
+wherever the Jews were scattered abroad. Says Suetonius, a Roman
+historian: "An ancient and settled persuasion prevailed throughout the
+East, that the Fates had decreed some one to proceed from Judea, who
+should attain universal empire." And Tacitus, another Roman historian,
+says: "Many were persuaded that it was contained in the ancient books of
+their priests, that at that very time the East should prevail, and that
+some one should proceed from Judea, and possess the dominion."
+
+The great red dragon sustains a relation to the woman, analogous to that
+sustained by the nondescript beast (of Dan. 7:7), to the saints of the
+Most High; and his position respecting the man-child is like that of the
+exceeding great horn (Dan. 8:9), to the Prince of princes, Dan. 8:25. Like
+the beast referred to, the dragon has ten horns; and its characteristics
+indicate that it also symbolizes the Roman empire,--"the fourth kingdom
+upon earth," Dan. 7:23. The dragon is a monster serpent. "That old
+serpent" who seduced Eve (Gen. 3:5), "called the devil" (Matt. 4:1-12),
+and "Satan" (2 Cor. 2:11), "who deceiveth the whole world," is an
+appropriate representative of Rome.
+
+The "head" of a beast, sustains a relation to the beast analogous to that
+of the government to the people of an empire. It is that by which the
+beast is directed and governed. When distinguished from the body of the
+beast (Dan. 7:11), according to the analogy, it must be understood as a
+symbol of the directing and controlling power, in the kingdom indicated by
+the beast. Several heads on the same beast, on this principle, must
+indicate the several forms of government to which the nation is subject.
+As these cannot be contemporary, like the divisions of a kingdom
+represented by the horns, they must be successive. To suppose they
+represent different governments, destroys the analogy, and makes them
+separate beasts, instead of heads of the same beast; and no government can
+be subject to more than one head at the same time.
+
+The "seven heads" of the dragon, then, symbolize the directing and
+controlling powers which ruled the Roman empire,--the seven successive
+forms of government under which it existed. Rome was founded about B. C.
+753, from small beginnings, on the summit of Mount Palatine, and gradually
+increased in extent, till it spread over seven hills: the Palatine,
+Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline, Coelius, and Quirinalia; and its
+population of about three thousand in the time of Romulus, increased to
+about two millions in the time of Augustus Cæsar.
+
+Previous to the subversion of the empire, Rome existed under different
+forms of government, as follows:--
+
+1. _Kingly._--The first government established was a monarchy, and lasted
+two hundred and forty-four years, under seven kings, viz., Romulus, Numa,
+Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquin Priscus, Servius Tullius, and
+Tarquin the Proud, who was afterwards expelled from the throne. This was
+denominated the infancy of the Roman empire.
+
+2. _Consular._--In B. C. 509, the constitution of Rome was remodelled, and
+the executive power committed to two consuls, to be elected annually. This
+commenced the "Commonwealth of Rome."
+
+3. _Dictatorial._--The office of dictator was the highest known in Rome,
+and was only resorted to in cases of emergency. He was elected for six
+months only, and usually resigned his authority, which, for the time, was
+nearly absolute, as soon as he had effected the object for which he was
+chosen.
+
+4. _Decemviral._--In B. C. 451, the government was so changed, that,
+instead of the two consuls, the government was committed to ten men, to be
+chosen annually, and jointly exercise the sovereign power. After two years
+the decemvirs were banished, and the consular government was restored.
+
+5. _Tribunitial._--In B. C. 426, Rome having become a military state,
+military tribunes were substituted for the consular power, till B. C. 366,
+when the latter was again restored.
+
+6. _Pagan Imperial._--With the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, the Roman
+Commonwealth terminated; and Augustus Cæsar united in his own person not
+only the offices of Consul, Tribune, &c., but also that of _Supreme
+Pontiff_,--the head of the pagan hierarchy. This last office, says Gibbon,
+"was constantly exercised by the emperors." Thus were united the highest
+civil and ecclesiastical powers of the state.
+
+7. _Christian Imperial._--In A. D. 312, the government was revolutionized,
+by the accession of Constantine to the throne. He effected important
+changes in the relations of the people to the monarch, opposed idolatry,
+and by the introduction of Christianity, effected a political change in
+the laws and administration of the empire. This continued, with a slight
+interruption under Julian the Apostate, till the subversion of the Western
+empire, A. D. 476.
+
+Mr. Elliott, in explanation of the first five heads, says: "I adopt, with
+the most entire satisfaction, that generally-received Protestant
+interpretation, which, following the authoritative statement of Livy and
+Tacitus (the latter great historian, St. John's own contemporary),
+enumerates kings, consuls, dictators, decemvirs, and military tribunes, as
+the first five constitutional heads of the Roman city and commonwealth;
+then as the sixth, the Imperial head, commencing with Octavian."--_Horæ
+Apoca._, vol. III., p. 106, 4th ed.
+
+Those heads are shown to symbolize seven forms of government, by the
+explanation that "they are seven mountains where the woman sits on them
+[mountains also symbolizing governments], and are seven kings," 17:9, 10.
+And they are shown to be successive, by the fact that, when John wrote,
+the first five had passed away, one only then existed,--the Pagan
+Imperial,--and the other head was then in the future, 17:10.
+
+The "ten horns" also symbolize kings, or dynasties; but, unlike the heads,
+instead of being successive, they are contemporaneous. According to the
+explanation, they had received no kingdom when John wrote, and were all to
+exercise power at the same time: "The ten horns which thou didst see, are
+ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom; but they receive power as
+kings, one hour with the wild beast," 17:12. These will be more
+particularly noticed in connection with the thirteenth chapter, and there
+shown to be the ten contemporaneous governments which succeeded to the
+dominion, on the subversion of the Western Empire. See p. 169.
+
+The "seven crowns" on the heads of the dragon, indicate that the acts here
+symbolized, would be fulfilled during the period when the sovereignty of
+Rome should be vested in the forms of government symbolized by the heads,
+and not during that symbolized by the horns.
+
+The woman appeared in the symbolic heavens anterior to the dragon. Prior
+to the birth of Christ, the church was conspicuous and honored. The
+sacrifices which smoked on Jewish altars, were offered to Jehovah. The
+subjects of the divine government conducted their service with all the
+splendor imparted by the Jewish ritual. Royalty was an appendage of the
+nation: the sceptre did not depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from
+between his feet, till Shiloh came, Gen. 49:10. By an alliance with the
+Romans, B. C. 135, Rome took its position in the presence of the woman.
+
+The first act of the dragon was by a sweep of its tail to draw down
+one-third of the stars, and to cast them to the earth. This was before the
+birth of the man-child. After Rome attained the supremacy, Judea
+proportionably suffered. Her glory was measurably dimmed by many
+indignities before her subjugation to Rome was consummated. Jerusalem was
+repeatedly besieged. At one time (B. C. 94) Alexander Jannæus slew six
+thousand persons on account of their meeting in the temple at the feast of
+tabernacles. In B. C. 63, Judea was conquered by Pompey, the Roman
+general. In B. C. 54, Crassus plundered the temple of Jerusalem. In B. C.
+37, Jerusalem was taken, after a siege of six months. Various other
+difficulties occurred between Judea and Rome, previous to the Saviour's
+advent, on account of which she was greatly depressed and humbled, so that
+it might with propriety be said that one-third of her stars were cast to
+the ground. This depression was one great reason why the church within her
+borders looked so earnestly for a Deliverer.
+
+The Man-child is the one "who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron,"
+according to the prediction of Christ in the second Psalm; which proves
+its reference to the Saviour.
+
+The purpose of the dragon to destroy the child of the woman as soon as it
+should be born, in accordance with the view here taken, would symbolize
+the purpose of the Roman power, by the agency of Herod the Roman governor
+in Judea, to destroy the infant Saviour. "When he had gathered all the
+chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them
+where Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem, in
+Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet." And Herod "sent forth and
+slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts
+thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had
+diligently inquired of the wise men," Matt. 2:1-16. Thus Rome sought to
+slay the Saviour as soon as he was born; but Joseph took the child and
+fled into Egypt. Afterwards Christ was crucified by Roman soldiers, and
+deposited in the tomb, arising again the third day.
+
+His being caught up to God and to his throne, symbolizes his resurrection
+from the dead, and ascension from the Mount of Olives (Acts 1:9), to the
+right hand of the Majesty on high; "whom the heaven must receive until the
+times of restitution of all things," _Ib._ 3:21.
+
+The flight of the woman into the wilderness, denotes her descent from the
+conspicuous position she had occupied, and the dispersion of the church.
+With the crucifixion of Christ, Judaism was no longer the casket in which
+the church was enshrined. It left its place in the moral heavens, and the
+followers of Christ were scattered abroad, Acts 8:1-4. Thus she virtually
+fled into the wilderness--into the condition, where, subsequently, she was
+to be nourished for 1260 prophetic days.
+
+It is objected to the application of the man-child to the Saviour, that it
+should be prophetic, and not retrospective. This objection would be
+equally valid to the application of the symbolic heads, against which it
+is never urged. That which is retrospective, to be appropriately
+symbolized, must be in harmony with, and explanatory of other parts. Thus,
+by the man-child and previous travail of the woman, she is identified, and
+her relation to the dragon established. No other subject could fulfil the
+conditions of the symbol, for of no other was it predicted: "Thou art my
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.--Ask of me, and I shall give thee the
+heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for
+thy possession.--Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash
+them in pieces like a potter's vessel," Psa. 2:8-10.
+
+
+
+
+The War in Heaven.
+
+
+    "And a war took place in heaven: Michael and his angels fought
+    with the dragon;, and the dragon fought and his angels, and he
+    prevailed not; nor was their place found any more in heaven. And
+    the great dragon was cast out, the old serpent, called the Devil,
+    and Satan, who deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the
+    earth, and his angels were cast out with him."--Rev. 12:7-9.
+
+
+The churches,--which on the persecution subsequent to the Pentecostal
+season were scattered abroad, and went everywhere preaching the word (Acts
+8:4),--afterwards had rest, and were multiplied, _Ib._ 9:31. They were thus
+enabled again to act a conspicuous part, as symbolized by the contest
+between Michael and the dragon.
+
+The contest symbolized, is a religious one; for the dragon is overcome "by
+the word of their testimony," v. 11.
+
+Michael and his angels, then, must symbolize the body of Christ,--the
+apostles, and their successor, under the guidance of the Lord,--who
+constituted an army of religious teachers. With the arrows of truth they
+assailed the idolatrous combinations of their opponents. Under the first
+seal, they are represented by a mounted warrior, with bow and crown, going
+forth conquering and to conquer, 6:2. See p. 58.
+
+The dragon, with the appendages of heads, horns, and diadems, was seen to
+be a symbol of the Roman government. Divested of those, it would simply
+represent the Pagan hierarchy with which the contest was waged. The
+heathen priests and their adherents, thus warred with the preachers of
+Christianity.
+
+Its prevailing not, shows the relative success of the two parties. The
+struggle continued from the day of Pentecost till the accession of
+Constantine. The church waded through bloody scenes of bitter persecution,
+which, instead of diminishing, greatly added to her numbers--"the blood of
+the martyrs" proving "the seed of the church."
+
+The heathen priests were not deficient in logic, philosophy, and artful
+sophistry, by which to defend their mythology. They exhausted these, and
+then resorted to persecution, torture, and death; yet they prevailed not.
+With the weapons of truth, the teachers of Christianity successfully
+assailed those antiquated forms of error,--overcoming "by the blood of the
+Lamb, and by the word of their testimony." "They loved not their lives
+unto the death," but freely gave themselves for Christ, till, in time, the
+current of popular favor ceased to flow in the direction of paganism. The
+accession of Constantine to the throne, put an end to the dragonic period
+of Rome; the Pagan service gave place to the worship of Jehovah. The rites
+of heathenism were no longer the religion of the state, and its ministers
+were displaced from the exalted position they had so long occupied. Their
+place was no longer in the symbolic heavens, but in a less conspicuous
+station.
+
+The casting out of the dragon, would then be this expulsion of the pagan
+hierarchy from its national importance, and the dejection of the
+priesthood and their adherents to the earth,--below their former high
+station,--and to the sea, among the unsettled tribes and nations outside of
+Rome. This being a religious and not a political event, it does not
+immediately affect Rome's nationality. That it is not the overthrow of a
+kingdom, but of religious rites, is shown by the rejoicings which
+followed.
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicings of the Victors.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now is come the
+    salvation and the strength, and the Kingdom of or God, and the
+    power of his Anointed: for the accuser of our brethren it cast
+    out, who accused them before our God day and night. And they
+    overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their
+    testimony; and they loved not their lives to death. On this
+    account, rejoice, ye heavens, and ye who dwell in them."--Rev.
+    12:10-12.
+
+
+The loud voice is heard in the symbolic heaven from which the Dragon had
+been cast. By the displacement of the Pagan hierarchy, and the
+substitution of Christianity under Constantine, the adherents of the
+latter succeeded to the place of the former, and rejoiced over them.
+
+A loud voice symbolizes the utterance of the thoughts and feelings of an
+interested multitude. The nature of the voice indicates the nature of the
+utterance--whether it be one of expectation, fear, warning, or instruction.
+This voice is expressive of the then prevalent expectation, that, with the
+displacement of Paganism commenced the establishment of the Kingdom of God
+on earth. This belief was not necessarily well founded;--its _existence_
+only being symbolized.
+
+On the triumph of Constantine over Licinius, Eusebius says:--"There were
+illuminations everywhere. They who were before dejected looked on one
+another with joyful aspects and smiles, and with choirs and hymns through
+the cities and country, gave honor first to God, the Supreme Ruler of all,
+as they were taught, and then to the pious emperor and his children." Says
+Mr Lord:
+
+"Eusebius represents the victors at the precipitation of Maxentius and his
+attendants into the Tiber, as saying, like Moses at the overthrow of the
+Egyptians in the Red Sea: 'Let us sing to the Lord, for he is signally
+glorified. Horse and rider he has thrown into the sea. The Lord my helper
+and defender was with me unto salvation. Who, O Lord, is like to thee
+among gods? Who is like to thee, glorified by the holy, admirable in
+praise, doing wonders? Constantine entered Rome in triumph, hymning these
+and similar passages to God, the author of the victory.' And on the fall
+of Licinius he represents the church as uniting in thanksgiving for the
+deliverance, and congratulations at the overthrow of idolatry, and
+establishment of Christ's kingdom; and devotes the tenth book of his
+history to the edicts of the emperor by which the church was nationalized
+and endowed, and to the restoration of the temples, and the public
+rejoicings at their dedication. 'Let thanks be given by all to the
+Almighty Ruler of the universe, and to Jesus Christ, our Saviour and
+Redeemer, through whom we pray that peace from external foes may be
+uninterruptedly preserved to us, and tranquillity of mind.'
+
+" 'Let us sing to the Lord a new song, for he has done wonderful things.
+His right hand has saved him and his holy arm. The Lord has made known his
+salvation; he has revealed his righteousness in the presence of the
+nations. We may now appropriately respond to the inspired command to sing
+a new song, inasmuch as after such direful spectacles and narrations we
+now have the happiness to see and celebrate what many holy men before us
+and the martyrs for God desired to see on earth, and did not see, and to
+hear, and have not heard. But advancing more rapidly they attained far
+superior gifts in heaven, being caught up to the paradise of celestial
+joy; while we acknowledge the gifts we enjoy are greater than we deserve,
+and contemplate with wonder the largeness of the divine bounty. Admiring
+and adoring with all our souls, we testify to the truth of the prophet's
+words, "Come and see the works of the Lord, what wonders he has wrought in
+the earth, abolishing wars to the ends of the world. The bow he has
+broken, he has dashed the arms, the shield he has burned in the fire."
+Rejoicing at the manifest fulfilment of these predictions to us, we go on
+with our history.' He goes on accordingly to represent the whole
+population, freed from the domination of the tyrants, and relieved from
+oppression, as acknowledging the only true God and protector of the pious,
+and these especially who had placed their hope in Christ, as filled with
+inexpressible joy; the ministers everywhere delivering commemorative
+addresses, and the whole multitude offering praises and thanksgiving to
+God.
+
+"Lactantius also: 'Let us celebrate the triumph of God with gladness; let
+us commemorate his victory with praise; let us make mention in our prayers
+day and night of the peace which, after ten years of persecution, he has
+conferred on his people.' "--_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 343-4.
+
+Multitudes actually supposed the long-predicted kingdom of God was now
+being established. Says Mr. Elliott:
+
+"Can we wonder, then, at the exultation that was felt at this time by
+many, perhaps by most, that bore the Christian name: or at their
+high-raised expectations as to the future happy destiny of the Roman, now
+that it had been changed into the Christian, nation? It seemed to them as
+if it had become God's covenanted people, like Israel of old: and the
+expectation was not unnatural,--an expectation strengthened by the
+remarkable tranquillity which, throughout the extent of the now reünited
+empire, followed almost immediately on Constantine's establishment of
+Christianity,--that not only the temporal blessings of the ancient Jewish
+covenant would thenceforth in no small measure attach to them, but even
+those prophesied of as appertaining to the latter day. Hence on the medals
+of that era the emblem of the phoenix, all radiant with the rising
+sunbeams, to represent the empire as now risen into new life and hope, and
+its legend which spoke of the happy restoration of the times. Hence, in
+forgetfulness of all former prognostications of Antichrist and fearful
+coming evils, the reference by some of the most eminent of their bishops
+to the latter-day blessedness, as even then about fulfilling. The state of
+things was such, Eusebius tells us, that it looked like 'the very image of
+the kingdom of Christ.' The city built by the emperor at Jerusalem, beside
+the new and magnificent Church of the Holy Sepulchre,--the sacred capital,
+as it were, to the new empire,--might be, perhaps, he suggested, the New
+Jerusalem, the theme of so many prophecies. Yet again, on occasion of the
+opening of the new church at Tyre, he expressed in the following glowing
+language, not his own feelings only, but those, we may be sure, of not a
+few of the congregated Christian ministers and people that heard him:
+'What so many of the Lord's saints and confessors before our time desired
+to see, and saw not, and to hear, and heard not, that behold now before
+our eyes! It was of us the prophet spake when he told how the wildernesses
+and solitary places should be glad, and the desert rejoice and blossom as
+the lily. Whereas the church was widowed and desolate, her children have
+now to exclaim to her, Make room, enlarge thy borders! the place is too
+strait for us. The promise is fulfilling to her, In righteousness shalt
+thou be established: all thy children shall be taught of God: and great
+shall be the peace of thy children.' "--_Horæ Apoc._, v. i., pp. 230-1.
+
+They rejoiced over the downfall of the dragon as over "the Accuser of our
+brethren, who accused them before our God day and night." The phrase "our
+brethren," proves that those who unite in this song are the living saints
+on the earth. The reference to Satan as an Accuser bears a close
+resemblance to Zech. 3:1, where Joshua, as a symbol of the people of
+Israel, is represented as standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan
+standing at his right hand to resist him.--"{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TET~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~} Satan signifies an
+_adversary_. {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TET~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} _lesiteno_, to be his adversary or accuser."--_Dr.
+Clark._
+
+Satan's most common work is to invent false accusations against those
+whose efforts tend to frustrate his designs. The Christians had endured
+false accusations and bitter persecutions, and therefore rejoiced the more
+over the defeat of the Pagans.
+
+
+
+
+The Flight of the Woman.
+
+
+    "Woe to the inhabitants of the earth, and of the sea! for the
+    devil is come to you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that
+    he hath but a short season."
+
+
+    "And when the dragon saw that he was cast out into the earth, he
+    persecuted the woman, who brought forth the male child. And two
+    wings of a great eagle were given to the woman, that she might fly
+    into the desert, into her place, where she is nourished for a
+    time, and times, and half a time, from the presence of the
+    serpent. And the serpent cast out of his mouth water like a river,
+    after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away by the
+    river. And the earth helped the woman; and the earth opened its
+    mouth and swallowed up the river, which the dragon cast out of his
+    mouth. And the dragon was enraged against the woman, and went away
+    to make war with the remnant of her seed, that keep the
+    commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus."--Rev.
+    12:12-17.
+
+
+The rejoicing of Christians, according to this symbolization, is
+afterwards followed by renewed triumphs of the Pagans over them. The
+hatred of the Pagan worshippers to Christianity, is strikingly evinced;
+but it is manifested in a manner different from the former contest.
+
+When the church sought only to overcome by "the blood of the Lamb, and by
+the word of their testimony," it was owned of Christ; but as it became
+proud and worldly, and cared more for popular favor than for purity of
+faith and practice, the true church which the woman symbolized, was
+represented only by those who continued faithful to their profession.
+Historians inform us that with the success of Constantine, the visible
+church became speedily corrupt. As it became popular, unconverted men
+sought to be enrolled as members. The Pagans, instead of approaching as
+enemies, came as professed friends. As a profession of Christianity was
+alone necessary for admission to the church, multitudes sought connection
+with it. This caused a condition of things, of which Dr. Milner thus
+speaks:--"In the general appearance of the church, we cannot see much of
+the spirit of godliness. External piety flourished. But faith, love,
+heavenly-mindedness appear very rare. The doctrine of real conversion was
+very much lost, and external baptism placed in its stead: and the true
+doctrine of justification by faith, and true practical use of a crucified
+Saviour for troubled consciences were scarcely to be seen at this time.
+Superstition and self-righteousness were making vigorous shoots; and the
+real gospel of Christ was hidden from the men that professed it."
+
+To the same effect is the report of Mosheim:--Of the life and morals of the
+professing Christians of the fourth century, he says: "Good men were, as
+before, mixed with bad; but the bad were by degrees so multiplied, that
+men truly holy and devoted to God appeared more rarely; and the pious few
+were almost oppressed by the vicious multitude." Of their doctrines he
+says: "Fictions, of early origin" (about saint veneration and relics, a
+purifying fire, celibacy, &c., &c.), "now so prevailed as in course of
+time almost to thrust true religion aside, or at least to exceedingly
+obscure and tarnish it."
+
+Says Mr Lord:--"Constantine and his successors introduced a flood of false
+doctrines, superstitions and idolatries, into the church, which were
+incompatible with a pure worship, and swept all who yielded to their
+impulse to the gulf of apostasy. Such were the veneration of the cross,
+and ascription to it of miraculous powers, the homage of relics, the
+invocation of saints, the conversion of religion into gorgeous ceremonies,
+the encouragement of celibacy, and the arrogation of the throne and
+prerogatives of God by civil and ecclesiastical rulers. These falsehoods,
+follies, and impieties, introduced or adopted by the emperors, encouraged
+by their example, sanctioned by their laws, and enforced by the penalties
+of excommunication, imprisonment, the forfeiture of civil rights,
+banishment, and death, came armed with an overpowering force to all who
+were not fortified against them by the special aids of the divine spirit,
+and like a resistless torrent bore away the great mass of the
+church."--_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 350.
+
+With the accession of multitudes of unworthy members, and the prevalence
+of false doctrines, the true church would have been speedily overwhelmed
+had not the people of God been sustained from such deleterious influences.
+To the woman, therefore, were given two wings of a great eagle that she
+might escape. Wings are symbolic of power of flight--for succor, or escape.
+The four-winged leopard of Daniel used his speed to approach and demolish
+the enemy; the woman, to escape hers. The church of old was sustained in
+like manner. Thus God said to Israel, "Ye have seen what I did unto the
+Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you to
+myself."--Ex. 19:4.
+
+On the introduction of new rites and doctrines into the church, multitudes
+withdrew from the public assemblies, and worshipped apart. They retired
+from the observation of their rulers and lived secluded for a long period.
+
+Some may inquire for the historical evidence of the _time_ when such a
+body withdrew. This, from the nature of the case, it may be difficult to
+give. If the withdrawal of the true worshippers had been an occurrence of
+so much notoriety as to be prominently historically noticed, it might have
+defeated their withdrawal. It is sufficient that the prophecy makes such a
+withdrawal necessary; and that at a later period such a body was found
+existing as predicted. See p. 198. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"Her retreat into her place from the face of the serpent, denotes that the
+scene of her residence was unknown to the rulers. The anger of the serpent
+indicates their continued disposition to destroy her, if in their power;
+while its going on to make war with such of her seed as had not retreated
+to the desert, denotes that they continued, after her disappearance, to
+persecute the isolated individuals that from time to time dissented from
+the corrupt church, and professed the pure faith.
+
+"As it was by spiritual aids that the true worshippers were enabled to
+resist the temptations and force by which the rulers endeavored to
+constrain them to apostasy, and to fly to the desert, no specific record
+of those aids is to be sought on the page of history. The only evidence
+that we can ask or possess, that they were conferred, is presented in the
+fact that a body of dissentients from the corrupt church were in a latter
+age found in a secluded scene, who had survived the endeavors of the
+rulers of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and following centuries, to compel all
+their subjects to conformity, and who have continued to maintain a
+separate existence, and offer an unidolatrous worship to the present time.
+
+"And such a body were the Waldenses, inhabiting the eastern valleys of the
+Cottian Alps. They are known, from the testimony of cotemporary Catholics
+and their own authors, to have existed there as early as the eleventh
+century. It was then, and is now, claimed by themselves, and admitted by
+their enemies, that they had subsisted there from a much earlier age.
+These were a Christian church, having the Scriptures of the Old and New
+Testaments, regarding them as a revelation from God, and making them the
+rule of their faith; having a ministry of their own, holding religious
+assemblies, professing and teaching the doctrines of the gospel, and
+celebrating the sacraments.
+
+"They were distinguished for the simplicity and purity of their lives. It
+was asserted by them, and repeated by the Catholics, that they were
+induced to retreat to the secluded valleys which they inhabit, to escape
+the despotism of the rulers and the corruptions and tyranny of the church,
+soon after its nationalization by Constantine. They have continued to
+subsist there to the present time, as a separate and evangelical
+church."--_Exp. Apoc._, pp. 348, 349, 359.
+
+Says Mr. Elliott:--"I must not pass on without pressing on the reader's
+notice this notable pre-figuration of the seclusion of Christ's church in
+the wilderness, as the true and fittest answer to the Romish
+anti-Protestant taunt, 'Where was your religion before Luther?'
+Protestants have not duly, as it seems to me, applied the answer here
+given. For the wilderness-life necessarily, as I must repeat,--and that on
+Bossuet's own showing,--implies the _invisibility_ of her who lives in it.
+And consequently, instead of the long previous invisibility of a church
+like the Lutheran, or Anglican Reformed, of the sixteenth century, in
+respect of doctrine and worship, being an argument against, it is an
+argument for it. The Romish church, which never knew the predicted
+wilderness-life, could not, for this very reason, be the woman of the 12th
+Apocalyptic chapter; that is, could not be the true church of Christ.
+
+"For 1260 prophetic days, then, or years, she was to disappear from men's
+view in the Roman world. Is it asked how her vitality was preserved?
+Doubtless in her children, known to God, though for the most part unknown
+to men; just like the 7000 that Elijah knew not of, who had not bowed the
+knee to Baal; some, it might be, in monasteries, some in the secular walks
+of life; but all alike insulated in spirit from those around them, and as
+regards the usual means of grace, spiritually destitute and desolate; even
+as in a barren and dry land, where no water is.--Besides whom, some few
+there were of her children,--some very few,--prepared, like Elijah of old,
+to act a bolder part, and stand forth, under special commission from God,
+as Christ's witnesses before Christendom."--_Horæ Apoc._, pp. 55-57.
+
+The flood of water cast out after the woman, is an appropriate symbol of
+the various tribes which subsequently overran the Western empire. Waters
+symbolize peoples, 17:15; and by hordes of barbarian Huns, Goths, and
+Vandals, Rome was inundated as by a flood, in the 5th century; and in A.
+D. 476 its government was entirely subverted.
+
+Such an irruption of barbarians might be expected to extirpate
+Christianity from the earth; but help came from an unexpected quarter. The
+woman had retired to her secure retreat, and the earth swallowed up the
+flood. Those barbarous tribes were absorbed by, and mixed with, the
+previous population of the empire, and constituted the clay ingredient
+with the iron, in the feet of the metallic image.--Dan. 2:41. They rapidly
+assimilated to the character and habits of the previous inhabitants; and
+ultimately adopted the forms of government and religion which for a time
+they subverted; and within the limits of the Western empire, in the place
+of the Imperial head, constituted ten contemporary kingdoms. These were a
+continuation of the former government, and were symbolized by:
+
+
+
+
+The Ten-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    "And I was standing on the sand of the sea, and saw a wild beast
+    ascending out of the sea, having ten horns and seven heads, and on
+    his horns ten diadems, and on his heads names of reviling. And the
+    wild beast, which I saw was like a leopard, and his feet were like
+    those of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion: and the
+    dragon gave him his power, and his throne, and great authority.
+    And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his
+    deadly wound was healed: and all the world admired and followed
+    the beast. And they worshipped the dragon, for he gave power to
+    the wild beast: and they worshipped the wild beast, saying, Who is
+    like the wild beast, and who is able to make war with him?"--Rev.
+    18:1-4.
+
+
+The sea, from which this beast emerged, is evidently the turbulent state
+of anarchy, to which the people of the fourth kingdom had been reduced, on
+its subversion. And the beast which came up out of the sea, represents the
+forms of government which then arose.
+
+Its heads and horns synchronize with those of the dragonic monster, which
+had preceded it, and disappeared from the view of the revelator. And they
+doubtless symbolize the same forms of government. See pp. 145-148.
+
+The ten crowns encircling its horns, indicate that an era is foreshadowed,
+when the sovereignty of the kingdom shall have been transferred from the
+forms of government symbolized by the heads,--which had before been
+encircled by the crowns,--to that represented by the horns. There is great
+unanimity among Protestant writers, in regarding these as the first ten
+kingdoms which existed in the western empire arising during the period of
+its decline, viz:
+
+1. The Huns in Hungary, from A. D. 356.
+
+2. The Ostrogoths in Mysia, from A. D. 377. They invaded Italy, and
+conquered the Heruli in 493; and were defeated in 538 by Justinian, when
+the Pope was placed in quiet possession of the capital of Rome.
+
+3. The Visigoths in Pannonia, from A. D. 378 to 408, when they removed to
+the south of France till 585. They then removed to, and subjugated Spain.
+
+4. The Franks in France, from A. D. 407.
+
+5. The Vandals in Spain, from A. D. 407 till 427, when they removed to
+Africa, and continued an independent kingdom till subjugated by Justinian
+in 533.
+
+6. The Suevi and Alans in Gascoigne and Spain, from 407 till 585.
+
+7. The Burgundians in Burgundy, from A. D. 407 till 524, when they became
+subject for a time to the Franks; but afterwards they arose again to an
+independent kingdom.
+
+8. The Heruli, who advanced into Italy under Attila, and in 476 terminated
+the imperial rule by the dethronement of Agustulus. They were in turn
+conquered by the Ostrogoths in A. D. 493.
+
+9. The Saxons and Angles in Britain from about A. D. 450. And,
+
+10. The Lombards in Germany, from A. D. 483.
+
+The name of blasphemy, on the heads of this beast, identifies it as the
+successor and representative of the persecuting power which sought the
+life of the Man-child, (12:4), and caused the woman to flee to the
+wilderness, 12:14.
+
+Its characteristics resemble those of the lion, bear, and leopard, of
+Daniel's vision (Dan. 7:4-6), which respectively symbolized the
+Babylonian, Medo-Persian, and Grecian kingdoms. These mark it as their
+successor--synchronizing with Daniel's ten-horned nondescript beast, (Dan.
+7:7); which was the fourth kingdom that should exist on the earth, and the
+ten horns of which, symbolized the same ten-fold partition of the Roman
+empire.
+
+His power, seat, and great authority being given by the dragon, is another
+evidence that it is a continuation of that fourth kingdom succeeding to
+its sovereignty. The laws of the ancient empire were generally adopted by
+the ten kingdoms, which assumed and exercised the prerogatives of ancient
+Rome. Says Bossuet: "Whoever carefully examines the laws of the Theodosian
+and Justinian codes against heretics, will see that they are the source of
+the decrees against them, that the church, aided by the edicts of princes,
+enacted in the third and fourth Lateran councils."
+
+The head, which was as it were wounded to death, would indicate that under
+the government symbolized by that head, the life of the beast had become
+apparently extinct. This was the case when the empire was subverted. In
+the succession of the previous forms of government, the empire itself was
+not in any particular peril. They gave place, each to its successor,
+without any subversion of the government. But when the seventh head ceased
+to exercise sovereignty, the beast itself was apparently dead. The wound,
+however, did not prove mortal. The beast still lived. Its sovereignty was
+perpetuated by the decemregal governments; which constituted the eighth
+form of government--symbolized by the beast that was, is not, and yet is
+again in existence and will continue till the day of perdition, 17:11;
+19:20.
+
+They worshipped the dragon and beast, by regarding the latter as a
+continuation of the former power, and regarding the sovereign power of
+Rome as unparalleled and invincible--as is shown by the questions: "Who is
+like unto the beast? Who is able to make war with him?" Those combined
+governments were regarded by their subjects with wonder and veneration.
+Says Mr. Lord: "The serfs and common people, sunk for ages to the most
+degraded vassalage, revered the monarchs, the various ranks of nobles, and
+their armed followers, as a superior race, while poets and historians
+celebrated their warlike exploits, and philosophers and priests justified
+their usurpations, and eulogized the wisdom and benignity of their rule."
+
+
+
+
+The Mouth of the Beast.
+
+
+    "And there was given to him a mouth speaking great things and
+    revilings; and power was given to him to make war forty-two
+    months. And he opened his mouth in reviling against God, to revile
+    his name, and his tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven. And
+    it was given to him to make war with the saints, and to overcome
+    them: and power was given him over every tribe, and people, and
+    tongue, and nation. And all, who dwell on the earth, will worship
+    him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the slain
+    Lamb, from the foundation of the world. If any one hath an ear,
+    let him hear. If any one leadeth into captivity, he will go into
+    captivity: if any one killeth by the sword, he must be killed with
+    the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints."--Rev.
+    13:5-10.
+
+
+The mouth of the beast, must symbolize the agency by which utterance is
+given to the great things and blasphemies which are spoken by it. Its
+likeness to the mouth of the lion, shows its resemblance to the Babylonian
+worship of the dead. Moses was "not eloquent,"--he was "slow of speech and
+of a slow tongue," and the Lord said to him, Aaron "shall be thy spokesman
+unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of _a
+mouth_," Ex. 4:10, 16. As Aaron was a mouth to Moses, so did the Papacy
+become a mouth-piece for the Roman kingdoms. It was the agency by which
+the people were taught; and through which utterance was given to the
+blasphemies of the beast. It fills a place analogous to that of the image
+afterwards symbolized, which also had like power to speak blasphemies. See
+p. 188.
+
+The beast had power to continue to utter blasphemies by the mouth given to
+it, forty-two months. This identifies the mouth with that of the "little
+horn" (Dan. 7:25), of which it was said, "He shall speak great words
+against the Most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall
+be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of
+time"--_i.e._ 1260 prophetic days.
+
+1. This mouth uttered blasphemy against God by claiming to be Christ's
+vicegerent--usurping the prerogatives of the Almighty. The Pope claimed
+that he was "Judge, as God's Vicar, and could himself be judged by none."
+In A. D. 799, a Roman council declined to hear accusations against the
+Pope, declaring that "he who was Judge of all men, was above being judged
+by any other than himself." Febroni wrote of the Pope: "He is the Prince
+of princes and Lord of lords. He is, as it were, a God on earth. He is
+above right, superior to law, superior to the canons. He can do all things
+against right, and without right. He is able to free from obligation in
+matters of positive right, without any cause, and they who are so released
+are safe in respect to God." Assuming such prerogatives, and the power to
+forgive sins, the Holy name of God was blasphemed.
+
+2. He blasphemed the tabernacle of God by "exalting himself above all that
+is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the
+_temple_ of God, showing himself that he is God," 2 Thess. 2:2. The Pope
+claimed to be the head of the church and that from himself was derived the
+authority of all bishops and other clergy. He usurped the powers in the
+church, which only Christ, its Supreme Head and Lawgiver can exercise.
+
+3. Those in heaven were blasphemed, by the ascription to them of the
+attributes and prerogatives of God; and by representing them as being well
+pleased with the bestowal on them of divine honors. Saint-worship by the
+Papists and demon-worship by the Pagans are alike. They both ascribe the
+same attributes to the spirits of the departed,--all the gods of the
+heathen being the ghosts of their departed heroes. A revival of this
+blasphemy, is subsequently symbolized by the frog-like spirits which
+emerge from the mouths of the beast, the dragon, and false prophet,
+16:13,--see p. 255.
+
+In connection with and in obedience to this mouth, the beast warred with
+the saints, and overcame them. Dissenters from the Papacy were subjected
+to unheard of cruelties and persecutions. And they whose names were not
+written in the book of life, sustained their rulers in these oppressive
+acts. In paying more deference to the edicts of government than to the
+requirements of Jehovah, they blasphemously bestowed on the beast an
+homage which was due only to God.
+
+The revelator being shown what was to be endured by the saints during a
+long period of oppression, now receives an annunciation to which all were
+to listen,--all who had ears to hear. It was the announcement, that "if any
+one leadeth into captivity, he will go into captivity: if any one killeth
+with the sword, he must be killed with the sword." Most commentators have
+considered this as applicable to the fate of the wild beast,--that its end
+was to be effected by the sword and captivity, as it had in the same way
+tyrannized over the saints. Mr. Lord offers some reasons for supposing
+that it was a caution to the saints not to resist with the sword the
+attacks of enemies, nor to retaliate by making captives of the subjects of
+the beast who should fall into their power. He says:
+
+"The prediction that he who led into captivity should himself become a
+captive, and he that slew with the sword be himself slain, had a signal
+fulfilment in the slaughter and vassalage of all those who attempted to
+deliver themselves by force from the religious tyranny of the European
+monarchs.
+
+"The Albigenses were nearly exterminated by the cruel armies against which
+they attempted to defend themselves, and the small number that remained
+after the devastation of their fields, the conflagration of their cities,
+and the promiscuous slaughters to which they were subjected, were either
+forced to conform to the Catholic church, or driven into other lands. The
+Waldenses perished in far greater numbers by the sword, in their struggles
+for preservation and freedom, than by the fires of martyrdom; and sunk,
+after their contests, to a still more hopeless vassalage to their
+persecutors. The resort to the sword by the Bohemians and the Huguenots of
+France, to defend their religious freedom, resulted, after vast
+slaughters, in their defeat and helpless subjection to the tyranny from
+which they endeavored to extricate themselves. And the Protestants of
+Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain, who
+succeeded in delivering themselves from the dominion of their ancient
+tyrants, instead of securing thereby their religious liberty, only placed
+themselves, by the nationalization of their churches, under the tyranny of
+Protestant rulers in place of Catholics."--_Exp. of Apoc._ p. 384.
+
+In this was to be exhibited the patience and faith of the saints, who,
+amid all their persecutions, made a wonderful manifestation of these. Of
+the many thousands put to death, or subjected to satanic cruelties for
+their faith, only a very few apostatized. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"Of those who, under the insupportable agonies and distraction of the
+scourge and the rack, recanted, or promised a recantation, a large
+proportion immediately on being released from the sufferings which had
+overcome them, abjured their retractions, re-professed with redoubled
+energy the faith of Christ, and met without faltering the hideous death to
+which they were immediately hurried. Such is their uniform history in
+whatever age they fell, or to whatever nation or rank they
+belonged."--_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 385.
+
+If there was no other evidence of their constancy, faith, and patience,
+the horrid instruments of torture which were resorted to to terrify them,
+testify to their adherence to their principles, which required such
+engines for their subversion.
+
+The end of this beast, will be effected by his being cast alive into the
+lake of fire and brimstone, when the Lord shall make war with him, 19:20.
+This is also the end of Daniel's fourth beast, whose body is to be given
+to the burning flame (Dan. 7:11), and of the scarlet-colored beast on
+which the woman was seated, which is to go into perdition, 17:8.
+
+
+
+
+The Two-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    "And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the earth, and he
+    had two horns like a lamb, and he spoke like a dragon. And he
+    exerciseth all the power of the first wild beast, in his sight,
+    and causeth the earth and those, who dwell in it, to worship the
+    first wild beast, whose deadly wound was healed. And he performeth
+    great signs, so that he causeth fire to come down from heaven into
+    the earth in the sight of men. And he deceiveth those, who dwell
+    on the earth, by means of the signs which it was given him to
+    perform in the sight of the wild beast; saying to those, who dwell
+    on the earth, that they should make an image to the wild beast,
+    that had the wound by a sword, and did live."--Rev. 13:11-14.
+
+
+The coming up of another beast must symbolize the rise of another
+government. As the two-horned beast exercises its power before ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})
+_i.e._ _in the presence_, of the first beast, it is a contemporary power,
+and must necessarily symbolize a kingdom outside of the territory of the
+ten-horned beast. Within that territory it would be one of the horns of
+that beast; but a separate beast requires a separate territory. As it
+arises out of the earth, while it is outside of the territory occupied by
+the ten kingdoms, it must exist within that occupied by the _former_ Roman
+empire, and commence its existence during a period of settled government.
+
+All the forms of Roman government symbolized by the dragon, were also
+symbolized by the wild beast; and as the deadly wound of the former was
+healed in the latter, the two constitute one beast. As that is called the
+"first beast," the rise of the kingdom symbolized by the two-horned beast
+must have been subsequent to the commencement of the Roman empire. And as
+it caused those who dwell on the earth to worship that beast after its
+deadly wound was healed, it must have arisen anterior to the healing of
+that wound; and, consequently, before the succession of the ten kingdoms
+to the sovereignty of Rome, with which it held an intimate relation.
+
+The only kingdom which has arisen within the geographical locality, and at
+the epoch required by these conditions of the symbol, is the Eastern Roman
+empire; which, consequently, is the government represented by the
+two-horned beast.
+
+The imperial heads of Rome date from the battle of Actium, B. C. 31; but
+the Eastern empire was not commenced, till A. D. 324, when Constantine
+removed the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople. Rome was, previous
+to that removal, the undisputed queen of nations, and Constantine was
+without a rival. Why he should abandon Rome, the citadel and throne of the
+Cæsars, for an obscure corner of Thrace, has never been satisfactorily
+explained. Says Dr. Croly: "The change of government to Constantinople
+still perplexes the historian. It was an act in direct repugnance to the
+whole course of the ancient prejudices."
+
+The indifference with which Constantine viewed the country of the Cæsars,
+was regarded by Gibbon as the cause of removal.
+
+He transferred the customs and forms of the Roman government, and there
+exercised all the powers of the empire,--the Italians still obeying the
+edicts which he condescended to address from Constantinople to the Senate
+and people of Rome. The western division continued dependent on the
+eastern head, till the death of Theodosius, A. D. 395. His two sons,
+Arcadius and Honorius, "were saluted by the unanimous consent of mankind,
+as the lawful emperors of the East, and of the West,"--the European
+boundary being "not very different from that which separates the Germans
+from the Turks."--Gibbon, v. 2, p. 199. Gibbon calls this "the final and
+permanent division of the Roman empire." But its existence as a beast more
+properly dates from the removal of Constantine.
+
+Its two horns like a lamb, must symbolize two divisions of the kingdom.
+These may be contemporary, like those symbolized by the ten horns (17:12),
+or successive, like the two horns of the ram, Dan. 8:3, 20. From the
+history of the Eastern empire, the latter is the more probable; and its
+historical resemblance to the government symbolized by the ram, may be the
+reason of the comparison to "horns like a lamb." As Persia was a
+government outside of Media, and succeeded to its sovereignty, so did the
+kingdom of the Turks originate outside of the Eastern empire, and at
+length come in, occupy its territory, and succeed to its sovereignty, A.
+D. 1253. With this view, the horns would symbolize the kings of Eastern
+Rome and of Turkey. See pp. 99-104.
+
+Its dragon-like speech shows it to be a blasphemous, persecuting power,
+like that which persecuted the woman, 12:17. Though the Greek empire
+claimed to be Christian, a successor of Constantine, Julian the Apostate,
+renounced Christianity, endeavored to restore the Pagan service in
+Constantinople, and "declared himself the _implacable enemy of Christ_."
+He assumed the character of Supreme Pontiff, and thus placed himself at
+the head of the Pagan worship. He labored incessantly to restore and
+propagate those dragonic rites, and even thought to disprove the
+predictions of Christ by rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem. "He affected
+to pity the unhappy Christians, as mistaken in the most important object
+of their lives; but his pity was degraded by contempt, his contempt was
+embittered by hatred; and the sentiments of Julian were expressed in a
+style of sarcastic wit which inflicts a deep and deadly wound whenever it
+issues from the mouth of a sovereign." And he intimated that they might
+have occasion "to dread, not only confiscation and exile, but fire and the
+sword."--_Gibbon._
+
+The successors of Julian, though Christian in name, issued cruel and
+tyrannical edicts. Valens embraced Arianism, and bitterly persecuted the
+Orthodox party. Justinian established Catholicism by arms. Theodosius
+proscribed Paganism by the infliction of severe penalties. Marcian and Leo
+"enforced, with arms and edicts, the symbols of their faith," and it was
+declared that "the decrees of the synod of Chalcedon might be lawfully
+supported, even with blood." And after the accession of the Mohammedan
+power, religious intolerance towards dissenting creeds was still more
+rigidly enforced.
+
+The Eastern empire exercised all the power of the Western. The original
+organization of its government was the same, and it had the same titles
+and prerogatives. Gibbon says of Julian: "The spirit of his
+administration, and his regard for the place of his nativity, induced him
+to confer on the senate of Constantinople the same honors, privileges, and
+authority which were still enjoyed by the senate of ancient Rome."
+
+It caused worship to be bestowed on the first beast, by extending to the
+Latin rulers that aid which enabled them to perpetuate their system of
+tyranny, to legislate over the laws and subjects of Jehovah, and to claim
+the obedience which only God can demand. The arms of Justinian, both in
+the East and West, caused the Roman name to be respected, and its favor
+sought for.
+
+The wonders to be performed by it, may be as yet involved in some
+obscurity. But by these it is identified as the power which afterwards
+became the seat of the False Prophet. When the "beast" is taken, "the
+false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived
+them that had the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image,"
+is cast with him "into a lake of fire burning with brimstone," 19:20. This
+identifies the two-horned beast as the Mohammedan kingdom. It also proves
+that the Romanic Turkish government will continue till the Second Advent.
+
+Among the wonders it would perform, making fire come down from heaven is
+specified. John does not intimate that he saw, in vision, fire thus
+descend. The fact is spoken of; and therefore it is not necessarily
+symbolic, but may refer to literal fire. Gibbon, in speaking of "the
+novelty, the terrors, and the real efficacy of the _Greek fire_," for
+which the Eastern empire was so famous, says:
+
+"The important secret of compounding and directing this artificial flame
+was imparted by Callinicus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria, who deserted
+from the service of the caliph to that of the emperor. The skill of a
+chemist and engineer was equivalent to the succor of fleets and armies;
+and this discovery or improvement of the military art was fortunately
+reserved for the distressful period, when the degenerate Romans of the
+East were incapable of contending with the warlike enthusiasm and youthful
+vigor of the Saracens. The historian who presumes to analyze this
+extraordinary composition, should suspect his own ignorance and that of
+his Byzantine guides, so prone to the marvellous, so careless, and, in
+this instance, so jealous of the truth. From their obscure, and perhaps
+fallacious hints, it should seem that the principal ingredient of the
+Greek fire was the _naphtha_, or liquid bitumen, a light, tenacious, and
+inflammable oil, which springs from the earth, and catches fire as soon as
+it comes in contact with the air. The naphtha was mingled, I know not by
+what methods, or in what proportions, with sulphur, and with the pitch
+that is extracted from evergreen firs. From this mixture, which produced a
+thick smoke and a loud explosion, proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame,
+which not only rose in perpendicular ascent, but likewise burned with
+equal vehemence in descent or lateral progress; instead of being
+extinguished, it was nourished and quickened by the element of water; and
+sand, urine, or vinegar, were the only remedies that could damp the fury
+of this powerful agent, which was justly denominated by the Greeks, the
+_liquid_, or _maritime_ fire. For the annoyance of the enemy, it was
+employed with equal effect by sea and land, in battles or in sieges. It
+was either poured from the rampart in large boilers, or launched in
+red-hot balls of stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins, twisted
+round with flax and tow, which had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil;
+sometimes it was deposited in fire-ships, the victims and instruments of a
+more ample revenge, and was most commonly blown through long tubes of
+copper, which were planted on the prow of a galley, and fancifully shaped
+into the mouths of savage monsters, that seemed to vomit a stream of
+liquid and consuming fire. This important art was preserved at
+Constantinople, as the palladium of the state; the galleys and _artillery_
+might occasionally be lent to the allies of Rome; but the composition on
+the Greek fire was concealed with the most jealous scruple, and the terror
+of the enemies was increased and prolonged by their ignorance and
+surprise. In the treatise of the administration of the empire, the royal
+author suggests the answers and excuses that might best elude the
+indiscreet curiosity and importunate demands of the barbarians. They
+should be told that the mystery of the Greek fire had been revealed by an
+angel to the first and greatest of the Constantines, with a sacred
+injunction, that this gift of _heaven_, this peculiar blessing of the
+Romans should never be communicated to any foreign nation; that the prince
+and subject were alike bound to religious silence under the temporal and
+spiritual penalties of treason and sacrilege; and that the impious attempt
+would provoke the sudden and supernatural vengeance of the God of the
+Christians. By these precautions the secret was confined, above four
+hundred years, to the Romans of the East; and at the end of the eleventh
+century, the Pisans, to whom every sea and every art were familiar,
+suffered the effects, without understanding the composition, of the Greek
+fire. It was at length either discovered or stolen by the Mohammedans;
+and, in the holy wars of Syria and Egypt, they retorted an invention,
+contrived against themselves, on the heads of the Christians. A knight,
+who despised the swords and lances of the Saracens, relates, with
+heartfelt sincerity, his own fears and those of his companions, at the
+sight and sound of the mischievous engine that discharged a torrent of the
+Greek fire, the _feu Gregeois_, as it is styled by the more early of the
+French writers. It came flying through the air, says Joinville, like a
+winged long-tailed dragon, about the thickness of a hogshead, with the
+report of thunder, and the velocity of lightning; and the darkness of
+night was _dispelled by this deadly illumination_."--_Hist. Rome_, vol.
+III., pp. 465-467.
+
+Its use is thus described by the same author, when the Greeks turned its
+power against the Saracens, at the siege of Constantinople, A. D. 718:
+
+"The Greeks would gladly have ransomed their religion and empire, by a
+fine or assessment of a piece of gold on the head of each inhabitant of
+the city; but the liberal offer was rejected with disdain, and the
+presumption of Moslemah was exalted by the speedy approach and invincible
+force of the natives of Egypt and Syria. They are said to have amounted to
+eighteen hundred ships: the number betrays their inconsiderable size; and
+of the twenty stout and capacious vessels, whose magnitude impeded their
+progress, each was manned with no more than one hundred heavy-armed
+soldiers. This huge armada proceeded on a smooth sea and with a gentle
+gale, towards the mouth of the Bosphorus; the surface of the strait was
+over-shadowed, in the language of the Greeks, with a moving forest, and
+the same fatal night had been fixed by the Saracen chief for a general
+assault by sea and land. To allure the confidence of the enemy, the
+emperor had thrown aside the chain that usually guarded the entrance of
+the harbor: but while they hesitated whether they should seize the
+opportunity or apprehend the snare, the ministers of destruction were at
+hand. The fireships of the Greeks were launched against them: the Arabs,
+their arms and vessels, were involved in the same flames, the disorderly
+fugitives were dashed against each other, or overwhelmed in the waves; and
+I no longer find a vestige of the fleet, that had threatened to extirpate
+the Roman name."--_Ib._, p. 464.
+
+It deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by its miracles. This deception
+resulted in the creation of:
+
+
+
+
+The Image of the Beast.
+
+
+    "And it was given to him to give breath to the image of the wild
+    beast, that the image of the wild beast should even speak, and to
+    cause, that as many as would not worship the image of the wild
+    beast, should be killed. And he causeth all, the small and the
+    great, and the rich and the poor, and the free and the bond, to
+    receive a mark on their right hand, or on their forehead. And that
+    no one might buy or sell, but he, who had the mark, the name of
+    the wild beast, or the number of his name."--Rev. 13:15-18.
+
+
+This new creation is not another beast, but the image of one. An image is
+only the _likeness_ of something. As the beast symbolizes a political
+power, its image must symbolize some analogous power of a different
+nature; and this likeness can only be found in a religious government.
+
+1. The beast which received its death-wound (v. 14), was the form of
+government to which the image was made, _i.e._, the imperial. Of this the
+Roman hierarchy was a perfect counterpart. It was an ecclesiastical
+government, coëxtensive in its authority with the political power of the
+empire. And, like the officers of the civil, there was a regular gradation
+of rank in the subordinates of the religious government. The head of the
+former was an emperor, chosen by an electoral college,--the senators of
+Rome.(3) The head of the latter was a Pope, chosen in a similar manner by
+the college of Cardinals,--the ecclesiastical senators of the religious
+empire. Each of those bodies constituted the highest deliberative and
+legislative body in its respective government. The empire had its
+governors of provinces, appointed by the imperial head; and the spiritual
+rule of the church was, in like manner, sustained by diocesan bishops who,
+in their respective provinces, were governors in spiritual matters and
+creatures of the Pope. Subordinate offices in the state and church, also,
+singularly corresponded.
+
+2. The religious customs of the empire, as well as its political, were
+likewise imitated by the papacy. Rome deified her heroes; the papacy
+canonized her saints. The ghosts of the departed were the gods of the
+heathen; and the papists supplicate the dead. The Pagans burned incense to
+their gods; the Papists burn incense in their religious ceremonies. The
+ancient heathen sprinkled themselves with "holy water;" the Papists use
+the same material in a similar manner. Lactantius says of the Pagans, they
+"light up candles to God as if he lived in the dark; and do they not
+deserve to pass for madmen who offer lamps to the author and giver of
+light?" This custom is imitated by the Papists in the use of wax candles
+on their altars.
+
+The ancient Romans prostrated themselves before images of wood and stone;
+and Jerome tells us that "by idols were to be understood the images of the
+dead." In Catholic Rome, worshippers prostrated themselves before images
+of departed saints. The old Roman Pantheon, which was dedicated by Agrippa
+"to Jove, _and all the gods_," was re-consecrated by Pope Boniface IV.,
+about A. D. 610, "_to the blessed Virgin and all the saints_." As in the
+old pagan temple, any stranger could find the god of his own country; so
+in its re-consecrated state, each country could find its patron saint.
+Other temples were changed and re-consecrated in the same manner. The
+ancient statue of Jupiter stands now as the statue of St. Peter. The
+pagans had their vestal virgins; the Papists their nuns.
+
+Dr. Middleton, who visited Rome in 1729, says:
+
+"Nothing, I found, concurred so much with my original intention of
+conversing with the ancients; or so much helped my imagination, to find
+myself wandering about in old heathen Rome, as to observe and attend to
+their religious worship; all whose ceremonies appear plainly to have been
+copied from the rituals of primitive Paganism: as if handed down by an
+uninterrupted succession from the priests of old, to the priests of new
+Rome, whilst each of them readily explained, and called to mind some
+passages of a classic author, where the same ceremony was described, as
+transacted in the same form and manner, and in the same place where I now
+saw it executed before my eyes."--_Dowl. Hist. of Rom._, p. 114.
+
+Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"After a struggle of more than four centuries, the ecclesiastics of all
+the hierarchies in the empire were united in one vast organization, with
+the pontiff as their supreme legislative and judicial head, and a single
+ecclesiastical government was established over the whole Roman church,
+after the model of the civil government of the ancient empire under
+Constantine and his successors. It is, accordingly, denominated by
+Catholics themselves a monarchy. 'All Catholic doctors agree in this, that
+the ecclesiastical government committed to men by God is a
+monarchy.'--_Bellarmini de Rom. Pont._, lib. i., c. v. Bellarmine devotes
+his first book 'of the Pontiff' to prove that such is and ought to be its
+government. 'If the monarchical is the best form of government, as we have
+shown, and it is certain that the church of God instituted by Christ its
+head, who is supremely wise, ought to be governed in the best manner, who
+can deny that its rule ought to be monarchical?'--_Ib._, i., c. ix., p.
+527.
+
+"The canonists are accustomed, accordingly, to denominate the Pope a king.
+
+"The pontiffs were as absolutely the legislative and judicial head of this
+ecclesiastical kingdom, as the emperors from Constantine to Augustulus
+were of the civil empire, and imposed whatever laws they pleased on
+subordinate ecclesiastics and on the church by decrees, in the same manner
+as those emperors enacted laws by edicts. The decrees, bulls of
+canonization, sentences, charters, and other legislative and judicial acts
+of the pontiffs, from Gregory VII., in 1073, to Benedict XIV., in 1757,
+collected in the Bullarium Magnum, fill nineteen folios. Many others are
+contained in the decretals and councils.
+
+"They appointed to all ecclesiastical offices throughout the empire, as
+the Christian emperors appointed to all civil and military offices in
+their dominions.
+
+"They exacted oaths of fidelity from all whom they advanced to important
+offices; as the emperors exacted engagements of fidelity from their civil
+magistrates.
+
+"They established courts in which all violations of their laws were tried,
+and a tribunal at the capital for the decision of appeals. There were
+gradations of rank in the hierarchy, like those of the magistrates of the
+civil empire. The hierarchies, as nationalized by Constantine, were formed
+in each patriarchate, after the model of the civil government in the
+provinces. The hierarchy of the western kingdoms, under the Pope, was
+formed after that pattern; having archbishops or metropolitans at the head
+of the clergy of each nation, or large district, and bishops, abbots, and
+a long catalogue of subordinate ranks, under each metropolitan.
+
+"They levied taxes for their support on ecclesiastics and laics.
+
+"They inflicted ecclesiastical penalties on the violators of their laws;
+exclusion from communion, suspension from office, deposition,
+excommunication, and a sentence of eternal death."--_Exp. of Apoc._, pp.
+429-432.
+
+These, with many other striking resemblances, demonstrate that the Roman
+hierarchy, in all its great features, was a counterpart to imperial
+Rome--an image of, and belonging to, the seven-headed, ten-horned monster,
+whose deadly wound was healed.
+
+Life was to be given to this image by the two-horned beast. The papal
+hierarchy is created when its supremacy over other churches is declared
+and _sustained_; and the power by which this is done, is that which gives
+life to it. This was done, according to the following history, by the
+Eastern empire.
+
+The power of the papacy, symbolized by the image, had been predicted in
+Daniel under the symbol of "a Little Horn," that came up among the
+previous "ten horns," before whom "there were three of the first horns
+plucked up by the roots: and behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes
+of man, and a mouth speaking great things," Dan. 7:8. These horns were
+thus explained to Daniel: "The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom
+upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the
+whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces. And the ten
+horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another
+shall arise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he
+shall subdue three kings. And he shall speak great words against the Most
+High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change
+times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and
+times and the dividing of time. But the judgment shall sit, and they shall
+take away his dominion to consume and to destroy it unto the end. And the
+kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole
+heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey
+him." _Ib._ vs. 23-27.
+
+When Paul spoke of the second coming of Christ, in his first epistle to
+the Thessalonians, they understood that it was an event then imminent. The
+apostle, in his second epistle, corrects this impression, by referring to
+the foregoing prediction in Daniel, which must be previously fulfilled. He
+assures them that "the day of Christ" "shall not come, except there be" an
+apostasy, or "a falling away first, and that Man of Sin," or the lawless
+one, "be revealed, the son of perdition; who opposeth and exalteth himself
+above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he, as God,
+sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. Remember ye
+not, that when I was yet with you, I told you these things? And now ye
+know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. For the
+mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let,
+until he be taken out of the way. And then shall that Wicked be revealed,
+whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall
+destroy with the brightness of his coming," 2 Thess. 2:2-8.
+
+The uniform application of these predictions to the Papacy, by Protestant
+writers, renders it unnecessary to argue this point. That power began
+early to be manifested, but its full development was "let," _i.e._,
+hindered, by the continuance of the Western empire, which had to be taken
+out of its way. Tertullian, near the close of the second century, in
+expounding those words, says: "Who can this be but the Roman state, the
+division of which into ten kingdoms will bring on Antichrist?" And he
+gives as a reason why the Christians of his time prayed for the Roman
+empire: that _the greatest calamity hanging over the world was retarded by
+the continuance of it_. Cyril of Jerusalem in the fourth century applied
+the passage in the same manner, and says:
+
+"Thus the predicted Antichrist will come when the times of the Roman
+empire shall be fulfilled, and the consummation of the world shall
+approach. Ten kings of the Romans shall arise together, in different
+places indeed, but they shall reign at the same time. Among these the
+eleventh is Antichrist, who, by magical and wicked artifice, shall seize
+the Roman power." A large number of the ancient fathers interpreted this
+text in the same manner.
+
+In A. D. 257, 1260 years before the time of Luther, Stephen, Bishop of
+Rome, began to act the pope in good earnest,--excommunicating those who
+dissented from the doctrines of Rome.
+
+In 312, 1260 years before the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572,
+Constantine became Emperor of Rome, embraced Christianity, and terminated
+the last and bloodiest of the Pagan persecutions--that of Diocletian, which
+had continued ten years. Constantine undertook to remodel the church, in
+conformity to the government of the state, and the unhallowed union of the
+two resulted in the dignities of patriarchs, exarchs, archbishops, canons,
+prebendaries, &c., which he endowed with wealth and worldly honors.
+
+While paganism was superseded by Christianity under Constantine, its
+ceremonies were not suppressed. The senate was still pagan; and "the
+title, the ensigns, and the prerogatives of Sovereign Pontiff, which had
+been instituted by Numa, and assumed by Augustus, were accepted, without
+hesitation, by seven Christian emperors."--_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 183. Gratian
+became emperor, A. D. 376, and was the first who refused the pontifical
+robe. In 378, he invested Theodosius with the Empire of the East; under
+their rule paganism was "wholly extirpated," and the senate was suddenly
+converted.--_Ib._ That which hindered was thus taken out of the way. In
+378, also, Gratian refusing the office, Damasus, the Bishop of Rome, was
+"declared Pontifix Maximus,"(4) and made "the sole judge in religious
+matters." All who would not adhere to the religion "professed by the
+Pontiff Damasus, and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria," were declared
+heretics.--_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 156. Damasus, by virtue of his power,
+introduced the worship of the saints, and of Mary, "the mother of
+God,"--excommunicating those who dissented. Thus the apostasy, by adopting
+the gods of the heathen, and the name of the heathen pontiff, began to be
+set up, and the excommunicated church disappeared in the wilderness.
+
+In the ninth century a document was produced, which claimed to be a deed
+of gift from Constantine to the Pope, dated A. D. 324, ceding him the city
+of Rome and all Italy, with the crown, the mitre, &c.; but the forgery of
+this has been fully exposed. With the removal of the capital of the world
+to Constantinople, the empire began to decline; but the church augmented
+as fast. A provisional synod at Sardica, in A. D. 344, and a decree of the
+Emperor Valentinian III., in 445, had acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as
+the primate of the five patriarchs, and as the last tribunal of appeal
+from the other bishops; but the edicts of the Pope were often disregarded
+and opposed, and he continued subject to the civil power till the
+subversion of the Western empire by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in A. D.
+476.
+
+The ten kingdoms which had arisen on the ruins of the Western empire (p.
+169), had nearly all embraced Christianity, corrupted by Arianism. And the
+barbarians transferred to their Christian instructors, the profound
+submission and reverence which they were accustomed to yield to the
+teachers of paganism,--many of the rites and ceremonies of which had been
+incorporated into the Catholic service. Ecclesiastical courts were
+established, in which were tried all questions relating to character,
+office, or property of the clergy; and thus they became nearly independent
+of the civil judges.
+
+The Heruli, which was the first of the ten horns plucked up, were
+conquered by the Ostrogoths, in A. D. 493, when all Italy submitted to
+Theodoric. He fixed his capital at Ravenna, which left the Pope the only
+Prince of Rome; and the Romans, for protection, were forced to pay more
+deference to him.
+
+About A. D. 500, two Popes were simultaneously elected, when Theodoric
+gave the papal chair to Symmachus. Gross crimes being alleged against him
+by the defeated party, the king summoned a council in A. D. 503 to
+investigate the charges; and he was acquitted. The other party being
+dissatisfied, Ennodius, Bishop Ticonum, drew up an apology for the Pope
+and council, in which, for the first time, the Pope was styled a "Judge in
+the place of God, and Vicegerent of the Most High;" and "subject to no
+earthly tribunal." Thus did the Lawless One attempt, "as God," to "sit in
+the temple of God."
+
+In A. D. 533, Justinian, Emperor at Constantinople, being about to attack
+the Vandals in Africa, and wishing first to settle the religious disputes
+of his capital in which he felt a great interest, he submitted the
+controversy to the primate of Rome. To induce a decision in his own favor,
+or to give force to it, he acknowledged the Bishop of Rome the Chief of
+the whole Ecclesiastical body of the empire; and thus addressed him, in a
+letter sent by two distinguished prelates:--
+
+
+    "Justinian, pious, fortunate, renowned, triumphant emperor,
+    consul, &c., to John, the most holy Archbishop of our city of
+    Rome, and patriarch.
+
+
+    "Rendering honor to the Apostolic chair, and to your Holiness, as
+    has been always and is our wish, and honoring your blessedness as
+    a father; we have hastened to bring to the knowledge of your
+    Holiness all matters relating to the state of the churches. It
+    having been at all times our great desire to preserve the unity of
+    your Apostolic chair, and the constitution of the holy churches of
+    God which has obtained hitherto, and still obtains.
+
+
+    "Therefore we have made no delay in subjecting and uniting to your
+    Holiness all the priests of the whole East.
+
+
+    "For this reason we have thought fit to bring to your notice the
+    present matters of disturbance; though they are manifest and
+    unquestionable, and always firmly held and declared by the whole
+    priesthood according to the doctrine of your Apostolic chair. For
+    we cannot suffer that anything which relates to the state of the
+    Church, however manifest and unquestionable, should be moved,
+    without the knowledge of your Holiness, who are The Head of all
+    the Holy Churches, for in all things, as we have already declared,
+    we are anxious to increase the honor and authority of your
+    Apostolic chair."
+
+
+Says Dr. Croly:--
+
+"The emperor's letter must have been sent before the 25th of March, 533.
+For, in his letter of that date to Epiphanius he speaks of its having been
+already despatched, and repeats his decision, that all affairs touching
+the church shall be referred to the Pope, 'head of all bishops, and the
+true and effective corrector of heretics.'
+
+"In the same month of the following year, 534, the Pope returned an answer
+repeating the language of the emperor, applauding his homage to the See,
+and adopting the titles of the imperial mandate. He observes that, among
+the virtues of Justinian, 'one shines as a star, his reverence for the
+Apostolic chair, to which he has subjected and united all the churches, it
+being truly the head of all; and was testified by the rules of the
+fathers, the laws of the princes, and the declarations of the emperor's
+piety.'
+
+"The authenticity of the title receives unanswerable proof from the edicts
+in the 'Novellæ' of the Justinian code.
+
+"The preamble of the 9th states that 'as the elder Rome was the founder of
+the laws, so was it not to be questioned that in her was the supremacy of
+the pontificate.'
+
+"The 131st, on the ecclesiastical titles and privileges, chapter II.
+states: 'We therefore decree that the most holy Pope of the elder Rome is
+the first of all the priesthood, and that the most blessed archbishop of
+Constantinople, the new Rome, shall hold the second rank after the holy
+Apostolic chair of the elder Rome.'
+
+"The supremacy of the Pope had by those mandates and edicts received the
+fullest sanction that could be given by the authority of the master of the
+Roman world. However worthless the motives, the act was done, authentic
+and unquestionable, sanctioned by all the forms of state, and never
+abrogated,--the act of the first potentate in the world. If the supremacy
+over the church of God had been for man to give, it might have been given
+by the unrivalled sovereignty of Justinian.
+
+"From this era the church of Rome dates the earthly acknowledgment of her
+claim. Its heavenly authority is referred to the remoter source of the
+apostles."--_Apoc._, pp. 14-16, 30, 31.
+
+The war against the Vandals was vigorously prosecuted by Belisarius,
+Justinian's general, and resulted in their conquest the same year. Thus
+was the second of the first ten divisions of the empire subjugated: the
+second horn was plucked up.
+
+Rome was still in possession of an Arian monarch, who was the bitter enemy
+of the Catholic church. Intelligence of the success of Belisarius in
+Africa reached the emperor, Dec. 16th, A. D. 533. "Impatient to abolish
+the temporal and spiritual tyranny of the Vandals, he proceeded, without
+delay, _to the full establishment of the Catholic church_."--_Gibbon_,
+Harpers' ed., v. 3, p. 67. Belisarius proceeded to the conquest of Italy,
+which he effected, and marched on to Rome. Only 4000 soldiers were
+stationed for its defence; and they could not oppose the wishes of the
+Romans, who voluntarily submitted. Seized with a momentary enthusiasm,
+"they furiously exclaimed that the apostolic throne should no longer be
+profaned by the triumph or toleration of Arianism; that the tombs of the
+Cæsars should no longer be trampled on by the savages of the north; and
+without reflecting that Italy must sink into a province of Constantinople,
+they fondly hailed the restoration of a Roman emperor as a new era of
+freedom and prosperity. The deputies of the Pope and clergy, of the senate
+and people, invited the lieutenant of Justinian to accept their voluntary
+allegiance, and to enter the city." Thus was "the city, after sixty years'
+servitude delivered from the yoke of the barbarians," Dec. 10, A. D. 536.
+And "the Catholics prepared to celebrate, without a rival, the approaching
+festival of the nativity of Christ."--_Ib._ p. 80.
+
+In the winter, the Ostrogoths made preparations, and besieged Rome with an
+army of 150,000 fighting men. Pope Sylverius was suspected of treachery,
+and on proof that he had communicated with the enemy, he was banished by
+Belisarius. At the emperor's command, the clergy of Rome proceeded to the
+choice of a new bishop, and elected "deacon Virgilius, who had purchased
+the papal throne by a bribe of two hundred pounds of gold."--_Ib._ p. 85.
+As he had obtained the papal seat by fraud, it was claimed that he was not
+the lawful Pope; but in A. D. 538, he was owned as such by the 5th General
+Council, and the whole Christian world.--See Bowers' _Hist. Popes_, v. 2,
+p. 374. In March of this year (538),--after "one year and nine days"--the
+Ostrogoths raised the siege of Rome, and burned their tents--one-third of
+their number having perished under its walls. The arms of Justinian
+triumphed, and the Catholic hierarchy was established. The third horn had
+been plucked up by the fall of the third of the first ten divisions of
+Rome.
+
+The Bishop of Constantinople did not submit willingly to the Primacy of
+Rome. On the death of Justinian, the supremacy of the Pope was utterly
+denied; and, in A. D. 588, John, Bishop of Constantinople, himself assumed
+the coveted title of "Universal Bishop." The Roman bishop, Gregory the
+Great, indignant at this usurpation, denounced him as a "usurper, aiming
+at supremacy over the whole church," and declared that whoever claims such
+supremacy "has the pride and character of _Antichrist_."
+
+Boniface succeeded to the Roman See, and in the following year, A. D. 606,
+only two years after Gregory's death, applied to Phocas,--who had ascended
+the throne of Constantinople by the murder of the Emperor Mauritius,--for
+the same blasphemous title, with the privilege of continuing it to his
+successors. His request was granted, the Eastern Bishop was forbidden its
+use, and the Primate of Rome was again acknowledged as "Universal Bishop,"
+and the unrivalled "Head of all the churches." This title has been worn by
+all the succeeding Popes; "but the highest authority," says Dr. Croly,
+"among the civilians and annalists of Rome, spurn the idea that Phocas was
+the founder of the supremacy of Rome. They ascend to Justinian as the only
+legitimate source, and rightly date the title from the memorable year
+533."--_Apoc._ p. 117.
+
+In A. D. 730, Emperor Leo issued an edict for the destruction of all
+images used in religious worship. From that time the Pope scorned his
+authority, and acted in defiance of the emperor's will, who found himself
+unable to compel the Pope to obey the edict.
+
+The Papacy thus defied all human authority; but did not as yet attempt the
+exercise of political power.
+
+In A. D. 756, Pepin, the usurper of the crown of France, compelled the
+King of Lombardy to cede the exarchate of Ravenna to the Pope, "to be
+forever held and possessed by St. Peter and his lawful successors in the
+See of Rome." The Pope had now become a temporal prince, and one of the
+kings of the earth. In A. D. 774, Charlemagne, the successor of Pepin,
+confirmed the former gift, and in addition, subjugated the Lombards, and
+annexed a large portion of their kingdom and the Duchy of Rome to the
+Roman See. In A. D. 817, Louis the Pious, granted "St. Peter's patrimony"
+to the Pope and his successors, "in their own right, principality, and
+dominion, unto the end of the world." Hence, as a temporal prince, the
+Pope wears a triple crown.
+
+In A. D. 800, Charlemagne was solemnly crowned and proclaimed emperor by
+the Pope, having reduced under his sway nearly the whole of Europe. From
+this time the Popes claimed superiority to all kings and emperors,
+received homage from them, and exercised all the rights of sovereignty;
+but they were nominally dependent on the Emperors of the West till A. D.
+1278, when the Emperor Rudolph released the people of the Papal States
+from all allegiance they might still owe to the imperial crown. This act
+was confirmed by the electors and princes of the empire. The Popes, in the
+greatness of their power, crowned and uncrowned kings at their pleasure,
+absolved subjects from all allegiance to their rulers, excommunicated
+whoever they would, and compelled secular princes to put to death
+heretics.
+
+In A. D. 1294, Boniface VIII. became Pope. From his accession Hallam dates
+the decline of the Papacy, which, for "more than two centuries, had been
+on throne of the earth, and reigned despot of the world."--_Dowling_. This
+was 1260 years from the death of Peter,--the earliest time from which they
+can date. His bull of excommunication against Philip of France, being
+disregarded by that monarch, who adroitly made the Pope his prisoner, his
+rage brought on a fever, which caused his death. Only a few succeeding
+pontiffs claimed, and none attempted to enforce, the prerogatives
+exercised by the preceding Popes. For seventy years the successors of
+Boniface resided at Avignon, in France, and paid great deference to the
+monarch of that country. After this was the Western schism, which divided
+the church for forty years,--two rival Popes claiming the mitre, and
+thundering out their anathemas against each other. These events greatly
+weakened the Papacy. About this time appeared Wickliffe and Huss, and
+Jerome of Prague; and still later, in 1517, Martin Luther, in opposition
+to the Papal pretensions, published his Thesis against Indulgences, 1260
+years from the time of the arrogance of Pope Stephen.
+
+In A. D. 1572, 1260 years from the removal of Constantine from Rome to
+Constantinople, occurred the bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew, when in
+one day 5000 Protestants were murdered in Paris, and in the same
+proportion in other parts of France. The persecutions of the Papists
+continued till near the close of the last century; and as late as
+November, 1781, a woman was burned alive by the Inquisition in Spain.
+
+In 1793, 1260 years from Justinian's letter to the Pope, the Papal church,
+with all religion, was entirely suppressed in France. And in 1798, which
+was the same length of time from the establishment of the papacy, by the
+conquest of the Ostrogoths,--the plucking up of the last of the three horns
+in 538, Gen. Berthier entered Rome, compelled the Pope to flee, and
+terminated the Papal government.
+
+The temporal power was afterwards restored; but in 1848, twelve hundred
+and sixty years from 588 when John assumed the title of Universal Bishop,
+the Pope again fled from his throne. Two years subsequently, he was again
+restored.
+
+"Flacius, in his 'Catalogue of Witnesses,' represented the twelve hundred
+and sixty days as having commenced in 606;" and Scott, and several others,
+reckon them from the same epoch.
+
+4. The image had power to speak. It thus filled the office of the "mouth,"
+which was given to the ten-horned beast (v. 5), which synchronizes with
+the view taken of that appendage, p. 172.
+
+5. It should _cause_ the infliction of death on those who should refuse to
+worship. The worship it would exact, is doubtless of the kind bestowed on
+the wild beast, 13:4. The Papal hierarchy claimed to be infallible and
+invincible, and to have power to bind and loose on earth and in heaven;
+those who refused to recognize its claims, if incorrigible, were punished
+with death.
+
+The Image was not to put to death, but would _cause_ them to be killed.
+The symbolization corresponds with the fulfilment in this particular. The
+ecclesiastical officials punished rebellious subjects, by delivering them
+over to the civil arm; which punished heretics according to the will of
+the Papacy. "Lucius III. and Innocent III. by formal decrees required them
+to be seized, condemned, and delivered by the civil magistrates, to be
+capitally punished; and enjoined the princes and magistrates to execute on
+them the sentences denounced by the canon and civil laws."--_Lord's Exp. of
+Apoc._, p. 434. This is substantiated by Bellarmini and other writers.
+Civil rulers, who refused to enforce the decrees of the councils, were
+anathematized, excommunicated, and often deprived of their political
+power. When the Papacy has been reminded of the numbers killed and
+otherwise punished for alleged heresy, she has replied that the civil
+power, and not the church, has done this! She, however, has caused the
+kings of the earth to execute her wishes.
+
+6. The image would cause all to receive the _mark_ of the Beast. A mark is
+a token of recognition. Slaves, soldiers, and the devotees of various
+gods, were thus identified on their hands or foreheads, both before and
+after the time of St. John--slaves by the name of the Emperor on their
+forehead, and soldiers by his name on their hand. Mr. Elliott proves this
+by quotations from Valerius, Maximus, Ælian, Ambrose, and others. The
+devotees of particular gods gained admittance to the secret meetings of
+the worshippers of their respective deity, by a _mark_ by which they
+identified each other. At the present day the Hindoos are marked on the
+forehead by the hieroglyphic of the god they are consecrated to.
+
+The mark of the beast, is its _name_, or the _number_ of its name. The
+ancients often used numbers to indicate names. "Among the Pagans, the
+Egyptian mystics spoke of Mercury, or Thouth, under the number 1218,
+because the Greek letters composing the name Thouth, when estimated
+according to their numerical value, together made up that number. By
+others, Jupiter was invoked under the mystical number 717; because the
+letters of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}, _the beginning_, or _first origin_, which was a
+characteristic title of the supreme deity worshipped as Jupiter, made up
+that number: and Apollo under the number 608, as being that of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, words expressing certain solar attributes. Again, the
+pseudo-Christian or semi-pagan Gnostics, from St. John's time downwards,
+affixed to their gems and amulets, of which multitudes remain even to the
+present day, the mystic word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, under the idea of some
+magic virtue attaching to its number 365, as being that of the days of the
+annual solar circle; and equal moreover with that of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or Mithras,
+the Magian name for the sun, whom they identified also with Christ. Once
+more, the Christian fathers themselves fell into the same fancies, and
+doctrine of mysteriousness in certain verbal numbers. For example, both
+Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria speak of the virtue of the number 318
+as being that of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~} the common abbreviation for Jesus crucified; and
+partly ascribe to its magical virtue the victory which Abraham gained with
+his 318 servants over the Canaanitish kings. Similarly Tertullian refers
+the victory of Gideon, with his 300 men, to the circumstance of that being
+the precise number of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}, the sign of the cross. In the name of Adam, St.
+Cyprian discerned a mysterious numeral affinity to certain characteristics
+in the life and history of the second Adam, Jesus Christ. Irenæus notes
+the remarkable number 888 of the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Jesus. And in the
+pseudo-Sibylline verses, written by Christians about the end, probably, of
+the second century, and consequently not long after Irenæus, we find
+enigmas proposed of precisely the same characters as that in the text;--the
+number being given, and the name required."--_Elliott's Horæ Apoc._, vol.
+iii., pp. 204-6.
+
+The "number of the beast" is indicated in the text by the Greek letters
+"{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}" which were severally used to represent the numbers 600, 60 and 6,
+making 666. As the name of the beast is equivalent to this number, the
+letters in it will represent numbers which amount to six hundred
+threescore and six.
+
+After the division of the Roman empire, the western kingdom adopted for
+itself the name of the Latin kingdom; and its subdivisions were called the
+Latin kingdoms. The church connected with those kingdoms was also
+emphatically called the Latin church. Says Dr. More: "They Latinize
+everything. Mass, prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals, bulls, are
+conceived in Latin. The Papal councils speak in Latin. Women pray in
+Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other language under the Papacy than
+Latin. In short, all things are Latin." The Council of Trent declared the
+Latin Vulgate to be the only authentic version of the Scriptures; and
+their doctors have preferred it to the Hebrew and Greek text, written by
+prophets and apostles.
+
+This Latin kingdom is the only one that ever corresponded to the
+characteristics of the beast. And its name--_Latinos_ in the Greek, and
+_Romiith_ in the Hebrew--is equivalent to the required number.
+
+"The Greek and Hebrew letters composing the words {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~},
+_Romiith_--{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}, _Romanus_--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _Latinos_, each of them making in
+numerals exactly 666, plainly point out not only his name, and the number
+of his name, but also the _mark_ of his _name_; as for example:
+
+in {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} {~HEBREW LETTER TAV~} _Romiith_; so likewise
+400 10 10 40 6 200 = 666
+{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~} {~HEBREW LETTER NUN~} {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~} _Romanus_; and also
+300 6 50 70 40 200 = 666
+the Greek {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _Latinos_,
+30 1 300 5 10 50 70 200 = 666.
+
+in each of which the exact mark is contained.
+
+"It therefore evidently appears, that each name is both a mark and a
+number; a mark, when viewed as made up of so many letters, therefore
+called the mark of his name; a number, when viewed as made up of so many
+numerals, then called the number of his name. But when considered merely
+as a name, derived from _Romiith_, a Roman, or _Romulus_, the founder of
+Rome, a name common among men, it may then be properly called the _mark,
+or number of a man_."--_Fleming's Rise and Fall of Papacy._
+
+To receive the mark of the beast, would be an acknowledgment of subjection
+to it. The connection of the beast and its image was so intimate, that
+submission to the one, was virtual submission to the other. To submit to
+the rites of the church modelled after the wild beast, to profess its
+faith, and to honor its authority, would be a reception of its mark. And
+all persons were compelled to do this, and give evidence of submission to
+its authority on the peril of their lives.
+
+7. Those who should refuse the mark of the beast, were to be prohibited
+from buying and selling. The Lateran Council under Pope Alexander II.,
+passed an act forbidding any to harbor heretics in their houses or to
+trade with them. The Synod of Tours passed a law that no one should assist
+them, "no, not so much as to exercise commerce with them in _selling_ or
+_buying_."(5)--_Elliott._ In 1179, the third Lateran Council sentenced
+certain heretics, "their defenders and harborers, to an anathema, and
+forbid, under an anathema, that any should presume to keep them in their
+house, or on their lands, sustain them, or transact any business with
+them."--_Lord._ "It was just the same fearful penalty of interdict from
+buying and selling, traffic and intercourse, that had been inculcated long
+before by the Pagan Dragon's representative Diocletian, against the early
+Christians."--_Elliott._
+
+So exact a correspondence between the wild beast and the Western kingdoms,
+the two-horned beast and the Eastern empire, and the image to the wild
+beast and the Roman Hierarchy, makes the symbolization of this chapter
+very intelligible. These three agencies will severally continue till the
+end of the world. The latter will be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), and the two former will then be taken and
+"cast alive into the lake of fire," 19:20.
+
+The vision would have been defective without a representation of the end
+of those who refuse to worship the beast, or its image, or to receive
+their mark, and who, although warred against and overcome by the beast,
+should maintain their integrity to Christ. Accordingly the revelator has a
+view of:
+
+
+
+
+The Redeemed on Mount Zion.
+
+
+    "And I looked, and behold a lamb stood on the mount Zion, and with
+    him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having his name and the
+    name of his Father written on their foreheads. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and like the voice of
+    loud thunder: and the voice which I heard was like that of harpers
+    playing with their harps: and they sung as it were a new song
+    before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the
+    elders: and no one could learn the song except the hundred and
+    forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth. These are
+    they, who were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These
+    are they who follow the Lamb wherever he goeth. These were
+    redeemed from among men, the first fruit to God and to the Lamb.
+    And in their mouth no lie was found for they are faultless."--Rev.
+    14:1-5.
+
+
+The Lamb is shown by the connection to be Christ,--here called by one of
+his metaphorical names.
+
+The Mount Zion, doubtless, symbolizes the place where, in the
+regeneration, the Lord will reign with his saints--_i.e._ in the new earth.
+"The Lord shall reign over them in Mount Zion," Micah 4:7.--"And they sung
+a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the
+seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood out of every kindred and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth," 5:9,10.--"And
+I saw a new heavens and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first
+earth were passed away.... And I heard a great voice out of heaven,
+saying, Behold the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with
+them, and they shall, be his people, and God himself shall be with them
+and be their God," 21:1-3.
+
+The names of Mount Zion, and Jerusalem, were both used to denote the city
+which the Lord chose above all the goodly places of earth to put his name
+there. It is proper to designate the heavenly city, the new Jerusalem, by
+all the names which were applied to the old. The king is to be set upon
+the holy hill of Zion--"Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the
+towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces," Psa.
+48:12, 13. "When the Lord shall build up Zion, he shall appear in glory,"
+_Ib._ 102:16. "For the Lord hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his
+habitation. This is my rest forever; here will I dwell; for I have desired
+it," _Ib._ 132:13, 14. "For the Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort
+all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her
+desert like the garden of the Lord; and joy and gladness shall be found
+therein, thanksgiving and the voice of melody.... Therefore the redeemed
+of the Lord shall return and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting
+joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy, and
+sorrow and mourning shall flee away." Isa. 51:3-11. "Awake, awake, put on
+thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalem, the holy
+city; for henceforth there shall no more come into thee the uncircumcised
+and the unclean.... How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of him
+that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good
+tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, 'Thy God
+reigneth!' Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the voice together
+shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye when the Lord shall bring
+again Zion. Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of
+Jerusalem: for the Lord hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed
+Jerusalem." _Ib._ 52:1-9. "And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto
+them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the Lord." _Ib._ 59:20.
+
+The standing of the Lamb on Mount Zion, symbolizes an epoch when Christ
+shall assume a corresponding relation to his people. He there appears in
+person; and "when Christ who is your life, shall appear, then shall ye
+also appear with him in glory," Col. 3:4. It will not be till he shall
+have judged "the quick and the dead at his appearing," (2 Tim. 4:1), that
+"the redeemed from among men" will "follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth."
+
+The 144,000, who are with Christ, correspond with the number which are
+sealed, "of all the tribes of the children of Israel," (7:4); and they are
+doubtless the same persons, who, under the sixth seal, are designated,
+among all denominations of Christians, by the mark of the living God. They
+are there shown to be the godly, who shall be alive on the earth at
+Christ's coming and shall then be changed, and, with the risen dead,
+caught up to meet him in the air.
+
+The sealing process there symbolized, is here shown to be the inscribing
+of the Father's name on their foreheads. The subjects of the beast and its
+image, receive its mark; but the children of God and the Lamb, are
+designated instead, by the name of the Father.
+
+The voice from heaven as the voice of many waters, with the voice of
+harpers, is the singing of the new song which none but the 144,000 could
+learn. Those who are translated at Christ's coming, will be favored above
+all, save two, who will have lived on the earth, insomuch as they will
+have been redeemed from the earth without being subjected to death.
+
+These sing in the presence of the four living creatures and the elders,
+who symbolize those who also are redeemed from among men and will reign on
+the earth, 5:8-10. Consequently those must symbolize the resurrected dead,
+with whom the 144,000 will be ushered into the Lord's presence, 1 Thess.
+4:16, 17. The two bodies of the redeemed, are therefore both represented
+with the Lord on Mount Zion.
+
+Their not being defiled with women, probably implies that they were not
+guilty of idolatry, which is represented by that figure, Ezek. 16:15. They
+had not submitted to the wiles of the woman seated on the scarlet-colored
+beast, (17:3); had not worshipped the beast or its image (14:9), and had
+been true to their Divine Sovereign.
+
+They follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. All the redeemed will
+doubtless thus follow the Lamb, for of all the "great multitude which no
+man could number, of all nations and kindreds, and people, and tongues,"
+who stood before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed "with white
+robes, and palms in their hands," (7:9)--it was said: "The Lamb which is in
+the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living
+fountains of water," 7:17.
+
+Those who are redeemed from among men, are called the "first fruits unto
+God and to the Lamb." They are not necessarily first fruits of the
+redeemed, to distinguish them from others of the redeemed, but are first
+fruits of the race: "Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth,
+that we should be a kind of _first fruits_ of his creatures," James 1:18.
+By his resurrection from the dead, Christ became "the first fruits of them
+that slept," 1 Cor. 15:20. And at his coming there is to be a "first
+resurrection" (20:6), when the bodies of the saints will "be fashioned
+like unto his glorious body" (Phil. 3:21), and thus become the first
+fruits with their risen Head. Those who come up at the second resurrection
+will not attain to that beatific state.
+
+They are faultless, and without guile. They are not perfect by reason of
+any inherent goodness in themselves; for "all we like sheep have gone
+astray ... and the Lord laid on him the iniquity of us all," Isa. 53:6.
+The redeemed church will be faultless, because its members will be
+sanctified and cleansed by the blood of Christ. Such will constitute "a
+glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing ... holy
+and without blemish," Eph. 5:27. While "the nations of them which are
+saved shall walk in the light" of the New Jerusalem, and shall "bring
+their glory and honor into it," there "shall in no wise enter into it
+anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh
+a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb's book of life," 21:24-27.
+
+"There awaiteth at the end
+Such a home, and such a Friend,
+Such a crown, and such a throne,
+Such a harp of heavenly tone,
+Such companions, such employ,
+Such a world of hallowed joy!"--_Bunyan._
+
+
+
+
+The Angel of the Everlasting Gospel.
+
+
+    "And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the
+    everlasting good news to preach to those dwelling on the earth,
+    and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue, and people, saying
+    with a loud voice, Fear God and give glory to him; for the hour of
+    his judgment is come: and worship him who made the heaven, and the
+    earth, and the sea, and fountains of water!"--Rev. 14:6, 7.
+
+
+The era symbolized by the flight of this angel, has been applied, by
+different writers to the epoch of the Reformation, to that of modern
+missions, &c. The view here taken, is that it synchronizes with the
+preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles.
+
+The angel flying through the midst of heaven, doubtless symbolizes a body
+of men conspicuous for their position, energetic in their movements,
+extensive in their operations, and urgent in their proclamation,--whose
+teachings correspond with this announcement of the angel.
+
+The message they bear is that of the everlasting gospel {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+(_evangelion_)--which is, literally, the good news, the glad tidings; that
+which brings "life and immortality to light," 2 Tim. 1:10. It is a message
+which foreshadows the resurrection and coming judgment at Christ's
+appearing; and is therefore called "the gospel of the kingdom," (Matt.
+4:23);--the good news of the glorious kingdom of the Son of God.
+
+It is the preaching of the _everlasting_ gospel which is thus symbolized.
+It is no _new_ gospel; for, "the Scripture foreseeing that God would
+justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto
+Abraham,--saying: In thee shall all nations be blessed," Gal. 3:8. And not
+Abraham alone, but all the fathers "did eat the same spiritual meat, and
+did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual
+Rock that followed them: and that rock was Christ," 1 Cor. 10:3, 4. Of
+this gospel the Jewish nation and a few proselytes, were for ages the sole
+recipients. "Unto them were committed the oracles of God." Rom. 3:2. To
+them pertained "the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the
+giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises," Rom. 9:4.
+But the time had been foretold when the Gentiles should come to their
+light, and kings to the brightness of their rising, Isa. 60:3.
+
+With the coming of Christ, and his rejection of that nation, the gospel,
+was no longer to be confined within its former narrow limits. The Savior
+said to his disciples: "Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing
+them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;
+teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and
+lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world," Matt. 28:19, 20.
+"Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. He that
+believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall
+be damned," Mark 16:15, 16. "Then opened he their understanding that they
+might understand the Scriptures, and he said unto them, Thus it is
+written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, to rise from the dead the
+third day: and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in
+his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem," Luke 24:45-47.
+
+The fulfilment of those predictions and commands could not be more
+beautifully and appropriately symbolized, than by an angel flying "in the
+midst of heaven having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that
+dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and
+people." It could be no other gospel: for Paul testified: "Though we, or
+an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we
+have preached unto you, let him be accursed. As we said before, so say I
+now again, If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have
+received, let him be accursed," Gal. 1:8, 9.
+
+In accordance with the divine command, to preach the gospel to all the
+nations, beginning at Jerusalem, the apostles began their mission; and
+when the Jews rejected their message, they turned to the Gentiles, and
+went everywhere preaching the word "according to the revelation of the
+mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, but now is made
+manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the
+commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the
+obedience of faith," Rom. 16:25, 26.
+
+The first converts to the faith, comprised "Parthians, and Medes, and
+Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia,
+in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of
+Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and
+Arabians," Acts 2:9-12. When the Jews contradicted and blasphemed, "Paul
+and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God
+should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and
+judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the
+Gentiles," Acts 13:46. Afterwards Paul, in writing to the Colossians,
+refers to the gospel as that "which was preached to every creature which
+is under heaven," Col. 1:23.
+
+This gospel was to be preached to those who dwell on the earth, and also
+to all nations. The symbolic earth of the Apocalypse, being generally
+admitted to be the Roman empire under a quiet government, its fulfilment
+would require an early introduction of the gospel there. Accordingly we
+find, within thirty years after the crucifixion of Christ, a flourishing
+church existing in the metropolis of the Roman empire, to which Paul
+addressed one of his most able letters. In it, he thanks God that their
+"faith is spoken of throughout all the world," Rom. 1:8. The apostle had
+then "fully preached the gospel of Christ" from Jerusalem "round about
+[the coast of the Mediterranean] unto Illyricum," (Rom. 16:19);--a country
+on the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. He afterwards visited Rome, and is
+supposed to have preached the gospel as far west as Spain. The apostles
+spread Christianity throughout the Roman empire. Palestine, Syria,
+Natolia, Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, Italy, and the northern
+coast of Africa, contained societies of Christians in the first century.
+In the second century societies existed, and Christ was worshipped, among
+the Germans, Spaniards, French, Celts, and Britons, and many other nations
+in Europe, and almost throughout the whole east. In the fourth century
+Christianity had become the prevailing religion of the empire.
+
+In later times the gospel which began to be preached at Jerusalem, has
+been extended to more distant countries, and is still finding its way to
+every tribe and people that have not before heard its joyful sound. Thus
+has the light of the gospel nearly encircled the globe, having been, in
+one age or another, proclaimed in every known country--fulfilling the words
+of the Saviour: "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world, for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come,"
+Matt. 24:14. "And the gospel must first be published among all nations,"
+Mark 13:10. It would not follow from these predictions that it must be
+preached at the _same time_ to all nations, any more than the light of day
+shines on all parts of the earth at once: but all must have been illumined
+by it before the end.
+
+In accordance with this view, those who are finally redeemed to God "out
+of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation" (5:9), are those who
+will "have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the
+Lamb" (7:14), in consequence of this universal extension of the gospel.
+
+The command to fear and give glory to God, and to worship the Creator of
+all things implies that it was to be proclaimed to worshippers of false
+gods, and was not a mere proclamation addressed to _actual Christians_.
+The Gentiles to whom the apostles preached _were_ actual worshippers of
+such, and needed to be taught the worship of the _true_ God. While Paul
+was at Athens, his spirit was stirred within him when he saw the city
+wholly given to idolatry. "Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars hill, and
+said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too
+superstitious. For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an
+altar with this inscription: TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye
+ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. God that made the world and
+all things therein, seeing that he is the Lord of heaven and earth,
+dwelleth not in temples made with hands," Acts 17:22-24. "Ye know that ye
+were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led," 1
+Cor. 12:2. "For they themselves show us of what manner of entering in we
+had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols, to serve the living and
+true God: and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the
+dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come," 1 Thess.
+1:9, 10.
+
+The great motive, to be held forth to induce men to turn from the worship
+of idols to that of God, was the certainty of the approaching judgment. In
+accordance with this, the apostles make constant references to it. The
+Corinthians are exhorted to "come behind in no gift; waiting for the
+coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall also confirm you unto the end,
+that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ," 1 Cor. 1:7,
+8. As Paul "reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come,
+Felix trembled," Acts 24:25. He said to the impenitent Romans, that they
+were "treasuring up to themselves wrath against the day of wrath, and
+revelation of the righteous judgment of God," Rom. 2:5. The first things
+which were presented in all their teachings were "the foundation of
+repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, of the doctrine of
+baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and
+of eternal judgment," Heb. 6:1, 2. Thus "Enoch also, the seventh from
+Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold the Lord cometh with ten
+thousand of his saints," Jude 14, 15.
+
+As Christ was to judge the world "at his appearing and kingdom" (2 Tim.
+4:1), a reference to his coming always involved a consideration of the
+hour of his judgment; and his appearing was a great incentive to holiness.
+"For our conversation is in heaven, from whence also we look for the
+Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ," Phil. 3:20. And "when Christ, who is our
+life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory," Col.
+3:4. "For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye
+in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming?" 1 Thess. 2:19.
+"To the end he may establish your hearts unblamable in holiness before
+God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his
+saints," _Ib._ 3:13. "For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again,
+even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. For this
+we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and
+remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are
+asleep. For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with
+the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in
+Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air:
+and so shall we ever be with the Lord," _Ib._ 4:14-17. "And to you who are
+troubled, rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know
+not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ," 2 Thess.
+1:7, 8.
+
+Not only the apostles, but their successors, in succeeding ages, have
+constantly made reference to the judgment, as the motive to holiness.
+Beginning in the days of the apostles, the same gospel has been continued
+by a succession of men to the present time; and those who are now
+preaching, or who support those who so preach the everlasting gospel, in
+connection with the warning of approaching judgment, must be regarded as
+belonging to the same body of men symbolized by the angel flying in the
+midst of heaven.
+
+Commencing in the apostolic age, sections of the globe were evangelized--in
+Asia and Africa, that have never received the gospel since, either under
+the reformers or by modern missionaries. But beginning with the
+dispensation of the gospel to the Gentiles, its fulfilment is found in
+China, in Tartary, in Japan, in Egypt, and Ethiopia, and in lands so
+remote that no one can say it has not been almost universally promulgated.
+
+
+
+
+The Angel announcing the Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And another angel, a second, followed, saying, She is fallen!
+    Babylon the great is fallen! She made all nations drink of the
+    wine of the wrath of her fornication!"--Rev. 14:8.
+
+
+This angel, like the former, must symbolize a body of religious teachers.
+The former resulted in the spread of Christianity. This announces the fall
+of a corrupt hierarchy.
+
+Babylon being regarded as a symbol of the Roman church, her fall must be
+understood to be her loss of power, as mistress of the kings of the earth;
+and synchronizes with her displacement from her position on the beast, as
+symbolized in the 17th chapter. The epoch of her fall, and consequently of
+the flight of this angel, is that of the Reformation, when the corruptions
+of the Papal See were first exposed, and it was denounced as the
+Apocalyptic harlot. The argument for this application is given in the
+exposition of Rev. 18:1, which is a repetition of the symbol here given,
+p. 300.
+
+
+
+
+The Wrath-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    "And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a loud
+    voice, If any one worship the wild beast and his image, and
+    receive his mark on his forehead, or on his hand, even he will
+    drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out
+    unmingled into the cup of his wrath; and he will be tormented with
+    fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the
+    presence of the Lamb: and the smoke of their torment ascendeth for
+    ever and ever: and they have no rest day or night, who worship the
+    wild beast and his image, and whoever receiveth the mark of his
+    name!"--Rev. 14:9-11.
+
+
+The cry of this angel synchronizes with the "voice from heaven" (18:4),
+and follows the discovery of the corruptions of Romanism.--See the
+exposition of that Scripture, p. 307.
+
+The worship of the beast consisted in a regard for it, equivalent to
+saying, "Who is like unto the beast? and, Who is able to make war with
+him?" 13:4. To worship, is to manifest homage and respect. To worship any
+inferior object, is to bestow on it the confidence and affection which is
+due only to God. It is to trust in it, as invincible, able to protect, and
+infallible in judgment. Thus to regard any civil or ecclesiastical
+organization, is to substitute it for Him, by whom the powers that be are
+ordained (Rom. 13:1), who giveth the kingdom to whomsoever he will (Dan.
+4:17), and by whom alone, kings reign, and princes decree justice, Prov.
+8:15.
+
+Whenever any civil or ecclesiastical enactment conflicts with the
+requisitions of Jehovah, that power is worshipped, which is obeyed in
+preference to the other: "Know ye not that to whom ye yield yourselves
+servants to obey, his servants ye are whom ye obey?" Rom. 6:16. The
+worship of God is incompatible with obedience to any power which compels a
+violation of His laws. Due obedience to government is commanded, when no
+question of conscience is involved. When it is, no forcible resistance to
+the execution of the law is permitted; but while God is obeyed, the
+penalty of the law is to be meekly endured.
+
+The early Christians chose death, rather than to deny their Saviour at the
+command of Jewish Sanhedrim or Roman emperor. When Peter and John were
+commanded "not to speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus," their
+answer was, "Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you
+more than unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak the things which we
+have seen and heard," Acts 4:19, 20. In like manner, the Christians living
+at the epoch of this angel, were to be similarly tried, which is implied
+in the command, not to worship.
+
+So soon as the reformers were placed in direct conflict with the Church of
+Rome, her anathemas were hurled against all who assented not to her
+mummeries. And the power of the civil arm was also brought into exercise
+to compel obedience to her commands. Those who maintained their integrity,
+did so in opposition to the requirements of the church and state; while
+those who submitted to the state as invincible, or to the church as
+infallible, extended to the beast or its image that homage and regard
+which was due to God. They thus acknowledged themselves the servants of
+him whom they obeyed, and subjected themselves to the wrath of God.
+
+The smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever, and they have
+no rest, day nor night, who worship the beast and his image. While the
+righteous enter into rest, the wicked are like the troubled sea which
+cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt, Isa. 57:20.
+
+
+
+
+The Harvest of the Earth.
+
+
+    "Here is the patience of the saints: here are those who keep the
+    commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, saying, Write, Happy the dead who die in the Lord,
+    from henceforth! Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from
+    their toils; and their works go with them. And I looked, and
+    behold, a white cloud, and one was seated on the cloud like the
+    Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a
+    sharp sickle. And another angel came out of the temple, crying
+    with a loud voice to him seated on the cloud, Thrust forth thy
+    sickle and reap: for the hour is come for thee to reap; for the
+    harvest of the earth is ripe. And he, who sat on the cloud, cast
+    his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped."--Rev. 14:12-16.
+
+
+The announcement that here are they who keep the commandments of God,
+implies that, at the epoch symbolized, they are to be the subjects of
+special notice. By the voice from heaven, they are shown to include all of
+the dead who have died in the Lord; and their being blessed from
+thenceforth, indicates that they will at that epoch enter upon their
+eternal reward.
+
+The "rest" of the righteous, is at the advent of Christ:--"To you who are
+troubled, rest with us when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven,"
+2 Thess. 1:6. "There remaineth a rest for the people of God," Heb. 4:9.
+
+On hearing the voice from heaven, the revelator looked, and beheld on a
+cloud "one like the Son of man." In Ezek. 1:26, "the likeness as the
+appearance of a man," upon "the likeness of the throne," is explained to
+be "the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord." In Dan.
+7:13, "one like the Son of man," who comes to the Ancient of days, is
+evidently a symbol of Christ. In Rev. 1:13, "one like unto the Son of
+man," is the one who was alive, was dead, and is alive forevermore. The
+same symbol repeated, must here also be a representative of Christ.
+
+His position on a cloud, indicates the arrival of the period when he is to
+be manifested in mid-heaven: "Behold he cometh with clouds; and every eye
+shall see him," 1:7. "One like the Son of man came with the clouds of
+heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before
+him. And there was given him dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all
+people, nations, and languages should serve him," Dan. 7:13, 14. "And they
+shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven, with power and
+great glory. And he shall send his angels, with a great sound of a
+trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds,
+from one end of heaven to the other," Matt. 24:30, 31.
+
+The epoch of this manifestation, according to the above, is that of the
+last trump, the second advent, and the first resurrection. "At the last
+trump ... the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed," 1 Cor. 15:52. "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven
+with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God;
+and the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we which are alive and
+remain, shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the
+Lord in the air," 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+His "golden crown" indicates that he is now to take to himself his great
+power, and to reign, "when the kingdoms of this world become our Lord's
+and his Christ's," 11:15, 17. Crowns are symbols of sovereignty. As such,
+they respectively denoted the periods, when the forms of government,
+symbolized by the heads of the beast (12:3) and its horns (13:1), bore
+rule. Now the diadem is to be transferred from them, to encircle the brow
+of earth's rightful Sovereign.
+
+The sharp sickle in his hand, indicates that the time of harvest has
+arrived; and the act of reaping, the gathering of the harvest. There are
+two gatherings symbolized, corresponding to the two classes of persons who
+are to be gathered. "The dead in Christ shall rise first," and will be
+"caught up to meet the Lord in the air," before the wicked are gathered, 1
+Thess. 4:16, 17. "I will come again, and receive you unto myself," said
+the Saviour, John 14:5. The Lord of the harvest directs its gathering, but
+effects it by the instrumentality of angels: "He shall send his angels,
+and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the
+uttermost part of the earth, to the uttermost part of heaven," Mark 13:27.
+When thus gathered, they are caught up to meet the Lord in the air, where
+the Lord of the harvest sits. This is the separation of the righteous and
+wicked, who were to "grow together till the harvest," which, says the
+Saviour, "is the end of the world," Matt. 13:39.
+
+Mr. Lord suggests, that it is inconsistent with the dignity of Christ, to
+be notified by an angel when to begin his work; and therefore dissents
+from the application of the symbol to him. It may not, however, be
+necessary to consider the cry of the angel, as one of command. The angel
+may be a messenger from the Ancient of days, announcing the epoch of the
+resurrection. Or he may symbolize a body of men, who will be ardently
+praying for the return of the nobleman to take his kingdom.
+
+The harvest is spoken of in distinction from the gathering of the vine,
+and in contrast with it. Men harvest what they prize,--their grain and
+fruits. They do not harvest briers and thorns. They cut or reap both; but
+the act of reaping is not expressive of the destiny of what is reaped.
+This is indicated by the disposition made, and the terms applied; the one
+is gathered into the garner of the Lord; but the other is given to the
+consuming fire.
+
+The righteous being caught up to meet the Lord at his coming, the
+destruction of the wicked, which must precede the regeneration of the
+earth and descent of the saints, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+
+The Reaping of the Vine.
+
+
+    "And another angel came out of the temple in heaven, he also
+    having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out from the altar,
+    who had power over the fire, and called with a loud shout to him
+    who had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and
+    cut off the clusters of the vine of the earth; for its grapes are
+    ripe. And the angel cast in his sickle into the earth, and cut off
+    the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great wine-press of
+    the wrath of God. And the wine-press was trodden without the city,
+    and blood came out of the wine-press, even to the bridles of the
+    horses, for the distance of one thousand six hundred
+    furlongs."--Rev. 14:17-20.
+
+
+The wicked also are gathered by the instrumentality of angels: said the
+Saviour, "As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so
+shall it be in the end of this world. The Son of man shall send forth his
+angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend,
+and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a furnace of fire:
+there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth," Matt. 13:40-42. In the
+parable of the tares, the Saviour said, "Let both grow together until the
+harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye
+together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but
+gather the wheat into my barn." Thus the tares were to be gathered
+_first_--not before the righteous are gathered, but before the wheat is
+placed in the garner: the new earth being the garner where the righteous
+are _finally_ to be gathered, they cannot be placed there till the wicked
+have been gathered out. "Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun
+in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear,"
+Matt. 13:30, 43.
+
+The disposition of the vine, its being trodden down, and the great
+presence of blood flowing, symbolize the awful judgments to overtake the
+wicked, after the escape of the righteous, when they are gathered into
+bundles and burned. Thus Isaiah prophesied: "Who is this that cometh from
+Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his
+apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in
+righteousness, mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel,
+and thy garments like him that treadeth in the wine-vat? I have trodden
+the wine-press alone: and of the people there was none with me: for I will
+tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury, and their blood
+shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For
+the day of vengeance is in my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come,"
+Isa. 63:1-4.
+
+Before the destruction of the old world by the deluge, Noah was secure in
+the ark. Before the destruction of Sodom, Lot is removed to a place of
+safety. So before the destruction of the vine of the earth, the righteous
+are caught up to the Lord in the air, where they are symbolized, in the
+following chapter, as:
+
+
+
+
+The Victors on the Sea of Glass.
+
+
+    "And I saw another sign in heaven, great and wonderful, seven
+    angels having the seven last plagues; for by these, the wrath of
+    God is completed. And I saw as it were a transparent sea mingled
+    with fire; and those who had obtained the victory over the wild
+    beast, and over his image, and over the number of his name,
+    standing on the transparent sea, having harps of God. And they
+    sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the
+    Lamb, saying, Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God
+    Almighty; just and true are thy ways, king of nations! Who should
+    not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art
+    holy; for all nations will come and worship before thee; for thy
+    judgments are manifested." Rev. 15:1-4.
+
+
+This appears to close the vision commencing with the sixth verse of the
+14th chapter, and to be independent of the remaining portion of the 15th
+chapter.
+
+These "seven angels," in the subsequent vision, discharge the contents of
+the vials of God's wrath; but the epoch here presented is evidently
+subsequent to that fulfilment; for the imitation of the "Song of Moses,"
+must follow the infliction of the judgments which call forth that song of
+rejoicing. They had here completed the wrath of God, the manner of which
+act is subsequently shown in a separate vision.
+
+The "sea of glass," must represent an elevation above the earth. For those
+stationed there had gotten the victory over the beast and his image, had
+escaped the wrath to be poured on those who worshipped those powers
+(14:9), had been gathered when the harvest of the earth was reaped
+(14:16), being then caught up to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17),
+and now, the clusters of the vine of the earth having been gathered and
+cast into the wine-press of the wrath of God (14:19), they rejoice above
+the fires of earth, witnesses of the manifestations of God's judgments.
+They have come out of all their tribulations, and evidently synchronize
+with the palm-bearing multitude (Rev. 7:9), the hundred and forty-four
+thousand on Mount Zion (14:1), and the multitude in heaven who sing
+Alleluia over the judgment of the great harlot, 19:1.
+
+"The song of Moses," was that sung by the Israelites when the Egyptians
+had perished in the waters of the Red Sea, and they were safely encamped
+on its further shore. The Lord had triumphed gloriously over the enemies
+of Israel, had buried the horse and his rider in the sea, and was about to
+plant his people in the mountain of his inheritance,--in the place which he
+had made for them to dwell in,--in the sanctuary which he had established,
+Ex. 15:1-21. The analogy requires that when this corresponding song is
+sung, the ransomed of the Lord shall have correspondingly witnessed the
+overthrow of the adversaries of Jehovah, and shall themselves have escaped
+from the perils of the many waters which had threatened to engulf them.
+
+The judgments of God being manifested on the nations of the ungodly, there
+are none remaining, only "the nations of them which are saved," 21:24. As
+these will all walk in the light of the new Jerusalem, those on the sea of
+glass may well sing:
+
+"Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty!
+Just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints!
+Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?
+For thou only art Holy:
+For all nations shall come and worship before thee;
+For thy judgments are made manifest."
+
+In accordance with the foregoing view, this synchronizes with the "new
+song" sung by those who are redeemed from every nation, kindred, tongue
+and people (5:9), who are afterwards seen standing with the Lamb on Mount
+Zion, 14:3.
+
+
+
+
+The Angels with the Seven Vials.
+
+
+    "And after this, I looked, and the temple of the tabernacle of the
+    testimony in heaven was opened; and the seven angels came out of
+    the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure white linen,
+    and girded around the breasts with golden girdles. And one of the
+    four living beings gave to the seven angels, seven golden bowls
+    filled with the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. And
+    the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from
+    his power, and no one was able to enter the temple till the seven
+    plagues of the seven angels were completed." Rev. 15:5-8.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice out of the temple saying, to the seven
+    angels, Depart, and pour out the bowls of the wrath of God on the
+    earth." Rev. 16:1.
+
+
+"The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven," must symbolize
+heaven itself. It corresponds with the tabernacle "after the second
+veil,"--called "the holiest of all," where the tables of the covenant were
+deposited by the command of Moses, Heb. 9:1-5. There, the "cherubims of
+glory" over-shadowed the mercy-seat,--a type of the presence-chamber of the
+Almighty. Consequently, when it is symbolized as being opened in heaven,
+the angels who come out are divinely commissioned executors of God's
+purposes.
+
+The "seven angels," are the ministers of the divine vengeance,--the
+rectitude of their character and the dignity of their office, being
+symbolized by their "white robes" and "golden girdles."
+
+The period of time symbolized by the pouring out of the vials, must be
+anterior to the second advent; for in the analogous instances of God's
+judgments, he visits his enemies with plagues previous to the deliverance
+of his children. Thus were the ancient Egyptians visited, before the
+Israelites escaped from their power, Ex. 5-11.
+
+The deliverance of the vials to the angels by one of the four "living
+creatures," indicates that the intelligences in the divine presence, which
+are thus symbolized, are cognizant of God's design, and acquiesce in his
+purpose to visit the subjects of his wrath with these plagues.
+
+By these being called "the vials of God's wrath," we learn that their
+infliction is not corrective, but judicial;--that they are not agents of
+mercy, but of vengeance.
+
+The filling of the temple with the smoke of God's glory, to the exclusion
+of all persons during the pouring out of the vials, shows that during that
+period, there will be no intercession with God for him to refrain from the
+execution of the purposes thus symbolized. They are inevitable; and there
+will be no supplication for their suspension. When Moses had finished the
+type of the "Holiest of all," a "cloud covered the tent of the
+congregation, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. And Moses
+was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud
+abode thereon, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle," Ex.
+40:34, 35. It was only when Moses could enter the tabernacle, that he
+could there commune with God face to face, Ex. 33:9, 11.
+
+The voice from the temple to the seven angels, shows that the acts
+commanded are the subjects of divine appointment,--the angels simply
+designating the commencement of the several judgments.
+
+
+
+
+The First Vial.
+
+
+    "And the first went away, and poured out his bowl on the earth;
+    and there came an evil and sore ulcer on the men who had the mark
+    of the beast, and on those worshipping his image." Rev. 16:2.
+
+
+The "earth," in the Apocalypse, symbolizes a quiet and settled government
+(13:11), in distinction from one politically agitated, which is symbolized
+by waters, 13:1; 17:15.
+
+Those who receive the contents of the first vial, being the worshippers of
+the "beast" and its "image" (13:15), it is certain that the governments on
+which it is poured, are subservient to the church of Rome and within the
+boundaries of the ten kingdoms.
+
+The effect of the vial is "a noisome and grievous sore;" and the only
+things analogous, are mental maladies. Therefore the results symbolized
+must be noxious principles and opinions, which fill the mind with rancor
+and hate,--producing strife, alienation and contention.
+
+The _epoch_ here symbolized, in the very unanimous opinion of most
+judicious writers, corresponds with the commencement of the agitations
+which preceded the outbreak of the first French revolution, about A. D.
+1785. Commencing in France, and extending with more or less virulence
+throughout the ten kingdoms, there was excited an intense uneasiness of
+the people respecting their relation to their rulers. They regarded
+themselves as insupportably oppressed and degraded, and were exasperated
+to madness against their respective governments. This, under the next
+vial, resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy, and in attempted
+revolutions in other kingdoms.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Vial.
+
+
+    "And the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea; and it
+    became like the blood of a dead person; and every living creature
+    in the sea died." Rev. 16:8.
+
+
+The first vial having excited political agitations in previously quiet
+governments, they are now more fitly symbolized by the "sea" than by the
+"earth." And on such the second vial is poured.
+
+As the sea symbolizes a people agitated and disquieted, the living things
+in it, must symbolize those who live on and are sustained by the people.
+Consequently, the waters becoming blood, and the death of the things
+living in the waters, symbolize the shedding of the blood of the people,
+and the slaughter, by them, of their rulers and superiors.
+
+The epoch symbolized, would therefore correspond with the actual outbreak
+of the French revolution, to which the agitations produced by the previous
+vial had goaded on the excited people. In their riots and insurrections,
+history records the destruction of large numbers of the populace; and
+these exterminated the members of the royal family, and all persons of
+rank and influence. A million of people, according to Alison, perished in
+the civil war of La Vendee alone; and thousands of the nobility and
+persons of distinction were ruthlessly slaughtered throughout France,
+whose rivers were discolored with the blood of the slain.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Vial.
+
+
+    "And the third poured out his bowl on the rivers and on the
+    fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the angel
+    of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Thou, who art, and wast
+    holy, because thou hast inflicted these judgments; for they have
+    poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given
+    them blood to drink: they are worthy! And I heard one from the
+    altar, saying, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are
+    thy judgments!" Rev. 16:4-7.
+
+
+Mr. Lord justly remarks that "Rivers and fountains of waters, are to a
+sea, what smaller exterior communities and nations are to a great central
+people." As the French nation was the sea, the "rivers and fountains"
+symbolize contiguous or more remote communities surrounding it. These are
+said to have become blood, without its being specified that the living
+things in them perished, as in the sea. Accordingly, while the greater
+portion of Europe continued, with little interruption, for twenty years
+from 1792, to be deluged with war and bloodshed, the nobles and rulers of
+the other nations were not exterminated, as in France.
+
+The nations thus overwhelmed with blood, were those which had sanctioned
+the shedding of the blood of the saints; consequently their retribution
+was just.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the fourth angel poured out his vial on the sun; and it was
+    given him to burn men with fire. And men were burned with great
+    heat, and reviled the name of God, who had power over these
+    plagues; and they repented not to give him glory." Rev. 16:8, 9.
+
+
+The influence of the sun on the earth and sea, is analogous to that of a
+government on the subjects of its rule. As the right degree of light and
+heat is conducive to vegetation, and the excessive action of the sun's
+rays will scorch and destroy; so a genial government is a blessing to the
+people, while its arbitrary and tyrannical acts are often insupportably
+oppressive.
+
+With the overthrow of the French monarchy under the second vial, there
+arose new rulers in France, who usurped despotic powers, and subjected the
+governed to most oppressive exactions. The rich were impoverished, the
+nation was robbed, the business of the country was paralyzed, the
+obnoxious were slain, every species of misery and wickedness abounded, the
+males were subjected to military conscription, and hundreds of thousands
+of them were sent to subjugate surrounding nations. The countries they
+invaded were also devastated, and oppressed, and robbed by impoverishing
+taxations. These continued, though in a milder form, under the imperial
+rule, and all parts of the Roman earth felt the scorching effects of the
+devouring heat of French usurpation. But when Napoleon passed beyond the
+boundaries of the Roman empire, he was met and driven back by the snow and
+frost of the Almighty.
+
+Notwithstanding the oppressions to which the people were subjected, and
+the exactions under which they groaned, they made no recognition of God's
+sovereignty. They saw not that this chastisement was from Him. They did
+not deprecate his wrath, nor acknowledge his righteousness, but still
+continued to be infidels and apostates. They continued to blaspheme the
+name of God, who had power over these plagues, and repented not to give
+him glory.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the wild
+    beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and they gnawed their tongues
+    through pain, and reviled the God of heaven, because of their
+    pains and their ulcers, and repented not of their deeds" Rev.
+    16:10, 11.
+
+
+The beast, here spoken of, is the same seven-headed, ten-horned wild beast
+that ascended out of the sea (Rev. 13:1), symbolizing the Roman empire in
+its divided form. Consequently the seat or throne of the beast would be
+the ruling power which exercised and controlled the government of these
+kingdoms. Just previous to this epoch, Napoleon had reached the summit of
+his power; and the subversion of his throne, with the restoration of the
+Bourbon dynasty in 1814 and 1815, is evidently here symbolized. Napoleon
+had become the idol of France, which worshipped at the shrine of his
+glory. With his fall, their sun was stricken from its firmament, and the
+kingdom was darkened.
+
+The change being effected by foreign arms, the chagrin and mortification
+of his adherents was natural and expected. They were filled with pain and
+anguish at this termination of all their hopes. The re-imposition on them
+of the Bourbon line, revived all their former hatred towards their rulers
+and sense of oppression, symbolized by the ulcers of the first vial. They
+continued still a nation of infidels, performing the same works of
+blasphemy against God; and again and again have they risen in rebellion
+against their government.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the sixth poured out his bowl on the great river, the
+    Euphrates; and its water was dried up, that the way of the kings
+    from the rising of the sun might be prepared." Rev. 16:12.
+
+
+This symbol resembles a like prediction respecting ancient Babylon: "A
+drought is upon her waters, and they shall be dried up," (Jer. 50:38); and
+"I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry," Jer. 51:36. Ancient
+Babylon was situated on the river Euphrates, which contributed to the
+wealth and greatness of the city, and was a means of its defence. The
+kings of Media and Persia, from the east of Babylon, subjugated it by
+diverting from the city the waters of the river, and entering by its
+unprotected bed. The turning of the waters into other channels, fulfilled
+the prediction that it should be dried up.
+
+Waters, when used as a symbol, are explained to be "peoples, nations,"
+&c., Rev. 17:15. In the 17th chapter of the Apocalypse, the angel informs
+the revelator that he will show him "the judgment of the great harlot who
+sitteth on many waters," (17:1); which implies that he had already seen a
+vision to that effect. He is then shown a woman on a scarlet-colored beast
+(v. 3), who is spoken of as sitting "on many waters" (v. 1), and on seven
+mountains (v. 10), and who is affirmed to be the "great city, which
+reigneth over the kings of the earth," v. 18. Under the seventh vial, the
+"great city," which is "great Babylon," is divided into three parts
+(16:19); and the inference is, that the harlot and ancient Babylon are
+analogous symbols of the same organized agency; and, that the city was
+here exhibited on the great river Euphrates.
+
+As a woman clothed with sunbeams and crowned with stars (Rev. 12:1), and a
+city illuminated with the glory of God (Rev. 21:10), are each symbols of
+the true church, corresponding symbols of opposite moral characteristics
+are appropriate representatives of a corrupt and apostate church. As
+Jerusalem was the seat of the ancient church, so was Babylon the seat of
+her oppressors. The former is addressed as a woman, and told to put on her
+"beautiful garments," (Isa. 52:1); and Babylon is called the "daughter of
+the Chaldeans," and "the lady of kingdoms," (Isa. 47:5): so that a woman,
+and a city of corresponding character, may, interchangeably, symbolize the
+same object. Consequently, the "Babylon," and the "harlot" of the
+Apocalypse, both symbolize the corrupt Roman hierarchy.
+
+Ancient Babylon is described as a harlot, and is addressed as one who
+"dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures," (Jer. 51:13); whose
+end was to come by her waters being dried up, 51:36. That city sustained a
+relation to the waters on which it was situated, analogous to that held by
+the Roman Catholic church to the people who support and defend her
+pretensions. Their alienation and withdrawal from her support, must
+therefore be symbolized by the drying up of the great river Euphrates,
+which becomes diverted into other channels. This is now apparently being
+fulfilled in the marked alienation of feeling from the church of Rome,
+which is evident throughout the ten kingdoms. During the last twenty
+years, the hold of that community on the affection of her supporters in
+Europe, has been constantly becoming weaker and weaker. Infidel principles
+have been extensively propagated. Her cathedrals have been comparatively
+deserted; and her existence has been endured more as a matter of
+expediency than of affection. At the present moment, probably, the mass of
+the people have little confidence in her pretensions; but it will require
+a more marked withdrawal from her support than has yet been witnessed, to
+fulfil, in all its significance, the meaning conveyed in the symbol.
+
+The "kings of the east," whose way is to be thus prepared, are doubtless
+her enemies, who, having produced the desired alienation from her support,
+will take advantage of her defenceless position, and hasten her ruin; as
+the kings of Media and Persia, in like manner, subjugated old Babylon.
+
+Under the operation of the sixth vial, and, according to the fulfilment of
+the preceding symbols, corresponding with the present time, are to be
+developed:
+
+
+
+
+The Unclean Spirits.
+
+
+    "And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth
+    of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild beast, and out of
+    the mouth of the false prophet. For they are spirits of demons,
+    performing signs, that go forth to the kings of the whole world,
+    to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty."
+    Rev. 16:13, 14.
+
+
+The "dragon," "beast," and "false prophet," being regarded as symbols: the
+first, of the Roman empire previous to its subversion by the northern
+barbarians; the second of the ten kingdoms which subsequently arose; and
+the third, of the eastern Roman empire--now the Mohamedan power; the mouths
+of each, from which the frog-like spirits emerge, are next to be
+considered.
+
+To the wild beast was given "a mouth, speaking great things and
+blasphemies," the power of which was "to continue forty and two months,"
+Rev. 13:5. The agreement of this with the corresponding appendages of
+Daniel's "little horn" (Dan. 7:8), makes it evident that a "mouth" is a
+symbol of an ecclesiastical organization existing in a political one,--that
+it symbolizes the agency by which the people are taught, and is
+representative of ecclesiastics, who are the mouthpiece of the nation in
+all matters of faith and worship, p. 172.
+
+The religion of Rome imperial, when symbolized by the dragon, was
+Paganism; that of the ten kingdoms, was the Papacy; and that of the
+eastern empire, is Mohammedanism. From these three, then, emerge the
+"unclean spirits." Diverse as their origin appears, they have no marked
+individual peculiarities. Being alike in their characteristics, they must
+symbolize some common agency:--a combination of religious teachers, whose
+views harmonize in a system of belief common to Paganism, Catholicism, and
+Mohammedanism.
+
+The character of these teachers, is shown by the declaration that "they
+are the spirits of _devils_ working miracles."
+
+There are two words rendered devils in the New Testament, viz.: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+(_daimonion_) or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (_daimoon_), and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_diabolus_). The latter
+signifies the Devil, or Satan, who is the same as Beelzebub the prince of
+the _demons_, Matt. 12:25. He it was by whom Jesus was tempted in the
+wilderness, (Matt. 4:1-11); who sowed the tares in the field, (Matt,
+13:39); and for whom, with his angels, the final punishment for the wicked
+is prepared, Matt. 25:41.
+
+The word here, is _daimoon_. It is used, in different forms, sixty-five
+times by our Lord and his apostles; and on no occasion do they hint that
+they use the word in a sense different from its then accepted
+signification; to learn which, recourse must be had to the testimony of
+the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian writers of those times.(6)
+
+HESIOD taught that, "The spirits of departed mortals become _demons_ when
+separated from their earthly bodies;" and PLUTARCH, that "The demons of
+the Greeks were the _ghosts_ and _genii_ of departed men." "All Pagan
+antiquity affirms," says Dr. CAMPBELL, "that from Titan and Saturn, the
+poetic progeny of Coelus and Terra, down to Æsculapius, Proteus, and Minos,
+all their _divinities_ were the _ghosts_ of dead men; and were so regarded
+by the most erudite of the Pagans themselves."
+
+Among the Pagans, the term _demon_, as often represented a good as an evil
+spirit; but among the Jews, it generally, if not universally, denoted an
+unclean, malign, or wicked spirit. Thus JOSEPHUS says: "Demons are the
+spirits of wicked men." PHILO says that "The souls of dead men are called
+demons." "The notion," says Dr. LARDNER, "of demons, or the souls of dead
+men, having power over living men, was universally prevalent among the
+heathen of these times [the first two centuries], and believed by many
+Christians." JUSTIN MARTYR speaks of "those who are seized by the souls of
+the dead, whom we call _demons_ and madmen." Ignatius quotes the words of
+Christ to Peter thus: "Handle me and see; for I am not a _daimoon
+asomaton_,--a disembodied demon,"--_i.e._ a spirit without a body.
+
+The foregoing is evidence of the New Testament signification of the word
+_daimoon_, here improperly rendered devils,--spirits of which, the
+frog-like agencies are affirmed to be.
+
+Demon worship is a characteristic of the three religions referred to. As
+already shown, all Pagans regarded their gods as the ghosts of dead men;
+and the Bible speaks of them as devils, _i.e._ _demons_. Moses says of
+them, "Even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to
+their gods," (Deut. 12:31); while the Psalmist affirms that "they
+sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto _devils_," Ps. 106:37.
+"They sacrificed unto _devils_, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to
+new gods that came newly up," Deut. 32:17. Jeroboam "ordained him priests
+for the high places, and for the _devils_," 2 Chron. 11:15. "The things
+which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to _devils_, and not to God:
+and I would not that ye should have fellowship with _devils_. Ye cannot
+drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of _devils_; ye cannot be partakers
+of the Lord's table, and of the table of _devils_,"--_i.e._ of _demons_.
+
+Of the same kind are the gods of the heathen now. In the Youth's
+Day-Spring, for June, a missionary describing the alarm and grief of the
+Africans on the Gaboon river, at the near prospect of a death in their
+village, says: "The room was filled with women, who were weeping in the
+most piteous manner, and calling on the _spirits of their fathers and of
+others who were dead_, and upon all spirits in whom they believe, Ologo,
+Njembi, Abambo, and Mbwini, to save the man from death. These spirits
+could not help them, but they knew of none mightier, and so called on
+them." Mr. White, a Wesleyan missionary, says: "There is a class of people
+in New Zealand, called Eruku, or priests. These men pretend to have
+intercourse with departed spirits, ... by which they are able to kill by
+incantation any person on whom their anger may fall." The Sandwich
+Islanders, when they found that Christians supposed they worshipped the
+images of their gods, were much amused, and said "We are not such fools."
+They used the idol as an aid to fix their minds on their divinity. Some of
+them supposed their divinity was a spirit residing in their idol.
+
+The Mohammedans, while they recognize God, are also "taught by the Koran
+to believe the existence of an intermediate order of creatures, which they
+call Jin, or genii;" some of which are supposed to be good and others bad,
+and capable of communicating with men, and rewarding or punishing them.
+The 72d chapter of the Koran consists of a pretended communication from
+the genii to Mohammed. They are made to say: "There are some among us who
+are upright, and there are some among us who are otherwise;" and speaking
+of men: "If they tread in the way of truth, we will surely water them with
+abundance of rain," _i.e._ will grant them plenty of good things. Thus
+they are recognized as dispensers of good. They bear a striking
+resemblance to the spirits which now pretend to communicate with men! All
+who are familiar with Arabian romances know how frequently genii, fairies,
+&c., figure as agents in the execution of wonderful exploits.
+
+The Romanists also pretend to communicate with _demons_,--_i.e._ with
+departed spirits. They deify the Virgin Mary, and supplicate the
+intercessions of many departed saints; and some they supplicate, whose
+claim to saintship is somewhat equivocal. Their teachings in this
+particular, Protestants generally recognize as the subject of the
+following prediction: "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in the
+latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing
+spirits, and doctrines of devils,"--_demons_, 1 Tim. 4:1.
+
+Demon-worship being common to Paganism, Mohammedanism, and Popery, when
+the frog-like agency emerges from them, the conditions of the symbol seem
+to require that it shall originate with, but shall pass beyond and outside
+the influence of those religions. The agency thus symbolized, was to "go
+forth unto the kings of the earth, and of the whole world." Its fulfilment
+requires a wonderful and an alarming increase of those who teach and
+believe these doctrines; and as they are to work miracles, whereby the
+world will be deceived, their teachings are to be accompanied by
+extraordinary phenomena, which will be unexplainable by any of the known
+laws of science. The spirits of the departed are to be recognized by them
+as authoritative teachers, who are to be reverenced and obeyed. They will
+be regarded as communicating with mortals, as unveiling the hidden things
+of the invisible state, and as performing acts requiring the exercise of
+physical power. The former are evident from the analogy which exists
+between this and demon-worship; and the latter, from the ascription to
+them of miraculous acts.
+
+The existence of demoniacal intelligences, capable of communicating with
+and acting on mortals, appears to be in accordance with the teachings of
+the Saviour and apostles. Demoniacal possessions are clearly distinguished
+from all diseases; and demons are shown, by the admissions of the New
+Testament, to be actual intelligences, capable of physical power. When the
+fame of Christ "went throughout all Syria, they brought unto him all sick
+people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which
+were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those which
+had the palsy; and he healed them," Matt. 4:24. "When the unclean spirit
+is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and
+findeth none. Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I
+came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.
+Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked
+than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of
+that man is worse than the first," Matt. 12:43-45. "And as they went out,
+behold they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.(7) And when
+the devil was cast out, the dumb spake; and the multitudes marvelled,
+saying, It was never so seen in Israel. But the Pharisees said, He casteth
+out devils,(8) through the prince of the devils," Matt. 9:32-34. "And when
+they were come to the multitude, there came to him a certain man kneeling
+down to him, and saying, Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic,
+and sore vexed, for oft-times he falleth into the fire, and oft into the
+water. And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him.
+Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how
+long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? Bring him hither to
+me. And Jesus rebuked the devil, and he departed out of him; and the child
+was cured from that very hour," Matt. 17:14-18. "And there was in their
+synagogue a man with an unclean spirit: and he cried out, saying, Let us
+alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come
+to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus
+rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the
+unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of
+him. And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among
+themselves, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with what
+authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him!"
+Mark 1:23-27. "And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met
+him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling
+among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: because
+that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had
+been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither
+could any man tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the
+mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. But
+when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, and cried with a
+loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the
+Most High God! I adjure thee, by God, that thou torment me not. (For he
+said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit.) And he asked
+him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we
+are many. And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of
+the country. Now there was nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine
+feeding. And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine,
+that we may enter into them. And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the
+unclean spirits went out, and entered into the swine; and the herd ran
+violently down a steep place into the sea (they were about two thousand),
+and were choked in the sea," Mark 5:2-13.
+
+In all these instances, the demons are recognized as actual intelligences,
+performing given acts. Without the admission of this, it will be difficult
+to explain the meaning of a large class of scriptures. It cannot for a
+moment be supposed that the inspired writers would be permitted to use
+language which should directly mislead the common mind.
+
+Among the miracles which the apostles wrought, "unclean spirits, crying
+with a loud voice, came out of many possessed with them, and many taken
+with palsies, and that were lame, were healed," Acts 8:7. "And God wrought
+special miracles by the hands of Paul: so that from his body were brought
+unto the sick handkerchiefs, or aprons, and the diseases departed from
+them, and the evil spirits went out of them. Then certain of the vagabond
+Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits,
+the name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul
+preacheth. And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the
+priests, who did so. And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know,
+and Paul I know; but who are ye? And the man in whom the evil spirit was,
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that
+they fled out of that house naked and wounded. And many that believed,
+came and confessed, and showed their deeds. Many of them also which used
+curious arts, brought their books together, and burned them before all
+men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand
+pieces of silver," Acts 19:11-16, 18, 19.
+
+The necromancy, divination, and witchcraft, forbidden in the Old Testament
+and practised by the heathen of those times, were all of a similar
+character. A necromancer was one who had, or pretended to have
+communication with the dead,--who sought "for the living to the dead,"(9)
+Isa. 8:19. They practised divination in divers ways, but usually admitted
+their dependence on familiar spirits,--the spirits of the departed,--demons.
+"The king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the
+two ways, to use divination; he made his arrows bright, he consulted with
+images, he looked in the liver. At his right hand was the divination for
+Jerusalem, to appoint captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to
+lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering-rams against the
+gates, to cast a mount, and to build a fort. And it shall be unto them as
+false divination in their sight, to them that have sworn oaths: but he
+will call to remembrance the iniquity, that they may be taken," Ezek.
+21:21-23. They observed times, _i.e._ they regarded some as lucky, and
+others as unlucky times for the commencement of any work,--recognizing
+distinctions which God had not made. The heathen divinities were regarded
+as more propitious at some times than others. It is enumerated among the
+sins of Manasseh, that he "made his sons pass through the fire, and
+observed times, and used enchantments, and dealt with familiar spirits and
+wizards," 2 Kings 21:6.
+
+They practised various arts, whereby they thought to protect themselves
+from evil, and to pry into the secrets of futurity. Because of these
+things, ancient Babylon was suddenly overwhelmed,--"for the multitude of
+thy sorceries, and for the great abundance of thine enchantments." These
+could not save, as they supposed. Therefore God said to them: "Stand now
+with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein
+thou hast labored from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit,
+if so be thou mayest prevail. Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy
+counsels. Let now the astrologers, the star-gazers, the monthly
+prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come
+upon thee," Isa. 47:12, 13. All these practices were forbidden by God, who
+said: "Neither shall ye use enchantments, nor observe times," Lev. 19:26.
+
+Those who consulted with familiar spirits were termed wizards and
+witches,--the practice of which was also expressly forbidden. To make
+witchcraft a mere pretence, is to impute to Jehovah the making of laws
+against pretences and nonentities. To suppose that he would legislate
+against, and inflict capital punishment, because of mere pretences, is
+incredible! God said to Moses, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,"
+Ex. 22:18. And to the Jews he said, "Regard not them that have familiar
+spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the Lord
+your God," Lev. 19:31. "And the soul that turneth after such as have
+familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will
+even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his
+people." "A man, also, or a woman, that hath a familiar spirit, or that is
+a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones:
+their blood shall be upon them," Lev. 20:6,27. When Egypt was to be
+destroyed, they were left to "seek to the idols, and to charmers, and to
+them that have familiar spirits, and to wizards," Isa. 19:3.
+
+The manner in which the familiar spirit spoke, was by "peeping,"
+"muttering," whispering out of the dust, &c. God said to Ariel, "And thou
+shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the ground, and thy speech
+shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be as of one that hath a
+familiar spirit, out of the ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of
+the dust," Isa. 29:4. "And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them
+that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter:
+(should not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead!) to
+the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it
+is because there is no light in them," Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of
+the land; but when he "inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not,
+neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. Then said Saul unto his
+servants, Seek a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her,
+and inquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman
+that hath a familiar spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself, and put
+on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the
+woman by night: and he said, I pray thee divine unto me by the familiar
+spirit, and bring me him up whom I shall name unto thee. And the woman
+said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut
+off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards out of the land;
+wherefore, then, layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? And
+Saul sware unto her by the Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall
+no punishment happen to thee for this thing. Then said the woman, Whom
+shall I bring up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. And when the
+woman saw Samuel she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul,
+saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. And the king said
+unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto
+Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. And he said unto her, What
+form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with
+a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his
+face to the ground, and bowed himself. And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast
+thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore
+distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed
+from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams:
+therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I
+shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the
+Lord is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? And the Lord hath
+done to him, as he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the kingdom out of
+thine hand, and given it to thy neighbor, even to David: because thou
+obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedest his fierce wrath upon
+Amelek, therefore hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this day.
+Moreover, the Lord will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the
+Philistines: and to-morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the Lord
+also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.
+Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid,
+because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him," 1 Sam.
+28:6-20.
+
+Micaiah "saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven
+standing by him on his right hand and on his left. And the Lord said, Who
+shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? And one
+said on this manner, and another said on that manner. And there came forth
+a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him. And
+the Lord said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I
+will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou
+shalt persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. Now therefore,
+behold, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy
+prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning thee," 1 Kings
+22:19-23.
+
+When Paul was in the house of Lydia, he says, "It came to pass, as we went
+to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination, met us,
+which brought her masters much gain by her soothsaying: the same followed
+Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most
+high God, which show unto us the way of salvation. And this she did many
+days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command
+thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the
+same hour," Acts 16:16-18.
+
+By sorcery, enchantment, &c., they performed wonders, or _miracles_,
+either real or pretended. "There was a certain man called Simon, which
+beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of
+Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: to whom they all gave
+heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power
+of God. And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had
+bewitched them with sorceries," Acts 8:9-11. When "Aaron cast down his rod
+before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent, then
+Pharaoh also called the wise men, and the sorcerers: now the magicians of
+Egypt they also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast
+down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod
+swallowed up their rods," Ex. 7:10-12. When Aaron turned the water of the
+river to blood, "the magicians did so with their enchantments," v. 22. In
+like manner they "brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt," 8:7. But when
+Aaron changed the dust to lice, the magicians attempted the same with
+their enchantments, "but they could not," Ex. 8:18. These sorcerers who
+withstood Moses, we learn by Paul, were "Jannes and Jambres," 2 Tim. 3:8.
+They belonged to an ancient profession in Egypt; for, when Pharaoh dreamed
+his dreams, he first "sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and
+all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was
+none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh," Gen. 41:8. In like manner
+Nebuchadnezzar "commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and
+the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to show the king his dreams. So they
+came, and stood before the king," Dan. 2:2.
+
+These things were practised to some extent in Judah, but were all put away
+by Josiah. "Moreover, the workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards,
+and the images, and the idols, and all the abominations that were spied in
+the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did Josiah put away, that he might
+perform the words of the law which were written in the book that Hilkiah
+the priest found in the house of the Lord," 2 Kings 23:24.
+
+The acts and influences of demoniacal agencies are apparent from the
+foregoing; and the symbolization under the sixth seal, seems to indicate a
+revival of those teachings and manifestations at the present time. Within
+a few years, the curiosity of the community has been excited, and large
+numbers of persons greatly interested, in various phenomena, known as
+Mesmerism, Animal-Magnetism, Clairvoyance, Pathetism, Neurology,
+Psychology, Biology, Electro-Biology, &c. &c. Similar manifestations have
+been before exhibited, but not in modern times to the extent now
+witnessed. These were regarded as harmless phenomena and independent of
+any supernatural agency, till audible sounds were heard communicating
+intelligible responses. Then the claim was set up that these are caused by
+departed spirits.
+
+These sounds were first heard near Rochester, New York, in 1847; and, at
+the present time (1852), they are affirmed to exist in hundreds of places
+in this country, and other sections of the globe. They are audible raps,
+the cause of which, aside from the hypothesis of spiritual agency, has
+never been satisfactorily accounted for. By these raps, unimpeached and
+credible witnesses testify that correct answers have been given to
+questions, the facts respecting which were known to no one at the time of
+answering. Since then, furniture has been seen to move about the room, and
+other _wonders_, or miracles, been performed, by invisible agency, at the
+command of mediums to attending spirits,--_i.e._ to _demons_. Mediums have
+written on paper, as they profess, involuntarily, lengthy communications,
+in poetry and prose, the subjects of which they claim to have been
+ignorant of, while the pen they held was moved independent of their own
+will. These exhibitions have been attested by hundreds of credible
+witnesses.
+
+By such manifestations large numbers of persons have given their adherence
+to these real or pretended agencies as truthful and reliable
+intelligences; whose responses they receive with the same credence that we
+do the revelations of scripture. "Circles" are extensively formed, who
+have sittings, at stated times, to receive communications from the spirits
+of the departed; and these are enforced by miracles, audible sounds, the
+exercise of physical power, &c.
+
+The reality and the credibility of these agencies are separate questions.
+Their reality is shown by their identity with similar manifestations of
+former times. The Bible affirms the existence of such: "For we wrestle not
+against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers,
+against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual
+wickedness in high places;" or "wicked spirits" in "heavenly places," as
+the _margin_ reads, Eph. 6:12.
+
+1. The familiar spirits of old responded in a manner similar to these.
+They did "peep" and "mutter;" their speech was low out of the dust; they
+spoke out of the ground, and whispered; or, as in the margin, did "peep"
+or "chirp" out of the dust. These "rap" and mutter. They respond from
+beneath chairs, tables and floors.
+
+2. They exercised similar physical powers. They threw down and tare the
+persons they possessed. They turned the swine into the sea, &c. These
+claim that chairs and tables, are lifted and moved at will by an invisible
+agency.
+
+3. They made similar pretensions to credibility. Simon Magus gave out
+"that himself was some great one;" and these, that they utter divine
+truths.
+
+4. Similar regard was bestowed on those, which is claimed for these. To
+Simon "they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This
+man is the great power of God." Yet "he had bewitched them with
+sorceries." Similar claims by, and regard for these modern pretenders to
+the same art, do not relieve them from the suspicion of a like agency.
+"For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves
+into the apostles of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself is
+transformed into an angel of light. Therefore, it is no great thing if his
+_ministers_ also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness: whose
+end shall be according to their works," 2 Cor. 11:13-15.
+
+5. Both have given utterance to some truths. The legion of demons who were
+cast out of the man into a herd of swine, acknowledged Jesus to be "the
+Son of the Most High God;" and the pythonic spirit which so grieved Paul,
+declared the apostles to be "the servants of the Most High God, which show
+unto us the way of salvation." Such communications with the invisible
+world being forbidden, their _credibility_ is disproved.
+
+They claim that spirits of the departed are brought into direct and
+intelligent communication with the living, who desire to interrogate them.
+What more was claimed by the necromancers of old? Said Saul to the woman
+of Endor: "Divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up whom
+I shall name unto thee," 1 Sam. 28:8.
+
+They claim that not all, but only those persons are mediums who are
+peculiarly susceptible to spiritual influences. Wherein, then, admitting
+their claims, do the "mediums" differ from those of old, who divined by a
+familiar spirit?
+
+Their responses are frequently disproved by facts; and themselves admit
+the existence of unreliable spirits, which communicate like them. They
+give contradictory responses, and mutually criminate each other; but their
+_reality_ is not disproved by any discrepancy, or want of truthfulness in
+their responses; for if they are spirits, none but unclean spirits would
+respond in a forbidden manner.
+
+These spirits are to be discredited, because they preach a different
+gospel from that preached by Paul, who says: "I marvel that ye are so soon
+removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ, unto another
+gospel: which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and
+would pervert the gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel from
+heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let
+him be accursed," Gal. 1:6-9. "If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ,
+let him be Anathema, Maran-atha." 1 Cor. 16:22. Said John, "Beloved,
+believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God:
+because many false prophets are gone out into the world," 1 John 4:1. Also
+Isaiah said, "And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have
+familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should not
+a people seek unto their God? To the law and to the testimony: if they
+speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in
+them," Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Because of these practices, the nations were driven out from before the
+children of Israel. And with the _miracles_ to be wrought, the frog-like
+spirits are to go forth to "the whole world to gather them to the battle
+of that great day of God Almighty."
+
+In the time of Abraham, "the iniquity of the Amorites was not yet full,"
+(Gen. 15:16); but in four hundred years they had practised all the
+abominations for which they were to be destroyed, and the practice of
+which God has expressly forbidden. He said to Israel, in the wilderness,
+"When thou art come into the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, thou
+shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nation. There shall
+not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass
+through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an
+enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits,
+or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that do these things are an
+abomination unto the Lord: and because of these abominations the Lord thy
+God doth drive them out from before thee. Thou shalt be perfect with the
+Lord thy God. For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto
+observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the Lord thy God
+hath not suffered thee so to do," Deut. 18:9-14.
+
+Similar pernicious practices and dangerous heresies, are to prepare the
+way for the final destruction of the nations who reject the claims of
+Jehovah. Peter declares that "there shall be false teachers among you, who
+privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that
+bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall
+follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be
+evil spoken of. And through covetousness shall they with feigned words
+make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not,
+and their damnation slumbereth not," 2 Pet. 2:1-3. And Paul says of that
+wicked: "Whose coming is after the working of Satan, with all power, and
+signs, and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness
+in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that
+they might be saved. And for this cause God shall send them strong
+delusion, that they should believe a lie: that they might be damned who
+believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness," 2 Thess.
+2:9-12.
+
+"The battle of that great day of God Almighty," it would seem, must
+commence by a conflict of opinions. Mind will war with mind, and puny man
+will stoutly contend against the truths of the Almighty. In this revival
+of demon-worship, the old gods of the heathen are to be set up against the
+claims of Jehovah. His declarations are to be made to give place to
+"doctrines of demons." The teachings of God and of these spirits are to be
+brought into direct conflict.
+
+The followers of the spirits have baptized their new theological dogmas,
+"The Harmonial Philosophy," of which _Reason_ is the final umpire.
+Revelation no longer speaks to them in tones of authority. From the Bible,
+it is claimed, "the seal of infallibility must be broken away, before a
+new light and beauty can enliven and embellish the mystical disclosures of
+any seer, prophet, or evangelist." So writes Andrew Jackson Davis, the
+Poughkeepsie seer, one of the leaders of this new school, who complains
+that "owing to the dogmatism of infallibility, the Bible is taught
+now-a-days as it was nearly four centuries ago."--_Review of Dr. Bushnell_,
+p. 10.
+
+The Scriptures are, with those of his faith, only "the _paper and ink_
+relics of Christianity," (_Ib._, p. 21); which they regard as "a
+foundation as impermanent as the changeful sand" (_Ib._ p. 24), and not
+adapted "to the wants or requirements of the nineteenth century," _Ib._ p.
+26. They reject Him, whom they style "the cruel and capricious God
+generally worshipped by the Bible Christians," _Ib._ p. 47. "The Jewish
+God," says Davis, "is cruel, capricious and tyrannical," whose "kingdom is
+more despotic, and more contracted in principle, than the present
+government of the Russian empire," _Ib._ p. 61. He adds, "The Old
+Testament idea of a Deity is the outgrowth of the despotic stage of human
+mental development," and "a superannuated monotheistic conception," _Ib._
+p. 62. In their opinion, "the developments of republicanism, and of mental
+happiness among men, depend very much upon the _absence_ of these
+dogmatical compilations, or fossil relics, of an old Hebrew and Chaldean
+theology," _Ib._ p. 70. With them "the Bible account of creation is a very
+interesting _myth_,--mainly a plagiarism from the early traditions and
+cosmological doctrines of the ancient Persians and Chaldeans;" and,
+instead of being "a divine revelation of truth," is "a pagan relic, which
+should no more command serious respect than the ancient doctrines of
+Fetichism," _Ib._ p. 90.
+
+These "Harmonial Philosophers" are antagonistic to the teachings of
+Jehovah in nearly all their theological notions. They scout the idea that
+any actual evil exists in the universe. They deny the existence of the
+devil, and of evil spirits. "Everything," says Davis, "is forever
+progressing in goodness and perfection," _Ib._ p. 180. The salvation of
+all men, is with them as certain as the operation of fixed laws. They
+recognize no Saviour and no atonement in their system of faith. The
+teachings of spirits, and "a certain organization of labor, capital and
+talent," they fancy, "will effect the desired cure" for all actual or
+supposed ills, _Ib._ p. 178. They recognize no responsibility in the
+sinner, but attribute his wrong-doings to ignorance and accident; and
+their laws of right, are the dictates of their own wisdom.
+
+Their system is essentially Pantheistic, all things being regarded by them
+as a part and parcel of Deity. They argue that "every object which has an
+existence in the universe must be in its nature good and pure, on the
+principle that the effect must partake of the nature of the cause, and the
+stream must be the corresponding emanation of the fountain from which it
+flows."--_Elements of Spiritual Philosophy_, p. 55. They teach that human
+spirits are "formed primarily from the animating essences that pervade the
+creation,--which essences," they say, "are the breath and presence of the
+Divinity;" and hence they argue, "that there are no spirits which are
+intrinsically evil in their nature, and none which do not present in their
+inward depths the reflection of divine purity," _Ib._ p. 56. Going still
+further, they claim that there is no existing "source of positive evil,"
+"no principle of this nature in the human spirit," and that consequently
+"there can be no evil designs to emanate from such a source," _Ib._ p. 60.
+
+These assertions are put forth authoritatively; for the "Elements of
+Spiritual Philosophy" are attested by witnesses to be "written by Spirits
+of the Sixth Circle, R. P. Ambler, Medium." And if they are met by the
+declarations written by those who spake as they were moved by the Holy
+Ghost, they reply: "The Christian who deifies his Bible is as much an
+idolater as the heathen who burns his incense before his household image.
+It is surely attributing to the book what the Pagan attributes to his
+image."--_Shekinah, April No._, p. 251. Christianity, they denominate,
+"learned scepticism, baptized in the name of Jesus," &c., _Ib._, p. 301.
+Thus are they warring against the word of God, and placing themselves in
+direct conflict with the Almighty.
+
+This warfare is not only avowed to be against the God of the Bible, but is
+recognized by themselves as _the last great conflict __ previous to the
+millennium_. They regard this subject as "the great question of the age,
+which is destined to convulse and divide Protestantism, and around which
+all other religious controversies must necessarily revolve."--_Davis'
+Review of Bushnell_, page 3. The millennium which is to be thus ushered
+in, they regard as a period when "every one that desires will be able to
+hold direct intercourse and conversation with the spirit
+world."--_Spiritual Tel., Vol. 1, No. 1._ Says Davis: "The thunders of a
+stupendous reformation are soon to issue from the now open mouth of the
+Protestant church. The supernatural faith," _i.e._ a belief in the
+authenticity of Scripture, "will be shaken, as a reed in the tempest. New
+channels will be formed for the inflowing of new truths, and then a
+long-promised era will steal upon the religious and political
+world."--_Review of Bushnell_, p. 187.
+
+In another place he says: "You may be assured of the truth of this
+_approaching crisis_. The world must recognize it, because it will be
+accompanied with _war_; for politics are inseparably connected, all over
+the world, with religious systems. Religion will develop reason; but
+politics will impel the masses to _unsheath the sword, and to stain the
+bosom of Nature with blood_! Friends of progress! be not discouraged; for
+the FINAL CRISIS must come; _then the strange interregnum_," _Ib._ p. 217.
+"Protestantism as now constructed will first decay; because it is to be
+divided into two,--the smallest party will go back into Catholicism; the
+other will go forward into Rationalism. And then, after a succession of
+eventful years, a political revolution will hurl the Catholic
+superstructure to the earth, and the prismatic bow of promise will span
+the heavens. The children of earth will then be comparatively free and
+happy! for the _millennial_ epoch will have arrived; and there will be
+something like a realization of peace on earth, and good will toward all
+men!" _Ib._ p. 221.
+
+Such are their delusive hopes, while setting themselves against the Lord,
+and against his Anointed. The Bible teaches that multitudes will be
+deceived by them, and, if it were possible, some of the elect; and hence:
+
+
+
+
+The Admonition.
+
+
+    "Behold, I come like a thief. Happy is he who watcheth, and
+    keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame."
+    Rev. 16:15.
+
+
+"The day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in which the
+heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt
+with fervent heat," 2 Pet. 3:10. The Saviour said to his disciples:
+"Watch, therefore; for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come," Matt.
+24:42. Says Paul: "Yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so
+cometh as a thief in the night; for when they shall say, peace and safety,
+then sudden destruction cometh, ... and they shall not escape; but ye,
+brethren, are not in darkness that that day should overtake you as a
+thief," 1 Thess. 5:1-6.
+
+Thus will the day of the Lord come, as a thief, on those who are careless
+and indifferent to its approach; but it will not thus overtake those who
+watch, and keep their garments. Because so many will be deceived by the
+strange performances of the spirits of demons, and their miracles so
+delude the multitude, Christ's coming will be to them sudden and
+unexpected. Therefore the greater necessity for watchfulness. While this
+is a predicted means for lulling the world to sleep, it is given to the
+Christian as an indication of the near coming of Christ, whose advent
+synchronizes with the outpouring of the seventh vial. The blessing
+pronounced on those who watch, is an intimation that the people of God
+will be expecting Christ's advent, while others will be taken by surprise:
+"unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin
+unto salvation," Heb. 9:28. "For the grace of God that bringeth salvation
+hath appeared to all men, teaching us, that denying ungodliness, and
+worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this
+present world; looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing
+of the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ," Titus 2:11-13.
+
+Those who keep their garments, are those who have not "defiled" them with
+sin, (3:4); they will walk with Christ in white, being worthy; "for the
+fine linen" in which they are to be arrayed "is the righteousness of
+saints," 19:8. To be destitute of this, is to be unclothed; and hence the
+Saviour says: "I counsel thee to buy of me ... white raiment, that thou
+mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear,"
+3:18. The intimation is clear, that to be deceived by the unclean spirits,
+is to lose those robes of righteousness, and to be found naked at Christ's
+appearing.
+
+
+
+
+The Success of the Spirits.
+
+
+    "And they gathered them into a place called in Hebrew Armageddon."
+    Rev. 16:16.
+
+
+Before the coming of the Lord, and as a preparation for that event, the
+nations are to be thus gathered. Armageddon is the name of a valley at the
+foot of Mount Megiddo, famous for its bloody slaughters. It fitly
+symbolizes the final gathering of the nations. The enemies of God will
+marshal for the final conflict. The powers of darkness will fancy
+themselves on the verge of victory; and then will be poured out:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Vial.
+
+
+    "And the seventh poured out his bowl on the air; and there came a
+    loud voice from the temple [of heaven], from the throne, saying,
+    It is done! And there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders;
+    and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were
+    on the earth, so mighty and so great an earthquake. And the great
+    city became three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and
+    great Babylon was remembered before God, to give to her the cup of
+    the wine of his furious wrath. And every island fled, and the
+    mountains were no more. And vast hail, weighing a talent, fell
+    from heaven on men; and men reviled God because of the plague of
+    the hail; for the plague thereof was exceedingly great." Rev.
+    16:17-21.
+
+
+The atmosphere is not limited, like a river, or portion of the earth, to a
+given locality, but encircles the globe. Consequently the effect of the
+vial poured out on the air, would be universal, and not local like the
+effects of the previous vials. The air is the region of storms. These
+symbolize the expression of conflicting opinions, and violent outbursts of
+passion; which may be the commencement of that "great battle," for the
+preparation of which the unclean spirits went forth under the sixth vial,
+to gather the people, and which terminates by the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword of the Lord, 19:21.
+
+An earthquake is a symbol of a political revolution. As this is to be
+greater than all preceding ones, it must extend to all nations. It is
+during the earthquake, that the cities fall and the mountains and islands
+flee away. This commotion evidently synchronizes with the "time of
+trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same
+time," when God's "people shall be delivered, every one that shall be
+found written in the book," Dan. 12:1.
+
+"It is done," is a declaration indicating the completion of the work
+symbolized. It marks the termination of the events of the seventh vial,
+which are described in the verses following:
+
+"The great city" is "Babylon," (14:8); which "reigneth over the kings of
+the earth," (17:8); and which John had seen sitting "upon many waters,"
+17:1. This was doubtless seen when he saw the waters of the symbolic
+Euphrates being dried up, 16:12. Babylon, being a symbol of the Roman
+hierarchy, its triple division indicates a like division of the church of
+Rome, not geographical, but under different leaders, previous to its
+destruction.
+
+"The cities of the nations," must symbolize other hierarchies, analogous
+to that of Rome, of which there are the Greek church, in Russia and
+Greece, the Arminian and Syrian churches, and other corrupt nationalized
+establishments. All such will become disconnected, like Babylon, with the
+governments by which they are sustained.
+
+"Great Babylon" then comes into remembrance to drink the cup of the wine
+of the fierceness of God's wrath. Because her sins have reached unto
+heaven, "God hath remembered her iniquities," 18:5. This synchronizes with
+her destruction, symbolized in Rev. 18:8-23. As the Papacy continues till
+Christ's coming (Dan. 7:21, and 2 Thess. 2:3-8), this epoch must
+synchronize with that event, when he comes to receive his chosen ones.
+
+With the destruction of Babylon, occurs the subversion of all national
+authority. As ecclesiastical hierarchies are symbolized by cities, the
+"mountains" and "islands" on which they are situated must symbolize the
+larger and smaller governments; and their removal from their places, their
+subversion in the great moral "earthquake" which is to overwhelm them.
+This synchronizes with the sixth seal, when they are all "removed out of
+their places," (6:14); and it leaves the inhabitants of earth in a state
+of anarchy. It is at this time that the kings and great men of the earth
+become aware that the great day of God's wrath is come, 6:15-17. With this
+time of trouble, comes the deliverance of God's people, (Dan. 12:1); who
+shall be caught up together "to meet the Lord in the air," 1 Thess. 4:17.
+To them the Lord has said, "Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by
+night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; nor for the pestilence that
+walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noon-day. A
+thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but
+it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and
+see the reward of the wicked. Because thou hast made the Lord which is my
+refuge, even the Most High, thy habitation," Ps. 91:5-9.
+
+The removal of the saints leaves the wicked exposed to the vengeance of
+God's wrath, of which a terrific hail-storm on their defenceless heads, is
+an expressive symbol. The Lord said, by Isaiah: "Judgment also will I lay
+to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding-place.
+And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with
+hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through,
+then ye shall be trodden down by it. From the time that it goeth forth it
+shall take you: for morning by morning shall it pass over, by day and by
+night: and it shall be a vexation only to understand the report. For the
+bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it: and the covering
+narrower than that he can wrap himself in it. For the Lord shall rise up
+as in Mount Perazim, he shall be wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he
+may do his work, his strange work; and bring to pass his act, his strange
+act. Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for
+I have heard from the Lord God of hosts a consumption even determined upon
+the whole earth," Isa. 28:17-22.
+
+This must synchronize with the final conflict, (symbolized in Rev.
+19:19-21): also with the casting of the vine of the earth into the
+wine-press of God's wrath (14:19), and terminates the battle of
+"Armageddon,"--the "battle of that great day of God Almighty," 16:14.
+
+
+
+
+The Judgment of the Harlot.
+
+
+    "And one of the seven angels, who had the seven bowls, came and
+    talked with me, saying, Come here; I will show thee the judgment
+    of the great harlot who sitteth on many waters; with whom the
+    kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants
+    of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her
+    fornication." Rev. 17:1, 2.
+
+
+The Roman hierarchy had been frequently referred to in the preceding
+visions; but an institution, so interwoven with the history of the
+nations, required a more full and minute symbolization.
+
+The subject of this vision is announced to the revelator, by one of the
+angels who had the seven vials;--very probably, the seventh. The harlot is
+identified as one "that sitteth upon many waters." Ancient Babylon was
+thus addressed: "O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in
+treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness," Jer.
+51:13. She is also described as "The well-favored _harlot_, the mistress
+of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families
+through her witchcrafts," Nahum 3:4. Therefore the harlot whose judgment
+is to be more minutely shown, is the city of the previous vision, which
+received the cup of the wine of God's wrath (16:19), and which probably
+was shown to John on the waters of the Euphrates, (16:12); for the
+reference indicates that she had been thus previously exhibited,--the
+waters on which she was seated, being the people, nations, &c., which
+sustained and defended her idolatries, 17:15. In the vision now to be
+shown John, the Roman hierarchy is symbolized by Babylon; but it is first
+exhibited as:
+
+
+
+
+A Woman on a Scarlet-Colored Beast.
+
+
+    "And he carried me away in spirit into a desert: and I saw a woman
+    seated on a crimson-colored wild beast, full of names of reviling,
+    having seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was arrayed in
+    purple and crimson, and decked with gold and precious stones and
+    pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and
+    the impurities of her fornication; and on her forehead a name was
+    written, A SECRET: BABYLON, THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF THE HARLOTS
+    AND THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken
+    with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the witnesses
+    of Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered greatly." Rev. 17:3-6.
+
+
+    "And the angel said to me, Why dost thou wonder? I will tell thee
+    the secret of the woman, and of the wild beast that carrieth her,
+    which hath the seven heads and the ten horns. The wild beast which
+    thou didst see, was, and is not, and will ascend out of the abyss,
+    and go into destruction; and those who dwell on the earth will
+    wonder, (whose names were not written in the book of life from the
+    foundation of the world,) as they behold the wild beast that was
+    and is not, and will be. And here is the mind having wisdom. The
+    seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth, and
+    they are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is and the other is
+    not yet come; and when he cometh he must remain a little while.
+    And the wild beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth,
+    and is of the seven, and goeth into destruction. And the ten horns
+    which thou didst see are ten kings, who have not yet received a
+    kingdom; but they receive power as kings, one hour, with the wild
+    beast. These have one mind, and will give their power and strength
+    to the wild beast. These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb
+    will overcome them; for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings;
+    and those with him are called, and chosen, and faithful." Rev.
+    17:7-14.
+
+
+    "And he saith to me, The waters which thou didst see, where the
+    harlot sitteth, are peoples, and crowds, and nations, and tongues.
+    And the ten horns which thou didst see, and the wild beast, these
+    will hate the harlot, and will make her desolate and naked, and
+    will eat her flesh, and burn her up with fire. For God hath put it
+    into their hearts to perform his purpose, and to agree, and give
+    their kingdom to the wild beast, until the words of God shall be
+    fulfilled. And the woman whom thou didst see is the great city,
+    which reigneth over the kings of the earth." Rev. 17:15-18.
+
+
+That the woman and city symbolize the same, is shown by the declaration
+that she is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth,
+v. 18. She is also thus indicated by the name of "Babylon," on her
+forehead, and the golden cup in her hand: "Babylon hath been a golden cup
+in the Lord's hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have
+drunken of her wine; therefore are the nations mad," Jer. 51:7. In like
+manner has the church of Rome intoxicated the nations.
+
+"The scarlet-colored beast" on which the woman is seated, is evidently the
+same beast that John saw "rise out of the sea, having seven heads, and ten
+horns," 13:1. The Roman empire had been symbolized by "a great red
+dragon," which also had seven heads and ten horns. In that vision, crowns
+were on the heads of the beast, (12:3); which indicated that Rome, during
+the period thus represented, existed under the forms of government
+symbolized by the heads. These heads, the angel affirms, are the seven
+mountains on which the woman sitteth, (v. 9); and also that they are seven
+kings (v. 10), or forms of government. Mountains also symbolize
+governments, (16:20); and as the heads and mountains are the same, they
+must alike symbolize the seven forms of government under which Rome
+existed previous to its subversion by the northern barbarians,--viz.: 1,
+the kingly; 2, consular; 3, dictatorial; 4, decemviral; 5, tribunitial; 6,
+pagan-imperial; and 7, Christian-imperial. At the time of the explanation
+of this vision to John, the "five" first-named forms had passed away; or,
+as the angel says, had "fallen," v. 10. One then was:--Rome then existed
+under its pagan-imperial, or sixth head. The other, the
+Christian-imperial, had not then come; but after it came, and had
+continued for a time, the Roman empire was subverted by the irruptions of
+northern barbarians. Thus "the beast was;" and then, was not for a season.
+But afterwards it emerged again from the sea (13:1), under an "eight"
+form, which was of the previous seven, 17:11. When it reäppears, its
+crowns are not upon its heads, but encircle its horns, (13:1); indicating
+that those governments have the ascendency, which are symbolized by the
+"ten horns;" and which, according to the angel, are "ten kings," which had
+not received their kingdom at the time of the vision, v. 12. These were to
+be kings in "one," or the same hour with the beast, and must therefore be
+contemporary kingdoms, while the forms symbolized by the heads, are
+evidently successive. They constitute the government of Rome, in its
+eighth, or decem-regal form; and symbolize the ten kingdoms which arose
+after and out of the subversion of imperial Rome. Under this form, the
+beast goes into perdition, (v. 11):--they continue under various
+combinations, till the end of the world, when they will war with and be
+overcome by the Lamb (v. 14), in the great battle of Armageddon, 19:19-21.
+
+The ten contemporary kingdoms have one mind, (v. 13): they perpetuate the
+kingdom of the beast, by adopting similar laws, pursuing the same line of
+policy, and assuming the same powers that the empire exercised.
+
+The "names of blasphemy" which cover the beast, symbolize its arrogating
+the right to dictate in matters of faith and religious worship, and to
+punish those who dissent from its creed. The Roman hierarchy was supported
+by legal enactments against heretics in all of the ten kingdoms. Those who
+dissented from the church were delivered over to the power of the civil
+arm, which punished by imprisonment, confiscation of goods, bodily
+torture, and death. The exercise of such power, was a blasphemous
+usurpation of the prerogatives of Christ, and an assumption of authority
+over the legislation of God.
+
+On this beast the woman is seated. As its rider, she guides it, and is
+sustained by it. She is its directing power; and while she is thus seated,
+there is no reference to crowns encircling either heads or horns. All rule
+for a time is subservient to her control. Thus were the ten kingdoms
+obedient to the Roman hierarchy,--sustaining, and being controlled by it.
+She crowned their kings, and dethroned them at her pleasure. The religion
+of the church was enforced by the sword of the state; and thus did the
+kings of the earth commit fornication with her,--the idolatries of the
+church being sanctioned by them.
+
+The superb attire of the woman, and the costly gems with which she is
+decked, denote the wealth, luxury, and regal splendor of the hierarchy
+which she symbolizes. The cup, and its abominations in her hand, denote
+the false doctrines with which she would seduce the nations. Her names
+describe her nature, and identify her with Babylon; and her intoxication
+with blood, indicates her blood-thirsty, persecuting character, and the
+delight with which she would exult over the slaughter of the saints.
+
+The Roman hierarchy was not, however, _always_ to retain her supremacy
+over the nations. She was in due time to _fall_ from the position
+symbolized by the woman seated on the beast; and the kings of the earth
+were to hate and burn with fire, her whom they had recognized as their
+mistress, and to whose control they had submitted. The governments which
+have sustained her pretensions, were to cast her off contemptuously. This
+has been in progress of fulfilment from the days of Martin Luther, since
+which her control of the ten kingdoms has been only limited and partial.
+Many of her ecclesiastical estates have been confiscated, and she has been
+deprived of her prerogatives in many countries. There may, perhaps, be
+hereafter a more complete fulfilment of this prediction. It is symbolized
+in the following chapter, by:
+
+
+
+
+The Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And after this, I saw another angel descending from heaven,
+    having great power; and the earth was enlightened by his glory.
+    And he cried with a mighty voice, saying, She is fallen: Babylon
+    the great is fallen, and is become a dwelling of demons, and a
+    prison of every unclean spirit, and a prison of every unclean and
+    hateful bird, for all the nations have drunk of the wine of the
+    fury of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed
+    fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth have become
+    rich through the abundance of her luxury." Rev. 18:1-3.
+
+
+This announcement of the fall of the city, synchronizes with the same
+symbolization in the 14th chapter: "And there followed another angel,
+saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made
+all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication," 14:8. The
+angel, proclaiming her fall, doubtless symbolizes a body of men, who shall
+give utterance to corresponding declarations.
+
+The _epoch_ of this utterance is shown by the identity of this angel with
+that of Rev. 10:1-3. They thus correspond: They both descend from heaven:
+the one is a mighty angel, and the other has great power; the one is
+enveloped with a robe of cloud, his head is arched with the rainbow, his
+face is like the sun, and his feet like fire, and he stands on both earth
+and sea; the other is so glorified, and occupies a position so
+conspicuous, that the earth is enlightened with his glory; and the one
+cries "with a loud voice as when a lion roareth," while the other cries
+"mighty with a strong voice." Thus their position, manner and
+conspicuousness, are alike. What was uttered by the angel of the tenth
+chapter, is not revealed; but the fall of Babylon being announced in the
+eighteenth, it follows that it was the subject of the angel's utterance in
+the tenth.
+
+As the messenger of the tenth chapter appears subsequent to the sixth, and
+before the seventh trumpet; and as, after this epoch, there were to be
+prophesyings "_again_, before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings" (10:11), it follows that the _time_ then symbolized must be at an
+epoch _anterior_ to the end of the world. A corresponding reason--namely,
+the command to come out of Babylon, and the fulfilment of her plagues and
+sorrows, which are to intervene between the cry of the angel announcing
+her fall and the time of her actual destruction--proves that the mighty
+angel of the 18th of Revelation must also be at an _epoch_ having a
+considerable period between it and the end.
+
+It follows, that when John saw the angel of the eighteenth chapter, and
+"the earth was lightened with his glory," it did not symbolize a _literal_
+but a _moral_ light,--_the light of truth_. And as the enlightening of the
+earth by its promulgation, pre-supposes a previous state of corresponding
+moral _darkness_, it must, as in the tenth chapter, symbolize an _epoch_,
+prominent in the history of the world, as a time when the _darkness_ of
+ignorance, error and superstition, began rapidly to disappear before the
+spread of the _light_ of truth and knowledge.
+
+These considerations point to the epoch of the REFORMATION, when the
+midnight _darkness_ of the _dark ages_ began to be scattered before the
+uprising and onward progress of truth and knowledge. Then appeared a body
+of religious teachers, aided by the newly discovered art of printing, who
+so brought the Scriptures out from their obscurity, opposed the
+pretensions of the Papal hierarchy, and, by the clear teachings of the
+word, so secured the spread of gospel light and liberty, that they might
+appropriately be symbolized by an angel coming down from heaven, and
+enlightening the earth with his glory. The descent from heaven would
+symbolize the heavenly origin of the doctrines promulgated. His mighty
+power, and the strong voice with which he proclaimed his cry, would
+symbolize the greatness and earnestness of the movement, and the mighty
+results to be effected by it. This symbolization, twice given, could only
+be fulfilled by some great and mighty movement, like the Reformation.
+
+The fall of Babylon is distinct from and anterior to its destruction, and
+must correspond with the fall of the woman from her position on the
+beast;--she is no longer to be the director of, and to be sustained by, the
+civil power. The cry of the angel, announcing her fall, as Mr. Elliot
+remarks, seems to be anticipative, and not retrospective. The
+denunciations of the Papacy by the reformers were of a character to fulfil
+this symbolization.
+
+The year 1300, during the pontificate of Boniface VIII., may be regarded
+as marking the highest eminence to which the Papal power ever attained.
+From this period the dominion of the Roman Pontiffs appeared to be
+gradually undermined. Twenty-four years after this date, John Wickliffe
+was born, who, together with his followers, made more vigorous attacks
+upon Babylon itself. Some of these declared Rome to be mystical Babylon,
+and the Pope and church there to be Antichrist. These heralds announced
+the fall of mystical Babylon, as the ancient prophets had done that of
+literal Babylon, long before the event.--Jer. 51:7, 8. Antichrist and
+Babylon are identified in prophecy. In 1518, Luther first suspected their
+application to the Papacy; and, writing to his friend Link, on sending him
+a copy of the acts just published of the conference at Augsburg, he says:
+"My pen is ready to give birth to things much greater. _I know not myself
+whence these thoughts come to me._ I will send you what I write, that you
+may see if I have well conjectured in believing that the _Antichrist_ of
+whom St. Paul speaks now reigns in the court of Rome."
+
+At first, Luther and his companions sought only the reformation of that
+church. They had no idea of dissolving their own connection with it. But
+when the thunders of the Vatican were hurled at them, and they found
+themselves excommunicated as heretics, they came to the conclusion that
+the church of Rome was _the Babylon of the Apocalypse_. Immediately upon
+this conviction, they began to cry, "Babylon is fallen!"
+
+In 1520 appeared a famous book, by Luther, on the "_Babylonish Captivity
+of the Church_," in which he attacked Rome with great skill and courage.
+In Switzerland and England the reformers considered themselves as
+fulfilling this message of the Apocalyptic angel. Elliot says, "They
+_seized on this very prophecy for application; and, for the first time_,
+upon grounds of evidence sound and tenable, concluded on the fact of
+progress having been made up to it, in the evolution of the great mundane
+drama, and on their own chronological place being already far advanced
+under the sixth trumpet, and in near expectancy of the seventh trumpet, of
+the Apocalyptic prophecy."
+
+These denunciations against Mystic Babylon, and protestations against all
+her idolatrous ceremonies and superstitious appendages, were given, by the
+great body of the reformers, within the very bounds of her empire. They
+resulted in her loss of power, and of control over the princes of Europe.
+In 1526, the other monarchs becoming jealous of the power of Charles V.,
+Emperor of Germany, "Pope Clement VII. placed himself at the head of a
+league of the principal states of Italy against him; but their
+ill-directed efforts were productive of new misfortunes. Rome was taken by
+storm, by the troops of the constable, sacked, and the Pope himself made
+prisoner. Charles V. publicly disavowed the proceedings of the constable,
+went into mourning with his court, and carried his hypocrisy so far as to
+order prayers for the deliverance of the Pope. On restoring the holy
+father to liberty, he demanded a ransom of four hundred thousand crowns of
+gold, but was satisfied with a quarter of that sum."--_Ency. Am._, v. 3. p.
+76.
+
+All the Protestant princes of Germany denied the assumptions of the Pope;
+and the powers of western and northern Europe, one after another, denied
+their allegiance to him. In 1798, Pius VI. was taken prisoner by the
+French, under Gen. Berthier, and died in exile. When Berthier entered
+Rome, many of the cardinals "fled from the city on the wings of terror;"
+but those who remained "were disposed still to uphold the authority of the
+Pontiff." Finally, however, "with melancholy voice, they pronounced their
+absolute renunciation of the temporal government."--_Life of Pius VI._ His
+successor resumed his position. But in 1848 Pius IX. fled from his own
+subjects, and was only restored by French arms. Thus gradually the
+Babylonish _woman_ became unseated, and fell from her position on the
+beast; and, instead of guiding and directing the civil power, now only
+exists by sufferance. As a city, also, her supremacy was gone. Being no
+longer the mistress of the nations, or the ruling city, the Papal See is
+in the condition of ancient Babylon when becoming a dependency of the
+Medes and Persians.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, it became gradually more and more
+deserted, until there was a literal fulfilment of the words of Isaiah:
+"Wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full
+of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance
+there. And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate
+houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces," Isa. 13:21, 22. In like
+manner the apocalyptic Babylon, after her fall, and the withdrawal of
+Protestants from her communion, was to become the receptacle of
+corresponding spirits. Her members were to be more impious than before,
+and were to adhere more closely than ever to her idolatrous practices. The
+contrast between these and true Christians would also be more apparent
+from the separation which succeeds her fall, in obedience to:
+
+
+
+
+The Voice From Heaven.
+
+
+    "And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her,
+    my people, that ye partake not of her sins, and that ye receive
+    not of her plagues, for her sins have reached to heaven, and God
+    hath remembered her iniquities! Reward her even as she rendered to
+    you, and double to her according to her works, in the cup which
+    she hath poured out, pour out double to her. By as much as she
+    hath glorified herself, and lived luxuriously, so much torment and
+    mourning give her; for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and
+    am not a widow, and shall see no mourning. On this account, her
+    plagues will come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and
+    she will be burned up with fire; for strong is the Lord God, who
+    judgeth her."--Rev. 18:4-8.
+
+
+So long as the true character of the apostate church was unperceived, she
+would contain many good, as well as a multitude of bad members. The voice
+from heaven, indicates an epoch when there should be a widely extended and
+marked separation between these two classes. Till the time of that
+separation should be indicated, the children of God would be justified in
+continuing members of her communion; but not subsequently. The condition
+of Babylon, at the time of her fall, indicates that the separation must
+take place in near connection with that event; and the cry must
+synchronize with that of the third angel in Rev. 14:9,--which symbolized a
+body of men who should insist on such a separation from the Papacy as that
+here symbolized.
+
+After the discovery that the church of Rome was the Babylon of the
+Apocalypse, the reformers began to call on the people of God to desert her
+communion; and the formation of the reformed churches was the consequence.
+This was preached wherever the Reformation extended, and has been
+continued to the present time. The Protestant churches have proclaimed
+connection with Romanism, an obstacle to salvation; and have called on its
+Christian members to come out from her abominations. Even the name
+"Protestant," was given because of their protestation against the
+corruptions of the Papal See.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, and before her destruction, the people
+were, in like manner, commanded to forsake her. Said Jeremiah: "Flee out
+of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in
+her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord's vengeance; he will render
+unto her a recompense. Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for
+her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. We would have
+healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every
+one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is
+lifted up even to the skies," Jer. 51:6, 8, 9. And Isaiah said: "Go ye
+forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing
+declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The
+Lord hath redeemed his servant Jacob," Isa. 48:20. "Depart ye, depart ye,
+go ye out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go ye out of the midst of
+her; be ye clean, that bear the vessels of the Lord," Isa. 52:11.
+
+Sins reaching to heaven, indicate great wickedness. Thus God said to
+Jonah: "Go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their
+wickedness is come up before me," Jonah 1:2. And he said of old Babylon:
+"Her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies,"
+Jer. 51:9.
+
+
+
+
+The Destruction of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and
+    lived luxuriously with her, will weep and wail for her, when they
+    see the smoke of her burning, standing afar off through the fear
+    of her torment, saying, Woe! woe! that great city, Babylon, that
+    mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come! And the
+    merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her; for no one
+    buyeth their merchandise any more; the merchandise of gold, and
+    silver, and precious stones, and pearls, and fine linen, and
+    purple, and silk, and crimson, and all thine wood, and all kinds
+    of vessels of ivory, and all kinds of vessels of most precious
+    wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and cinnamon, and
+    fragrant ointment, and incense, and myrrh, and frankincense, and
+    wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep,
+    and horses, and chariots, and bodies, and souls of men. And the
+    autumnal fruit of thine appetite's desire is departed from thee,
+    and all things dainty and sumptuous are destroyed from thee, and
+    thou wilt find them no more at all. The merchants of these things,
+    who were enriched by her, will stand afar off, through the fear of
+    her torment, weeping and mourning, saying, Woe! woe! that great
+    city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and crimson, and
+    adorned with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! for in one
+    hour such great wealth is destroyed. And every pilot, and every
+    one sailing to any place, and sailors, and as many as trade by
+    sea, stood afar off, and cried, when they saw the smoke of her
+    burning, saying, What city is like the great city? And they cast
+    dust on their heads, and cried out, weeping and mourning, saying,
+    Woe! woe! the great city by which all who had ships on the sea,
+    were made rich through her precious merchandise! for in one hour
+    she is desolated." Rev. 18:9-20.
+
+
+    "Rejoice over her, O heaven, and ye saints and apostles and
+    prophets; for God hath avenged you on her!" Rev. 18:20.
+
+
+    "And a strong angel took up a stone like a great mill-stone, and
+    cast it into the sea, saying, Thus violently, will Babylon, the
+    great city, be cast down, and be no more at all. And the voice of
+    harpers, and musicians, and pipers, and trumpeters, will be heard
+    no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of any art, will be
+    found any more in thee; and the sound of a mill-stone will be
+    heard no more at all in thee; and the light of a lamp will shine
+    no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and the
+    bride will be heard no more at all in thee; for thy merchants were
+    the nobles of the earth; for by thy sorcery all nations were
+    deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of
+    saints, and of all those slain on the earth." Rev. 18:21-24.
+
+
+The punishment of Babylon is proportioned to her wickedness, and is to be
+inflicted partially by the kings of the earth, and partially by other
+agencies. The kings were to hate, and burn her with fire, (17:16); and
+were also, when they should see the smoke of her burnings, to bewail and
+lament for her, 18:9. The former passage indicates their agency in her
+impoverishment, and has been fulfilled in the confiscation of her property
+in France and England, the spoliation of churches and religious houses,
+wherever the arms of Napoleon extended; the dethronement of the Pope, by
+Gen. Berthier, in 1798; the refusal of some of the powers to permit her to
+nominate, within their limits, the candidates for ecclesiastical
+preferment, &c. She is thus made to feel her widowhood,--her divorce from
+the secular arm,--and has mourned the loss of her most devoted children,
+who have forsaken her communion.
+
+Her final destruction is, however, to be _entire_. She is totally to
+disappear, like the sinking of a millstone in the sea. She is to be
+_utterly_ burned with fire; but the lamentation of the kings over her
+burning, indicates that her destruction is to be completed by other
+instrumentality than theirs. Probably the multitude are to be incensed
+against her, and will so manifest their hatred that the governments will
+neither join in it, nor attempt to resist it, for fear that the same
+torment will be inflicted on them, 18:10. But her existence is terminated
+by the brightness of Christ's coming, 2 Thess. 2:8. Her destruction
+precedes that of the kings of the earth, who mourn her end. The merchants
+of the earth, the captains, sailors, &c., symbolize those who bear a
+relation to the hierarchy, analogous to that sustained by such to a great
+commercial emporium. They are those who have the control of her
+preferments, benefices and revenues,--who traffic in her indulgences, and
+thereby become themselves enriched. And these articles of traffic are
+symbolized by the merchandise which, after her destruction, no man would
+buy.
+
+The commerce of this ecclesiastical city, has been immense,--particularly
+in indulgences. The sale of these was reduced to a system, says D'Aubigné,
+by "the celebrated and scandalous Tariff of Indulgences," which went
+through more than forty editions. The least delicate ears would be
+offended by an enumeration of all the horrors it contains. Incest, if not
+detected, was to cost five groats; and six, if it was known. There was a
+stated price for murder, infanticide, adultery, perjury, burglary, &c.
+Polygamy cost six ducats; sacrilege and perjury, nine; murder, eight; and
+witchcraft, two ducats.
+
+The penances of various kinds which were imposed as a punishment for sin,
+might also be compounded for money.
+
+Tetzel, one of Rome's travelling merchants, told the people of Germany
+that for "a quarter of a florin" they might "receive letters of
+indulgence," by means of which they might "introduce into paradise a
+divine and immortal soul, without its running any risk." _Hist. Ref._, pp.
+56, 242.
+
+He also said "Indulgences avail not only for the living but for the dead.
+With twelve groats you can deliver your father from purgatory." "At the
+very instant," said he, "that the money rattles at the bottom of the
+chest, the soul escapes from purgatory, and flies, liberated to heaven."
+This is but a specimen of her vile traffic.
+
+Responding to the command, are heard the voices of much people in heaven,
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicing Over Babylon's Destruction.
+
+
+    "And after this, I heard a loud voice of a mighty crowd in heaven,
+    saying, Praise ye Jehovah! The salvation, and the glory, and the
+    power of our God! For true and righteous are his judgments; for he
+    hath judged the great harlot, who corrupted the earth with her
+    fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her
+    hand! And again they said, Praise ye Jehovah! And her smoke
+    ascendeth for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders and the
+    four living beings fell down and worshipped God, who sat on the
+    throne, saying, So be it! Praise ye Jehovah!" Rev. 19:1-4.
+
+
+Daniel, in vision, saw the same persecuting power symbolized by a "Little
+Horn," having "eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth speaking great
+things;" and he beheld, "and the same Horn made war with the saints, and
+prevailed against them, until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was
+given to the saints of the Most High, and the time came that the saints
+possessed the kingdom," Dan. 7:8, 21, 22. And Paul testified of "that
+Wicked" who was to be revealed, that he was the "Man of Sin," "whom the
+Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with
+the brightness of his coming," 2 Thess. 2:3-8. The destruction of that
+which was thus symbolized and predicted, must, consequently, be at the
+epoch of Christ's second coming and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God.
+
+It is also at the epoch anticipated by "the souls of them that were slain
+for the word of God and for the testimony which they held," who, from
+under the altar, on the opening of the "fifth seal," "cried with a loud
+voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and
+avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?" 6:9, 10. The epoch
+which they anticipated not having then arrived, "white robes were given
+unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest
+yet for a little season, until their fellow servants also, and their
+brethren that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled"
+(6:11),--_i.e._, till their number should be filled up. As the destruction
+of that hierarchy, in which "was found the blood of prophets and of saints
+and of all that were slain upon the earth" (18:24), had just been
+symbolized (in the 18th chap.), and as these rejoicings are because God
+"hath judged the great whore which did corrupt the earth with her
+fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand"
+(19:2), it follows that the epoch here symbolized is that to which the
+saints were to wait, and that they are now to be crowned with their
+reward.
+
+As the destruction of Babylon is a little anterior to that of the beast
+and false prophet (19:20), and is to be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), at a time when the kingdom is to be given
+to the saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:22), it explains how it is that the
+kingdom is set up in the days of the kings symbolized by the divided toes
+of Nebuchadnezzar's image: symbolic of the same as the horns of the beast
+in Dan. 7:7, 24, and Rev. 17:3, 12, 16; for "in the days of these kings
+shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed,
+and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in
+pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever," Dan.
+2:44.
+
+The kingdom is therefore commenced previous to the descent of the Lord to
+the earth, by the saints being caught up to meet him in the air. "For the
+Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the
+archangel and the trump of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first;
+then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them
+in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with
+the Lord," 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+This epoch, then, is that of the sounding of the seventh trumpet; for "in
+the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound,
+the mystery of God shall be finished, as he hath declared to his servants
+the prophets," 10:7. This mystery Paul thus explains: "Now this I say,
+brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, neither
+doth corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery: We
+shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the
+twinkling of an eye, _at the last trump_: for the trumpet shall sound, and
+the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed," 1 Cor.
+15:50-54. This "saying" was thus written by Isaiah,--"He will swallow up
+death in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away tears from off all
+faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it. And it shall be said in that day, Lo,
+this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the
+Lord; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his
+salvation," Isa. 25:8, 9. It follows, then, that the voices heard in
+heaven, shouting "Alleluia," and ascribing "salvation, and glory, and
+honor, and power, unto the Lord our God" (v. 1), synchronize with those
+heard when "the seventh angel sounded: and there were great voices in
+heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our
+Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.--And the
+four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon
+their faces and worshipped God, saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God
+Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to
+thee thy great power, and hast reigned: And the nations were angry, and
+thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged,
+and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to
+the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest
+destroy them which destroy the earth," Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+The time of the dead being come that they should be judged, and the saints
+rewarded, is another evidence that this epoch is that of the second advent
+and kingdom of Christ, "who shall judge the quick and the dead at his
+appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1. Consequently it must synchronize with
+that of:
+
+
+
+
+The Marriage of the Lamb.
+
+
+    "And a voice came from the throne saying, Praise our God, all ye
+    his servants, and ye that fear him, both the small and the great!
+    And I heard a voice like that of a great crowd, and like the voice
+    of many waters, and like the voice of mighty thunders, saying,
+    Praise ye Jehovah! for the Lord God Almighty reigneth. Let us
+    rejoice and exult, and give glory up him: for the marriage of the
+    Lamb hath come, and his wife hath prepared herself! And it was
+    granted to her to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: (for
+    the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints.) And he saith
+    to me, Write, Happy are those called to the marriage-supper of the
+    Lamb. And he saith to me, These are the true words of God. And I
+    fell before his feet to worship him. And he saith to me, See thou
+    do it not: I am thy fellow-servant and one of thy brethren, who
+    have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of
+    Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." Rev. 19:5-10.
+
+
+The marriage of the Lamb is at the epoch when "the kingdoms of this world
+are to become our Lord's and his Christ's"--when the Lord God Almighty
+takes to himself his great power and reigns, 11:15, 17. Therefore, in
+connection, are heard the mighty thunderings, saying, "Alleluia; for the
+Lord God Omnipotent reigneth," 9:16. This scripture, then, corresponds
+with that in Matt. 24:30, 31, when "they shall see the Son of Man coming
+in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory; and he shall send his
+angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other." For,
+"when the Son of Man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with
+him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: and before him shall
+be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another as a
+shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats--the one on his right hand and
+the other on his left," Matt. 25:31, 32. Those on his right, we learn from
+1 Cor. 15:51, and 1 Thess. 4:16, 17, are the elect, gathered by the angels
+from all parts under heaven, who are caught up to meet the Lord in the
+air--and those on the left are consequently the living wicked, who are to
+be slain by the sword which proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lamb,
+19:21.
+
+_The wife_ who "hath made herself ready," is shown by the foregoing
+scriptures to be, undoubtedly, the church triumphant--the redeemed, who
+have been raised out from among the dead, and the living saints, caught up
+together to meet the Lord in the air; to welcome him in his coming to
+reign. These constitute the bride, the Lamb's wife; for as "the husband is
+the head of the wife," even so "Christ is the head of the church," Eph.
+5:23. He "loved the church, and gave himself for it, that he might
+sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, that he
+might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle,
+or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish," Eph.
+5:25-27. This accords with God's ancient promises to his people. Thus
+Isaiah saith: "Thy Maker is thy husband; the Lord of hosts is his name,
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel: the Lord of the whole earth shall
+he be called," Isa. 54:5. Also Hosea: "And it shall be at that day, saith
+the Lord, that thou shalt call me Ishi," my husband; "and shalt call me no
+more Baali," my Lord. "And I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness,
+and in judgment, and in loving kindness, and in mercies. I will even
+betroth thee unto me in faithfulness; and thou shalt know the Lord," Hos.
+2:16, 19. Thus is the church "espoused to one husband," to be presented
+"as a chaste virgin to Christ," 2 Cor. 11:2.
+
+The epoch of this presentation being here symbolized, it synchronizes with
+that part of the parable of the "ten virgins which took their lamps and
+went forth to meet the Bridegroom," when, the Bridegroom having come,
+"they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door was
+shut"--those left without, afterwards crying in vain for admittance, Matt.
+25:10. The wife had been made ready by its having been "granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white--[_mar._ 'bright']; for
+the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints," 19:8. Such were the
+"white robes" given to those who cried from under the altar (6:11), and
+who afterwards, at an epoch synchronizing with the marriage of the Lamb,
+appeared, "a great multitude which no man could number, of all nations,
+and kindreds, and people, and tongues," who "stood before the throne, and
+before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands, and
+cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon
+the throne, and unto the Lamb," 7:9, 10. These were they of whom one of
+the elders asked, saying, "What are these which are arrayed in white
+robes? and whence came they?" and who was answered: "These are they which
+came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes and made them
+white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the throne of
+God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the
+throne shall dwell among them. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst
+any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb
+which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them
+unto living fountains of waters; and God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes," 7:13-17. These had complied with the condition to the
+promise: "He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment;
+and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will
+confess his name before the Father and before his holy angels," 3:5.
+"These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were
+redeemed from among men, being the first fruits unto God and to the Lamb,"
+14:4.
+
+"Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb,"
+19:9. Truly are they blessed; for "they shall hunger no more, neither
+thirst any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat," 7:16.
+They attain the promised blessing: "Blessed and holy is he that hath part
+in the first resurrection," 20:6. "And God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying,
+neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+away," 21:4. So entranced was the apocalyptic seer at these symbols of the
+glorified redeemed, that he fell at his feet to worship the angel who
+showed him these things. But his fellow servant shrank back from the
+reception of homage, and pointed to God as the only object of adoration.
+
+The union of the saints to Christ in the clouds of heaven being
+symbolized, they receive the gracious welcome: "Come, ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world," Matt. 25:34. But first it is necessary to redeem the "purchased
+possession" (Eph. 1:14), to reconquer the revolted province, which, since
+the fall, has been subject to "the god of this world" (2 Cor. 4:4), the
+"prince of the power of the air" (Eph. 2:2), to rescue it from the
+dominion of the usurper, and deliver it from its present mis-rule "up to
+God the Father" (1 Cor. 15:24), who will bestow it on One who is worthy to
+wear its crown. For when Daniel saw that "the judgment was set and the
+books were opened," he also "saw in the night visions, and, behold, one
+like the Son of man came in the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient
+of days, and they brought him near before him; and there was given him
+dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations and
+languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion,
+which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be
+destroyed," Dan. 7:10, 13, 14. He comes, then, to dispossess the usurper,
+and to take possession of his kingdom. The next representation, then,
+symbolizes the coming of:
+
+
+
+
+The King and his Armies.
+
+
+    "And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse: and he who
+    sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he
+    judgeth and maketh war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on
+    his head were many diadems; and he had a name written which no one
+    knew except himself. And he was clothed with a garment dipped in
+    blood: and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies in
+    heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in fine linen, white
+    and clean. And from his mouth goeth forth a sharp sword, that he
+    may smite the nations with it: and he will rule them with a rod of
+    iron: and he treadeth the wine-press of the furious wrath of God,
+    the Almighty. And he hath on his garment and on his thigh a name
+    written, KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS." Rev. 19:11-16.
+
+
+According to the significance of symbolic language, Christ is here
+represented as coming personally. The heavens open and he appears in
+resplendent majesty, in accordance with the predictions respecting his
+second advent. When the clouds of heaven had received the ascending
+Saviour, the shining ones who stood by said to the gazing disciples, "This
+same Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like
+manner as ye have seen him go into heaven," Acts 1:11. "And they shall see
+the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory,"
+Matt. 24:30. "Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him,
+and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail
+because of him," Rev. 1:7.
+
+The white horse of the King, and those of his armies, are symbols of the
+pomp and grandeur of their descent, and show that they will triumph in
+victory.
+
+The names ascribed to the descending Monarch are applicable only to
+Christ. He was "the Faithful and True Witness" who commanded John to write
+"to the angel of the church of the Laodiceans," (3:14); for he who
+commanded John to "write in a book and send it unto the seven churches" of
+Asia (1:11), was the One whom John saw "in the midst of the seven
+candlesticks, like unto the Son of man" (1:13), and who announced himself
+as "the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord,
+which is, and which was, and which is to come--the Almighty," 1:8. "The
+Word of God," was the "Word" that was "in the beginning," that "was with
+God," and that "was God," the same that was "in the beginning with God,"
+and which "was made flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, the
+glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth,"
+John 1:1-14. Jesus is "the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the
+world," (_Ib._, 29); and "the Lamb" "is Lord of lords and King of kings,"
+17:14. It is "Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first
+begotten of the dead, and the Prince of the kings of the earth," (1:5);
+and he alone is possessed of that incomprehensible "Name" which no man
+knoweth, and which he hath promised to write on "him that overcometh,"
+3:12.
+
+That the visible and personal coming of Christ, and not any providential
+interposition, is here symbolized, is self-evident. For, while no created
+object can adequately symbolize Him, it would derogate from the dignity of
+his character and position to be a symbol of some inferior object. In all
+mere providential interpositions, foreshown by symbolic imagery, the
+predicted events are represented by corresponding acts of symbolic agents.
+War between nations is symbolized by beasts, representatives of the
+nations, contending with each other. (See Dan. 8th chap.) Pestilence and
+famine are symbolized by analogous results, and not by Christ's appearing.
+When, therefore, he is seen coming in person, it must symbolize his
+personal advent.
+
+His eyes "as a flame of fire," show his identity with the one "like unto
+the Son of man" in the "midst of the seven candlesticks" (1:13), the
+author of the message to "the church in Thyatira;" which "things saith the
+Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass," 2:18.
+
+His "many crowns" are symbols of his sovereignty. Rome undivided and
+mistress of the world, when symbolized by the seven-headed and ten-horned
+dragon, is represented with the crowns on the heads, which were the seven
+successive kinds of government by which its sovereignty was enforced,
+12:3, and 17:9, 10. But when its imperial had given place to its
+decem-regal form, and it is to be shown under the government of ten
+contemporaneous kingdoms, "the crowns," the symbols of sovereignty, are
+represented as encircling the "horns" of the beast, 13:1. So, when "the
+King of kings" cometh, to take to himself his great power, and to reign,
+and "the kingdoms of this world are become those of our Lord and of his
+Christ" (11:15, 17), He, "the head of all principality and power" (Col.
+2:10), at whose name "every knee should bow" (Phil. 2:9), is shown the
+wearer of "many crowns."
+
+"Come, then, and, added to thy many crowns,
+Receive yet one, the crown of all the Earth,
+Thou who alone art worthy! It was thine
+By ancient covenant, ere nature's birth;
+And thou hast made it thine by purchase since,
+And overpaid its value with thy blood."
+          _Cowper's Task._
+
+His "vesture dipped in blood" is symbolic of his coming to tread "the
+wine-press of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God" (19:15), when he
+shall "smite the nations," and "rule them with a rod of iron," (_Ib._)
+Thus Isaiah prophesied: "Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed
+garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in
+the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to
+save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him
+that treadeth in the wine-fat? I have trodden the wine-press alone; and of
+the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger,
+and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my
+garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For the day of vengeance is in
+my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come. And I looked, and there was
+none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold: therefore mine
+own arm brought salvation unto me; and my fury, it upheld me. And I will
+tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I
+will bring down their strength to the earth," Isa. 63:1-6.
+
+The "armies" which follow him, symbolize the attending saints and angels
+who will accompany his advent. They are all "clothed in fine linen, white
+and clean," which constituted the wedding garments of those who were
+called to the marriage-supper of the Lamb, and which was worn by those who
+had washed their robes, and made them white in his blood, (7:14); "for the
+fine linen is the righteousness of saints," 19:8. The righteous being
+caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17), "when
+Christ, who is our life shall appear," they will "appear with him in
+glory," (Col. 3:4); so that "the Lord my God shall come and all the saints
+with thee," Zech. 14:5. "Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of
+these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints, to
+execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them
+of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all
+their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him," Jude
+14, 15.
+
+Not only saints, but angels also, will attend his coming. For "when the
+Son of man shall come in his glory," there will be "all the holy angels
+with him," Matt. 25:31. "He cometh in the glory of his Father, with the
+holy angels," Mark 8:38. "The Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels," 2 Thess. 1:7.
+
+The "sharp sword," going out of his mouth, must be a symbol of his word.
+He speaks, and it is done, Psa. 33:9. "For the word of God is quick and
+powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the
+dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is
+a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart," Heb. 4:12. As "he
+shall smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of
+his lips shall he slay the wicked," (Isa. 11:4); and as "the Lord shall
+consume" "that Wicked" one "with the spirit of his mouth" (2 Thess. 2:8),
+it follows that the sword proceeding out of his mouth is a symbol of the
+words he shall speak for their destruction; for with it he smites the
+nations, 19:15. And this he does when he comes to "rule them with a rod of
+iron" (_Ib._) and tread them in "the wine-press" of the wrath of God. This
+brings us to the object of his coming, which is to "judge and make war,"
+19:11.
+
+And first, "To judge." This proves, that Christ's second advent is here
+symbolized; for, as before quoted, he is to "judge the quick and the dead
+at his appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1. This is at the sounding of the
+seventh trumpet, for then is "the time of the dead that they should be
+judged," 11:18. "With righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove
+with equity for the meek of the earth," when he "shall smite the earth
+with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay
+the wicked," Isa. 11:4. "Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be
+glad; let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof. Let the field be joyful,
+and all that is therein: then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice
+before the Lord: for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the
+world with righteousness, and the people with truth," Psa. 96:11-13. He
+cometh "to execute judgment upon all," Jude 15.
+
+To "make war." That this is another object of his coming, is shown by:
+
+
+
+
+The Final Conflict.
+
+
+    "And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud
+    voice, saying to all the birds flying in the midst of heaven,
+    Come! gather yourselves to the great supper of God; that ye may
+    eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of commanders, and the flesh
+    of the mighty, and the flesh of the horses, and of those who sit
+    on them, and the flesh of all, both free and bond, both small and
+    great. And I saw the wild beast, and the kings of the earth, and
+    their armies, gathered to make war with him, who sat on the horse,
+    and with his army. And the wild beast was taken, and with him the
+    false prophet, who wrought signs in his sight, with which he had
+    deceived those who received the mark of the wild beast, and those
+    who worshipped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake
+    of fire burning with brimstone. And the rest were slain with the
+    sword of him who sat on the horse, which sword goeth forth from
+    his mouth; and all the birds were filled with their flesh." Rev.
+    19:17-21.
+
+
+The contest being between the Lord and his armies on the one part, and the
+wicked nations on the other, the angel seen standing in the sun and
+performing an important act in connection with the Lord's army, must
+represent one of his attending angels; for the acts to be performed are to
+be by their instrumentality: "In the end of this world, the Son of man
+shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a
+furnace of fire," Matt. 13:40-42.
+
+His crying to the fowls of heaven to come and sup on the bodies of the
+slain, is indicative of the certainty of victory and of the entire
+overthrow of those who war against the Lamb. As birds gather on fields of
+slaughter to feast on the slain, so a cry to "all the fowls of heaven" is
+expressive of the extent and thoroughness of the destruction to be
+inflicted. It is the same cry which is made in Ezekiel, 39:17, when the
+armies of Gog are slain on the mountains of Israel. The beast and the
+kings of the earth symbolize the various governments in the world. The
+"beast" is that which had seven heads and ten horns (13:1, and 17:3), and
+was a symbol of Rome in its decem-regal form. It was said of this beast,
+it shall "go into perdition," (17:8); so that under some manifestation, it
+must continue till the end of the world: the earth being "reserved unto
+fire against the day of judgement, and perdition of ungodly men," 2 Pet.
+3:7. As only in its divided form, the Roman empire continues till then,
+the beast is here significant of the divisions represented by its ten
+horns--the governments of modern Europe. "These shall war with the Lamb,
+and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords and King of
+kings; and they that are with him are called and chosen and faithful,"
+17:14.
+
+"The false prophet," which is taken with the beast, is described as the
+one "that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that
+had received the mark of the beast and them that worshipped his image," v.
+20. This identifies him as the two-horned beast of Rev. 13. (13:11-17).
+The two-horned beast being a representative of the Eastern Roman empire,
+when that was subverted by the Turks it became the seat of the false
+prophet,--the Mahometan hierarchy.
+
+The kings of the earth must be the remaining governments which are not
+represented by those two. By their subsequently warring with the Lamb, it
+follows that the previous resurrection and translation of the saints does
+not produce a cessation of all government. Those events may not be
+apparent to all eyes; or they may serve only to madden the unbelieving,
+and to make them more desperate in their infidelity.
+
+They gather their armies to war against the Lamb. They resist his
+authority. They will not have Him to reign over them. They are instigated
+to oppose him by "unclean spirits like frogs" (16:13), which are the
+spirits of devils [_demons_, understood by the Jews to be spirits of the
+wicked dead] working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth
+and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of
+God Almighty, _Ib._ v. 14. This is when Christ is to "come as a thief;"
+and they are to be gathered "into a place called in the Hebrew tongue
+Armageddon," 16:15, 16. This was the name of the valley at the foot of
+Mount Megiddo (Judg. 5:19), which was famous as a valley of slaughter. In
+it Jehu fought against Ahaziah and Joram, and slew both the kings of
+Israel and Judah, 2 Kings 9:27. It was afterwards memorable for the death
+of king Josiah, when Pharaoh-necho fought against him, (2 Kings 23:29); so
+that the mourning as "in the valley of Megiddon," became a proverbial
+expression in Israel for great mourning, Zech. 12:11,12. It is therefore
+significantly applied to the final battle.
+
+Thus do "the kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take
+counsel together against the Lord, and against his Anointed;" but "He that
+sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision."
+For the decree has gone forth: "I shall give thee the heathen for thine
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. Thou
+shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
+potter's vessel," Ps. 2:2-9. In this victory the saints, also, have a
+part; for it is written: "He that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto
+the end, to him will I give power over the nations, and he shall rule them
+with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to
+shivers: even as I received of my Father," 2:26, 27.
+
+As thus predicted, in this final conflict the nations are smitten, 19:15.
+Those symbolized by the beast and false prophet are cast alive into the
+burning flame; _i.e._, the individuals constituting the bodies of those
+beasts are cast therein: their governments cease when taken by the Lamb
+and his armies. This is in accordance with what Daniel saw, who "beheld,
+even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed and given to the
+burning flame," Dan. 7:11.
+
+"The remnant" also are slain; so that there are none left alive on the
+earth of all the wicked. Thus Daniel interpreted to king Nebuchadnezzar
+his dream: "Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which
+smote the image [representing the governments of earth] upon his feet,
+that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron,
+the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together,
+and became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floors; and the wind
+carried them away, that no place was found for them," Dan. 2:34, 35. It
+will "break in pieces, and consume all these kingdoms" (_Ib._), according
+to the prediction: "The nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall
+perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted," Isa. 60:12. "And this
+shall be the plague wherewith the Lord will smite all the people which
+have fought against Jerusalem: Their flesh shall consume away while they
+stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes,
+and their tongues shall consume away in their mouth," Zech. 14:12. "For,
+behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud,
+yea, and all that do wickedly shall be stubble, and the day that cometh
+shall burn them up, saith the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them
+neither root nor branch," Mal. 4:1. "Behold, the day of the Lord cometh,
+cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he
+shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it," Isa. 13:9. Thus will the
+Saviour come "in flaming fire, taking vengeance on them that know not God,
+and obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; who shall be punished
+with everlasting destruction, from the presence of the Lord, and from the
+glory of his power, when he comes to be glorified in his saints, and to be
+admired in all them that believe in that day," (2 Thess. 1:8-10): saying
+to the nations on his left, "Depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting
+fire, prepared for the devil and his angels," Matt. 25:41. Thus will he
+"gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do
+iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be
+wailing and gnashing of teeth," _Ib._, 13:41, 42. The destruction of all
+the wicked from the earth is followed by:
+
+
+
+
+The Binding of Satan.
+
+
+    "And I saw an angel descending from heaven, having the key of the
+    abyss and a great chain in his hand. And he seized the dragon, the
+    old serpent, who is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand
+    years, and cast him into the abyss, and shut him up, and set a
+    seal over him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till
+    the thousand years were completed; and after that, he must be
+    loosed a short time." Rev. 20:1-3.
+
+
+The angel descending from heaven, must be a representative of his own
+order; for at this epoch there are no other orders of beings for him to be
+a representative of. He therefore symbolizes the angels who are
+commissioned to "gather out of his kingdom all things that offend," Matt.
+13:41.
+
+The "key," "pit," and "chain," symbolize the instruments of restraint and
+confinement to which Satan is to be subjected; and his being bound and
+confined symbolize his restraint.
+
+The "Dragon" is expressly called "that old serpent, which is the Devil and
+Satan." With the appendages of heads and horns--symbols of political
+sovereignty--he is used in Rev. 12:3, as a symbol of the Roman civil power,
+under Pagan rule; and in verse 7, when divested of political insignia, of
+the pagan hierarchy. But now, as the beast, another symbol of Roman civil
+rule, has been cast into "the lake of fire and brimstone," and the
+"remnant" are "slain with the sword" (19:21), there are no analogous
+powers remaining on earth for him to be a representative of, and
+consequently he is here represented as a symbol of himself.
+
+Of his identity there can be no question: He is "that Old Serpent," who,
+being "more subtle than any beast of the field which the Lord God had
+made" (Gen. 3:1), "beguiled Eve through his subtlety," 2 Cor. 11:3. He is
+also the Devil, by whom our Saviour was tempted in the wilderness, (Matt.
+4:1-12); and the Satan, whose working is "with all power and signs and
+lying wonders," 2 Thess. 2:9. He is our adversary the devil, who, "as a
+roaring lion, walketh about seeking whom he may devour," (1 Pet. 5:8); and
+against whom we are to guard continually, "lest Satan should get an
+advantage of us," 2 Cor. 2:11.
+
+Coëval with the fall, the promise was given that his head should in due
+time be bruised, and he is not ignorant of his doom; for when the legion
+saw the Saviour about to dispossess them of the two men among the tombs,
+they recognized him as "the Son of God," and cried, "Art thou come hither
+to torment us before _the time_?" (Matt. 8:29); "and they besought him,
+that he would not command them to go out into the _deep_,"--the _pit_, or
+_abyss_, Luke 8:31. The epoch when he should be there confined, is also
+shown by Isaiah to be when "the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the
+inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity," when "the earth also shall
+disclose her blood, and no more cover her slain," Isa. 26:21. For "in that
+day the Lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish
+leviathan [the dragon], the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked
+serpent," _Ib._ 27:1. This synchronizes with the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword, when Satan is bound and cast into the _abyss_, to continue
+there a thousand years.
+
+His being bound and confined must symbolize his dejection to a position
+where he can have no possible influence over the nations during the time
+he is bound. It can be no _partial_ restraint, as some theologians hold;
+for that is contrary to the conditions of the symbolic representation. His
+restraint is full, complete, and entire. Consequently his influence, for
+the time being, will have entirely ceased. The period of his confinement,
+therefore, cannot be one of partial exemption from sin; but the living
+will be perfectly free from all its contagious influences. He is to
+deceive the nations _no more_, till the thousand years shall be fulfilled.
+
+"The nations" who are freed from his influences, and also those whom he is
+subsequently to deceive, are not, necessarily, organized political bodies,
+under civil rulers, as they now exist. The original term, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is
+defined by Robinson to be "a multitude, people, race, belonging and living
+together." At this epoch, the national organizations having disappeared,
+and the people constituting them being translated or slain, the only
+nations remaining will be "the nations of them which are saved" (21:24),
+over whom the influence of Satan will have ceased forever; and those
+constituting "the rest of the dead" (20:5), who will not live again till
+the end of the thousand years--at the very time when Satan is to be loosed
+from his prison to go out to deceive them, 20:7, 8.
+
+
+
+
+The Cleansing of the Earth.
+
+
+There is, in the Apocalypse, no symbolic representation of the act of the
+cleansing of the earth, yet various scriptures show that it is at the
+epoch of the second advent, and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God. If so, it follows the destruction of the wicked and the binding of
+Satan, while the raised and transfigured saints--constituting "the
+bride"--are still with the Lord in the clouds of heaven (19:7-9), where
+they were caught up to meet him in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17.
+
+A restoration of the earth, in connection with the first resurrection, is
+in accordance with the testimony of scripture, and was the opinion of the
+ancients. We read in Isaiah: "Behold, I create new heavens and a new
+earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind," Isa.
+65:17.
+
+"As for my opinion," saith R. Menasse, a Jewish Rabbi, "I think that after
+six thousand years, the world shall be destroyed, upon one certain day, or
+in one hour; that the arches of heaven shall make a stand as immovable;
+that there will be no more generation or corruption; and that all things
+by the resurrection shall be renovated, and return to a better condition."
+He also assures us that "this, without doubt, is the opinion of the most
+learned Aben Ezra," who looked for it in the new earth of Isa. 65:17.
+
+"Man shall be restored in that time, namely, in the days of the Messiah,
+to that state in which he was before the first man sinned."--_R. Moses
+Nachmanides in Duet. § 45._
+
+"Although all things were created perfect, yet when the first man sinned,
+they were corrupted, and will not again return to their congruous state
+till PHEREZ (_i.e._, the MESSIAH) comes." "There are six things which
+shall be restored to their primitive state, viz.: the splendor of man, his
+life, the height of his stature, the fruits of the earth, the fruits of
+the trees, and the luminaries, (the sun, moon, and stars.)"--_R. Berakyah_,
+in the _name of R. Samuel--Bereshith Rabba, Fol. 11, Col. 3_.
+
+"In that time (_i.e._, of the Messiah) the whole work of creation shall be
+changed for the better, and shall return into its perfect and pure state,
+as it was in the time of the first man, before he had sinned."--_R. Becai,
+in Shilcan Orba, Fol. 9, Col. 4, p. 360._
+
+"Theopompus, who flourished three hundred and forty years B. C., relates
+that the Persian Magi taught that the present state of things would
+continue 6000 years; after which _hades_, or death, would be destroyed,
+and men would live happy," &c. "The opinion of the ancient Jews, on this
+head, may be gathered from the statement of one of their Rabbins, who
+said, 'The world endures 6000 years, and in the thousand, or millennium
+that follows, the enemies of God would be destroyed.' It was in like
+manner a tradition of the house of Elias, a holy man, who lived about B.
+C. 200, that the world was to endure 6000 years, and that the righteous,
+whom God should raise up, would not be turned again into dust. That, by
+this resurrection, he meant a resurrection prior to the millennium, is
+manifest from what follows.... It is worthy of remark, that the two
+ancient authors, whose words have just been quoted, speak of the seventh
+millennium as 'that day'--the day in which God will renew the world, and in
+which he alone shall be exalted."--_Dis. on Mill. by Bishop Russell, Prof.
+Eccl. Hist. in the Scottish Epis. Ch._
+
+"The Divine institution of a sabbatical, or seventh year's solemnity among
+the Jews, has a plain typical reference to the seventh chiliad, or
+millenary of the world, according to the well known tradition among the
+Jewish doctors, adopted by many in every age of the Christian Church, that
+this world will attain to its limit at the end of 6000 years."--_Mede._
+
+"The observance of the Sabbath is essential to the faith; for such only as
+observe the Sabbath confess that the earth will be renewed: because He who
+created it out of nothing will renew it."--_David Kimchi, on Isa. 55:5,
+quoted by Mede._
+
+"In as many days as this world was made, in so many thousand years it is
+perfected; for if the day of the Lord be as it were a 1000 years, and in
+six days those things that are made were finished, it is manifest that the
+perfecting of those things is in the 6000th year, when anti-Christ,
+reigning 1260 years, shall have wasted all things in the world, ... then
+shall the Lord come from heaven in the clouds, with the glory of his
+Father." _Irenæus, Bish. of Lyons, A. D. 178._
+
+"In six thousand years, the Lord will bring all things to an end, ... when
+iniquity shall be no more, all things being renewed by the Lord."--_Epst.
+of Barnabas, sec. 14, 15._
+
+"Let philosophers know, who number thousands of years, ages since the
+beginning of the world, that the 6000th year is not yet concluded or
+ended. But that number being fulfilled, of necessity there must be an end,
+and the state of human things must be transformed into that which is
+better."--_Lactantius, B. of Divine Inst., A. D. 310._
+
+Thomas Burnet (Theory of Earth, Lon. 1697) states "that it was the
+received opinion of the primitive church from the days of the apostles to
+the council of Nice, that this earth would continue 6000 years, when the
+resurrection of the just, and conflagration of the earth, would usher in
+the millennium and reign of Christ on earth."
+
+"God's blessing the Sabbath day, and resting on it from all his works, was
+a type of that glorious rest that the saints shall have when the six days
+of this world are fully ended.... He will finish the toil and travail of
+his saints, with the burden of the beasts and the curse of the ground, and
+bring all into rest for a thousand years.... None ever saw this world as
+it was in its first creation but Adam and his wife, neither will any see
+it until the manifestation of the children of God; _i.e._, until the
+redemption or resurrection of the saints."--_John Bunyan's Works, vol. 6,
+pp. 301, 329._
+
+"I expect with Paul a reparation of _all_ the evils caused by sin, for
+which he represents the creatures as groaning and travailing."--_John
+Calvin, in his __"__Institutes.__"_
+
+The reformation of the earth "never was, nor yet shall be, till the
+righteous King and Judge appear for the restoration of all things."--_John
+Knox._
+
+  "The groans of nature in this nether world,
+Which heaven has heard for ages, have an end.
+Foretold by prophets, and by poets sung,
+Whose fire was kindled at the prophet's lamp,
+The time of rest, the promised Sabbath, comes:
+Six thousand years of sorrow have well nigh
+Fulfilled their tardy and disastrous course
+Over a sinful world; and what remains
+Of this tempestuous state of human things,
+Is merely as the working of a sea
+Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest;
+For HE, whose car the winds are, and the clouds
+The dust that waits upon his sultry march,
+When sin hath moved him, and his wrath is hot,
+Shall visit earth in mercy; shall descend,
+Propitious, in his chariot paved with love;
+And what his storms have blasted and defaced
+For man's _revolt_, shall with a smile _repair_."
+      _Cowper's Task._
+
+The above are only a few of many extracts which might be made, showing the
+faith of the church in past ages; but which are of no weight, only as they
+are in accordance with the harmony of scriptural testimony.
+
+When man sinned, this earth was cursed for his sake. The Lord said to him,
+"Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the
+days of thy life; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth unto thee,
+and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in the sweat of thy face shalt
+thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou
+taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return," Gen. 3:17-19.
+
+Such was the curse to which the whole creation was subjected because man
+sinned. "For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but
+by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope," Rom. 8:20. And this
+hope is for a removal of the curse thus inflicted, and a restoration of
+all things to their original condition.
+
+As the earth was subjected to the curse at the time when man was made
+subject to death, the removal of the former would naturally be expected at
+the epoch of the fulfillment of the promise to the just: "I will ransom
+them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death I
+will be thy plagues; O grave I will be thy destruction," Hos. 13:14. And
+thus Paul testifies: "For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth
+for the manifestation of the sons of God, ... Because the creature itself,
+also, shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious
+liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation
+groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. And not only they, but
+ourselves also, which have the first fruits of the Spirit, even we
+ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the
+redemption of our body," Rom. 8:19, 21-23.
+
+The removal of the curse removes also its consequences. Thus it is
+promised: "Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of
+the briar shall come up the myrtle tree," Isa. 55:13. "The inhabitant
+shall not say I am sick: the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven
+their iniquity," Isa. 33:24. "He will swallow up death in victory; and the
+Lord God will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his
+people will he take away from off all the earth; for the Lord hath spoken
+it," Isa. 25:8. "For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth," Isa.
+65:17. "And there shall be no more curse," Rev. 22:3. "For the Lord shall
+comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her
+wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord; joy and
+gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody,"
+Isa. 51:3.
+
+The removal of the curse is called "the regeneration" (Matt. 19:28), "the
+times of refreshing," and of "restitution;" which Peter places at the
+advent of Christ: "whom the heavens must receive until the times of
+restitution(10) of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all
+his holy prophets since the world began," Acts 3:21. He also places it at
+"the perdition of ungodly men," which must synchronize with the epoch when
+the beast "goeth into perdition" (17:11), and "the remnant" are "slain
+with the sword," (19:21); "when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from
+heaven, with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them
+that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ,"
+2 Thess. 1:7, 8. Says Peter: "The heavens and the earth, which are now, by
+the same word ['whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with
+water, perished' v.6] are kept in store, reserved unto fire, against the
+day of judgment, and perdition of ungodly men.... But the day of the Lord
+will come, as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass
+away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat,
+the earth also; and the works that are therein shall be burned up....
+Nevertheless, we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new
+earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness," _i.e._, "righteous
+persons"--_Horsely_, 2 Pet. 3:7-13. This harmonizes with the day that
+"cometh that shall burn as an oven," when "all the proud, yea, and all
+that do wickedly" shall be burned up, and become "ashes under the soles"
+of those on whom "shall the Sun of righteousness arise," (Mal. 4:1-3);
+which must be the time intervening between the resurrection of the
+righteous and that of the wicked. This also harmonizes with the testimony
+of our Saviour, that when, "in the end of this world," He "shall send
+forth his angels and gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and
+them which do iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire; ...
+_then_ shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their
+Father," Matt. 13:40-43.
+
+The earth being cleansed, and all things made new, it will have been
+prepared for the "dwelling" of "righteous persons" (2 Pet. 3:13),
+who,--having "put on incorruption" (1 Cor. 15:53), and been "caught up ...
+in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" (1 Thess. 4:17), where,
+constituting "the bride," "the Lamb's wife," they were "called unto the
+marriage supper of the Lamb" (19:7-9),--will descend from heaven to take
+possession. Thus John writes, that one of the angels said to him: "Come
+hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. And he carried me
+away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and he showed me that
+great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God," 21:9,
+10.
+
+"Lo, what a glorious sight appears
+  To our believing eyes:
+The earth and seas are passed away,
+  And the old rolling skies!
+
+From the third heaven where God resides,
+  That holy, happy place,
+The New Jerusalem comes down
+  Adorned with shining grace.
+
+Attending angels shout for joy,
+  And the bright armies sing,
+Mortals, behold the sacred seat
+  Of your descending King."--_Watts._
+
+
+
+
+The Kingdom given to the Saints at the resurrection of the just.
+
+
+    "And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given
+    for them: and I saw the persons of those beheaded for the
+    testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and those, who had
+    not worshipped the wild beast, nor his image, nor had received the
+    mark on their forehead, or on their hand; and they lived and
+    reigned with Christ the thousand years. But the rest of the dead
+    lived not until the thousand years were completed. This is the
+    first resurrection. Happy and holy is he, who bath part in the
+    first resurrection: on such, the second death hath no power, but
+    they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign with him
+    a thousand years!" Rev. 20:4-6.
+
+
+"Thrones" are symbols of power. As the saints are to reign with Christ on
+the renewed earth, in obedience to the invitation: "Come ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world," (Matt. 25:34); their being inducted into the kingdom is symbolized
+by their being seated on thrones. Thus they sing in the "new song,"
+addressed to Christ: "Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us unto our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth,"
+5:9, 10. In the first chapter, also, all who ascribe praises to "Him that
+loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood," also add: "and
+hath made us kings and priests unto God, and his Father," 1:5, 6.
+
+All the saints being thus exalted to kingly and priestly dignity,
+symbolizes the exalted rank they are to hold in the new creation--the
+symbols of their station being taken from the most exalted offices known
+on earth. Thus God said to ancient Israel: "Ye shall be unto me a kingdom
+of priests, and a holy nation," (Ex. 19:6); and the Christian church is
+addressed as "a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a
+peculiar people," 1 Pet. 2:9.
+
+The time when the saints shall reign on the earth is in connection with
+the destruction of the "little horn" of Daniel's "fourth beast," which, as
+he saw, "made war with the saints and prevailed against them, until the
+Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the Most
+High, and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom," Dan. 7:21,
+22. "The saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the
+kingdom forever, even forever and ever," _Ib._ v. 18. "And the kingdom and
+dominion and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be
+given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him," _Ib._ v.
+27. "And they shall reign forever and ever," 22:5. Thus the Saviour said:
+"Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you
+the kingdom," Luke 12:32.
+
+Those who receive the kingdom are symbolized by the souls of martyrs, &c.,
+living again and reigning with Christ. The symbol includes, with the
+martyred saints, those who had stood aloof from the worship of the beast
+and his image, and those who had not received his mark; who are shown by a
+parallel scripture to represent all who are redeemed to God "out of every
+kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation," 5:9, 10. Some of these were
+symbolized, under the fifth seal, as crying from under the altar in
+anticipation of this day, 6:9. Now, with "their fellow servants," they
+receive their reward.
+
+The souls of the departed living again, can only symbolize those who have
+been subjected to death, and are again raised. Consequently they are the
+subjects of a real resurrection. And this is shown by the explanation of
+the symbol, which affirms that, "This is the first resurrection."
+
+It is denied by many that a literal resurrection is here taught; but in so
+doing they deny the faith of the church in its best and purest ages. In
+the first two centuries after Christ, there was not an individual, who
+believed in any resurrection of the dead whose name or memory has survived
+to the present time, who denied that the resurrection of the just is here
+taught.
+
+Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes Papias, who he admits was a
+disciple of St. John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying that "after
+the resurrection of the dead the kingdom of Christ shall be established
+corporeally on this earth." And Jerome, another opposer, quotes from him
+that "he had the apostles for his authors; and that he considered what
+Andrew, what Peter said, what Philip, what Thomas said, and other
+disciples of the Lord."
+
+Polycarp was another of John's disciples; and Irenæus testifies in an
+epistle to Florinus, that he had seen Polycarp, "who related his
+conversation with John and others who had seen the Lord, and how he
+related their sayings, and the things he had heard of them concerning the
+Lord, both concerning his miracles and doctrine, as he had received them
+from the Lord of life; all of which Polycarp related agreeable to the
+scriptures." Following such a teacher, Irenæus taught that at the
+resurrection of the just, the meek should inherit the earth; and that then
+would be fulfilled the promise which God made to Abraham.
+
+Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that, "A certain man _among us_, whose
+name is John, being one of the twelve apostles of Christ, in that
+Revelation which was shown him, prophesied that those who believe in our
+Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem." He affirms that
+himself "and many others are of this mind"--"that Christ shall reign
+personally on earth;" and that "all who were accounted orthodox so
+believed."
+
+Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a custom for Christians to pray
+that they might have part in the first resurrection. And Cyprian, about
+220, says that Christians "had a thirst for martyrdom that they might
+obtain a better resurrection."
+
+Mosheim assures us that the opinion "that Christ was to come and reign
+1000 years among men," had, before the time of Origen, about the middle of
+the 3d century, "met with no opposition." And it is the testimony of
+ecclesiastical historians, that the first who opposed it, seeing no way of
+avoiding the meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied the authenticity of
+the Apocalypse, and claimed that it was written by one Cerenthus, a
+heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining what they called "his fiction
+of the reign of Christ on earth." This doctrine is not _now_ evaded in
+this way, but by spiritualizing the language of the Apocalypse, and thus
+finding a meaning in it which is not expressed by any of the admitted laws
+of language. Theologians who thus reason make the first resurrection the
+conversion of the world. But those who are affirmed to be raised, are
+persons who have lived and are dead. If the resurrection is a mere
+metaphor, then the martyrs must have metaphorically died, and must have
+comprised only those who had been previously converted and were fallen
+away. The rest of the dead must then be understood as persons morally
+dead, which would be inconsistent with the idea of a converted world.
+Those who were raised being those who were previously converted, they must
+have been literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable of such is
+a literal resurrection.
+
+The Bible teaches such a resurrection of the righteous prior to that of
+the wicked. Thus the Psalmist says of them: "Like sheep they are laid in
+the grave; death shall feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion
+over them in the morning." But of himself he says: "But God will redeem my
+soul from the power of the grave," Psa. 49:14, 15. Of the wicked Isaiah
+testifies: "They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they
+shall not rise," _i.e._ with the righteous; but to Zion he says: "Thy dead
+men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and
+sing, ye that dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and
+the earth shall cast out her dead," Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import is
+the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time when Michael shall stand up,
+and "thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written
+in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall
+awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting life, and some, [the
+unawakened, shall be] to shame and everlasting contempt," Dan. 12:1, 2.
+Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the precise rendering of the original.
+
+The New Testament also teaches a resurrection of the just, in distinction
+from that of the wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made alive, that
+it will be "every man in his own order," or band--"Christ the first fruits;
+afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming," 1 Cor. 15:23. None
+others are spoken of as being raised at that epoch. When the Lord descends
+from heaven with a shout, at the trump of God, not the entire mass of the
+dead, but "the dead in Christ shall rise first," before the righteous
+living are changed, 1 Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority in the
+resurrection of the righteous, Paul teaches that the worthies who died in
+faith "accepted not deliverance, that they might obtain _a better_
+resurrection," (Heb. 11:13); and himself, he says, counted all things loss
+for Christ, "if by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the
+dead," (Phil. 3:11); which is "the resurrection from among the dead"--it
+being a resurrection to which some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour
+taught: while "they that have done good shall come forth _at_ [as it is
+literally] the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil at the
+resurrection of damnation" (John 5:29), the two are not co-etaneous; for
+the righteous shall be "recompensed at the resurrection _of the just_,"
+Lu. 14:14. That must be the resurrection of which those are the subjects
+who receive the kingdom; for "flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom
+of God," 1 Cor. 15:50. While "the children of this world marry and are
+given in marriage," "they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that
+world, and the resurrection _from_ the dead, neither marry, nor are given
+in marriage; neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the
+angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the
+resurrection," Lu. 20:34-36.
+
+The children of the resurrection thus include all who attain unto that
+world, which, consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and of which the
+righteous dead and the living saints are made equal subjects, according to
+Paul's "mystery:" "We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in
+a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet
+shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed," _i.e._, to the same incorruptible state to which the dead are
+raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the righteous will alike "bear the
+image of the heavenly" (v. 49) when they "shall be caught up together" (1
+Thess. 4:16) "to meet the Lord in the air."
+
+The resurrection state is that to which the ancients looked for the
+restoration of Israel.
+
+Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have lived just after the second
+temple was built, applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who seemed likely
+to die without seeing the glory of Israel, saying: "As I live, saith
+Jehovah, I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the dead; and I will
+gather you with all Israel."
+
+The Sadducees are reported to have asked Rabbi Gamaliel, the preceptor of
+Paul, whence he would prove that God would raise the dead, who quoted
+Deut. 9:21: "Which land the Lord sware that he would give to your
+_fathers_." He argued, as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob had it not, and as God
+cannot lie, that they must be raised from the dead to inherit it.
+
+Rabbi Simai, though of later date, argues the same from Ex. 6:4, insisting
+that the law asserts in this place the resurrection from the dead, when it
+said: "And also I have established my covenant with them, to give them the
+Canaan;" for, he adds, "it is not said to _you_, but to them."
+
+Mennasseh Ben Israel says: "It is plain that Abraham and the rest of the
+patriarchs did not possess that land; it follows, therefore, that they
+must be raised in order to enjoy the promised good, as otherwise the
+promises of God would be vain and false."--_De Resurrec. Mort., L. i., c.
+1. § 4._
+
+Rabbi Saahias Gaion, commenting on Dan. 12:2, says: "This is the
+resuscitation of the dead Israel, whose lot is eternal life, and those who
+shall not awake are the forsakers of Jehovah."
+
+"In the world to come," says the Sahar, fol. 81, "the blessed God will
+vivify the dead and raise them from their dust, so that they shall be no
+more an earthly structure."
+
+Thus "Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should
+after receive for an inheritance ... sojourned in the land of promise, as
+in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles, with Isaac and Jacob, the
+heirs with him of the same promise; for he looked for a city which hath
+foundations, whose builder and maker is God," Heb. 11:8-10. While he dwelt
+in that land, God "gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to
+set his foot on; yet he promised that he would give it to _him_ for a
+possession, and to his seed after him," Acts 7:5. This was also true of
+all those "who died in faith, not having received the promises, but having
+seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and
+confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth,"--desiring "a
+better country, that is, a heavenly" (Heb. 11:13-16), "not accepting
+deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection" (v. 35), "God
+having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not
+be made perfect," v. 40.
+
+When the promises are thus made good to Israel, all who are of the faith
+of Abraham will participate in the same promises. For "Christ hath
+redeemed us from the curse of the law ... that the blessing of Abraham
+might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ." "And if ye be Christ's,
+then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise," Gal.
+3:13, 14, 29. So the Saviour said to the Jews: "Many shall come from the
+east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in
+the kingdom of heaven; but the children of the kingdom [unregenerate Jews]
+shall be cast into outer darkness," Matt. 8:11, 12. And then, as the
+Saviour said to the twelve: "Ye which have followed me, in the
+regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye
+also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel,"
+Matt. 19:28.
+
+"The rest of the dead," who live not again till the thousand years are
+ended, must be the wicked dead; for, the righteous being raised, no other
+dead ones remain. They include all the wicked, who have died in all ages,
+and "the remnant" who "are slain with the sword" (19:21), when the kingdom
+is cleansed from all things that offend.
+
+"The thousand years" to intervene between the two resurrections, are
+regarded by some as a symbol of 360,000 years. There seems to be no
+necessity for such an interpretation. When time is symbolized, it is
+always proportioned to the duration of the other symbols used. Thus, in
+Dan. 8th, when beasts symbolize kingdoms, it would have been incongruous
+to have specified the duration of the vision in literal years; for beasts
+do not continue during centuries, as the kingdoms symbolized by them have
+done. But days are proportioned to years, as beasts are to kingdoms; so
+that there is a fitness in symbolizing the years foreshadowed in that
+vision, by 2300 days; between which measure of time and the duration of
+the existence of beasts, there is a perfect congruity.
+
+In the 4th of Daniel, where the cutting down of a tree is used to
+symbolize the loss of the king's reason, there is no such disproportion
+between the duration of man's existence and that of a tree, as there is
+between the life of a beast and that of an empire. And therefore there is
+no incongruity if the time specified is a symbol of literal time, _i.e._,
+if a time is used to symbolize a year. In this case, the seven years could
+not have been symbolized by seven days; for there is no marked
+disproportion between the duration of the other symbols in connection, and
+the things symbolized; and had days been used, days must have been
+understood in the fulfilment.
+
+There might be either 1000 years, or 360,000, between the first and second
+resurrections, without conflicting with any other Scripture. But there is
+no disproportion between the other symbols and the things symbolized,--the
+living again of the martyrs in vision, and their actual resurrection; and
+therefore the 1000 years need not, by any parallel usage or law of
+language, be understood, to be other than a literal thousand.
+
+
+
+
+The Wicked Raised, and Satan Loosed
+
+
+    "And when the thousand years are completed, Satan will be loosed
+    out of his prison, and will go out to deceive the nations in the
+    four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them to
+    battle: the number of whom is like the sand of the sea. And they
+    ascended on the breadth of the earth, and encompassed the camp of
+    the saints, and the beloved city: and fire descended from God out
+    of heaven, and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them,
+    was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where both the wild
+    beast and the false prophet are, and will be tormented day and
+    night for ever and ever. And I saw a great white throne, and him
+    who sat on it; from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away,
+    and a place was not for them. And I saw the dead, the small and
+    the great, standing before God; and the books were opened: and
+    another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead
+    were judged from the things written in the books, according to
+    their works. And the sea gave up the dead in it; and death and the
+    pit gave up the dead in them: and they were judged every one
+    according to their works. And death and the pit were cast into the
+    lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. And
+    whoever was not found written in the book of life, was cast into
+    the lake of fire." Rev. 20:7-15.
+
+
+Verses 11-15 contain the record of the symbolization John saw, of what was
+to transpire at the end of the thousand years; while verses 7-10 appear to
+be explanatory of events which would then be fulfilled. This explanation,
+previous to the exhibition of the symbolization, is appropriate in the
+connection, and makes more forcible the fact that "the rest of the dead
+lived not again until the thousand years were finished."
+
+As the rest of the dead live not till the end of the thousand years, they
+come forth at "the resurrection of damnation," at the end of a thousand
+years of the reign of the saints on the earth, and at the epoch when Satan
+was to be loosed from his prison. As all who had part in the first
+resurrection were to be exempted from the power of the second death, the
+nations who are then deceived by Satan, must be the nations composing the
+rest of the dead, who live again at that epoch.
+
+Their number "as the sand of the sea," and their coming from "the four
+quarters of the earth," show that they are no obscure people, living
+unknown to the saints; and their existence can only be accounted for by
+the event of a resurrection of the wicked.
+
+Their names, "Gog and Magog,"--those applied to the ancient enemies of
+Israel, (Ezek. 38:38),--are appropriate titles to designate the subjects of
+the second resurrection.
+
+They encompass the camp of the saints, and the beloved city--showing that
+the city descends at the commencement of the thousand years--but there is
+no battle: before they are permitted to harm the saints, fire from heaven
+devours them; and the devil that thought to lead them against the holy
+city, is cast into the lake of fire, where the beast and false prophet
+were cast at the commencement of the millennium.
+
+In connection with the resurrection of the wicked, is their judgment--not
+following necessarily in the precise order of the record. The "small and
+great" who stand before God, are not small and large persons, but those
+from all stations and ranks in society. The king and the beggar equally
+receive according to their deserts: They are the bond and the free, the
+high and the low, the rich and the poor, including those who fought
+against the Lamb, and were overcome by Him, 19:18.
+
+The open books symbolize the record of their evil deeds, for which they
+are to be judged. And the "book of Life" is opened to symbolize that the
+names of those who are judged are not there recorded, and that
+consequently they are justly condemned. To "him that overcometh," the
+Saviour promised "I will not blot his name out of this book of life," 3:3.
+
+The sea, death, and hell giving up their dead, indicates that all of the
+"rest of the dead" are here resurrected, and that none are left out from
+among whom these are raised, as these were, from whom came forth the
+subjects of the first resurrection.
+
+The casting of death and hell into the lake of fire, symbolizes the
+casting in of those who were within their domains; and "the lake of fire,"
+symbolizes the place into which--the impenitent are consigned--which is the
+"second death."
+
+
+
+
+The New Creation.
+
+
+    "And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and
+    the first earth were passed away; and the sea was no more. And I
+    saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, descending out of heaven, from
+    God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband." Rev. 21:1, 2.
+
+
+The new heaven and new earth are symbols of the new order of things. The
+old heavens and earth having been dissolved, their elements melting with
+fervent heat (2 Pet. 3:12), the "new heavens and the new earth, wherein
+dwelleth righteousness," for which Peter looked, succeed to their place.
+So much more resplendent are these than the former, that those "shall not
+be remembered, nor come into mind," _i.e._, to be desired, Isa. 65:17.
+This is the eternal state in which we are commanded to be "glad and
+rejoice forever," when God shall "create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her
+people a joy." Then "the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her,
+nor the voice of crying." There "the elect shall long enjoy the work of
+their hands;" for "as the days of a tree, are the days of my people,"
+saith the Lord; who has also declared that, "as the new heavens and the
+new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, so shall your seed
+and your name remain," Isa. 66:22.
+
+The sea is now "no more," in the same sense that the first heavens and
+earth are passed away--all having disappeared in the conflagration, and
+given place to the "restitution of all things spoken of by the mouth of
+all the holy prophets," Acts 3:21. Whether the new creation will comprise
+both sea and dry land, as was first created (Gen. 1:10), is not here
+decided; but there is no reason to suppose that this characteristic of the
+original creation will be forever obliterated.
+
+The new Jerusalem descends, adorned as a bride for her husband. She is
+shown in the 19th chapter to be "arrayed in fine linen, clean and white"--a
+symbol of "the righteousness of the saints." As the corrupt Roman
+hierarchy was symbolized by an adulterous woman (17:3), and also by the
+corrupt city of Babylon (18:2), so symbols of an opposite character--a
+chaste bride, and the new Jerusalem--are chosen representatives of the
+church triumphant, whose Maker is her husband.
+
+Mr. Lord very justly remarks: "The descent of the city is to take place at
+the commencement of the millennium, manifestly from the representation
+that the marriage of the Lamb was come, and that his wife had prepared
+herself, immediately after the destruction of great Babylon, (19:7, 8);
+from the exhibition of the risen and glorified saints, as seated on
+thrones, and reigning with Christ during the thousand years; and from the
+representation of the beloved city as on earth at the revolt of Gog and
+Magog, after the close of the thousand years."--"_Ex. Apoc._" p. 529.
+
+"Jerusalem, my happy home,
+  O how I long for thee;
+When shall my sorrows have an end?
+  Thy joys when shall I see?
+
+"When shall these eyes thy heaven-built walls
+  And pearly gates behold!
+Thy bulwarks with salvation strong,
+  And streets of shining gold?
+
+"O when, thou city of my God,
+  Shall I thy courts ascend,
+Where congregations ne'er break up,
+  And Sabbaths have no end?"
+
+
+
+
+The Tabernacle of God with Men.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice out of heaven, saying, Behold, the
+    tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and
+    they will be his people, and God himself will be with them, even
+    their God. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and
+    there will be no more death, nor mourning, nor crying out, nor
+    will there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+    away. And he who sat on the throne said, Behold, I make all things
+    new. And he said, Write, for these words are faithful and true.
+    And he said to me, It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
+    beginning and the end. I will give to him, who thirsteth, from the
+    fountain of the water of life freely. He, who overcometh, will
+    inherit these things; and I will be his God, and he will be my
+    son. But the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, and
+    murderers, and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all
+    liars, will have their part in the lake burning with fire and
+    brimstone, which is the second death." Rev. 21:3-8.
+
+
+The utterances of the "great voice out of heaven" are not what John saw,
+but are what he heard; and are therefore to be interpreted, not by the
+laws of symbols, but by those of tropes and literal language.
+
+The "tabernacle of God with men" is explained in the same connection to be
+his "dwelling with them."
+
+"When our Saviour was incarnate, and vouchsafed to dwell amongst the
+children of men, the same phrase is used by this same author, _Eskeenoose_
+(John 1:14), 'The Word was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us: and we
+beheld his glory,' etc. We read it, he dwelt amongst us: but rendered more
+closely, it is, he set his tabernacle amongst us. And that which the
+Hebrews call the _Shekinah_, or divine presence (Maimon, Mor. Nev. par. 1,
+chap. 25), comes from a word of the like signification, and found with the
+Greek word here used. Therefore there will be a _Shekinah_ in that kingdom
+of Christ."--_Tho. Burnett._
+
+When Israel first entered the wilderness, God entered into a _covenant_
+with them (Ex. 19:3-8), in consequence of which he said to Moses, "Let
+them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them," (Ex. 25:8)--the
+pattern of which was shown Moses in the mount; and when completed "the
+glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle" (Ex. 40:34), and there "the Lord
+talked with Moses," Ex. 33:9. Thus did God dwell among them while they
+were in a probationary state; but he indicated a more intimate connection
+with them, by promising, if they were obedient to his statutes in all
+things, that "I will set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not
+abhor you. And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall
+be my people," Lev. 26:11, 12. This promise was not fulfilled to the Jews,
+because of their sins; but Paul quotes it (2 Cor. 6:16), and applies it as
+a promise still to be made good to the church of Christ. Thus, the "Word"
+that "was God," who was made flesh and tabernacled among us at his
+incarnation, is again to come and dwell with us in his human tabernacle,
+as at his first advent. Then will God enter into a new covenant with his
+people, as he has said: "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I
+will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of
+Judah; not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers, in
+the day that I took them by the hand, to bring them out of the land of
+Egypt, which my covenant they brake, although I was a husband unto them,
+saith the Lord; but this shall be the covenant that I will make with the
+house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in
+their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God,
+and they shall be my people. And they shall teach no more every man his
+neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall
+all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the
+Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no
+more," Jer. 31:31-34.
+
+As the saints, before the resurrection of "the rest of the dead," "reign
+with Christ 1000 years," (20:4); it follows that during that period the
+tabernacle of God is with men, when he dwells among them, which is an
+additional evidence that "the restitution of all things" (Acts 3:21) is at
+the commencement of the millennium.
+
+This is a tearless state--all tears being then wiped from every eye. Isaiah
+predicted, when "He will swallow up death in victory," that "the Lord God
+will wipe away tears from off all faces: and the rebuke of his people
+shall he take away from off all the earth: for the Lord hath spoken it.
+And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for
+him, and he will save us: this is the Lord; we have waited for him, we
+will be glad and rejoice in his salvation," Isa. 25:8, 9. The commencement
+of the tearless state is thus placed by Isaiah at the resurrection, and at
+the appearance of Christ; which is confirmed by Paul, in his inspired
+commentary on the same, who affirms that at the last trump, "when this
+corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put
+on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written,
+Death is swallowed up in victory," 1 Cor. 15:54. This state was also
+promised to the entire company "which came out of great tribulation, and
+have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.
+Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night
+in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them.
+They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall the sun
+light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, which is in the midst of the
+throne, shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of
+waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes," Rev. 7:14-17.
+
+There shall then "be no more death"--for that "last enemy shall be
+destroyed" (1 Cor. 15:26), and there shall be nothing to "hurt nor
+destroy, in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord." Death will have been
+swallowed up in victory, (Isa. 25:8)--the redeemed having been ransomed
+"from the power of the grave," Hos. 13:14. "Neither can they die any more:
+for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the
+children of the resurrection," Luke 20:36.
+
+After the destruction of death, there shall be "neither sorrow, nor
+crying, neither shall there be any more pain." This was to be when "the
+ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and
+everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and
+sorrow and sighing shall flee away," Isa. 35:10. And one of these songs
+was to be: "Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out
+of every kindred and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto
+our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth," Rev. 5:9,10.
+
+Then, everything which distinguishes the present world from that, will
+have passed away; for all things will be created anew. These words,
+uttered by Him who is the "Alpha and Omega," are no rhetorical flourishes,
+nor mere figures of speech, but contain the exact and literal truth, and
+are not to be set aside as unmeaning figures. For He who sat upon the
+throne has declared: "These words are true and faithful." Faithful is He
+who hath promised, and he will surely make good his words--bestowing on the
+righteous the inheritance of all things; and on the wicked, their fearful
+doom.
+
+
+
+
+The New Jerusalem.
+
+
+    "And there came to me one of the seven angels, who had the seven
+    bowls full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying,
+    Come, I will shew thee the bride, the wife of the Lamb. And he
+    carried me away in spirit to a vast and high mountain, and shewed
+    me the holy city Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
+    having the glory of God. Her light was like a most precious stone,
+    like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; having a wall vast and
+    high, and having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and
+    names written on the gates, which are the names of the twelve
+    tribes of the sons of Israel. On the east, three gates; on the
+    north, three gates; on the south, three gates; and on the west,
+    three gates. And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and
+    on them, the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. And
+    he, who talked with me, had a golden measuring-reed to measure the
+    city, and its gates, and its wall. And the city lieth square, and
+    the length is as much as the breadth: and he measured the city
+    with the measuring-reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length, and
+    the breadth, and the height of it are equal. And he measured its
+    wall, a hundred and forty-four cubits, according to the measure of
+    a man, that is, of the angel. And the structure of its wall was
+    jasper: and the city was pure gold, like clear glass. And the
+    foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind
+    of precious stone. The first foundation was a jasper; the second,
+    a sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; the
+    fifth, a sardonyx; the sixth, a sardius; the seventh, a
+    chrysolite; the eighth, a beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a
+    chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.
+    And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; each one of the gates was
+    of one pearl; and the wide street of the city was pure gold, like
+    transparent glass." Rev. 21:9-21.
+
+
+    "And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal,
+    proceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb. In the midst of
+    its wide street, and on each side of the river, was the tree of
+    life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit monthly,
+    and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
+    And there will be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the
+    Lamb will be in it; and his servants will serve him: and they will
+    see his face; and his name will be on their foreheads. And there
+    will be no night there; and they have no need of the light of a
+    lamp, nor of the light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them
+    light: and they will reign forever and ever." Rev. 22:1-5.
+
+
+Objects of great interest, of which only a passing glance was permitted in
+previous visions, are again and again presented, until their relative
+glory is sufficiently manifested. Thus the new earth was considered worthy
+of being the subject of a special vision; and now the Bride, the Lamb's
+wife, although before referred to, is again made the subject of a special
+vision, under the symbol of a city, explained to be the bride.
+
+The descent of the city, to harmonize with corresponding scriptures, has
+been shown to be at the commencement of the millennium, when those who are
+called to the marriage supper of the Lamb descend from the clouds of
+heaven, to receive "an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that
+fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you ... ready to be revealed in
+the last time," 1 Pet. 4:5.
+
+"The glory of the Lord," which is the light of the city, is explained to
+be "the Lamb" (21:23), which "is the light thereof." "In him was life, and
+the life was the light of men." "That was the true light which lighteth
+every man that cometh into the world," John 1:4, 9. In Him dwelleth all
+the fulness of the Godhead bodily (Col. 2:9), so that as the Holy Shekineh
+illumined the pathway of ancient Israel, the nations of the redeemed will
+walk in the light of His glory.
+
+The gates of the city correspond with the number of the tribes of Israel;
+and the "names of the apostles" are in its foundations. Thus Paul affirms
+that the "fellow citizens" of "the household of God" are built upon the
+foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the
+chief corner-stone, Eph. 2:20.
+
+The dimensions of the city are in length equal to the breadth--and 1500
+miles in circumference, or 375 miles square. The length is in all parts
+equal; and so is the breadth, and the height,--the latter being 216 feet.
+
+Its splendor is fully equal to all that inspiration has recorded
+respecting those on whom the Lord will have "everlasting kindness;" and to
+whom he saith: "O thou afflicted, tossed with the tempest, and not
+comforted! behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors, and lay thy
+foundations with sapphires. And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy
+gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. And all thy
+children shall be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the peace of thy
+children. In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far
+from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall
+not come near thee," Isa. 54:11-14. "Therefore thy gates shall be open
+continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto
+thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought. For
+the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those
+nations shall be utterly wasted. The glory of Lebanon shall come unto
+thee, the fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the box together, to beautify the
+place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. The
+sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and
+all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy
+feet; and they shall call thee, The city of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy
+One of Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and hated, so that no man
+went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many
+generations. Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck
+the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the Lord am thy Saviour
+and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. For brass I will bring gold,
+and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron:
+I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness.
+Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction
+within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates
+Praise. The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness
+shall the moon give light unto thee: but the Lord shall be unto thee an
+everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy sun shall no more go down;
+neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the Lord shall be thine
+everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. Thy people
+also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land forever, the
+branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. A
+little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I the
+Lord will hasten it in his time," Isa. 60:11-22.
+
+  O scenes surpassing fable, and yet true,
+Scenes of accomplish'd bliss! which who can see,
+Though but in distant prospect, and not feel
+His soul refresh'd with foretaste of the joy?
+Rivers of gladness water all the Earth,
+And clothe all climes with beauty. The reproach
+Of barrenness is past. The fruitful field
+Laughs with abundance; and the land, once lean,
+Or fertile only in its own disgrace,
+Exults to see its thistly curse repeal'd.
+The various seasons woven into one,
+And that one season an eternal spring,
+The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence;
+For there is none to covet: all are full.
+The lion, and the libbard, and the bear,
+Graze with the fearless flocks; all bask at noon
+Together, or all gambol in the shade
+Of the same grove, and drink one common stream.
+Antipathies are none. No foe to man
+Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees,
+And smiles to see, her infant's playful hand
+Stretch'd forth to dally with the crested worm,
+To stroke his azure neck, or to receive
+The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.
+All creatures worship man, and all mankind
+One Lord, one Father. Error has no place;
+That creeping pestilence is driv'n away:
+The breath of Heav'n has chas'd it. In the heart
+No passion touches a discordant string,
+But all is harmony and love. Disease
+Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood
+Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.
+One song employs all nations; and all cry,
+"Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!"
+The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
+Shout to each other, and the mountain-tops
+From distant mountains catch the flying joy;
+Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
+Earth rolls the rapturous Hosanna round.
+Behold the measure of the promise fill'd!
+See Salem built, the labor of a God!
+Bright as a sun the sacred city shines:
+All kingdoms and all princes of the Earth
+Flock to that light; the glory of all lands
+Flows into her; unbounded is her joy,
+And endless her increase. Thy rams are there,
+Nebaioth, and the flocks of Kedar there:
+The looms of Ormus, and the mines of Ind,
+And Saba's spicy groves, pay tribute there.
+Praise is in all her gates; upon her walls,
+And in her streets, and in her spacious courts,
+Is heard salvation. Eastern Java there
+Kneels with the native of the farthest west;
+And Æthiopia spreads abroad the hand,
+And worships. Her report has travel'd forth
+Into all lands. From ev'ry clime they come
+To see thy beauty, and to share thy joy,
+O Sion! an assembly such as Earth
+Saw never, such as Heav'n stoops down to see.
+  Thus Heav'nward all things tend. For all were once
+Perfect, and all must be at length restor'd,
+So God has greatly purpos'd: who would else
+In his dishonor'd works himself endure
+Dishonor, and be wrong'd without redress.
+Haste then, and wheel away a shatter'd world,
+Ye slow-revolving seasons! we would see
+(A sight to which our eyes are strangers yet)
+A world that does not dread and hate his laws,
+And suffer for its crime; would learn how fair
+The creature is, that God pronounces good,
+How pleasant in itself what pleases him.--_Cowper._
+
+
+
+
+Final Admonitions.
+
+
+    "And he said to me, These words are faithful and true. And the
+    Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to
+    shew his servants the things, which must shortly take place. And
+    behold, I come quickly: happy is he, who keepeth the words of the
+    prophecy of this book. And I John saw and heard these things. And
+    when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet
+    of the angel who shewed me these things. And he saith to me, See
+    thou do it not: I am thy fellow-servant, and one of thy brethren
+    the prophets, and one of those, who keep the words of this book:
+    worship God. And he saith to me, Seal not up the words of the
+    prophecy of this book: for the season is near. He, who is unjust,
+    let him be unjust still: and he, who is filthy, let him be filthy
+    still: and he, who is righteous, let him perform righteousness
+    still: and he, who is holy, let him be holy still. Behold, I come
+    quickly; and my reward is with me, to give each one as his work
+    shall be. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last,
+    the beginning and the end. Happy are those, who do his
+    commandments, that they may have the privilege of the tree of
+    life, and may enter through the gates into the city. For without
+    are the Sodomites, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the
+    murderers, and the idolaters, and whoever loveth and practiseth
+    falsehood. I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify to you these
+    things in the congregations. I am the root and the offspring of
+    David, the bright morning-star. And the Spirit and the bride say,
+    Come! And let him, who heareth, say, Come! And let him, who
+    thirsteth, come. And whoever will, let him take the water of life
+    freely.
+
+
+    "I testify to every one, who heareth the words of the prophecy of
+    this book, If any one shall add to these things, God will add to
+    him the plagues written in this book: and if any one shall take
+    away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take
+    away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, and
+    from the things written in this book. He, who testifieth these
+    things, saith, Surely I come quickly. So be it, come, O Lord
+    Jesus!
+
+
+    "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all the saints." Rev.
+    22:6-21.
+
+
+With the representation of the city, the symbols of the Apocalypse are
+terminated. What follows are the words of Christ. The import of these is
+guarded by his declaration that they are "true and faithful." There is a
+reality and definiteness in them, which will not admit of their being
+added to, or taken from. So that any attempt to fritter away their
+meaning, will be followed by the curses written in the book, and a loss of
+the blessings therein promised.
+
+The command not to seal this prophecy, is in contrast with the close of
+Daniel's prophecy, which was "closed up and sealed till the time of the
+end," Dan. 12:9. The Apocalypse, as its name imports, being an "unveiling"
+of the obscurities of Daniel, the seal from the former was removed--the
+time of the end, in that sense, being equivalent to the last days, or the
+gospel dispensation.
+
+The time was "at hand," when the great series of predicted events was to
+commence. As he that was unjust was to be unjust still, and he that was
+righteous was thus to remain, it follows that the visions therein
+recorded, continue down to the close of probation; and that the new earth
+is one of everlasting reward, wherein is to be fulfilled the promise:
+"Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth," Matt. 5:3.
+
+In this connection the Saviour answers the question, which so perplexed
+the Pharisees: If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? Matt.
+22:45. Being the Root from whence David sprang, and in his humanity
+David's offspring, he was both his Lord and son.
+
+The invitation appended is one of the most endearing that it is possible
+to conceive of, and the threats are the most terrific. These are given for
+the admonition of all; and yet how many will turn away from the study of
+the book, which commences with a blessing on him "that readeth, and they
+that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are
+written therein," (1:3); and closes with an invitation for all to come and
+"take of the water of life freely." It is no mystical record, and there is
+nothing equivocal in its predictions. Neither is it to be fulfilled in the
+distant future; for "He which testifieth these things saith: Surely I come
+quickly." And shall not every one who loves his Lord respond, "Even so;
+come, Lord Jesus."
+
+"The Church has waited long
+  Her absent Lord to see;
+And still in loneliness she waits,
+  A friendless stranger she.
+Age after age has gone,
+  Sun after sun has set,
+And still, in weeds of widowhood,
+  She weeps, a mourner yet."
+
+"The whole creation groans,
+  And waits to hear that voice
+That shall restore her comeliness,
+  And make her wastes rejoice.
+Come, Lord, and wipe away
+  The curse, the sin, the stain,
+And make this blighted world of ours
+  Thine own fair world again.
+Come, then, Lord Jesus, come!"
+
+_Rev. H. A. Bonar_, (_Eng._)
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD EARTH.
+
+
+Old Mother EARTH is wan and pale,
+  Her face is wrinkled sore;
+Her locks are blanched, her heart is cold,
+  Her garments stiff with gore;
+With furrowed brow and dim sad eyes,
+  With trembling steps and slow,
+She marks the course that first she trod
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+The Earth is old, the Earth is cold,
+  She shivers and complains;
+How many Winters fierce and chill
+  Have racked her limbs with pains!
+Drear tempests, lightning, flood and flame
+  Have scarred her visage so,
+That scarce we deem she shone so fair,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Yet comely was the youthful Earth,
+  And lightly tripped along
+To music from a starry choir,
+  Whose sweet celestial song
+Through Nature's temple echoed wild,
+  And soft as streamlets flow,
+Where sister spheres replied with her,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+And many happy children there
+  Upon her breast reclined,
+The young Earth smiled with aspect fair,
+  The heavens were bright and kind;
+The azure cope above her head
+  In love seemed bending low,
+O happy was the youthful Earth,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Alas! those children of the Earth
+  With hate began to burn,
+And Murder stained her beauteous robe,
+  And bade the young Earth mourn.
+And ages, heavy ages, still
+  Have bowed with gathering woe
+The form of her whose life was joy,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! drear Earth! thy tender heart
+  Bewails thy chosen ones;
+Thou look'st upon the myriad graves
+  That hide their gathered bones;
+For them, by day and night, thy tears
+  Unceasingly must flow;
+Death chilled the fountain-head of life
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! old Earth! above thy head
+  The heavens are dark and chill,
+The sun looks coldly on thee now,
+  The stars shine pale and still;
+No more the heavenly symphonies
+  Through listening ether flow,
+Which swelled upon creation's ear,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Weep not in bitter grief, O Earth!
+  Weep not in hopelessness!
+From out the heavens "a still small voice"
+  Whispers returning peace.
+Thy tears are precious in the sight
+  Of ONE who marks their flow,
+Who purposes of mercy formed,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy days of grief are numbered all,
+  Their sum will soon be told:
+The joy of youth, the smile of God,
+  Shall bless thee as of old;
+Shall shed a purer, holier light
+  Upon thy peaceful brow,
+Than beamed upon thy morning hour
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy chosen ones shall live again,
+  A countless, tearless throng,
+To wake creation's voice anew,
+  And swell the choral song.
+Go, Earth! go wipe thy falling tears,
+  Forget thy heavy woe:
+Hope died not with thy first-born sons,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+KNICKERBOCKER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The first Advent was, according to the best-settled chronological
+      data, about four thousand one hundred and twenty years from
+      creation.
+
+    2 See margin of Whiting's Testament. Lord has it, "when he can be
+      ready to sound."
+
+    3 The constitutional language was, "By the authority of the senate,
+      and consent of the soldiers."--_Gibbon_, vol. I., p. 44.
+
+    4 This is given on the authority of the London Quarterly Journal of
+      Prophecy, for 1852, p. 330, which states that the edict will be
+      found in the "Theodosian Code, XVII. to XX."
+
+    5 "Ubi cogniti fuerint illius hæresis sectatores, ne receptaculum iis
+      quisquam in terra sua præbere præsumat: sed nec in venditione aut
+      emptione aliqua cum iis omnino commercium habeatur."--_Hard._, vi.
+      ii. 1597.
+
+    6 The following philological law or canon of criticism is universally
+      admitted, and all dictionaries, grammars, and translations, are
+      formed in accordance with it:
+
+      "Every word not specially explained or defined in a particular
+      sense, by any standard writer of any particular age and country, is
+      to be taken and applied in the current or commonly received
+      signification of that country and age in which the writer lived and
+      wrote."--_Campbell._
+
+    7 This possession by demons is similar to the mode by which pretended
+      spirits claim that they communicate through mediums. One of them,
+      purporting to be the spirit of a departed son of Adin Ballou, in
+      answer to the question, by his father, "Can you describe how you are
+      able to write through a medium?" says, "I feel as though I enter
+      into her for the time being, or as if my spirit entered into her. I
+      am disencumbered of my spiritual form, and take hers. More than one
+      spirit can enter the medium at once. The mediums all go into the
+      trance by means of several spirits entering the body at one
+      time."--_Spiritual Telegraph, May 8, 1852._
+
+    8 The word is _demon_ or _demons_ in all the instances referred to.
+
+    9 Necromancy is derived from the Greek words _nekros_, dead, and
+      _mantis_, a diviner. The Greek, _Necromantia_, is defined: "The
+      revealing future events by communication with the dead; necromancy."
+      And Nekromantis: "One who reveals future events by communication
+      with the dead; a necromancer."
+
+   10 This is in the Syriac, "Until the fulness of the time of all
+      things." Irenæus says, "Till the time of the exhibition or disposal
+      of all things;" and OEcumenius, "Till the time of all things does
+      come to an end;" and we have the suffrage of Thesychius and
+      Phavorinus, that "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 'the consummation' of
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+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+  <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse by Sylvester Bliss</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse
+
+Author: Sylvester Bliss
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2008 [Ebook #26639]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      
+    </div>
+
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">A</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">BRIEF COMMENTARY</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">ON THE</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">APOCALYPSE</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">By SYLVESTER BLISS,</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">AUTHOR OF </span><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">“</span><span style="font-size: 120%">ANALYSIS OF SACRED CHRONOLOGY,</span><span style="font-size: 120%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%"> ETC.</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">SECOND EDITION</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">BOSTON:</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">PUBLISHED BY J. V. HIMES,</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">No. 8 CHARDON STREET.</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1853.</span></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+      <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">PREFACE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Footnotes</a></li></ul>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a>
+<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">PREFACE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Apocalypse should be regarded as a peculiarly interesting
+portion of scripture: a blessing being promised those
+who read, hear, and keep the things which are written
+therein. It has been subjected to so many contradictory
+interpretations, that any attempt to comprehend its meaning
+is often regarded with distrust; and the impression has
+become very prevalent, that it is a <span class="tei tei-q">“sealed book,�</span>—that
+its meaning is so hidden in unintelligible symbols, that very
+little can be known respecting it; and that to attempt to
+unfold its meaning, is to tread presumptuously on forbidden
+ground.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The attention of the Christian community has been called
+more of late to its study, by the publication of several elaborate
+Expositions. One in two large volumes, 8vo., by
+Prof. Stuart, was published at Andover, Mass., in 1845. A
+large 8vo. volume, by David N. Lord, was issued from the
+press of the Harpers, in New York, in 1847; and a smaller
+work, by Rev. Thomas Wickes, appeared in that city in
+1851. These are the more important works on the subject
+which have been published in this country. In England,
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“Horæ Apocalypticæ,�</span> by the Rev. E. B. Elliott, A.M.,
+late Vicar of Tuxford, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
+has passed through several editions,—the fourth
+of which, in four large vols. 8vo., was published in London,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in 1851. These works, with the writings of Habershon,
+Cunningham, Croly, Bickersteth, Birks, Brooks, Keith, and
+other distinguished English writers, have caused the study
+of the Apocalypse to be regarded with more favor of late
+than heretofore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Expositions of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Lord</span></span> have thrown much light
+on the nature and laws of symbols, by unfolding the principles
+in accordance with which they are used. The evolving
+of these has removed from many passages the obscurity
+which had before caused them to be regarded as enigmatical.
+There are, doubtless, many portions of the Apocalypse,
+the meaning of which is as yet only dimly perceived,
+and which will be more clearly unfolded by the transpiring
+of future events; and it would be arrogant to claim that
+its interpretation had been freed from all perplexities. But
+it is believed that it may be as profitably and as satisfactorily
+studied as other portions of Scripture; and that the
+reader may feel an assurance of approximating to a knowledge
+of the true meaning of its symbolic teachings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Bible is its own interpreter; and when practicable,
+scripture should be explained by scripture. The meaning
+imputed to any passage must never contradict, but must
+harmonize with that of parallel texts. In illustrating the
+several references in the Apocalypse to the same events and
+epochs, a repetition of scripture is somewhat unavoidable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These pages have resulted from notes prepared in a familiar
+course of Bible-class instruction, where the study of
+brevity was necessary. Without designing to speak dogmatically,
+the didactic was found the more direct and simple
+mode of expression. In presenting this exposition, merely
+as the opinion of the writer, it is with the hope that it will
+give, in a small compass, a common-sense view of the intricacies
+of this book, and be acceptable to those interested in
+the study of prophecy.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a>
+<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Grammar</span></span> of any science is a development of the
+principles by which it is governed. As the science of interpretation
+must be founded on some fixed and uniform laws,
+the unfolding of these is the first step in the study of
+prophecy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Biblical Exegesis</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sacred
+Hermeneutics</span></span>, are terms applied to the science of interpretation, or of learning
+the meaning of Biblical words and phrases.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Usus Loquendi</span></span>, is the usual mode of speaking.
+When applied to the Scriptures, it denotes the general
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">scriptural use</span></span> of words.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. To learn the meaning of scriptural terms, their general
+use must be ascertained, by comparing their contexts in the
+several places of their occurrence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prophecy</span></span> is the prediction of a future event. The
+term sometimes denotes a book of prophecies (Rev. 22:18);
+and sometimes a history.—2 Chron. 9:29.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Consecutive</span></span> Prophecy gives the succession of future
+events in the order in which they will transpire.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—See
+Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 11th, and Rev. 6th and 7th,
+9th to the 11th; 12th and 15th, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Discursive</span></span> Prophecy presents future events, irrespective
+of the order of their occurrence.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isaiah</span></span>
+and the minor prophets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conditional</span></span> Prophecy is when the fulfilment is dependent
+on the compliance of those to whom the promise is
+made, with the conditions on which it is given.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">If</span></em>
+ye walk in my statutes and keep my commandments,
+and do them: then I will give you rain in due season,
+and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of
+the field shall yield their fruit.�</span> Lev. 26:3, 4. <span class="tei tei-q">“But <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em>
+ye will <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> hearken unto me, and will <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> do all
+these commandments; and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em> ye shall despise my statutes, or if your
+soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my
+commandments, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">but</span></em> that ye break my covenant: I also will
+do this unto you, I will even appoint over you terror, consumption,
+and the burning ague, that shall consume the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall sow your
+seed in vain; for your enemies shall eat it.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 14-16.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And it shall come to pass, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em> thou shalt hearken diligently
+unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and
+to do all his commandments which I command thee this
+day: that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above all
+nations of the earth: and all these blessings shall come on
+thee, and overtake thee, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em> thou shalt hearken unto the voice
+of the Lord thy God.�</span> Deut. 28:1, 2. <span class="tei tei-q">“But it shall
+come to pass, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em> thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the
+Lord thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and
+his statutes which I command thee this day: that all these
+curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee,�</span> &amp;c. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Predictions of mere national prosperity, or adversity, are
+usually conditional. When the condition is not expressed,
+it is implied. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—The Lord said unto Jonah,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto
+it the preaching that I bid thee.... And Jonah began to
+enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said,
+Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. So the
+people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and
+put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least
+of them.... And God saw their works, that they turned
+from their evil way; and God repented of the evil that
+he had said that he would do unto them: and he did it
+not.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For all cases of this kind, the Lord has given the following
+general <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rule</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“At what instant I shall speak concerning
+a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up,
+and to pull down, and to destroy it: if that nation against
+whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will repent
+of the evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what
+instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a
+kingdom, to build and to plant it; if it do evil in my
+sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the
+good wherewith I said I would benefit them.�</span> Jer. 18:7-10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unconditional</span></span> Prophecy includes all predictions
+which are absolute in their nature. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“But
+as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory
+of the Lord.�</span> Num. 14:21.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and
+gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon
+thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. And the Gentiles
+shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of
+thy rising.... For the nation and kingdom that will not
+serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly
+wasted.... Thy people also shall be all righteous: they
+shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of my planting,
+the work of my hands, that I may be glorified.�</span> Isa. 60:2,
+3, 12, 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the
+mountain of the house of the Lord shall be established in
+the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the
+hills; and people shall flow unto it.�</span> Micah 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vision</span></span> is a revelation from
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>, supernaturally
+presented. Future events are made to pass before the mind
+of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seer</span></em>, as if actually transpiring.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—See
+the prophecies of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isaiah</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amos</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Obadiah</span></span>, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Symbolic Vision</span></span> is where the future events, instead
+of being presented to the mind of the prophet, are
+represented by analogous objects. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—The prophecies
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ezekiel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zechariah</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>, are of this
+kind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literal</span></span> Prophecy is where the prediction is given
+in words used according to their primary and natural import.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—Num. 14:21-35; Jer. 25:1-33.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. Prophecy is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">figurative</span></span> when it abounds in tropes, as
+in much of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isaiah</span></span> and the minor prophets; and it is symbolic,
+when symbols instead of the objects themselves are
+presented—as in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poetry</span></span> is writing thus constituted by the metrical
+or rhythmical structure of its sentences; and is not necessarily
+any more figurative or obscure than prose writing. It
+is, also, a term sometimes applied to the language of excited
+imagination and feeling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Poetry of the Bible consists in Hebrew parallelisms,
+where the idea of the preceding line is repeated, or contrasted,
+in the succeeding one. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—The Psalms,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isaiah</span></span>, and other prophets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Highly Figurative</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Symbolic</span></span>
+Prophecies—the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+laws and use of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tropes</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Symbols</span></span> being
+understood are not necessarily more equivocal, enigmatical or obscure,
+than those which are literal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literal Fulfilment</span></span> of prophecy is prophecy fulfilled
+in accordance with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">grammatical interpretation</span></em> of
+its language.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literal Interpretation</span></span>, when <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">technically</span></em>
+applied to the interpretation of prophecy, is not opposed to tropes
+or figures of speech, but to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">spiritual</span></em> interpretation. It interprets
+the language of the Scriptures, as similar language
+would be interpreted <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in all other writings</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spiritual Interpretation</span></span> (<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mystical</span></em>) seeks, in
+the language of Scripture, a meaning that is not expressed by
+any of the ordinary rules of language. It sets at defiance
+all the laws of language, and makes fancy the interpreter
+of prophecy. <span class="tei tei-q">“It subjects clear predictions to an exegetical
+alembic that effectually subtilizes and evaporates their
+meaning.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bush.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ultra Literal Interpretation</span></span> is a disregard of the
+peculiarities of symbols and of the several kinds of tropes—understanding
+them as if they were <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">literally</span></em> expressed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Symbols</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tropes</span></span> are
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">literally</span></em> explained, when
+interpreted in accordance with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">grammatical laws</span></em> which
+respectively govern their use.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prophetic Symbols</span></span> are objects, real or imaginary,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">representative</span></em> of agents or objects possessing analogous characteristics.
+All agents or objects <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seen</span></em> in symbolic visions
+are symbols. The inspired <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">explanations</span></em> of symbols are always
+literal, except when they are affirmed to be the same
+as some other symbol which represents the same object, as
+in Rev. 17:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laws of Symbols.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Symbol and that which it represents resemble
+each other in the station they fill, the relation they sustain,
+and the agencies they exert in their respective
+spheres.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+II. The Symbol and that which it represents are of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">same</span></em>,
+or they are of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">different</span></em> species, kinds, or rank, according
+to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">use</span></em> of the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+III. <span class="tei tei-q">“When the Symbol is of such nature, or is used in
+such a relation that it can properly symbolise something
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">different</span></em> from itself, the representative and that which it
+represents, while the counterpart of each other, are of
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">different</span></em> species, kinds, or rank.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—Dan. 7:3, beasts; v. 17, governments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+IV. <span class="tei tei-q">“Symbols that are of such a nature, station or relation,
+that there is nothing of an analogous kind that they can
+represent, symbolize agents, objects, acts, or events of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their
+own</span></em> kind.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—Dan. 7:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+V. <span class="tei tei-q">“When the Symbol and that which it symbolizes
+differ from each other, the correspondence between the representative
+and that which it represents, still extends to
+their chief parts; and the elements or parts of the symbols denote
+corresponding parts in that which is symbolized.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+VI. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Names of Symbols are their literal and proper
+names, not metaphorical titles.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+VII. <span class="tei tei-q">“A single agent, in many instances, symbolizes a
+body and succession of agents.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+VIII. Symbols of the same kind, and used in the same
+relations, always represent one class of objects; and when
+the office of a symbol has been once shown, the same symbol,
+similarly used, always fills a like office. They are never
+used arbitrarily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+IX. While like symbols represent like objects, the same
+agents are often indicated by different symbols.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus, a church may be symbolized by a city and a woman;
+and government, by a beast and a mountain, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inspired Explanations of Symbolic Representations</span></span>:—
+</p>
+
+<a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Ancient of Days—The Most High.—Dan. 7:9, 22.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Candlesticks—Churches.—Rev. 1:20.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Carpenters—Destroyers of governments.—Zech. 1:21.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Days—Years.—Num. 14:34. Ezek. 4:4-6.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Horns, of a wild beast—Kings or kingdoms succeeding
+to a divided empire.—Dan. 8:22 and 7:24.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Heads, of a wild beast—Kings or forms of government.—Rev.
+17:9, 10.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Image, of different metals—A succession of governments.—Dan.
+2:37-42.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Incense, or odors—Prayers.—Rev. 5:8 and 8:4.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Lamb, the—Christ.—Rev. 5:6, 9, 10.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Lamb's wife—Risen saints.—Rev. 19:7, 8.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Lake of fire and brimstone—The place of the second
+death.—Rev. 20:15.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Likeness of a man—The Lord.—Ezek. 1:26, 28, and
+8:2, 4.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Linen, fine and clean—Righteousness of saints—Rev.
+19:8.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Mountains—Kings, or forms of government.—Rev. 17:9,
+10.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">New Jerusalem—The redeemed Church, or the Bride,
+the Lamb's wife.—Rev. 21:9, 10.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Revivification of dry bones—Resurrection of the dead.—Ezek.
+37:11, 12.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Stars—Angels, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, messengers of the
+churches.—Rev. 1:20.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Souls of martyrs living again—The first resurrection.—Rev.
+20:4, 5.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Stone, becoming a mountain—Kingdom of God.—Dan.
+2:45.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Waters—Peoples.—Rev. 17:15.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Wild Beasts—Governments.—Dan. 7:17.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Woman—A city.—Rev. 17:18. Explained to be a
+church.—21:9, 10.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tropes</span></span> are figures of various kinds, used to
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">illustrate</span></em> the subjects to which they are applied.—They embrace the
+Simile, Metaphor, Prosopopœia, Apostrophe, Synecdoche,
+Allegory, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+25. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laws of Figures</span></span>—(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+terms in which they are expressed are used in their ordinary and literal
+sense.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“The agents or objects to which figures are applied
+are always expressly mentioned. Figures, in that respect,
+differ wholly from symbols, which never formally indicate,
+unless an interpretation is given, who the agents, or what
+the objects are which they represent.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“The figurative terms are always predicates, or are
+employed in affirming something of some other agent or object;
+and are therefore either nouns, verbs, adjectives or
+adverbs.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">d.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“As their terms are used literally, the figure lies,
+when they are employed in an unusual manner, simply in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their being applied to objects to which they do not properly
+belong.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“They are used accordingly in all such cases for the
+purpose of illustration, and their explication is accomplished,
+not by assigning to them some new and extraordinary
+meaning, but simply by conjoining with them the terms of
+a comparison which expresses the relation in which they are
+employed.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“It is in metaphors and personification only that
+acts and qualities are ascribed to agents and objects that
+are incompatible with their nature; or do not properly belong
+to them.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib. Theo. &amp; Lit. Jour.</span></span>, vol. 1, p.
+354.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+26. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Simile</span></span>, or comparison, is an affirmation that one
+agent, object, or act, is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">like</span></em>, or as, another,—there being
+a real or imaginary resemblance. Sometimes only the mere
+fact of a resemblance is affirmed. At others, the nature of
+the resemblance is indicated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“As for man, his days are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as</span></em>
+grass.�</span> Psa. 103:15. <span class="tei tei-q">“Whose garment was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">white</span></em> as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">snow</span></em>.�</span>
+Dan. 7:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+27. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Antithesis</span></span> is a contrast, or placing in opposite
+lights things dissimilar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“The wicked are overthrown and are not;
+but the house of the righteous shall stand.�</span> Prov. 12:7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+28. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Metaphor</span></span> is a simile comprised in a word, without
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sign</span></em> of comparison. It is an affirmation of an object,
+incompatible with its nature—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, it affirms that an
+object is, what literally it is only <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">like</span></em>; or attributes to it
+acts, to which its acts only bear a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">resemblance</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“He is the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Rock</span></em>.�</span> Deut. 32:4.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Her gates shall <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lament</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mourn</span></em>.�</span> Isa. 3:25.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A metaphor may be a simple affirmation of what an object
+is, or it may embrace <span class="tei tei-q">“the agent, the act, the object,
+and the effect of an action.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a.</span></span>) When an object is affirmed to be what it only resembles,
+that of which the affirmation is made is always <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">literally</span></em>
+expressed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“When a nature is ascribed to an object that does
+not belong to it, the acts or results affirmed to it are proper to
+that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">imputed nature</span></em>, not to its own.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“The meaning of a metaphorical passage is precisely
+what it would be if a comparison only were affirmed.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+29. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Elliptical Metaphor</span></span> is where the figure is incomplete.
+An object, instead of being affirmed to be what
+it only resembles, is introduced by the name proper only to
+that resemblance. The literal name of the object and the
+affirmation to complete the figure are to be supplied.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To find the meaning of an elliptical metaphor, trace the
+word through the Bible, and find to what object such metaphorical
+term is applied. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“And in that day there
+shall be a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Root</span></em> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jesse</span></span>, which shall stand for
+an ensign of the people.�</span> Isa. 11:10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Explanation.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I
+[<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jesus</span></span>] am the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Root</span></em> and the offspring of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">David</span></span>.�</span> Rev. 22:16.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+30. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prosopœia</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Personification</span></span>, is
+an address to an inanimate object, as if it were a person, and had
+intelligence.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Give ear, O ye heavens,
+and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my
+mouth.�</span> Deut. 32:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+31. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Apostrophe</span></span> is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">digression</span></em> from the order
+of any discourse, and a direct <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">address</span></em> to the persons of whom it
+treats, or to those who are to form a judgment respecting
+the subject of which it treats.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Hear
+the word of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lord</span></span>, ye rulers of Sodom: give ear
+unto the law of our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>, ye people of Gomorrah.�</span> Isa.
+1:10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+32. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An Allegory</span></span> is a narrative in which the subject of
+the discourse is described by an analogous subject, resembling
+it in its characteristics and circumstances—the subject of
+which it is descriptive being indicated in its connection.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—See
+Ezek. 31:3-9; Ps. 80:8-16; Jud. 9:8-15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Past <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">historical</span></em> events, instead of supposititious ones, are
+sometimes used for illustration. When thus used they serve
+as allegories, without affecting their original historical significance.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—Gal. 4: 22-31. See also Rom.
+9:7, 8; 1 Cor. 9:9, 10, and 10:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+33. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Parable</span></span> is a similitude taken from natural things, to
+instruct us in the knowledge of spiritual. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—Matt.
+13th, and 21:28-41.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parable differs from the Allegory in that the acts ascribed
+are appropriate to the agents to which they are attributed.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+In the Allegory, acts may be ascribed to real objects
+which are not natural to those objects. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—See
+Judges 9:7-15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parable is sometimes used to denote a prophecy,
+(Num. 23:7); sometimes a discourse, (Job 27:1); sometimes
+a lamentation, (Micah 2:4); sometimes a proverb,
+or wise saying, (Prov. 26:7); and sometimes to indicate
+that a thing is apocryphal. Ezek. 20:49. The terms
+parable and allegory, are often wrongfully applied.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+34. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Riddle</span></span> is an enigma—something to be guessed.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—See Judges 14:24-18. It is sometimes used
+to denote an allegory. Ezek. 17:1-10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+35. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Types</span></span> are emblems—greater events in the future
+being prefigured by typical observances, <span class="tei tei-q">“which are a
+shadow of good things to come.�</span> Col. 2:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+36. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Hypocatastasis</span></span>, or substitution, is a figure introduced
+by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lord</span></span>, in which the objects, or agents, of
+one class are, without any formal notice, employed in the
+place of the persons or things of which the passages in
+which they occur treat; and they are exhibited either as exerting,
+or as subjected to an agency proper to their nature,
+in order to represent by analogy, the agency which those
+persons are to exert, or of which those things are to be the
+subjects. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“O, my people, they which lead thee
+cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths.�</span>—Isa.
+3:12,—expressive of the manner in which they were misled
+by their rulers and kept from the truth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+37. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Metonymy</span></span> is a reversion, or the use of a noun to
+express that with which it is intimately connected, instead
+of using the term which would literally express the idea.
+Thus the cause is used for the effect, the effect for the cause,
+the thing containing for that which is contained in it, &amp;c.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye have eaten up the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">vineyard</span></em>.�</span>
+Isa. 3:14—meaning the fruit of the vineyard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+38. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Synecdoche</span></span> is the use of a word expressive of a
+part, to signify the whole; or that expressive of the whole,
+to denote only a part—as the genus for the species, or the
+species for the genus, &amp;c.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Man</span></em> dieth and
+wasteth away; yea <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">man</span></em> giveth up the ghost, and where is
+he?�</span> Job 14:10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+39. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Hyperbole</span></span> is an exaggeration in which more is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+expressed than is intended to be understood. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I
+suppose that even the world itself could not contain the
+books that should be written.�</span> John 21:25—meaning
+that a great number might be written.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+40. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Irony</span></span> is the utterance of pointed remarks, contrary
+to the actual thoughts of the speaker or writer—not to deceive,
+but to add force to the remark. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“No
+doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with
+you.�</span> Job 12:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them,
+and said, Cry aloud: for he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> a god: either he is talking,
+or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he
+sleepeth and must be awaked.�</span> 1 Kings 18:27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+41. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Interrogation</span></span>—while its legitimate use is to
+ask a question—is also used to affirm or deny with great
+emphasis. Affirmative interrogations usually have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">no</span></em> or
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> in connection with the verb.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> God
+in the height of the heavens?�</span> Job 22:12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examples
+of a negative.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Shall the earth be made to bring forth
+in one day? or shall a nation be born at once?�</span> Isa. 66:8.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Can the rush grow up without mire?�</span> Job 8:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+42. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Exclamations</span></span> are digressions from the order of a
+discourse or writing, to give expression to the emotions of
+the speaker, or writer. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Example.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“O that I had wings like
+a dove! for then would I fly away and be at rest!�</span> Psa.
+55:6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+43. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fables</span></span> are fictions—additions to the word of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>. All false theories and doctrines supposed to be based on
+the Bible, all interpretations of Scripture which do violence to
+the laws of language and falsify their meaning, and all
+opinions which are the result of mere traditions and doctrines
+of men, are to be classed as fables. Mark 7:8-13;
+1 Pet. 1:18; 1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7; Tit. 1:14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+44. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Synchronous Scriptures</span></span> are the several passages
+which have reference to any one and the same event.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Each portion of Scripture respecting any subject, must be
+considered in connection with all the Scriptures that refer
+to the same subject.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Compare</span></span>, for example, Dan. 2:34,
+35, 44; 7:18, 27; Matt. 6:10; 13:37-43; 35:34; 1
+Tim. 4:1; Rev. 11:15-18.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a>
+<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Title of the Book.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him,
+to show to his servants things which must shortly come to
+pass; and sending, he signified </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">them</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> through his angel to
+his servant John: who testified the word of God, and the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and whatever he saw.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+1:1, 2.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Prof. Whiting's Translation.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The very title of John's predictions, Apocalypse,
+implies the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unveiling</span></em> or <span class="tei tei-q">‘<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">revelation</span></em>’</span>
+of the mystic and hidden sense of the prophetic
+oracles, previously uttered by his inspired
+predecessors.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prof. Bush.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Αποκαλυψις, from which we have our
+word Apocalypse, signifies, literally, a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">revelation</span></em>,
+or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">discovery</span></em>, of what was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">concealed</span></em>, or
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hidden</span></em>.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Clarke.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The work of the apostles was <span class="tei tei-q">“to make all
+men see what is the fellowship of the mystery,
+which, from the beginning of the world, hath
+been hid in God, who created all things by
+Jesus Christ,�</span> (Eph. 3:9); <span class="tei tei-q">“even the mystery
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which hath been hid from ages and from
+generations, but now is made manifest to his
+saints,�</span> Col. 1:26. The entire record of the
+New Testament, is a revelation that God
+<span class="tei tei-q">“hath in these last days spoken unto us by
+his Son;�</span> in distinction from the records of
+the Old Testament, which He, <span class="tei tei-q">“at sundry
+times and in divers manners, spake in time
+past unto the fathers by the prophets,�</span> Heb.
+1:1. But the closing book of the new series
+is called, in distinction from the others, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The
+Revelation of Jesus Christ</span></span>.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It contains the <span class="tei tei-q">“many things�</span> he had to
+say to his disciples, in addition to those recorded
+by the evangelists; but which they
+could not then bear, John 16:12. It is the
+revelation <span class="tei tei-q">“which God gave unto him;�</span> for
+<span class="tei tei-q">“there is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets,
+and maketh known ... what shall be
+in the latter days,�</span> Dan. 2:28. God communicated
+by his servants the prophets what
+should <span class="tei tei-q">“come to pass hereafter,�</span> by visions
+which were <span class="tei tei-q">“certain,�</span> and by <span class="tei tei-q">“the interpretation
+thereof�</span> which was <span class="tei tei-q">“sure,�</span> Dan. 2:46.
+But Daniel was commanded to <span class="tei tei-q">“shut up
+the words, and seal the book, even to the time
+of the end,�</span> when many should <span class="tei tei-q">“run to and
+fro,�</span> and knowledge should <span class="tei tei-q">“be increased.�</span>
+And it was added, <span class="tei tei-q">“Go thy way, Daniel; for
+the words are closed up and sealed till the
+time of the end: Many shall be purified and
+made white, and tried; but the wicked shall
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall
+understand; but the wise shall understand.�</span>
+Dan. 12:4, 9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It will thus be seen, that provision had
+been made for the future <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unveiling</span></em> of what
+was left obscure in the predictions of the Old
+Testament writers; and for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unsealing</span></em> of
+what was then closed up and sealed. This
+revelation must come from God; for the Saviour
+has testified, that <span class="tei tei-q">“of that day and hour
+knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
+but my Father only.�</span> Matt. 24:36. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+secret things belong unto the Lord our God:
+but those things which are revealed belong
+unto us and to our children forever.�</span> Deut.
+29:29.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As God had provided for a more full <span class="tei tei-q">“revelation�</span>
+respecting the events of the future, it
+was necessary that it should be communicated
+through <span class="tei tei-q">“the appointed Heir of all things,�</span> by
+whom he was to speak in the last days, Heb.
+1:2. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Baptist</span></span> said of Christ, that <span class="tei tei-q">“what
+he hath seen and heard, this he testifieth,�</span>
+John 3:22. And the Saviour said of him by
+whom he was sent, <span class="tei tei-q">“I speak to the world
+those things which I have heard of him,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+8:2, 6. And again, he saith, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have not
+spoken of myself; but the Father which sent
+me, he gave me a commandment; what I
+should say, and what I should speak,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+12:49. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lion of the tribe of Judah,
+the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+book, and to loose the seven seals thereof,�</span>
+Rev. 5:5.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The design of God in giving this additional
+revelation, was that he might <span class="tei tei-q">“show unto
+his servants things which must shortly come
+to pass;�</span> for <span class="tei tei-q">“surely the Lord God doeth
+nothing, but he revealeth his secrets unto his
+servants the prophets,�</span> Amos 3:7. And he
+saith, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have told you before it come to pass,
+that when it is come to pass ye might believe,�</span>
+John 14:29. When the old world was
+to be destroyed by water, <span class="tei tei-q">“Noah, being
+warned of God of things not seen as yet, prepared
+an ark to the saving of his house,�</span> Heb.
+11:7. And when the Lord had purposed the
+destruction of Sodom, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I hide
+from Abraham that thing which I do?�</span> and
+angels were sent to Lot, that he might say to
+his children, <span class="tei tei-q">“Up get ye out of this place; for
+the Lord will destroy this city,�</span> Gen. 18:17,
+and 19:14. So of the times and seasons of
+the second advent: while <span class="tei tei-q">“the day of the Lord
+so cometh as a thief in the night,�</span> he has said
+to his chosen ones, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye brethren are not in
+darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief,�</span> 1 Thess. 5:1-4. He has condescended
+to give his people <span class="tei tei-q">“a more sure word
+of prophecy: whereunto ye do well that ye
+take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a
+dark place, until the day dawn, and the day
+star arise in your hearts,�</span> 2 Pet. 1:19.
+Therefore it was said to John, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will show
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+thee things which must be hereafter,�</span> Rev. 4:1;
+which things were shortly to begin to come
+to pass,—they being a series of successive
+events, commencing near the time in which
+John wrote, and extending to the end of the
+world and the establishment of the everlasting
+kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These were shown to John by symbolic representations,
+in a series of visions, the import
+of which was signified to him by an angelic
+interpreter. Said the Saviour, <span class="tei tei-q">“I, Jesus, have
+sent my angel to testify unto you these things
+in the churches,�</span> 22:16. And <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">these things</span></em>
+were not to be sealed up, like the words of
+Daniel; for John was commanded to <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seal
+not</span></em> the sayings of the prophecy of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em> book:
+for the time is at hand,�</span> 22:10. He recorded
+the words which God thus gave him,—<span class="tei tei-q">“the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things
+that he saw.�</span> He has given us, in graphic
+language, such descriptions of the visions
+shown, that we can easily imagine the symbols
+which he saw; and we have the inspired
+explanations of those which were <span class="tei tei-q">“signified�</span>
+to him. Therefore we may read, and receive
+the blessings promised to those who keep this
+testimony of Jesus.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Benediction.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Happy is he, who readeth, and those, who hear the
+words of this prophecy, and keep the things, written in it:
+for the season is near.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 1:3.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who teach that the Apocalypse is a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“sealed book,�</span> most clearly contradict the
+testimony of Christ respecting it. To discourage
+the study of it, is to treat with neglect,
+and to despise what God has spoken in these
+last days by his Son, Heb. 1:2; of whom it is
+said: <span class="tei tei-q">“See that ye refuse not him that speaketh;
+for if they escaped not who refused him
+who spake on earth, much more shall not we
+escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh
+from heaven,�</span> Heb. 12:25. Those who
+thus neglect it, cannot regard the blessing
+promised to those who read, hear, and keep
+its sayings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Apocalypse is not to be undervalued as
+unprofitable; for <span class="tei tei-q">“all scripture is given by inspiration
+of God, and is profitable for doctrine,
+for reproof, for correction, for instruction in
+righteousness: that the man of God may be
+perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good
+works,�</span> 2 Tim. 3:16, 17. <span class="tei tei-q">“For whatsoever
+things were written aforetime, were written
+for our learning, that we through patience and
+comfort of the scriptures might have hope,�</span>
+Rom. 15:4. <span class="tei tei-q">“Search the scriptures; for in
+them ye think ye have eternal life: and they
+are they which testify of me,�</span> John 5:39.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thus saith the Lord, the Holy One of
+Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to
+come concerning my sons, and concerning the
+work of my hands command ye me,�</span> Isa. 45:11.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of
+this book,�</span> Rev. 22:7.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">John's Salutation to the Churches.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">John to the seven congregations in Asia: grace be to
+you and peace, from Him who is, and who was, and who
+is to be; and from the seven Spirits, that are before his
+throne; and from Jesus Christ, the faithful Witness, and
+the First-born of the dead, and the Ruler of the kings of the
+earth. To him who loved us, and washed us from our sins
+in his own blood, and hath made us kings and priests to
+God even his father: to him be glory and dominion for ever
+and ever. Amen. Behold, he cometh with clouds; and
+every eye will see him, and those, who pierced him: and all
+the tribes of the earth will wail because of him. Yea, so
+be it! I am the Alpha and the Omega, saith the Lord God,
+who is, and who was, and who is to be, the Almighty.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+1:4-8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seven churches to which John sends
+salutation, were those of Ephesus, Smyrna,
+Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and
+Laodicea, 1:11. The Asia, in which they
+were situated, was a province in Asia Minor,
+distinct from Pontus, Gallatia, and Bithynia;
+which also were in Asia Minor, 1 Pet. 1:1,
+and Acts 2:9. Of the province of Asia,
+Ephesus was the capital, and was the principal
+place of John's residence. The seven
+cities which contained those churches, were
+situated in a kind of amphitheatre, surrounded
+by mountains. Smyrna was 46 miles north of
+Ephesus, and Pergamos 64 miles; Thyatira
+was 48 miles to the east, and Sardis 33 miles;
+Philadelphia 27 miles to the south, and Laodicea
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+42 miles. These churches had all been
+under the general supervision of John's ministry;
+and for this reason, doubtless, they are
+especially designated, instead of those with
+which he had not been so intimately connected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+John writes to the seven churches, in obedience
+to the command,—<span class="tei tei-q">“What thou seest,
+write in a book, and send it unto the seven
+churches which are in Asia,�</span> 1:11. He
+seems to have written what he saw, at the
+time of its exhibition, and not at the close of
+the entire presentation; for when he was
+about to write the discordant utterances of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the seven thunders,�</span> he was told to <span class="tei tei-q">“write
+them not,�</span> 10:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+John observes the oriental custom of placing
+his name at the commencement, instead
+of the close of his communication. Few persons
+now deny that this was John the Evangelist.
+Irenæus, who was born only about
+30 years after the death of John, speaks of
+the writer of the Apocalypse, as <span class="tei tei-q">“the disciple
+of Christ,—that same John that leaned on
+his breast at the last supper.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Most beautiful reference is here made to the
+attributes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deity</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Him who is, and who
+was, and who is to be,�</span> can be no other
+than the great Preëxistent, who said to Moses,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I AM THAT I AM,�</span> Ex. 13:14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seven Spirits, would seem to be irrelevantly
+placed between the Father and the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Son,—the place always occupied by the
+Holy Spirit, when spoken of in connection
+with them,—if they were merely seven
+angels. Grace would also seem to be irreverently
+invoked from such,—its presence
+being implied where it is invoked,—unless
+they are expressive of the Holy Spirit, in
+which grace is inherent, and from whom it
+may be communicated; as it may not be from
+angels. Seven is a full and perfect number,
+and it may be here used because in another
+place <span class="tei tei-q">“seven lamps of fire burning before the
+throne�</span> are symbolic of <span class="tei tei-q">“the seven Spirits of
+God,�</span> (4:5); which, if angels, would be expressly
+named, as in other inspired explanations,—as
+they are in that of the stars, 1:20.
+A burning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">flame</span></em> is often used as a symbol of
+the Holy Spirit. Thus, when God would
+make a covenant with Abraham, and the victims
+between which the covenanting parties
+were to pass, were divided, the presence of
+God was symbolized by <span class="tei tei-q">“a burning lamp
+that passed between those pieces,�</span> Gen. 15:17.
+And the descent of the Holy Spirit on the
+day of Pentecost, was manifested by <span class="tei tei-q">“cloven
+tongues, like as of fire,�</span> which <span class="tei tei-q">“sat upon
+each of them,�</span> Acts 2:3. In Zechariah 3:9,
+we read of the symbol of a stone laid before
+Joshua, that on it were engraved <span class="tei tei-q">“seven
+eyes,�</span> which <span class="tei tei-q">“are the eyes of the Lord which
+run to and fro, through the whole earth,�</span>
+(Zech. 4:10);—an expressive figure of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+God's Omniscience. The same is symbolized in
+Rev. 5:6, by the <span class="tei tei-q">“seven eyes�</span> of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lamb</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Jesus Christ is the faithful Witness. He
+<span class="tei tei-q">“was faithful to him that appointed him,�</span>
+(Heb. 3:2); and he was given as a Witness
+to the people, a Leader and Commander to
+the people, Isa. 55:4. He is the <span class="tei tei-q">“first-begotten
+of the dead,�</span> having <span class="tei tei-q">“risen from the
+dead, and become the first fruits of them that
+slept,�</span> 1 Cor. 15:20: he is <span class="tei tei-q">“declared to be
+the Son of God, with power according to the
+spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the
+dead,�</span> Rom. 1:4. He is <span class="tei tei-q">“the Prince of the
+kings of the earth,�</span> the <span class="tei tei-q">“King of kings and
+Lord of lords,�</span> 19:16; <span class="tei tei-q">“all kings shall fall
+down before him: all nations shall serve
+him,�</span> Psa. 72:11. He hath shown how he
+<span class="tei tei-q">“loved us,�</span> by giving himself for us, (Gal.
+2:20); and hath cleansed his people from all
+sin, not <span class="tei tei-q">“by the blood of goats and calves,
+but by his own blood, he entered in once into
+the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption
+for us,�</span> Heb. 9:12. He has redeemed
+us to God <span class="tei tei-q">“out of every kindred, and
+tongue, and people, and nation,�</span> Rev. 5:9.
+He is the one who is to come in the clouds of
+heaven, in resplendent majesty, to reward his
+saints, and to destroy those who destroy the
+earth, 11:18. The announcement that he
+<span class="tei tei-q">“cometh with clouds�</span> is as if John had said
+that what he was commanded to write, was a
+revelation of the events which were to precede
+and usher in that coming.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Christ's Annunciation.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I John, your brother, and partner in the affliction, and
+kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the island
+called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony
+of Jesus Christ. I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day,
+and heard behind me a great voice, like that of a trumpet,
+saying, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it to
+the seven congregations, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and
+to Pergamos, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia,
+and to Laodicea.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 1:9-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This gives a clue to the date of the Apocalypse.
+It was written when John was in the
+Isle of Patmos: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the general testimony
+of ancient authors, that St. John was banished
+into Patmos in the time of Domitian, in the
+latter part of his reign, and restored by his
+successor, Nerva. But the book could not be
+published till after John's release, and return
+to Ephesus, in Asia. Domitian died in 96,
+and his persecution did not commence till near
+the close of his reign.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Clarke.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Domitian</span></span>, having exercised his cruelty
+against many, and unjustly slain no small
+number of noble and illustrious men at Rome, ...
+at length established himself as the successor
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nero</span></span>, in his hatred and hostility to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>. He was the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">second</span></em> that raised a persecution
+against us. In this persecution, it is
+handed down by tradition, that the apostle
+and evangelist, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>, ... was condemned to
+dwell on the island of Patmos. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Irenæus</span></span>, indeed,
+in his fifth book against the heresies,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+where he speaks of the calculation formed on
+the epithet of Antichrist, in the above-mentioned
+Revelation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>, speaks in the following
+manner respecting him: <span class="tei tei-q">‘If, however,
+it were necessary to proclaim his name (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+Antichrist's), openly at the present time, it
+would have been declared by him who saw
+the Revelation, for it was not long since it
+was seen, but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">almost in our own times</span></em>, at the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">close</span></em> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Domitian</span></span>'s
+reign.’</span> �</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eusebius.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Prof. Stuart, who dissents from the opinion,
+admits that <span class="tei tei-q">“a majority of the older critics
+have been inclined to adopt the opinion of
+Irenæus, viz.: that it was written during the
+reign of Domitian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, during the last part
+of the first century, or in A. D. 95 or 96.�</span>—Com.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apoc.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">V. I.</span></span>, p. 263.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+John's adherence to the word and testimony
+of Christ, had caused his banishment—as
+others <span class="tei tei-q">“were slain—for the word of God,
+and for the testimony which they held,�</span> (6:9);
+and whose living again and reigning with
+Christ, was subsequently shown John in a
+vision, 20:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+John was in the spirit; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, he was in a
+state of prophetic ecstasy, in which he was,
+as it were, caught away from a realization of
+the actual and the present, and shown <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+things which must be hereafter.�</span> It was on
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord's day,�</span> the first day of the week,
+which was so called because on that day the
+Lord arose from the dead. It was a day
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which has been observed by all Christians in
+especial remembrance of that event. John
+does not appear to have anticipated any such
+announcement, until he was suddenly startled
+from his meditation by a voice in trumpet
+tones, announcing itself by the titles of Christ,
+and commanding him to write to the churches
+what he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">saw</span></em>. Hearing the voice, he turned
+to see who had spoken to him, and beheld a
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Vision of Christ.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I turned to see the voice, that spoke with me. And
+having turned, I saw seven golden lamp-stands; and in the
+midst of the seven lamp-stands one like a Son of man,
+clothed with a garment reaching the feet, and girded
+around the breasts with a golden girdle. His head, even
+his hair, was white like white wool, like snow; and his eyes
+were like a flame of fire; and his feet like fine brass,
+as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice like the sound
+of many waters. And he had in his right hand seven stars:
+and from his mouth went forth a sharp two-edged sword:
+and his countenance was like the sun shining in its strength.
+And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as if dead. And he
+laid his right hand on me, saying, Fear not; I am the first
+and the last, and am he, who liveth, and I became dead;
+and behold, I am alive for ever and ever, and have the keys
+of death and the pit. Therefore, write the things, which
+thou hast seen, and the things, which are, and the things,
+which will take place hereafter; the secret of the seven
+stars, which thou hast seen in my right hand, and the
+seven golden lamp-stands. The seven stars, are the messengers
+of the seven congregations: and the seven lamp-stands
+are the seven congregations.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 1:12-20.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voice, by a metonymy, is used for the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+person speaking. He turned to see the glorious
+personage by whom the trumpet-tones
+were uttered. Being turned, he saw the commencement
+of those great panoramic presentations,
+by which the events of the future were
+revealed to him, and the significance of which
+were explained by an angelic interpreter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven golden candlesticks,�</span> symbolize
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the seven churches�</span> (1:20), to which
+John was commanded to write. By this, and
+other symbols which are divinely interpreted,
+are unfolded the principles on which symbols
+are used. A candle or lamp stand, supports
+the light placed on it, as churches are the recipients
+and dispensers of the light of the Holy
+Scriptures. They are therefore appropriate
+symbols of churches.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the midst of the candlesticks�</span> is one
+in the form of humanity, surrounded by the
+insignia of Deity. It is the same appearance
+that Ezekiel saw, when he had a vision <span class="tei tei-q">“of
+the likeness of the glory of the Lord,�</span> (Ezek.
+1:26-28); and before which Daniel fell
+trembling, Dan. 10:5-9. The sublime
+spectacle was too overwhelming for John's
+endurance, and, like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and
+Daniel, his strength turned to corruption.
+But the glorified Saviour was the same sympathetic
+being on whose breast John leaned,
+at the last supper, and he lays his endearing
+hand on John, and, by soothing words, restores
+his confidence. He explains the mystery
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+contained in the symbols shown, and
+enjoins on him to write the things he had seen—symbolic
+of the things which then were,
+and of those which were then in the future.
+As no created resemblance is a fit representative
+of Deity, Christ is shown to John by the
+symbol of his own likeness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven stars�</span> in the right hand of
+the Saviour, are the angels,—the messengers,
+or pastors of the seven churches, 1:20. As
+the Saviour holds the stars in his hand, so
+does he sustain all his gospel ministers, enabling
+them to impart light to those who sit
+under their ministrations. And as he walked
+in the midst of the golden candlesticks, so the
+Lord is ever in the midst of those who fear
+him, and call upon his name.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Epistles to the Seven Churches.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Ephesus.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To the messenger of the congregation of Ephesus write:
+These things saith He who holdeth the seven stars in his
+right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden
+lamp-stands: I know thy works, and thy toil, and thy patience,
+and that thou canst not endure the evil; and thou
+hast tried those, who say they are apostles, and are not;
+and hast found them liars; and hast patience, and hast endured
+on account of my name, and hast not fainted. Nevertheless,
+I have this against thee, that thou hast left thy first
+love. Remember therefore whence thou hast fallen, and repent
+and do the first works; or else I will come to thee quickly,
+and will remove thy lamp-stand out of its place, except
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+thou repentest. But thou hast this, that thou hatest the
+deeds of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations:
+To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of the tree
+of life, which is in the paradise of God.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 2:1-7.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seven churches are not, themselves, seen
+in vision; they were symbolized by seven
+golden candlesticks. Consequently, these are
+seven literal churches that are addressed, and
+not allegorical, as some teach. The symbolic
+portions of the Apocalypse, are the descriptions
+of what John saw, and the attendant utterances.
+What was addressed to the ear by way
+of explanation and instruction, does not come
+under the laws of symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As churches, in all ages, are often in the
+several conditions ascribed to the seven
+churches, the warnings, admonitions, and consolations
+addressed to them, may serve for instruction
+to all Christians, as implied in the
+declaration: <span class="tei tei-q">“He that hath an ear, let him
+hear what the Spirit saith to the churches,�</span>
+2:29.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“By αγγελος, angel [or messenger], we are
+to understand the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">messenger</span></em>, or person sent by
+God to preside over the church; and to him
+the epistle is directed, not as pointing out his
+state, but the state of the church under his
+care. The Angel of the Church, here answers
+exactly to that officer of the synagogue among
+the Jews, called the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">messenger</span></em> of the church,
+whose business it was to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">read</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pray</span></em>, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">teach</span></em>
+in the synagogue.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Clarke.</span></span> Timothy is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+supposed to have had the care of the Ephesian
+church till A. D. 97, when he was martyred.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ephesus was a large, idolatrous city, <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and
+of the image which,�</span> as they claimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“fell
+down from Jupiter,�</span> Acts 19:35. The gospel
+was first preached there by Paul, and with
+such success, that <span class="tei tei-q">“Many of them also which
+used curious arts, brought their books together,
+and burned them before all men; and they
+counted the price of them, and found it fifty
+thousand pieces of silver: So mightily grew the
+word of God, and prevailed,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 19, 20. They
+continued a fine and prosperous church, but had
+fallen away from their first love. Therefore He
+who walketh in the midst of the seven golden
+candlesticks, and holdeth in his hand the messengers
+of the churches, admonished them
+that, unless they repented he would remove
+their candlestick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, their church, of which
+the candlestick was a symbol, out of its place.
+They did not repent; and, says Gibbon, <span class="tei tei-q">“In
+the year 1312, began the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">captivity</span></em>, or ruin of
+the seven churches by the Ottoman power.
+In the loss of Ephesus, the Christians deplored
+the loss of the first <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Angel</span></em>, the extinction of
+the first <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">candlestick</span></em> of the Revelations. The
+desolation is complete, and the temple of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Diana</span></em>,
+or the church of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Mary</span></em>, will equally elude the
+search of the curious traveller.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Nicolaitanes, whose deeds God hated,
+were a sect of heretics, who assumed the name
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+from Nicholas of Antioch, one of the first
+seven deacons of the church in Jerusalem.
+It is believed that he was rather the innocent
+occasion, than the author of the infamous
+practices of those who assumed his name,—who
+allowed a community of wives, and ate
+meats offered in sacrifice to idols. It was a
+short-lived sect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For hating their deeds, the church of Ephesus
+was commended, and also for not giving
+countenance to false teachers, who claimed to
+be apostles, and were proved to be liars.
+Thus are Christians to <span class="tei tei-q">“believe not every
+spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of
+God: because many false prophets are gone
+out into the world,�</span> 1 John 4:1. <span class="tei tei-q">“Such
+are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming
+themselves into the apostles of
+Christ,�</span> 2 Cor. 11:13. <span class="tei tei-q">“There were false
+prophets also among the people, even as there
+shall be false teachers among you, who privily
+shall bring in damnable heresies,�</span> 2 Pet. 2:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The promise to him that overcometh, that
+he shall <span class="tei tei-q">“eat of the tree of life,�</span> points to the
+resurrection and to the new creation. As in
+Eden was made to grow <span class="tei tei-q">“the tree of life�</span>
+(Gen. 2:9), so in Eden restored, <span class="tei tei-q">“they that
+do his commandments ... may have right to
+the tree of life, and may enter in through the
+gates into the city,�</span> Rev. 22:2.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Smyrna.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And to the messenger of the congregation in Smyrna,
+write: These things saith the First and the Last, who became
+dead and is alive: I know thy works, and affliction,
+and poverty (but thou art rich); and I know the reviling
+of those, who say they are Jews, and are not, but are a synagogue
+of Satan. Fear none of the things, which thou wilt
+suffer. Behold, the devil will cast some of you into prison,
+that ye may be tried, and ye will have affliction ten days.
+Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee the crown of
+life. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit
+saith to the Congregations: he who overcometh, will not be
+hurt by the second death.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 2:8-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The angel of the church in Smyrna is supposed
+to have been Polycarp, who, rather than
+to apostatize, was burnt alive in that city
+about A. D. 166. That church had passed
+through the trial of poverty, and was found
+<span class="tei tei-q">“rich toward God,�</span> Luke 12:21. It had suffered
+from the blasphemy of unbelieving Jews,
+who had a synagogue there and were particularly
+active at the martyrdom of Polycarp.
+But <span class="tei tei-q">“He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly;
+neither is that circumcision which is
+outward in the flesh: but he is a Jew which
+is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of
+the heart, in the spirit and not in the letter;
+whose praise is not of men, but of God,�</span> Rom.
+2:28, 29. And the crucified and risen Saviour
+has said, that they are <span class="tei tei-q">“of the synagogue
+of Satan which say they are Jews, and
+are not, but do lie,�</span> Rev. 3:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not a word of reproof is addressed to this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+faithful flock; but they were to be still further
+tried, and a terrible persecution was foretold,
+which should continue ten prophetic
+days. Ten years was the duration of the last
+and bloodiest persecution under Diocletian,
+from A. D. 302 to 312, during which all the
+Asiatic churches were grievously afflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This church passed triumphantly through
+all those trials; and Smyrna is now the most
+flourishing city of the Asiatic churches. It
+contains a population of 100,000, and is the
+seat of an archbishop. From 15,000 to
+20,000 of its inhabitants are still professedly
+Christian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“crown of life,�</span> promised to those who
+are faithful unto death, is to be given at
+Christ's second coming, <span class="tei tei-q">“who shall judge the
+quick and the dead at his appearing and kingdom,�</span>
+2 Tim. 4:1: <span class="tei tei-q">“Henceforth there is
+laid up for me a crown of righteousness,
+which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall
+give me at that day; and not to me only, but
+unto all them also that love his appearing,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 8. <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed is the man that endureth
+temptation: for when he is tried he shall receive
+the crown of life, which the Lord hath
+promised to them that love him,�</span> Jam. 1:12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who shall not be hurt of the <span class="tei tei-q">“second
+death,�</span> are those who shall attain unto the
+resurrection of the just, at the commencement
+of the millennium. <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed and holy is he
+that hath part in the first resurrection: on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+such the second death hath no power; but
+they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and
+shall reign with him a thousand years,�</span> Rev.
+20:6. <span class="tei tei-q">“But the fearful, and unbelieving,
+and the abominable, and murderers, and
+whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters,
+and all liars, shall have their part in the lake
+which burneth with fire and brimstone:
+which is the second death,�</span> 21:8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Pergamos.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+And to the messenger of the congregation in Pergamos
+write: These things saith He who hath the sharp two-edged
+sword: I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even
+where Satan's throne is; and thou holdest fast my name,
+and hast not denied my faith, even in those days in which
+Antipas was my faithful witness: who was slain among you,
+where Satan dwelleth. But I have a few things against
+thee, because thou hast there those, who hold fast the doctrine
+of Balaam, who taught Balak to cast an enticement
+to sin before the children of Israel: to eat idol-sacrifices,
+and to commit fornication. So thou hast also those, who
+hold fast the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, in like manner.
+Repent; or else I will come to thee quickly, and will fight
+against them with the sword of my mouth. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations:
+To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of the
+hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the
+stone a new name written, which no one knoweth, but he,
+who receiveth it.—Rev. 2:12-17.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He which hath the sharp sword with
+two edges,�</span> is the one who walked in the
+midst of the seven golden lamp-stands—out
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of whose <span class="tei tei-q">“mouth went a sharp two-edged
+sword,�</span> 1:16. This identifies him as the
+one who was followed by the armies of heaven,
+when <span class="tei tei-q">“the remnant were slain with the sword
+of him that sat upon the horse: which sword
+proceeded out of his mouth,�</span> 19:21. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+sword of the Spirit ... is the word of God,�</span>
+Eph. 6:17. <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall smite the earth with
+the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of
+his lips shall he slay the wicked,�</span> Isa. 11:4.
+The One who indites this epistle is thus designated,
+probably, because, unless they repented
+of the things alleged against them, he would
+fight against them with the sword of his
+mouth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church of Pergamos had refrained from
+apostasy, although situated in a wicked and
+corrupt city,—even where Satan reigned almost
+supreme and received the obedience of
+its inhabitants. They had been faithful in
+those days when Antipas, a faithful Christian,
+and probably the former pastor of the church,
+was slain (Dr. Hales thinks) in Domitian's
+persecution, in A. D. 94. Yet, the Lord had
+some things against them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The doctrine of Balaam is what that prophet
+counselled Balak to cast as a stumbling-block
+before Israel: For <span class="tei tei-q">“the people began to commit
+whoredom with the daughters of Moab.
+And they called the people unto the sacrifices
+of their gods; and the people did eat and
+bowed down to their gods. And Israel joined
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+himself unto Baal-peor,�</span> Num. 25:1-3.
+And Moses said of the women of Midian,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, these caused the children of Israel,
+through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass
+against the Lord in the matter of Peor,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 31:16. This was also, probably, the same
+as the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, p. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“hidden manna�</span> seems to be a reference
+to that hidden in the ark, where it was laid
+up before the Lord (Ex. 16:33), in memory
+of what was sent for the sustenance of Israel
+in the wilderness, where <span class="tei tei-q">“man did eat angel's
+food,�</span> Ps. 78:25. The law having a shadow
+of good things to come (Heb. 10:1), the manna
+hidden in the ark may be typical of the angelic
+sustenance to be revealed in the future
+world. The Saviour said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Verily, verily, I
+say unto you, He that believeth on me hath
+everlasting life. I am that bread of life.
+This is the bread which cometh down from
+heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not
+die,�</span> John 6:47, 48, 50.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“white stone�</span> has received divers interpretations.
+In ancient trials, the votes of
+the judges were given by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">white</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">black</span></em> pebbles.
+The former signified acquittal, and the
+latter condemnation. Conquerors in public
+games sometimes received a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">white stone</span></em> with
+their name inscribed on it, which entitled
+them, during the remainder of their life, to be
+maintained at the public expense. Persons
+were sometimes invited to feasts or banquets,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the presentation of a white stone, with their
+name on it in connection with that of their
+hosts. The possession of the white stone evidently
+entitles the possessor to all the privileges
+of the heavenly inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“new name�</span> is unknown to all but
+its possessor; who, on its possession, becomes
+a child of God, and will receive, saith God,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“in my house and within my walls, a place
+and a name better than of sons and of daughters:
+I will give them an everlasting name
+that shall not be cut off,�</span> Isa. 56:5. The
+Saviour has promised that <span class="tei tei-q">“him that overcometh
+will I make a pillar in the temple
+of my God, and he shall go no more out: and
+I will write upon him the name of my God,
+and the name of the city of my God, which
+is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of
+heaven from my God; and I will write upon
+him my new name,�</span> Rev. 3:12. And his
+new <span class="tei tei-q">“name�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“no man knew but he himself,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 19:12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pergamos still contains a few thousand inhabitants.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Thyatira.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And to the messenger of the congregation in Thyatira
+write: These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes
+like a flame of fire, and his feet like fine brass: I know thy
+works, and love, and faith, and service, and thy patience,
+and thy works; and thy last works to be greater than the
+first. Notwithstanding, I have something against thee, because
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+thou allowest thy woman Jezebel, who calleth herself
+a prophetess, to teach and seduce my servants to commit
+fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices. And I gave her time
+to repent, and she would not repent of her fornication. Behold,
+I will cast her into a bed, and those, who commit adultery
+with her, into great affliction, unless they repent of
+their deeds. And I will kill her children with pestilence;
+and all the congregations will know that I am he, who
+searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give to each of
+you according to your works. But to you I say, and to the
+rest in Thyatira, As many as have not this doctrine, and
+who have not known the depths of Satan, as (they say;) I
+will not put on you another burden: but what ye have,
+hold fast till I come. And he, who overcometh, and keepeth
+my works to the end, to him, I will give power over the
+nations: (and he will rule them with a rod of iron; like
+the vessels of a potter they will be dashed in pieces:) even
+as I received of my Father. And I will give him the morning-star.
+He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith to the congregations</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 2:18-29.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In commending the general piety of this
+church, they are censured for permitting a
+woman to teach false doctrines among them.
+The church is not only made responsible for
+what it teaches, but also for what it suffers
+others to teach. In this particular the church
+in Thyatira appears in contrast with the
+church in Ephesus. The doctrines which
+this wicked woman taught appear to be similar
+to those of the Nicolaitanes, p. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>. She is
+probably called Jezebel, from her being a
+woman of power and influence, like the wife
+of Ahab, who <span class="tei tei-q">“did sell himself to work wickedness
+in the sight of the Lord: whom Jezebel
+his wife stirred up,�</span> 1 Kings 21:25.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They who had not fallen into those depths
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Satan, and should continue faithful to the
+end, were to have <span class="tei tei-q">“power over the nations.�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The saints of the Most High shall take the
+kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever,
+even for ever and ever. And the kingdom
+and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom
+under the whole heaven, shall be given
+to the people of the saints of the Most High,
+whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,
+and all dominions shall serve and obey him,�</span>
+Dan. 7:18, 27. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ask of me, and I shall give
+thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the
+uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.
+Thou shalt break them with a rod of
+iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
+potter's vessel,�</span> Ps. 2:8, 9. <span class="tei tei-q">“To execute
+vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments
+upon the people; To execute upon them the
+judgment written: this honor have all the
+saints. Praise ye the Lord,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 149:7, 9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To receive the morning star, is to receive
+Christ, who testifieth of himself. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am ...
+the bright and morning star,�</span> Rev. 22:16.
+We are commanded to take heed to the <span class="tei tei-q">“sure
+word of prophecy ... as unto a light that
+shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn,
+and the day-star arise in your hearts,�</span> 2 Pet.
+1:19. As <span class="tei tei-q">“the testimony of Jesus is the
+spirit of prophecy�</span> (19:10), those who refuse
+to consider the revelation he has given of things
+which shortly after began to come to pass, and
+which must now be verging towards their
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+consummation, may fail of becoming illuminated
+by the day-star in their hearts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Says Gibbon: <span class="tei tei-q">“The God of Mahomet,
+without a rival or a Son, is invoked in the
+mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos.�</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Sardis.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And to the messenger of the congregation in Sardis write:
+These things saith He, who hath the seven Spirits of God,
+and the seven stars: I know thy works, that thou hast a
+name that thou livest, and art dead. Be watchful, and
+strengthen the things, which remain, which are about to
+die: for I have not found thy works complete before God.
+Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and
+hold fast and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I
+will come on thee like a thief, and thou wilt not know what
+hour I will come on thee. But thou hast a few names in
+Sardis, that have not defiled their garments; and they will
+walk with me in white: for they are worthy. He, who
+overcometh, the same one will be clothed in white raiment;
+and I will not blot out his name from the book of life, but I
+will acknowledge his name before my Father, and before
+his angels. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith unto the congregations.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 3:1-6.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church in Sardis was Christian in
+name, but was destitute of spiritual life, with
+the exception of a few names who had not
+defiled their garments. Having become dead
+to the revivifying influences of the Holy
+Spirit, they are reminded that he who addresses
+them is the one who holds their messenger
+in his hand, and who hath the seven
+Spirits of God; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, that it was from the One
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+who said of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Comforter, which is the
+Holy Ghost�</span> (John 14:26), <span class="tei tei-q">“when the Comforter
+is come, whom I will send unto you
+from the Father, even the Spirit of truth which
+proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify
+of me,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 15:26.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They had doubtless become greatly conformed
+to the corrupt worldly influences by
+which they were surrounded, without having
+actually denied the faith, or embraced the
+hated doctrines of the Nicolaitanes. Therefore
+they were exhorted to hold fast all that
+they still retained, and, by repentance, to recover
+what they had lost; and they were
+admonished that if they neglected those precautions,
+they would be suddenly visited;
+without its being designated what would be
+the precise nature, time, or manner, of their
+visitation: which made the threatening the
+more terrible.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“few names�</span> which had not defiled
+their garments, were used by a metonymy to
+signify persons. When an apostle was to be
+chosen in the place of Judas, <span class="tei tei-q">“the number
+of the names together were about one hundred
+and twenty,�</span> Acts 1:15. Purity of raiment
+is significant of purity of character:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth
+his garments,�</span> 16:15. White is an emblem
+of purity. To the <span class="tei tei-q">“bride,�</span> it <span class="tei tei-q">“was granted
+that she should be arrayed in fine linen clean
+and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the saints,�</span> 19:8. Those who came
+out of great tribulation, had <span class="tei tei-q">“washed their
+robes and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb,�</span> (7:13); and therefore they were
+symbolized as standing before the throne and
+before the Lamb, clothed with white robes,
+and palms of victory in their hands, 7:9.
+To be clothed in white raiment, is therefore to
+be accepted of the Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To blot one's name out of the book of life,
+is to erase his title to heaven. The figure
+seems to be an allusion to the ancient custom
+of enrolling in a book the names of all free
+citizens. If their names were confessedly
+written there, they were entitled to all the
+privileges and immunities of citizenship; but
+if blotted out, they had forfeited these. <span class="tei tei-q">“They
+that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose
+names were not written in the book of life
+from the foundation of the world, when they
+behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet
+is,�</span> 17:8. Moses said, if God would not forgive
+Israel, <span class="tei tei-q">“blot me, I pray thee, out of thy
+book which thou hast written,�</span> Ex. 32:32. Of
+his enemies, David said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let them be blotted
+out of the book of the living, and not be
+written with the righteous,�</span> Ps. 67:28.
+Those only enter the New Jerusalem, <span class="tei tei-q">“which
+are written in the Lamb's book of life,�</span> 21:27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church in Sardis, has long been utterly
+extinct; and what remains of the city is a
+miserable Turkish village.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Philadelphia.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And to the messenger of the congregation in Philadelphia
+write: These things saith the Holy, the True One, he who
+hath the key of David, he who openeth, and no one shutteth;
+and shutteth, and no one openeth: I know thy works:
+behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no one can
+shut it; for thou hast a little strength, and hast held fast
+my word, and hast not denied my name. Behold, I will
+make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they are
+Jews, and are not, but who lie; behold, I will make them
+come and bow down before thy feet, and know that I have
+loved thee. Because thou hast kept the word of my patience,
+I also will keep thee from the hour of trial, which
+will come on all the world, to try those, who dwell on the
+earth. I come quickly: hold fast that which thou hast,
+that no one take thy crown. I will make him, who overcometh,
+a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will go
+out no more: and I will write on him the name of my God,
+and the name of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem,
+(which cometh down out of heaven from my God:) and my
+new name. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith to the congregations.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 3:7-13.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church of Philadelphia had maintained
+her integrity, and is therefore addressed in the
+language of commendation, without the rebukes
+which were directed to her sister
+churches. Having remained true to Him
+who <span class="tei tei-q">“was called Faithful and True�</span> (19:11),
+the epistle to this church makes mention
+of the Saviour by those titles, which are significant
+of his own faithfulness and inherent
+holiness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The key of David,�</span> brings to view the
+prediction of that which was to be laid <span class="tei tei-q">“upon
+his shoulder;�</span> so that <span class="tei tei-q">“he shall open, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none
+shall open,�</span> Isa. 22:22. A key symbolizes that
+which will open or unlock, or will close fast:
+therefore said the Saviour, <span class="tei tei-q">“I ... have the
+keys of hell and of death.�</span> By virtue of this
+power, an open door was set before the church
+of Philadelphia, which no man should be able
+to close.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Jews in Philadelphia, who had claimed
+to be the only true church of God, but who
+were in reality of the synagogue of Satan,
+were to cease their opposition to the Christians,
+and to seek instruction and protection
+from them—recognizing the love of God to
+Gentiles as well as to Jews. History is silent
+respecting the fulfilment of this; but there is
+no reason to suppose that it was not literally
+fulfilled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“hour of temptation,�</span> which was to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“come upon all the world, to try them that
+dwell on the earth,�</span> was to be one of peculiar
+trial. Some suppose it had reference to the
+persecution under Trajan, which was more
+severe and extensive than those under Nero,
+or Domitian: and others that it was the Mohammedan
+delusion. In such times there are
+peculiar temptations to apostatize, and the less
+faithful are in more danger of apostasy than
+others. But because the Philadelphian church
+had been faithful thus far, they were to be kept
+from that trying hour. When the scourge
+of Mohammedanism swept over all the other
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+churches of Asia, this church maintained its
+integrity. Says Gibbon: <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the Greek
+colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is
+still erect, a column in a scene of ruins. At a
+distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors,
+encompassed on all sides by the Turks,
+her valiant citizens defended their religion and
+their freedom above fourscore years, and at
+length capitulated with the proudest of the
+Ottomans.�</span> Philadelphia is still the seat of
+an archbishop, and contains from six hundred
+to seven hundred Greek houses, and several
+places of Christian worship. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lord
+knoweth how to deliver the godly out of
+temptations,�</span> 2 Pet. 2:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They are encouraged to constancy by the
+prospect of the coming coronation day, when
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord; the righteous Judge shall give�</span> a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“crown of righteousness,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“unto all them
+that love his appearing,�</span> 2 Tim. 4:8. He
+has said <span class="tei tei-q">“Be thou faithful unto death, and I
+will give thee a crown of life�</span> (2:10); and
+therefore <span class="tei tei-q">“when the chief Shepherd shall appear,
+ye shall receive a crown of glory that
+fadeth not away,�</span> 1 Pet. 5:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A pillar in the temple of God, is expressive
+of a position which shall give support to the
+church, which is erected <span class="tei tei-q">“upon the foundation
+of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ
+himself being the chief corner-stone; In whom
+the building, fitly framed together, groweth
+unto a holy temple in the Lord: In whom ye
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+also are builded together for a habitation of
+God through the Spirit,�</span> Eph. 2:20-22.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To receive the name of God, is to be recognized
+as belonging to God. As masters designated
+their servants by branding their name
+on them, or by some peculiar mark, so the
+children of God are referred to by the same
+figure. In a subsequent vision John saw with
+the Lamb on Mount Zion, <span class="tei tei-q">“an hundred and
+forty and four thousand, having his Father's
+name written in their foreheads,�</span> 14:1. Their
+connection with new Jerusalem is similarly
+designated.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Epistle to the Church in Laodicea.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And to the messenger of the congregation in Laodicea
+write: These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true
+Witness, the Ruler of the creation of God: I know thy
+works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would that
+thou wast cold or hot. So, because thou art lukewarm, and
+neither cold nor hot, I will cast thee out of my mouth: because
+thou sayest, I am rich, and have become wealthy,
+and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art
+wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked:
+I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried by fire, that thou
+mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be
+clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness may not appear;
+and to anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that thou
+mayest see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be
+fervent therefore, and repent. Behold, I stand at the door,
+and knock: if any one heareth my voice, and openeth the
+door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he
+shall sup with me. To him, who overcometh I will grant
+to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+have sat down with my Father in his throne. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+3:14-22.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By his titles of truth and verity, the Saviour
+prepares the Laodiceans for the humiliating
+threatenings, which are uttered against them.
+By that of <span class="tei tei-q">“the beginning of the creation of
+God,�</span> is indicated Christ's kingship as head
+and governor of all; and hence the authority
+on which his declarations are founded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Laodiceans seemed to have been very
+well satisfied with their own condition, without
+possessing any very marked characteristics.
+They were neither good, nor very
+wicked; but supposed that they abounded in
+all spiritual wealth, when they were destitute
+of all the Christian graces. They could not
+appreciate their own condition; and not realizing
+their need, were unlikely to heed the
+counsel given them, and therefore they have
+long since ceased to have a name and a place
+on the earth. Says Gibbon: <span class="tei tei-q">“The circus
+and three stately temples of Laodicea, are
+now peopled with wolves and foxes.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great majority of them seemed to have
+become unworthy even of the chastisement
+which God bestows on those he loves. <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold,
+happy is the man whom God correcteth;
+therefore despise not the chastening of the Almighty,�</span>
+Job 5:17. <span class="tei tei-q">“My son, despise not
+the chastening of the Lord: neither be weary
+of his correction: For whom the Lord loveth
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+he correcteth, even as a father the son in
+whom he delighteth,�</span> Prov. 3:11, 12.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed is the man that endureth temptation:
+for when he is tried, he shall receive
+the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised
+to them that love him,�</span> Jas. 1:12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Saviour shows his readiness to receive
+those who will open unto him. He is saying,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Open to me ... for my head is filled with
+dew, and my locks with the drops of the
+night,�</span> Cant. 5:2. <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed are those servants,
+whom the Lord, when he cometh, shall
+find watching: verily I say unto you, That
+he shall gird himself, and make them to sit
+down to meat, and will come forth and serve
+them,�</span> Luke 12:37. Said Jesus, <span class="tei tei-q">“If any
+man love me, he will keep my words: and
+my Father will love him, and we will come
+unto him, and make our abode with him,�</span>
+John 14:23.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To him that overcometh, as in another
+place he is promised a crown, so now there is
+the promise of a seat with the Saviour in his
+throne. Said the Saviour, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye which have
+followed me, in the regeneration when the Son
+of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye
+also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the
+twelve tribes of Israel,�</span> Matt. 19:28. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father
+hath appointed unto me,�</span> Luke 22:29. <span class="tei tei-q">“If
+we suffer�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> with Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">“we shall also
+reign with him,�</span> 2 Tim. 2:12.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Vision of the Deity.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">After this, I looked, and behold, a door opened in heaven:
+and the first voice, which I heard, was like a trumpet talking
+with me; saying, Ascend here, and I will show thee
+things, which must take place hereafter. And immediately
+I was in the Spirit: and behold, a throne was set in heaven,
+and One sat on the throne. And, He, who sat, was in appearance
+like a jasper and a cornelian stone: and there was
+a rainbow around the throne, in appearance, like an emerald.
+And around the throne were twenty-four thrones;
+and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed
+in white raiment; and crowns of gold on their heads. And
+from the throne came forth lightnings, and voices and thunders.
+And seven lamps of fire were burning before the
+throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. And before the
+throne there was a transparent sea like crystal: and in the
+midst of the throne, and around the throne, were four living
+beings, full of eyes before and behind. And the first
+living being was like a lion, and the second living being
+like a calf, and the third living being had a face like a man,
+and the fourth living being was like a flying eagle. And
+each of the four living beings had six wings around him;
+and within they were full of eyes: and they rest not day or
+night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, who
+was, and is, and is to be! And when the living beings give
+glory, and honor, and thanks to Him seated on the throne,
+who liveth for ever and ever, the four and twenty elders fall
+down before Him seated on the throne, and worship Him,
+who liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before
+the throne, saying, Worthy art thou, O Lord, our God, to
+receive glory, and honor, and power: for thou hast created
+all things, and for thy pleasure they existed and were created.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+4:1-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This vision is preparatory to the revelations
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“things which must be hereafter,�</span> which
+were given John in the series of visions following.
+Their divine origin, and, consequently,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the deference with which they are to
+be received as a revelation from God, are demonstrated
+by this symbolization of the presence
+chamber of the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The revelator had before heard a voice
+speaking to him, (1:10); and turning to look,
+he beheld the risen Saviour. He then writes
+the epistles which the Saviour dictated to the
+churches; and again he turns his eyes to the
+place where the voice spake to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The opening of a door in heaven, appears
+to be no part of the <span class="tei tei-q">“things which must be
+hereafter;�</span> and is, therefore, no symbol. It
+was doubtless an appearance of an aperture
+in the sky above, through which the revelator
+saw the vision. It indicates that he looked
+through and beyond the limits prescribed to
+human vision; and the summons to <span class="tei tei-q">“come
+up hither,�</span> indicates that he was to have free
+access to the secrets there to be unfolded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A <span class="tei tei-q">“throne set in heaven,�</span> is a symbol of
+sovereignty there. Consequently the one who
+sits thereon is the Almighty—his greatness,
+glory and majesty, being indicated by the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“lightnings, thunderings and voices,�</span> the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“rainbow round about the throne,�</span> and the
+resemblance to brilliant gems. It is the same
+Being, seen in vision by Ezekiel (1:28), round
+about whom was <span class="tei tei-q">“as the appearance of the
+bow in the day of rain;�</span> and who was explained
+to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the appearance of the likeness
+of the glory of the Lord.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“elders�</span> seated about the throne, and
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“four living creatures,�</span> improperly rendered
+beasts, are representatives of the redeemed
+of our race; for they subsequently
+unite in the new song, saying to Christ,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to
+God by thy blood, out of every kindred and
+tongue, and people and nation; and hast
+made us unto our God kings and priests, and
+we shall reign on the earth,�</span> 5:8-10. The
+difference between the two orders, is not fully
+apparent. They have <span class="tei tei-q">“vials full of odors,
+which are the prayers of saints.�</span> The four
+beasts are evidently of the same order as the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“living creatures�</span> in Ezek. 1:5; the cherubim
+of Ezek. 10:20, and the seraphim of
+Isa. 6:1. The entire hosts of the redeemed
+are thus represented as interested spectators
+in the visions which are to be unfolded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven lamps of fire,�</span> are explained
+to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the seven Spirits of God,�</span> which, as
+before shown, is expressive of the Holy Spirit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“sea of glass,�</span> corresponds to the
+brazen sea, or laver, under the law, which
+stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 38:8.
+It was an emblem of purity. Before entering
+the tabernacle the priest must there
+wash. Those admitted on the sea of glass,
+are those who are purified and made white in
+the blood of the Lamb, 15:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With this preliminary representation, the
+first series of events extending to the final
+consummation, is shown under the symbol of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Sealed Book.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw in the right hand of Him seated on the
+throne, a book written within and without, sealed with seven
+seals. And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming with a loud
+voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose its seals?
+and no one in heaven, or on the earth, or under the earth,
+was able to open the book nor to look in it. And I was
+weeping much, because no one was found worthy to open,
+and to read the book, nor to look in it. And one of the
+elders saith to me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe
+of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the
+book, and to loose its seven seals. And I saw in the midst
+of the throne, and of the four living beings, and in the
+midst of the elders, the Lamb standing, as having been slain,
+having seven horns, and seven eyes, which are the seven
+Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. And he came
+and took the book out of the right hand of Him seated on the
+throne. And when he took the book, the living beings, and
+twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, all of them
+having harps, and golden bowls full of incense, which are
+the prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying,
+Worthy art thou to take the book and to open its seals: for
+thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood
+out of every tribe, and tongue, and people, and nation; and
+hast made us kings and priests to our God, and we shall
+reign on the earth! And I beheld, and I heard the voice
+of many angels around the throne, and the living beings,
+and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand
+times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying
+with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb, that was slain, to
+receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and
+honor, and glory, and blessing. And every creature which
+is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and
+those on the sea, even all that are in them, I heard saying,
+Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be to Him sitting
+on the throne, and to the Lamb, for ever and ever!
+And the four living beings said, Amen. And the elders
+fell down and worshipped.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 5:1-14.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The written book, must symbolize God's purposes,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which were about to be unfolded on
+the loosening of the seals. Its being written
+within and without, indicates the fulness of
+its contents, the completeness of the record:—God's
+purposes being fully and unalterably
+formed. In like manner Ezekiel was shown
+<span class="tei tei-q">“a roll of a book ... written within and without,�</span>
+symbolizing the <span class="tei tei-q">“lamentations, mourning
+and woe�</span> (Ezek. 2:9), which were soon
+to overtake Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A sealed book is one whose contents are
+hidden: <span class="tei tei-q">“The vision of all is become unto
+you as the words of a book that is sealed,
+which men deliver to one that is learned,
+saying, Read this I pray thee: and he saith,
+I cannot; for it is sealed,�</span> Isa. 29:11. God
+said to Daniel, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shut up the words, and seal
+the book, till the time of the end,�</span> Dan. 12:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To open the seals, no one was found worthy.
+There was no being in heaven among the
+angels, no human being on the earth, and no
+disembodied spirit, or demon, under the earth,
+who was able to unfold the future. The
+tears of the revelator are, however, dried, and
+his drooping spirits cheered, by the announcement
+of one of the elders, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lion</span></span> of
+the tribe of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Judah</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Root</span></span>
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">David</span></span>, hath
+prevailed to open the book,�</span> and to unfold its
+mysteries. He stood in the midst of the
+assembled intelligences,—his human nature
+and sacrificial office, being designated by his
+metaphorical title of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lamb:�</span>—John
+seeing Jesus coming to him said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
+the world,�</span> John 1:29. His sovereignty is
+shown by the <span class="tei tei-q">“seven horns,�</span> the symbols of
+power; and his relation to the Godhead, by
+the seven eyes, the seven Spirits of God;—expressive
+of the Holy Spirit. See p. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rejoicings on the announcement of
+Christ's ability to take the book, and to open
+the seals, indicate the greatness of the blessing
+which God gives the church, when he
+thus reveals a knowledge of the future.
+All creatures should join in these hosannas,
+and praise the Lord for his great condescension,
+in showing his servants the things
+which must shortly come to pass. To neglect
+this revelation, is not joining in the ascription
+of praise.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The golden vials, full of odors, symbolize
+the prayers of saints. Under the Mosaic dispensation,
+the frankincense and odors offered at
+the tabernacle were emblematic of prayer and
+praise to God. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let my prayer be set forth
+before thee as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">incense</span></em>; and the lifting up of
+my hands as the evening sacrifice,�</span> Psa.
+141:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Christ takes the book from the hand of him
+who sits on the throne, and opens the seals.
+Thus he makes known unto his servants the
+revelation which God had given him, 1:1.
+As each successive seal is opened, successive
+portions of the writing in the book become
+accessible,—an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">epoch</span></span> is marked, following
+which, and previous to that symbolized by the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+opening of the next seal, are to be fulfilled,
+the events symbolized under it.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The First Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven
+seals, and I heard one of the four living beings, saying,
+with a voice like thunder, Come! And I saw, and behold, a
+white horse: and he, who sat on him, had a bow; and a
+crown was given him: and he went forth conquering and
+to conquer.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 6:1, 2.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voice is evidently addressed to the personage
+on the white horse, or to the agencies
+thus symbolized. It is the signal for their
+appearance on the stage of action.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The symbol is that of a victorious warrior,
+armed with weapons of conquest,—success
+being indicated by the crown given him. As
+there is no analogous order, except in the religious
+world, Mr. Lord very properly regards
+it as a symbol of the body of religious teachers,
+those faithful soldiers of the cross, who,
+from the middle of the first to the middle of
+the third century, as <span class="tei tei-q">“soldiers of Jesus
+Christ�</span> (2 Tim. 2:3), went forth to war
+<span class="tei tei-q">“against principalities and powers, against
+the rulers of the darkness of this world,
+against spiritual wickedness in high places,�</span>
+Eph. 6:12. The apostle, when they received
+their commission, said to them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Take
+unto you the whole armor of God, that ye
+may be able to withstand in the evil day, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+having done all, to stand. Stand, therefore,
+having your loins girt about with truth, and
+having on the breast-plate of righteousness;
+and your feet shod with the preparation of the
+gospel of peace; above all, taking the shield
+of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench
+all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take
+the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the
+Spirit, which is the word of God,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 13-17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus equipped, they went forth, conquering
+and to conquer. They assailed the strong-holds
+of sin and Satan, and planted the standard of
+the cross in all portions of the then civilized
+world. And at the end of their warfare thousands
+of them could say with the apostle: <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+have fought a good fight, I have finished my
+course, I have kept the faith: henceforth there
+is laid up for me a crown of righteousness,
+which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall
+give me at that day: and not to me only, but
+unto all them also that love his appearing,�</span>
+2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The period symbolized under this seal, was
+distinguished for purity of faith in the church,
+and devotion to the cause of Christ,—indicated
+by the whiteness of the horse that the
+warrior rides.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Second Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when he opened the second seal, I heard the
+second living being say, Come! And there went out another
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+horse that was red: and power was given to him,
+who sat on him, to take peace from the earth, and that they
+should kill each other: and a great sword was given to
+him.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 6:3, 4.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This symbol, like the former, is that of a
+mounted warrior, and must also symbolize a
+body of religious teachers. The color of the
+horse, indicates that the doctrine and character
+of the body symbolized will have lost the
+original purity of the church, and become
+more sanguinary; which is also indicated by
+the great sword given him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The warfare under this seal is not against
+outside enemies; for they kill each other.
+This, then, indicates an era when the church
+shall be disquieted, and her peace interrupted
+by internal dissensions. Such was its history
+during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries.
+This period was distinguished for the contentions
+of the clergy; their usurpation of
+power not conferred by the apostles; their
+divisions and sub-divisions into parties; their
+opposing councils; their collisions and distractions;
+their love of power; their pride,
+discord, strife, and tyranny; their mutual
+anathemas and excommunications; the envy,
+jealousy, and detraction they indulged in, and
+the other hateful passions which they exercised.
+Thus they marred the peace of the
+church; and by causing many to apostatize,
+killed each other with spiritual death.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Third Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when he opened the third seal I heard the third
+living being say, Come! And I beheld, and lo, a black
+horse; and he, who sat on him, had a balance in his hand.
+And I heard a voice in the midst of the four living beings say,
+A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley
+for a penny; and injure thou not the oil and the wine.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+6:5, 6.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This foreshadows a period of great scarcity
+and cruel exactions. Applying it to the only
+department of society which is analogous to
+civil life, and the famine symbolized, is like
+that predicted by Amos: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, the days
+come, saith the Lord God, that I will send a
+famine into the land, not a famine of bread,
+nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the
+words of the Lord: and they shall wander
+from sea to sea, and from the north even to
+the east; they shall run to and fro to seek the
+word of the Lord, and shall not find it,�</span>
+Amos 8:11, 12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This, then, marks a period when the traditions
+and opinions of men are substituted for
+the word of God. With Origen was introduced
+a new mode of interpreting scripture,
+which afterwards became prevalent. The
+scriptures, instead of being received in their
+natural and obvious sense, were regarded as
+mystical and allegorical. Milner, in his
+Church History, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“From the fanciful
+mode of allegory, introduced by him, and uncontrolled
+by scriptural rule and order, there
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+arose a vitiated method of commenting on the
+sacred pages.�</span> And Mosheim says: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+few who explained the sacred writings with
+judgment and a true spirit of criticism, could
+not oppose, with any success, the torrent of
+allegory that was overflowing the church.�</span>
+Following this example, Luther says, <span class="tei tei-q">“men
+make just what they please of the Scriptures,
+until some accommodate the word of God
+to the most extravagant absurdities.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Substituting the conceptions of their own
+fancy for the word of God, they withheld
+from the people the bread of life, and produced
+a famine for the word of the Lord. Crude
+notions took the place of Bible doctrines; and
+pernicious speculations were substituted for
+the teachings of Christ and his apostles. Baptism
+and the Lord's supper, lost their emblematic
+significance, and were regarded as
+saving ordinances. Heaven was sought to be
+merited by works, and sanctification was supposed
+to be gained by penance and mortification
+of the flesh. In short, all the corruptions
+of the apostasy were substituted for the primitive
+faith, and the Bible became a sealed book
+to the great mass of the people.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Fourth Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice
+of the fourth living being saying, Come! And I looked,
+and behold, a pale horse: and his name, who sat on him,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+was Death, and the pit followed with him. And power was
+given to them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with
+sword, and with famine, and with pestilence, and with the
+wild beasts of the earth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 6:7, 8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Christian church alone being analogous
+to the civil power, it is within its pale
+that the fulfilment of this symbol is to be
+looked for. During this period, violence is
+substituted for famine; and men are compelled
+to apostatize, which results in spiritual death.
+The Papacy having the power to enforce her
+decrees, Christians had to embrace her faith,
+or be handed over to the secular power for
+punishment. They produced death by compelling
+men to apostatize, by withholding
+from them the word of life, by infusing into
+their minds pestiferous doctrines, and by the
+fear of the civil power,—symbolized by the
+sword, famine, pestilence, and beasts of the
+earth.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Fifth Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the
+altar the souls of those slain on account of the word of God,
+and on account of the testimony, which they held: and they
+cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and
+true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on those,
+who dwell on the earth? And a white robe was given to
+each of them; and it was said to them, that they should
+rest yet for a short time, until their fellow-servants also and
+their brethren, that were to be slain as they were, should
+be filled up.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 6:9-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This symbolized a period intervening between
+the time of the martyrdom, of those
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+whose souls are seen in vision, and another
+time of persecution to follow. Consequently,
+the symbol represents the disembodied spirits
+of those who had already been slain. They
+symbolize the souls of martyrs who counted
+not their lives dear unto themselves for the
+sake of Christ; and being faithful unto death,
+were in expectation of a crown of life. Says
+Mr. Lord: <span class="tei tei-q">“The term τα πτωματα is used in
+the prophecy to denote the dead bodies of the
+martyrs (chap. 11:9), and αι ψυψαι (20:4)
+to denote their disembodied spirits. They are
+represented as having been slain, and as uttering
+their appeal to God because of their blood
+having been shed.�</span> Also: <span class="tei tei-q">“The martyr
+souls are exhibited in their own persons;
+and obviously because no others could serve
+as their symbol,—there being no others that
+have undergone a change from a bodied to a
+disembodied life, nor that sustain such relations
+to God, of forgiveness, acceptance, and
+assurance of a resurrection from death, and a
+priesthood with Christ during his victorious
+reign on the earth,�</span> Ex. Apoc. p. 155.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The altar, symbolizes the atonement made
+by Christ for sin; and, consequently, the position
+of the souls of the martyrs under it,
+indicates their reliance on him for an inheritance
+in his everlasting kingdom,—when <span class="tei tei-q">“he
+shall come to be glorified in his saints,�</span> and
+to <span class="tei tei-q">“take vengeance on them that know not
+God, and obey not the gospel,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:8,
+10.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The presentation of white robes to them,
+symbolizes their acceptance and justification.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The declaration that they must rest till <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their
+fellow-servants are killed</span></em>, as they have been,
+implies another persecution, to be subsequent
+to the period symbolized by the opening of
+this seal. The persecutions which followed
+the Reformation, in which the fires of Smithfield
+were lighted in England, the Huguenots
+were driven from France, and thousands suffered
+martyrdom, probably fulfilled this.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The interest taken by the souls of the martyrs
+in the avenging of their blood on the
+earth, shows that the spirits of departed saints
+look forward with intense interest to the time
+of their glorification. And although the dead
+who die in the Lord are blessed, the glories of
+the resurrection morn are not less desired by
+those who are absent from the body and present
+with the Lord, than by humble, devoted,
+waiting Christians here.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The opening of this seal evidently synchronizes
+with the commencement of the reformation,
+when they might have supposed the
+kingdom of God would immediately appear.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Sixth Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I beheld when he opened the sixth seal, and there
+was a great earthquake; and the sun became black like
+sackcloth of hair, and the moon became like blood: and the
+stars of heaven fell to the earth, as a fig-tree casteth its unripe
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+figs, when shaken by a mighty wind. And the heaven
+departed like a scroll rolled together; and every mountain
+and island were removed from their places. And the kings
+of the earth, and the nobles, and the rich, and the commanders,
+and the strong men, and every bond-man, and every
+freeman, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the
+mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on
+us, and hide us from the face of Him seated on the throne,
+and from the wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his
+wrath is come; and who can stand?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 6:12-17.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The laws of symbolization require that
+symbols should not be representatives of their
+own order when there is any analogous order
+to be representatives of. In other places in
+the Apocalypse, these symbols are used, under
+circumstances where it is impossible to
+regard them as symbols of their own order.
+And here, as the kings of the earth call on
+the rocks and mountains to fall on them
+after the heaven has departed as a scroll and
+every mountain and island is moved out of
+its place, it is necessary to regard them as
+symbols of objects of analogous orders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The earthquake, then, as in corresponding
+Scriptures, symbolizes a political revolution.
+The darkening of the sun and moon, would
+represent a change in the character of the
+rulers and legislators of the world, so that instead
+of extending a genial influence over their
+subjects, they should exert a deleterious one;
+and the fall of the stars, their ejection from
+their stations—synchronizing with the first
+five vials (16:1-11), and fulfilled in the political
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+revolutions of Europe during the past
+century.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the passing away of the heavens and
+the removal of mountains and islands from
+their places, is symbolized the total dissolution
+of all human governments—corresponding
+to the seventh vial (16:20).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the occurrence of this unprecedented
+state of anarchy, the inhabitants of earth will
+be aware of the proximity of the Advent.
+They flee from the face of the Lamb, which
+indicates his appearance in the clouds of
+heaven at his personal advent. The great day
+of wrath will have come; but before the infliction
+of merited punishment on his enemies,
+the servants of God are to be designated, the
+righteous dead are to be raised, and they with
+the righteous living are to be caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17. The
+living righteous are designated by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Sealing of the Servants of God.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And after these things I saw four angels standing on the
+four corners of the earth, holding fast the four winds of the
+earth, that a wind might not blow on the earth, nor on the
+sea, nor on any tree. And I saw another angel ascending
+from the rising of the sun, having a seal of the living God:
+and he cried with a loud voice to the four angels, to whom
+it was given to injure the earth and the sea, saying, Injure
+not the earth, nor the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed
+the servants of our God on their foreheads! And I heard
+the number of those sealed: a hundred and forty-four thousand
+were sealed out of all the tribes of the children of Israel.
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were sealed.
+Of the tribe of Reuben twelve thousand were sealed. Of
+the tribe of Gad twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe
+of Asher twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Naphtali, twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Manasseh twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Simeon twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Levi
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Issachar
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Zebulon
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Joseph twelve
+thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Benjamin twelve
+thousand were sealed.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 7:1-8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The symbols here presented, were seen immediately
+subsequent to the exhibition of the
+preceding ones. This alone would not prove
+that the events symbolized follow in order, but
+it is indicated by their being a continuation
+of the symbolization under the sixth seal, and
+before the opening of the seventh.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the sixth chapter, the great men and rich
+men, as well as bond-men, are aware of the
+proximity of the day of the Lord, and seek
+for a refuge from the face of the Lamb. The
+next events in consecutive order, would be the
+resurrection of the righteous dead, the change
+of the living, their ascension to meet the Lord
+in the air, and the infliction of the wrath of
+God on the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the wicked seek to escape from God's
+presence, the righteous are still unchanged
+upon the earth. But before the wrath of God
+is poured upon his enemies, the winds of
+heaven are to be holden while the angel of
+the living God seals his servants in their foreheads.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The holding of the winds and the
+sealing are, consequently, subsequent to the
+terror of the wicked, at the appearance of the
+Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The four winds are the winds coming from
+all directions; and symbolize strife, war, and
+commotion among men, analogous to the violent
+action of the winds of heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Dan. 7:2, the striving of the four winds
+upon the great sea preceded the rising of the
+four beasts: in other words, the various contests
+and strifes among the different people
+and tongues of earth resulted in the establishment
+of the successive empires which have
+arisen to universal dominion. The blowing
+of the wind seems to be any influence exerted
+upon men. In Ezek. 37:9 the breathing of
+the wind revives the dead; and in Zech. 5:9
+it symbolizes the removal of the wickedness
+of the Jews.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The angels holding the winds, consequently,
+must symbolize the agencies which have the
+power to excite or quell these disturbing influences.
+They do the bidding of the Lord in
+restraining or exerting the influences which
+should produce the effect symbolized. The
+holding of them indicates the proximity and
+certainty of their blowing unless they are
+restrained. The earth, sea, and trees, which
+would be hurt by the blowing of the wind,
+evidently symbolize the different classes of
+inhabitants of the earth, on whom an effect
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+would be produced by the blowing of the
+winds, analogous to the effect produced on
+those elements by a violent tempest, or hurricane.
+The storm here symbolized is evidently
+that of which the Scriptures speak.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“On the wicked he shall rain snares, fire
+and brimstone, and an horrible tempest,�</span> Psa.
+11:6. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt be visited of the Lord
+of hosts with thunder, and with earthquake,
+and great noise, with storm and tempest, and
+the flame of devouring fire,�</span> Isa. 29:6. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+Lord hath a mighty and strong one, which
+as a tempest of hail, and a destroying storm,
+as flood of waters overflowing, shall cast
+down to the earth with the hand,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 28:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sealing of the servants of God in their
+foreheads, designates them, but does not constitute
+them such; for none are sealed, only
+those who are previously his. This is in allusion
+to the ancient custom of stamping with
+a hot iron the name of the owner on the forehead
+or shoulder of his slave. Before the
+final destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians,
+Ezekiel saw in vision a man clothed in
+linen, with a writer's ink-horn by his side,
+who was commissioned to go through the
+midst of Jerusalem and set a mark on the
+foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry
+for all the abominations that be done in the
+midst thereof. And the destroying angels
+who were commanded to slay all, both old
+and young, to spare not, nor to have pity,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+were expressly told to <span class="tei tei-q">“come not near any
+man upon whom is the mark,�</span> Ezek. 9:2-6.
+When the destroying angel passed through
+Egypt, on the night of the Passover, <span class="tei tei-q">“to slay
+all the first-born of that nation, the houses
+of the Israelites were indicated by the blood
+of the Paschal Lamb sprinkled on their lintels
+and door-posts; and by these the angels
+passed,�</span> Ex. 12:23. Thus in the present
+instance, before the descent of the impending
+storm, the servants of the Lord are to be indicated
+by the seal of the living God in their
+foreheads, and will be spared the horrible tempest
+which will <span class="tei tei-q">“hurt�</span> all those on whom it
+shall fall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The 144,000,—the whole number sealed,
+is a perfect number,—an appropriate symbol
+of all the living righteous on the earth. The
+twelve tribes, then, would symbolize all the
+branches of Christ's mystical body in which
+the servants of God are found. The pious
+dead would need no mark indicative of their
+acceptance, having previously, in the white
+robes given them, received the symbols of
+their justification, 6:11. That their resurrection
+and the changing of the living, immediately
+succeeded, is evident from:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Palm-bearing Multitude.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">After these things I looked, and lo, a great crowd, which
+no one could number, out of all nations, and tribes, and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the
+Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palm-branches in their
+hands; and they cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation
+to our God seated on the throne, and to the Lamb! And
+all the angels stood around the throne, and the elders and
+the four living beings, and fell before the throne on their
+faces, and worshipped God, saying, Amen: blessing and
+glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and
+power, and might, be to our God for ever and ever. Amen!
+And one of the elders answered, saying to me, Who are
+these arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? And
+I said to him, My Lord, thou knowest. And he said to me,
+These are they who came out of great affliction, and have
+washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb. For this, they are before the throne of God, and
+serve him day and night in his temple: and He, who sitteth
+on the throne, will dwell among them. They will hunger
+no more, and will thirst no more; nor will the sun light on
+them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, who is in the midst of
+the throne, will tend them, and lead them to fountains of
+living waters: and God will wipe away every tear from
+their eyes.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 7:9-17.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This great multitude of white-robed palm-bearers,
+must include those who, under the
+preceding seal, anxiously inquired how long
+was to be deferred the avenging of their blood
+on those who dwell on the earth. That epoch
+had now arrived; and they come forth arrayed
+in the white robes then given them.
+The palm-branches in their hands, are emblems
+of victory. They symbolize the subjects
+of the first resurrection, caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air. That they are
+gathered from every land and every age, is
+asserted when it is said they are from every
+kindred, tongue, and people; and that they
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+triumph over death and the grave, is evident
+from the answer of one of the elders to the
+questions: <span class="tei tei-q">“What are these?�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Whence
+came they?�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch, is a point of time intervening
+between the first resurrection, and the descent
+of the new Jerusalem, 21:2. The loud and
+united voice, with which the redeemed multitude
+cry <span class="tei tei-q">“Salvation to our God which sitteth
+upon the throne, and unto the Lamb,�</span>—synchronizes
+with that of the <span class="tei tei-q">“great multitude,�</span>
+which, like the voice of many waters, and of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“mighty thunderings,�</span> shouted <span class="tei tei-q">“Alleluia:
+for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth�</span> (19:6),
+immediately preceding the marriage-supper
+of the Lamb (19:6-9). They are removed
+above the troubles of earth, which are impending
+upon the wicked, under:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Seventh Seal.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when he opened the seventh seal, silence took
+place in heaven for about half an hour. And I saw the
+seven angels, who stood before God; and seven trumpets
+were given to them. And another angel came and stood by
+the altar, having a golden censer; and much incense was
+given to him, that he should offer it with the prayers of all
+the saints on the golden altar before the throne. And the
+smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended
+before God from the angel's hand. And the angel
+took the censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and
+out it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunders,
+and lightnings, and an earthquake.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:1-5.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch of this seal, is sometimes regarded
+as anterior to that of the trumpets; and those
+are often supposed to be included in the events
+of this seal; but no conclusive reason has ever
+been given for removing it from its obvious
+position as the closing one, of a series of successive
+periods, commencing with the gospel,
+and extending to the end of the world. If the
+first six are successive in their respective order,
+analogy would require that the seventh
+be thus considered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under the sixth seal, the great men and
+rich, are seen fleeing to the rocks for refuge
+from the wrath of the Lamb; and the risen
+saints symbolized, are in the Saviour's presence;
+but the infliction of the wrath of God
+on the wicked is not there symbolized. The
+events of that seal come down as far as those
+in the 19th chapter, which precede the marriage
+of the Lamb, 19:7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The half-hour's silence, is the first thing
+indicated under the seventh seal. Being so
+expressly noticed, it would seem to be of some
+significance. As a period of symbolic time,
+on the scale of a day for a year, <span class="tei tei-q">“about half
+an hour,�</span> would equal a week's duration—corresponding
+to the time which intervened
+between the entrance of Noah into the ark,
+and the commencement of the deluge, Gen.
+7:1-4. As the period evidently synchronizes
+with the parable of the Saviour, when
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the Bridegroom came; and they that were
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ready went in with him to the marriage, and
+the door was shut�</span> (Matt. 25:10),—the others
+being still without,—it would seem to
+symbolize the time, between the entrance to
+the marriage of the Lamb (19:7), and the
+going forth of the Word of God with his armies,
+to judge, make war, and to slay the
+remnant with the sword, 19:11-21. It
+would be a period of holy joy to the righteous
+in the Saviour's presence, and of awful suspense
+to the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seven angels, to whom were given
+seven trumpets, being introduced here, have
+doubtless caused the events of this seal to be
+regarded as anterior to the first trumpet. As
+those immediately following, evidently synchronize
+with occurrences of the closing epoch,
+the angels can only be introduced here in anticipation
+of the symbolization which they are
+to unfold under the sounding of the successive
+trumpets—the same as the seven angels with
+the last plagues are introduced, before the
+epoch of the commencement of their allotted
+work, 15:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The golden censer was the instrument in
+which incense was burned in the Jewish worship.
+Incense symbolizes prayers (5:8).
+The offering of much incense with the prayers
+of all saints and the smoke of the incense ascending
+up before God, indicates the acceptance
+of their offerings in heaven—the act
+being before the throne, and not on the earth.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The acceptance of their prayers, also implies
+their own acceptance, when presented <span class="tei tei-q">“faultless
+before the presence of his glory with exceeding
+joy,�</span> Jude 24.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fire from the altar, symbolizes the instruments
+of divine justice; and the filling the
+censer with coals after the acceptance of the
+saints, and the casting of both the censer and
+fire to the earth, indicate that thenceforth
+there would be no more acceptance of prayer
+from those left on the earth, but the speedy
+infliction of impending judgments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“voices, and thunderings, and lightnings,
+and an earthquake,�</span> which followed,
+evidently synchronize with the same events
+which follow the seventh trumpet: when the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“wrath of God�</span> has come, with <span class="tei tei-q">“the time of
+the dead that they should be judged;�</span> and
+when those are to be destroyed who have
+destroyed the earth, 11:19. They are the
+same, also, as those under the seventh vial,
+(16:18); and symbolize the final overturn
+and commotion, previous to the cleansing of
+the earth and the ushering in of a better day:
+Then will the
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“fire purge all things new,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Milton, Book xi.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Seven Trumpets.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the seven angels having seven trumpets prepared
+themselves to sound.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:6.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sounding of each successive trumpet
+marks the commencement of an era, of a longer
+or shorter duration, as the striking of a clock
+does the succession of hours. During each
+era, were to be fulfilled the events symbolized
+in connection with its respective trumpet.
+Those under the trumpets are more of a political
+character than those presented in connection
+with the seals.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The First Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the first angel sounded, and there was hail and
+fire mingled with blood, and they were cast into the earth;
+and the third part of the earth was burnt up, and the third
+part of the trees was burnt up, and every green herb was
+burnt up.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:7.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The earth of the Apocalypse is regarded by
+most expositors as the Roman empire, in a
+state of comparative quiet. As no tornado
+like this described has ever happened, its correspondence
+must be sought for in the political
+relations of the empire. There is great
+unanimity among commentators respecting
+the period and the agents here symbolized,—that
+it refers to the invasions of the Goths and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other barbarians, from A. D. 363 to 410. After
+395, their incursions were more severe than
+during the earlier portion of that period. The
+third part of the earth, would be the third part
+of the Roman empire, in distinction from the
+other two-thirds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The green grass of the earth, the trees, &amp;c.,
+are distinguished from <span class="tei tei-q">“those men which
+have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> the seal of God in their foreheads�</span>
+(9:4), and must therefore symbolize the
+people of God in the third part of the empire.
+As all the green grass is burnt up,
+while only one-third of the trees suffer, the
+latter cannot include one-third of all the trees
+in the empire, but only one-third in the parts
+affected,—the grass indicating the more
+weakly, and the trees the more hardy classes
+of Christians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The infidel historian, Gibbon, has given the
+events which fitly correspond with the symbolization
+of these trumpets. After the death
+of Theodosius, in January, A. D. 395, Alaric,
+the bold leader of the Gothic nation, took
+arms against the empire. The terrible effects
+of this invasion, are thus described:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independent
+standard; and boldly avowed hostile
+designs, which they had long cherished in
+their ferocious minds. Their countrymen,
+who had been condemned, by the conditions
+of the last treaty, to a life of tranquillity and
+labor, deserted their farms at the first sound
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the trumpet, and eagerly assumed the
+weapons which they had reluctantly laid
+down. The barriers of the Danube were
+thrown open; the savage warriors of Scythia
+issued from their forest; and the uncommon
+severity of the winter, allowed the poet to remark,
+that <span class="tei tei-q">‘they rolled their ponderous wagons
+over the broad and icy back of the indignant
+river.’</span> The unhappy nations of the
+provinces to the south of the Danube, submitted
+to the calamities, which, in the course
+of twenty years, were almost grown familiar
+to their imagination; and the various troops
+of barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name,
+were irregularly spread from the woody
+shores of Dalmatia, to the walls of Constantinople.
+The Goths were directed by the bold
+and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of
+a divided court, and a discontented people, the
+emperor, Arcadius, was terrified by the aspect
+of the Gothic arms. Alaric disdained to
+trample any longer on the prostrate and
+ruined countries of Thrace and Dacia, and he
+resolved to seek a plentiful harvest of fame
+and riches in a province which had hitherto
+escaped the ravages of war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Alaric traversed, without resistance, the
+plains of Macedonia and Thessaly. The
+troops which had been posted to defend
+the Straits of Thermopylæ, retired, as they
+were directed, without attempting to disturb
+the secure and rapid passage of Alaric; and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the fertile fields of Phocis and BÅ“otia were
+instantly covered with a deluge of barbarians,
+who massacred the males of an age to bear
+arms, and drove away the beautiful females,
+with the spoil and cattle of the flaming villages.
+The travellers who visited Greece
+several years afterwards, could easily discover
+the deep and bloody traces of the march of
+the Goths. The whole territory of Attica
+was blasted by his baneful presence; and if
+we may use the comparison of a cotemporary
+philosopher, Athens itself resembled the bleeding
+and empty skin of a slaughtered victim.
+Corinth, Argos, Sparta, yielded without resistance
+to the arms of the Goths; and the most
+fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by
+death, from beholding the slavery of their families,
+and the conflagration of their cities.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon's
+Rome</span></span>, vol. v., p. 177.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Being tempted by the fame of Rome, Alaric
+hastened to subjugate it. He put to flight the
+Emperor of the West; but deliverance soon
+came, and Rome was saved from his hands.
+Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another
+cloud was gathering, and is thus described
+by Gibbon:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“About four years after the victorious
+Toulan had assumed the title of Khan of the
+Geougen, another barbarian, the haughty
+Rhodogast, or Radagaisus, marched from the
+northern extremities of Germany almost to
+the gates of Rome, and left the remains of his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+army to achieve the destruction of the West.
+The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians,
+formed the strength of this mighty host;
+but the Alani, who had found a hospitable
+reception in their new seats, added their active
+cavalry to the heavy infantry of the Germans;
+and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly
+to the standard of Radagaisus, that, by some
+historians, he has been styled the King of the
+Goths. Twelve thousand warriors, distinguished
+above the vulgar by their noble birth,
+or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van;
+and the whole multitude, which was not less
+than two hundred thousand fighting men,
+might be increased by the accession of women,
+of children, and of slaves, to the amount of
+four hundred thousand persons.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The correspondence of nations was, in
+that age, so imperfect and precarious, that the
+revolutions of the North might escape the
+knowledge of the court of Ravenna, till the
+dark cloud, which was collected along the
+coast of the Baltic, burst in thunder upon the
+banks of the Upper Danube, &amp;c. Many cities
+of Italy were pillaged or destroyed; and the
+siege of Florence by Radagaisus, is one of the
+earliest events in the history of that celebrated
+republic, whose firmness checked or delayed
+the unskilful fury of the barbarians.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“While the peace of Germany was secured
+by the attachment of the Franks, and the neutrality
+of the Alemanni, the subjects of Rome,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unconscious of the approaching calamities,
+enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, which
+had seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul.
+Their flocks and herds were permitted to
+graze in the pastures of the barbarians: their
+huntsmen penetrated, without fear or danger,
+into the darkest recesses of the Hercynian
+wood. The banks of the Rhine were crowded,
+like those of the Tiber, with elegant houses
+and well-cultivated farms; and if the poet descended
+the river, he might express his doubt
+on which side was situated the territory of the
+Romans. This scene of peace and plenty was
+suddenly changed into a desert; and the prospect
+of the smoking ruins, could alone distinguish
+the solitude of nature, from the desolation
+of man. The flourishing city of Mentz
+was surprised and destroyed; and many thousand
+Christians were inhumanly massacred in
+the church. Worms perished, after a long
+and obstinate siege; Strasburg, Spires, Rheims,
+Tournay, Arras, Amiens, experienced the
+cruel oppression of the German yoke; and the
+consuming flames of war spread from the
+banks of the Rhine over the greatest part of
+the seventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich
+and extensive country, as far as the ocean,
+the Alps, and the Pyrenees, was delivered to
+the barbarians, who drove before them, in a
+promiscuous crowd, the bishop, the senator,
+and the virgin, laden with the spoils of their
+houses and altars.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, vol. v., p. 224.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus,
+Alaric again returned, invaded Italy
+in 408, and in 410 he besieged, took, and
+sacked Rome, and died the same year. In
+412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this last year, <span class="tei tei-q">“a public conference was
+held in Carthage, by order of the magistrate;�</span>
+and it was there agreed to inflict the most
+severe penalties on those who dissented
+from the Catholic doctrines, in the African
+part of the Roman empire. Says Gibbon:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Three
+hundred bishops, with many thousands
+of the inferior clergy, were torn from
+their churches, stripped of their ecclesiastical
+possessions, banished to the islands, and
+proscribed by the laws, if they presumed to
+conceal themselves in the provinces of Africa.
+Their numerous congregations, both in the
+cities and country, were deprived of the rights
+of citizens, and of the exercise of religious
+worship.�</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Second Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the second angel sounded, and it was as if a great
+mountain burning with fire were cast into the sea: and the
+third part of the sea became blood; and the third part of the
+creatures in the sea, and having life, died; and the third
+part of the ships was destroyed.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:8, 9.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A mountain differs from a tornado, and
+must symbolize a compact, organized body of
+invaders. Its being of a volcanic nature, renders
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+it so much the more terrible and destructive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As waters symbolize <span class="tei tei-q">“peoples, multitudes,
+nations, and tongues,�</span> the sea into which the
+mountain is cast, is a people already agitated
+by previous commotions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ships and fish in the sea, must necessarily
+symbolize agents sustaining a relation to
+the Roman Sea, analogous to the relation of
+such to the literal sea. They are those who
+live upon, and are supported by, the people:—the
+rulers and the officers of state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The symbol of a burning mountain fitly represents
+the armed invaders under Genseric. In
+the year 429, with fifty thousand effective
+men he landed on the shores of Africa, established
+an independent government in that
+part of the Roman empire, and from thence,
+harassed the southern shores of Europe and
+the intermediate islands, by perpetual incursions.
+Says Gibbon:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The Vandals, who,
+in twenty years, had penetrated from the Elbe
+to Mount Atlas, were united under the command
+of their warlike king; and he reigned
+with equal authority over the Alarici, who
+had passed within the term of human life,
+from the cold of Scythia, to the excessive heat
+of an African climate.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Vandals and Alarici, who followed
+the successful standard of Genseric, had acquired
+a rich and fertile territory, which
+stretched along the coast from Tangiers to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Tripoli; but their narrow limits were pressed
+and confined on either side by the sandy desert
+and the Mediterranean. The discovery
+and conquest of the black nations that might
+dwell beneath the torrid zone, could not tempt
+the rational ambition of Genseric; but he cast
+his eyes towards the sea; he resolved to create
+a new naval power, and his bold enterprise
+was executed with steady and active perseverance.
+The woods of Mount Atlas afforded
+an inexhaustible nursery of timber; his new
+subjects were skilled in the art of navigation
+and ship-building; he animated his daring
+Vandals to embrace a mode of warfare which
+would render every maritime country accessible
+to their arms; the Moors and Africans
+were allured by the hope of plunder; and,
+after an interval of six centuries, the fleet that
+issued from the port of Carthage again claimed
+the empire of the Mediterranean. The success
+of the Vandals, the conquest of Sicily,
+the sack of Palermo, and the frequent descents
+on the coast of Lucania, awakened and
+alarmed the mother of Valentinian, and the
+sister of Theodosius.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The naval power of Rome was unequal
+to the task of saving even the imperial city
+from the ravages of the Vandals. Sailing
+from Africa, they disembarked at the port of
+Ostia, and Rome and its inhabitants were delivered
+to the licentiousness of Vandals and
+Moors, whose blind passions revenged the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+injuries of Carthage. The pillage lasted fourteen
+days and nights; and all that yet remained
+of public and private wealth, of
+sacred or profane treasure, was diligently
+transported to the vessels of Genseric. In
+the forty-five years that had elapsed since
+the Gothic invasion, the pomp and luxury of
+Rome were in some measure restored; and it
+was difficult either to escape, or to satisfy the
+avarice of a conqueror, who possessed leisure
+to collect, and ships to transport, the wealth
+of the capital.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Third Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the third angel sounded, and a great star fell
+from heaven, burning like a torch, and it fell on the third
+part of the rivers, and on the fountains of waters; and the
+name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part
+of the waters became wormwood; and many men died by
+the waters, because they were made bitter.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:10,
+11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sounding of the third trumpet marks
+the advent of a third invader of the Roman
+empire. And such was Attila, the king of the
+Huns, who invaded Gaul A. D. 451. Gibbon
+says:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The kings and nations of Germany and
+Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to the Danube,
+obeyed the warlike summons of Attila.
+From the royal village in the plains of Hungary,
+his standard moved towards the west;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and, after a march of seven or eight hundred
+miles, he reached the conflux of the Rhine
+and the Necker.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The hostile myriads
+were poured with resistless violence into the
+Belgic provinces.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The consternation of
+Gaul was universal.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“From the Rhine and
+the Moselle, Attila advanced into the heart of
+Gaul, crossed the Seine at Auxerre, and,
+after a long and laborious march, fixed his
+camp under the walls of Orleans.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“An alliance
+was formed between the Romans and
+Visigoths.�</span> The hostile armies approached.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I myself,’</span> said Attila, <span class="tei tei-q">‘will throw the
+first javelin, and the wretch who refuses
+to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devoted
+to inevitable death.’</span> The spirit of the
+barbarians was rekindled by the presence, the
+voice, and the example, of their intrepid leader;
+and Attila, yielding to their impatience, immediately
+formed his order of battle. At the
+head of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila
+occupied, in person, the centre of the line.�</span>
+The nations from the Volga to the Atlantic
+were assembled on the plains of Chalons; and
+there fought a battle, <span class="tei tei-q">“fierce, various, obstinate,
+and bloody, such as could not be paralleled,
+either in the present, or in past ages!
+The number of the slain amounted to one
+hundred and sixty-two thousand, or according
+to another account, three hundred thousand
+persons; and these incredible exaggerations
+suppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+justify the historian's remark, that whole generations
+may be swept away, by the madness
+of kings, in the space of a single hour.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Attila was compelled to retreat; but neither
+his forces nor reputation suffered. He
+<span class="tei tei-q">“passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besieged
+Aquileia with an innumerable host of barbarians.�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The succeeding generation could
+scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. After
+this dreadful chastisement, Attila pursued
+his march; and, as he passed, the cities of
+Altinum, Concordia, and Padua were reduced
+into heaps of stones and ashes. The inland
+towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, were
+exposed to the rapacious cruelty of the Huns.
+Milan and Pavia submitted, without resistance,
+to the loss of their wealth;�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“applauded
+the unusual clemency which preserved
+from the flames the public as well as private
+buildings, and spared the lives of the captive
+multitude.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Attila spread his ravages over
+the rich plains of modern Lombardy; which
+are divided by the Po, and bounded by the
+Alps and Apennines.�</span> He took possession of
+the royal palace of Milan. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a saying
+worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila, that
+the grass never grew on the spot where his
+horse had trod.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He advanced into Italy, only as far as the
+plains of Lombardy and the banks of the Po,
+reducing the cities he passed to stones and
+ashes; but there his ravages ceased. He concluded
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a peace with the Romans in the year
+of his invasion of Italy (451), and the next
+year he died. Thus he appeared like a fiery
+meteor, exerted his appointed influence upon
+the tongues and people, who were tributary
+to the Romans,—as rivers and fountains of
+waters are to the sea; and like a burning
+star, he as suddenly expired. As a specimen
+of the bitterness which followed his course, it
+is recorded of the Thuringians who served in
+his army, and who traversed, both in their
+march and in their return, the territories of
+the Franks, <span class="tei tei-q">“that they massacred their hostages
+as well as their captives. Two hundred
+young maidens were tortured with exquisite
+and unrelenting rage; their bodies were torn
+asunder by wild horses, or were crushed under
+the weight of rolling wagons; and their unburied
+limbs were abandoned on public roads,
+as a prey to dogs and vultures.�</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Fourth Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the
+sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the
+third part of the stars; so that the third part of them was
+darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and
+the night in like manner.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 8:12.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sun, moon, and stars cannot here, any
+more than under the sixth seal (6:12,13),
+symbolize agents of their own order, but must
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+represent the rulers of the Roman empire.
+Says Dr. Keith:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At the voice of the first angel, and the
+blast of his trumpet, the whole Roman world
+was in agitation, and <span class="tei tei-q">‘the storms of war’</span>
+passed over it all. <span class="tei tei-q">‘The union of the empire
+was dissolved;’</span> a third part of it fell; and the
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘transalpine provinces were separated from
+the empire.’</span> Under the second trumpet, the
+provinces of Africa, another, or the maritime,
+part, was in like manner reft from Rome, and
+the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea,
+and even in their harbors. The empire of
+Rome, hemmed in on every side, was then
+limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within its
+bounds, and along the fountains and rivers of
+waters, the third trumpet reëchoed from the
+Alps to the Apennines. The last barrier of
+the empire of Rome was broken. The plains
+of Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe:
+and from thence new enemies arose to bring
+to an end the strife of the world with the imperial
+city.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘In the space of twenty years since the
+death of Valentinian’</span> (two years subsequent to
+the death of Attila), <span class="tei tei-q">‘nine emperors had successively
+disappeared; and the son of Orestes,
+a youth recommended only by his beauty,
+would be the least entitled to the notice of
+posterity, if his reign, which was marked by
+the extinction of the Roman empire in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+west, did not leave a memorable era in the
+history of mankind.’</span> �</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The throne of the Cæsars had been for
+ages the sun of the world; while other kings
+were designated as stars. The imperial power
+had first been transferred to Constantinople by
+Constantine; and it was afterwards divided
+between the east and the west; but the eastern
+empire was not yet doomed to destruction.
+The precise year in which the western empire
+was extinguished, is not positively ascertained,
+but it is usually assigned to A. D. 476. Some
+place it in 479. The imperial Roman power, of
+which either Rome or Constantinople had been
+jointly or singly the seat, whether in the West
+or the East, ceased to be recognized in Italy;
+and the third part of the sun was smitten, till
+it emitted no longer the faintest rays. The
+power of the Cæsars became unknown in
+Italy; and a Gothic king reigned over Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Keith considers that <span class="tei tei-q">“the concluding
+words of the fourth trumpet imply the future
+restoration of the Western empire: <span class="tei tei-q">‘The day
+shone not for a third part of it, and the
+night likewise.’</span> In respect to civil authority,
+Rome became subject to Ravenna; and Italy
+was a conquered province of the Eastern empire.
+But, as more appropriately pertaining
+to other prophecies, the defence of the worship
+of images first brought the spiritual and temporal
+powers of the Pope and of the emperor
+into violent collision; and, by conferring on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Pope all authority over the churches, Justinian
+laid his helping hand to the promotion
+of the papal supremacy, which afterwards assumed
+the power of creating monarchs. In
+the year of our Lord 800, the Pope conferred
+on Charlemagne the title of Emperor of the
+Romans. The title was again transferred from
+the King of France to the Emperor of Germany.
+By the latter it was formally renounced,
+within the memory of the existing generation.
+In our own days the iron crown of Italy was
+on the head of another <span class="tei tei-q">‘emperor.’</span> �</span> Then
+the sun was suddenly darkened, as symbolized
+under the sixth seal, 6:12. p. 66.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Woe-denouncing Angel.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I beheld, and heard an eagle flying in the midst
+of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the
+inhabitants of the earth, from the remaining voices of the
+trumpet of the three angels, who are to sound.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+8:13.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The word eagle, instead of angel, is in accordance
+with the more recent revised editions
+of the Greek. It must symbolize persons peculiarly
+apprehensive at this crisis, of disasters
+to follow the extinction of the Roman
+empire in the west. During the first half of
+the sixth century, the Sclavonians invaded the
+east, <span class="tei tei-q">“spread from the suburbs of Constantinople
+to the Ionian Gulf, destroyed thirty-two
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+cities or castles, razed Potidæa, which Athens
+had built, and Philip had besieged, and repassed
+the Danube, dragging at their horses'
+heels one hundred and twenty thousand of
+the subjects of Justinian.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon.</span></span> And
+they continued their inroads, until the citizens
+became apprehensive that the Empire of the
+East would be extinguished like that of the
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This symbol also indicates that the events
+under the trumpets which were to follow,
+would be far more dreadful and terrible than
+those of the preceding ones. For this reason,
+the last three are sometimes denominated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The
+Woe Trumpets</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Fifth Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star, which
+had fallen from heaven to the earth: and to him was given
+the key of the pit of the abyss. And he opened the pit of
+the abyss: and a smoke arose out of the pit, like the smoke
+of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened
+by the smoke of the pit. And locusts came out of the smoke
+into the earth: and power was given to them, as the scorpions
+of the earth have power. And it was said to them
+that they should not injure the herbage of the earth, nor
+any green thing, nor any tree; but only those men who
+have not the seal of God on their foreheads. And they
+were not allowed to kill them, but to torment them five
+months: and their torment was like the torment of a scorpion,
+when he striketh a man. And in those days men will
+seek death, and will not find it; and will desire to die, and
+death will flee from them. And the shapes of the locusts
+were like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like
+the faces of men. And they had hair like the hair of
+women, and their teeth were like those of lions. And they
+had breast-plates, like breast-plates of iron; and the sound
+of their wings was like the sound of chariots with many
+horses rushing into battle. And they had tails like scorpions,
+and there were stings in their tails: and their power
+was to injure men five months. They had a king over them,
+the messenger of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is
+Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue he hath the name Apollyon.
+One woe is past away; and behold, there come yet
+two woes hereafter.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 9:1-12.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The previous trumpets reveal the agencies
+which effected the dismemberment and overthrow
+of Western Rome. The fifth and sixth
+unfold those which terminated that empire in
+the east, embracing the territory between the
+Adriatic and Euphrates, the Lybian desert
+and the Danube.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A star (1:20) symbolizes a messenger,
+or head of a religious body, p. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>. Mohammed
+is generally regarded as represented by
+this symbol. He was, by birth, of the princely
+house of the Koreish, Governors of Mecca, a
+family of eminence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The star had fallen to the earth before opening
+the pit of the abyss, which illustrates the
+flight of Mohammed from Mecca, and the seeming
+termination of all his hopes. To save his
+life, he took refuge, with one companion, in a
+cave near Medina, in A. D. 622, which forms
+the epoch of the Hegira, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, of his flight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The bottomless pit, is where Satan is subsequently
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+cast (20:3); and the key of it being
+given to this agent, symbolizes his power to
+open and to cause the smoke to issue from it;
+the Satanic origin of which is thus indicated:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Smoke is an appropriate representative of
+error, and symbolizes the Mohammedan doctrines;
+which, like the smoke of a great furnace,
+were disseminated far and wide, subverting
+the religion, and, in time, effecting
+the overthrow of the remaining portion of the
+Roman empire—the sun, one-third of which
+was smitten under the fourth trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The locusts were generated in the smoke
+from whence they issued. In a corresponding
+manner, the spread of Mohammedanism resulted
+in the organization of hordes of Saracens,
+who propagated the religion of the false
+prophet by the sword, and founded the famous
+Arabian empire, which extended from the
+Atlantic ocean to the river Euphrates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The shapes of the locusts were like horses
+prepared for battle; and the Saracenic hordes,
+thus symbolized, were mounted horsemen,
+famous for the swiftness of their flight or pursuit,
+and ever ready for the contest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their crowns, faces, hair, teeth, breast-plates,
+&amp;c., seem to be indicative of their personal
+appearance: on their heads they wore
+yellow turbans, like coronets; their demeanor
+was grave and firm; their hair, like that of
+women, was suffered to grow uncut; they
+were defended by the cuirass or breast-plate;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and in rushing to battle, their onset was like
+that of chariots and many horses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They had a king over them, named Abaddon
+in the Hebrew, and Apollyon in the Greek,
+both of which signified the Destroyer. The
+Saracens acknowledged the authority of Mohammed
+during the whole period of their conquests;
+not only recognizing him as their
+prophet and king during his lifetime, but his
+successors, after his death, considered and
+called themselves Mohammed's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caliphs</span></span>, or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicars</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their mission was not against the grass, green
+things, and trees, but had express reference to
+the men who had <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> the seal of God in their
+foreheads. The antithesis here expressed,
+shows that by the former were symbolized the
+servants of God, and that these locust-warriors
+were particularly commissioned against infidels
+and apostates. Christians were not to be molested;
+and provision was made for their protection,
+in the circular letter which Abubekir sent
+to the Arabian tribes, A. D. 633. He said:
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Remember, that you are always in the presence of
+God, on the verge of death, in the assurance of judgment,
+and the hope of paradise: avoid injustice and oppression;
+consult with your brethren, and study to preserve the love
+and confidence of your troops. When you fight the battles
+of the Lord, acquit yourselves like men, without turning
+your backs; but let not your victory be stained with the
+blood of women and children. Destroy </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">no palm-trees, nor
+burn any fields of corn</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. Cut down no fruit-trees, nor do
+any mischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When
+you make any covenant, or article, stand to it, and be as
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+good as your word. As you go on, you will find some </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">religious
+persons</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> who live in retired monasteries, and propose
+to themselves to serve God that way; let them alone, and
+neither kill them nor destroy their monasteries; and you
+will find another sort of people that belong to the synagogue
+of Satan, who have </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">shaven crowns</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">; be sure you cleave their
+skulls, and give them no quarter </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">till they either turn
+Mohammedans or pay tribute</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> �</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At this epoch, the Greek church at Constantinople
+had been preserved from the reproach
+of image worship, and still later it
+made strenuous efforts against it; but the
+churches of the north of Africa, and the Asiatic
+portion of the Eastern empire, had become
+greatly debased, and worshipped saints and
+images. And while the territories of these
+were speedily subverted to Mohammedanism,
+and became a part of the Arabian empire, the
+east of Europe was wonderfully preserved
+from their inroads.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their power was not to kill, but to torment
+men five months. To kill, symbolically, according
+to the significance of the second seal,
+p. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, is to compel men to apostasize; and they
+could not be in a condition to force their religion
+on the men of the eastern empire, without
+first subjecting it by force of arms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The time of this torment was limited to five
+prophetic months. In one hundred and fifty
+years from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hegira</span></span> the Saracen empire
+had ceased to be aggressive. In 762 Bagdad,
+the city of peace, was founded on the Tigris,
+by Al-Mansur, who died in 774. <span class="tei tei-q">“From this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+time,�</span> says <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rottick</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Arabian history
+assumes an entirely different character.�</span> It
+was no longer progressive; the proud Saracen
+empire became dismembered, and three independent
+and hostile Caliphates, and several
+fragments of kingdoms, were formed from its
+ruins. In 841, the reigning Caliph at Bagdad,
+distrusting the spirit of his own troops, hired
+a body of fifty thousand Turkish soldiers,
+which he distributed in his dominions. These
+accelerated the ruin of the Caliphate, and, in
+time, the whole of the Saracen territory became
+subject to the Tartar rule, which had
+become Mohammedan, and also aimed to subject
+the eastern empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The declaration that <span class="tei tei-q">“one woe is past,�</span>
+v. 12, implies an interval between that and
+the woe following. In a corresponding manner,
+the crusaders from Europe, like the successive
+overflowing of a mighty river, restrained
+the Tartars from the conquest of Constantinople,
+which had now consented to image
+worship, till the sounding of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Sixth Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice out
+of the four horns of the golden altar before God, saying to
+the sixth angel having the trumpet, Loose the four messengers
+bound near the great river Euphrates. And the four
+messengers were loosed, prepared for an hour, and day,
+and month, and year, to slay the third part of men. And
+the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred
+thousand thousand: I heard the number of them. And
+thus I saw on the horses in the vision, and those, who sat
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+on them, having red, blue and yellow breast-plates: and
+the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions; and fire,
+and smoke, and brimstone issued from their mouths. By
+these three plagues the third part of men was killed; by the
+fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued
+from their mouths. For the power of the horses is in their
+mouth, and in their tails: for their tails having heads were
+like serpents, and they injure with them. And the rest of
+the men, who were not killed by these plagues, yet repented
+not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship
+demons, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and
+stone, and of wood: which can neither see, nor hear, nor
+walk; nor did they repent of their murders, nor of their
+sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+9:13-21.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great river, the Euphrates,—waters
+being a symbol of people, (17:15)—must
+symbolize those who sustain a relation to the
+Roman hierarchy, as its defenders and supporters;
+analogous to that sustained by the
+river Euphrates to the city of Babylon;
+which was situated on, and drew its wealth
+and support from it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The angels bound near the Euphrates,
+must then be those powers, which, approaching
+and attacking the Roman Empire, were
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">restrained</span></em> from effecting its conquest and enforcing
+the profession of Mohammedanism.
+Their being loosed, signifies the removal of
+those restraints. Mr. Lord suggests that they
+symbolize leaders of the four armies of the
+Tartars, which successively overran the surrounding
+provinces. He says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The first horde were the Seljukians, who
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+invaded the Eastern empire about the middle
+of the eleventh century, under Togrul Beg.</span>
+He suddenly overran, with myriads of cavalry,
+the frontier, from Taurus to Arzeroum,
+and spread it with blood and devastation.
+Alp Arslan, his successor, soon renewed the
+invasion, conquered Armenia and Georgia,
+penetrated into Cappadocia and Phrygia, and
+scattered detachments over the whole of lesser
+Asia. His troops being subsequently driven
+back, he renewed the war, and recovered
+those provinces. His descendants, and others
+of the race, soon after extended their conquests,
+and established the kingdoms in the
+east of Persia and Syria, and Roum, in lesser
+Asia, which they maintained through many
+generations, and made their sway a scorpion
+scourge to the idolatrous inhabitants. The
+Christians were allowed the exercise of their
+religion on the conditions of tribute and servitude,
+but were compelled to endure the scorn
+of the victors, to submit to the abuse of their
+priests and bishops, and to witness the apostasy
+of their brethren, the compulsory circumcision
+of many thousands of their children,
+and the subjection of many thousands to
+a debasing and hopeless slavery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The second army was that of the Moguls,
+who, in the thirteenth century, after the conquest
+of Persia, passed the Euphrates, plundered
+and devastated Syria, subdued Armenia,
+Iconium, and Anatolia, and extinguished
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Seljukian dynasty. Another army advancing
+to the west, devastated the country
+on both sides of the Danube, Thrace, Bulgaria,
+Servia, Bosnia, Hungary, Austria, and
+spread them with the ruins of their cities and
+churches, and the bones of their inhabitants.
+This horde had been prepared for this invasion
+by vast conquests in the East.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The third were the Ottomans, who in the
+beginning of the fourteenth century conquered
+Bithynia, Lydia, Ionia, Thrace, Bulgaria,
+Servia, and in the following century Constantinople
+itself, and have maintained their empire
+to the present time. They were released
+from restraint on the one hand by the decay
+of the Mogul Khans, to whom they had been
+subject, and on the other by the dissensions
+and weakness of the Greeks.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The last was that of the Moguls under
+Tamerlane, who in the beginning of the fifteenth
+century overran Georgia, Syria, and
+Anatolia, and spread them with slaughter and
+desolation. He also had been prepared for
+this incursion by his previous victories and
+conquests.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. Apoc.</span></span>, pp. 225, 226.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These armies, the number of which is literally
+<span class="tei tei-q">“myriads of myriads,�</span> were not all
+subsequent to the time when they had power
+to subject the Eastern Roman empire; but may
+be the four, from the fact that the Mohammedan
+power was extended by these armies, which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+till this time had been restrained from accomplishing
+the subjugation of Constantinople.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The restraints being removed, they were
+now to have power to kill, by compelling the
+third part of men to embrace the doctrines of
+Mohammed,—evident reference being had to
+the men of the eastern empire; the conquest
+of which was now to be effected, the dial of
+heaven having indicated the arrival of the
+predicted epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1449 Constantine Deacoses, being entitled
+to the throne of Constantinople by the
+death of John Paleologus, did not venture to
+take possession till he had sent ambassadors
+and gained the consent of Amurath, the Turkish
+Sultan. From this fact, Ducas, the historian,
+counts Paleologus as the last Greek
+emperor—for he did not consider as such, a
+prince who did not dare to reign without permission
+of his enemy. Amurath died and
+was succeeded in the empire, in 1451, by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahomet II.</span></span>, who set his heart on Constantinople,
+and made preparations for besieging
+the city. The siege commenced on the 6th
+of April, 1453, and ended in the taking of the
+city, and death of the last of the Constantines,
+on the 16th of May following, when the
+eastern city of the Cæsars became the seat of
+the Ottoman empire; and its <span class="tei tei-q">“religion was
+trampled in the dust by the Moslem conquerors.�</span>
+Thus the two-horned beast (13:11),
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+became merged in, and identified with the false
+prophet, 16:13, and 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The description of the horses, and those
+who sat on them (v. 17), is strikingly emblematic
+of the Turkish warriors who subjugated
+Constantinople. Says Dr. Keith:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The breast-plates of the horsemen, in reference
+to the more destructive implements of
+war, might then, for the first time, be said to
+be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. The
+musket had recently supplied the place of the
+bow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fire</span></span> emanated from their breasts.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brimstone</span></span>, the flame of which is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">jacinth</span></span>,
+was an ingredient both of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">liquid fire</span></span> and of
+gunpowder.... A new mode of warfare
+was at that time introduced, which has
+changed the nature of war itself, in regard to
+the form of its instrument of destruction; and
+sounds and sights unheard of and unknown
+before, were the death-knell and doom of the
+Roman empire. Invention outrivalled force,
+and a new power was introduced, that of
+musketry as well as of artillery, in the art of
+war, before which the old Macedonian phalanx
+would not have remained unbroken, nor
+the Roman legions stood. That which <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>
+saw <span class="tei tei-q">‘in the vision,’</span> is read in the history of
+the times.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By these three, the fire, smoke, and brimstone,
+were the third part of men killed (v.
+18), and by these was the conquest of Constantinople
+effected. Says Gibbon: <span class="tei tei-q">“At the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+request of Mahomet II., Urban produced a
+piece of brass ordnance of stupendous and
+almost incredible magnitude. A measure of
+twelve palms was assigned to the bore, and
+the stone bullet weighed about six hundred
+pounds. A vacant place before the new palace
+was chosen for the first experiment; but
+to prevent the sudden and mischievous effects
+of astonishment and fear, a proclamation was
+issued that the cannon would be discharged
+the ensuing day. The explosion was felt or
+heard in a circuit of a hundred furlongs; the
+ball, by the force of the gunpowder, was driven
+about a mile, and on the spot where it fell,
+it buried itself a fathom deep in the ground.
+For the conveyance of this destructive engine,
+a frame or carriage of thirty wagons was
+linked together, and drawn along by a train
+of sixty oxen; two hundred men, on both
+sides, were stationed to poise or support the
+rolling weight; two hundred and fifty workmen
+marched before to smooth the way and
+repair the bridges, and near two months were
+employed in a laborious journey of a hundred
+and fifty miles.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the siege, the incessant volleys of
+lances and arrows were accompanied with the
+smoke, the sound, and the fire of their musketry
+and cannon. Their small arms discharged
+at the same time five or even ten
+balls of lead of the size of a walnut, and according
+to the closeness of the ranks, and the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+force of the powder, several breast-plates and
+bodies were transpierced by the same shot.
+But the Turkish approaches were soon sunk
+into trenches, or covered with ruins. Each
+day added to the science of the Christians,
+but their inadequate stock of gunpowder
+was wasted in the operation of each day.
+Their ordnance was not powerful either in
+size or number, and if they possessed some
+heavy cannon, they feared to plant them on
+the walls, lest the aged structure should be
+shaken and overthrown by the explosion.
+The same destructive secret had been revealed
+to the Moslems, by whom it was employed
+with the superior energy of zeal, riches, and
+despotism. The great cannon of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahomet</span></span>
+was flanked by two fellows almost of equal
+magnitude: the long order of the Turkish
+artillery was pointed against the walls: fourteen
+batteries thundered at once on the most
+accessible places, and of one of these it is ambiguously
+expressed that it was mounted with
+one hundred and thirty guns, or that it discharged
+one hundred and thirty bullets.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The conquest of Constantinople being accomplished,
+they were to have power to kill
+men during an hour, day, month, and year
+of prophetic time—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> three hundred and
+ninety-one years, fifteen days. If reckoned
+from the conquest of the city, this would extend
+to June 1844. Whether any particular
+act has transpired to mark the precise point
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of its termination, may not be important; but
+it is interesting to consider that within a
+few years the Mohammedan government has
+formally granted permission for the full enjoyment
+of the Protestant religion; and has
+renounced the right of punishing by death,
+apostates from Islamism.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In August 1843, an Armenian, who had
+become a Mussulman and subsequently returned
+to the religion of his fathers, was beheaded
+at Constantinople. The Christian
+powers of Europe immediately remonstrated,
+and it was hoped that the law against apostates
+from Mohammedanism would be permitted
+to become a dead letter. In a few
+months, however, a firman issued from the
+government ordering the decapitation of a
+young man near Brooza, who was put to
+death for having promised in a passion, but
+had afterwards refused, to become a Mohammedan.
+Lord Aberdeen, the British Secretary
+of Foreign Affairs, then demanded of the
+Turkish Sultan that the Porte should not
+insult and trample on Christianity, <span class="tei tei-q">“by treating
+as a criminal any person who embraces
+it;�</span> but should <span class="tei tei-q">“renounce, absolutely and
+without equivocation, the barbarous practice
+which has called forth the remonstrance now
+addressed to it.�</span> To this communication the
+following answer was made early in 1844:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Sublime Porte engages to take effectual
+measures to prevent, henceforward, the execution
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and putting to death of the Christian
+who is an apostate.�</span> On the 15th of November,
+1847, for the first time, a firman was
+issued recognizing Protestant Christians as a
+distinct community, forbidding any molestation
+or interference <span class="tei tei-q">“in their temporal or
+spiritual concerns,�</span> and permitting them <span class="tei tei-q">“to
+exercise the profession of their creed in security.�</span>
+This coming from the Vizier, did
+not necessarily survive a change of ministry;
+but in November, 1850, a firman was issued
+from the Sultan himself, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">establishing</span></em> the policy
+of the empire in respect to Protestants, and
+confirming them in all needed civil and religious
+privileges. Thus has the Mohammedan
+government formally and forever renounced
+the power it had so long wielded, of causing
+spiritual death by compelling men to apostatize
+from Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rest of the men not killed, must be
+those in portions of the Roman territory not
+included in the eastern third. The Roman
+Catholics in the western parts, were not reformed
+by the judgments inflicted on the east.
+They continued to worship the canonized
+dead, and to bow down to images of the
+saints. Under this trumpet, a mighty movement
+was to be there effected, which was
+symbolized by the descent of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Rainbow Angel.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw another mighty angel descending from
+heaven, clothed with a cloud: and the rainbow was over
+his head, and his face was like the sun, and his feet like
+pillars of fire; and he had in his hand a little book opened:
+and he set his right foot on the sea, and his left foot on the
+land. And shouted with a loud voice, as a lion roareth:
+and when he shouted, seven thunders uttered their voices.
+And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was
+about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying, Seal
+up those things, which the seven thunders uttered, and write
+them not. And the angel, whom I saw standing on the sea and
+on the land, raised his hand to heaven, and swore by him who
+liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things
+in it, and the earth, and the things in it, and the sea, and the
+things in it, that the time should not yet be; but in the days
+of the voice of the seventh angel, when he will sound, the
+secret of God will be finished, as he hath announced to his
+servants the prophets. And the voice, which I heard from
+heaven, spoke with me again, and said, Go, take the little
+book, which is opened in the hand of the angel, who standeth
+on the sea and on the land. And I went away to the
+angel, and said to him, Give me the little book. And he
+said to me, Take, and eat it up; and it will make thy stomach
+bitter, but in thy mouth, it will be sweet as honey.
+And I took the little book from the angel's hand, and ate it
+up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and when I
+had eaten it my stomach was bitter. And he said to me,
+Thou must prophesy again concerning many people, and
+nations, and tongues, and kings.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 10:1-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This angel, like those in corresponding passages,
+must symbolize a body of men, whose
+importance is indicated by the might and
+splendor of the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His descent from heaven, the cloud, the
+rainbow, the sun-like face, and the fire-like
+feet of the Mighty Messenger, attest the heaven-inspired
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+origin of his utterances. His
+<span class="tei tei-q">“eyes as a flame of fire, and his feet like unto
+fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace,�</span>
+would not be given to one who came to announce
+other than heaven-inspired truths.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">open book</span></em> in the hand of the angel,
+fixes the chronology of the fulfilment of this
+vision at an epoch when the Scriptures cease
+to be a closed and sealed book, and the people
+are permitted to have free access to them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">position</span></em>—one foot resting on the sea,
+and one on the land—attests the universality
+of the movement which is to date from that
+epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His lion voice, must symbolize the manner
+in which would be announced the great truths,
+at which the whole world would be startled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">singleness</span></em> of his cry, is also symbolic
+of the simplicity of the truth, which is
+never symbolized by discordant multitudinous
+sounds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">responsive thunders</span></em>, unlike the single
+voice of the angel, are multitudinous and discordant;
+and consequently symbolize errors.
+Their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">following</span></em> so immediately on the shout
+of the angel, shows the proximity of their
+promulgation to the utterance of the truths to
+which they are responsive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John's</span></span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">readiness to write</span></em> what the seven
+thunders uttered, shows that what they uttered
+was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">professedly</span></em> in harmony with the
+truths previously announced, and that men
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+would be liable to be deceived, by their promulgation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His being <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">forbidden</span></em> by the cloud-robed angel,
+to write what they uttered—while he
+was commanded to <span class="tei tei-q">“seal not the sayings of
+the prophecy of this book�</span> (22:10),—shows
+that their utterances were not heaven-inspired,
+and constituted no part of <span class="tei tei-q">“the word of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>,
+and of the testimony of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jesus Christ</span></span>,�</span> which
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span> bare record of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">subsequent oath</span></em> of the angel, by Him
+who liveth forever, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the time is not yet,�</span>
+shows that those thunders, however erroneous
+in their form manner and connection with
+other errors, had respect to some great event
+foretold in Scripture; but which the thunders
+had <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">antedated</span></em> and presented in an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unscriptural</span></em>
+form.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His further announcement that it would be
+fulfilled under the sounding of the <span class="tei tei-q">“seventh
+trumpet,�</span> and that then the mystery of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>
+should be finished in the manner foretold to
+his servants the prophets, shows that the great
+event, the time of which was <span class="tei tei-q">“not yet,�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+under the sixth trumpet, was the coming of
+the kingdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>—the fifth universal empire;
+that at a period anterior to the time
+when it might rationally be expected, it would
+be proclaimed in a form repugnant to the
+teachings of the prophets; and that when thus
+heralded, it would be met by the party uttering
+the heaven-inspired truths, with the denial
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that the time had arrived, and by arguments
+to show its true nature and epoch, under the
+seventh trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The command to take and eat the little
+book, shows that its contents were such as the
+soul might feed on; which should be sweet to
+the believer's taste, but would subject him to
+bitter persecution. And the announcement
+that they were to prophesy <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">again</span></em> before many
+nations and peoples and tongues and kings,
+marks this as the commencement of an era
+when the Gospel should again begin to go
+forth into distant lands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All of the above particulars harmonize in
+the time of the reformation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther</span></span> in the
+sixteenth century, and with no other epoch.
+The great truths then promulgated, of which
+<span class="tei tei-q">“justification by faith�</span> was the cardinal one,
+electrified the whole world, as the loud roaring
+of a lion would startle the passer-by.
+These were immediately responded to by the
+multitudinous errors of the Anabaptists and
+others, who thought to set up the kingdom of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> in
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this world</span></em>, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">before the resurrection</span></em>,
+by putting to death the ungodly and sparing
+only the saints.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As in all efforts for good Satan is careful to
+attempt a counterfeit, or to mingle impure
+elements to the injury of the truth, so in
+the Reformation there were false reformers.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas Munzer</span></span>, and others, in 1525, incited
+vast numbers on the borders of the Danube to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+make physical war on the Papal ecclesiastics.
+He denounced <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther</span></span>, also, with the same
+violence that he did the Pope. In his mad
+attempt to slay the ungodly, he took possession
+of Muhlhausen, appointed a new city
+council, pillaged the houses of the rich, proclaimed
+a community of goods, and committed
+various excesses; but they were finally defeated
+in a pitched battle, with a loss of from
+five thousand to seven thousand killed. Others
+succeeded him, teaching that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> spake to them
+in person, instructing them how to act. They
+professed the most extravagant doctrines, setting
+aside both <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther</span></span> and the Bible. The
+former did not go near far enough for them;
+and the latter was in their view insufficient
+for man's instruction, who could only be
+taught of God. They taught that the world
+was to be immediately devastated; and no
+priest or ungodly person be left alive; and
+that then the kingdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> would commence,
+and the saints possess the earth.
+Those who adhered to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther</span></span>, united with
+him in bearing a faithful testimony against
+such extravagances, adhered to the written
+word, denounced new revelations, and showed
+from the Bible that Antichrist was to be overthrown
+by the personal advent of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christ</span></span>, and
+not by the sword of man. The following
+extracts are from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Lord</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The pretences of the Anabaptists to inspiration
+were in like manner denounced by
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Melancthon. <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Anabaptists, infatuated by
+the devil, have boasted a new species of
+sanctity, as though they had left the earth,
+and ascended to the skies; and given out,
+moreover, that they enjoy extraordinary inspiration.
+But as the pretence was hypocritical,
+and designed merely to subserve appetite
+and ambition, they soon plunged into debauchery,
+and then excited seditions, and undertook
+to establish a New Jerusalem, as other enthusiasts
+have often attempted. A like tragedy
+was formerly acted at Pepuza in Phrygia,
+which fanatical prophets denominated the
+new Jerusalem.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He also refuted by the Scriptures, the
+expectation of the Anabaptists of the immediate
+establishment of Christ's millennial kingdom.
+He regarded the term Antichrist as
+denoting both the Mohammedan empire and
+the Papacy, and held that they were not to be
+overthrown till the time of the resurrection of
+the dead, and that a considerable period was
+to pass before that event. <span class="tei tei-q">‘God showed to
+Daniel a series of monarchies and kingdoms,
+which it is certain has already run to the end.
+Four monarchies have passed away. The
+cruel kingdom of the Turks, which arose out
+of the fourth, still remains, and as it is not to
+equal the Roman in power, and has certainly,
+therefore, already nearly reached its height,
+must soon decline, and then will dawn the
+day in which the dead shall be recalled to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+life.’</span> He then repeats the saying ascribed to
+Elias, that six thousand years were to pass
+before the advent of Christ; two thousand
+before the law, two under the law, and two
+under the gospel; and proceeds to show that
+four hundred and fifty-eight years were,
+therefore, to intervene before the advent of
+the Redeemer, the destruction of Antichrist,
+and the establishment of the kingdom of the
+saints. <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is known that Christ was born
+about the end of the fourth millenary,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> and
+one thousand five hundred and forty-two
+years have since revolved. We are not,
+therefore [in 1542], far from the end.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“These views corresponding so conspicuously
+with the symbol, continued to be repeated by
+a crowd of writers, till at the distance of sixty-seven
+years from the death of Melancthon,
+the celebrated Joseph Mede published his
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Clavis Apocalyptica,’</span> in which he showed
+from the coincidence of the periods of the
+wild beast and the witnesses, that the advent
+of the Redeemer, and the destruction of the
+anti-Christian powers were not to be expected
+until twelve hundred and sixty years had
+passed from the rise of the ten kingdoms, and
+that near one hundred of them, therefore, were
+still to revolve. As that period expired and
+the knowledge of the prophecy advanced, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+catastrophe of the wild beast was referred to
+a later time. Many recent expositors regard
+the twelve hundred and sixty years as having
+reached their end in 1792; and most refer the
+fall of the anti-Christian powers to the last
+half of the present, or the beginning of the
+next century.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. of Apoc.</span></span>, pp. 238-240.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the vagaries of the various sects of
+heretics were connected with an expectation
+of the immediate establishment of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christ's</span></span>
+kingdom. That the seven thunders gave
+utterance to such an expectation, is evident
+from the response of the angel, when he lifted
+up his hand to heaven and with the solemnity
+of an oath, by Him who liveth forever,
+affirmed that <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the time should not yet be</span></em>;�</span>
+but that <span class="tei tei-q">“in the days of the voice of the
+seventh angel, when he delays to sound,<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> the
+secret of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> will be finished, as he hath
+announced to his servants the prophets.�</span>
+Why such an annunciation at this stage of
+the vision? It must be to correct a misapprehension
+which would exist at a corresponding
+time in its fulfilment, respecting the
+immediate appearance of the kingdom. Thus
+did <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Paul</span></span> correct the Thessalonian brethren,
+when he wrote to them in his second epistle
+not to be shaken in mind, as that the day of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lord</span></span> was then impending, 2 Th. 2:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Bible, was, at this epoch, first opened
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to the common people. Before, it was only
+found in languages which they were entirely
+ignorant of. It was translated by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther</span></span> into
+their own language, and thus made accessible.
+The art of printing, discovered at about
+that time, enabled all who wished, to avail
+themselves of its unsealed contents. They
+feasted on the words of inspiration, which
+were sweeter to them than honey, or the honey-comb.
+But afterwards, they had to endure bitterness
+for the sake of the Gospel. Divisions
+and subdivisions followed, parties multiplied,
+and heresies abounded, accompanied
+with bitter and mischievous discussions, and
+fierce and rancorous contentions. These being
+based on the understanding which the several
+parties attached to portions of scripture, were
+fitly symbolized by the bitterness that followed
+the eating of the book. At this time,
+also, was revived a system of religious teachings
+which has gone forth into many lands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The reörganization of the church at this
+epoch, is next symbolized.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Measuring Reed, Temple, &amp;c.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And there was given me a measuring reed like a rod,
+and it was said, Arise, and measure the temple of God,
+(and the altar,) and those who worship in it. But the
+court which is without the temple, leave out, and measure
+it not; for it is given to the Gentiles: and they will tread
+the holy city under foot
+forty-two months.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 11:1, 2.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These symbols are evidently taken from
+the temple and altar of Jewish worship, and
+represent corresponding analogies under the
+Christian dispensation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To measure anything, is to examine and
+take notice of its parts and proportions; and
+that by which it is measured, is the standard
+or rule to which it should conform.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The temple, is a proper symbol of the
+church of God; which is <span class="tei tei-q">“built upon the
+foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus
+Christ himself being the Chief Corner Stone,
+in whom all the building, fitly framed together,
+groweth unto a holy temple in the Lord,�</span>
+Eph. 2:20, 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the epoch of the Reformation, the nominal
+church was subjected to the scrutiny of
+the word of God; and its pretensions were
+measured by the scriptural rule. The reformers
+found the Man of Sin, <span class="tei tei-q">“as God sitting
+in the temple of God,�</span> (2 Thess. 2:4);
+and they had to re-model their church relationship,
+in accordance with the pattern presented
+in the New Testament. This involved
+the consideration of what constituted the
+church,—its organization, its ministry, its
+sacraments, and its membership,—their mutual
+relation to God, and to each other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The altar, must symbolize the sacrifice
+and atonement of Christ,—the <span class="tei tei-q">“altar whereof
+they have no right to eat which serve the
+tabernacle,�</span> Heb. 13:10. The great question,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of justification by faith in the death of
+Christ, was the rallying cry of the Reformation.
+The fundamental principles of Christian
+truth were then unfolded anew, and the
+doctrines of the Papacy, including the sacrifice
+of the mass, were rejected as contrary to
+Bible teachings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worshippers in the temple, who were to
+be measured by the same rule, are Christians.
+All who were to be recognized as such, were
+to give evidence of conformity to the Bible
+standard. Regeneration by the Holy Ghost,
+was held by the reformers to be necessary to
+church membership. The Papists required
+only baptism and confirmation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The court without the temple, was that to
+which the Gentiles had access, and beyond
+which their entrance was prohibited. Devout
+foreigners were there permitted to pay their
+devotions to the God of heaven. As the
+Gentiles must symbolize those who are not
+Christians, the occupants of the outer court,
+must be the congregation—the nominal worshippers
+who throng the outer courts of the
+Lord, in distinction from the true worshippers.
+Such were to have free and unrestricted access
+to the places of Christian worship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The holy city is that in which the temple is
+situated, and must embrace the church as a
+whole, subjected to Gentile rule. Its being
+trodden under foot, indicates that the civil
+polity under which the church would subsist,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+should, during the period specified, be under
+the control of those who worship only in the
+outer court.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The forty and two months, is a period of
+time, corresponding with the thousand two
+hundred and three score days of the verse
+following, the time and times and half a time
+of Rev. 12:14, and the corresponding periods
+of Rev. 12:6; 13:5; Dan. 7:25; and 12:7;
+symbolizing a period of twelve hundred and
+sixty years, according to the almost unanimous
+opinion of Protestant writers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This period does not commence with this
+epoch, but began with the subjection of Christianity
+to the power of the civil arm, which
+was to continue during the time predicted,—notwithstanding
+the reädjustment of the temple-worship,—when
+Christians should cease
+to be responsible to any human tribunal for
+the orthodoxy of their faith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the same period, also, power to
+prophesy, though shrouded in sackcloth, was
+to be given to:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Christ's Two Witnesses.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I will give charge to my two witnesses, and they
+will prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed
+in sackcloth. These are the two olive-trees, and the
+two lamp-stands, standing before the Lord of the earth.
+And if any one wisheth to injure them, fire proceedeth from
+their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if anyone
+wisheth to injure them, he must thus be killed. These
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+have power to shut heaven, that it may not rain in the
+days of their prophecy: and they have power over the
+waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with
+every plague, as often as they wish. And when they shall
+have finished their testimony, the wild beast that ascendeth
+out of the abyss will make war with them, and will overcome
+them, and kill them. And their dead body </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">will lie</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+on the wide street of the great city, which is spiritually
+called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified.
+And those of the people, and tribes, and tongues, and
+nations, will see their dead body three days and a half, and
+will not allow their dead body to be put into a tomb.
+And those, who dwell on the earth, will rejoice over them,
+and exult, and send gifts to each other; because these
+two prophets tormented those, who dwell on the earth.
+And after the three days and a half the Spirit of life from
+God entered them, and they stood on their feet; and great
+fear fell on those, who saw them. And they heard a great
+voice from heaven, saying to them, Ascend here! And
+they ascended into heaven in a cloud; and their enemies
+saw them. And in that hour there was a great earthquake,
+and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the
+earthquake seven thousand names of men were slain: and
+the remnant became terrified, and gave glory to the God
+of heaven. The second woe is past away; behold, the third
+woe cometh quickly.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 11:3-14.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two witnesses are not symbolically
+exhibited, but are referred to by an elliptical
+metaphor, and are explained to be the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“two olive-trees, and the two candlesticks.�</span>
+Therefore, they are not two living men, as
+some suppose, shown to John in vision, symbolizing
+analogous agents; but their nature is
+to be determined by a consideration of the
+olive-trees and candlesticks which symbolize
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Candlesticks symbolize churches. Thus
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Saviour said to John: <span class="tei tei-q">“The seven candlesticks
+which thou sawest are the seven
+churches,�</span> 1:20. When <span class="tei tei-q">“men light a candle,�</span>
+they put <span class="tei tei-q">“it on a candlestick, and it
+giveth light unto all that are in the house,�</span>
+Matt. 5:15. The candlestick does not originate,
+but sustains the light in a position to be
+seen and exert a beneficial influence. It is
+thus that the church is said to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the light
+of the world,�</span> and is required to let her light
+<span class="tei tei-q">“shine before men,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+vs. 14-16,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+She is to disseminate the light committed to
+her; and in so doing, she becomes a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">witness</span></em> for
+Jesus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church comprises all the holy persons
+who have lived on earth, and is symbolized
+by two candlesticks, corresponding to the two
+dispensations of its existence. Those who
+lived under the former dispensation, are called
+<span class="tei tei-q">“a great cloud of witnesses,�</span> Heb. 12:1.
+Of Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">“give all the prophets witness,�</span>
+Acts 10:43. They constitute the voice of
+the church in that age. Under the gospel
+dispensation, also, Christ had chosen witnesses
+of himself. He said to his disciples,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in
+Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in Samaria,
+and unto the uttermost parts of the earth,�</span>
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 1:8); and they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“We are his witnesses,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 5:32. <span class="tei tei-q">“We are witnesses of
+all things which he did, ... witnesses
+chosen before of God,�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 10:39-41);—<span class="tei tei-q">“his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+witnesses unto the people,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 13:31.
+They and their successors have <span class="tei tei-q">“testified and
+preached the word of the Lord,�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 8:25),
+overcoming <span class="tei tei-q">“by the word of their testimony,�</span>
+(Rev. 12:11),—many of them being <span class="tei tei-q">“slain
+for the word of God, and for the testimony
+which they held,�</span> 6:9. The church, one in
+all ages, symbolized by the two candlesticks,
+is thus a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">witness</span></em> of Jesus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two olive-trees, symbolize the other
+witness, which must sustain a relation to the
+church, analogous to that sustained by the
+olive-trees to the candlesticks. The declaration,
+that the witnesses are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em> two olive-trees
+and candlesticks, implies the existence of some
+previous symbolization, where those objects
+and their relation to each other are presented.
+And the connection shows clearly that reference
+is made to the vision, wherein Zechariah
+beheld <span class="tei tei-q">“a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl
+upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon,
+and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which
+are upon the top thereof; and two olive-trees
+by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and
+the other upon the left side thereof,�</span> Zech.
+4:2, 3. The relation which the olive-trees
+sustain to the candlestick, is shown by the
+questions of the prophet: <span class="tei tei-q">“What are these,
+my Lord?�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 4); <span class="tei tei-q">“What are these
+two olive-trees upon the right side of the
+candlestick and upon the left side thereof?
+What be these two olive-branches which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+through the two golden pipes empty the
+golden oil out of themselves?�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> vs. 11, 12.
+The office of the olive-trees, was to supply
+the candlestick with oil which alone enabled
+them to give light. The oil of the olive-tree,
+was burned before the Lord continually.
+The light committed to the church, is the
+truth of God's word. And thus the angel
+explains the meaning of the olive-trees:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“This is the word of the Lord unto Zerubbabel,�</span>
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 6); <span class="tei tei-q">“These are the two
+anointed ones [<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mar</span></span>, sons of oil], that stand
+by the Lord of the whole earth,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 14.
+And this expression, corresponding with that
+in Rev. 11:4, shows that this vision of
+Zechariah is the one referred to, and that it is
+explanatory of the witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Scriptures, as well as the church,
+testify of Christ: <span class="tei tei-q">“Search the Scriptures,�</span>
+said the Saviour, speaking of those then
+written; <span class="tei tei-q">“they are they which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">testify</span></em> [or
+bear witness] of me,�</span> (John 5:39); and
+of the New Testament, he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“This gospel
+of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world for a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">witness</span></em> unto all nations,�</span>
+Matt. 24:4. Like two olive-trees supplying
+the candlesticks with oil, the Scriptures of the
+Old, and of the New Testament give light
+to the church, and testify of Christ. They
+stand on either side of him,—the one beginning
+with the creation and pointing to a
+Messiah to come, testifying of him by types
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and shadows; and the other looking back to
+the death and resurrection of Christ, and
+cheering the heart of the believer by the evidence
+of his second coming at the end of the
+world. Thus stood within the oracle of the
+temple the two cherubim, which Solomon
+made <span class="tei tei-q">“of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">olive-tree</span></em>,�</span> and whose wings met
+over the ark of the covenant: <span class="tei tei-q">“He set the
+cherubim within the inner house, and they
+stretched forth the wings of the cherubim,
+so that the wing of the one touched the one
+wall, and the wing of the other cherub
+touched the other wall; and their wings
+touched one another in the midst of the
+house,�</span> 1 Kings 6, 27. Thus symbolized, the
+Scriptures and the church are Christ's two
+witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To prophesy, is to make known the truths
+of God. Thus, at the epoch of the Reformation,
+they were to prophesy <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">again</span></em> before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues and
+kings, 10:11. It was to enable the witnesses
+to do this, that the necessary power
+was to be given them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sackcloth, is a symbol of humiliation and
+sorrow; and the witnesses being thus clothed,
+indicates that during the time specified, they
+should be in a despised and oppressed condition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The one thousand two hundred and sixty
+days, symbolize years. God said to Israel,
+after the evil report of the twelve spies:
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Your children shall wander in the wilderness
+forty <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">years</span></em> ... after the number of the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">days</span></em> which ye searched the land,�</span> Num. 14:33,
+34. And to Ezekiel, <span class="tei tei-q">“This shall be a
+sign to the house of Israel: Lie thou upon
+thy left side, and lay the iniquity of the house
+of Israel upon it, ... for I have laid upon
+thee the years of their iniquity, according to
+the number of the days, three hundred and
+ninety days.... And when thou hast accomplished
+them, lie again on thy right side,
+and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house
+of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">each day for a year</span></em>,�</span> Ezek. 4:3-6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This period of one thousand two hundred
+and sixty years, is not the whole time in
+which the witnesses prophesy, but marks the
+duration of their prophesying in sackcloth.
+It commenced when the light of the Bible
+began to be obscured by the secondary place
+which was accorded to it in the estimation of
+the Papal church, and the living witnesses
+were no longer permitted to preach the gospel
+in its purity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 533, the Emperor Justinian,
+wrote a letter to the Pope declaring him to be
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the head of all the holy churches,�</span> and
+subjecting to his control <span class="tei tei-q">“all the priests of
+the whole East.�</span> By the edicts and mandates
+of Justinian, who was master of the Roman
+world, the supremacy of the Pope received
+the fullest sanction; and the highest authorities
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+among the civilians and annalists of
+Rome, refer to these as evidence of the
+right of the Pope to the title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Universal
+Bishop,�</span> and date it from A. D. 533. p. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With this supremacy, the power of the
+Papacy commenced. The Bible was permitted
+only in a dead language, and the
+faithful Christian was obliged to seek refuge
+in the wilderness. False doctrines obscuring
+the Bible, and persecuting enactments oppressing
+the church, clothed the witnesses in sackcloth;
+and thus only did they testify, till the
+power of the papacy was broken.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire proceeded out of their mouth, when
+they made known the fiery judgments predicted
+in the Scriptures against all their
+enemies. And they shut heaven, smite with
+plagues, turn water to blood, &amp;c., when, in
+accordance with the inspired record, are fulfilled
+the predictions which, in various places,
+are thus symbolized.—See Rev. 15:6; 16:4,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The finishing of their testimony, refers to
+the termination of the sackcloth period,—twelve
+hundred and sixty years from A. D. 533; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+in 1793,—if the former date is correct.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless
+pit, is that on which, in a subsequent
+vision, the woman is seated, 17:7, 8. John
+saw this beast arise out of the sea, (13:1);
+and the subsequent exposition given of it, will
+show that it symbolized the civil power of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Roman empire in its divided form.—See p.
+<a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>. As the ten kingdoms constitute the beast,
+what is done by any of these kingdoms, is
+done by the beast. France was one of the
+more prominent of these kingdoms, and at one
+period, under Napoleon, controlled the greater
+portion of the whole.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To war against the witnesses, is to oppose,
+resist, and endeavor to crush them; and to
+overcome them, is to be successful in such
+efforts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To kill, when used symbolically and applied
+to Christians, is to cause them to apostatize—producing
+spiritual death, 9:5. When
+applied to the Scriptures, it can only denote
+their prohibition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great city, as shown in connection with
+Rev. 16:19, p. 290, is the Roman hierarchy:—symbolized
+by Babylon, and <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritually
+called Sodom and Egypt.�</span> By being thus
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">spiritually</span></em> called Sodom,�</span> some understand
+that it is a <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual Sodom,�</span> &amp;c., which
+would be a contradiction of terms; others
+understand that it is called <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">figuratively</span></em> by
+those names, and deduce from it an argument
+for spiritualizing the Scriptures; but the use of
+the word <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">spiritually</span></em>,�</span> it is believed, will not
+sanction any such meaning. It occurs only
+in two other passages:—in Rom. 8:7, to be
+<span class="tei tei-q">“spiritually minded,�</span> is to have a mind in
+accordance with the will of the Spirit; and in
+1 Cor. 2:14, things <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritually discerned,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+signifies that they are discerned by the aid of
+the Spirit. The great city, then, is called by
+the Spirit, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sodom and Egypt;�</span> and is so
+called because of her licentiousness and idolatries,
+and her subjecting the saints to bondage.
+To crucify the Lord afresh, is to apostatize
+from his teachings, Heb. 6:6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1793, twelve hundred and sixty years
+from the date of the Papal supremacy, the
+Bible was abolished in France, by the solemn
+decree of the government, which declared that
+the nation acknowledged no God. A copy of
+the Bible could not be found in a single bookstore
+in Paris. Inquiry also was made for it in
+Rome, in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> the book establishments of that
+city, and the invariable reply was, that it was
+prohibited. All the churches of Paris were
+shut, and the church plate was declared the
+property of the nation. Professors of religion,
+at the same time, in large numbers openly
+apostatized and embraced infidelity. Says
+Dr. Croley:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet,
+with the republican priests of Paris, had
+thrown off the gown and abjured religion.
+On the 11th, a <span class="tei tei-q">‘grand festival,’</span> dedicated to
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Reason and Truth,’</span> was celebrated instead
+of divine service in the ancient cathedral of
+Notre Dame, which had been desecrated, and
+been named, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the Temple of Reason;’</span> a pyramid
+was erected in the centre of the church,
+surmounted by a temple, inscribed, <span class="tei tei-q">‘To Philosophy.’</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The torch of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Truth’</span> was on the
+altar of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Reason,’</span> spreading light, &amp;c. The
+National Convention, and all the authorities,
+attended at this burlesque and insulting ceremony.
+In February, 1794, a grand fête was
+ordered by the convention, in which hymns
+to Liberty were chanted, and a pageant in
+honor of the abolition of slavery in the colonies,
+was displayed in the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Temple of Reason.’</span>
+In June another festival was ordered—to
+the Supreme Being: the God of Philosophy.
+But the most superb exhibition was
+the <span class="tei tei-q">‘general festival,’</span> in honor of the republic.
+It was distinguished by a more audacious
+spirit of scoffing and profanation than the
+former. Robespierre acted the <span class="tei tei-q">‘high-priest of
+Reason’</span> on the day, and made himself conspicuous
+in blasphemy. He was then at
+the summit of power,—actual sovereign of
+France.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The dead bodies of the witnesses, would be
+their existence in that prohibited condition,
+when, in France, neither the Scriptures, nor
+the church showed any symptoms of life. In
+the street, would be the conspicuous and public
+manner in which indignities should be
+heaped on them. France had been one of the
+principal states yielding homage to the Roman
+church. Surrounding nations beheld, but
+would not permit the extermination of the
+Bible and Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The French made merry over their blasphemous
+work. Says Dr. Croley:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“A very remarkable and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">prophetic</span></em> distinction
+of this period, was the spirit of frenzied
+festivity which seized upon France. The
+capital, and all the republican towns, were
+the scene of civic feasts, processions, and
+shows of the most extravagant kind. The
+most festive times of peace under the most
+expensive kings were thrown into the shade
+by the frequency, variety, and extent of the
+republican exhibitions. Yet this was a time
+of perpetual miseries throughout France. The
+guillotine was bloody from morn till night.
+In the single month of July, 1794, nearly <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">eight
+hundred persons</span></em>, the majority, principal individuals
+of the state, and all possessing some
+respectability of situation, were guillotined in
+Paris alone. In the midst of this horror, there
+were twenty-six theatres open, filled with the
+most profane and profligate displays in honor
+of the <span class="tei tei-q">‘triumph of reason.’</span> �</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Lyons a Bible was tied to the tail of an
+ass and dragged in a procession through the
+streets of that city. Thus they rejoiced over
+the supposed end of religion in France; and
+congratulated themselves that the terrors of
+God's word, and the church would no more
+torment them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“After three days and a half,�</span> would be
+that number of years from the suppression of
+Christianity in November, 1793. On the 17th
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+day of June, 1797, three and a half years from
+the abolition of the Bible and religious worship,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Camille Jourdan</span></span>, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Council of Five
+Hundred</span></span>, brought up the memorable report
+on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revision of the Laws Relative to Religious
+Worship</span></span>, by which France gave permission
+to all citizens to buy or hire edifices
+for the free exercise of it; repealing all opposing
+laws, and subjecting those to a heavy fine
+who should in any way impede or interrupt
+any religious service. The Bible and the
+church again stood erect, to the dismay of
+all who had rejoiced over their overthrow.
+Those two witnesses were again in a position
+to resume their testimony.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They were not only to be thus restored, but
+were to be elevated far above their former
+position. Since that epoch, have been made
+all those great efforts to evangelize the world,
+by means of missionary, tract, Bible, and
+other benevolent societies, which have caused
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Scriptures</span></em> to be translated into nearly all
+known languages, and carried by the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">living
+preacher</span></em> to the ends of the earth. The very
+room in which Voltaire uttered his famous
+prediction—that <span class="tei tei-q">“the time would arrive
+when the Bible would be regarded only in
+the light of an old curiosity,�</span>—is now used
+for a Bible depository, and is <span class="tei tei-q">“piled to the
+ceiling with that rare old book.�</span> Copies of
+the Bible have been multiplied a million fold,
+and scattered broadcast over the earth. The
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other witness,—the church, has since then,
+also, been greatly magnified. In this age of
+missions and Bibles, the number of believers
+has been greatly multiplied; and missionaries
+have penetrated all lands. The last half-century
+has been distinguished for its wonderful
+revivals; and the servants of the cross
+have <span class="tei tei-q">“prophesied [or testified] again before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings,�</span> 10:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same hour, is the time of the slaughter
+of the witnesses. Its epoch was to be marked
+by a great political revolution, which, in the
+Apocalypse, is symbolized by an earthquake.
+In the year in which Christianity was suppressed
+by France, they beheaded their king, abolished
+the monarchy, and entirely revolutionized
+the government. In the reign of terror following,
+the best blood of the nation was shed
+like water, and no man of influence could
+consider his life secure. Men, women and
+children were dragged before the revolutionary
+tribunals, had their accusations read to
+them, and were immediately condemned, and
+hurried off in crowds without a trial, to be
+shot, drowned or beheaded. At Lyons thirty-one
+thousand persons were thus slain; at
+Nantes thirty-two thousand,—and throughout
+France in proportion. The number thus
+slain, has been estimated at over one million,—a
+number hardly credible, and which might
+well be symbolized by seven thousand—a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+perfect number. Well might the remnant be
+affrighted, and hasten to give glory to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>
+of heaven, by the restoration of that book, the
+setting aside of which had involved them in
+such dire calamities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The tenth of the city which fell, must be
+the tenth of the Roman hierarchy, which is
+symbolized by the city. With the suppression
+of religion, the Catholic church was prohibited,
+with all others. France was one of
+the ten kingdoms, and the overthrow of the
+church in France, would be the fall of one-tenth
+of that city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus passed the second woe—the prelude
+to the third woe, which cometh quickly.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Seventh Trumpet.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud
+voices in heaven, saying, The kingdom of the world hath
+become the kingdom of our Lord, and of his Anointed; and
+he will reign for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders,
+who sat before God on their thrones, fell on their faces,
+and worshipped God, saying, We thank thee, O Lord God
+Almighty, who art, and who wast, because thou hast taken
+to thyself thy great power, and reigned. And the nations
+were enraged, and thy wrath is come, and the season of the
+dead, when they should be judged, and a reward should be
+given to thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and
+to those who fear thy name, small and great; and when
+thou shouldest destroy those, who destroy the earth. And
+the temple of God was opened in heaven, and the ark of
+his covenant in his temple appeared, and there were lightnings,
+and voices, and thunders, and an earthquake, and
+great hail.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 11:15-19.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seventh, like the preceding trumpets,
+marks an epoch from which an era dates.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The days of the voice of the seventh angel�</span>
+(10:7), are indicative of a period of time to
+follow its sounding, in which will be fulfilled
+the events predicted of that era.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voices in heaven, which immediately
+follow its sounding, are prophetic utterances
+of events then to transpire; and are distinct
+from the response of the elders. When Christ
+<span class="tei tei-q">“shall be revealed from heaven,�</span> he will be
+accompanied <span class="tei tei-q">“with his mighty angels,�</span> 2
+Thess. 1:7. He will descend <span class="tei tei-q">“with a shout,
+with the voice of the archangel, and with the
+trump of God,�</span> (1 Thess. 4:16); and the
+shout is evidently that of the attending angels,
+symbolized by those voices, which will
+announce the revolution which is to be made
+in the empire of the earth, and of the substitution
+of the kingdom of God in the place of
+human governments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The kingdom here established, is the long
+promised consummation, foretold by prophets,
+and anticipated by saints of every age. It is
+that predicted by Daniel, when he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“In
+the days of these kings shall the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> of
+heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never
+be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be
+left to other people, but it shall break in pieces
+and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall
+stand forever.�</span> Dan. 2:44. He also <span class="tei tei-q">“saw
+in the night visions, and behold, one like the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Son of Man came with the clouds of heaven,
+and came to the Ancient of Days, and they
+brought him near before him. And there was
+given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom,
+that all people, nations, and languages,
+should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting
+dominion, which shall not pass away,
+and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed....
+And the kingdom and dominion,
+and the greatness of the kingdom under
+the whole heaven, shall be given to the people
+of the saints of the Most High, whose
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all
+dominions shall serve and obey him.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 7:13,
+14, 27. It is that referred to in the simple
+petition, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy kingdom come�</span> (Matt. 6:10),
+which was to be the great object of our
+prayer till the final consummation; which the
+disciples thought was to appear immediately,
+when they journeyed towards, and were nigh
+to, Jerusalem, and which misapprehension
+the Saviour corrected by the parable of a nobleman
+going into a far country to receive for
+himself kingly authority, and to return, Luke
+20:12. It is that respecting which they inquired,
+as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Saviour</span></span> was about to be taken
+from them, if he would at that time restore it
+to Israel, (Acts 1:6); and to which the apostle
+refers, when he declares to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Timothy</span></span> that
+the Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jesus Christ</span></span> will judge the living
+and the dead at his appearing and kingdom,
+2 Tim. 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thy kingdom come! Thus, day by day</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">We lift our hands to God and pray;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">But who has ever duly weighed</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">The meaning of the words he said?�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This kingdom is to be an eternal kingdom:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He will reign for ever and ever.�</span> This is
+in accordance with the declaration in Daniel,
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“the saints of the Most High shall take the
+kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even
+for ever and ever,�</span> Dan. 7:18. To its eternity
+Nathan testifies when he says to David, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy
+house and thy kingdom shall be established
+forever before thee: thy throne shall be established
+forever,�</span> 2 Sam. 7:16. Though this
+was spoken to David, it was to be fulfilled in
+Christ; for we read in Luke (1:32, 33), <span class="tei tei-q">“He
+shall be great, and shall be called the Son of
+the Highest: and the Lord God shall give
+unto him the throne of his father David: and
+he shall reign over the house of Jacob forever;
+and of his kingdom there shall be no
+end.�</span> It is predicted in Isaiah, that <span class="tei tei-q">“Unto
+us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and
+the government shall be upon his shoulder;
+and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor,
+the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father,
+the Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his
+government and peace there shall be no end;
+upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom,
+to order it and to establish it with judgment
+and with justice, from henceforth, even
+forever,�</span> Isa. 9:6, 7. To the Son the Father
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+saith, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy throne, O God, is for ever and
+ever,�</span> (Heb. 1:8); and the blood-washed
+throng ascribe to him <span class="tei tei-q">“glory and dominion
+for ever and ever,�</span> 1:5, 6.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thy kingdom come! O day of joy,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When praise shall every tongue employ;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When hate and strife and war shall cease,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And man with man shall be at peace.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jesus shall reign on Zion's hill,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And all the earth with glory fill;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">His word shall Paradise restore,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And sin and death afflict no more.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">God's holy will shall then be done</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">By all who live beneath the sun;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For saints shall then as angels be,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">All changed to immortality.�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The four-and-twenty elders,—symbolizing
+those who are redeemed <span class="tei tei-q">“out of every kindred
+and tongue and people and nation,�</span> 5:8,
+9,—at the establishment of the kingdom,
+are to be made <span class="tei tei-q">“kings and priests,�</span> and are
+to <span class="tei tei-q">“reign on the earth,�</span> 5:10. They are
+<span class="tei tei-q">“saints of the Most High,�</span> who are to <span class="tei tei-q">“take
+the kingdom,�</span> and possess it <span class="tei tei-q">“forever.�</span> With
+the announcement of its establishment, they
+immediately respond with glad hosannas,
+which spontaneously and unitedly burst forth
+from the enraptured hosts of the ransomed
+ones, as they find themselves clothed upon
+with immortality, and in the joyful presence
+of their Lord. They are raised from the dead
+at this epoch; or are among the living who
+will then be translated, as says the apostle:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Behold I show you a mystery; we shall not
+all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a
+moment, in the twinkling of an eye, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at the
+last trump</span></em>,�</span>—the last of the seven;—<span class="tei tei-q">“for
+the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be
+raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The nations who are angry, will be the nations
+out from whom the righteous are taken,
+and who are left to the recompense of their
+reward;—<span class="tei tei-q">“when the Lord Jesus shall be
+revealed from heaven with his mighty angels,
+in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that
+know not God and obey not the gospel of our
+Lord Jesus Christ: who shall be punished
+with everlasting destruction from the presence
+of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;
+when he shall come to be glorified in his
+saints, and to be admired in all them that
+believe,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:7-10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The heathen had raged, and the people imagined
+a vain thing. The kings of the earth
+had set themselves, and the rulers taken counsel
+against the Lord, and against his anointed.
+Now the time of their anger is to end: the time
+for the exercise of the wrath of Jehovah upon
+them, has arrived, and they are filled with
+fear, consternation, and shame. The time
+has come when the dead are to be avenged,—when
+those who had been slain for the word
+of God, and for the testimony which they
+held, whose souls under the altar during the
+fifth seal, cried with a loud voice, saying,
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou
+not judge and avenge our blood on them that
+dwell on the earth?�</span> (6:10) find their expectations
+answered, and the destroyers, or perverters
+of the earth, in like manner perverted
+and destroyed. This winds up the kingdom
+of Satan on earth; his reign terminates, and
+his subjects are banished. The absence of all
+the wicked, with the transfiguration of all the
+righteous living and resurrection of the just,
+leave for subjects only those who have passed
+the period of their probation, and are introduced
+into the everlasting kingdom of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The opening of the temple in heaven, and
+the presentation of the Ark of the Covenant,
+symbolize the unfolding of the mystery, in
+which the administration of God may have
+been shrouded, making apparent all which
+may have been inexplicable in his dealings
+with men; and rendering evident the verity
+of his promises to his chosen ones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voices, lightnings, thunders, earthquake,
+and hail, are appropriate symbols of
+the plagues which will fall upon the wicked.
+These are fearfully depicted in the Scriptures.
+God says to Job, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hast thou seen the treasures
+of hail which I have reserved against the
+time of trouble, against the day of battle and
+war,�</span> 38:22, 23. Judgment then will be
+laid <span class="tei tei-q">“to the line, and righteousness to the
+plummet, and the hail shall sweep away the
+refuge of lies. The Lord shall cause his glorious
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+voice to be heard, and shall show the
+lighting down of his arm with the indignation
+of his anger, and with the flame of devouring
+fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones,�</span>
+Isa. 28:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This prepares the way for the purification
+of the earth as foretold by Peter (2 Pet. 3:12,
+13), the restitution of all things (3:21),
+the new heavens and new earth (21:1), the
+descent of the saints (21:2), and the kingdom
+of God on the earth, 21:3. Assuming the
+correctness of the view here given, how near
+to the time now present does it seem to fix the
+consummation!
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“So shall the world go on,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To good malignant, to bad men benign,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Under her own weight groaning: till the day</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Appear, of respiration to the just,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And vengeance to the wicked; at return</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of him—thy Saviour and thy Lord:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Last in the clouds from heaven, to be revealed</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">In glory of the Father, to dissolve</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Satan, with his perverted world; then raise</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">To bring forth fruits, joy, and eternal
+bliss.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Milton.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New heavens and earth, wherein the just shall dwell,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And after all their tribulations long,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">With joy and love triumphing, and fair
+truth.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Woman and Dragon.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed
+with the sun, and the moon was under her feet, and on her
+head a crown of twelve stars; and she, being with child,
+cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. And
+another sign appeared in heaven: and behold, a great red
+dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems
+on his heads. And his tail dragged the third part of
+the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth: and the
+dragon stood before the woman, who was about to be delivered,
+to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she
+brought forth a male child, who was to rule all nations with
+a rod of iron; and her child was snatched up to God, and
+to his throne. And the woman fled into the desert, where
+she hath a place there prepared of God, that they should
+feed her there one thousand two hundred and sixty days.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+12:1-6.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With this chapter commences a new series
+of events, extending through the entire gospel
+dispensation; the former series being terminated
+by the events of the last trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The heaven, where these great <span class="tei tei-q">“wonders�</span>
+are exhibited, must symbolize the theatre of
+their fulfilment—the station to be occupied
+by the agents symbolized, which must be as
+conspicuous as heaven is relatively high above
+the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The woman, according to the use of the
+symbol in other places, must be a representative
+of the church. As the harlot on a scarlet-colored
+beast (17:3), is a symbol of a corrupt
+and apostate church, so a virtuous woman is
+a chosen symbol of the true church.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“Jerusalem which is above is the
+mother�</span> of all true Christians (Gal. 4:26);
+she is also <span class="tei tei-q">“the bride, the Lamb's wife�</span>
+(21:9); and <span class="tei tei-q">“the remnant of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her seed</span></em>,�</span> are
+those <span class="tei tei-q">“which keep the commandments of
+God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ,�</span>
+v. 17. Her robe of light, her position above
+the moon, and her crown of stars, indicate her
+greatness and glory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch symbolized, as appears from the
+relative position of the woman and dragon, is
+evidently just prior to the first advent of the
+Messiah, when his coming was eagerly anticipated
+and ardently desired by the church,
+and the Roman power had thereby been excited
+to jealousy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The church is the same in all ages, comprising
+only the true people of God; all of
+whom will have part in the first resurrection,
+20:6. The Jewish church was continued
+by the breaking off of unbelieving branches,
+and the grafting in of believing Gentiles with
+believing Jews, who alike partake of the root
+and fatness of the same olive-tree, Rom.
+11:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Previous to the first advent, the Jewish
+church occupied a high political position, above
+that of the inferior officers of state, and was
+in the enjoyment of imperial favor. Patriarchs
+and prophets—the messengers of the
+church—were stars in her crown of rejoicing,
+1:20. From the utterance of the prediction
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that the woman's seed should bruise the serpent's
+head (Gen. 3:15), the coming of the
+promised deliverer was the great desire of
+the church. Even Eve exclaimed, at the
+birth of her first-born (<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">literally</span></em>), <span class="tei tei-q">“I have gotten
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em> man from the Lord,�</span> Gen. 4:1. For
+his coming,
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Kings and prophets waited long</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">But died without the sight.�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They <span class="tei tei-q">“inquired and searched diligently, who
+prophesied of the grace that should come
+unto you: searching what, or what manner
+of time the spirit of Christ which was in them
+did signify, when it testified beforehand the
+sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should
+follow,�</span> 1 Pet. 1:10, 11. <span class="tei tei-q">“Many righteous
+men desired�</span> to see his day (Matt. 13:17);
+Abraham rejoiced and was made glad at its
+prospect, when in the distant future (John, 8:56);
+and Hezekiah lamented that because of
+death he should not see <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord in the land
+of the living,�</span> Isa. 38:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The seventy weeks indicated to the Jews
+the time of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Messiah, the Prince,�</span> Dan.
+9:26-27. When these were near their termination,
+to the pious and devout Simeon who
+was <span class="tei tei-q">“waiting for the consolation of Israel,�</span>
+it <span class="tei tei-q">“was revealed by the Holy Ghost, that he
+should not see death before he had seen the
+Lord's Christ,�</span> Luke 2:25, 26. And the
+opinion was so general, that when the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Baptist</span></em>
+preceded him, <span class="tei tei-q">“the people were in expectation,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and all men mused in their hearts of
+John, whether he were the Christ or no,�</span>
+Luke 3:15. This expectation is testified to
+by the Jewish historians Philo and Josephus;
+and it was that which so troubled Herod,
+when wise men came, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is he
+that is born King of the Jews?�</span> Matt. 2:1-3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The belief that some remarkable personage
+was about to appear in Judea, was not confined
+to Palestine, but extended to Egypt,
+Rome, Greece, and wherever the Jews were
+scattered abroad. Says Suetonius, a Roman
+historian: <span class="tei tei-q">“An ancient and settled persuasion
+prevailed throughout the East, that the
+Fates had decreed some one to proceed from
+Judea, who should attain universal empire.�</span>
+And Tacitus, another Roman historian, says:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Many were persuaded that it was contained
+in the ancient books of their priests, that at
+that very time the East should prevail, and
+that some one should proceed from Judea,
+and possess the dominion.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great red dragon sustains a relation to
+the woman, analogous to that sustained by
+the nondescript beast (of Dan. 7:7), to the
+saints of the Most High; and his position respecting
+the man-child is like that of the exceeding
+great horn (Dan. 8:9), to the Prince of
+princes, Dan. 8:25. Like the beast referred
+to, the dragon has ten horns; and its characteristics
+indicate that it also symbolizes the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Roman empire,—<span class="tei tei-q">“the fourth kingdom upon
+earth,�</span> Dan. 7:23. The dragon is a monster
+serpent. <span class="tei tei-q">“That old serpent�</span> who seduced
+Eve (Gen. 3:5), <span class="tei tei-q">“called the devil�</span> (Matt.
+4:1-12), and <span class="tei tei-q">“Satan�</span> (2 Cor. 2:11),
+<span class="tei tei-q">“who deceiveth the whole world,�</span> is an appropriate
+representative of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“head�</span> of a beast, sustains a relation
+to the beast analogous to that of the government
+to the people of an empire. It is that
+by which the beast is directed and governed.
+When distinguished from the body of the
+beast (Dan. 7:11), according to the analogy,
+it must be understood as a symbol of the directing
+and controlling power, in the kingdom
+indicated by the beast. Several heads on the
+same beast, on this principle, must indicate the
+several forms of government to which the nation
+is subject. As these cannot be contemporary,
+like the divisions of a kingdom represented
+by the horns, they must be successive.
+To suppose they represent different governments,
+destroys the analogy, and makes them
+separate beasts, instead of heads of the same
+beast; and no government can be subject to
+more than one head at the same time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven heads�</span> of the dragon, then,
+symbolize the directing and controlling powers
+which ruled the Roman empire,—the seven
+successive forms of government under which
+it existed. Rome was founded about B. C.
+753, from small beginnings, on the summit of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Mount Palatine, and gradually increased in
+extent, till it spread over seven hills: the Palatine,
+Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline, CÅ“lius,
+and Quirinalia; and its population of about
+three thousand in the time of Romulus, increased
+to about two millions in the time of
+Augustus Cæsar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Previous to the subversion of the empire,
+Rome existed under different forms of government,
+as follows:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kingly.</span></span>—The first government established
+was a monarchy, and lasted two hundred
+and forty-four years, under seven kings,
+viz., Romulus, Numa, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus
+Martius, Tarquin Priscus, Servius Tullius,
+and Tarquin the Proud, who was afterwards
+expelled from the throne. This was denominated
+the infancy of the Roman empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consular.</span></span>—In B. C. 509, the constitution
+of Rome was remodelled, and the executive
+power committed to two consuls, to
+be elected annually. This commenced the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Commonwealth of Rome.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictatorial.</span></span>—The office of dictator was
+the highest known in Rome, and was only resorted
+to in cases of emergency. He was
+elected for six months only, and usually resigned
+his authority, which, for the time, was
+nearly absolute, as soon as he had effected the
+object for which he was chosen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decemviral.</span></span>—In B. C. 451, the government
+was so changed, that, instead of the two
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+consuls, the government was committed to ten
+men, to be chosen annually, and jointly exercise
+the sovereign power. After two years the
+decemvirs were banished, and the consular
+government was restored.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribunitial.</span></span>—In B. C. 426, Rome having
+become a military state, military tribunes
+were substituted for the consular power, till
+B. C. 366, when the latter was again restored.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pagan Imperial.</span></span>—With the battle of
+Actium, B. C. 31, the Roman Commonwealth
+terminated; and Augustus Cæsar united in
+his own person not only the offices of Consul,
+Tribune, &amp;c., but also that of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Supreme Pontiff</span></span>,—the
+head of the pagan hierarchy. This
+last office, says Gibbon, <span class="tei tei-q">“was constantly exercised
+by the emperors.�</span> Thus were united
+the highest civil and ecclesiastical powers of
+the state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Imperial.</span></span>—In A. D. 312, the
+government was revolutionized, by the accession
+of Constantine to the throne. He effected
+important changes in the relations of the people
+to the monarch, opposed idolatry, and by
+the introduction of Christianity, effected a
+political change in the laws and administration
+of the empire. This continued, with a slight
+interruption under Julian the Apostate, till the
+subversion of the Western empire, A. D. 476.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Elliott, in explanation of the first five
+heads, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I adopt, with the most entire
+satisfaction, that generally-received Protestant
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+interpretation, which, following the authoritative
+statement of Livy and Tacitus (the latter
+great historian, St. John's own contemporary),
+enumerates kings, consuls, dictators,
+decemvirs, and military tribunes, as the first
+five constitutional heads of the Roman city
+and commonwealth; then as the sixth, the
+Imperial head, commencing with Octavian.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horæ
+Apoca.</span></span>, vol. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">III.</span></span>, p. 106, 4th ed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those heads are shown to symbolize seven
+forms of government, by the explanation that
+<span class="tei tei-q">“they are seven mountains where the woman
+sits on them [mountains also symbolizing
+governments], and are seven kings,�</span> 17:9,
+10. And they are shown to be successive, by
+the fact that, when John wrote, the first five
+had passed away, one only then existed,—the
+Pagan Imperial,—and the other head was
+then in the future, 17:10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“ten horns�</span> also symbolize kings, or
+dynasties; but, unlike the heads, instead of being
+successive, they are contemporaneous. According
+to the explanation, they had received
+no kingdom when John wrote, and were all
+to exercise power at the same time: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+ten horns which thou didst see, are ten kings
+who have not yet received a kingdom; but
+they receive power as kings, one hour with
+the wild beast,�</span> 17:12. These will be more
+particularly noticed in connection with the
+thirteenth chapter, and there shown to be the
+ten contemporaneous governments which succeeded
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to the dominion, on the subversion of
+the Western Empire. See p. <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven crowns�</span> on the heads of the
+dragon, indicate that the acts here symbolized,
+would be fulfilled during the period when
+the sovereignty of Rome should be vested in the
+forms of government symbolized by the heads,
+and not during that symbolized by the horns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The woman appeared in the symbolic
+heavens anterior to the dragon. Prior to the
+birth of Christ, the church was conspicuous
+and honored. The sacrifices which smoked
+on Jewish altars, were offered to Jehovah.
+The subjects of the divine government conducted
+their service with all the splendor imparted
+by the Jewish ritual. Royalty was an
+appendage of the nation: the sceptre did not
+depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from between
+his feet, till Shiloh came, Gen. 49:10.
+By an alliance with the Romans, B. C. 135,
+Rome took its position in the presence of the
+woman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first act of the dragon was by a sweep
+of its tail to draw down one-third of the stars,
+and to cast them to the earth. This was before
+the birth of the man-child. After Rome
+attained the supremacy, Judea proportionably
+suffered. Her glory was measurably dimmed
+by many indignities before her subjugation
+to Rome was consummated. Jerusalem was
+repeatedly besieged. At one time (B. C.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+94) Alexander Jannæus slew six thousand
+persons on account of their meeting in the
+temple at the feast of tabernacles. In B. C.
+63, Judea was conquered by Pompey, the Roman
+general. In B. C. 54, Crassus plundered
+the temple of Jerusalem. In B. C. 37, Jerusalem
+was taken, after a siege of six months.
+Various other difficulties occurred between
+Judea and Rome, previous to the Saviour's
+advent, on account of which she was greatly
+depressed and humbled, so that it might with
+propriety be said that one-third of her stars
+were cast to the ground. This depression was
+one great reason why the church within her
+borders looked so earnestly for a Deliverer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Man-child is the one <span class="tei tei-q">“who was to rule
+all nations with a rod of iron,�</span> according
+to the prediction of Christ in the second Psalm;
+which proves its reference to the Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The purpose of the dragon to destroy the
+child of the woman as soon as it should be
+born, in accordance with the view here taken,
+would symbolize the purpose of the Roman
+power, by the agency of Herod the Roman
+governor in Judea, to destroy the infant Saviour.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When he had gathered all the chief
+priests and scribes of the people together, he
+demanded of them where Christ should be
+born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem,
+in Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet.�</span>
+And Herod <span class="tei tei-q">“sent forth and slew all the
+children that were in Bethlehem, and in all
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the coasts thereof, from two years old and
+under, according to the time which he had
+diligently inquired of the wise men,�</span> Matt. 2:1-16.
+Thus Rome sought to slay the Saviour
+as soon as he was born; but Joseph took
+the child and fled into Egypt. Afterwards
+Christ was crucified by Roman soldiers, and
+deposited in the tomb, arising again the third
+day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His being caught up to God and to his
+throne, symbolizes his resurrection from the
+dead, and ascension from the Mount of Olives
+(Acts 1:9), to the right hand of the Majesty
+on high; <span class="tei tei-q">“whom the heaven must receive
+until the times of restitution of all things,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 3:21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The flight of the woman into the wilderness,
+denotes her descent from the conspicuous
+position she had occupied, and the dispersion
+of the church. With the crucifixion of
+Christ, Judaism was no longer the casket in
+which the church was enshrined. It left its
+place in the moral heavens, and the followers
+of Christ were scattered abroad, Acts 8:1-4.
+Thus she virtually fled into the wilderness—into
+the condition, where, subsequently, she
+was to be nourished for 1260 prophetic days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is objected to the application of the man-child
+to the Saviour, that it should be prophetic,
+and not retrospective. This objection
+would be equally valid to the application of
+the symbolic heads, against which it is never
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+urged. That which is retrospective, to be
+appropriately symbolized, must be in harmony
+with, and explanatory of other parts. Thus,
+by the man-child and previous travail of the
+woman, she is identified, and her relation to
+the dragon established. No other subject
+could fulfil the conditions of the symbol, for
+of no other was it predicted: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art my
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.—Ask of
+me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the
+earth for thy possession.—Thou shalt break
+them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them
+in pieces like a potter's vessel,�</span> Psa. 2:8-10.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The War in Heaven.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And a war took place in heaven: Michael and his angels
+fought with the dragon;, and the dragon fought and
+his angels, and he prevailed not; nor was their place found
+any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out,
+the old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, who deceiveth
+the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his
+angels were cast out with him.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 12:7-9.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The churches,—which on the persecution
+subsequent to the Pentecostal season were
+scattered abroad, and went everywhere preaching
+the word (Acts 8:4),—afterwards had
+rest, and were multiplied, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 9:31. They
+were thus enabled again to act a conspicuous
+part, as symbolized by the contest between
+Michael and the dragon.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The contest symbolized, is a religious one;
+for the dragon is overcome <span class="tei tei-q">“by the word of
+their testimony,�</span> v. 11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Michael and his angels, then, must symbolize
+the body of Christ,—the apostles, and
+their successor, under the guidance of the
+Lord,—who constituted an army of religious
+teachers. With the arrows of truth they assailed
+the idolatrous combinations of their opponents.
+Under the first seal, they are represented
+by a mounted warrior, with bow and
+crown, going forth conquering and to conquer,
+6:2. See p. 58.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The dragon, with the appendages of heads,
+horns, and diadems, was seen to be a symbol
+of the Roman government. Divested of those,
+it would simply represent the Pagan hierarchy
+with which the contest was waged. The
+heathen priests and their adherents, thus
+warred with the preachers of Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its prevailing not, shows the relative success
+of the two parties. The struggle continued
+from the day of Pentecost till the accession
+of Constantine. The church waded
+through bloody scenes of bitter persecution,
+which, instead of diminishing, greatly added
+to her numbers—<span class="tei tei-q">“the blood of the martyrs�</span>
+proving <span class="tei tei-q">“the seed of the church.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The heathen priests were not deficient in
+logic, philosophy, and artful sophistry, by
+which to defend their mythology. They exhausted
+these, and then resorted to persecution,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+torture, and death; yet they prevailed not.
+With the weapons of truth, the teachers of
+Christianity successfully assailed those antiquated
+forms of error,—overcoming <span class="tei tei-q">“by the
+blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their
+testimony.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“They loved not their lives
+unto the death,�</span> but freely gave themselves
+for Christ, till, in time, the current of popular
+favor ceased to flow in the direction of paganism.
+The accession of Constantine to the
+throne, put an end to the dragonic period of
+Rome; the Pagan service gave place to the
+worship of Jehovah. The rites of heathenism
+were no longer the religion of the state, and
+its ministers were displaced from the exalted
+position they had so long occupied. Their
+place was no longer in the symbolic heavens,
+but in a less conspicuous station.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The casting out of the dragon, would then
+be this expulsion of the pagan hierarchy from
+its national importance, and the dejection of
+the priesthood and their adherents to the
+earth,—below their former high station,—and
+to the sea, among the unsettled tribes
+and nations outside of Rome. This being a
+religious and not a political event, it does not
+immediately affect Rome's nationality. That
+it is not the overthrow of a kingdom, but of
+religious rites, is shown by the rejoicings
+which followed.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Rejoicings of the Victors.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now is
+come the salvation and the strength, and the Kingdom of
+or God, and the power of his Anointed: for the accuser of
+our brethren it cast out, who accused them before our God
+day and night. And they overcame him by the blood of the
+Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved
+not their lives to death. On this account, rejoice, ye heavens,
+and ye who dwell in them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 12:10-12.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The loud voice is heard in the symbolic
+heaven from which the Dragon had been
+cast. By the displacement of the Pagan hierarchy,
+and the substitution of Christianity
+under Constantine, the adherents of the latter
+succeeded to the place of the former, and rejoiced
+over them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A loud voice symbolizes the utterance of the
+thoughts and feelings of an interested multitude.
+The nature of the voice indicates the
+nature of the utterance—whether it be one
+of expectation, fear, warning, or instruction.
+This voice is expressive of the then prevalent
+expectation, that, with the displacement of
+Paganism commenced the establishment of the
+Kingdom of God on earth. This belief was
+not necessarily well founded;—its <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">existence</span></em>
+only being symbolized.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the triumph of Constantine over Licinius,
+Eusebius says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“There were illuminations
+everywhere. They who were before
+dejected looked on one another with joyful aspects
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and smiles, and with choirs and hymns
+through the cities and country, gave honor first
+to God, the Supreme Ruler of all, as they were
+taught, and then to the pious emperor and
+his children.�</span> Says Mr Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eusebius represents the victors at the precipitation
+of Maxentius and his attendants into
+the Tiber, as saying, like Moses at the overthrow
+of the Egyptians in the Red Sea: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let
+us sing to the Lord, for he is signally glorified.
+Horse and rider he has thrown into the sea.
+The Lord my helper and defender was with
+me unto salvation. Who, O Lord, is like
+to thee among gods? Who is like to thee,
+glorified by the holy, admirable in praise, doing
+wonders? Constantine entered Rome in
+triumph, hymning these and similar passages
+to God, the author of the victory.’</span> And on
+the fall of Licinius he represents the church
+as uniting in thanksgiving for the deliverance,
+and congratulations at the overthrow of idolatry,
+and establishment of Christ's kingdom;
+and devotes the tenth book of his history to
+the edicts of the emperor by which the church
+was nationalized and endowed, and to the
+restoration of the temples, and the public
+rejoicings at their dedication. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let thanks be
+given by all to the Almighty Ruler of the universe,
+and to Jesus Christ, our Saviour and
+Redeemer, through whom we pray that peace
+from external foes may be uninterruptedly
+preserved to us, and tranquillity of mind.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let us sing to the Lord a new song, for he
+has done wonderful things. His right hand
+has saved him and his holy arm. The Lord
+has made known his salvation; he has revealed
+his righteousness in the presence of the
+nations. We may now appropriately respond
+to the inspired command to sing a new song,
+inasmuch as after such direful spectacles and
+narrations we now have the happiness to see
+and celebrate what many holy men before us
+and the martyrs for God desired to see on
+earth, and did not see, and to hear, and have
+not heard. But advancing more rapidly they
+attained far superior gifts in heaven, being
+caught up to the paradise of celestial joy;
+while we acknowledge the gifts we enjoy are
+greater than we deserve, and contemplate
+with wonder the largeness of the divine bounty.
+Admiring and adoring with all our souls,
+we testify to the truth of the prophet's words,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Come and see the works of the Lord, what
+wonders he has wrought in the earth, abolishing
+wars to the ends of the world. The
+bow he has broken, he has dashed the arms,
+the shield he has burned in the fire.�</span> Rejoicing
+at the manifest fulfilment of these predictions
+to us, we go on with our history.’</span> He
+goes on accordingly to represent the whole
+population, freed from the domination of the
+tyrants, and relieved from oppression, as acknowledging
+the only true God and protector
+of the pious, and these especially who had
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+placed their hope in Christ, as filled with inexpressible
+joy; the ministers everywhere delivering
+commemorative addresses, and the
+whole multitude offering praises and thanksgiving
+to God.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lactantius also: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let us celebrate the
+triumph of God with gladness; let us commemorate
+his victory with praise; let us make
+mention in our prayers day and night of the
+peace which, after ten years of persecution, he
+has conferred on his people.’</span> �</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. of Apoc.</span></span>,
+pp. 343-4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Multitudes actually supposed the long-predicted
+kingdom of God was now being
+established. Says Mr. Elliott:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Can we wonder, then, at the exultation
+that was felt at this time by many, perhaps by
+most, that bore the Christian name: or at
+their high-raised expectations as to the future
+happy destiny of the Roman, now that it had
+been changed into the Christian, nation? It
+seemed to them as if it had become God's
+covenanted people, like Israel of old: and the
+expectation was not unnatural,—an expectation
+strengthened by the remarkable tranquillity
+which, throughout the extent of the
+now reünited empire, followed almost immediately
+on Constantine's establishment of
+Christianity,—that not only the temporal
+blessings of the ancient Jewish covenant would
+thenceforth in no small measure attach to
+them, but even those prophesied of as appertaining
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to the latter day. Hence on the medals
+of that era the emblem of the phœnix, all
+radiant with the rising sunbeams, to represent
+the empire as now risen into new life and
+hope, and its legend which spoke of the happy
+restoration of the times. Hence, in forgetfulness
+of all former prognostications of Antichrist
+and fearful coming evils, the reference
+by some of the most eminent of their bishops
+to the latter-day blessedness, as even then
+about fulfilling. The state of things was such,
+Eusebius tells us, that it looked like <span class="tei tei-q">‘the very
+image of the kingdom of Christ.’</span> The city
+built by the emperor at Jerusalem, beside the
+new and magnificent Church of the Holy
+Sepulchre,—the sacred capital, as it were, to
+the new empire,—might be, perhaps, he suggested,
+the New Jerusalem, the theme of so
+many prophecies. Yet again, on occasion of
+the opening of the new church at Tyre, he
+expressed in the following glowing language,
+not his own feelings only, but those, we may
+be sure, of not a few of the congregated
+Christian ministers and people that heard
+him: <span class="tei tei-q">‘What so many of the Lord's saints
+and confessors before our time desired to see,
+and saw not, and to hear, and heard not, that
+behold now before our eyes! It was of us
+the prophet spake when he told how the wildernesses
+and solitary places should be glad,
+and the desert rejoice and blossom as the lily.
+Whereas the church was widowed and desolate,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+her children have now to exclaim to her,
+Make room, enlarge thy borders! the place is
+too strait for us. The promise is fulfilling to
+her, In righteousness shalt thou be established:
+all thy children shall be taught of
+God: and great shall be the peace of thy children.’</span> �</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horæ
+Apoc.</span></span>, v. i., pp. 230-1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They rejoiced over the downfall of the dragon
+as over <span class="tei tei-q">“the Accuser of our brethren, who
+accused them before our God day and night.�</span>
+The phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“our brethren,�</span> proves that those
+who unite in this song are the living saints
+on the earth. The reference to Satan as an
+Accuser bears a close resemblance to Zech.
+3:1, where Joshua, as a symbol of the people
+of Israel, is represented as standing before the
+angel of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lord</span></span>, and Satan standing at his
+right hand to resist him.—<span class="tei tei-q">“שטן Satan signifies
+an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">adversary</span></em>. רשטנו <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lesiteno</span></span>, to be his
+adversary or accuser.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dr. Clark.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Satan's most common work is to invent
+false accusations against those whose efforts
+tend to frustrate his designs. The Christians
+had endured false accusations and bitter persecutions,
+and therefore rejoiced the more
+over the defeat of the Pagans.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Flight of the Woman.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Woe to the inhabitants of the earth, and of the sea! for
+the devil is come to you, having great wrath, because he
+knoweth that he hath but a short season.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when the dragon saw that he was cast out into the
+earth, he persecuted the woman, who brought forth the
+male child. And two wings of a great eagle were given to
+the woman, that she might fly into the desert, into her place,
+where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a
+time, from the presence of the serpent. And the serpent
+cast out of his mouth water like a river, after the woman,
+that he might cause her to be carried away by the river.
+And the earth helped the woman; and the earth opened its
+mouth and swallowed up the river, which the dragon cast
+out of his mouth. And the dragon was enraged against the
+woman, and went away to make war with the remnant of
+her seed, that keep the commandments of God, and have
+the testimony of Jesus.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 12:12-17.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rejoicing of Christians, according to
+this symbolization, is afterwards followed by
+renewed triumphs of the Pagans over them.
+The hatred of the Pagan worshippers to
+Christianity, is strikingly evinced; but it is
+manifested in a manner different from the former
+contest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the church sought only to overcome
+by <span class="tei tei-q">“the blood of the Lamb, and by the word
+of their testimony,�</span> it was owned of Christ;
+but as it became proud and worldly, and
+cared more for popular favor than for purity of
+faith and practice, the true church which the
+woman symbolized, was represented only by
+those who continued faithful to their profession.
+Historians inform us that with the success
+of Constantine, the visible church became
+speedily corrupt. As it became popular, unconverted
+men sought to be enrolled as members.
+The Pagans, instead of approaching as
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+enemies, came as professed friends. As a
+profession of Christianity was alone necessary
+for admission to the church, multitudes
+sought connection with it. This caused a
+condition of things, of which Dr. Milner thus
+speaks:—<span class="tei tei-q">“In the general appearance of the
+church, we cannot see much of the spirit of
+godliness. External piety flourished. But
+faith, love, heavenly-mindedness appear very
+rare. The doctrine of real conversion was
+very much lost, and external baptism placed
+in its stead: and the true doctrine of justification
+by faith, and true practical use of a crucified
+Saviour for troubled consciences were
+scarcely to be seen at this time. Superstition
+and self-righteousness were making vigorous
+shoots; and the real gospel of Christ was hidden
+from the men that professed it.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To the same effect is the report of Mosheim:—Of
+the life and morals of the professing
+Christians of the fourth century, he says:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Good men were, as before, mixed with bad;
+but the bad were by degrees so multiplied,
+that men truly holy and devoted to God appeared
+more rarely; and the pious few were
+almost oppressed by the vicious multitude.�</span>
+Of their doctrines he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Fictions, of early
+origin�</span> (about saint veneration and relics,
+a purifying fire, celibacy, &amp;c., &amp;c.), <span class="tei tei-q">“now
+so prevailed as in course of time almost to
+thrust true religion aside, or at least to exceedingly
+obscure and tarnish it.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Says Mr Lord:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Constantine and his
+successors introduced a flood of false doctrines,
+superstitions and idolatries, into the church,
+which were incompatible with a pure worship,
+and swept all who yielded to their impulse
+to the gulf of apostasy. Such were the
+veneration of the cross, and ascription to it of
+miraculous powers, the homage of relics, the
+invocation of saints, the conversion of religion
+into gorgeous ceremonies, the encouragement
+of celibacy, and the arrogation of the throne
+and prerogatives of God by civil and ecclesiastical
+rulers. These falsehoods, follies, and impieties,
+introduced or adopted by the emperors,
+encouraged by their example, sanctioned
+by their laws, and enforced by the penalties
+of excommunication, imprisonment, the forfeiture
+of civil rights, banishment, and death,
+came armed with an overpowering force to
+all who were not fortified against them by the
+special aids of the divine spirit, and like a resistless
+torrent bore away the great mass of
+the church.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exp. of Apoc.</span></span>, p. 350.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the accession of multitudes of unworthy
+members, and the prevalence of false doctrines,
+the true church would have been speedily
+overwhelmed had not the people of God
+been sustained from such deleterious influences.
+To the woman, therefore, were given
+two wings of a great eagle that she might escape.
+Wings are symbolic of power of flight—for
+succor, or escape. The four-winged
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+leopard of Daniel used his speed to approach
+and demolish the enemy; the woman, to escape
+hers. The church of old was sustained
+in like manner. Thus God said to Israel,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians,
+and how I bare you on eagles' wings,
+and brought you to myself.�</span>—Ex. 19:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the introduction of new rites and doctrines
+into the church, multitudes withdrew
+from the public assemblies, and worshipped
+apart. They retired from the observation of
+their rulers and lived secluded for a long period.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some may inquire for the historical evidence
+of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> when such a body withdrew.
+This, from the nature of the case, it may be
+difficult to give. If the withdrawal of the
+true worshippers had been an occurrence of
+so much notoriety as to be prominently historically
+noticed, it might have defeated their
+withdrawal. It is sufficient that the prophecy
+makes such a withdrawal necessary; and
+that at a later period such a body was found
+existing as predicted. See p. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>. Says Mr.
+Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Her retreat into her place from the face of
+the serpent, denotes that the scene of her residence
+was unknown to the rulers. The anger
+of the serpent indicates their continued
+disposition to destroy her, if in their power;
+while its going on to make war with such of
+her seed as had not retreated to the desert, denotes
+that they continued, after her disappearance,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to persecute the isolated individuals that
+from time to time dissented from the corrupt
+church, and professed the pure faith.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“As it was by spiritual aids that the
+true worshippers were enabled to resist the
+temptations and force by which the rulers endeavored
+to constrain them to apostasy, and
+to fly to the desert, no specific record of those
+aids is to be sought on the page of history.
+The only evidence that we can ask or possess,
+that they were conferred, is presented in the
+fact that a body of dissentients from the corrupt
+church were in a latter age found in a
+secluded scene, who had survived the endeavors
+of the rulers of the fourth, fifth, sixth,
+and following centuries, to compel all their
+subjects to conformity, and who have continued
+to maintain a separate existence, and offer
+an unidolatrous worship to the present time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And such a body were the Waldenses, inhabiting
+the eastern valleys of the Cottian
+Alps. They are known, from the testimony
+of cotemporary Catholics and their own authors,
+to have existed there as early as the
+eleventh century. It was then, and is now,
+claimed by themselves, and admitted by their
+enemies, that they had subsisted there from a
+much earlier age. These were a Christian
+church, having the Scriptures of the Old and
+New Testaments, regarding them as a revelation
+from God, and making them the rule of
+their faith; having a ministry of their own,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+holding religious assemblies, professing and
+teaching the doctrines of the gospel, and celebrating
+the sacraments.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They were distinguished for the simplicity
+and purity of their lives. It was asserted
+by them, and repeated by the Catholics, that
+they were induced to retreat to the secluded
+valleys which they inhabit, to escape the despotism
+of the rulers and the corruptions and
+tyranny of the church, soon after its nationalization
+by Constantine. They have continued
+to subsist there to the present time, as a
+separate and evangelical church.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exp.
+Apoc.</span></span>, pp. 348, 349, 359.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Says Mr. Elliott:—<span class="tei tei-q">“I must not pass on
+without pressing on the reader's notice this
+notable pre-figuration of the seclusion of
+Christ's church in the wilderness, as the true
+and fittest answer to the Romish anti-Protestant
+taunt, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Where was your religion before
+Luther?’</span> Protestants have not duly, as it
+seems to me, applied the answer here given.
+For the wilderness-life necessarily, as I must
+repeat,—and that on Bossuet's own showing,—implies
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">invisibility</span></em> of her who lives in
+it. And consequently, instead of the long previous
+invisibility of a church like the Lutheran,
+or Anglican Reformed, of the sixteenth century,
+in respect of doctrine and worship, being
+an argument against, it is an argument for it.
+The Romish church, which never knew the
+predicted wilderness-life, could not, for this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+very reason, be the woman of the 12th Apocalyptic
+chapter; that is, could not be the true
+church of Christ.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For 1260 prophetic days, then, or years,
+she was to disappear from men's view in the
+Roman world. Is it asked how her vitality
+was preserved? Doubtless in her children,
+known to God, though for the most part unknown
+to men; just like the 7000 that Elijah
+knew not of, who had not bowed the knee to
+Baal; some, it might be, in monasteries, some
+in the secular walks of life; but all alike insulated
+in spirit from those around them, and as
+regards the usual means of grace, spiritually
+destitute and desolate; even as in a barren
+and dry land, where no water is.—Besides
+whom, some few there were of her children,—some
+very few,—prepared, like Elijah of old,
+to act a bolder part, and stand forth, under
+special commission from God, as Christ's witnesses
+before Christendom.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horæ Apoc.</span></span>,
+pp. 55-57.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The flood of water cast out after the woman,
+is an appropriate symbol of the various
+tribes which subsequently overran the Western
+empire. Waters symbolize peoples, 17:15;
+and by hordes of barbarian Huns, Goths,
+and Vandals, Rome was inundated as by a
+flood, in the 5th century; and in A. D. 476
+its government was entirely subverted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such an irruption of barbarians might be
+expected to extirpate Christianity from the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+earth; but help came from an unexpected
+quarter. The woman had retired to her secure
+retreat, and the earth swallowed up the
+flood. Those barbarous tribes were absorbed
+by, and mixed with, the previous population
+of the empire, and constituted the clay ingredient
+with the iron, in the feet of the metallic
+image.—Dan. 2:41. They rapidly assimilated
+to the character and habits of the
+previous inhabitants; and ultimately adopted
+the forms of government and religion which
+for a time they subverted; and within the
+limits of the Western empire, in the place of
+the Imperial head, constituted ten contemporary
+kingdoms. These were a continuation
+of the former government, and were symbolized
+by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Ten-Horned Beast.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I was standing on the sand of the sea, and saw a
+wild beast ascending out of the sea, having ten horns and
+seven heads, and on his horns ten diadems, and on his
+heads names of reviling. And the wild beast, which I saw
+was like a leopard, and his feet were like those of a bear,
+and his mouth like the mouth of a lion: and the dragon
+gave him his power, and his throne, and great authority.
+And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death;
+and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world admired
+and followed the beast. And they worshipped the
+dragon, for he gave power to the wild beast: and they
+worshipped the wild beast, saying, Who is like the wild
+beast, and who is able to make war with him?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 18:1-4.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sea, from which this beast emerged,
+is evidently the turbulent state of anarchy, to
+which the people of the fourth kingdom had
+been reduced, on its subversion. And the
+beast which came up out of the sea, represents
+the forms of government which then arose.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its heads and horns synchronize with those
+of the dragonic monster, which had preceded
+it, and disappeared from the view of the revelator.
+And they doubtless symbolize the same
+forms of government. See pp. <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145-148</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ten crowns encircling its horns, indicate
+that an era is foreshadowed, when the
+sovereignty of the kingdom shall have been
+transferred from the forms of government symbolized
+by the heads,—which had before been
+encircled by the crowns,—to that represented
+by the horns. There is great unanimity
+among Protestant writers, in regarding these
+as the first ten kingdoms which existed in
+the western empire arising during the period
+of its decline, viz:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. The Huns in Hungary, from A. D. 356.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The Ostrogoths in Mysia, from A. D.
+377. They invaded Italy, and conquered the
+Heruli in 493; and were defeated in 538 by
+Justinian, when the Pope was placed in quiet
+possession of the capital of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. The Visigoths in Pannonia, from A. D.
+378 to 408, when they removed to the south of
+France till 585. They then removed to, and
+subjugated Spain.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. The Franks in France, from A. D. 407.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. The Vandals in Spain, from A. D. 407
+till 427, when they removed to Africa, and
+continued an independent kingdom till subjugated
+by Justinian in 533.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The Suevi and Alans in Gascoigne and
+Spain, from 407 till 585.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. The Burgundians in Burgundy, from
+A. D. 407 till 524, when they became subject
+for a time to the Franks; but afterwards they
+arose again to an independent kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. The Heruli, who advanced into Italy
+under Attila, and in 476 terminated the imperial
+rule by the dethronement of Agustulus.
+They were in turn conquered by the Ostrogoths
+in A. D. 493.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. The Saxons and Angles in Britain from
+about A. D. 450. And,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. The Lombards in Germany, from A.
+D. 483.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The name of blasphemy, on the heads of
+this beast, identifies it as the successor and
+representative of the persecuting power which
+sought the life of the Man-child, (12:4), and
+caused the woman to flee to the wilderness,
+12:14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its characteristics resemble those of the
+lion, bear, and leopard, of Daniel's vision
+(Dan. 7:4-6), which respectively symbolized
+the Babylonian, Medo-Persian, and Grecian
+kingdoms. These mark it as their
+successor—synchronizing with Daniel's ten-horned
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nondescript beast, (Dan. 7:7); which
+was the fourth kingdom that should exist on
+the earth, and the ten horns of which, symbolized
+the same ten-fold partition of the
+Roman empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His power, seat, and great authority being
+given by the dragon, is another evidence that
+it is a continuation of that fourth kingdom
+succeeding to its sovereignty. The laws of
+the ancient empire were generally adopted by
+the ten kingdoms, which assumed and exercised
+the prerogatives of ancient Rome. Says
+Bossuet: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whoever carefully examines the
+laws of the Theodosian and Justinian codes
+against heretics, will see that they are the
+source of the decrees against them, that
+the church, aided by the edicts of princes,
+enacted in the third and fourth Lateran councils.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The head, which was as it were wounded
+to death, would indicate that under the government
+symbolized by that head, the life of the
+beast had become apparently extinct. This
+was the case when the empire was subverted.
+In the succession of the previous forms of
+government, the empire itself was not in any
+particular peril. They gave place, each to its
+successor, without any subversion of the government.
+But when the seventh head ceased
+to exercise sovereignty, the beast itself was
+apparently dead. The wound, however, did
+not prove mortal. The beast still lived. Its
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sovereignty was perpetuated by the decemregal
+governments; which constituted the
+eighth form of government—symbolized by
+the beast that was, is not, and yet is again in
+existence and will continue till the day of perdition,
+17:11; 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They worshipped the dragon and beast, by
+regarding the latter as a continuation of the
+former power, and regarding the sovereign
+power of Rome as unparalleled and invincible—as
+is shown by the questions: <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is like
+unto the beast? Who is able to make war
+with him?�</span> Those combined governments
+were regarded by their subjects with wonder
+and veneration. Says Mr. Lord: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+serfs and common people, sunk for ages to the
+most degraded vassalage, revered the monarchs,
+the various ranks of nobles, and their
+armed followers, as a superior race, while poets
+and historians celebrated their warlike exploits,
+and philosophers and priests justified
+their usurpations, and eulogized the wisdom
+and benignity of their rule.�</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Mouth of the Beast.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And there was given to him a mouth speaking great
+things and revilings; and power was given to him to make
+war forty-two months. And he opened his mouth in reviling
+against God, to revile his name, and his tabernacle, and
+those who dwell in heaven. And it was given to him
+to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and
+power was given him over every tribe, and people, and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+tongue, and nation. And all, who dwell on the earth,
+will worship him, whose names are not written in the book
+of life of the slain Lamb, from the foundation of the world.
+If any one hath an ear, let him hear. If any one leadeth
+into captivity, he will go into captivity: if any one killeth
+by the sword, he must be killed with the sword. Here is the
+patience and the faith of the saints.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 13:5-10.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mouth of the beast, must symbolize the
+agency by which utterance is given to the
+great things and blasphemies which are
+spoken by it. Its likeness to the mouth of
+the lion, shows its resemblance to the Babylonian
+worship of the dead. Moses was <span class="tei tei-q">“not
+eloquent,�</span>—he was <span class="tei tei-q">“slow of speech and of a
+slow tongue,�</span> and the Lord said to him,
+Aaron <span class="tei tei-q">“shall be thy spokesman unto the
+people: and he shall be, even he shall be to
+thee instead of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a mouth</span></em>,�</span> Ex. 4:10, 16. As
+Aaron was a mouth to Moses, so did the
+Papacy become a mouth-piece for the Roman
+kingdoms. It was the agency by which the
+people were taught; and through which utterance
+was given to the blasphemies of the
+beast. It fills a place analogous to that of the
+image afterwards symbolized, which also had
+like power to speak blasphemies. See p. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The beast had power to continue to utter
+blasphemies by the mouth given to it, forty-two
+months. This identifies the mouth
+with that of the <span class="tei tei-q">“little horn�</span> (Dan. 7:25),
+of which it was said, <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall speak
+great words against the Most High, and think
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to change times and laws: and they shall be
+given into his hand until a time and times
+and the dividing of time�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> 1260 prophetic
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. This mouth uttered blasphemy against
+God by claiming to be Christ's vicegerent—usurping
+the prerogatives of the Almighty.
+The Pope claimed that he was <span class="tei tei-q">“Judge, as
+God's Vicar, and could himself be judged by
+none.�</span> In A. D. 799, a Roman council
+declined to hear accusations against the Pope,
+declaring that <span class="tei tei-q">“he who was Judge of all men,
+was above being judged by any other than
+himself.�</span> Febroni wrote of the Pope: <span class="tei tei-q">“He
+is the Prince of princes and Lord of lords.
+He is, as it were, a God on earth. He is
+above right, superior to law, superior to the
+canons. He can do all things against right,
+and without right. He is able to free from
+obligation in matters of positive right, without
+any cause, and they who are so released are
+safe in respect to God.�</span> Assuming such prerogatives,
+and the power to forgive sins, the
+Holy name of God was blasphemed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. He blasphemed the tabernacle of God
+by <span class="tei tei-q">“exalting himself above all that is called
+God, or that is worshipped; so that he as
+God sitteth in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">temple</span></em> of God, showing
+himself that he is God,�</span> 2 Thess. 2:2. The
+Pope claimed to be the head of the church and
+that from himself was derived the authority
+of all bishops and other clergy. He usurped
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the powers in the church, which only Christ,
+its Supreme Head and Lawgiver can exercise.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Those in heaven were blasphemed, by
+the ascription to them of the attributes and
+prerogatives of God; and by representing
+them as being well pleased with the bestowal
+on them of divine honors. Saint-worship by
+the Papists and demon-worship by the Pagans
+are alike. They both ascribe the same attributes
+to the spirits of the departed,—all the
+gods of the heathen being the ghosts of their
+departed heroes. A revival of this blasphemy,
+is subsequently symbolized by the frog-like
+spirits which emerge from the mouths of the
+beast, the dragon, and false prophet, 16:13,—see
+p. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref">255</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In connection with and in obedience to this
+mouth, the beast warred with the saints, and
+overcame them. Dissenters from the Papacy
+were subjected to unheard of cruelties and
+persecutions. And they whose names were
+not written in the book of life, sustained their
+rulers in these oppressive acts. In paying
+more deference to the edicts of government
+than to the requirements of Jehovah, they blasphemously
+bestowed on the beast an homage
+which was due only to God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The revelator being shown what was to be
+endured by the saints during a long period of
+oppression, now receives an annunciation to
+which all were to listen,—all who had ears to
+hear. It was the announcement, that <span class="tei tei-q">“if any
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+one leadeth into captivity, he will go into captivity:
+if any one killeth with the sword, he
+must be killed with the sword.�</span> Most commentators
+have considered this as applicable
+to the fate of the wild beast,—that its end
+was to be effected by the sword and captivity,
+as it had in the same way tyrannized over the
+saints. Mr. Lord offers some reasons for supposing
+that it was a caution to the saints not
+to resist with the sword the attacks of enemies,
+nor to retaliate by making captives of the subjects
+of the beast who should fall into their
+power. He says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The prediction that he who led into captivity
+should himself become a captive, and he
+that slew with the sword be himself slain, had
+a signal fulfilment in the slaughter and vassalage
+of all those who attempted to deliver
+themselves by force from the religious tyranny
+of the European monarchs.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Albigenses were nearly exterminated
+by the cruel armies against which they attempted
+to defend themselves, and the small
+number that remained after the devastation of
+their fields, the conflagration of their cities,
+and the promiscuous slaughters to which they
+were subjected, were either forced to conform
+to the Catholic church, or driven into other
+lands. The Waldenses perished in far greater
+numbers by the sword, in their struggles for
+preservation and freedom, than by the fires of
+martyrdom; and sunk, after their contests, to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a still more hopeless vassalage to their persecutors.
+The resort to the sword by the
+Bohemians and the Huguenots of France, to
+defend their religious freedom, resulted, after
+vast slaughters, in their defeat and helpless
+subjection to the tyranny from which they
+endeavored to extricate themselves. And the
+Protestants of Switzerland, Germany, Holland,
+Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain,
+who succeeded in delivering themselves from
+the dominion of their ancient tyrants, instead
+of securing thereby their religious liberty, only
+placed themselves, by the nationalization of
+their churches, under the tyranny of Protestant
+rulers in place of Catholics.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exp. of
+Apoc.</span></span> p. 384.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this was to be exhibited the patience and
+faith of the saints, who, amid all their persecutions,
+made a wonderful manifestation of
+these. Of the many thousands put to death,
+or subjected to satanic cruelties for their faith,
+only a very few apostatized. Says Mr.
+Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Of those who, under the insupportable
+agonies and distraction of the scourge and the
+rack, recanted, or promised a recantation, a
+large proportion immediately on being released
+from the sufferings which had overcome them,
+abjured their retractions, re-professed with
+redoubled energy the faith of Christ, and met
+without faltering the hideous death to which
+they were immediately hurried. Such is their
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+uniform history in whatever age they fell, or
+to whatever nation or rank they belonged.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exp.
+of Apoc.</span></span>, p. 385.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If there was no other evidence of their constancy,
+faith, and patience, the horrid instruments
+of torture which were resorted to to
+terrify them, testify to their adherence to their
+principles, which required such engines for
+their subversion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The end of this beast, will be effected by
+his being cast alive into the lake of fire and
+brimstone, when the Lord shall make war
+with him, 19:20. This is also the end of
+Daniel's fourth beast, whose body is to be
+given to the burning flame (Dan. 7:11), and
+of the scarlet-colored beast on which the
+woman was seated, which is to go into perdition,
+17:8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Two-Horned Beast.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the
+earth, and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spoke like
+a dragon. And he exerciseth all the power of the first wild
+beast, in his sight, and causeth the earth and those, who
+dwell in it, to worship the first wild beast, whose deadly
+wound was healed. And he performeth great signs, so that
+he causeth fire to come down from heaven into the earth in
+the sight of men. And he deceiveth those, who dwell on
+the earth, by means of the signs which it was given him to
+perform in the sight of the wild beast; saying to those, who
+dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the
+wild beast, that had the wound by a sword, and did live.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+13:11-14.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The coming up of another beast must symbolize
+the rise of another government. As
+the two-horned beast exercises its power before
+(ενωπιον) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in the presence</span></em>, of the first
+beast, it is a contemporary power, and must
+necessarily symbolize a kingdom outside of
+the territory of the ten-horned beast. Within
+that territory it would be one of the horns of
+that beast; but a separate beast requires a
+separate territory. As it arises out of the
+earth, while it is outside of the territory occupied
+by the ten kingdoms, it must exist within
+that occupied by the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">former</span></em> Roman empire,
+and commence its existence during a period
+of settled government.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the forms of Roman government symbolized
+by the dragon, were also symbolized
+by the wild beast; and as the deadly wound
+of the former was healed in the latter, the two
+constitute one beast. As that is called the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“first beast,�</span> the rise of the kingdom symbolized
+by the two-horned beast must have
+been subsequent to the commencement of the
+Roman empire. And as it caused those who
+dwell on the earth to worship that beast after
+its deadly wound was healed, it must have
+arisen anterior to the healing of that wound;
+and, consequently, before the succession of
+the ten kingdoms to the sovereignty of Rome,
+with which it held an intimate relation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The only kingdom which has arisen within
+the geographical locality, and at the epoch
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+required by these conditions of the symbol, is
+the Eastern Roman empire; which, consequently,
+is the government represented by the
+two-horned beast.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The imperial heads of Rome date from the
+battle of Actium, B. C. 31; but the Eastern
+empire was not commenced, till A. D. 324,
+when Constantine removed the seat of empire
+from Rome to Constantinople. Rome was,
+previous to that removal, the undisputed
+queen of nations, and Constantine was without
+a rival. Why he should abandon Rome,
+the citadel and throne of the Cæsars, for an
+obscure corner of Thrace, has never been satisfactorily
+explained. Says Dr. Croly: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+change of government to Constantinople still
+perplexes the historian. It was an act in
+direct repugnance to the whole course of the
+ancient prejudices.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The indifference with which Constantine
+viewed the country of the Cæsars, was regarded
+by Gibbon as the cause of removal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He transferred the customs and forms of
+the Roman government, and there exercised
+all the powers of the empire,—the Italians
+still obeying the edicts which he condescended
+to address from Constantinople to the Senate
+and people of Rome. The western division
+continued dependent on the eastern head, till
+the death of Theodosius, A. D. 395. His two
+sons, Arcadius and Honorius, <span class="tei tei-q">“were saluted
+by the unanimous consent of mankind, as the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+lawful emperors of the East, and of the
+West,�</span>—the European boundary being <span class="tei tei-q">“not
+very different from that which separates the
+Germans from the Turks.�</span>—Gibbon, v. 2, p.
+199. Gibbon calls this <span class="tei tei-q">“the final and permanent
+division of the Roman empire.�</span> But its
+existence as a beast more properly dates from
+the removal of Constantine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its two horns like a lamb, must symbolize
+two divisions of the kingdom. These may be
+contemporary, like those symbolized by the
+ten horns (17:12), or successive, like the two
+horns of the ram, Dan. 8:3, 20. From the
+history of the Eastern empire, the latter is
+the more probable; and its historical resemblance
+to the government symbolized by the
+ram, may be the reason of the comparison to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“horns like a lamb.�</span> As Persia was a government
+outside of Media, and succeeded to
+its sovereignty, so did the kingdom of the
+Turks originate outside of the Eastern empire,
+and at length come in, occupy its territory,
+and succeed to its sovereignty, A. D.
+1253. With this view, the horns would symbolize
+the kings of Eastern Rome and of
+Turkey. See pp. <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99-104</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its dragon-like speech shows it to be a
+blasphemous, persecuting power, like that
+which persecuted the woman, 12:17. Though
+the Greek empire claimed to be Christian, a
+successor of Constantine, Julian the Apostate,
+renounced Christianity, endeavored to restore
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Pagan service in Constantinople, and <span class="tei tei-q">“declared
+himself the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">implacable enemy of Christ</span></em>.�</span>
+He assumed the character of Supreme Pontiff,
+and thus placed himself at the head of the
+Pagan worship. He labored incessantly to
+restore and propagate those dragonic rites, and
+even thought to disprove the predictions of
+Christ by rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He affected to pity the unhappy Christians, as
+mistaken in the most important object of their
+lives; but his pity was degraded by contempt,
+his contempt was embittered by hatred;
+and the sentiments of Julian were expressed
+in a style of sarcastic wit which
+inflicts a deep and deadly wound whenever it
+issues from the mouth of a sovereign.�</span> And
+he intimated that they might have occasion
+<span class="tei tei-q">“to dread, not only confiscation and exile, but
+fire and the sword.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The successors of Julian, though Christian
+in name, issued cruel and tyrannical edicts.
+Valens embraced Arianism, and bitterly persecuted
+the Orthodox party. Justinian established
+Catholicism by arms. Theodosius
+proscribed Paganism by the infliction
+of severe penalties. Marcian and Leo <span class="tei tei-q">“enforced,
+with arms and edicts, the symbols of
+their faith,�</span> and it was declared that <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+decrees of the synod of Chalcedon might be
+lawfully supported, even with blood.�</span> And
+after the accession of the Mohammedan power,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+religious intolerance towards dissenting
+creeds was still more rigidly enforced.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Eastern empire exercised all the power
+of the Western. The original organization
+of its government was the same, and it had
+the same titles and prerogatives. Gibbon
+says of Julian: <span class="tei tei-q">“The spirit of his administration,
+and his regard for the place of his nativity,
+induced him to confer on the senate of
+Constantinople the same honors, privileges,
+and authority which were still enjoyed by the
+senate of ancient Rome.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It caused worship to be bestowed on the
+first beast, by extending to the Latin rulers
+that aid which enabled them to perpetuate
+their system of tyranny, to legislate over the
+laws and subjects of Jehovah, and to claim
+the obedience which only God can demand.
+The arms of Justinian, both in the East and
+West, caused the Roman name to be respected,
+and its favor sought for.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The wonders to be performed by it, may be
+as yet involved in some obscurity. But by
+these it is identified as the power which afterwards
+became the seat of the False Prophet.
+When the <span class="tei tei-q">“beast�</span> is taken, <span class="tei tei-q">“the false prophet
+that wrought miracles before him, with which
+he deceived them that had the mark of the
+beast, and them that worshipped his image,�</span>
+is cast with him <span class="tei tei-q">“into a lake of fire burning
+with brimstone,�</span> 19:20. This identifies the
+two-horned beast as the Mohammedan kingdom.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+It also proves that the Romanic Turkish
+government will continue till the Second Advent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the wonders it would perform,
+making fire come down from heaven is specified.
+John does not intimate that he saw, in
+vision, fire thus descend. The fact is spoken
+of; and therefore it is not necessarily symbolic,
+but may refer to literal fire. Gibbon,
+in speaking of <span class="tei tei-q">“the novelty, the terrors, and
+the real efficacy of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greek fire</span></span>,�</span> for which
+the Eastern empire was so famous, says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The important secret of compounding and
+directing this artificial flame was imparted by
+Callinicus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria,
+who deserted from the service of the caliph to
+that of the emperor. The skill of a chemist
+and engineer was equivalent to the succor of
+fleets and armies; and this discovery or improvement
+of the military art was fortunately
+reserved for the distressful period, when the
+degenerate Romans of the East were incapable
+of contending with the warlike enthusiasm
+and youthful vigor of the Saracens. The historian
+who presumes to analyze this extraordinary
+composition, should suspect his own
+ignorance and that of his Byzantine guides, so
+prone to the marvellous, so careless, and, in
+this instance, so jealous of the truth. From
+their obscure, and perhaps fallacious hints, it
+should seem that the principal ingredient of
+the Greek fire was the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">naphtha</span></span>, or liquid bitumen,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a light, tenacious, and inflammable oil,
+which springs from the earth, and catches
+fire as soon as it comes in contact with the
+air. The naphtha was mingled, I know not by
+what methods, or in what proportions, with
+sulphur, and with the pitch that is extracted
+from evergreen firs. From this mixture,
+which produced a thick smoke and a loud explosion,
+proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame,
+which not only rose in perpendicular ascent,
+but likewise burned with equal vehemence in
+descent or lateral progress; instead of being
+extinguished, it was nourished and quickened
+by the element of water; and sand, urine, or
+vinegar, were the only remedies that could
+damp the fury of this powerful agent, which
+was justly denominated by the Greeks, the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">liquid</span></em>, or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">maritime</span></em> fire. For the annoyance
+of the enemy, it was employed with equal
+effect by sea and land, in battles or in sieges.
+It was either poured from the rampart in
+large boilers, or launched in red-hot balls of
+stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins,
+twisted round with flax and tow, which
+had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil;
+sometimes it was deposited in fire-ships, the
+victims and instruments of a more ample revenge,
+and was most commonly blown through
+long tubes of copper, which were planted on
+the prow of a galley, and fancifully shaped
+into the mouths of savage monsters, that
+seemed to vomit a stream of liquid and consuming
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fire. This important art was preserved
+at Constantinople, as the palladium of
+the state; the galleys and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">artillery</span></em> might occasionally
+be lent to the allies of Rome; but
+the composition on the Greek fire was concealed
+with the most jealous scruple, and the
+terror of the enemies was increased and prolonged
+by their ignorance and surprise. In
+the treatise of the administration of the empire,
+the royal author suggests the answers and excuses
+that might best elude the indiscreet curiosity
+and importunate demands of the barbarians.
+They should be told that the mystery
+of the Greek fire had been revealed by an
+angel to the first and greatest of the Constantines,
+with a sacred injunction, that this gift
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">heaven</span></em>, this peculiar blessing of the Romans
+should never be communicated to any
+foreign nation; that the prince and subject
+were alike bound to religious silence
+under the temporal and spiritual penalties of
+treason and sacrilege; and that the impious
+attempt would provoke the sudden and supernatural
+vengeance of the God of the Christians.
+By these precautions the secret was
+confined, above four hundred years, to the
+Romans of the East; and at the end of the
+eleventh century, the Pisans, to whom every
+sea and every art were familiar, suffered the
+effects, without understanding the composition,
+of the Greek fire. It was at length
+either discovered or stolen by the Mohammedans;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and, in the holy wars of Syria and
+Egypt, they retorted an invention, contrived
+against themselves, on the heads of the Christians.
+A knight, who despised the swords
+and lances of the Saracens, relates, with
+heartfelt sincerity, his own fears and those of
+his companions, at the sight and sound of the
+mischievous engine that discharged a torrent
+of the Greek fire, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">feu Gregeois</span></span>, as it is
+styled by the more early of the French writers.
+It came flying through the air, says
+Joinville, like a winged long-tailed dragon,
+about the thickness of a hogshead, with the report
+of thunder, and the velocity of lightning;
+and the darkness of night was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dispelled by this
+deadly illumination</span></em>.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist.
+Rome</span></span>, vol. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">III.</span></span>,
+pp. 465-467.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its use is thus described by the same author,
+when the Greeks turned its power against
+the Saracens, at the siege of Constantinople,
+A. D. 718:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Greeks would gladly have ransomed
+their religion and empire, by a fine or assessment
+of a piece of gold on the head of each
+inhabitant of the city; but the liberal offer
+was rejected with disdain, and the presumption
+of Moslemah was exalted by the speedy
+approach and invincible force of the natives
+of Egypt and Syria. They are said to have
+amounted to eighteen hundred ships: the
+number betrays their inconsiderable size; and
+of the twenty stout and capacious vessels,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+whose magnitude impeded their progress,
+each was manned with no more than one
+hundred heavy-armed soldiers. This huge
+armada proceeded on a smooth sea and with
+a gentle gale, towards the mouth of the Bosphorus;
+the surface of the strait was over-shadowed,
+in the language of the Greeks,
+with a moving forest, and the same fatal
+night had been fixed by the Saracen chief for
+a general assault by sea and land. To allure
+the confidence of the enemy, the emperor had
+thrown aside the chain that usually guarded
+the entrance of the harbor: but while they
+hesitated whether they should seize the opportunity
+or apprehend the snare, the ministers
+of destruction were at hand. The fireships
+of the Greeks were launched against them:
+the Arabs, their arms and vessels, were involved
+in the same flames, the disorderly fugitives
+were dashed against each other, or
+overwhelmed in the waves; and I no longer
+find a vestige of the fleet, that had threatened
+to extirpate the Roman name.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>, p. 464.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It deceiveth them that dwell on the earth
+by its miracles. This deception resulted in
+the creation of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Image of the Beast.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And it was given to him to give breath to the image of
+the wild beast, that the image of the wild beast should even
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+speak, and to cause, that as many as would not worship
+the image of the wild beast, should be killed. And he
+causeth all, the small and the great, and the rich and the
+poor, and the free and the bond, to receive a mark on their
+right hand, or on their forehead. And that no one might
+buy or sell, but he, who had the mark, the name of the
+wild beast, or the number of his name.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 13:15-18.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This new creation is not another beast, but
+the image of one. An image is only the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">likeness</span></em>
+of something. As the beast symbolizes a political
+power, its image must symbolize some
+analogous power of a different nature; and
+this likeness can only be found in a religious
+government.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. The beast which received its death-wound
+(v. 14), was the form of government
+to which the image was made, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the imperial.
+Of this the Roman hierarchy was a
+perfect counterpart. It was an ecclesiastical
+government, coëxtensive in its authority with
+the political power of the empire. And, like
+the officers of the civil, there was a regular
+gradation of rank in the subordinates of the
+religious government. The head of the former
+was an emperor, chosen by an electoral college,—the
+senators of Rome.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> The head of
+the latter was a Pope, chosen in a similar
+manner by the college of Cardinals,—the
+ecclesiastical senators of the religious empire.
+Each of those bodies constituted the highest
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+deliberative and legislative body in its respective
+government. The empire had its governors
+of provinces, appointed by the imperial
+head; and the spiritual rule of the church
+was, in like manner, sustained by diocesan
+bishops who, in their respective provinces,
+were governors in spiritual matters and creatures
+of the Pope. Subordinate offices in the
+state and church, also, singularly corresponded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The religious customs of the empire, as
+well as its political, were likewise imitated by
+the papacy. Rome deified her heroes; the
+papacy canonized her saints. The ghosts of
+the departed were the gods of the heathen;
+and the papists supplicate the dead. The
+Pagans burned incense to their gods; the Papists
+burn incense in their religious ceremonies.
+The ancient heathen sprinkled themselves
+with <span class="tei tei-q">“holy water;�</span> the Papists use
+the same material in a similar manner. Lactantius
+says of the Pagans, they <span class="tei tei-q">“light up
+candles to God as if he lived in the dark;
+and do they not deserve to pass for madmen
+who offer lamps to the author and giver of
+light?�</span> This custom is imitated by the Papists
+in the use of wax candles on their altars.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ancient Romans prostrated themselves
+before images of wood and stone; and Jerome
+tells us that <span class="tei tei-q">“by idols were to be understood
+the images of the dead.�</span> In Catholic
+Rome, worshippers prostrated themselves before
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+images of departed saints. The old Roman
+Pantheon, which was dedicated by
+Agrippa <span class="tei tei-q">“to Jove, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">and all the gods</span></em>,�</span> was re-consecrated
+by Pope Boniface IV., about A. D.
+610, <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">to the blessed Virgin and all the
+saints</span></em>.�</span> As in the old pagan temple, any
+stranger could find the god of his own country;
+so in its re-consecrated state, each country
+could find its patron saint. Other temples
+were changed and re-consecrated in the
+same manner. The ancient statue of Jupiter
+stands now as the statue of St. Peter. The
+pagans had their vestal virgins; the Papists
+their nuns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Middleton, who visited Rome in 1729,
+says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing, I found, concurred so much with
+my original intention of conversing with the
+ancients; or so much helped my imagination,
+to find myself wandering about in old heathen
+Rome, as to observe and attend to their religious
+worship; all whose ceremonies appear
+plainly to have been copied from the rituals
+of primitive Paganism: as if handed down by
+an uninterrupted succession from the priests
+of old, to the priests of new Rome, whilst
+each of them readily explained, and called to
+mind some passages of a classic author, where
+the same ceremony was described, as transacted
+in the same form and manner, and in
+the same place where I now saw it executed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+before my eyes.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dowl. Hist. of Rom.</span></span>, p.
+114.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Says Mr. Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“After a struggle of more than four centuries,
+the ecclesiastics of all the hierarchies in
+the empire were united in one vast organization,
+with the pontiff as their supreme legislative
+and judicial head, and a single ecclesiastical
+government was established over the
+whole Roman church, after the model of the
+civil government of the ancient empire under
+Constantine and his successors. It is, accordingly,
+denominated by Catholics themselves
+a monarchy. <span class="tei tei-q">‘All Catholic doctors agree
+in this, that the ecclesiastical government
+committed to men by God is a monarchy.’</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bellarmini
+de Rom. Pont.</span></span>, lib. i., c. v. Bellarmine
+devotes his first book <span class="tei tei-q">‘of the Pontiff’</span>
+to prove that such is and ought to be its government.
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘If the monarchical is the best form
+of government, as we have shown, and it is
+certain that the church of God instituted by
+Christ its head, who is supremely wise, ought
+to be governed in the best manner, who can
+deny that its rule ought to be monarchical?’</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>,
+i., c. ix., p. 527.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The canonists are accustomed, accordingly,
+to denominate the Pope a king.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The pontiffs were as absolutely the legislative
+and judicial head of this ecclesiastical
+kingdom, as the emperors from Constantine to
+Augustulus were of the civil empire, and imposed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+whatever laws they pleased on subordinate
+ecclesiastics and on the church by decrees,
+in the same manner as those emperors
+enacted laws by edicts. The decrees, bulls of
+canonization, sentences, charters, and other
+legislative and judicial acts of the pontiffs,
+from Gregory VII., in 1073, to Benedict XIV.,
+in 1757, collected in the Bullarium Magnum,
+fill nineteen folios. Many others are contained
+in the decretals and councils.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They appointed to all ecclesiastical offices
+throughout the empire, as the Christian emperors
+appointed to all civil and military offices
+in their dominions.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They exacted oaths of fidelity from all
+whom they advanced to important offices; as
+the emperors exacted engagements of fidelity
+from their civil magistrates.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They established courts in which all violations
+of their laws were tried, and a tribunal
+at the capital for the decision of appeals.
+There were gradations of rank in the hierarchy,
+like those of the magistrates of the civil empire.
+The hierarchies, as nationalized by
+Constantine, were formed in each patriarchate,
+after the model of the civil government in the
+provinces. The hierarchy of the western
+kingdoms, under the Pope, was formed after
+that pattern; having archbishops or metropolitans
+at the head of the clergy of each nation,
+or large district, and bishops, abbots, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a long catalogue of subordinate ranks, under
+each metropolitan.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They levied taxes for their support on
+ecclesiastics and laics.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They inflicted ecclesiastical penalties on
+the violators of their laws; exclusion from
+communion, suspension from office, deposition,
+excommunication, and a sentence of
+eternal death.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exp. of Apoc.</span></span>, pp. 429-432.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These, with many other striking resemblances,
+demonstrate that the Roman hierarchy,
+in all its great features, was a counterpart
+to imperial Rome—an image of, and
+belonging to, the seven-headed, ten-horned
+monster, whose deadly wound was healed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Life was to be given to this image by the
+two-horned beast. The papal hierarchy is created
+when its supremacy over other churches
+is declared and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sustained</span></em>; and the power by
+which this is done, is that which gives life to
+it. This was done, according to the following
+history, by the Eastern empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The power of the papacy, symbolized by
+the image, had been predicted in Daniel under
+the symbol of <span class="tei tei-q">“a Little Horn,�</span> that came up
+among the previous <span class="tei tei-q">“ten horns,�</span> before whom
+<span class="tei tei-q">“there were three of the first horns plucked
+up by the roots: and behold, in this horn
+were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth
+speaking great things,�</span> Dan. 7:8. These
+horns were thus explained to Daniel: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon
+earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms,
+and shall devour the whole earth, and
+shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
+And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten
+kings that shall arise: and another shall
+arise after them; and he shall be diverse from
+the first, and he shall subdue three kings.
+And he shall speak great words against the
+Most High, and shall wear out the saints of
+the Most High, and think to change times
+and laws: and they shall be given into his
+hand until a time and times and the dividing
+of time. But the judgment shall sit,
+and they shall take away his dominion to
+consume and to destroy it unto the end. And
+the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness
+of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall
+be given to the people of the saints of the
+Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting
+kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and
+obey him.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> vs. 23-27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When Paul spoke of the second coming of
+Christ, in his first epistle to the Thessalonians,
+they understood that it was an event then
+imminent. The apostle, in his second epistle,
+corrects this impression, by referring to the
+foregoing prediction in Daniel, which must be
+previously fulfilled. He assures them that
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the day of Christ�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“shall not come, except
+there be�</span> an apostasy, or <span class="tei tei-q">“a falling away
+first, and that Man of Sin,�</span> or the lawless
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+one, <span class="tei tei-q">“be revealed, the son of perdition; who
+opposeth and exalteth himself above all that
+is called God, or that is worshipped; so that
+he, as God, sitteth in the temple of God,
+showing himself that he is God. Remember
+ye not, that when I was yet with you, I told
+you these things? And now ye know what
+withholdeth that he might be revealed in his
+time. For the mystery of iniquity doth already
+work: only he who now letteth will
+let, until he be taken out of the way. And
+then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the
+Lord shall consume with the spirit of his
+mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness
+of his coming,�</span> 2 Thess. 2:2-8.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The uniform application of these predictions
+to the Papacy, by Protestant writers, renders
+it unnecessary to argue this point. That
+power began early to be manifested, but its
+full development was <span class="tei tei-q">“let,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, hindered, by
+the continuance of the Western empire, which
+had to be taken out of its way. Tertullian,
+near the close of the second century, in expounding
+those words, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Who can this
+be but the Roman state, the division of which
+into ten kingdoms will bring on Antichrist?�</span>
+And he gives as a reason why the Christians
+of his time prayed for the Roman empire: that
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the greatest calamity hanging over the world
+was retarded by the continuance of it</span></em>. Cyril
+of Jerusalem in the fourth century applied the
+passage in the same manner, and says:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thus the predicted Antichrist will come
+when the times of the Roman empire shall be
+fulfilled, and the consummation of the world
+shall approach. Ten kings of the Romans
+shall arise together, in different places indeed,
+but they shall reign at the same time. Among
+these the eleventh is Antichrist, who, by magical
+and wicked artifice, shall seize the Roman
+power.�</span> A large number of the ancient
+fathers interpreted this text in the same manner.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 257, 1260 years before the time of
+Luther, Stephen, Bishop of Rome, began to
+act the pope in good earnest,—excommunicating
+those who dissented from the doctrines
+of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 312, 1260 years before the massacre of
+St. Bartholomew in 1572, Constantine became
+Emperor of Rome, embraced Christianity, and
+terminated the last and bloodiest of the Pagan
+persecutions—that of Diocletian, which had
+continued ten years. Constantine undertook
+to remodel the church, in conformity to the
+government of the state, and the unhallowed
+union of the two resulted in the dignities of
+patriarchs, exarchs, archbishops, canons, prebendaries,
+&amp;c., which he endowed with wealth
+and worldly honors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While paganism was superseded by Christianity
+under Constantine, its ceremonies were
+not suppressed. The senate was still pagan;
+and <span class="tei tei-q">“the title, the ensigns, and the prerogatives
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Sovereign Pontiff, which had been instituted
+by Numa, and assumed by Augustus,
+were accepted, without hesitation, by seven
+Christian emperors.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon</span></span>, v. 2, p. 183.
+Gratian became emperor, A. D. 376, and was
+the first who refused the pontifical robe. In
+378, he invested Theodosius with the Empire
+of the East; under their rule paganism was
+<span class="tei tei-q">“wholly extirpated,�</span> and the senate was suddenly
+converted.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> That which hindered
+was thus taken out of the way. In 378, also,
+Gratian refusing the office, Damasus, the
+Bishop of Rome, was <span class="tei tei-q">“declared Pontifix Maximus,�</span><a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a>
+and made <span class="tei tei-q">“the sole judge in religious
+matters.�</span> All who would not adhere
+to the religion <span class="tei tei-q">“professed by the Pontiff Damasus,
+and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria,�</span>
+were declared heretics.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon</span></span>, v. 2, p. 156.
+Damasus, by virtue of his power, introduced
+the worship of the saints, and of Mary, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+mother of God,�</span>—excommunicating those
+who dissented. Thus the apostasy, by adopting
+the gods of the heathen, and the name of
+the heathen pontiff, began to be set up, and
+the excommunicated church disappeared in
+the wilderness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the ninth century a document was produced,
+which claimed to be a deed of gift
+from Constantine to the Pope, dated A. D.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+324, ceding him the city of Rome and all
+Italy, with the crown, the mitre, &amp;c.; but the
+forgery of this has been fully exposed. With
+the removal of the capital of the world to
+Constantinople, the empire began to decline;
+but the church augmented as fast. A provisional
+synod at Sardica, in A. D. 344, and a
+decree of the Emperor Valentinian III., in 445,
+had acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as the
+primate of the five patriarchs, and as the last
+tribunal of appeal from the other bishops; but
+the edicts of the Pope were often disregarded
+and opposed, and he continued subject to the
+civil power till the subversion of the Western
+empire by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in
+A. D. 476.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ten kingdoms which had arisen on the
+ruins of the Western empire (p. <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>), had
+nearly all embraced Christianity, corrupted
+by Arianism. And the barbarians transferred
+to their Christian instructors, the profound
+submission and reverence which they were
+accustomed to yield to the teachers of paganism,—many
+of the rites and ceremonies of
+which had been incorporated into the Catholic
+service. Ecclesiastical courts were established,
+in which were tried all questions relating
+to character, office, or property of the
+clergy; and thus they became nearly independent
+of the civil judges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Heruli, which was the first of the ten
+horns plucked up, were conquered by the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Ostrogoths, in A. D. 493, when all Italy submitted
+to Theodoric. He fixed his capital at
+Ravenna, which left the Pope the only Prince
+of Rome; and the Romans, for protection,
+were forced to pay more deference to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About A. D. 500, two Popes were simultaneously
+elected, when Theodoric gave the
+papal chair to Symmachus. Gross crimes
+being alleged against him by the defeated
+party, the king summoned a council in A. D.
+503 to investigate the charges; and he was
+acquitted. The other party being dissatisfied,
+Ennodius, Bishop Ticonum, drew up an
+apology for the Pope and council, in which,
+for the first time, the Pope was styled a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Judge in the place of God, and Vicegerent
+of the Most High;�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“subject to no
+earthly tribunal.�</span> Thus did the Lawless
+One attempt, <span class="tei tei-q">“as God,�</span> to <span class="tei tei-q">“sit in the temple
+of God.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 533, Justinian, Emperor at Constantinople,
+being about to attack the Vandals
+in Africa, and wishing first to settle the religious
+disputes of his capital in which he felt
+a great interest, he submitted the controversy
+to the primate of Rome. To induce a decision
+in his own favor, or to give force to it, he
+acknowledged the Bishop of Rome the Chief
+of the whole Ecclesiastical body of the empire;
+and thus addressed him, in a letter sent
+by two distinguished prelates:—
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Justinian, pious, fortunate, renowned, triumphant emperor,
+consul, &amp;c., to John, the most holy Archbishop of
+our city of Rome, and patriarch.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Rendering honor to the Apostolic chair, and to your
+Holiness, as has been always and is our wish, and honoring
+your blessedness as a father; we have hastened to bring to
+the knowledge of your Holiness all matters relating to the
+state of the churches. It having been at all times our great
+desire to preserve the unity of your Apostolic chair, and the
+constitution of the holy churches of God which has obtained
+hitherto, and still obtains.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Therefore we have made no delay in subjecting and
+uniting to your Holiness all the priests of the whole East.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For this reason we have thought fit to bring to your
+notice the present matters of disturbance; though they are
+manifest and unquestionable, and always firmly held and
+declared by the whole priesthood according to the doctrine
+of your Apostolic chair. For we cannot suffer that anything
+which relates to the state of the Church, however
+manifest and unquestionable, should be moved, without the
+knowledge of your Holiness, who are The Head of all the
+Holy Churches, for in all things, as we have already declared,
+we are anxious to increase the honor and authority
+of your Apostolic chair.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Says Dr. Croly:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The emperor's letter must have been sent
+before the 25th of March, 533. For, in his
+letter of that date to Epiphanius he speaks of
+its having been already despatched, and repeats
+his decision, that all affairs touching the
+church shall be referred to the Pope, <span class="tei tei-q">‘head
+of all bishops, and the true and effective corrector
+of heretics.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the same month of the following year,
+534, the Pope returned an answer repeating the
+language of the emperor, applauding his
+homage to the See, and adopting the titles of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the imperial mandate. He observes that,
+among the virtues of Justinian, <span class="tei tei-q">‘one shines as
+a star, his reverence for the Apostolic chair,
+to which he has subjected and united all the
+churches, it being truly the head of all; and
+was testified by the rules of the fathers, the
+laws of the princes, and the declarations of the
+emperor's piety.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The authenticity of the title receives unanswerable
+proof from the edicts in the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Novellæ’</span>
+of the Justinian code.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The preamble of the 9th states that <span class="tei tei-q">‘as
+the elder Rome was the founder of the laws,
+so was it not to be questioned that in her was
+the supremacy of the pontificate.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The 131st, on the ecclesiastical titles and
+privileges, chapter II. states: <span class="tei tei-q">‘We therefore
+decree that the most holy Pope of the elder
+Rome is the first of all the priesthood, and
+that the most blessed archbishop of Constantinople,
+the new Rome, shall hold the second
+rank after the holy Apostolic chair of the elder
+Rome.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The supremacy of the Pope had by those
+mandates and edicts received the fullest sanction
+that could be given by the authority of
+the master of the Roman world. However
+worthless the motives, the act was done, authentic
+and unquestionable, sanctioned by all
+the forms of state, and never abrogated,—the
+act of the first potentate in the world. If the
+supremacy over the church of God had been
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+for man to give, it might have been given by
+the unrivalled sovereignty of Justinian.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“From this era the church of Rome dates
+the earthly acknowledgment of her claim.
+Its heavenly authority is referred to the remoter
+source of the apostles.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apoc.</span></span>, pp.
+14-16, 30, 31.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The war against the Vandals was vigorously
+prosecuted by Belisarius, Justinian's
+general, and resulted in their conquest the
+same year. Thus was the second of the first
+ten divisions of the empire subjugated: the
+second horn was plucked up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rome was still in possession of an Arian
+monarch, who was the bitter enemy of the
+Catholic church. Intelligence of the success
+of Belisarius in Africa reached the emperor,
+Dec. 16th, A. D. 533. <span class="tei tei-q">“Impatient to abolish
+the temporal and spiritual tyranny of the
+Vandals, he proceeded, without delay, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">to the
+full establishment of the Catholic
+church</span></em>.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon</span></span>,
+Harpers' ed., v. 3, p. 67. Belisarius
+proceeded to the conquest of Italy, which
+he effected, and marched on to Rome. Only
+4000 soldiers were stationed for its defence;
+and they could not oppose the wishes of the
+Romans, who voluntarily submitted. Seized
+with a momentary enthusiasm, <span class="tei tei-q">“they furiously
+exclaimed that the apostolic throne
+should no longer be profaned by the triumph
+or toleration of Arianism; that the tombs of
+the Cæsars should no longer be trampled on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the savages of the north; and without reflecting
+that Italy must sink into a province
+of Constantinople, they fondly hailed the restoration
+of a Roman emperor as a new era of
+freedom and prosperity. The deputies of the
+Pope and clergy, of the senate and people, invited
+the lieutenant of Justinian to accept
+their voluntary allegiance, and to enter the
+city.�</span> Thus was <span class="tei tei-q">“the city, after sixty years'
+servitude delivered from the yoke of the barbarians,�</span>
+Dec. 10, A. D. 536. And <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+Catholics prepared to celebrate, without a
+rival, the approaching festival of the nativity
+of Christ.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 80.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the winter, the Ostrogoths made preparations,
+and besieged Rome with an army of
+150,000 fighting men. Pope Sylverius was
+suspected of treachery, and on proof that he
+had communicated with the enemy, he was
+banished by Belisarius. At the emperor's
+command, the clergy of Rome proceeded to
+the choice of a new bishop, and elected <span class="tei tei-q">“deacon
+Virgilius, who had purchased the papal
+throne by a bribe of two hundred pounds of
+gold.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 85. As he had obtained the
+papal seat by fraud, it was claimed that he
+was not the lawful Pope; but in A. D. 538,
+he was owned as such by the 5th General
+Council, and the whole Christian world.—See
+Bowers' <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist. Popes</span></span>, v. 2, p. 374. In
+March of this year (538),—after <span class="tei tei-q">“one year
+and nine days�</span>—the Ostrogoths raised the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+siege of Rome, and burned their tents—one-third
+of their number having perished under
+its walls. The arms of Justinian triumphed,
+and the Catholic hierarchy was established.
+The third horn had been plucked up by the
+fall of the third of the first ten divisions of
+Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Bishop of Constantinople did not submit
+willingly to the Primacy of Rome. On
+the death of Justinian, the supremacy of the
+Pope was utterly denied; and, in A. D. 588,
+John, Bishop of Constantinople, himself assumed
+the coveted title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Universal Bishop.�</span>
+The Roman bishop, Gregory the Great, indignant
+at this usurpation, denounced him as a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“usurper, aiming at supremacy over the
+whole church,�</span> and declared that whoever
+claims such supremacy <span class="tei tei-q">“has the pride and
+character of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antichrist</span></span>.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boniface succeeded to the Roman See, and
+in the following year, A. D. 606, only two
+years after Gregory's death, applied to Phocas,—who
+had ascended the throne of Constantinople
+by the murder of the Emperor Mauritius,—for
+the same blasphemous title, with
+the privilege of continuing it to his successors.
+His request was granted, the Eastern Bishop
+was forbidden its use, and the Primate of
+Rome was again acknowledged as <span class="tei tei-q">“Universal
+Bishop,�</span> and the unrivalled <span class="tei tei-q">“Head of all
+the churches.�</span> This title has been worn by
+all the succeeding Popes; <span class="tei tei-q">“but the highest
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+authority,�</span> says Dr. Croly, <span class="tei tei-q">“among the civilians
+and annalists of Rome, spurn the idea
+that Phocas was the founder of the supremacy
+of Rome. They ascend to Justinian as the
+only legitimate source, and rightly date the
+title from the memorable year 533.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apoc.</span></span>
+p. 117.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 730, Emperor Leo issued an edict
+for the destruction of all images used in religious
+worship. From that time the Pope
+scorned his authority, and acted in defiance
+of the emperor's will, who found himself unable
+to compel the Pope to obey the edict.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Papacy thus defied all human authority;
+but did not as yet attempt the exercise
+of political power.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 756, Pepin, the usurper of the
+crown of France, compelled the King of Lombardy
+to cede the exarchate of Ravenna to
+the Pope, <span class="tei tei-q">“to be forever held and possessed
+by St. Peter and his lawful successors in the
+See of Rome.�</span> The Pope had now become a
+temporal prince, and one of the kings of the
+earth. In A. D. 774, Charlemagne, the successor
+of Pepin, confirmed the former gift, and
+in addition, subjugated the Lombards, and
+annexed a large portion of their kingdom and
+the Duchy of Rome to the Roman See. In A.
+D. 817, Louis the Pious, granted <span class="tei tei-q">“St. Peter's
+patrimony�</span> to the Pope and his successors,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“in their own right, principality, and dominion,
+unto the end of the world.�</span> Hence, as
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a temporal prince, the Pope wears a triple
+crown.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 800, Charlemagne was solemnly
+crowned and proclaimed emperor by the
+Pope, having reduced under his sway nearly
+the whole of Europe. From this time the
+Popes claimed superiority to all kings and emperors,
+received homage from them, and exercised
+all the rights of sovereignty; but they
+were nominally dependent on the Emperors of
+the West till A. D. 1278, when the Emperor
+Rudolph released the people of the Papal
+States from all allegiance they might still owe
+to the imperial crown. This act was confirmed
+by the electors and princes of the empire.
+The Popes, in the greatness of their
+power, crowned and uncrowned kings at their
+pleasure, absolved subjects from all allegiance
+to their rulers, excommunicated whoever they
+would, and compelled secular princes to put
+to death heretics.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 1294, Boniface VIII. became Pope.
+From his accession Hallam dates the decline
+of the Papacy, which, for <span class="tei tei-q">“more than two
+centuries, had been on throne of the earth,
+and reigned despot of the world.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dowling</span></span>.
+This was 1260 years from the death of Peter,—the
+earliest time from which they can date.
+His bull of excommunication against Philip
+of France, being disregarded by that monarch,
+who adroitly made the Pope his prisoner, his
+rage brought on a fever, which caused his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+death. Only a few succeeding pontiffs claimed,
+and none attempted to enforce, the prerogatives
+exercised by the preceding Popes. For seventy
+years the successors of Boniface resided
+at Avignon, in France, and paid great deference
+to the monarch of that country. After
+this was the Western schism, which divided
+the church for forty years,—two rival Popes
+claiming the mitre, and thundering out their
+anathemas against each other. These events
+greatly weakened the Papacy. About this
+time appeared Wickliffe and Huss, and Jerome
+of Prague; and still later, in 1517, Martin
+Luther, in opposition to the Papal pretensions,
+published his Thesis against Indulgences,
+1260 years from the time of the arrogance
+of Pope Stephen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In A. D. 1572, 1260 years from the removal
+of Constantine from Rome to Constantinople,
+occurred the bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew,
+when in one day 5000 Protestants were
+murdered in Paris, and in the same proportion
+in other parts of France. The persecutions
+of the Papists continued till near the close of
+the last century; and as late as November,
+1781, a woman was burned alive by the Inquisition
+in Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1793, 1260 years from Justinian's letter
+to the Pope, the Papal church, with all religion,
+was entirely suppressed in France. And
+in 1798, which was the same length of time
+from the establishment of the papacy, by the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+conquest of the Ostrogoths,—the plucking up
+of the last of the three horns in 538, Gen.
+Berthier entered Rome, compelled the Pope to
+flee, and terminated the Papal government.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The temporal power was afterwards restored;
+but in 1848, twelve hundred and sixty
+years from 588 when John assumed the title
+of Universal Bishop, the Pope again fled from
+his throne. Two years subsequently, he was
+again restored.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Flacius, in his <span class="tei tei-q">‘Catalogue of Witnesses,’</span>
+represented the twelve hundred and sixty
+days as having commenced in 606;�</span> and
+Scott, and several others, reckon them from
+the same epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. The image had power to speak. It
+thus filled the office of the <span class="tei tei-q">“mouth,�</span> which
+was given to the ten-horned beast (v. 5),
+which synchronizes with the view taken of
+that appendage, p. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. It should <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cause</span></em> the infliction of death on
+those who should refuse to worship. The
+worship it would exact, is doubtless of the
+kind bestowed on the wild beast, 13:4. The
+Papal hierarchy claimed to be infallible and
+invincible, and to have power to bind and
+loose on earth and in heaven; those who refused
+to recognize its claims, if incorrigible,
+were punished with death.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Image was not to put to death, but
+would <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cause</span></em> them to be killed. The symbolization
+corresponds with the fulfilment in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+this particular. The ecclesiastical officials
+punished rebellious subjects, by delivering
+them over to the civil arm; which punished
+heretics according to the will of the Papacy.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lucius III. and Innocent III. by formal
+decrees required them to be seized, condemned,
+and delivered by the civil magistrates, to be
+capitally punished; and enjoined the princes
+and magistrates to execute on them the sentences
+denounced by the canon and civil
+laws.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord's Exp. of Apoc.</span></span>, p. 434. This
+is substantiated by Bellarmini and other
+writers. Civil rulers, who refused to enforce
+the decrees of the councils, were anathematized,
+excommunicated, and often deprived of
+their political power. When the Papacy has
+been reminded of the numbers killed and
+otherwise punished for alleged heresy, she has
+replied that the civil power, and not the church,
+has done this! She, however, has caused the
+kings of the earth to execute her wishes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The image would cause all to receive
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mark</span></em> of the Beast. A mark is a token of
+recognition. Slaves, soldiers, and the devotees
+of various gods, were thus identified on their
+hands or foreheads, both before and after the
+time of St. John—slaves by the name of the
+Emperor on their forehead, and soldiers by
+his name on their hand. Mr. Elliott proves
+this by quotations from Valerius, Maximus,
+Ælian, Ambrose, and others. The devotees
+of particular gods gained admittance to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+secret meetings of the worshippers of their respective
+deity, by a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mark</span></em> by which they identified
+each other. At the present day the
+Hindoos are marked on the forehead by the
+hieroglyphic of the god they are consecrated
+to.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mark of the beast, is its <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">name</span></em>, or the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">number</span></em> of its name. The ancients often used
+numbers to indicate names. <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the
+Pagans, the Egyptian mystics spoke of Mercury,
+or Thouth, under the number 1218, because
+the Greek letters composing the name
+Thouth, when estimated according to their
+numerical value, together made up that number.
+By others, Jupiter was invoked under
+the mystical number 717; because the letters
+of Ἡ ΑΡΧΗ, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the beginning</span></span>,
+or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">first origin</span></span>, which
+was a characteristic title of the supreme deity
+worshipped as Jupiter, made up that number:
+and Apollo under the number 608, as being
+that of ηυς, or υης, words expressing certain
+solar attributes. Again, the pseudo-Christian
+or semi-pagan Gnostics, from St. John's time
+downwards, affixed to their gems and amulets,
+of which multitudes remain even to the present
+day, the mystic word σβ�ασαξ, or αβ�αξας,
+under the idea of some magic virtue attaching
+to its number 365, as being that of the days
+of the annual solar circle; and equal moreover
+with that of Μειθ�ας, or Mithras, the
+Magian name for the sun, whom they identified
+also with Christ. Once more, the Christian
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fathers themselves fell into the same
+fancies, and doctrine of mysteriousness in certain
+verbal numbers. For example, both
+Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria speak
+of the virtue of the number 318 as being that
+of ΙΗΤ the common abbreviation for Jesus
+crucified; and partly ascribe to its magical
+virtue the victory which Abraham gained
+with his 318 servants over the Canaanitish
+kings. Similarly Tertullian refers the victory
+of Gideon, with his 300 men, to the circumstance
+of that being the precise number of Τ,
+the sign of the cross. In the name of Adam,
+St. Cyprian discerned a mysterious numeral
+affinity to certain characteristics in the life
+and history of the second Adam, Jesus Christ.
+Irenæus notes the remarkable number 888 of
+the name Ιησους, Jesus. And in the pseudo-Sibylline
+verses, written by Christians about
+the end, probably, of the second century, and
+consequently not long after Irenæus, we find
+enigmas proposed of precisely the same characters
+as that in the text;—the number being
+given, and the name required.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elliott's
+Horæ Apoc.</span></span>, vol. iii., pp. 204-6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“number of the beast�</span> is indicated in
+the text by the Greek letters <span class="tei tei-q">“χξς�</span> which
+were severally used to represent the numbers
+600, 60 and 6, making 666. As the name of
+the beast is equivalent to this number, the
+letters in it will represent numbers which
+amount to six hundred threescore and six.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the division of the Roman empire, the
+western kingdom adopted for itself the name
+of the Latin kingdom; and its subdivisions
+were called the Latin kingdoms. The church
+connected with those kingdoms was also
+emphatically called the Latin church. Says
+Dr. More: <span class="tei tei-q">“They Latinize everything. Mass,
+prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals,
+bulls, are conceived in Latin. The Papal
+councils speak in Latin. Women pray in
+Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other
+language under the Papacy than Latin. In
+short, all things are Latin.�</span> The Council of
+Trent declared the Latin Vulgate to be the only
+authentic version of the Scriptures; and their
+doctors have preferred it to the Hebrew and
+Greek text, written by prophets and apostles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This Latin kingdom is the only one that
+ever corresponded to the characteristics of the
+beast. And its name—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Latinos</span></span> in the Greek,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romiith</span></span> in the Hebrew—is equivalent
+to the required number.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Greek and Hebrew letters composing
+the words רומיית, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romiith</span></span>—רמענוש,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romanus</span></span>—λατεινος,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Latinos</span></span>, each of them making in
+numerals exactly 666, plainly point out not
+only his name, and the number of his name,
+but also the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mark</span></em> of his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">name</span></em>; as for example:</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">in ר ו מ י י ת <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Romiith</span></span>; so likewise</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">400 10 10 40 6 200 = 666</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ר מ ע נ ו ש <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Romanus</span></span>; and also</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">300 6 50 70 40 200 = 666</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"></div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">the Greek λ α τ ε ι ν ο ς <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Latinos</span></span>,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">30 1 300 5 10 50 70 200 = 666.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+in each of which the exact mark is contained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It therefore evidently appears, that each
+name is both a mark and a number; a mark,
+when viewed as made up of so many letters,
+therefore called the mark of his name; a
+number, when viewed as made up of so many
+numerals, then called the number of his name.
+But when considered merely as a name,
+derived from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romiith</span></span>, a Roman, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span>,
+the founder of Rome, a name common among
+men, it may then be properly called the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mark,
+or number of a man</span></em>.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fleming's Rise and
+Fall of Papacy.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To receive the mark of the beast, would be
+an acknowledgment of subjection to it. The
+connection of the beast and its image was so
+intimate, that submission to the one, was virtual
+submission to the other. To submit to
+the rites of the church modelled after the wild
+beast, to profess its faith, and to honor its
+authority, would be a reception of its mark.
+And all persons were compelled to do this, and
+give evidence of submission to its authority
+on the peril of their lives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. Those who should refuse the mark of
+the beast, were to be prohibited from buying
+and selling. The Lateran Council under Pope
+Alexander II., passed an act forbidding any
+to harbor heretics in their houses or to trade
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with them. The Synod of Tours passed a law
+that no one should assist them, <span class="tei tei-q">“no, not so
+much as to exercise commerce with them in
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">selling</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">buying</span></em>.�</span><a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elliott.</span></span> In 1179, the
+third Lateran Council sentenced certain heretics,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“their defenders and harborers, to an
+anathema, and forbid, under an anathema,
+that any should presume to keep them in their
+house, or on their lands, sustain them, or
+transact any business with them.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It was just the same fearful penalty of interdict
+from buying and selling, traffic and
+intercourse, that had been inculcated long
+before by the Pagan Dragon's representative
+Diocletian, against the early Christians.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elliott.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So exact a correspondence between the wild
+beast and the Western kingdoms, the two-horned
+beast and the Eastern empire, and the
+image to the wild beast and the Roman Hierarchy,
+makes the symbolization of this chapter
+very intelligible. These three agencies will
+severally continue till the end of the world.
+The latter will be destroyed by the brightness
+of Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), and the
+two former will then be taken and <span class="tei tei-q">“cast alive
+into the lake of fire,�</span> 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The vision would have been defective without
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a representation of the end of those who
+refuse to worship the beast, or its image, or
+to receive their mark, and who, although
+warred against and overcome by the beast,
+should maintain their integrity to Christ.
+Accordingly the revelator has a view of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Redeemed on Mount Zion.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I looked, and behold a lamb stood on the mount
+Zion, and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand,
+having his name and the name of his Father written on
+their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, like the
+voice of many waters, and like the voice of loud thunder:
+and the voice which I heard was like that of harpers playing
+with their harps: and they sung as it were a new song
+before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the
+elders: and no one could learn the song except the hundred
+and forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth.
+These are they, who were not defiled with women; for they
+are virgins. These are they who follow the Lamb wherever
+he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, the first
+fruit to God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth no lie
+was found for they are faultless.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 14:1-5.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Lamb is shown by the connection to
+be Christ,—here called by one of his metaphorical
+names.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Mount Zion, doubtless, symbolizes the
+place where, in the regeneration, the Lord
+will reign with his saints—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in the new
+earth. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lord shall reign over them in
+Mount Zion,�</span> Micah 4:7.—<span class="tei tei-q">“And they sung
+a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the book, and to open the seals thereof: for
+thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God
+by thy blood out of every kindred and tongue,
+and people, and nation, and hast made us
+kings and priests: and we shall reign on the
+earth,�</span> 5:9,10.—<span class="tei tei-q">“And I saw a new heavens
+and a new earth: for the first heaven
+and the first earth were passed away.... And
+I heard a great voice out of heaven, saying,
+Behold the tabernacle of God is with men,
+and he will dwell with them, and they shall,
+be his people, and God himself shall be with
+them and be their God,�</span> 21:1-3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The names of Mount Zion, and Jerusalem,
+were both used to denote the city which the
+Lord chose above all the goodly places of
+earth to put his name there. It is proper to
+designate the heavenly city, the new Jerusalem,
+by all the names which were applied to
+the old. The king is to be set upon the holy
+hill of Zion—<span class="tei tei-q">“Walk about Zion, and go round
+about her: tell the towers thereof. Mark ye
+well her bulwarks, consider her palaces,�</span> Psa.
+48:12, 13. <span class="tei tei-q">“When the Lord shall build up
+Zion, he shall appear in glory,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 102:16.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For the Lord hath chosen Zion; he hath
+desired it for his habitation. This is my rest
+forever; here will I dwell; for I have desired
+it,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 132:13, 14. <span class="tei tei-q">“For the Lord shall
+comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste
+places; and he will make her wilderness like
+Eden, and her desert like the garden of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Lord; and joy and gladness shall be found
+therein, thanksgiving and the voice of
+melody.... Therefore the redeemed of the
+Lord shall return and come with singing unto
+Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their
+head: they shall obtain gladness and joy,
+and sorrow and mourning shall flee away.�</span>
+Isa. 51:3-11. <span class="tei tei-q">“Awake, awake, put on thy
+strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful
+garments, O Jerusalem, the holy city; for
+henceforth there shall no more come into
+thee the uncircumcised and the unclean....
+How beautiful on the mountains are the feet
+of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth
+peace; that bringeth good tidings of
+good, that publisheth salvation; that saith
+unto Zion, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thy God reigneth!’</span> Thy watchmen
+shall lift up the voice; with the voice
+together shall they sing: for they shall see
+eye to eye when the Lord shall bring again
+Zion. Break forth into joy, sing together, ye
+waste places of Jerusalem: for the Lord hath
+comforted his people, he hath redeemed Jerusalem.�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 52:1-9. <span class="tei tei-q">“And the Redeemer
+shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn
+from transgression in Jacob, saith the Lord.�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 59:20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The standing of the Lamb on Mount Zion,
+symbolizes an epoch when Christ shall assume
+a corresponding relation to his people. He
+there appears in person; and <span class="tei tei-q">“when Christ
+who is your life, shall appear, then shall ye
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+also appear with him in glory,�</span> Col. 3:4.
+It will not be till he shall have judged <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+quick and the dead at his appearing,�</span> (2 Tim.
+4:1), that <span class="tei tei-q">“the redeemed from among men�</span>
+will <span class="tei tei-q">“follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The 144,000, who are with Christ, correspond
+with the number which are sealed, <span class="tei tei-q">“of
+all the tribes of the children of Israel,�</span> (7:4);
+and they are doubtless the same persons,
+who, under the sixth seal, are designated,
+among all denominations of Christians, by the
+mark of the living God. They are there
+shown to be the godly, who shall be alive on
+the earth at Christ's coming and shall then be
+changed, and, with the risen dead, caught up
+to meet him in the air.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sealing process there symbolized, is
+here shown to be the inscribing of the Father's
+name on their foreheads. The subjects of the
+beast and its image, receive its mark; but
+the children of God and the Lamb, are designated
+instead, by the name of the Father.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voice from heaven as the voice of many
+waters, with the voice of harpers, is the
+singing of the new song which none but the
+144,000 could learn. Those who are translated
+at Christ's coming, will be favored above
+all, save two, who will have lived on the
+earth, insomuch as they will have been redeemed
+from the earth without being subjected
+to death.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These sing in the presence of the four living
+creatures and the elders, who symbolize those
+who also are redeemed from among men and
+will reign on the earth, 5:8-10. Consequently
+those must symbolize the resurrected
+dead, with whom the 144,000 will be ushered
+into the Lord's presence, 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+The two bodies of the redeemed, are therefore
+both represented with the Lord on Mount
+Zion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their not being defiled with women, probably
+implies that they were not guilty of idolatry,
+which is represented by that figure, Ezek.
+16:15. They had not submitted to the wiles
+of the woman seated on the scarlet-colored
+beast, (17:3); had not worshipped the beast
+or its image (14:9), and had been true to
+their Divine Sovereign.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth. All the redeemed will doubtless thus
+follow the Lamb, for of all the <span class="tei tei-q">“great multitude
+which no man could number, of all nations
+and kindreds, and people, and tongues,�</span>
+who stood before the throne and before the
+Lamb, clothed <span class="tei tei-q">“with white robes, and palms
+in their hands,�</span> (7:9)—it was said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall
+feed them, and shall lead them unto living
+fountains of water,�</span> 7:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who are redeemed from among men,
+are called the <span class="tei tei-q">“first fruits unto God and to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Lamb.�</span> They are not necessarily first fruits
+of the redeemed, to distinguish them from
+others of the redeemed, but are first fruits of
+the race: <span class="tei tei-q">“Of his own will begat he us with
+the word of truth, that we should be a kind
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first fruits</span></em> of his creatures,�</span> James 1:18.
+By his resurrection from the dead, Christ
+became <span class="tei tei-q">“the first fruits of them that slept,�</span>
+1 Cor. 15:20. And at his coming there is to
+be a <span class="tei tei-q">“first resurrection�</span> (20:6), when the
+bodies of the saints will <span class="tei tei-q">“be fashioned like
+unto his glorious body�</span> (Phil. 3:21), and thus
+become the first fruits with their risen Head.
+Those who come up at the second resurrection
+will not attain to that beatific state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They are faultless, and without guile. They
+are not perfect by reason of any inherent
+goodness in themselves; for <span class="tei tei-q">“all we like sheep
+have gone astray ... and the Lord laid on
+him the iniquity of us all,�</span> Isa. 53:6. The
+redeemed church will be faultless, because its
+members will be sanctified and cleansed by
+the blood of Christ. Such will constitute <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle,
+or any such thing ... holy and without
+blemish,�</span> Eph. 5:27. While <span class="tei tei-q">“the nations
+of them which are saved shall walk in the
+light�</span> of the New Jerusalem, and shall <span class="tei tei-q">“bring
+their glory and honor into it,�</span> there <span class="tei tei-q">“shall in
+no wise enter into it anything that defileth,
+neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+maketh a lie: but they which are written in
+the Lamb's book of life,�</span> 21:24-27.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“There awaiteth at the end</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Such a home, and such a Friend,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Such a crown, and such a throne,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Such a harp of heavenly tone,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Such companions, such employ,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Such a world of hallowed
+joy!�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bunyan.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Angel of the Everlasting Gospel.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven,
+having the everlasting good news to preach to those dwelling
+on the earth, and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue,
+and people, saying with a loud voice, Fear God and give
+glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and
+worship him who made the heaven, and the earth, and the
+sea, and fountains of water!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 14:6, 7.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The era symbolized by the flight of this
+angel, has been applied, by different writers
+to the epoch of the Reformation, to that of
+modern missions, &amp;c. The view here taken,
+is that it synchronizes with the preaching of
+the gospel to the Gentiles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The angel flying through the midst of
+heaven, doubtless symbolizes a body of men
+conspicuous for their position, energetic in
+their movements, extensive in their operations,
+and urgent in their proclamation,—whose
+teachings correspond with this announcement
+of the angel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The message they bear is that of the
+everlasting gospel ευαγγελιον, (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">evangelion</span></span>)—which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+is, literally, the good news, the glad
+tidings; that which brings <span class="tei tei-q">“life and immortality
+to light,�</span> 2 Tim. 1:10. It is a message
+which foreshadows the resurrection and
+coming judgment at Christ's appearing; and
+is therefore called <span class="tei tei-q">“the gospel of the kingdom,�</span>
+(Matt. 4:23);—the good news of the
+glorious kingdom of the Son of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is the preaching of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">everlasting</span></em> gospel
+which is thus symbolized. It is no <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">new</span></em> gospel;
+for, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Scripture foreseeing that God
+would justify the heathen through faith,
+preached before the gospel unto Abraham,—saying:
+In thee shall all nations be blessed,�</span>
+Gal. 3:8. And not Abraham alone, but all
+the fathers <span class="tei tei-q">“did eat the same spiritual meat,
+and did all drink the same spiritual drink: for
+they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed
+them: and that rock was Christ,�</span> 1 Cor. 10:3, 4.
+Of this gospel the Jewish nation and a
+few proselytes, were for ages the sole recipients.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Unto them were committed the oracles
+of God.�</span> Rom. 3:2. To them pertained
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants,
+and the giving of the law, and the service
+of God, and the promises,�</span> Rom. 9:4.
+But the time had been foretold when the Gentiles
+should come to their light, and kings to
+the brightness of their rising, Isa. 60:3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the coming of Christ, and his rejection
+of that nation, the gospel, was no longer to be
+confined within its former narrow limits. The
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Savior said to his disciples: <span class="tei tei-q">“Go ye therefore
+and teach all nations, baptizing them in the
+name of the Father, and of the Son, and of
+the Holy Ghost; teaching them to observe all
+things whatsoever I have commanded you:
+and lo, I am with you alway, even unto the
+end of the world,�</span> Matt. 28:19, 20. <span class="tei tei-q">“Go ye
+into all the world and preach the gospel to
+every creature. He that believeth and is
+baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth
+not shall be damned,�</span> Mark 16:15, 16.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then opened he their understanding that
+they might understand the Scriptures, and he
+said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus
+it behoved Christ to suffer, to rise from the
+dead the third day: and that repentance and
+remission of sins should be preached in his
+name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem,�</span>
+Luke 24:45-47.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fulfilment of those predictions and
+commands could not be more beautifully and
+appropriately symbolized, than by an angel
+flying <span class="tei tei-q">“in the midst of heaven having the
+everlasting gospel to preach unto them that
+dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and
+kindred, and tongue, and people.�</span> It could
+be no other gospel: for Paul testified:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Though we, or an angel from heaven,
+preach any other gospel unto you than that
+which we have preached unto you, let him be
+accursed. As we said before, so say I now
+again, If any man preach any other gospel
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unto you than that ye have received, let him
+be accursed,�</span> Gal. 1:8, 9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In accordance with the divine command, to
+preach the gospel to all the nations, beginning
+at Jerusalem, the apostles began their mission;
+and when the Jews rejected their message,
+they turned to the Gentiles, and went everywhere
+preaching the word <span class="tei tei-q">“according to the
+revelation of the mystery, which was kept
+secret since the world began, but now is
+made manifest, and by the scriptures of the
+prophets, according to the commandment of
+the everlasting God, made known to all
+nations for the obedience of faith,�</span> Rom. 16:25, 26.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first converts to the faith, comprised
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the
+dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and
+Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia,
+and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of
+Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome,
+Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians,�</span>
+Acts 2:9-12. When the Jews contradicted
+and blasphemed, <span class="tei tei-q">“Paul and Barnabas waxed
+bold, and said, It was necessary that the word
+of God should first have been spoken to you:
+but seeing ye put it from you, and judge
+yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo,
+we turn to the Gentiles,�</span> Acts 13:46. Afterwards
+Paul, in writing to the Colossians, refers
+to the gospel as that <span class="tei tei-q">“which was preached to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+every creature which is under heaven,�</span> Col.
+1:23.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This gospel was to be preached to those
+who dwell on the earth, and also to all nations.
+The symbolic earth of the Apocalypse, being
+generally admitted to be the Roman empire
+under a quiet government, its fulfilment
+would require an early introduction of the
+gospel there. Accordingly we find, within
+thirty years after the crucifixion of Christ, a
+flourishing church existing in the metropolis
+of the Roman empire, to which Paul addressed
+one of his most able letters. In it, he thanks
+God that their <span class="tei tei-q">“faith is spoken of throughout
+all the world,�</span> Rom. 1:8. The apostle had
+then <span class="tei tei-q">“fully preached the gospel of Christ�</span>
+from Jerusalem <span class="tei tei-q">“round about [the coast of
+the Mediterranean] unto Illyricum,�</span> (Rom.
+16:19);—a country on the Adriatic, or Gulf
+of Venice. He afterwards visited Rome,
+and is supposed to have preached the gospel
+as far west as Spain. The apostles spread
+Christianity throughout the Roman empire.
+Palestine, Syria, Natolia, Greece, the islands
+of the Mediterranean, Italy, and the northern
+coast of Africa, contained societies of Christians
+in the first century. In the second
+century societies existed, and Christ was worshipped,
+among the Germans, Spaniards,
+French, Celts, and Britons, and many other
+nations in Europe, and almost throughout the
+whole east. In the fourth century Christianity
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had become the prevailing religion of the
+empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In later times the gospel which began to
+be preached at Jerusalem, has been extended
+to more distant countries, and is still finding
+its way to every tribe and people that have
+not before heard its joyful sound. Thus has
+the light of the gospel nearly encircled the
+globe, having been, in one age or another, proclaimed
+in every known country—fulfilling
+the words of the Saviour: <span class="tei tei-q">“And this gospel
+of the kingdom shall be preached in all the
+world, for a witness unto all nations; and
+then shall the end come,�</span> Matt. 24:14.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And the gospel must first be published
+among all nations,�</span> Mark 13:10. It would
+not follow from these predictions that it must
+be preached at the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">same time</span></em> to all nations,
+any more than the light of day shines on
+all parts of the earth at once: but all must
+have been illumined by it before the end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In accordance with this view, those who
+are finally redeemed to God <span class="tei tei-q">“out of every
+kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation�</span>
+(5:9), are those who will <span class="tei tei-q">“have washed
+their robes and made them white in the blood
+of the Lamb�</span> (7:14), in consequence of
+this universal extension of the gospel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The command to fear and give glory to
+God, and to worship the Creator of all things
+implies that it was to be proclaimed to worshippers
+of false gods, and was not a mere
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+proclamation addressed to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">actual Christians</span></em>.
+The Gentiles to whom the apostles preached
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">were</span></em> actual worshippers of such, and needed
+to be taught the worship of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em> God.
+While Paul was at Athens, his spirit was
+stirred within him when he saw the city
+wholly given to idolatry. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then Paul stood
+in the midst of Mars hill, and said, Ye men
+of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye
+are too superstitious. For as I passed by,
+and beheld your devotions, I found an altar
+with this inscription: TO THE UNKNOWN
+GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship,
+him declare I unto you. God that made
+the world and all things therein, seeing that
+he is the Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth
+not in temples made with hands,�</span> Acts 17:22-24.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye know that ye were Gentiles,
+carried away unto these dumb idols, even as
+ye were led,�</span> 1 Cor. 12:2. <span class="tei tei-q">“For they themselves
+show us of what manner of entering in
+we had unto you, and how ye turned to God
+from idols, to serve the living and true God:
+and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he
+raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered
+us from the wrath to come,�</span> 1 Thess.
+1:9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great motive, to be held forth to induce
+men to turn from the worship of idols to that
+of God, was the certainty of the approaching
+judgment. In accordance with this, the apostles
+make constant references to it. The Corinthians
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+are exhorted to <span class="tei tei-q">“come behind in no
+gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus
+Christ: who shall also confirm you unto the
+end, that ye may be blameless in the day of
+our Lord Jesus Christ,�</span> 1 Cor. 1:7, 8. As
+Paul <span class="tei tei-q">“reasoned of righteousness, temperance,
+and judgment to come, Felix trembled,�</span> Acts
+24:25. He said to the impenitent Romans, that
+they were <span class="tei tei-q">“treasuring up to themselves wrath
+against the day of wrath, and revelation of the
+righteous judgment of God,�</span> Rom. 2:5. The
+first things which were presented in all their
+teachings were <span class="tei tei-q">“the foundation of repentance
+from dead works, and of faith toward God, of
+the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of
+hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of
+eternal judgment,�</span> Heb. 6:1, 2. Thus
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied
+of these, saying, Behold the Lord cometh
+with ten thousand of his saints,�</span> Jude 14, 15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As Christ was to judge the world <span class="tei tei-q">“at his
+appearing and kingdom�</span> (2 Tim. 4:1), a
+reference to his coming always involved a consideration
+of the hour of his judgment; and
+his appearing was a great incentive to holiness.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For our conversation is in heaven, from
+whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord
+Jesus Christ,�</span> Phil. 3:20. And <span class="tei tei-q">“when
+Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall
+ye also appear with him in glory,�</span> Col. 3:4.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of
+rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming?�</span>
+1 Thess. 2:19. <span class="tei tei-q">“To the end he may establish
+your hearts unblamable in holiness before
+God, even our Father, at the coming of
+our Lord Jesus Christ with all his saints,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+3:13. <span class="tei tei-q">“For if we believe that Jesus
+died and rose again, even so them also which
+sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. For
+this we say unto you by the word of the Lord,
+that we which are alive and remain unto the
+coming of the Lord shall not prevent them
+which are asleep. For the Lord himself shall
+descend from heaven with a shout, with the
+voice of the archangel, and with the trump of
+God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:
+Then we which are alive and remain shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds,
+to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we
+ever be with the Lord,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 4:14-17.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And to you who are troubled, rest with us,
+when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from
+heaven with his mighty angels, in flaming fire
+taking vengeance on them that know not God,
+and that obey not the gospel of our Lord
+Jesus Christ,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not only the apostles, but their successors,
+in succeeding ages, have constantly made reference
+to the judgment, as the motive to holiness.
+Beginning in the days of the apostles,
+the same gospel has been continued by a succession
+of men to the present time; and those
+who are now preaching, or who support those
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+who so preach the everlasting gospel, in connection
+with the warning of approaching judgment,
+must be regarded as belonging to the
+same body of men symbolized by the angel
+flying in the midst of heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Commencing in the apostolic age, sections
+of the globe were evangelized—in Asia and
+Africa, that have never received the gospel
+since, either under the reformers or by modern
+missionaries. But beginning with the dispensation
+of the gospel to the Gentiles, its fulfilment
+is found in China, in Tartary, in Japan,
+in Egypt, and Ethiopia, and in lands so remote
+that no one can say it has not been almost
+universally promulgated.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Angel announcing the Fall of Babylon.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And another angel, a second, followed, saying, She is
+fallen! Babylon the great is fallen! She made all nations
+drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+14:8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This angel, like the former, must symbolize
+a body of religious teachers. The former resulted
+in the spread of Christianity. This announces
+the fall of a corrupt hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Babylon being regarded as a symbol of the
+Roman church, her fall must be understood to
+be her loss of power, as mistress of the kings
+of the earth; and synchronizes with her displacement
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+from her position on the beast, as
+symbolized in the 17th chapter. The epoch of
+her fall, and consequently of the flight of this
+angel, is that of the Reformation, when the
+corruptions of the Papal See were first exposed,
+and it was denounced as the Apocalyptic harlot.
+The argument for this application is
+given in the exposition of Rev. 18:1, which
+is a repetition of the symbol here given, p. <a href="#Pg300" class="tei tei-ref">300</a>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Wrath-denouncing Angel.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with
+a loud voice, If any one worship the wild beast and his image,
+and receive his mark on his forehead, or on his hand,
+even he will drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which
+is poured out unmingled into the cup of his wrath; and he
+will be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence
+of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb: and
+the smoke of their torment ascendeth for ever and ever:
+and they have no rest day or night, who worship the wild
+beast and his image, and whoever receiveth the mark of
+his name!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 14:9-11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cry of this angel synchronizes with the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“voice from heaven�</span> (18:4), and follows
+the discovery of the corruptions of Romanism.—See
+the exposition of that Scripture, p. <a href="#Pg307" class="tei tei-ref">307</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worship of the beast consisted in a regard
+for it, equivalent to saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is
+like unto the beast? and, Who is able to make
+war with him?�</span> 13:4. To worship, is to
+manifest homage and respect. To worship
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+any inferior object, is to bestow on it the confidence
+and affection which is due only to
+God. It is to trust in it, as invincible, able to
+protect, and infallible in judgment. Thus to
+regard any civil or ecclesiastical organization,
+is to substitute it for Him, by whom the powers
+that be are ordained (Rom. 13:1), who
+giveth the kingdom to whomsoever he will
+(Dan. 4:17), and by whom alone, kings
+reign, and princes decree justice, Prov. 8:15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whenever any civil or ecclesiastical enactment
+conflicts with the requisitions of Jehovah,
+that power is worshipped, which is
+obeyed in preference to the other: <span class="tei tei-q">“Know ye
+not that to whom ye yield yourselves servants
+to obey, his servants ye are whom ye obey?�</span>
+Rom. 6:16. The worship of God is incompatible
+with obedience to any power which
+compels a violation of His laws. Due obedience
+to government is commanded, when no
+question of conscience is involved. When it
+is, no forcible resistance to the execution of
+the law is permitted; but while God is obeyed,
+the penalty of the law is to be meekly endured.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The early Christians chose death, rather
+than to deny their Saviour at the command of
+Jewish Sanhedrim or Roman emperor. When
+Peter and John were commanded <span class="tei tei-q">“not to
+speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus,�</span>
+their answer was, <span class="tei tei-q">“Whether it be right in the
+sight of God to hearken unto you more than
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak
+the things which we have seen and heard,�</span>
+Acts 4:19, 20. In like manner, the Christians
+living at the epoch of this angel, were to
+be similarly tried, which is implied in the
+command, not to worship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So soon as the reformers were placed in
+direct conflict with the Church of Rome, her
+anathemas were hurled against all who assented
+not to her mummeries. And the power
+of the civil arm was also brought into exercise
+to compel obedience to her commands.
+Those who maintained their integrity, did so
+in opposition to the requirements of the church
+and state; while those who submitted to the
+state as invincible, or to the church as infallible,
+extended to the beast or its image that homage
+and regard which was due to God. They
+thus acknowledged themselves the servants of
+him whom they obeyed, and subjected themselves
+to the wrath of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The smoke of their torment ascendeth up
+for ever and ever, and they have no rest, day
+nor night, who worship the beast and his
+image. While the righteous enter into rest,
+the wicked are like the troubled sea which
+cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and
+dirt, Isa. 57:20.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Harvest of the Earth.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Here is the patience of the saints: here are those who
+keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.
+And I heard a voice from heaven, saying, Write, Happy the
+dead who die in the Lord, from henceforth! Yea, saith the
+Spirit, that they may rest from their toils; and their works
+go with them. And I looked, and behold, a white cloud,
+and one was seated on the cloud like the Son of man, having
+on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a sharp sickle.
+And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a
+loud voice to him seated on the cloud, Thrust forth thy
+sickle and reap: for the hour is come for thee to reap; for
+the harvest of the earth is ripe. And he, who sat on the
+cloud, cast his sickle on the earth; and the earth was
+reaped.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 14:12-16.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The announcement that here are they who
+keep the commandments of God, implies that,
+at the epoch symbolized, they are to be the
+subjects of special notice. By the voice from
+heaven, they are shown to include all of the
+dead who have died in the Lord; and their
+being blessed from thenceforth, indicates that
+they will at that epoch enter upon their eternal
+reward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“rest�</span> of the righteous, is at the advent
+of Christ:—<span class="tei tei-q">“To you who are troubled,
+rest with us when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed
+from heaven,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:6. <span class="tei tei-q">“There
+remaineth a rest for the people of God,�</span> Heb.
+4:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On hearing the voice from heaven, the revelator
+looked, and beheld on a cloud <span class="tei tei-q">“one like
+the Son of man.�</span> In Ezek. 1:26, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+likeness as the appearance of a man,�</span> upon
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the likeness of the throne,�</span> is explained to
+be <span class="tei tei-q">“the appearance of the likeness of the
+glory of the Lord.�</span> In Dan. 7:13, <span class="tei tei-q">“one like
+the Son of man,�</span> who comes to the Ancient
+of days, is evidently a symbol of Christ. In
+Rev. 1:13, <span class="tei tei-q">“one like unto the Son of man,�</span>
+is the one who was alive, was dead, and is
+alive forevermore. The same symbol repeated,
+must here also be a representative of
+Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His position on a cloud, indicates the arrival
+of the period when he is to be manifested
+in mid-heaven: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold he cometh with
+clouds; and every eye shall see him,�</span> 1:7.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“One like the Son of man came with the
+clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of
+days, and they brought him near before him.
+And there was given him dominion and glory
+and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and
+languages should serve him,�</span> Dan. 7:13, 14.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And they shall see the Son of man coming
+in the clouds of heaven, with power and great
+glory. And he shall send his angels, with a
+great sound of a trumpet, and they shall
+gather together his elect from the four winds,
+from one end of heaven to the other,�</span> Matt.
+24:30, 31.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch of this manifestation, according
+to the above, is that of the last trump, the
+second advent, and the first resurrection.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At the last trump ... the dead shall be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed,�</span>
+1 Cor. 15:52. <span class="tei tei-q">“For the Lord himself shall
+descend from heaven with a shout, with the
+voice of the archangel, and with the trump
+of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first;
+then we which are alive and remain, shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds,
+to meet the Lord in the air,�</span> 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His <span class="tei tei-q">“golden crown�</span> indicates that he is
+now to take to himself his great power, and to
+reign, <span class="tei tei-q">“when the kingdoms of this world become
+our Lord's and his Christ's,�</span> 11:15, 17.
+Crowns are symbols of sovereignty. As such,
+they respectively denoted the periods, when
+the forms of government, symbolized by the
+heads of the beast (12:3) and its horns (13:1),
+bore rule. Now the diadem is to be transferred
+from them, to encircle the brow of
+earth's rightful Sovereign.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sharp sickle in his hand, indicates that
+the time of harvest has arrived; and the
+act of reaping, the gathering of the harvest.
+There are two gatherings symbolized, corresponding
+to the two classes of persons who
+are to be gathered. <span class="tei tei-q">“The dead in Christ
+shall rise first,�</span> and will be <span class="tei tei-q">“caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air,�</span> before the wicked
+are gathered, 1 Thess. 4:16, 17. <span class="tei tei-q">“I will
+come again, and receive you unto myself,�</span>
+said the Saviour, John 14:5. The Lord of
+the harvest directs its gathering, but effects it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the instrumentality of angels: <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall
+send his angels, and shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from the uttermost
+part of the earth, to the uttermost part of
+heaven,�</span> Mark 13:27. When thus gathered,
+they are caught up to meet the Lord in the air,
+where the Lord of the harvest sits. This
+is the separation of the righteous and wicked,
+who were to <span class="tei tei-q">“grow together till the harvest,�</span>
+which, says the Saviour, <span class="tei tei-q">“is the end of the
+world,�</span> Matt. 13:39.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Lord suggests, that it is inconsistent
+with the dignity of Christ, to be notified by an
+angel when to begin his work; and therefore
+dissents from the application of the symbol to
+him. It may not, however, be necessary to
+consider the cry of the angel, as one of command.
+The angel may be a messenger from
+the Ancient of days, announcing the epoch of
+the resurrection. Or he may symbolize a body
+of men, who will be ardently praying for the
+return of the nobleman to take his kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The harvest is spoken of in distinction
+from the gathering of the vine, and in contrast
+with it. Men harvest what they prize,—their
+grain and fruits. They do not harvest
+briers and thorns. They cut or reap both;
+but the act of reaping is not expressive of the
+destiny of what is reaped. This is indicated
+by the disposition made, and the terms applied;
+the one is gathered into the garner of
+the Lord; but the other is given to the consuming
+fire.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The righteous being caught up to meet the
+Lord at his coming, the destruction of the
+wicked, which must precede the regeneration
+of the earth and descent of the saints, is next
+symbolized.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Reaping of the Vine.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And another angel came out of the temple in heaven,
+he also having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out
+from the altar, who had power over the fire, and called
+with a loud shout to him who had the sharp sickle, saying,
+Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and cut off the clusters of the
+vine of the earth; for its grapes are ripe. And the angel
+cast in his sickle into the earth, and cut off the vine of the
+earth, and cast it into the great wine-press of the wrath of
+God. And the wine-press was trodden without the city,
+and blood came out of the wine-press, even to the bridles
+of the horses, for the distance of one thousand six hundred
+furlongs.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev. 14:17-20.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The wicked also are gathered by the instrumentality
+of angels: said the Saviour, <span class="tei tei-q">“As
+therefore the tares are gathered and burned in
+the fire; so shall it be in the end of this
+world. The Son of man shall send forth his
+angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom
+all things that offend, and them which
+do iniquity; and shall cast them into a
+furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and
+gnashing of teeth,�</span> Matt. 13:40-42. In the
+parable of the tares, the Saviour said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let
+both grow together until the harvest: and in
+the time of harvest I will say to the reapers,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Gather ye together first the tares, and bind
+them in bundles to burn them: but gather the
+wheat into my barn.�</span> Thus the tares were
+to be gathered <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em>—not before the righteous
+are gathered, but before the wheat is placed in
+the garner: the new earth being the garner
+where the righteous are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">finally</span></em> to be gathered,
+they cannot be placed there till the wicked
+have been gathered out. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then shall the
+righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom
+of their Father. Who hath ears to hear,
+let him hear,�</span> Matt. 13:30, 43.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The disposition of the vine, its being trodden
+down, and the great presence of blood
+flowing, symbolize the awful judgments to
+overtake the wicked, after the escape of the
+righteous, when they are gathered into bundles
+and burned. Thus Isaiah prophesied:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Who is this that cometh from Edom, with
+dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious
+in his apparel, travelling in the greatness
+of his strength? I that speak in righteousness,
+mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red
+in thine apparel, and thy garments like him
+that treadeth in the wine-vat? I have trodden
+the wine-press alone: and of the people
+there was none with me: for I will tread them
+in mine anger, and trample them in my fury,
+and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my
+garments, and I will stain all my raiment.
+For the day of vengeance is in my heart, and
+the year of my redeemed is come,�</span> Isa. 63:1-4.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before the destruction of the old world by
+the deluge, Noah was secure in the ark. Before
+the destruction of Sodom, Lot is removed
+to a place of safety. So before the destruction
+of the vine of the earth, the righteous are
+caught up to the Lord in the air, where they
+are symbolized, in the following chapter, as:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Victors on the Sea of Glass.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw another sign in heaven, great and wonderful,
+seven angels having the seven last plagues; for by
+these, the wrath of God is completed. And I saw as it were
+a transparent sea mingled with fire; and those who had
+obtained the victory over the wild beast, and over his
+image, and over the number of his name, standing on the
+transparent sea, having harps of God. And they sing the
+song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb,
+saying, Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God
+Almighty; just and true are thy ways, king of nations!
+Who should not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?
+for thou only art holy; for all nations will come and worship
+before thee; for thy judgments are manifested.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+15:1-4.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This appears to close the vision commencing
+with the sixth verse of the 14th chapter, and
+to be independent of the remaining portion of
+the 15th chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These <span class="tei tei-q">“seven angels,�</span> in the subsequent
+vision, discharge the contents of the vials of
+God's wrath; but the epoch here presented is
+evidently subsequent to that fulfilment; for
+the imitation of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Song of Moses,�</span> must
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+follow the infliction of the judgments which
+call forth that song of rejoicing. They had
+here completed the wrath of God, the manner
+of which act is subsequently shown in a
+separate vision.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“sea of glass,�</span> must represent an elevation
+above the earth. For those stationed
+there had gotten the victory over the beast
+and his image, had escaped the wrath to be
+poured on those who worshipped those powers
+(14:9), had been gathered when the
+harvest of the earth was reaped (14:16),
+being then caught up to meet the Lord in the
+air (1 Thess. 4:17), and now, the clusters of
+the vine of the earth having been gathered
+and cast into the wine-press of the wrath of
+God (14:19), they rejoice above the fires
+of earth, witnesses of the manifestations of
+God's judgments. They have come out of
+all their tribulations, and evidently synchronize
+with the palm-bearing multitude (Rev.
+7:9), the hundred and forty-four thousand
+on Mount Zion (14:1), and the multitude in
+heaven who sing Alleluia over the judgment
+of the great harlot, 19:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The song of Moses,�</span> was that sung by
+the Israelites when the Egyptians had perished
+in the waters of the Red Sea, and they
+were safely encamped on its further shore.
+The Lord had triumphed gloriously over the
+enemies of Israel, had buried the horse and
+his rider in the sea, and was about to plant
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his people in the mountain of his inheritance,—in
+the place which he had made for them
+to dwell in,—in the sanctuary which he had
+established, Ex. 15:1-21. The analogy
+requires that when this corresponding song is
+sung, the ransomed of the Lord shall have
+correspondingly witnessed the overthrow of
+the adversaries of Jehovah, and shall themselves
+have escaped from the perils of the
+many waters which had threatened to engulf
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The judgments of God being manifested on
+the nations of the ungodly, there are none
+remaining, only <span class="tei tei-q">“the nations of them which
+are saved,�</span> 21:24. As these will all walk in
+the light of the new Jerusalem, those on the
+sea of glass may well sing:
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty!</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For thou only art Holy:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For all nations shall come and worship before thee;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">For thy judgments are made manifest.�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In accordance with the foregoing view, this
+synchronizes with the <span class="tei tei-q">“new song�</span> sung by
+those who are redeemed from every nation,
+kindred, tongue and people (5:9), who are
+afterwards seen standing with the Lamb on
+Mount Zion, 14:3.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Angels with the Seven Vials.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And after this, I looked, and the temple of the tabernacle
+of the testimony in heaven was opened; and the seven
+angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues,
+clothed in pure white linen, and girded around the breasts
+with golden girdles. And one of the four living beings
+gave to the seven angels, seven golden bowls filled with the
+wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. And the temple
+was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from
+his power, and no one was able to enter the temple till the
+seven plagues of the seven angels were completed.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+15:5-8.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I heard a loud voice out of the temple saying,
+to the seven angels, Depart, and pour out the bowls of the
+wrath of God on the earth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:1.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony
+in heaven,�</span> must symbolize heaven
+itself. It corresponds with the tabernacle
+<span class="tei tei-q">“after the second veil,�</span>—called <span class="tei tei-q">“the holiest
+of all,�</span> where the tables of the covenant were
+deposited by the command of Moses, Heb. 9:1-5.
+There, the <span class="tei tei-q">“cherubims of glory�</span> over-shadowed
+the mercy-seat,—a type of the presence-chamber
+of the Almighty. Consequently,
+when it is symbolized as being opened in
+heaven, the angels who come out are divinely
+commissioned executors of God's purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“seven angels,�</span> are the ministers of
+the divine vengeance,—the rectitude of
+their character and the dignity of their office,
+being symbolized by their <span class="tei tei-q">“white robes�</span> and
+<span class="tei tei-q">“golden girdles.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The period of time symbolized by the pouring
+out of the vials, must be anterior to the
+second advent; for in the analogous instances
+of God's judgments, he visits his enemies
+with plagues previous to the deliverance of
+his children. Thus were the ancient Egyptians
+visited, before the Israelites escaped from
+their power, Ex. 5-11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The deliverance of the vials to the angels
+by one of the four <span class="tei tei-q">“living creatures,�</span> indicates
+that the intelligences in the divine presence,
+which are thus symbolized, are cognizant
+of God's design, and acquiesce in his purpose
+to visit the subjects of his wrath with these
+plagues.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By these being called <span class="tei tei-q">“the vials of God's
+wrath,�</span> we learn that their infliction is not
+corrective, but judicial;—that they are not
+agents of mercy, but of vengeance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The filling of the temple with the smoke of
+God's glory, to the exclusion of all persons
+during the pouring out of the vials, shows
+that during that period, there will be no intercession
+with God for him to refrain from the
+execution of the purposes thus symbolized.
+They are inevitable; and there will be no
+supplication for their suspension. When Moses
+had finished the type of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Holiest of
+all,�</span> a <span class="tei tei-q">“cloud covered the tent of the congregation,
+and the glory of the Lord filled the
+tabernacle. And Moses was not able to enter
+into the tent of the congregation, because the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the
+Lord filled the tabernacle,�</span> Ex. 40:34, 35.
+It was only when Moses could enter the tabernacle,
+that he could there commune with
+God face to face, Ex. 33:9, 11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The voice from the temple to the seven
+angels, shows that the acts commanded are
+the subjects of divine appointment,—the
+angels simply designating the commencement
+of the several judgments.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The First Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the first went away, and poured out his bowl on
+the earth; and there came an evil and sore ulcer on the
+men who had the mark of the beast, and on those worshipping
+his image.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:2.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“earth,�</span> in the Apocalypse, symbolizes
+a quiet and settled government (13:11),
+in distinction from one politically agitated,
+which is symbolized by waters, 13:1; 17:15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who receive the contents of the first
+vial, being the worshippers of the <span class="tei tei-q">“beast�</span>
+and its <span class="tei tei-q">“image�</span> (13:15), it is certain that
+the governments on which it is poured, are
+subservient to the church of Rome and within
+the boundaries of the ten kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The effect of the vial is <span class="tei tei-q">“a noisome and
+grievous sore;�</span> and the only things analogous,
+are mental maladies. Therefore the results
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+symbolized must be noxious principles and
+opinions, which fill the mind with rancor and
+hate,—producing strife, alienation and contention.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">epoch</span></em> here symbolized, in the very
+unanimous opinion of most judicious writers,
+corresponds with the commencement of the
+agitations which preceded the outbreak of the
+first French revolution, about A. D. 1785.
+Commencing in France, and extending with
+more or less virulence throughout the ten
+kingdoms, there was excited an intense uneasiness
+of the people respecting their relation
+to their rulers. They regarded themselves as
+insupportably oppressed and degraded, and
+were exasperated to madness against their
+respective governments. This, under the
+next vial, resulted in the overthrow of the
+French monarchy, and in attempted revolutions
+in other kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Second Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea;
+and it became like the blood of a dead person; and every
+living creature in the sea died.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first vial having excited political agitations
+in previously quiet governments, they
+are now more fitly symbolized by the <span class="tei tei-q">“sea�</span>
+than by the <span class="tei tei-q">“earth.�</span> And on such the second
+vial is poured.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the sea symbolizes a people agitated and
+disquieted, the living things in it, must symbolize
+those who live on and are sustained by
+the people. Consequently, the waters becoming
+blood, and the death of the things living
+in the waters, symbolize the shedding of the
+blood of the people, and the slaughter, by
+them, of their rulers and superiors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch symbolized, would therefore
+correspond with the actual outbreak of the
+French revolution, to which the agitations produced
+by the previous vial had goaded on the
+excited people. In their riots and insurrections,
+history records the destruction of large numbers
+of the populace; and these exterminated
+the members of the royal family, and all persons
+of rank and influence. A million of
+people, according to Alison, perished in the
+civil war of La Vendee alone; and thousands
+of the nobility and persons of distinction were
+ruthlessly slaughtered throughout France,
+whose rivers were discolored with the blood
+of the slain.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Third Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the third poured out his bowl on the rivers and on
+the fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I
+heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O
+Thou, who art, and wast holy, because thou hast inflicted
+these judgments; for they have poured out the blood of
+saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to
+drink: they are worthy! And I heard one from the altar,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+saying, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous
+are thy judgments!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:4-7.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Lord justly remarks that <span class="tei tei-q">“Rivers and
+fountains of waters, are to a sea, what smaller
+exterior communities and nations are to a
+great central people.�</span> As the French nation
+was the sea, the <span class="tei tei-q">“rivers and fountains�</span> symbolize
+contiguous or more remote communities
+surrounding it. These are said to have
+become blood, without its being specified that
+the living things in them perished, as in the
+sea. Accordingly, while the greater portion
+of Europe continued, with little interruption,
+for twenty years from 1792, to be deluged
+with war and bloodshed, the nobles and rulers
+of the other nations were not exterminated, as
+in France.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The nations thus overwhelmed with blood,
+were those which had sanctioned the shedding
+of the blood of the saints; consequently
+their retribution was just.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Fourth Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the fourth angel poured out his vial on the sun;
+and it was given him to burn men with fire. And men
+were burned with great heat, and reviled the name of God,
+who had power over these plagues; and they repented not
+to give him glory.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:8, 9.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The influence of the sun on the earth and
+sea, is analogous to that of a government on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the subjects of its rule. As the right degree
+of light and heat is conducive to vegetation,
+and the excessive action of the sun's rays will
+scorch and destroy; so a genial government
+is a blessing to the people, while its arbitrary
+and tyrannical acts are often insupportably
+oppressive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the overthrow of the French monarchy
+under the second vial, there arose new
+rulers in France, who usurped despotic powers,
+and subjected the governed to most oppressive
+exactions. The rich were impoverished,
+the nation was robbed, the business of
+the country was paralyzed, the obnoxious
+were slain, every species of misery and wickedness
+abounded, the males were subjected
+to military conscription, and hundreds of thousands
+of them were sent to subjugate surrounding
+nations. The countries they invaded
+were also devastated, and oppressed, and robbed
+by impoverishing taxations. These continued,
+though in a milder form, under the imperial
+rule, and all parts of the Roman earth
+felt the scorching effects of the devouring heat
+of French usurpation. But when Napoleon
+passed beyond the boundaries of the Roman
+empire, he was met and driven back by the
+snow and frost of the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Notwithstanding the oppressions to which
+the people were subjected, and the exactions
+under which they groaned, they made no
+recognition of God's sovereignty. They saw
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+not that this chastisement was from Him.
+They did not deprecate his wrath, nor acknowledge
+his righteousness, but still continued
+to be infidels and apostates. They continued
+to blaspheme the name of God, who
+had power over these plagues, and repented
+not to give him glory.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Fifth Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne
+of the wild beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and
+they gnawed their tongues through pain, and reviled the
+God of heaven, because of their pains and their ulcers, and
+repented not of their deeds</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:10, 11.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The beast, here spoken of, is the same seven-headed,
+ten-horned wild beast that ascended
+out of the sea (Rev. 13:1), symbolizing the
+Roman empire in its divided form. Consequently
+the seat or throne of the beast would
+be the ruling power which exercised and controlled
+the government of these kingdoms.
+Just previous to this epoch, Napoleon had
+reached the summit of his power; and the
+subversion of his throne, with the restoration
+of the Bourbon dynasty in 1814 and
+1815, is evidently here symbolized. Napoleon
+had become the idol of France, which
+worshipped at the shrine of his glory. With
+his fall, their sun was stricken from its
+firmament, and the kingdom was darkened.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The change being effected by foreign arms,
+the chagrin and mortification of his adherents
+was natural and expected. They were filled
+with pain and anguish at this termination of
+all their hopes. The re-imposition on them
+of the Bourbon line, revived all their former
+hatred towards their rulers and sense of oppression,
+symbolized by the ulcers of the first
+vial. They continued still a nation of infidels,
+performing the same works of blasphemy
+against God; and again and again have they
+risen in rebellion against their government.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Sixth Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the sixth poured out his bowl on the great river,
+the Euphrates; and its water was dried up, that the way
+of the kings from the rising of the sun might be prepared.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Rev. 16:12.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This symbol resembles a like prediction
+respecting ancient Babylon: <span class="tei tei-q">“A drought is
+upon her waters, and they shall be dried up,�</span>
+(Jer. 50:38); and <span class="tei tei-q">“I will dry up her sea,
+and make her springs dry,�</span> Jer. 51:36.
+Ancient Babylon was situated on the river
+Euphrates, which contributed to the wealth
+and greatness of the city, and was a means
+of its defence. The kings of Media and Persia,
+from the east of Babylon, subjugated it
+by diverting from the city the waters of the
+river, and entering by its unprotected bed.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The turning of the waters into other channels,
+fulfilled the prediction that it should be dried
+up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Waters, when used as a symbol, are explained
+to be <span class="tei tei-q">“peoples, nations,�</span> &amp;c., Rev.
+17:15. In the 17th chapter of the Apocalypse,
+the angel informs the revelator that he
+will show him <span class="tei tei-q">“the judgment of the great
+harlot who sitteth on many waters,�</span> (17:1);
+which implies that he had already seen a vision
+to that effect. He is then shown a woman
+on a scarlet-colored beast (v. 3), who is
+spoken of as sitting <span class="tei tei-q">“on many waters�</span> (v.
+1), and on seven mountains (v. 10), and who
+is affirmed to be the <span class="tei tei-q">“great city, which reigneth
+over the kings of the earth,�</span> v. 18. Under
+the seventh vial, the <span class="tei tei-q">“great city,�</span> which is
+<span class="tei tei-q">“great Babylon,�</span> is divided into three parts
+(16:19); and the inference is, that the harlot
+and ancient Babylon are analogous symbols
+of the same organized agency; and, that the
+city was here exhibited on the great river
+Euphrates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As a woman clothed with sunbeams and
+crowned with stars (Rev. 12:1), and a city
+illuminated with the glory of God (Rev. 21:10),
+are each symbols of the true church, corresponding
+symbols of opposite moral characteristics
+are appropriate representatives of a
+corrupt and apostate church. As Jerusalem
+was the seat of the ancient church, so was
+Babylon the seat of her oppressors. The former
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+is addressed as a woman, and told to put
+on her <span class="tei tei-q">“beautiful garments,�</span> (Isa. 52:1); and
+Babylon is called the <span class="tei tei-q">“daughter of the Chaldeans,�</span>
+and <span class="tei tei-q">“the lady of kingdoms,�</span> (Isa.
+47:5): so that a woman, and a city of corresponding
+character, may, interchangeably,
+symbolize the same object. Consequently, the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon,�</span> and the <span class="tei tei-q">“harlot�</span> of the Apocalypse,
+both symbolize the corrupt Roman hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ancient Babylon is described as a harlot,
+and is addressed as one who <span class="tei tei-q">“dwellest upon
+many waters, abundant in treasures,�</span> (Jer. 51:13);
+whose end was to come by her waters
+being dried up, 51:36. That city sustained
+a relation to the waters on which it was situated,
+analogous to that held by the Roman
+Catholic church to the people who support
+and defend her pretensions. Their alienation
+and withdrawal from her support, must therefore
+be symbolized by the drying up of the
+great river Euphrates, which becomes diverted
+into other channels. This is now apparently
+being fulfilled in the marked alienation of
+feeling from the church of Rome, which is
+evident throughout the ten kingdoms. During
+the last twenty years, the hold of that community
+on the affection of her supporters in
+Europe, has been constantly becoming weaker
+and weaker. Infidel principles have been extensively
+propagated. Her cathedrals have
+been comparatively deserted; and her existence
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+has been endured more as a matter of
+expediency than of affection. At the present
+moment, probably, the mass of the people
+have little confidence in her pretensions; but
+it will require a more marked withdrawal
+from her support than has yet been witnessed,
+to fulfil, in all its significance, the meaning
+conveyed in the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“kings of the east,�</span> whose way is to
+be thus prepared, are doubtless her enemies,
+who, having produced the desired alienation
+from her support, will take advantage of her
+defenceless position, and hasten her ruin; as
+the kings of Media and Persia, in like manner,
+subjugated old Babylon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under the operation of the sixth vial, and,
+according to the fulfilment of the preceding
+symbols, corresponding with the present time,
+are to be developed:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Unclean Spirits.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of
+the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild
+beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. For they
+are spirits of demons, performing signs, that go forth to the
+kings of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of
+that great day of God Almighty.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:13, 14.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“dragon,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“beast,�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“false prophet,�</span>
+being regarded as symbols: the first,
+of the Roman empire previous to its subversion
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the northern barbarians; the second
+of the ten kingdoms which subsequently
+arose; and the third, of the eastern Roman
+empire—now the Mohamedan power; the
+mouths of each, from which the frog-like
+spirits emerge, are next to be considered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To the wild beast was given <span class="tei tei-q">“a mouth,
+speaking great things and blasphemies,�</span> the
+power of which was <span class="tei tei-q">“to continue forty and
+two months,�</span> Rev. 13:5. The agreement
+of this with the corresponding appendages of
+Daniel's <span class="tei tei-q">“little horn�</span> (Dan. 7:8), makes it
+evident that a <span class="tei tei-q">“mouth�</span> is a symbol of an
+ecclesiastical organization existing in a political
+one,—that it symbolizes the agency by
+which the people are taught, and is representative
+of ecclesiastics, who are the mouthpiece
+of the nation in all matters of faith and
+worship, p. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The religion of Rome imperial, when symbolized
+by the dragon, was Paganism; that of
+the ten kingdoms, was the Papacy; and that
+of the eastern empire, is Mohammedanism.
+From these three, then, emerge the <span class="tei tei-q">“unclean
+spirits.�</span> Diverse as their origin appears,
+they have no marked individual peculiarities.
+Being alike in their characteristics, they
+must symbolize some common agency:—a
+combination of religious teachers, whose
+views harmonize in a system of belief common
+to Paganism, Catholicism, and Mohammedanism.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The character of these teachers, is shown
+by the declaration that <span class="tei tei-q">“they are the spirits
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></em> working miracles.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are two words rendered devils in the
+New Testament, viz.: δαιμονιον (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">daimonion</span></span>) or
+δαιμων (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">daimoon</span></span>), and διαβολος (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">diabolus</span></span>).
+The latter signifies the Devil, or Satan, who
+is the same as Beelzebub the prince of the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></em>, Matt. 12:25. He it was by whom
+Jesus was tempted in the wilderness, (Matt.
+4:1-11); who sowed the tares in the field,
+(Matt, 13:39); and for whom, with his
+angels, the final punishment for the wicked is
+prepared, Matt. 25:41.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The word here, is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">daimoon</span></span>. It is used, in
+different forms, sixty-five times by our Lord
+and his apostles; and on no occasion do they
+hint that they use the word in a sense different
+from its then accepted signification; to
+learn which, recourse must be had to the testimony
+of the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian
+writers of those times.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hesiod</span></span> taught that, <span class="tei tei-q">“The spirits of departed
+mortals become <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></em> when separated
+from their earthly bodies;�</span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plutarch</span></span>, that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The demons of the Greeks were the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ghosts</span></em>
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">genii</span></span> of departed men.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“All Pagan
+antiquity affirms,�</span> says Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Campbell</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+from Titan and Saturn, the poetic progeny of
+Cœlus and Terra, down to Æsculapius, Proteus,
+and Minos, all their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">divinities</span></span> were the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ghosts</span></span> of dead men; and were so regarded
+by the most erudite of the Pagans themselves.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the Pagans, the term <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demon</span></span>, as
+often represented a good as an evil spirit;
+but among the Jews, it generally, if not universally,
+denoted an unclean, malign, or
+wicked spirit. Thus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Josephus</span></span> says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Demons
+are the spirits of wicked men.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philo</span></span> says
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“The souls of dead men are called
+demons.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The notion,�</span> says Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lardner</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“of demons, or the souls of dead men, having
+power over living men, was universally
+prevalent among the heathen of these times
+[the first two centuries], and believed by
+many Christians.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Justin Martyr</span></span> speaks of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“those who are seized by the souls of the
+dead, whom we call <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span> and madmen.�</span>
+Ignatius quotes the words of Christ to Peter
+thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“Handle me and see; for I am not a
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">daimoon asomaton</span></span>,—a disembodied
+demon,�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+a spirit without a body.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The foregoing is evidence of the New Testament
+signification of the word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">daimoon</span></span>,
+here improperly rendered devils,—spirits of
+which, the frog-like agencies are affirmed to be.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Demon worship is a characteristic of the
+three religions referred to. As already shown,
+all Pagans regarded their gods as the ghosts
+of dead men; and the Bible speaks of them
+as devils, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>. Moses says of them,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Even their sons and their daughters they
+have burnt in the fire to their gods,�</span> (Deut.
+12:31); while the Psalmist affirms that
+<span class="tei tei-q">“they sacrificed their sons and their daughters
+unto <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>,�</span> Ps. 106:37. <span class="tei tei-q">“They sacrificed
+unto <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>, not to God; to gods whom
+they knew not, to new gods that came newly
+up,�</span> Deut. 32:17. Jeroboam <span class="tei tei-q">“ordained him
+priests for the high places, and for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>,�</span>
+2 Chron. 11:15. <span class="tei tei-q">“The things which the
+Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>, and
+not to God: and I would not that ye should
+have fellowship with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>. Ye cannot
+drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>; ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's
+table, and of the table of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">devils</span></span>,�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of the same kind are the gods of the
+heathen now. In the Youth's Day-Spring,
+for June, a missionary describing the alarm
+and grief of the Africans on the Gaboon river,
+at the near prospect of a death in their village,
+says: <span class="tei tei-q">“The room was filled with
+women, who were weeping in the most piteous
+manner, and calling on the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">spirits of their
+fathers and of others who were dead</span></em>, and
+upon all spirits in whom they believe, Ologo,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Njembi, Abambo, and Mbwini, to save the
+man from death. These spirits could not
+help them, but they knew of none mightier,
+and so called on them.�</span> Mr. White, a Wesleyan
+missionary, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“There is a class of
+people in New Zealand, called Eruku, or
+priests. These men pretend to have intercourse
+with departed spirits, ... by which they
+are able to kill by incantation any person on
+whom their anger may fall.�</span> The Sandwich
+Islanders, when they found that Christians
+supposed they worshipped the images of their
+gods, were much amused, and said <span class="tei tei-q">“We are
+not such fools.�</span> They used the idol as an
+aid to fix their minds on their divinity. Some
+of them supposed their divinity was a spirit
+residing in their idol.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Mohammedans, while they recognize
+God, are also <span class="tei tei-q">“taught by the Koran to
+believe the existence of an intermediate order
+of creatures, which they call Jin, or genii;�</span>
+some of which are supposed to be good and
+others bad, and capable of communicating
+with men, and rewarding or punishing them.
+The 72d chapter of the Koran consists of a
+pretended communication from the genii to
+Mohammed. They are made to say: <span class="tei tei-q">“There
+are some among us who are upright, and
+there are some among us who are otherwise;�</span>
+and speaking of men: <span class="tei tei-q">“If they tread
+in the way of truth, we will surely water
+them with abundance of rain,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> will
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+grant them plenty of good things. Thus they
+are recognized as dispensers of good. They
+bear a striking resemblance to the spirits
+which now pretend to communicate with
+men! All who are familiar with Arabian
+romances know how frequently genii, fairies,
+&amp;c., figure as agents in the execution of wonderful
+exploits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Romanists also pretend to communicate with
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> with departed spirits.
+They deify the Virgin Mary, and supplicate
+the intercessions of many departed saints; and
+some they supplicate, whose claim to saintship
+is somewhat equivocal. Their teachings
+in this particular, Protestants generally recognize
+as the subject of the following prediction:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in
+the latter times some shall depart from the
+faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and
+doctrines of devils,�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>, 1 Tim. 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Demon-worship being common to Paganism,
+Mohammedanism, and Popery, when the
+frog-like agency emerges from them, the conditions
+of the symbol seem to require that it
+shall originate with, but shall pass beyond
+and outside the influence of those religions.
+The agency thus symbolized, was to <span class="tei tei-q">“go forth
+unto the kings of the earth, and of the whole
+world.�</span> Its fulfilment requires a wonderful
+and an alarming increase of those who teach
+and believe these doctrines; and as they are
+to work miracles, whereby the world will be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+deceived, their teachings are to be accompanied
+by extraordinary phenomena, which will
+be unexplainable by any of the known laws
+of science. The spirits of the departed are
+to be recognized by them as authoritative
+teachers, who are to be reverenced and
+obeyed. They will be regarded as communicating
+with mortals, as unveiling the hidden
+things of the invisible state, and as performing
+acts requiring the exercise of physical
+power. The former are evident from
+the analogy which exists between this and
+demon-worship; and the latter, from the
+ascription to them of miraculous acts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The existence of demoniacal intelligences,
+capable of communicating with and acting
+on mortals, appears to be in accordance with
+the teachings of the Saviour and apostles.
+Demoniacal possessions are clearly distinguished
+from all diseases; and demons are
+shown, by the admissions of the New Testament,
+to be actual intelligences, capable of
+physical power. When the fame of Christ
+<span class="tei tei-q">“went throughout all Syria, they brought
+unto him all sick people that were taken with
+divers diseases and torments, and those which
+were possessed with devils, and those which
+were lunatic, and those which had the palsy;
+and he healed them,�</span> Matt. 4:24. <span class="tei tei-q">“When
+the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he
+walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and
+findeth none. Then he saith, I will return
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+into my house from whence I came out; and
+when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept,
+and garnished. Then goeth he, and taketh
+with himself seven other spirits more wicked
+than himself, and they enter in and dwell
+there: and the last state of that man is worse
+than the first,�</span> Matt. 12:43-45. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+as they went out, behold they brought to
+him a dumb man possessed with a devil.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a>
+And when the devil was cast out, the dumb
+spake; and the multitudes marvelled, saying,
+It was never so seen in Israel. But the Pharisees
+said, He casteth out devils,<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> through the
+prince of the devils,�</span> Matt. 9:32-34. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+when they were come to the multitude, there
+came to him a certain man kneeling down to
+him, and saying, Lord, have mercy on my
+son; for he is lunatic, and sore vexed, for oft-times
+he falleth into the fire, and oft into the
+water. And I brought him to thy disciples,
+and they could not cure him. Then Jesus
+answered and said, O faithless and perverse
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+generation, how long shall I be with you?
+how long shall I suffer you? Bring him
+hither to me. And Jesus rebuked the devil,
+and he departed out of him; and the child
+was cured from that very hour,�</span> Matt. 17:14-18.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And there was in their synagogue
+a man with an unclean spirit: and he cried
+out, saying, Let us alone; what have we to
+do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art
+thou come to destroy us? I know thee who
+thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus
+rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and
+come out of him. And when the unclean
+spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud
+voice, he came out of him. And they were
+all amazed, insomuch that they questioned
+among themselves, What thing is this? what
+new doctrine is this? for with what authority
+commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and
+they do obey him!�</span> Mark 1:23-27. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+when he was come out of the ship, immediately
+there met him out of the tombs a man
+with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling
+among the tombs; and no man could bind
+him, no, not with chains: because that he
+had been often bound with fetters and chains,
+and the chains had been plucked asunder by
+him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither
+could any man tame him. And always,
+night and day, he was in the mountains, and
+in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with
+stones. But when he saw Jesus afar off, he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ran and worshipped him, and cried with a
+loud voice, and said, What have I to do with
+thee, Jesus, thou Son of the Most High God!
+I adjure thee, by God, that thou torment me
+not. (For he said unto him, Come out of the
+man, thou unclean spirit.) And he asked
+him, What is thy name? And he answered,
+saying, My name is Legion: for we are
+many. And he besought him much that he
+would not send them away out of the country.
+Now there was nigh unto the mountains a
+great herd of swine feeding. And all the
+devils besought him, saying, Send us into the
+swine, that we may enter into them. And
+forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the
+unclean spirits went out, and entered into the
+swine; and the herd ran violently down a
+steep place into the sea (they were about two
+thousand), and were choked in the sea,�</span>
+Mark 5:2-13.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In all these instances, the demons are
+recognized as actual intelligences, performing
+given acts. Without the admission of this,
+it will be difficult to explain the meaning of
+a large class of scriptures. It cannot for a
+moment be supposed that the inspired writers
+would be permitted to use language which
+should directly mislead the common mind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the miracles which the apostles
+wrought, <span class="tei tei-q">“unclean spirits, crying with a loud
+voice, came out of many possessed with them,
+and many taken with palsies, and that were
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+lame, were healed,�</span> Acts 8:7. <span class="tei tei-q">“And God
+wrought special miracles by the hands of
+Paul: so that from his body were brought
+unto the sick handkerchiefs, or aprons, and
+the diseases departed from them, and the evil
+spirits went out of them. Then certain of
+the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them
+to call over them which had evil spirits, the
+name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure
+you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. And
+there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew,
+and chief of the priests, who did so. And
+the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I
+know, and Paul I know; but who are ye?
+And the man in whom the evil spirit was,
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed
+against them, so that they fled out
+of that house naked and wounded. And
+many that believed, came and confessed, and
+showed their deeds. Many of them also
+which used curious arts, brought their books
+together, and burned them before all men:
+and they counted the price of them, and
+found it fifty thousand pieces of silver,�</span> Acts
+19:11-16, 18, 19.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The necromancy, divination, and witchcraft,
+forbidden in the Old Testament and
+practised by the heathen of those times, were
+all of a similar character. A necromancer
+was one who had, or pretended to have communication
+with the dead,—who sought <span class="tei tei-q">“for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the living to the dead,�</span><a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> Isa. 8:19. They
+practised divination in divers ways, but usually
+admitted their dependence on familiar
+spirits,—the spirits of the departed,—demons.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The king of Babylon stood at the
+parting of the way, at the head of the two
+ways, to use divination; he made his arrows
+bright, he consulted with images, he looked
+in the liver. At his right hand was the
+divination for Jerusalem, to appoint captains,
+to open the mouth in the slaughter,
+to lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint
+battering-rams against the gates, to cast a
+mount, and to build a fort. And it shall be
+unto them as false divination in their sight,
+to them that have sworn oaths: but he will
+call to remembrance the iniquity, that they
+may be taken,�</span> Ezek. 21:21-23. They
+observed times, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> they regarded some as
+lucky, and others as unlucky times for the
+commencement of any work,—recognizing
+distinctions which God had not made. The
+heathen divinities were regarded as more propitious
+at some times than others. It is enumerated
+among the sins of Manasseh, that he
+<span class="tei tei-q">“made his sons pass through the fire, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+observed times, and used enchantments, and
+dealt with familiar spirits and wizards,�</span> 2 Kings 21:6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They practised various arts, whereby they
+thought to protect themselves from evil, and
+to pry into the secrets of futurity. Because
+of these things, ancient Babylon was suddenly
+overwhelmed,—<span class="tei tei-q">“for the multitude of thy sorceries,
+and for the great abundance of thine
+enchantments.�</span> These could not save, as
+they supposed. Therefore God said to them:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Stand now with thine enchantments, and
+with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein
+thou hast labored from thy youth; if so be
+thou shalt be able to profit, if so be thou
+mayest prevail. Thou art wearied in the
+multitude of thy counsels. Let now the astrologers,
+the star-gazers, the monthly prognosticators,
+stand up, and save thee from these
+things that shall come upon thee,�</span> Isa. 47:12, 13.
+All these practices were forbidden by
+God, who said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Neither shall ye use enchantments,
+nor observe times,�</span> Lev. 19:26.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who consulted with familiar spirits
+were termed wizards and witches,—the practice
+of which was also expressly forbidden.
+To make witchcraft a mere pretence, is to
+impute to Jehovah the making of laws against
+pretences and nonentities. To suppose that
+he would legislate against, and inflict capital
+punishment, because of mere pretences, is incredible!
+God said to Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+not suffer a witch to live,�</span> Ex. 22:18. And
+to the Jews he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Regard not them that
+have familiar spirits, neither seek after wizards,
+to be defiled by them: I am the Lord
+your God,�</span> Lev. 19:31. <span class="tei tei-q">“And the soul that
+turneth after such as have familiar spirits,
+and after wizards, to go a whoring after them,
+I will even set my face against that soul, and
+will cut him off from among his people.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“A
+man, also, or a woman, that hath a familiar
+spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put
+to death: they shall stone them with stones:
+their blood shall be upon them,�</span> Lev. 20:6,27.
+When Egypt was to be destroyed, they were
+left to <span class="tei tei-q">“seek to the idols, and to charmers,
+and to them that have familiar spirits, and to
+wizards,�</span> Isa. 19:3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The manner in which the familiar spirit
+spoke, was by <span class="tei tei-q">“peeping,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“muttering,�</span> whispering
+out of the dust, &amp;c. God said to Ariel,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And thou shalt be brought down, and shalt
+speak out of the ground, and thy speech shall
+be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be
+as of one that hath a familiar spirit, out of the
+ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of
+the dust,�</span> Isa. 29:4. <span class="tei tei-q">“And when they shall
+say unto you, Seek unto them that have familiar
+spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and
+that mutter: (should not a people seek unto
+their God? for the living to the dead!) to the
+law and to the testimony: if they speak not
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+according to this word, it is because there is
+no light in them,�</span> Isa. 8:19, 20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Saul had put away those that had familiar
+spirits, and the wizards, out of the land; but
+when he <span class="tei tei-q">“inquired of the Lord, the Lord
+answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by
+Urim, nor by prophets. Then said Saul unto
+his servants, Seek a woman that hath a familiar
+spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire
+of her. And his servants said to him, Behold,
+there is a woman that hath a familiar
+spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself,
+and put on other raiment, and he went, and
+two men with him, and they came to the
+woman by night: and he said, I pray thee
+divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and
+bring me him up whom I shall name unto
+thee. And the woman said unto him, Behold,
+thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he
+hath cut off those that have familiar spirits,
+and the wizards out of the land; wherefore,
+then, layest thou a snare for my life, to cause
+me to die? And Saul sware unto her by the
+Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall
+no punishment happen to thee for this thing.
+Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring
+up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel.
+And when the woman saw Samuel she
+cried with a loud voice: and the woman
+spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived
+me? for thou art Saul. And the king
+said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw
+gods ascending out of the earth. And he said
+unto her, What form is he of? And she said,
+An old man cometh up; and he is covered
+with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it
+was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to
+the ground, and bowed himself. And Samuel
+said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me,
+to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am
+sore distressed; for the Philistines make war
+against me, and God is departed from me, and
+answereth me no more, neither by prophets,
+nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee,
+that thou mayest make known unto me what
+I shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore
+then dost thou ask of me, seeing the Lord
+is departed from thee, and is become thine
+enemy? And the Lord hath done to him, as
+he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the
+kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to
+thy neighbor, even to David: because thou
+obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedest
+his fierce wrath upon Amelek, therefore
+hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this
+day. Moreover, the Lord will also deliver
+Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines:
+and to-morrow shalt thou and thy sons
+be with me: the Lord also shall deliver the
+host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.
+Then Saul fell straightway all along on the
+earth, and was sore afraid, because of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+words of Samuel: and there was no strength
+in him,�</span> 1 Sam. 28:6-20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Micaiah <span class="tei tei-q">“saw the Lord sitting on his
+throne, and all the host of heaven standing by
+him on his right hand and on his left. And
+the Lord said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that
+he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead?
+And one said on this manner, and another
+said on that manner. And there came forth
+a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said,
+I will persuade him. And the Lord said unto
+him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go
+forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth
+of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt
+persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and
+do so. Now therefore, behold, the Lord hath
+put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy
+prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning
+thee,�</span> 1 Kings 22:19-23.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When Paul was in the house of Lydia, he
+says, <span class="tei tei-q">“It came to pass, as we went to prayer,
+a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of
+divination, met us, which brought her masters
+much gain by her soothsaying: the same followed
+Paul and us, and cried, saying, These
+men are the servants of the most high God,
+which show unto us the way of salvation.
+And this she did many days. But Paul,
+being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I
+command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to
+come out of her. And he came out the same
+hour,�</span> Acts 16:16-18.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By sorcery, enchantment, &amp;c., they performed
+wonders, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">miracles</span></span>, either real or
+pretended. <span class="tei tei-q">“There was a certain man called
+Simon, which beforetime in the same city
+used sorcery, and bewitched the people of
+Samaria, giving out that himself was some
+great one: to whom they all gave heed, from
+the least to the greatest, saying, This man is
+the great power of God. And to him they
+had regard, because that of long time he had
+bewitched them with sorceries,�</span> Acts 8:9-11.
+When <span class="tei tei-q">“Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh,
+and before his servants, and it became
+a serpent, then Pharaoh also called the wise
+men, and the sorcerers: now the magicians
+of Egypt they also did in like manner with
+their enchantments. For they cast down
+every man his rod, and they became serpents:
+but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods,�</span>
+Ex. 7:10-12. When Aaron turned the
+water of the river to blood, <span class="tei tei-q">“the magicians
+did so with their enchantments,�</span> v. 22. In
+like manner they <span class="tei tei-q">“brought up frogs upon the
+land of Egypt,�</span> 8:7. But when Aaron
+changed the dust to lice, the magicians attempted
+the same with their enchantments,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“but they could not,�</span> Ex. 8:18. These sorcerers
+who withstood Moses, we learn by
+Paul, were <span class="tei tei-q">“Jannes and Jambres,�</span> 2 Tim.
+3:8. They belonged to an ancient profession
+in Egypt; for, when Pharaoh dreamed his
+dreams, he first <span class="tei tei-q">“sent and called for all the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men
+thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams;
+but there was none that could interpret them
+unto Pharaoh,�</span> Gen. 41:8. In like manner
+Nebuchadnezzar <span class="tei tei-q">“commanded to call the
+magicians, and the astrologers, and the sorcerers,
+and the Chaldeans, for to show the
+king his dreams. So they came, and stood
+before the king,�</span> Dan. 2:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These things were practised to some extent
+in Judah, but were all put away by Josiah.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Moreover, the workers with familiar spirits,
+and the wizards, and the images, and the
+idols, and all the abominations that were spied
+in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did
+Josiah put away, that he might perform the
+words of the law which were written in the
+book that Hilkiah the priest found in the
+house of the Lord,�</span> 2 Kings 23:24.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The acts and influences of demoniacal
+agencies are apparent from the foregoing; and
+the symbolization under the sixth seal, seems
+to indicate a revival of those teachings and
+manifestations at the present time. Within a
+few years, the curiosity of the community has
+been excited, and large numbers of persons
+greatly interested, in various phenomena,
+known as Mesmerism, Animal-Magnetism,
+Clairvoyance, Pathetism, Neurology, Psychology,
+Biology, Electro-Biology, &amp;c. &amp;c. Similar
+manifestations have been before exhibited,
+but not in modern times to the extent now
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+witnessed. These were regarded as harmless
+phenomena and independent of any supernatural
+agency, till audible sounds were heard
+communicating intelligible responses. Then
+the claim was set up that these are caused by
+departed spirits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These sounds were first heard near Rochester,
+New York, in 1847; and, at the present
+time (1852), they are affirmed to exist in
+hundreds of places in this country, and other
+sections of the globe. They are audible raps,
+the cause of which, aside from the hypothesis
+of spiritual agency, has never been satisfactorily
+accounted for. By these raps, unimpeached
+and credible witnesses testify that
+correct answers have been given to questions,
+the facts respecting which were known to no
+one at the time of answering. Since then,
+furniture has been seen to move about the
+room, and other <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">wonders</span></span>, or miracles, been
+performed, by invisible agency, at the command
+of mediums to attending spirits,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>. Mediums have written on paper,
+as they profess, involuntarily, lengthy communications,
+in poetry and prose, the subjects
+of which they claim to have been ignorant of,
+while the pen they held was moved independent
+of their own will. These exhibitions have
+been attested by hundreds of credible witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By such manifestations large numbers of
+persons have given their adherence to these
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+real or pretended agencies as truthful and
+reliable intelligences; whose responses they
+receive with the same credence that we do the
+revelations of scripture. <span class="tei tei-q">“Circles�</span> are extensively
+formed, who have sittings, at stated
+times, to receive communications from the
+spirits of the departed; and these are enforced
+by miracles, audible sounds, the exercise of
+physical power, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The reality and the credibility of these
+agencies are separate questions. Their reality
+is shown by their identity with similar manifestations
+of former times. The Bible affirms
+the existence of such: <span class="tei tei-q">“For we wrestle not
+against flesh and blood, but against principalities,
+against powers, against the rulers of the
+darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness
+in high places;�</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“wicked spirits�</span>
+in <span class="tei tei-q">“heavenly places,�</span> as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">margin</span></span> reads,
+Eph. 6:12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. The familiar spirits of old responded in
+a manner similar to these. They did <span class="tei tei-q">“peep�</span>
+and <span class="tei tei-q">“mutter;�</span> their speech was low out of
+the dust; they spoke out of the ground, and
+whispered; or, as in the margin, did <span class="tei tei-q">“peep�</span>
+or <span class="tei tei-q">“chirp�</span> out of the dust. These <span class="tei tei-q">“rap�</span>
+and mutter. They respond from beneath
+chairs, tables and floors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. They exercised similar physical powers.
+They threw down and tare the persons they
+possessed. They turned the swine into the
+sea, &amp;c. These claim that chairs and tables,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+are lifted and moved at will by an invisible
+agency.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. They made similar pretensions to credibility.
+Simon Magus gave out <span class="tei tei-q">“that himself
+was some great one;�</span> and these, that they
+utter divine truths.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. Similar regard was bestowed on those,
+which is claimed for these. To Simon <span class="tei tei-q">“they
+all gave heed, from the least to the greatest,
+saying, This man is the great power of God.�</span>
+Yet <span class="tei tei-q">“he had bewitched them with sorceries.�</span>
+Similar claims by, and regard for these modern
+pretenders to the same art, do not relieve
+them from the suspicion of a like agency.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For such are false apostles, deceitful workers,
+transforming themselves into the apostles
+of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself
+is transformed into an angel of light. Therefore,
+it is no great thing if his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ministers</span></span> also
+be transformed as the ministers of righteousness:
+whose end shall be according to their
+works,�</span> 2 Cor. 11:13-15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. Both have given utterance to some truths.
+The legion of demons who were cast out of
+the man into a herd of swine, acknowledged
+Jesus to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the Son of the Most High God;�</span>
+and the pythonic spirit which so grieved Paul,
+declared the apostles to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the servants of
+the Most High God, which show unto us the
+way of salvation.�</span> Such communications
+with the invisible world being forbidden, their
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">credibility</span></em> is disproved.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They claim that spirits of the departed
+are brought into direct and intelligent communication
+with the living, who desire to
+interrogate them. What more was claimed
+by the necromancers of old? Said Saul to
+the woman of Endor: <span class="tei tei-q">“Divine unto me by
+the familiar spirit, and bring me him up
+whom I shall name unto thee,�</span> 1 Sam. 28:8.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They claim that not all, but only those
+persons are mediums who are peculiarly susceptible
+to spiritual influences. Wherein,
+then, admitting their claims, do the <span class="tei tei-q">“mediums�</span>
+differ from those of old, who divined
+by a familiar spirit?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their responses are frequently disproved by
+facts; and themselves admit the existence of
+unreliable spirits, which communicate like
+them. They give contradictory responses,
+and mutually criminate each other; but their
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">reality</span></em> is not disproved by any discrepancy,
+or want of truthfulness in their responses; for
+if they are spirits, none but unclean spirits
+would respond in a forbidden manner.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These spirits are to be discredited, because
+they preach a different gospel from that
+preached by Paul, who says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I marvel that
+ye are so soon removed from him that called
+you into the grace of Christ, unto another
+gospel: which is not another; but there be
+some that trouble you, and would pervert the
+gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel
+from heaven, preach any other gospel unto
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+you than that ye have received, let him be
+accursed,�</span> Gal. 1:6-9. <span class="tei tei-q">“If any man love
+not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema,
+Maran-atha.�</span> 1 Cor. 16:22. Said John,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the
+spirits whether they are of God: because
+many false prophets are gone out into the
+world,�</span> 1 John 4:1. Also Isaiah said, <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them
+that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards
+that peep, and that mutter: should not a
+people seek unto their God?
+To the law and to the testimony:
+if they speak not according to this word, it
+is because there is no light in them,�</span> Isa. 8:19, 20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Because of these practices, the nations were
+driven out from before the children of Israel.
+And with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">miracles</span></span> to be wrought, the
+frog-like spirits are to go forth to <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole
+world to gather them to the battle of that
+great day of God Almighty.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the time of Abraham, <span class="tei tei-q">“the iniquity of
+the Amorites was not yet full,�</span> (Gen. 15:16);
+but in four hundred years they had practised
+all the abominations for which they were to
+be destroyed, and the practice of which God
+has expressly forbidden. He said to Israel, in
+the wilderness, <span class="tei tei-q">“When thou art come into
+the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee,
+thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations
+of those nation. There shall not be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+found among you any one that maketh his
+son or his daughter to pass through the fire,
+or that useth divination, or an observer of
+times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a
+charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits,
+or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that
+do these things are an abomination unto the
+Lord: and because of these abominations the
+Lord thy God doth drive them out from before
+thee. Thou shalt be perfect with the Lord
+thy God. For these nations, which thou
+shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of
+times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the
+Lord thy God hath not suffered thee so to do,�</span>
+Deut. 18:9-14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Similar pernicious practices and dangerous
+heresies, are to prepare the way for the final
+destruction of the nations who reject the claims
+of Jehovah. Peter declares that <span class="tei tei-q">“there shall
+be false teachers among you, who privily shall
+bring in damnable heresies, even denying the
+Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves
+swift destruction. And many shall follow
+their pernicious ways; by reason of whom
+the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. And
+through covetousness shall they with feigned
+words make merchandise of you: whose
+judgment now of a long time lingereth not,
+and their damnation slumbereth not,�</span> 2 Pet.
+2:1-3. And Paul says of that wicked:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Whose coming is after the working of Satan,
+with all power, and signs, and lying wonders,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness
+in them that perish; because they received
+not the love of the truth, that they might be
+saved. And for this cause God shall send
+them strong delusion, that they should believe
+a lie: that they might be damned who believed
+not the truth, but had pleasure in
+unrighteousness,�</span> 2 Thess. 2:9-12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The battle of that great day of God Almighty,�</span>
+it would seem, must commence by
+a conflict of opinions. Mind will war with
+mind, and puny man will stoutly contend
+against the truths of the Almighty. In this
+revival of demon-worship, the old gods of the
+heathen are to be set up against the claims of
+Jehovah. His declarations are to be made to
+give place to <span class="tei tei-q">“doctrines of demons.�</span> The
+teachings of God and of these spirits are to be
+brought into direct conflict.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The followers of the spirits have baptized
+their new theological dogmas, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Harmonial
+Philosophy,�</span> of which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Reason</span></em> is the
+final umpire. Revelation no longer speaks to
+them in tones of authority. From the Bible,
+it is claimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“the seal of infallibility must be
+broken away, before a new light and beauty
+can enliven and embellish the mystical disclosures
+of any seer, prophet, or evangelist.�</span>
+So writes Andrew Jackson Davis, the Poughkeepsie
+seer, one of the leaders of this new
+school, who complains that <span class="tei tei-q">“owing to the
+dogmatism of infallibility, the Bible is taught
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+now-a-days as it was nearly four centuries
+ago.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Review of Dr. Bushnell</span></span>, p. 10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Scriptures are, with those of his faith,
+only <span class="tei tei-q">“the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">paper and ink</span></em> relics of Christianity,�</span>
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>, p. 21); which they regard as <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+foundation as impermanent as the changeful
+sand�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 24), and not adapted <span class="tei tei-q">“to the
+wants or requirements of the nineteenth century,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 26. They reject Him, whom they
+style <span class="tei tei-q">“the cruel and capricious God generally
+worshipped by the Bible Christians,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 47.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Jewish God,�</span> says Davis, <span class="tei tei-q">“is cruel,
+capricious and tyrannical,�</span> whose <span class="tei tei-q">“kingdom
+is more despotic, and more contracted in principle,
+than the present government of the
+Russian empire,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 61. He adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+Old Testament idea of a Deity is the outgrowth
+of the despotic stage of human mental
+development,�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“a superannuated monotheistic
+conception,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 62. In their opinion,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the developments of republicanism, and
+of mental happiness among men, depend very
+much upon the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">absence</span></em> of these dogmatical
+compilations, or fossil relics, of an old Hebrew
+and Chaldean theology,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 70. With
+them <span class="tei tei-q">“the Bible account of creation is a very
+interesting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">myth</span></span>,—mainly a plagiarism from
+the early traditions and cosmological doctrines
+of the ancient Persians and Chaldeans;�</span> and,
+instead of being <span class="tei tei-q">“a divine revelation of truth,�</span>
+is <span class="tei tei-q">“a pagan relic, which should no more command
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+serious respect than the ancient doctrines
+of Fetichism,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 90.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These <span class="tei tei-q">“Harmonial Philosophers�</span> are antagonistic
+to the teachings of Jehovah in
+nearly all their theological notions. They
+scout the idea that any actual evil exists in
+the universe. They deny the existence of the
+devil, and of evil spirits. <span class="tei tei-q">“Everything,�</span>
+says Davis, <span class="tei tei-q">“is forever progressing in goodness
+and perfection,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 180. The salvation
+of all men, is with them as certain as the
+operation of fixed laws. They recognize no
+Saviour and no atonement in their system of
+faith. The teachings of spirits, and <span class="tei tei-q">“a certain
+organization of labor, capital and talent,�</span> they
+fancy, <span class="tei tei-q">“will effect the desired cure�</span> for all
+actual or supposed ills, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 178. They recognize
+no responsibility in the sinner, but attribute
+his wrong-doings to ignorance and accident;
+and their laws of right, are the dictates
+of their own wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their system is essentially Pantheistic, all
+things being regarded by them as a part and
+parcel of Deity. They argue that <span class="tei tei-q">“every
+object which has an existence in the universe
+must be in its nature good and pure, on the
+principle that the effect must partake of the
+nature of the cause, and the stream must be
+the corresponding emanation of the fountain
+from which it flows.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elements of Spiritual
+Philosophy</span></span>, p. 55. They teach that human
+spirits are <span class="tei tei-q">“formed primarily from the animating
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+essences that pervade the creation,—which
+essences,�</span> they say, <span class="tei tei-q">“are the breath
+and presence of the Divinity;�</span> and hence
+they argue, <span class="tei tei-q">“that there are no spirits which
+are intrinsically evil in their nature, and
+none which do not present in their inward
+depths the reflection of divine purity,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 56.
+Going still further, they claim that there is no
+existing <span class="tei tei-q">“source of positive evil,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“no principle
+of this nature in the human spirit,�</span> and
+that consequently <span class="tei tei-q">“there can be no evil designs
+to emanate from such a source,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 60.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These assertions are put forth authoritatively;
+for the <span class="tei tei-q">“Elements of Spiritual Philosophy�</span>
+are attested by witnesses to be <span class="tei tei-q">“written
+by Spirits of the Sixth Circle, R. P.
+Ambler, Medium.�</span> And if they are met by
+the declarations written by those who spake
+as they were moved by the Holy Ghost, they
+reply: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Christian who deifies his Bible is
+as much an idolater as the heathen who burns
+his incense before his household image. It is
+surely attributing to the book what the Pagan
+attributes to his image.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shekinah, April
+No.</span></span>, p. 251. Christianity, they denominate,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“learned scepticism, baptized in the name of
+Jesus,�</span> &amp;c., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>, p. 301. Thus are they warring
+against the word of God, and placing
+themselves in direct conflict with the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This warfare is not only avowed to be
+against the God of the Bible, but is recognized
+by themselves as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the last great conflict
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">
+previous to the millennium</span></em>. They regard this
+subject as <span class="tei tei-q">“the great question of the age,
+which is destined to convulse and divide
+Protestantism, and around which all other
+religious controversies must necessarily revolve.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Davis'
+Review of Bushnell</span></span>, page 3.
+The millennium which is to be thus ushered
+in, they regard as a period when <span class="tei tei-q">“every one
+that desires will be able to hold direct intercourse
+and conversation with the spirit
+world.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spiritual Tel., Vol. 1, No. 1.</span></span> Says
+Davis: <span class="tei tei-q">“The thunders of a stupendous reformation
+are soon to issue from the now open
+mouth of the Protestant church. The supernatural
+faith,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> a belief in the authenticity
+of Scripture, <span class="tei tei-q">“will be shaken, as a reed in
+the tempest. New channels will be formed
+for the inflowing of new truths, and then a
+long-promised era will steal upon the religious
+and political world.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Review of Bushnell</span></span>,
+p. 187.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In another place he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“You may be
+assured of the truth of this <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">approaching
+crisis</span></em>. The world must recognize it, because
+it will be accompanied with <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">war</span></em>; for politics
+are inseparably connected, all over the world,
+with religious systems. Religion will develop
+reason; but politics will impel the masses to
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unsheath the sword, and to stain the bosom of
+Nature with blood</span></em>! Friends of progress! be
+not discouraged; for the FINAL CRISIS
+must come; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">then the strange interregnum</span></em>,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 217. <span class="tei tei-q">“Protestantism as now constructed
+will first decay; because it is to be divided
+into two,—the smallest party will go back
+into Catholicism; the other will go forward
+into Rationalism. And then, after a succession
+of eventful years, a political revolution
+will hurl the Catholic superstructure to the
+earth, and the prismatic bow of promise will
+span the heavens. The children of earth will
+then be comparatively free and happy! for the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">millennial</span></em> epoch will have arrived; and there
+will be something like a realization of peace on
+earth, and good will toward all men!�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 221.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such are their delusive hopes, while setting
+themselves against the Lord, and against his
+Anointed. The Bible teaches that multitudes
+will be deceived by them, and, if it were possible,
+some of the elect; and hence:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Admonition.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Behold, I come like a thief. Happy is he who watcheth,
+and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and
+they see his shame.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:15.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The day of the Lord will come as a thief
+in the night; in which the heavens shall pass
+away with a great noise, and the elements
+shall melt with fervent heat,�</span> 2 Pet. 3:10.
+The Saviour said to his disciples: <span class="tei tei-q">“Watch,
+therefore; for ye know not what hour your
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Lord doth come,�</span> Matt. 24:42. Says Paul:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yourselves know perfectly that the day of
+the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night;
+for when they shall say, peace and safety,
+then sudden destruction cometh, ... and they
+shall not escape; but ye, brethren, are not in
+darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief,�</span> 1 Thess. 5:1-6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus will the day of the Lord come, as a
+thief, on those who are careless and indifferent
+to its approach; but it will not thus overtake
+those who watch, and keep their garments.
+Because so many will be deceived by the
+strange performances of the spirits of demons,
+and their miracles so delude the multitude,
+Christ's coming will be to them sudden and
+unexpected. Therefore the greater necessity
+for watchfulness. While this is a predicted
+means for lulling the world to sleep, it is
+given to the Christian as an indication of the
+near coming of Christ, whose advent synchronizes
+with the outpouring of the seventh
+vial. The blessing pronounced on those who
+watch, is an intimation that the people of
+God will be expecting Christ's advent, while
+others will be taken by surprise: <span class="tei tei-q">“unto them
+that look for him shall he appear the second
+time without sin unto salvation,�</span> Heb. 9:28.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For the grace of God that bringeth salvation
+hath appeared to all men, teaching us,
+that denying ungodliness, and worldly lusts,
+we should live soberly, righteously, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+godly, in this present world; looking for that
+blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of
+the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ,�</span>
+Titus 2:11-13.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who keep their garments, are those
+who have not <span class="tei tei-q">“defiled�</span> them with sin, (3:4);
+they will walk with Christ in white, being
+worthy; <span class="tei tei-q">“for the fine linen�</span> in which they
+are to be arrayed <span class="tei tei-q">“is the righteousness of
+saints,�</span> 19:8. To be destitute of this, is to
+be unclothed; and hence the Saviour says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+counsel thee to buy of me ... white raiment,
+that thou mayest be clothed, and that the
+shame of thy nakedness do not appear,�</span> 3:18.
+The intimation is clear, that to be deceived
+by the unclean spirits, is to lose those
+robes of righteousness, and to be found naked
+at Christ's appearing.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Success of the Spirits.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And they gathered them into a place called in Hebrew
+Armageddon.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:16.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before the coming of the Lord, and as a
+preparation for that event, the nations are to
+be thus gathered. Armageddon is the name
+of a valley at the foot of Mount Megiddo,
+famous for its bloody slaughters. It fitly
+symbolizes the final gathering of the nations.
+The enemies of God will marshal for the final
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+conflict. The powers of darkness will fancy
+themselves on the verge of victory; and then
+will be poured out:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Seventh Vial.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the seventh poured out his bowl on the air; and
+there came a loud voice from the temple [of heaven], from
+the throne, saying, It is done! And there were lightnings,
+and voices, and thunders; and there was a great earthquake,
+such as was not since men were on the earth, so
+mighty and so great an earthquake. And the great city
+became three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and
+great Babylon was remembered before God, to give to her
+the cup of the wine of his furious wrath. And every island
+fled, and the mountains were no more. And vast hail,
+weighing a talent, fell from heaven on men; and men
+reviled God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague
+thereof was exceedingly great.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 16:17-21.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The atmosphere is not limited, like a river,
+or portion of the earth, to a given locality, but
+encircles the globe. Consequently the effect
+of the vial poured out on the air, would be
+universal, and not local like the effects of the
+previous vials. The air is the region of
+storms. These symbolize the expression of
+conflicting opinions, and violent outbursts
+of passion; which may be the commencement
+of that <span class="tei tei-q">“great battle,�</span> for the preparation of
+which the unclean spirits went forth under
+the sixth vial, to gather the people, and which
+terminates by the slaying of the remnant with
+the sword of the Lord, 19:21.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An earthquake is a symbol of a political
+revolution. As this is to be greater than all
+preceding ones, it must extend to all nations.
+It is during the earthquake, that the cities fall
+and the mountains and islands flee away.
+This commotion evidently synchronizes with
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“time of trouble, such as never was since
+there was a nation even to that same time,�</span>
+when God's <span class="tei tei-q">“people shall be delivered, every
+one that shall be found written in the book,�</span>
+Dan. 12:1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is done,�</span> is a declaration indicating the
+completion of the work symbolized. It marks
+the termination of the events of the seventh
+vial, which are described in the verses following:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The great city�</span> is <span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon,�</span> (14:8);
+which <span class="tei tei-q">“reigneth over the kings of the earth,�</span>
+(17:8); and which John had seen sitting
+<span class="tei tei-q">“upon many waters,�</span> 17:1. This was
+doubtless seen when he saw the waters of the
+symbolic Euphrates being dried up, 16:12.
+Babylon, being a symbol of the Roman hierarchy,
+its triple division indicates a like
+division of the church of Rome, not geographical,
+but under different leaders, previous to
+its destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The cities of the nations,�</span> must symbolize
+other hierarchies, analogous to that of
+Rome, of which there are the Greek church,
+in Russia and Greece, the Arminian and
+Syrian churches, and other corrupt nationalized
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+establishments. All such will become
+disconnected, like Babylon, with the governments
+by which they are sustained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Great Babylon�</span> then comes into remembrance
+to drink the cup of the wine of the
+fierceness of God's wrath. Because her sins
+have reached unto heaven, <span class="tei tei-q">“God hath remembered
+her iniquities,�</span> 18:5. This synchronizes
+with her destruction, symbolized in Rev.
+18:8-23. As the Papacy continues till
+Christ's coming (Dan. 7:21, and 2 Thess.
+2:3-8), this epoch must synchronize with
+that event, when he comes to receive his
+chosen ones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the destruction of Babylon, occurs
+the subversion of all national authority. As
+ecclesiastical hierarchies are symbolized by
+cities, the <span class="tei tei-q">“mountains�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“islands�</span> on
+which they are situated must symbolize the
+larger and smaller governments; and their
+removal from their places, their subversion in
+the great moral <span class="tei tei-q">“earthquake�</span> which is to
+overwhelm them. This synchronizes with
+the sixth seal, when they are all <span class="tei tei-q">“removed
+out of their places,�</span> (6:14); and it leaves
+the inhabitants of earth in a state of anarchy.
+It is at this time that the kings and great men
+of the earth become aware that the great day
+of God's wrath is come, 6:15-17. With
+this time of trouble, comes the deliverance of
+God's people, (Dan. 12:1); who shall be
+caught up together <span class="tei tei-q">“to meet the Lord in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+air,�</span> 1 Thess. 4:17. To them the Lord has
+said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror
+by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by
+day; nor for the pestilence that walketh in
+darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth
+at noon-day. A thousand shall fall at thy
+side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but
+it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine
+eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of
+the wicked. Because thou hast made the
+Lord which is my refuge, even the Most High,
+thy habitation,�</span> Ps. 91:5-9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The removal of the saints leaves the
+wicked exposed to the vengeance of God's
+wrath, of which a terrific hail-storm on their
+defenceless heads, is an expressive symbol.
+The Lord said, by Isaiah: <span class="tei tei-q">“Judgment also
+will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the
+plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the
+refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow
+the hiding-place. And your covenant with
+death shall be disannulled, and your agreement
+with hell shall not stand; when the
+overflowing scourge shall pass through, then
+ye shall be trodden down by it. From the
+time that it goeth forth it shall take you: for
+morning by morning shall it pass over, by day
+and by night: and it shall be a vexation only
+to understand the report. For the bed is
+shorter than that a man can stretch himself
+on it: and the covering narrower than that
+he can wrap himself in it. For the Lord
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+shall rise up as in Mount Perazim, he shall be
+wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he may
+do his work, his strange work; and bring to
+pass his act, his strange act. Now therefore
+be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made
+strong: for I have heard from the Lord God
+of hosts a consumption even determined upon
+the whole earth,�</span> Isa. 28:17-22.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This must synchronize with the final conflict,
+(symbolized in Rev. 19:19-21): also
+with the casting of the vine of the earth into
+the wine-press of God's wrath (14:19),
+and terminates the battle of <span class="tei tei-q">“Armageddon,�</span>—the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“battle of that great day of God
+Almighty,�</span> 16:14.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Judgment of the Harlot.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And one of the seven angels, who had the seven bowls,
+came and talked with me, saying, Come here; I will show
+thee the judgment of the great harlot who sitteth on many
+waters; with whom the kings of the earth have committed
+fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been
+made drunk with the wine of her fornication.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 17:1,
+2.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Roman hierarchy had been frequently
+referred to in the preceding visions; but an
+institution, so interwoven with the history of
+the nations, required a more full and minute
+symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The subject of this vision is announced to
+the revelator, by one of the angels who had
+the seven vials;—very probably, the seventh.
+The harlot is identified as one <span class="tei tei-q">“that sitteth
+upon many waters.�</span> Ancient Babylon was
+thus addressed: <span class="tei tei-q">“O thou that dwellest upon
+many waters, abundant in treasures, thine
+end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness,�</span>
+Jer. 51:13. She is also described
+as <span class="tei tei-q">“The well-favored <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">harlot</span></em>, the mistress
+of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through
+her whoredoms, and families through her
+witchcrafts,�</span> Nahum 3:4. Therefore the
+harlot whose judgment is to be more minutely
+shown, is the city of the previous vision,
+which received the cup of the wine of God's
+wrath (16:19), and which probably was
+shown to John on the waters of the Euphrates,
+(16:12); for the reference indicates that
+she had been thus previously exhibited,—the
+waters on which she was seated, being the
+people, nations, &amp;c., which sustained and
+defended her idolatries, 17:15. In the vision
+now to be shown John, the Roman hierarchy
+is symbolized by Babylon; but it is first
+exhibited as:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">A Woman on a Scarlet-Colored Beast.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And he carried me away in spirit into a desert: and I
+saw a woman seated on a crimson-colored wild beast, full
+of names of reviling, having seven heads and ten horns.
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+And the woman was arrayed in purple and crimson, and
+decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a
+golden cup in her hand full of abominations and the impurities
+of her fornication; and on her forehead a name was
+written, A SECRET: BABYLON, THE GREAT, THE
+MOTHER OF THE HARLOTS AND THE ABOMINATIONS
+OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken
+with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the witnesses
+of Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered greatly.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Rev. 17:3-6.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the angel said to me, Why dost thou wonder? I
+will tell thee the secret of the woman, and of the wild beast
+that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and the ten
+horns. The wild beast which thou didst see, was, and is
+not, and will ascend out of the abyss, and go into destruction;
+and those who dwell on the earth will wonder, (whose
+names were not written in the book of life from the foundation
+of the world,) as they behold the wild beast that was
+and is not, and will be. And here is the mind having wisdom.
+The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman
+sitteth, and they are seven kings: five are fallen, and one
+is and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh he
+must remain a little while. And the wild beast that was,
+and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and
+goeth into destruction. And the ten horns which thou
+didst see are ten kings, who have not yet received a kingdom;
+but they receive power as kings, one hour, with the
+wild beast. These have one mind, and will give their power
+and strength to the wild beast. These will make war with
+the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them; for he is
+Lord of lords, and King of kings; and those with him are
+called, and chosen, and faithful.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 17:7-14.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And he saith to me, The waters which thou didst see,
+where the harlot sitteth, are peoples, and crowds, and
+nations, and tongues. And the ten horns which thou didst
+see, and the wild beast, these will hate the harlot, and will
+make her desolate and naked, and will eat her flesh, and
+burn her up with fire. For God hath put it into their
+hearts to perform his purpose, and to agree, and give their
+kingdom to the wild beast, until the words of God shall be
+fulfilled. And the woman whom thou didst see is the great
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 17:15-18.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the woman and city symbolize the
+same, is shown by the declaration that she is
+that great city, which reigneth over the kings
+of the earth, v. 18. She is also thus indicated
+by the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon,�</span> on her forehead,
+and the golden cup in her hand: <span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon
+hath been a golden cup in the Lord's hand,
+that made all the earth drunken: the nations
+have drunken of her wine; therefore are the
+nations mad,�</span> Jer. 51:7. In like manner has
+the church of Rome intoxicated the nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The scarlet-colored beast�</span> on which the
+woman is seated, is evidently the same beast
+that John saw <span class="tei tei-q">“rise out of the sea, having
+seven heads, and ten horns,�</span> 13:1. The
+Roman empire had been symbolized by <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+great red dragon,�</span> which also had seven
+heads and ten horns. In that vision, crowns
+were on the heads of the beast, (12:3);
+which indicated that Rome, during the period
+thus represented, existed under the forms of
+government symbolized by the heads. These
+heads, the angel affirms, are the seven mountains
+on which the woman sitteth, (v. 9); and
+also that they are seven kings (v. 10), or
+forms of government. Mountains also symbolize
+governments, (16:20); and as the
+heads and mountains are the same, they must
+alike symbolize the seven forms of government
+under which Rome existed previous to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+its subversion by the northern barbarians,—viz.:
+1, the kingly; 2, consular; 3, dictatorial;
+4, decemviral; 5, tribunitial; 6, pagan-imperial;
+and 7, Christian-imperial. At the time
+of the explanation of this vision to John, the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“five�</span> first-named forms had passed away;
+or, as the angel says, had <span class="tei tei-q">“fallen,�</span> v. 10.
+One then was:—Rome then existed under its
+pagan-imperial, or sixth head. The other,
+the Christian-imperial, had not then come;
+but after it came, and had continued for a
+time, the Roman empire was subverted by
+the irruptions of northern barbarians. Thus
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the beast was;�</span> and then, was not for a
+season. But afterwards it emerged again
+from the sea (13:1), under an <span class="tei tei-q">“eight�</span> form,
+which was of the previous seven, 17:11.
+When it reäppears, its crowns are not upon
+its heads, but encircle its horns, (13:1); indicating
+that those governments have the ascendency,
+which are symbolized by the <span class="tei tei-q">“ten
+horns;�</span> and which, according to the angel,
+are <span class="tei tei-q">“ten kings,�</span> which had not received their
+kingdom at the time of the vision, v. 12.
+These were to be kings in <span class="tei tei-q">“one,�</span> or the same
+hour with the beast, and must therefore be
+contemporary kingdoms, while the forms symbolized
+by the heads, are evidently successive.
+They constitute the government of Rome, in
+its eighth, or decem-regal form; and symbolize
+the ten kingdoms which arose after and out
+of the subversion of imperial Rome. Under
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+this form, the beast goes into perdition, (v.
+11):—they continue under various combinations,
+till the end of the world, when they
+will war with and be overcome by the Lamb
+(v. 14), in the great battle of Armageddon,
+19:19-21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ten contemporary kingdoms have one
+mind, (v. 13): they perpetuate the kingdom
+of the beast, by adopting similar laws, pursuing
+the same line of policy, and assuming
+the same powers that the empire exercised.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“names of blasphemy�</span> which cover
+the beast, symbolize its arrogating the right
+to dictate in matters of faith and religious
+worship, and to punish those who dissent
+from its creed. The Roman hierarchy was
+supported by legal enactments against heretics
+in all of the ten kingdoms. Those who
+dissented from the church were delivered over
+to the power of the civil arm, which punished
+by imprisonment, confiscation of goods, bodily
+torture, and death. The exercise of such
+power, was a blasphemous usurpation of the
+prerogatives of Christ, and an assumption of
+authority over the legislation of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On this beast the woman is seated. As its
+rider, she guides it, and is sustained by it.
+She is its directing power; and while she is
+thus seated, there is no reference to crowns
+encircling either heads or horns. All rule for
+a time is subservient to her control. Thus
+were the ten kingdoms obedient to the Roman
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hierarchy,—sustaining, and being controlled
+by it. She crowned their kings, and dethroned
+them at her pleasure. The religion of the
+church was enforced by the sword of the
+state; and thus did the kings of the earth
+commit fornication with her,—the idolatries
+of the church being sanctioned by them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The superb attire of the woman, and the
+costly gems with which she is decked, denote
+the wealth, luxury, and regal splendor of the
+hierarchy which she symbolizes. The cup,
+and its abominations in her hand, denote the
+false doctrines with which she would seduce
+the nations. Her names describe her nature,
+and identify her with Babylon; and her intoxication
+with blood, indicates her blood-thirsty,
+persecuting character, and the delight
+with which she would exult over the slaughter
+of the saints.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Roman hierarchy was not, however,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">always</span></em> to retain her supremacy over the
+nations. She was in due time to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fall</span></em> from
+the position symbolized by the woman seated
+on the beast; and the kings of the earth were
+to hate and burn with fire, her whom they
+had recognized as their mistress, and to whose
+control they had submitted. The governments
+which have sustained her pretensions,
+were to cast her off contemptuously. This
+has been in progress of fulfilment from the
+days of Martin Luther, since which her control
+of the ten kingdoms has been only limited
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and partial. Many of her ecclesiastical estates
+have been confiscated, and she has been deprived
+of her prerogatives in many countries.
+There may, perhaps, be hereafter a more complete
+fulfilment of this prediction. It is symbolized
+in the following chapter, by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Fall of Babylon.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And after this, I saw another angel descending from
+heaven, having great power; and the earth was enlightened
+by his glory. And he cried with a mighty voice, saying,
+She is fallen: Babylon the great is fallen, and is
+become a dwelling of demons, and a prison of every unclean
+spirit, and a prison of every unclean and hateful bird, for
+all the nations have drunk of the wine of the fury of her
+fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication
+with her, and the merchants of the earth have
+become rich through the abundance of her luxury.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+18:1-3.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This announcement of the fall of the city,
+synchronizes with the same symbolization
+in the 14th chapter: <span class="tei tei-q">“And there followed
+another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is
+fallen, that great city, because she made all
+nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her
+fornication,�</span> 14:8. The angel, proclaiming
+her fall, doubtless symbolizes a body of men,
+who shall give utterance to corresponding
+declarations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">epoch</span></em> of this utterance is shown by
+the identity of this angel with that of Rev.
+10:1-3. They thus correspond: They both
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+descend from heaven: the one is a mighty
+angel, and the other has great power; the one
+is enveloped with a robe of cloud, his head is
+arched with the rainbow, his face is like the
+sun, and his feet like fire, and he stands on
+both earth and sea; the other is so glorified,
+and occupies a position so conspicuous, that
+the earth is enlightened with his glory; and
+the one cries <span class="tei tei-q">“with a loud voice as when a
+lion roareth,�</span> while the other cries <span class="tei tei-q">“mighty
+with a strong voice.�</span> Thus their position,
+manner and conspicuousness, are alike. What
+was uttered by the angel of the tenth chapter,
+is not revealed; but the fall of Babylon being
+announced in the eighteenth, it follows that it
+was the subject of the angel's utterance in the
+tenth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the messenger of the tenth chapter appears
+subsequent to the sixth, and before the
+seventh trumpet; and as, after this epoch,
+there were to be prophesyings <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">again</span></em>, before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings�</span> (10:11), it follows that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> then
+symbolized must be at an epoch <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">anterior</span></em> to
+the end of the world. A corresponding reason—namely,
+the command to come out of Babylon,
+and the fulfilment of her plagues and
+sorrows, which are to intervene between the
+cry of the angel announcing her fall and the
+time of her actual destruction—proves that
+the mighty angel of the 18th of Revelation
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+must also be at an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">epoch</span></em> having a considerable
+period between it and the end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It follows, that when John saw the angel
+of the eighteenth chapter, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the earth was
+lightened with his glory,�</span> it did not symbolize
+a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">literal</span></em> but a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">moral</span></em> light,—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the light of
+truth</span></em>. And as the enlightening of the earth
+by its promulgation, pre-supposes a previous
+state of corresponding moral <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">darkness</span></em>, it must,
+as in the tenth chapter, symbolize an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">epoch</span></em>,
+prominent in the history of the world, as a
+time when the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">darkness</span></em> of ignorance, error
+and superstition, began rapidly to disappear
+before the spread of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">light</span></em> of truth and
+knowledge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These considerations point to the epoch of
+the REFORMATION, when the midnight
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">darkness</span></em> of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dark ages</span></em> began to be scattered
+before the uprising and onward progress
+of truth and knowledge. Then appeared a
+body of religious teachers, aided by the newly
+discovered art of printing, who so brought the
+Scriptures out from their obscurity, opposed
+the pretensions of the Papal hierarchy, and,
+by the clear teachings of the word, so secured
+the spread of gospel light and liberty, that
+they might appropriately be symbolized by an
+angel coming down from heaven, and enlightening
+the earth with his glory. The descent
+from heaven would symbolize the heavenly
+origin of the doctrines promulgated. His
+mighty power, and the strong voice with
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which he proclaimed his cry, would symbolize
+the greatness and earnestness of the movement,
+and the mighty results to be effected by
+it. This symbolization, twice given, could
+only be fulfilled by some great and mighty
+movement, like the Reformation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fall of Babylon is distinct from and
+anterior to its destruction, and must correspond
+with the fall of the woman from her
+position on the beast;—she is no longer to be
+the director of, and to be sustained by, the
+civil power. The cry of the angel, announcing
+her fall, as Mr. Elliot remarks, seems to
+be anticipative, and not retrospective. The
+denunciations of the Papacy by the reformers
+were of a character to fulfil this symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The year 1300, during the pontificate of
+Boniface VIII., may be regarded as marking
+the highest eminence to which the Papal power
+ever attained. From this period the dominion
+of the Roman Pontiffs appeared to be gradually
+undermined. Twenty-four years after this
+date, John Wickliffe was born, who, together
+with his followers, made more vigorous attacks
+upon Babylon itself. Some of these declared
+Rome to be mystical Babylon, and the Pope
+and church there to be Antichrist. These
+heralds announced the fall of mystical Babylon,
+as the ancient prophets had done that of
+literal Babylon, long before the event.—Jer.
+51:7, 8. Antichrist and Babylon are identified
+in prophecy. In 1518, Luther first suspected
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their application to the Papacy; and,
+writing to his friend Link, on sending him a
+copy of the acts just published of the conference
+at Augsburg, he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“My pen is ready
+to give birth to things much greater. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I know
+not myself whence these thoughts come to me.</span></em>
+I will send you what I write, that you may
+see if I have well conjectured in believing that
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Antichrist</span></em> of whom St. Paul speaks now
+reigns in the court of Rome.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At first, Luther and his companions sought
+only the reformation of that church. They
+had no idea of dissolving their own connection
+with it. But when the thunders of the Vatican
+were hurled at them, and they found
+themselves excommunicated as heretics, they
+came to the conclusion that the church of
+Rome was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the Babylon of the Apocalypse</span></em>.
+Immediately upon this conviction, they began
+to cry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon is fallen!�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1520 appeared a famous book, by Luther,
+on the <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonish Captivity of the
+Church</span></em>,�</span> in which he attacked Rome with
+great skill and courage. In Switzerland and
+England the reformers considered themselves
+as fulfilling this message of the Apocalyptic
+angel. Elliot says, <span class="tei tei-q">“They <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seized on this very
+prophecy for application; and, for the first
+time</span></em>, upon grounds of evidence sound and
+tenable, concluded on the fact of progress
+having been made up to it, in the evolution
+of the great mundane drama, and on their
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+own chronological place being already far
+advanced under the sixth trumpet, and in
+near expectancy of the seventh trumpet, of
+the Apocalyptic prophecy.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These denunciations against Mystic Babylon,
+and protestations against all her idolatrous
+ceremonies and superstitious appendages, were
+given, by the great body of the reformers,
+within the very bounds of her empire. They
+resulted in her loss of power, and of control
+over the princes of Europe. In 1526, the
+other monarchs becoming jealous of the power
+of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pope
+Clement VII. placed himself at the head of a
+league of the principal states of Italy against
+him; but their ill-directed efforts were productive
+of new misfortunes. Rome was taken
+by storm, by the troops of the constable,
+sacked, and the Pope himself made prisoner.
+Charles V. publicly disavowed the proceedings
+of the constable, went into mourning with his
+court, and carried his hypocrisy so far as to
+order prayers for the deliverance of the Pope.
+On restoring the holy father to liberty, he
+demanded a ransom of four hundred thousand
+crowns of gold, but was satisfied with a
+quarter of that sum.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ency. Am.</span></span>, v. 3. p. 76.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the Protestant princes of Germany denied
+the assumptions of the Pope; and the
+powers of western and northern Europe, one
+after another, denied their allegiance to him.
+In 1798, Pius VI. was taken prisoner by the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+French, under Gen. Berthier, and died in
+exile. When Berthier entered Rome, many
+of the cardinals <span class="tei tei-q">“fled from the city on the
+wings of terror;�</span> but those who remained
+<span class="tei tei-q">“were disposed still to uphold the authority
+of the Pontiff.�</span> Finally, however, <span class="tei tei-q">“with
+melancholy voice, they pronounced their absolute
+renunciation of the temporal government.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life
+of Pius VI.</span></span> His successor
+resumed his position. But in 1848 Pius IX.
+fled from his own subjects, and was only
+restored by French arms. Thus gradually
+the Babylonish <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">woman</span></em> became unseated, and
+fell from her position on the beast; and,
+instead of guiding and directing the civil
+power, now only exists by sufferance. As a
+city, also, her supremacy was gone. Being
+no longer the mistress of the nations, or the
+ruling city, the Papal See is in the condition
+of ancient Babylon when becoming a dependency
+of the Medes and Persians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, it became
+gradually more and more deserted, until
+there was a literal fulfilment of the words of
+Isaiah: <span class="tei tei-q">“Wild beasts of the desert shall lie
+there; and their houses shall be full of doleful
+creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and
+satyrs shall dance there. And the wild beasts
+of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses,
+and dragons in their pleasant palaces,�</span> Isa.
+13:21, 22. In like manner the apocalyptic
+Babylon, after her fall, and the withdrawal
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Protestants from her communion, was to
+become the receptacle of corresponding spirits.
+Her members were to be more impious than
+before, and were to adhere more closely than
+ever to her idolatrous practices. The contrast
+between these and true Christians would also
+be more apparent from the separation which
+succeeds her fall, in obedience to:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Voice From Heaven.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come
+out of her, my people, that ye partake not of her sins, and
+that ye receive not of her plagues, for her sins have reached
+to heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities! Reward
+her even as she rendered to you, and double to her
+according to her works, in the cup which she hath poured
+out, pour out double to her. By as much as she hath
+glorified herself, and lived luxuriously, so much torment
+and mourning give her; for she saith in her heart, I sit a
+queen, and am not a widow, and shall see no mourning.
+On this account, her plagues will come in one day, death,
+and mourning, and famine; and she will be burned up with
+fire; for strong is the Lord God, who judgeth her.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Rev.
+18:4-8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So long as the true character of the apostate
+church was unperceived, she would contain
+many good, as well as a multitude of
+bad members. The voice from heaven, indicates
+an epoch when there should be a widely
+extended and marked separation between
+these two classes. Till the time of that separation
+should be indicated, the children of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+God would be justified in continuing members
+of her communion; but not subsequently.
+The condition of Babylon, at the time of her
+fall, indicates that the separation must take
+place in near connection with that event; and
+the cry must synchronize with that of the third
+angel in Rev. 14:9,—which symbolized a
+body of men who should insist on such a
+separation from the Papacy as that here symbolized.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the discovery that the church of Rome
+was the Babylon of the Apocalypse, the reformers
+began to call on the people of God to
+desert her communion; and the formation of
+the reformed churches was the consequence.
+This was preached wherever the Reformation
+extended, and has been continued to the
+present time. The Protestant churches have
+proclaimed connection with Romanism, an
+obstacle to salvation; and have called on its
+Christian members to come out from her
+abominations. Even the name <span class="tei tei-q">“Protestant,�</span>
+was given because of their protestation against
+the corruptions of the Papal See.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, and before
+her destruction, the people were, in like manner,
+commanded to forsake her. Said Jeremiah:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and
+deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in
+her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord's
+vengeance; he will render unto her a recompense.
+Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed:
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+howl for her; take balm for her
+pain, if so be she may be healed. We would
+have healed Babylon, but she is not healed:
+forsake her, and let us go every one into his
+own country: for her judgment reacheth unto
+heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies,�</span>
+Jer. 51:6, 8, 9. And Isaiah said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Go ye
+forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans,
+with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this,
+utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye,
+The Lord hath redeemed his servant Jacob,�</span>
+Isa. 48:20. <span class="tei tei-q">“Depart ye, depart ye, go ye
+out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go
+ye out of the midst of her; be ye clean, that
+bear the vessels of the Lord,�</span> Isa. 52:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sins reaching to heaven, indicate great
+wickedness. Thus God said to Jonah: <span class="tei tei-q">“Go
+to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against
+it; for their wickedness is come up before
+me,�</span> Jonah 1:2. And he said of old Babylon:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Her judgment reacheth unto heaven,
+and is lifted up even to the skies,�</span> Jer. 51:9.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Destruction of Babylon.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication
+and lived luxuriously with her, will weep and wail
+for her, when they see the smoke of her burning, standing
+afar off through the fear of her torment, saying, Woe!
+woe! that great city, Babylon, that mighty city! for in one
+hour is thy judgment come! And the merchants of the
+earth will weep and mourn over her; for no one buyeth
+their merchandise any more; the merchandise of gold, and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+silver, and precious stones, and pearls, and fine linen, and
+purple, and silk, and crimson, and all thine wood, and all
+kinds of vessels of ivory, and all kinds of vessels of most
+precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and
+cinnamon, and fragrant ointment, and incense, and myrrh,
+and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and
+wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and
+bodies, and souls of men. And the autumnal fruit of thine
+appetite's desire is departed from thee, and all things dainty
+and sumptuous are destroyed from thee, and thou wilt find
+them no more at all. The merchants of these things, who
+were enriched by her, will stand afar off, through the fear
+of her torment, weeping and mourning, saying, Woe! woe!
+that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple,
+and crimson, and adorned with gold, and precious stones,
+and pearls! for in one hour such great wealth is destroyed.
+And every pilot, and every one sailing to any place, and
+sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, and
+cried, when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying,
+What city is like the great city? And they cast dust on
+their heads, and cried out, weeping and mourning, saying,
+Woe! woe! the great city by which all who had ships on
+the sea, were made rich through her precious merchandise!
+for in one hour she is desolated.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 18:9-20.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Rejoice over her, O heaven, and ye saints and apostles
+and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+18:20.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And a strong angel took up a stone like a great mill-stone,
+and cast it into the sea, saying, Thus violently, will
+Babylon, the great city, be cast down, and be no more at
+all. And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and pipers,
+and trumpeters, will be heard no more at all in thee; and
+no craftsman, of any art, will be found any more in thee;
+and the sound of a mill-stone will be heard no more at all
+in thee; and the light of a lamp will shine no more at all
+in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and the bride will
+be heard no more at all in thee; for thy merchants were
+the nobles of the earth; for by thy sorcery all nations were
+deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets, and
+of saints, and of all those slain on the earth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 18:21-24.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The punishment of Babylon is proportioned
+to her wickedness, and is to be inflicted partially
+by the kings of the earth, and partially
+by other agencies. The kings were to hate,
+and burn her with fire, (17:16); and were
+also, when they should see the smoke of her
+burnings, to bewail and lament for her, 18:9.
+The former passage indicates their agency in
+her impoverishment, and has been fulfilled in
+the confiscation of her property in France and
+England, the spoliation of churches and religious
+houses, wherever the arms of Napoleon
+extended; the dethronement of the Pope, by
+Gen. Berthier, in 1798; the refusal of some
+of the powers to permit her to nominate, within
+their limits, the candidates for ecclesiastical
+preferment, &amp;c. She is thus made to feel her
+widowhood,—her divorce from the secular
+arm,—and has mourned the loss of her most
+devoted children, who have forsaken her communion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Her final destruction is, however, to be
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">entire</span></em>. She is totally to disappear, like the
+sinking of a millstone in the sea. She is to
+be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">utterly</span></em> burned with fire; but the lamentation
+of the kings over her burning, indicates
+that her destruction is to be completed by
+other instrumentality than theirs. Probably
+the multitude are to be incensed against her,
+and will so manifest their hatred that the governments
+will neither join in it, nor attempt to
+resist it, for fear that the same torment will be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+inflicted on them, 18:10. But her existence
+is terminated by the brightness of Christ's
+coming, 2 Thess. 2:8. Her destruction precedes
+that of the kings of the earth, who
+mourn her end. The merchants of the earth,
+the captains, sailors, &amp;c., symbolize those
+who bear a relation to the hierarchy, analogous
+to that sustained by such to a great
+commercial emporium. They are those who
+have the control of her preferments, benefices
+and revenues,—who traffic in her indulgences,
+and thereby become themselves enriched.
+And these articles of traffic are symbolized by
+the merchandise which, after her destruction,
+no man would buy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The commerce of this ecclesiastical city, has
+been immense,—particularly in indulgences.
+The sale of these was reduced to a system,
+says D'Aubigné, by <span class="tei tei-q">“the celebrated and scandalous
+Tariff of Indulgences,�</span> which went
+through more than forty editions. The least
+delicate ears would be offended by an enumeration
+of all the horrors it contains. Incest,
+if not detected, was to cost five groats; and
+six, if it was known. There was a stated
+price for murder, infanticide, adultery, perjury,
+burglary, &amp;c. Polygamy cost six
+ducats; sacrilege and perjury, nine; murder,
+eight; and witchcraft, two ducats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The penances of various kinds which were
+imposed as a punishment for sin, might also
+be compounded for money.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tetzel, one of Rome's travelling merchants,
+told the people of Germany that for <span class="tei tei-q">“a quarter
+of a florin�</span> they might <span class="tei tei-q">“receive letters of indulgence,�</span>
+by means of which they might
+<span class="tei tei-q">“introduce into paradise a divine and immortal
+soul, without its running any risk.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist.
+Ref.</span></span>, pp. 56, 242.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He also said <span class="tei tei-q">“Indulgences avail not only for
+the living but for the dead. With twelve groats
+you can deliver your father from purgatory.�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At the very instant,�</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“that the
+money rattles at the bottom of the chest, the
+soul escapes from purgatory, and flies, liberated
+to heaven.�</span> This is but a specimen of
+her vile traffic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Responding to the command, are heard the
+voices of much people in heaven,
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Rejoicing Over Babylon's Destruction.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And after this, I heard a loud voice of a mighty crowd
+in heaven, saying, Praise ye Jehovah! The salvation, and
+the glory, and the power of our God! For true and righteous
+are his judgments; for he hath judged the great harlot,
+who corrupted the earth with her fornication, and hath
+avenged the blood of his servants at her hand! And again
+they said, Praise ye Jehovah! And her smoke ascendeth
+for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders and the
+four living beings fell down and worshipped God, who sat
+on the throne, saying, So be it! Praise ye Jehovah!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+19:1-4.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daniel, in vision, saw the same persecuting
+power symbolized by a <span class="tei tei-q">“Little Horn,�</span> having
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth
+speaking great things;�</span> and he beheld, <span class="tei tei-q">“and
+the same Horn made war with the saints,
+and prevailed against them, until the Ancient
+of days came, and judgment was given to the
+saints of the Most High, and the time came
+that the saints possessed the kingdom,�</span> Dan.
+7:8, 21, 22. And Paul testified of <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+Wicked�</span> who was to be revealed, that he
+was the <span class="tei tei-q">“Man of Sin,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“whom the Lord
+shall consume with the spirit of his mouth,
+and shall destroy with the brightness of his
+coming,�</span> 2 Thess. 2:3-8. The destruction
+of that which was thus symbolized and
+predicted, must, consequently, be at the epoch
+of Christ's second coming and of the establishment
+of the kingdom of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is also at the epoch anticipated by <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+souls of them that were slain for the word of
+God and for the testimony which they held,�</span>
+who, from under the altar, on the opening of
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“fifth seal,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“cried with a loud voice,
+saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true,
+dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on
+them that dwell on the earth?�</span> 6:9, 10.
+The epoch which they anticipated not having
+then arrived, <span class="tei tei-q">“white robes were given unto
+every one of them; and it was said unto
+them, that they should rest yet for a little
+season, until their fellow servants also, and
+their brethren that should be killed as they
+were, should be fulfilled�</span> (6:11),—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, till
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their number should be filled up. As the
+destruction of that hierarchy, in which <span class="tei tei-q">“was
+found the blood of prophets and of saints
+and of all that were slain upon the earth�</span>
+(18:24), had just been symbolized (in the
+18th chap.), and as these rejoicings are because
+God <span class="tei tei-q">“hath judged the great whore which did
+corrupt the earth with her fornication, and
+hath avenged the blood of his servants at her
+hand�</span> (19:2), it follows that the epoch here
+symbolized is that to which the saints were
+to wait, and that they are now to be crowned
+with their reward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the destruction of Babylon is a little
+anterior to that of the beast and false prophet
+(19:20), and is to be destroyed by the brightness
+of Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), at a
+time when the kingdom is to be given to the
+saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:22), it
+explains how it is that the kingdom is set up
+in the days of the kings symbolized by the
+divided toes of Nebuchadnezzar's image: symbolic
+of the same as the horns of the beast in
+Dan. 7:7, 24, and Rev. 17:3, 12, 16; for
+<span class="tei tei-q">“in the days of these kings shall the God of
+heaven set up a kingdom which shall never
+be destroyed, and the kingdom shall not be
+left to other people, but it shall break in
+pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and
+it shall stand forever,�</span> Dan. 2:44.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The kingdom is therefore commenced previous
+to the descent of the Lord to the earth,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the saints being caught up to meet him in
+the air. <span class="tei tei-q">“For the Lord himself shall descend
+from heaven with a shout, with the voice of
+the archangel and the trump of God; and
+the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we
+which are alive and remain shall be caught
+up together with them in the clouds, to meet
+the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be
+with the Lord,�</span> 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This epoch, then, is that of the sounding
+of the seventh trumpet; for <span class="tei tei-q">“in the days of
+the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall
+begin to sound, the mystery of God shall be
+finished, as he hath declared to his servants
+the prophets,�</span> 10:7. This mystery Paul
+thus explains: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now this I say, brethren,
+that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom
+of God, neither doth corruption inherit
+incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery:
+We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be
+changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an
+eye, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at the last trump</span></em>: for the trumpet shall
+sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible,
+and we shall be changed,�</span> 1 Cor.
+15:50-54. This <span class="tei tei-q">“saying�</span> was thus written
+by Isaiah,—<span class="tei tei-q">“He will swallow up death
+in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away
+tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his
+people shall he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it. And it
+shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God;
+we have waited for him, and he will save
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+us: this is the Lord; we have waited for
+him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation,�</span>
+Isa. 25:8, 9. It follows, then, that
+the voices heard in heaven, shouting <span class="tei tei-q">“Alleluia,�</span>
+and ascribing <span class="tei tei-q">“salvation, and glory, and
+honor, and power, unto the Lord our God�</span>
+(v. 1), synchronize with those heard when
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the seventh angel sounded: and there were
+great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms
+of this world are become the kingdoms
+of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall
+reign for ever and ever.—And the four and
+twenty elders, which sat before God on their
+seats, fell upon their faces and worshipped
+God, saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord
+God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art
+to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy
+great power, and hast reigned: And the nations
+were angry, and thy wrath is come,
+and the time of the dead, that they should be
+judged, and that thou shouldest give reward
+unto thy servants the prophets, and to the
+saints, and them that fear thy name, small
+and great; and shouldest destroy them which
+destroy the earth,�</span> Rev. 11:15-18.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The time of the dead being come that they
+should be judged, and the saints rewarded, is
+another evidence that this epoch is that of the
+second advent and kingdom of Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">“who
+shall judge the quick and the dead at his
+appearing and kingdom,�</span> 2 Tim. 4:1. Consequently
+it must synchronize with that of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Marriage of the Lamb.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And a voice came from the throne saying, Praise our
+God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both the
+small and the great! And I heard a voice like that of a
+great crowd, and like the voice of many waters, and like
+the voice of mighty thunders, saying, Praise ye Jehovah!
+for the Lord God Almighty reigneth. Let us rejoice and
+exult, and give glory up him: for the marriage of the
+Lamb hath come, and his wife hath prepared herself! And
+it was granted to her to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and
+white: (for the fine linen is the righteousness of the
+saints.) And he saith to me, Write, Happy are those called
+to the marriage-supper of the Lamb. And he saith to me,
+These are the true words of God. And I fell before his feet
+to worship him. And he saith to me, See thou do it not: I
+am thy fellow-servant and one of thy brethren, who have
+the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of
+Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 19:5-10.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The marriage of the Lamb is at the epoch
+when <span class="tei tei-q">“the kingdoms of this world are to
+become our Lord's and his Christ's�</span>—when
+the Lord God Almighty takes to himself his
+great power and reigns, 11:15, 17. Therefore,
+in connection, are heard the mighty
+thunderings, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Alleluia; for the Lord
+God Omnipotent reigneth,�</span> 9:16. This
+scripture, then, corresponds with that in
+Matt. 24:30, 31, when <span class="tei tei-q">“they shall see the
+Son of Man coming in the clouds of heaven
+with power and great glory; and he shall
+send his angels with a great sound of a
+trumpet, and they shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from one end of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+heaven to the other.�</span> For, <span class="tei tei-q">“when the Son
+of Man shall come in his glory, and all the
+holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon
+the throne of his glory: and before him shall
+be gathered all nations: and he shall separate
+them one from another as a shepherd divideth
+his sheep from the goats—the one on his
+right hand and the other on his left,�</span> Matt. 25:31, 32.
+Those on his right, we learn
+from 1 Cor. 15:51, and 1 Thess. 4:16, 17,
+are the elect, gathered by the angels from all
+parts under heaven, who are caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air—and those on the
+left are consequently the living wicked, who
+are to be slain by the sword which proceedeth
+out of the mouth of the Lamb, 19:21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The wife</span></span> who <span class="tei tei-q">“hath made herself ready,�</span>
+is shown by the foregoing scriptures to be,
+undoubtedly, the church triumphant—the
+redeemed, who have been raised out from
+among the dead, and the living saints, caught
+up together to meet the Lord in the air;
+to welcome him in his coming to reign.
+These constitute the bride, the Lamb's wife;
+for as <span class="tei tei-q">“the husband is the head of the wife,�</span>
+even so <span class="tei tei-q">“Christ is the head of the church,�</span>
+Eph. 5:23. He <span class="tei tei-q">“loved the church, and gave
+himself for it, that he might sanctify and
+cleanse it with the washing of water by the
+word, that he might present it to himself a
+glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle,
+or any such thing; but that it should be holy
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and without blemish,�</span> Eph. 5:25-27. This
+accords with God's ancient promises to his
+people. Thus Isaiah saith: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy Maker is
+thy husband; the Lord of hosts is his name,
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel:
+the Lord of the whole earth shall he be
+called,�</span> Isa. 54:5. Also Hosea: <span class="tei tei-q">“And it
+shall be at that day, saith the Lord, that thou
+shalt call me Ishi,�</span> my husband; <span class="tei tei-q">“and
+shalt call me no more Baali,�</span> my Lord.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness,
+and in judgment, and in loving
+kindness, and in mercies. I will even betroth
+thee unto me in faithfulness; and thou shalt
+know the Lord,�</span> Hos. 2:16, 19. Thus is
+the church <span class="tei tei-q">“espoused to one husband,�</span> to be
+presented <span class="tei tei-q">“as a chaste virgin to Christ,�</span> 2
+Cor. 11:2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The epoch of this presentation being here
+symbolized, it synchronizes with that part of
+the parable of the <span class="tei tei-q">“ten virgins which took
+their lamps and went forth to meet the Bridegroom,�</span>
+when, the Bridegroom having come,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“they that were ready went in with him to
+the marriage, and the door was shut�</span>—those
+left without, afterwards crying in vain for
+admittance, Matt. 25:10. The wife had
+been made ready by its having been <span class="tei tei-q">“granted
+that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean
+and white—[<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mar.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘bright’</span>]; for the fine
+linen is the righteousness of the saints,�</span> 19:8.
+Such were the <span class="tei tei-q">“white robes�</span> given to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+those who cried from under the altar (6:11),
+and who afterwards, at an epoch synchronizing
+with the marriage of the Lamb,
+appeared, <span class="tei tei-q">“a great multitude which no man
+could number, of all nations, and kindreds,
+and people, and tongues,�</span> who <span class="tei tei-q">“stood before
+the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with
+white robes, and palms in their hands, and
+cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to
+our God which sitteth upon the throne, and
+unto the Lamb,�</span> 7:9, 10. These were
+they of whom one of the elders asked, saying,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What are these which are arrayed in white
+robes? and whence came they?�</span> and who
+was answered: <span class="tei tei-q">“These are they which came
+out of great tribulation, and have washed
+their robes and made them white in the blood
+of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the
+throne of God, and serve him day and night
+in his temple: and he that sitteth on the
+throne shall dwell among them. They shall
+hunger no more, neither thirst any more;
+neither shall the sun light on them, nor any
+heat. For the Lamb which is in the midst of
+the throne shall feed them, and shall lead
+them unto living fountains of waters; and
+God shall wipe away all tears from their
+eyes,�</span> 7:13-17. These had complied
+with the condition to the promise: <span class="tei tei-q">“He that
+overcometh, the same shall be clothed in
+white raiment; and I will not blot out his
+name out of the book of life, but I will confess
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his name before the Father and before
+his holy angels,�</span> 3:5. <span class="tei tei-q">“These are they
+which follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth. These were redeemed from among
+men, being the first fruits unto God and to
+the Lamb,�</span> 14:4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed are they which are called unto
+the marriage supper of the Lamb,�</span> 19:9.
+Truly are they blessed; for <span class="tei tei-q">“they shall hunger
+no more, neither thirst any more; neither
+shall the sun light on them, nor any heat,�</span>
+7:16. They attain the promised blessing:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the
+first resurrection,�</span> 20:6. <span class="tei tei-q">“And God shall
+wipe away all tears from their eyes; and
+there shall be no more death, neither sorrow,
+nor crying, neither shall there be any more
+pain: for the former things are passed away,�</span>
+21:4. So entranced was the apocalyptic
+seer at these symbols of the glorified redeemed,
+that he fell at his feet to worship the
+angel who showed him these things. But
+his fellow servant shrank back from the
+reception of homage, and pointed to God as
+the only object of adoration.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The union of the saints to Christ in the
+clouds of heaven being symbolized, they
+receive the gracious welcome: <span class="tei tei-q">“Come, ye
+blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom
+prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,�</span> Matt. 25:34. But first it is necessary
+to redeem the <span class="tei tei-q">“purchased possession�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+(Eph. 1:14), to reconquer the revolted province,
+which, since the fall, has been subject to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the god of this world�</span> (2 Cor. 4:4), the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“prince of the power of the air�</span> (Eph. 2:2),
+to rescue it from the dominion of the
+usurper, and deliver it from its present mis-rule
+<span class="tei tei-q">“up to God the Father�</span> (1 Cor. 15:24),
+who will bestow it on One who is worthy
+to wear its crown. For when Daniel saw
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“the judgment was set and the books
+were opened,�</span> he also <span class="tei tei-q">“saw in the night
+visions, and, behold, one like the Son of
+man came in the clouds of heaven, and
+came to the Ancient of days, and they
+brought him near before him; and there was
+given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom,
+that all people, nations and languages,
+should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting
+dominion, which shall not pass away,
+and his kingdom that which shall not be
+destroyed,�</span> Dan. 7:10, 13, 14. He comes,
+then, to dispossess the usurper, and to take
+possession of his kingdom. The next representation,
+then, symbolizes the coming of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The King and his Armies.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse: and
+he who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness
+he judgeth and maketh war. His eyes were like
+a flame of fire, and on his head were many diadems; and
+he had a name written which no one knew except himself.
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+And he was clothed with a garment dipped in blood: and
+his name is called The Word of God. And the armies in
+heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in fine linen,
+white and clean. And from his mouth goeth forth a sharp
+sword, that he may smite the nations with it: and he will
+rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the wine-press
+of the furious wrath of God, the Almighty. And he
+hath on his garment and on his thigh a name written,
+KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 19:11-16.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to the significance of symbolic
+language, Christ is here represented as coming
+personally. The heavens open and he appears
+in resplendent majesty, in accordance with
+the predictions respecting his second advent.
+When the clouds of heaven had received the
+ascending Saviour, the shining ones who stood
+by said to the gazing disciples, <span class="tei tei-q">“This same
+Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven,
+shall so come in like manner as ye have seen
+him go into heaven,�</span> Acts 1:11. <span class="tei tei-q">“And they
+shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds
+of heaven with power and great glory,�</span> Matt.
+24:30. <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, he cometh with clouds;
+and every eye shall see him, and they also
+which pierced him: and all kindreds of the
+earth shall wail because of him,�</span> Rev. 1:7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The white horse of the King, and those of
+his armies, are symbols of the pomp and
+grandeur of their descent, and show that they
+will triumph in victory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The names ascribed to the descending
+Monarch are applicable only to Christ. He
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg 325]</span><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was <span class="tei tei-q">“the Faithful and True Witness�</span> who
+commanded John to write <span class="tei tei-q">“to the angel of
+the church of the Laodiceans,�</span> (3:14); for
+he who commanded John to <span class="tei tei-q">“write in a book
+and send it unto the seven churches�</span> of Asia
+(1:11), was the One whom John saw <span class="tei tei-q">“in
+the midst of the seven candlesticks, like unto
+the Son of man�</span> (1:13), and who announced
+himself as <span class="tei tei-q">“the Alpha and Omega,
+the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord,
+which is, and which was, and which is to
+come—the Almighty,�</span> 1:8. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Word
+of God,�</span> was the <span class="tei tei-q">“Word�</span> that was <span class="tei tei-q">“in the
+beginning,�</span> that <span class="tei tei-q">“was with God,�</span> and that
+<span class="tei tei-q">“was God,�</span> the same that was <span class="tei tei-q">“in the beginning
+with God,�</span> and which <span class="tei tei-q">“was made
+flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his
+glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the
+Father, full of grace and truth,�</span> John 1:1-14.
+Jesus is <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lamb of God which
+taketh away the sin of the world,�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>,
+29); and <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lamb�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“is Lord of lords and
+King of kings,�</span> 17:14. It is <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus Christ,
+who is the faithful witness, and the first
+begotten of the dead, and the Prince of the
+kings of the earth,�</span> (1:5); and he alone is
+possessed of that incomprehensible <span class="tei tei-q">“Name�</span>
+which no man knoweth, and which he hath
+promised to write on <span class="tei tei-q">“him that overcometh,�</span>
+3:12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the visible and personal coming of
+Christ, and not any providential interposition,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+is here symbolized, is self-evident. For,
+while no created object can adequately symbolize
+Him, it would derogate from the dignity
+of his character and position to be a
+symbol of some inferior object. In all mere
+providential interpositions, foreshown by symbolic
+imagery, the predicted events are represented
+by corresponding acts of symbolic
+agents. War between nations is symbolized
+by beasts, representatives of the nations, contending
+with each other. (See Dan. 8th chap.)
+Pestilence and famine are symbolized by analogous
+results, and not by Christ's appearing.
+When, therefore, he is seen coming in person,
+it must symbolize his personal advent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His eyes <span class="tei tei-q">“as a flame of fire,�</span> show his
+identity with the one <span class="tei tei-q">“like unto the Son
+of man�</span> in the <span class="tei tei-q">“midst of the seven candlesticks�</span>
+(1:13), the author of the message
+to <span class="tei tei-q">“the church in Thyatira;�</span> which
+<span class="tei tei-q">“things saith the Son of God, who hath his
+eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet
+like unto fine brass,�</span> 2:18.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His <span class="tei tei-q">“many crowns�</span> are symbols of his
+sovereignty. Rome undivided and mistress of
+the world, when symbolized by the seven-headed
+and ten-horned dragon, is represented
+with the crowns on the heads, which were
+the seven successive kinds of government by
+which its sovereignty was enforced, 12:3,
+and 17:9, 10. But when its imperial had
+given place to its decem-regal form, and it is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to be shown under the government of ten
+contemporaneous kingdoms, <span class="tei tei-q">“the crowns,�</span>
+the symbols of sovereignty, are represented
+as encircling the <span class="tei tei-q">“horns�</span> of the beast, 13:1.
+So, when <span class="tei tei-q">“the King of kings�</span> cometh,
+to take to himself his great power, and to
+reign, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the kingdoms of this world are
+become those of our Lord and of his Christ�</span>
+(11:15, 17), He, <span class="tei tei-q">“the head of all principality
+and power�</span> (Col. 2:10), at whose
+name <span class="tei tei-q">“every knee should bow�</span> (Phil. 2:9),
+is shown the wearer of <span class="tei tei-q">“many crowns.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Come, then, and, added to thy many crowns,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Receive yet one, the crown of all the Earth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thou who alone art worthy! It was thine</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">By ancient covenant, ere nature's birth;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And thou hast made it thine by purchase since,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And overpaid its value with thy blood.�</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 10.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cowper's Task.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His <span class="tei tei-q">“vesture dipped in blood�</span> is symbolic
+of his coming to tread <span class="tei tei-q">“the wine-press of the
+fierceness and wrath of Almighty God�</span> (19:15),
+when he shall <span class="tei tei-q">“smite the nations,�</span> and
+<span class="tei tei-q">“rule them with a rod of iron,�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>) Thus
+Isaiah prophesied: <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is this that cometh
+from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah?
+this that is glorious in his apparel,
+travelling in the greatness of his strength? I
+that speak in righteousness, mighty to save.
+Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and
+thy garments like him that treadeth in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wine-fat? I have trodden the wine-press
+alone; and of the people there was none with
+me: for I will tread them in mine anger, and
+trample them in my fury; and their blood
+shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I
+will stain all my raiment. For the day of
+vengeance is in my heart, and the year of
+my redeemed is come. And I looked, and
+there was none to help; and I wondered that
+there was none to uphold: therefore mine
+own arm brought salvation unto me; and my
+fury, it upheld me. And I will tread down
+the people in mine anger, and make them
+drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their
+strength to the earth,�</span> Isa. 63:1-6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“armies�</span> which follow him, symbolize
+the attending saints and angels who
+will accompany his advent. They are all
+<span class="tei tei-q">“clothed in fine linen, white and clean,�</span>
+which constituted the wedding garments of
+those who were called to the marriage-supper
+of the Lamb, and which was worn by those
+who had washed their robes, and made them
+white in his blood, (7:14); <span class="tei tei-q">“for the fine
+linen is the righteousness of saints,�</span> 19:8.
+The righteous being caught up in the clouds
+to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17),
+<span class="tei tei-q">“when Christ, who is our life shall appear,�</span>
+they will <span class="tei tei-q">“appear with him in glory,�</span> (Col.
+3:4); so that <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord my God shall come
+and all the saints with thee,�</span> Zech. 14:5.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of these, saying, Behold, the Lord
+cometh with ten thousand of his saints, to
+execute judgment upon all, and to convince
+all that are ungodly among them of all their
+ungodly deeds which they have ungodly
+committed, and of all their hard speeches
+which ungodly sinners have spoken against
+him,�</span> Jude 14, 15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not only saints, but angels also, will attend
+his coming. For <span class="tei tei-q">“when the Son of man
+shall come in his glory,�</span> there will be <span class="tei tei-q">“all
+the holy angels with him,�</span> Matt. 25:31.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He cometh in the glory of his Father, with
+the holy angels,�</span> Mark 8:38. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lord
+Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his
+mighty angels,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“sharp sword,�</span> going out of his
+mouth, must be a symbol of his word. He
+speaks, and it is done, Psa. 33:9. <span class="tei tei-q">“For
+the word of God is quick and powerful, and
+sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing
+even to the dividing asunder of soul and
+spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a
+discerner of the thoughts and intents of the
+heart,�</span> Heb. 4:12. As <span class="tei tei-q">“he shall smite the
+earth with the rod of his mouth, and with
+the breath of his lips shall he slay the
+wicked,�</span> (Isa. 11:4); and as <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord shall
+consume�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“that Wicked�</span> one <span class="tei tei-q">“with the spirit
+of his mouth�</span> (2 Thess. 2:8), it follows
+that the sword proceeding out of his mouth
+is a symbol of the words he shall speak for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their destruction; for with it he smites the
+nations, 19:15. And this he does when he
+comes to <span class="tei tei-q">“rule them with a rod of iron�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>)
+and tread them in <span class="tei tei-q">“the wine-press�</span> of the
+wrath of God. This brings us to the object
+of his coming, which is to <span class="tei tei-q">“judge and make
+war,�</span> 19:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And first, <span class="tei tei-q">“To judge.�</span> This proves, that
+Christ's second advent is here symbolized;
+for, as before quoted, he is to <span class="tei tei-q">“judge the
+quick and the dead at his appearing and
+kingdom,�</span> 2 Tim. 4:1. This is at the
+sounding of the seventh trumpet, for then is
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the time of the dead that they should be
+judged,�</span> 11:18. <span class="tei tei-q">“With righteousness shall
+he judge the poor, and reprove with equity
+for the meek of the earth,�</span> when he <span class="tei tei-q">“shall
+smite the earth with the rod of his mouth,
+and with the breath of his lips shall he slay
+the wicked,�</span> Isa. 11:4. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let the heavens
+rejoice, and let the earth be glad; let the sea
+roar, and the fulness thereof. Let the field
+be joyful, and all that is therein: then shall
+all the trees of the wood rejoice before the
+Lord: for he cometh to judge the earth: he
+shall judge the world with righteousness, and
+the people with truth,�</span> Psa. 96:11-13. He
+cometh <span class="tei tei-q">“to execute judgment upon all,�</span>
+Jude 15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To <span class="tei tei-q">“make war.�</span> That this is another
+object of his coming, is shown by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name="Pg331" id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Final Conflict.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried
+with a loud voice, saying to all the birds flying in the midst
+of heaven, Come! gather yourselves to the great supper of
+God; that ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of
+commanders, and the flesh of the mighty, and the flesh of
+the horses, and of those who sit on them, and the flesh of
+all, both free and bond, both small and great. And I saw
+the wild beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies,
+gathered to make war with him, who sat on the horse, and
+with his army. And the wild beast was taken, and with
+him the false prophet, who wrought signs in his sight, with
+which he had deceived those who received the mark of the
+wild beast, and those who worshipped his image. These
+two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone.
+And the rest were slain with the sword of him who
+sat on the horse, which sword goeth forth from his mouth;
+and all the birds were filled with their flesh.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 19:17-21.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The contest being between the Lord and his
+armies on the one part, and the wicked nations
+on the other, the angel seen standing in the sun
+and performing an important act in connection
+with the Lord's army, must represent one
+of his attending angels; for the acts to be performed
+are to be by their instrumentality:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the end of this world, the Son of man
+shall send forth his angels, and they shall
+gather out of his kingdom all things that
+offend, and them which do iniquity; and
+shall cast them into a furnace of fire,�</span> Matt.
+13:40-42.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His crying to the fowls of heaven to come
+and sup on the bodies of the slain, is indicative
+of the certainty of victory and of the entire
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name="Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+overthrow of those who war against the Lamb.
+As birds gather on fields of slaughter to feast
+on the slain, so a cry to <span class="tei tei-q">“all the fowls of
+heaven�</span> is expressive of the extent and
+thoroughness of the destruction to be inflicted.
+It is the same cry which is made in Ezekiel,
+39:17, when the armies of Gog are slain on
+the mountains of Israel. The beast and the
+kings of the earth symbolize the various governments
+in the world. The <span class="tei tei-q">“beast�</span> is that
+which had seven heads and ten horns (13:1,
+and 17:3), and was a symbol of Rome in its
+decem-regal form. It was said of this beast,
+it shall <span class="tei tei-q">“go into perdition,�</span> (17:8); so that
+under some manifestation, it must continue
+till the end of the world: the earth being
+<span class="tei tei-q">“reserved unto fire against the day of judgement,
+and perdition of ungodly men,�</span> 2 Pet.
+3:7. As only in its divided form, the Roman
+empire continues till then, the beast is here significant
+of the divisions represented by its ten
+horns—the governments of modern Europe.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“These shall war with the Lamb, and the
+Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of
+lords and King of kings; and they that are
+with him are called and chosen and faithful,�</span>
+17:14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The false prophet,�</span> which is taken with
+the beast, is described as the one <span class="tei tei-q">“that wrought
+miracles before him, with which he deceived
+them that had received the mark of the beast
+and them that worshipped his image,�</span> v. 20.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+This identifies him as the two-horned beast
+of Rev. 13. (13:11-17). The two-horned
+beast being a representative of the Eastern Roman
+empire, when that was subverted by the
+Turks it became the seat of the false prophet,—the
+Mahometan hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The kings of the earth must be the remaining
+governments which are not represented by
+those two. By their subsequently warring
+with the Lamb, it follows that the previous
+resurrection and translation of the saints does
+not produce a cessation of all government.
+Those events may not be apparent to all eyes;
+or they may serve only to madden the unbelieving,
+and to make them more desperate in
+their infidelity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They gather their armies to war against
+the Lamb. They resist his authority. They
+will not have Him to reign over them. They
+are instigated to oppose him by <span class="tei tei-q">“unclean
+spirits like frogs�</span> (16:13), which are the
+spirits of devils [<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>, understood by the
+Jews to be spirits of the wicked dead] working
+miracles, which go forth unto the kings
+of the earth and of the whole world, to gather
+them to the battle of that great day of God
+Almighty, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 14. This is when Christ is
+to <span class="tei tei-q">“come as a thief;�</span> and they are to be
+gathered <span class="tei tei-q">“into a place called in the Hebrew
+tongue Armageddon,�</span> 16:15, 16. This was
+the name of the valley at the foot of Mount
+Megiddo (Judg. 5:19), which was famous as
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a valley of slaughter. In it Jehu fought
+against Ahaziah and Joram, and slew both
+the kings of Israel and Judah, 2 Kings 9:27.
+It was afterwards memorable for the death of
+king Josiah, when Pharaoh-necho fought
+against him, (2 Kings 23:29); so that the
+mourning as <span class="tei tei-q">“in the valley of Megiddon,�</span> became
+a proverbial expression in Israel for
+great mourning, Zech. 12:11,12. It is therefore
+significantly applied to the final battle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus do <span class="tei tei-q">“the kings of the earth set themselves,
+and the rulers take counsel together
+against the Lord, and against his Anointed;�</span>
+but <span class="tei tei-q">“He that sitteth in the heavens shall
+laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision.�</span>
+For the decree has gone forth: <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance,
+and the uttermost parts of the earth for
+thy possession. Thou shalt break them with
+a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces
+like a potter's vessel,�</span> Ps. 2:2-9. In this
+victory the saints, also, have a part; for it is
+written: <span class="tei tei-q">“He that overcometh, and keepeth
+my works unto the end, to him will I give
+power over the nations, and he shall rule
+them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a
+potter shall they be broken to shivers: even
+as I received of my Father,�</span> 2:26, 27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As thus predicted, in this final conflict
+the nations are smitten, 19:15. Those symbolized
+by the beast and false prophet are
+cast alive into the burning flame; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name="Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+individuals constituting the bodies of those
+beasts are cast therein: their governments
+cease when taken by the Lamb and his
+armies. This is in accordance with what
+Daniel saw, who <span class="tei tei-q">“beheld, even till the beast
+was slain, and his body destroyed and given
+to the burning flame,�</span> Dan. 7:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The remnant�</span> also are slain; so that there
+are none left alive on the earth of all the
+wicked. Thus Daniel interpreted to king
+Nebuchadnezzar his dream: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou sawest
+till that a stone was cut out without hands,
+which smote the image [representing the governments
+of earth] upon his feet, that were
+of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.
+Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver,
+and the gold broken to pieces together, and
+became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floors;
+and the wind carried them away,
+that no place was found for them,�</span> Dan.
+2:34, 35. It will <span class="tei tei-q">“break in pieces, and
+consume all these kingdoms�</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>), according
+to the prediction: <span class="tei tei-q">“The nation and kingdom
+that will not serve thee shall perish;
+yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted,�</span>
+Isa. 60:12. <span class="tei tei-q">“And this shall be the plague
+wherewith the Lord will smite all the people
+which have fought against Jerusalem:
+Their flesh shall consume away while they
+stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume
+away in their holes, and their tongues
+shall consume away in their mouth,�</span> Zech. 14:12.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For, behold, the day cometh, that shall
+burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and
+all that do wickedly shall be stubble, and the
+day that cometh shall burn them up, saith
+the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them
+neither root nor branch,�</span> Mal. 4:1. <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold,
+the day of the Lord cometh, cruel both with
+wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate:
+and he shall destroy the sinners thereof
+out of it,�</span> Isa. 13:9. Thus will the Saviour
+come <span class="tei tei-q">“in flaming fire, taking vengeance
+on them that know not God, and obey not the
+gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; who shall be
+punished with everlasting destruction, from
+the presence of the Lord, and from the glory
+of his power, when he comes to be glorified in
+his saints, and to be admired in all them that
+believe in that day,�</span> (2 Thess. 1:8-10): saying
+to the nations on his left, <span class="tei tei-q">“Depart from
+me ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared
+for the devil and his angels,�</span> Matt. 25:41.
+Thus will he <span class="tei tei-q">“gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity,
+and shall cast them into a furnace of
+fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of
+teeth,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>, 13:41, 42. The destruction of
+all the wicked from the earth is followed by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Binding of Satan.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw an angel descending from heaven, having
+the key of the abyss and a great chain in his hand. And
+he seized the dragon, the old serpent, who is the Devil, and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Satan, and bound him a thousand years, and cast him into
+the abyss, and shut him up, and set a seal over him, that
+he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand
+years were completed; and after that, he must be loosed a
+short time.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 20:1-3.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The angel descending from heaven, must
+be a representative of his own order; for at
+this epoch there are no other orders of beings
+for him to be a representative of. He therefore
+symbolizes the angels who are commissioned
+to <span class="tei tei-q">“gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend,�</span> Matt. 13:41.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“key,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“pit,�</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“chain,�</span> symbolize
+the instruments of restraint and confinement to
+which Satan is to be subjected; and his being
+bound and confined symbolize his restraint.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“Dragon�</span> is expressly called <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan.�</span>
+With the appendages of heads and horns—symbols
+of political sovereignty—he is used
+in Rev. 12:3, as a symbol of the Roman
+civil power, under Pagan rule; and in verse
+7, when divested of political insignia, of the
+pagan hierarchy. But now, as the beast,
+another symbol of Roman civil rule, has been
+cast into <span class="tei tei-q">“the lake of fire and brimstone,�</span> and
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“remnant�</span> are <span class="tei tei-q">“slain with the sword�</span>
+(19:21), there are no analogous powers
+remaining on earth for him to be a representative
+of, and consequently he is here represented
+as a symbol of himself.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of his identity there can be no question:
+He is <span class="tei tei-q">“that Old Serpent,�</span> who, being
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“more subtle than any beast of the field
+which the Lord God had made�</span> (Gen. 3:1),
+<span class="tei tei-q">“beguiled Eve through his subtlety,�</span> 2 Cor.
+11:3. He is also the Devil, by whom our
+Saviour was tempted in the wilderness,
+(Matt. 4:1-12); and the Satan, whose working
+is <span class="tei tei-q">“with all power and signs and lying
+wonders,�</span> 2 Thess. 2:9. He is our adversary
+the devil, who, <span class="tei tei-q">“as a roaring lion, walketh
+about seeking whom he may devour,�</span>
+(1 Pet. 5:8); and against whom we are to
+guard continually, <span class="tei tei-q">“lest Satan should get an
+advantage of us,�</span> 2 Cor. 2:11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Coëval with the fall, the promise was
+given that his head should in due time be
+bruised, and he is not ignorant of his doom;
+for when the legion saw the Saviour about to
+dispossess them of the two men among the
+tombs, they recognized him as <span class="tei tei-q">“the Son of
+God,�</span> and cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“Art thou come hither to
+torment us before <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the time</span></em>?�</span> (Matt. 8:29);
+<span class="tei tei-q">“and they besought him, that he would not
+command them to go out into the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">deep</span></em>,�</span>—the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pit</span></em>, or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">abyss</span></em>, Luke 8:31. The epoch when
+he should be there confined, is also shown by
+Isaiah to be when <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord cometh out of
+his place to punish the inhabitants of the
+earth for their iniquity,�</span> when <span class="tei tei-q">“the earth
+also shall disclose her blood, and no more
+cover her slain,�</span> Isa. 26:21. For <span class="tei tei-q">“in that
+day the Lord with his sore and great and
+strong sword shall punish leviathan [the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+dragon], the piercing serpent, even leviathan
+that crooked serpent,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 27:1. This synchronizes
+with the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword, when Satan is bound and
+cast into the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">abyss</span></em>, to continue there a thousand
+years.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His being bound and confined must symbolize
+his dejection to a position where he can
+have no possible influence over the nations
+during the time he is bound. It can be no
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">partial</span></em> restraint, as some theologians hold;
+for that is contrary to the conditions of the
+symbolic representation. His restraint is
+full, complete, and entire. Consequently his
+influence, for the time being, will have entirely
+ceased. The period of his confinement,
+therefore, cannot be one of partial exemption
+from sin; but the living will be perfectly free
+from all its contagious influences. He is to
+deceive the nations <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">no more</span></em>, till the thousand
+years shall be fulfilled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The nations�</span> who are freed from his
+influences, and also those whom he is subsequently
+to deceive, are not, necessarily, organized
+political bodies, under civil rulers, as
+they now exist. The original term, εθνος, is
+defined by Robinson to be <span class="tei tei-q">“a multitude,
+people, race, belonging and living together.�</span>
+At this epoch, the national organizations having
+disappeared, and the people constituting
+them being translated or slain, the only
+nations remaining will be <span class="tei tei-q">“the nations of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+them which are saved�</span> (21:24), over whom
+the influence of Satan will have ceased forever;
+and those constituting <span class="tei tei-q">“the rest of
+the dead�</span> (20:5), who will not live again
+till the end of the thousand years—at the very
+time when Satan is to be loosed from his
+prison to go out to deceive them, 20:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Cleansing of the Earth.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is, in the Apocalypse, no symbolic
+representation of the act of the cleansing of
+the earth, yet various scriptures show that it
+is at the epoch of the second advent, and of
+the establishment of the kingdom of God. If
+so, it follows the destruction of the wicked
+and the binding of Satan, while the raised and
+transfigured saints—constituting <span class="tei tei-q">“the bride�</span>—are
+still with the Lord in the clouds of
+heaven (19:7-9), where they were caught
+up to meet him in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A restoration of the earth, in connection
+with the first resurrection, is in accordance
+with the testimony of scripture, and was the
+opinion of the ancients. We read in Isaiah:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, I create new heavens and a new
+earth: and the former shall not be remembered,
+nor come into mind,�</span> Isa. 65:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“As for my opinion,�</span> saith R. Menasse, a
+Jewish Rabbi, <span class="tei tei-q">“I think that after six thousand
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+years, the world shall be destroyed, upon one
+certain day, or in one hour; that the arches
+of heaven shall make a stand as immovable;
+that there will be no more generation or corruption;
+and that all things by the resurrection
+shall be renovated, and return to a better
+condition.�</span> He also assures us that <span class="tei tei-q">“this,
+without doubt, is the opinion of the most
+learned Aben Ezra,�</span> who looked for it in the
+new earth of Isa. 65:17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Man shall be restored in that time,
+namely, in the days of the Messiah, to that
+state in which he was before the first man
+sinned.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R. Moses Nachmanides in Duet.
+§ 45.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Although all things were created perfect,
+yet when the first man sinned, they were
+corrupted, and will not again return to their
+congruous state till <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pherez</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Messiah</span></span>)
+comes.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“There are six things which
+shall be restored to their primitive state, viz.:
+the splendor of man, his life, the height of his
+stature, the fruits of the earth, the fruits of
+the trees, and the luminaries, (the sun, moon, and
+stars.)�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R. Berakyah</span></span>, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">name of
+R. Samuel—Bereshith Rabba, Fol. 11, Col. 3</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In that time (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, of the Messiah) the
+whole work of creation shall be changed for
+the better, and shall return into its perfect
+and pure state, as it was in the time of the
+first man, before he had sinned.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R. Becai,
+in Shilcan Orba, Fol. 9, Col. 4, p. 360.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Theopompus, who flourished three hundred
+and forty years B. C., relates that the
+Persian Magi taught that the present state of
+things would continue 6000 years; after which
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hades</span></span>, or death, would be destroyed, and men
+would live happy,�</span> &amp;c. <span class="tei tei-q">“The opinion of the
+ancient Jews, on this head, may be gathered
+from the statement of one of their Rabbins,
+who said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The world endures 6000 years,
+and in the thousand, or millennium that follows,
+the enemies of God would be destroyed.’</span>
+It was in like manner a tradition of the house
+of Elias, a holy man, who lived about B. C.
+200, that the world was to endure 6000 years,
+and that the righteous, whom God should
+raise up, would not be turned again into dust.
+That, by this resurrection, he meant a resurrection
+prior to the millennium, is manifest
+from what follows.... It is worthy of remark,
+that the two ancient authors, whose
+words have just been quoted, speak of the
+seventh millennium as <span class="tei tei-q">‘that day’</span>—the day
+in which God will renew the world, and in
+which he alone shall be exalted.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dis. on
+Mill. by Bishop Russell, Prof. Eccl. Hist. in
+the Scottish Epis. Ch.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Divine institution of a sabbatical,
+or seventh year's solemnity among the Jews,
+has a plain typical reference to the seventh
+chiliad, or millenary of the world, according
+to the well known tradition among the Jewish
+doctors, adopted by many in every age of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Christian Church, that this world will
+attain to its limit at the end of 6000 years.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mede.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The observance of the Sabbath is essential
+to the faith; for such only as observe the
+Sabbath confess that the earth will be renewed:
+because He who created it out of
+nothing will renew it.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">David Kimchi, on
+Isa. 55:5, quoted by Mede.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In as many days as this world was made,
+in so many thousand years it is perfected;
+for if the day of the Lord be as it were a
+1000 years, and in six days those things that
+are made were finished, it is manifest that
+the perfecting of those things is in the 6000th
+year, when anti-Christ, reigning 1260 years,
+shall have wasted all things in the world, ... then
+shall the Lord come from heaven in the
+clouds, with the glory of his Father.�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irenæus,
+Bish. of Lyons, A. D. 178.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In six thousand years, the Lord will
+bring all things to an end, ... when iniquity
+shall be no more, all things being renewed by
+the Lord.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epst. of Barnabas, sec. 14, 15.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Let philosophers know, who number
+thousands of years, ages since the beginning
+of the world, that the 6000th year is not yet
+concluded or ended. But that number being
+fulfilled, of necessity there must be an end,
+and the state of human things must be transformed
+into that which is better.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lactantius,
+B. of Divine Inst., A. D. 310.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thomas Burnet (Theory of Earth, Lon.
+1697) states <span class="tei tei-q">“that it was the received opinion
+of the primitive church from the days of the
+apostles to the council of Nice, that this earth
+would continue 6000 years, when the resurrection
+of the just, and conflagration of the
+earth, would usher in the millennium and
+reign of Christ on earth.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“God's blessing the Sabbath day, and resting
+on it from all his works, was a type of that
+glorious rest that the saints shall have when
+the six days of this world are fully ended....
+He will finish the toil and travail of his
+saints, with the burden of the beasts and the
+curse of the ground, and bring all into rest
+for a thousand years.... None ever saw
+this world as it was in its first creation but
+Adam and his wife, neither will any see it
+until the manifestation of the children of
+God; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, until the redemption or resurrection
+of the saints.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John Bunyan's Works,
+vol. 6, pp. 301, 329.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I expect with Paul a reparation of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> the
+evils caused by sin, for which he represents
+the creatures as groaning and travailing.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John
+Calvin, in his </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Institutes.</span><span style="font-style: italic">�</span></span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The reformation of the earth <span class="tei tei-q">“never was,
+nor yet shall be, till the righteous King and
+Judge appear for the restoration of all things.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John
+Knox.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The groans of nature in this nether world,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Which heaven has heard for ages, have an end.</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Foretold by prophets, and by poets sung,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Whose fire was kindled at the prophet's lamp,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The time of rest, the promised Sabbath, comes:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Six thousand years of sorrow have well nigh</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fulfilled their tardy and disastrous course</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Over a sinful world; and what remains</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of this tempestuous state of human things,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Is merely as the working of a sea</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">He</span></span>, whose car the winds are, and the clouds</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The dust that waits upon his sultry march,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When sin hath moved him, and his wrath is hot,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shall visit earth in mercy; shall descend,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Propitious, in his chariot paved with love;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And what his storms have blasted and defaced</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">For man's <em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">revolt</span></em>, shall with a smile
+<em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">repair</span></em>.�</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 6.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cowper's Task.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The above are only a few of many extracts
+which might be made, showing the faith of
+the church in past ages; but which are of
+no weight, only as they are in accordance
+with the harmony of scriptural testimony.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When man sinned, this earth was cursed
+for his sake. The Lord said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cursed
+is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt
+thou eat of it all the days of thy life; thorns
+also and thistles shall it bring forth unto thee,
+and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in
+the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,
+till thou return unto the ground; for out of it
+wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto
+dust shalt thou return,�</span> Gen. 3:17-19.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such was the curse to which the whole
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+creation was subjected because man sinned.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For the creature was made subject to vanity,
+not willingly, but by reason of him who
+hath subjected the same in hope,�</span> Rom. 8:20.
+And this hope is for a removal of the
+curse thus inflicted, and a restoration of all
+things to their original condition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the earth was subjected to the curse at
+the time when man was made subject to
+death, the removal of the former would naturally
+be expected at the epoch of the fulfillment
+of the promise to the just: <span class="tei tei-q">“I will ransom
+them from the power of the grave; I will
+redeem them from death: O death I will be
+thy plagues; O grave I will be thy destruction,�</span>
+Hos. 13:14. And thus Paul testifies:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For the earnest expectation of the creature
+waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of
+God, ... Because the creature itself, also,
+shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption
+into the glorious liberty of the children
+of God. For we know that the whole creation
+groaneth and travaileth in pain together
+until now. And not only they, but ourselves
+also, which have the first fruits of the Spirit,
+even we ourselves groan within ourselves,
+waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption
+of our body,�</span> Rom. 8:19, 21-23.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The removal of the curse removes also its
+consequences. Thus it is promised: <span class="tei tei-q">“Instead
+of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and
+instead of the briar shall come up the myrtle
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tree,�</span> Isa. 55:13. <span class="tei tei-q">“The inhabitant shall
+not say I am sick: the people that dwell
+therein shall be forgiven their iniquity,�</span> Isa.
+33:24. <span class="tei tei-q">“He will swallow up death in victory;
+and the Lord God will wipe away
+tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of
+his people will he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it,�</span> Isa. 25:8.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For behold, I create new heavens and a
+new earth,�</span> Isa. 65:17. <span class="tei tei-q">“And there shall
+be no more curse,�</span> Rev. 22:3. <span class="tei tei-q">“For the
+Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all
+her waste places; and he will make her
+wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the
+garden of the Lord; joy and gladness shall
+be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice
+of melody,�</span> Isa. 51:3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The removal of the curse is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+regeneration�</span> (Matt. 19:28), <span class="tei tei-q">“the times of
+refreshing,�</span> and of <span class="tei tei-q">“restitution;�</span> which Peter
+places at the advent of Christ: <span class="tei tei-q">“whom
+the heavens must receive until the times of
+restitution<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> of all things, which God hath
+spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets
+since the world began,�</span> Acts 3:21. He
+also places it at <span class="tei tei-q">“the perdition of ungodly
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+men,�</span> which must synchronize with the epoch
+when the beast <span class="tei tei-q">“goeth into perdition�</span> (17:11),
+and <span class="tei tei-q">“the remnant�</span> are <span class="tei tei-q">“slain with the
+sword,�</span> (19:21); <span class="tei tei-q">“when the Lord Jesus
+shall be revealed from heaven, with his
+mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance
+on them that know not God, and
+that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus
+Christ,�</span> 2 Thess. 1:7, 8. Says Peter: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+heavens and the earth, which are now, by
+the same word [<span class="tei tei-q">‘whereby the world that
+then was, being overflowed with water, perished’</span>
+v.6] are kept in store, reserved unto
+fire, against the day of judgment, and perdition
+of ungodly men.... But the day of the
+Lord will come, as a thief in the night; in
+the which the heavens shall pass away with
+a great noise, and the elements shall melt
+with fervent heat, the earth also; and the
+works that are therein shall be burned up....
+Nevertheless, we, according to his promise,
+look for new heavens and a new earth,
+wherein dwelleth righteousness,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“righteous
+persons�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horsely</span></span>, 2 Pet. 3:7-13.
+This harmonizes with the day that <span class="tei tei-q">“cometh
+that shall burn as an oven,�</span> when <span class="tei tei-q">“all the
+proud, yea, and all that do wickedly�</span> shall be
+burned up, and become <span class="tei tei-q">“ashes under the
+soles�</span> of those on whom <span class="tei tei-q">“shall the Sun of
+righteousness arise,�</span> (Mal. 4:1-3); which
+must be the time intervening between the
+resurrection of the righteous and that of the
+wicked. This also harmonizes with the testimony
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name="Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of our Saviour, that when, <span class="tei tei-q">“in the
+end of this world,�</span> He <span class="tei tei-q">“shall send forth his
+angels and gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity,
+and shall cast them into a furnace of
+fire; ... <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">then</span></em> shall the righteous shine forth
+as the sun in the kingdom of their Father,�</span>
+Matt. 13:40-43.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The earth being cleansed, and all things
+made new, it will have been prepared for the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“dwelling�</span> of <span class="tei tei-q">“righteous persons�</span> (2 Pet. 3:13),
+who,—having <span class="tei tei-q">“put on incorruption�</span>
+(1 Cor. 15:53), and been <span class="tei tei-q">“caught up ... in
+the clouds to meet the Lord in the air�</span> (1 Thess. 4:17),
+where, constituting <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+bride,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lamb's wife,�</span> they were <span class="tei tei-q">“called
+unto the marriage supper of the Lamb�</span>
+(19:7-9),—will descend from heaven to
+take possession. Thus John writes, that one
+of the angels said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Come hither, I
+will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.
+And he carried me away in the spirit to a
+great and high mountain, and he showed me
+that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending
+out of heaven from God,�</span> 21:9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lo, what a glorious sight appears</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To our believing eyes:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The earth and seas are passed away,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the old rolling skies!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">From the third heaven where God resides,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That holy, happy place,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The New Jerusalem comes down</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Adorned with shining grace.</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Attending angels shout for joy,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the bright armies sing,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mortals, behold the sacred seat</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Of your descending
+King.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Watts.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Kingdom given to the Saints at the resurrection of the just.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment
+was given for them: and I saw the persons of those
+beheaded for the testimony of Jesus, and for the word of
+God, and those, who had not worshipped the wild beast,
+nor his image, nor had received the mark on their forehead,
+or on their hand; and they lived and reigned with Christ
+the thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not
+until the thousand years were completed. This is the first
+resurrection. Happy and holy is he, who bath part in the
+first resurrection: on such, the second death hath no power,
+but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign
+with him a thousand years!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 20:4-6.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thrones�</span> are symbols of power. As the
+saints are to reign with Christ on the renewed
+earth, in obedience to the invitation: <span class="tei tei-q">“Come
+ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom
+prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,�</span> (Matt. 25:34); their being inducted
+into the kingdom is symbolized by their being
+seated on thrones. Thus they sing in the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“new song,�</span> addressed to Christ: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou
+wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by
+thy blood, out of every kindred, and tongue,
+and people, and nation, and hast made us
+unto our God kings and priests: and we shall
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name="Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+reign on the earth,�</span> 5:9, 10. In the first
+chapter, also, all who ascribe praises to <span class="tei tei-q">“Him
+that loved us, and washed us from our sins in
+his own blood,�</span> also add: <span class="tei tei-q">“and hath made
+us kings and priests unto God, and his Father,�</span>
+1:5, 6.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the saints being thus exalted to kingly
+and priestly dignity, symbolizes the exalted
+rank they are to hold in the new creation—the
+symbols of their station being taken from
+the most exalted offices known on earth.
+Thus God said to ancient Israel: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye shall
+be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy
+nation,�</span> (Ex. 19:6); and the Christian church
+is addressed as <span class="tei tei-q">“a chosen generation, a royal
+priesthood, a holy nation, a peculiar people,�</span>
+1 Pet. 2:9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The time when the saints shall reign on the
+earth is in connection with the destruction of
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“little horn�</span> of Daniel's <span class="tei tei-q">“fourth beast,�</span>
+which, as he saw, <span class="tei tei-q">“made war with the saints
+and prevailed against them, until the Ancient
+of days came, and judgment was given to the
+saints of the Most High, and the time came
+that the saints possessed the kingdom,�</span> Dan. 7:21, 22.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The saints of the Most High
+shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom
+forever, even forever and ever,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 18.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And the kingdom and dominion and the
+greatness of the kingdom under the whole
+heaven, shall be given to the people of the
+saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions
+shall serve and obey him,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> v. 27. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+they shall reign forever and ever,�</span> 22:5.
+Thus the Saviour said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Fear not, little
+flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure
+to give you the kingdom,�</span> Luke 12:32.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those who receive the kingdom are symbolized
+by the souls of martyrs, &amp;c., living
+again and reigning with Christ. The symbol
+includes, with the martyred saints, those
+who had stood aloof from the worship of the
+beast and his image, and those who had not
+received his mark; who are shown by a parallel
+scripture to represent all who are redeemed
+to God <span class="tei tei-q">“out of every kindred, and tongue,
+and people, and nation,�</span> 5:9, 10. Some of
+these were symbolized, under the fifth seal, as
+crying from under the altar in anticipation
+of this day, 6:9. Now, with <span class="tei tei-q">“their fellow
+servants,�</span> they receive their reward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The souls of the departed living again, can
+only symbolize those who have been subjected
+to death, and are again raised. Consequently
+they are the subjects of a real resurrection.
+And this is shown by the explanation of the
+symbol, which affirms that, <span class="tei tei-q">“This is the first
+resurrection.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is denied by many that a literal resurrection
+is here taught; but in so doing they
+deny the faith of the church in its best and
+purest ages. In the first two centuries after
+Christ, there was not an individual, who believed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in any resurrection of the dead whose
+name or memory has survived to the present
+time, who denied that the resurrection of the
+just is here taught.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes
+Papias, who he admits was a disciple of St.
+John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“after the resurrection of the dead the
+kingdom of Christ shall be established corporeally
+on this earth.�</span> And Jerome, another
+opposer, quotes from him that <span class="tei tei-q">“he had the
+apostles for his authors; and that he considered
+what Andrew, what Peter said, what
+Philip, what Thomas said, and other disciples
+of the Lord.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Polycarp was another of John's disciples;
+and Irenæus testifies in an epistle to Florinus,
+that he had seen Polycarp, <span class="tei tei-q">“who related his
+conversation with John and others who had
+seen the Lord, and how he related their sayings,
+and the things he had heard of them
+concerning the Lord, both concerning his
+miracles and doctrine, as he had received
+them from the Lord of life; all of which
+Polycarp related agreeable to the scriptures.�</span>
+Following such a teacher, Irenæus taught that
+at the resurrection of the just, the meek should
+inherit the earth; and that then would be fulfilled
+the promise which God made to Abraham.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“A certain man <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">among us</span></em>, whose name is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name="Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+John, being one of the twelve apostles of
+Christ, in that Revelation which was shown
+him, prophesied that those who believe in our
+Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem.�</span>
+He affirms that himself <span class="tei tei-q">“and many
+others are of this mind�</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“that Christ shall
+reign personally on earth;�</span> and that <span class="tei tei-q">“all
+who were accounted orthodox so believed.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a
+custom for Christians to pray that they might
+have part in the first resurrection. And
+Cyprian, about 220, says that Christians <span class="tei tei-q">“had
+a thirst for martyrdom that they might obtain
+a better resurrection.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mosheim assures us that the opinion <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+Christ was to come and reign 1000 years
+among men,�</span> had, before the time of Origen,
+about the middle of the 3d century, <span class="tei tei-q">“met
+with no opposition.�</span> And it is the testimony
+of ecclesiastical historians, that the first who
+opposed it, seeing no way of avoiding the
+meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied
+the authenticity of the Apocalypse, and claimed
+that it was written by one Cerenthus, a
+heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining
+what they called <span class="tei tei-q">“his fiction of the reign of
+Christ on earth.�</span> This doctrine is not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">now</span></em>
+evaded in this way, but by spiritualizing the
+language of the Apocalypse, and thus finding
+a meaning in it which is not expressed
+by any of the admitted laws of language.
+Theologians who thus reason make the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+first resurrection the conversion of the world.
+But those who are affirmed to be raised, are
+persons who have lived and are dead. If
+the resurrection is a mere metaphor, then the
+martyrs must have metaphorically died, and
+must have comprised only those who had been
+previously converted and were fallen away.
+The rest of the dead must then be understood
+as persons morally dead, which would be inconsistent
+with the idea of a converted world.
+Those who were raised being those who were
+previously converted, they must have been
+literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable
+of such is a literal resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Bible teaches such a resurrection of
+the righteous prior to that of the wicked.
+Thus the Psalmist says of them: <span class="tei tei-q">“Like
+sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall
+feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion
+over them in the morning.�</span> But of
+himself he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“But God will redeem my
+soul from the power of the grave,�</span> Psa. 49:14,
+15. Of the wicked Isaiah testifies: <span class="tei tei-q">“They
+are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased,
+they shall not rise,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> with the
+righteous; but to Zion he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy dead
+men shall live, together with my dead body
+shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that
+dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew
+of herbs, and the earth shall cast out her
+dead,�</span> Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import
+is the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+when Michael shall stand up, and <span class="tei tei-q">“thy people
+shall be delivered, every one that shall be
+found written in the book. And many of
+them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall
+awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting
+life, and some, [the unawakened, shall
+be] to shame and everlasting contempt,�</span> Dan.
+12:1, 2. Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the
+precise rendering of the original.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The New Testament also teaches a resurrection
+of the just, in distinction from that of the
+wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made
+alive, that it will be <span class="tei tei-q">“every man in his own
+order,�</span> or band—<span class="tei tei-q">“Christ the first fruits;
+afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming,�</span>
+1 Cor. 15:23. None others are spoken
+of as being raised at that epoch. When the
+Lord descends from heaven with a shout, at
+the trump of God, not the entire mass of the
+dead, but <span class="tei tei-q">“the dead in Christ shall rise first,�</span>
+before the righteous living are changed, 1
+Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority
+in the resurrection of the righteous, Paul
+teaches that the worthies who died in faith
+<span class="tei tei-q">“accepted not deliverance, that they might
+obtain <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a better</span></em> resurrection,�</span> (Heb. 11:13);
+and himself, he says, counted all things loss
+for Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">“if by any means I might attain
+unto the resurrection of the dead,�</span> (Phil. 3:11);
+which is <span class="tei tei-q">“the resurrection from among
+the dead�</span>—it being a resurrection to which
+some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+taught: while <span class="tei tei-q">“they that have done good
+shall come forth <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at</span></em> [as it is literally] the resurrection
+of life, and they that have done evil
+at the resurrection of damnation�</span> (John 5:29),
+the two are not co-etaneous; for the
+righteous shall be <span class="tei tei-q">“recompensed at the resurrection
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">of the just</span></em>,�</span> Lu. 14:14. That must
+be the resurrection of which those are the subjects
+who receive the kingdom; for <span class="tei tei-q">“flesh and
+blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,�</span> 1
+Cor. 15:50. While <span class="tei tei-q">“the children of this
+world marry and are given in marriage,�</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“they which shall be accounted worthy to
+obtain that world, and the resurrection <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">from</span></em>
+the dead, neither marry, nor are given in
+marriage; neither can they die any more: for
+they are equal unto the angels, and are the
+children of God, being the children of the
+resurrection,�</span> Lu. 20:34-36.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The children of the resurrection thus include
+all who attain unto that world, which,
+consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and
+of which the righteous dead and the living
+saints are made equal subjects, according
+to Paul's <span class="tei tei-q">“mystery:�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“We shall not all
+sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a
+moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the
+last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and
+the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and
+we shall be changed,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to the same
+incorruptible state to which the dead are
+raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+righteous will alike <span class="tei tei-q">“bear the image of the
+heavenly�</span> (v. 49) when they <span class="tei tei-q">“shall be caught
+up together�</span> (1 Thess. 4:16) <span class="tei tei-q">“to meet the
+Lord in the air.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The resurrection state is that to which the
+ancients looked for the restoration of Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have
+lived just after the second temple was built,
+applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who
+seemed likely to die without seeing the glory
+of Israel, saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“As I live, saith Jehovah,
+I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the
+dead; and I will gather you with all Israel.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Sadducees are reported to have asked
+Rabbi Gamaliel, the preceptor of Paul,
+whence he would prove that God would
+raise the dead, who quoted Deut. 9:21:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Which land the Lord sware that he would
+give to your <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fathers</span></em>.�</span> He argued, as Abraham,
+Isaac and Jacob had it not, and as God
+cannot lie, that they must be raised from the
+dead to inherit it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rabbi Simai, though of later date, argues
+the same from Ex. 6:4, insisting that the law
+asserts in this place the resurrection from the
+dead, when it said: <span class="tei tei-q">“And also I have established
+my covenant with them, to give them
+the Canaan;�</span> for, he adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is not said to
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></em>, but to them.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mennasseh Ben Israel says: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is plain
+that Abraham and the rest of the patriarchs
+did not possess that land; it follows, therefore,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that they must be raised in order to
+enjoy the promised good, as otherwise the
+promises of God would be vain and false.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+Resurrec. Mort., L. i., c. 1. § 4.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rabbi Saahias Gaion, commenting on Dan.
+12:2, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“This is the resuscitation of the
+dead Israel, whose lot is eternal life, and those
+who shall not awake are the forsakers of
+Jehovah.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the world to come,�</span> says the Sahar,
+fol. 81, <span class="tei tei-q">“the blessed God will vivify the dead
+and raise them from their dust, so that they
+shall be no more an earthly structure.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus <span class="tei tei-q">“Abraham, when he was called to
+go out into a place which he should after
+receive for an inheritance ... sojourned in
+the land of promise, as in a strange country,
+dwelling in tabernacles, with Isaac and Jacob,
+the heirs with him of the same promise; for
+he looked for a city which hath foundations,
+whose builder and maker is God,�</span> Heb. 11:8-10.
+While he dwelt in that land, God
+<span class="tei tei-q">“gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so
+much as to set his foot on; yet he promised
+that he would give it to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">him</span></em> for a possession,
+and to his seed after him,�</span> Acts 7:5. This
+was also true of all those <span class="tei tei-q">“who died in faith,
+not having received the promises, but having
+seen them afar off, and were persuaded of
+them, and embraced them, and confessed that
+they were strangers and pilgrims on the
+earth,�</span>—desiring <span class="tei tei-q">“a better country, that is,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a heavenly�</span> (Heb. 11:13-16), <span class="tei tei-q">“not accepting
+deliverance, that they might obtain a better
+resurrection�</span> (v. 35), <span class="tei tei-q">“God having provided
+some better thing for us, that they
+without us should not be made perfect,�</span> v. 40.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the promises are thus made good to
+Israel, all who are of the faith of Abraham
+will participate in the same promises. For
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of
+the law ... that the blessing of Abraham
+might come on the Gentiles through Jesus
+Christ.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And if ye be Christ's, then are ye
+Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the
+promise,�</span> Gal. 3:13, 14, 29. So the Saviour
+said to the Jews: <span class="tei tei-q">“Many shall come from the
+east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham,
+and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of
+heaven; but the children of the kingdom [unregenerate
+Jews] shall be cast into outer darkness,�</span>
+Matt. 8:11, 12. And then, as the
+Saviour said to the twelve: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye which have
+followed me, in the regeneration when the
+Son of man shall sit in the throne of his
+glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones,
+judging the twelve tribes of Israel,�</span> Matt. 19:28.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The rest of the dead,�</span> who live not
+again till the thousand years are ended, must
+be the wicked dead; for, the righteous being
+raised, no other dead ones remain. They
+include all the wicked, who have died in all
+ages, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the remnant�</span> who <span class="tei tei-q">“are slain
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg 361]</span><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with the sword�</span> (19:21), when the kingdom
+is cleansed from all things that offend.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The thousand years�</span> to intervene between
+the two resurrections, are regarded by some
+as a symbol of 360,000 years. There seems
+to be no necessity for such an interpretation.
+When time is symbolized, it is always proportioned
+to the duration of the other symbols
+used. Thus, in Dan. 8th, when beasts symbolize
+kingdoms, it would have been incongruous
+to have specified the duration of the
+vision in literal years; for beasts do not continue
+during centuries, as the kingdoms symbolized
+by them have done. But days are
+proportioned to years, as beasts are to kingdoms;
+so that there is a fitness in symbolizing
+the years foreshadowed in that vision, by
+2300 days; between which measure of time
+and the duration of the existence of beasts,
+there is a perfect congruity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the 4th of Daniel, where the cutting
+down of a tree is used to symbolize the loss
+of the king's reason, there is no such disproportion
+between the duration of man's existence
+and that of a tree, as there is between
+the life of a beast and that of an empire.
+And therefore there is no incongruity if the
+time specified is a symbol of literal time, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+if a time is used to symbolize a year. In this
+case, the seven years could not have been
+symbolized by seven days; for there is no
+marked disproportion between the duration
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the other symbols in connection, and the
+things symbolized; and had days been used,
+days must have been understood in the fulfilment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There might be either 1000 years, or 360,000,
+between the first and second resurrections,
+without conflicting with any other Scripture.
+But there is no disproportion between the
+other symbols and the things symbolized,—the
+living again of the martyrs in vision, and
+their actual resurrection; and therefore the
+1000 years need not, by any parallel usage
+or law of language, be understood, to be other
+than a literal thousand.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Wicked Raised, and Satan Loosed</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And when the thousand years are completed, Satan
+will be loosed out of his prison, and will go out to deceive
+the nations in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog,
+to gather them to battle: the number of whom is like
+the sand of the sea. And they ascended on the breadth of
+the earth, and encompassed the camp of the saints, and the
+beloved city: and fire descended from God out of heaven,
+and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them,
+was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where both the
+wild beast and the false prophet are, and will be tormented
+day and night for ever and ever. And I saw a great white
+throne, and him who sat on it; from whose face the earth
+and the heaven fled away, and a place was not for them.
+And I saw the dead, the small and the great, standing
+before God; and the books were opened: and another book
+was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were
+judged from the things written in the books, according to
+their works. And the sea gave up the dead in it; and
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+death and the pit gave up the dead in them: and they were
+judged every one according to their works. And death and
+the pit were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second
+death, the lake of fire. And whoever was not found written
+in the book of life, was cast into the lake of fire.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 20:7-15.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Verses 11-15 contain the record of the
+symbolization John saw, of what was to
+transpire at the end of the thousand years;
+while verses 7-10 appear to be explanatory
+of events which would then be fulfilled.
+This explanation, previous to the exhibition
+of the symbolization, is appropriate in the
+connection, and makes more forcible the fact
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“the rest of the dead lived not again
+until the thousand years were finished.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the rest of the dead live not till the end
+of the thousand years, they come forth at
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the resurrection of damnation,�</span> at the end
+of a thousand years of the reign of the saints
+on the earth, and at the epoch when Satan
+was to be loosed from his prison. As all who
+had part in the first resurrection were to be
+exempted from the power of the second death,
+the nations who are then deceived by Satan,
+must be the nations composing the rest of the
+dead, who live again at that epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their number <span class="tei tei-q">“as the sand of the sea,�</span>
+and their coming from <span class="tei tei-q">“the four quarters of
+the earth,�</span> show that they are no obscure
+people, living unknown to the saints; and
+their existence can only be accounted for by
+the event of a resurrection of the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Their names, <span class="tei tei-q">“Gog and Magog,�</span>—those
+applied to the ancient enemies of Israel,
+(Ezek. 38:38),—are appropriate titles to
+designate the subjects of the second resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They encompass the camp of the saints,
+and the beloved city—showing that the city
+descends at the commencement of the thousand
+years—but there is no battle: before they
+are permitted to harm the saints, fire from
+heaven devours them; and the devil that
+thought to lead them against the holy city, is
+cast into the lake of fire, where the beast and
+false prophet were cast at the commencement
+of the millennium.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In connection with the resurrection of the
+wicked, is their judgment—not following
+necessarily in the precise order of the record.
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“small and great�</span> who stand before
+God, are not small and large persons, but
+those from all stations and ranks in society.
+The king and the beggar equally receive
+according to their deserts: They are the
+bond and the free, the high and the low, the
+rich and the poor, including those who fought
+against the Lamb, and were overcome by
+Him, 19:18.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The open books symbolize the record of
+their evil deeds, for which they are to be
+judged. And the <span class="tei tei-q">“book of Life�</span> is opened
+to symbolize that the names of those who are
+judged are not there recorded, and that consequently
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+they are justly condemned. To
+<span class="tei tei-q">“him that overcometh,�</span> the Saviour promised
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I will not blot his name out of this book of
+life,�</span> 3:3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sea, death, and hell giving up their dead,
+indicates that all of the <span class="tei tei-q">“rest of the dead�</span>
+are here resurrected, and that none are left
+out from among whom these are raised, as
+these were, from whom came forth the subjects
+of the first resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The casting of death and hell into the lake
+of fire, symbolizes the casting in of those who
+were within their domains; and <span class="tei tei-q">“the lake of
+fire,�</span> symbolizes the place into which—the
+impenitent are consigned—which is the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“second death.�</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The New Creation.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first
+heaven and the first earth were passed away; and the sea
+was no more. And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem,
+descending out of heaven, from God, prepared like a bride
+adorned for her husband.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 21:1, 2.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The new heaven and new earth are symbols
+of the new order of things. The old
+heavens and earth having been dissolved,
+their elements melting with fervent heat
+(2 Pet. 3:12), the <span class="tei tei-q">“new heavens and the
+new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness,�</span>
+for which Peter looked, succeed to their place.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+So much more resplendent are these than the
+former, that those <span class="tei tei-q">“shall not be remembered,
+nor come into mind,�</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to be desired, Isa.
+65:17. This is the eternal state in which
+we are commanded to be <span class="tei tei-q">“glad and rejoice
+forever,�</span> when God shall <span class="tei tei-q">“create Jerusalem
+a rejoicing, and her people a joy.�</span> Then
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the voice of weeping shall be no more heard
+in her, nor the voice of crying.�</span> There <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+elect shall long enjoy the work of their
+hands;�</span> for <span class="tei tei-q">“as the days of a tree, are the
+days of my people,�</span> saith the Lord; who
+has also declared that, <span class="tei tei-q">“as the new heavens
+and the new earth, which I will make, shall
+remain before me, so shall your seed and
+your name remain,�</span> Isa. 66:22.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sea is now <span class="tei tei-q">“no more,�</span> in the same
+sense that the first heavens and earth are
+passed away—all having disappeared in the
+conflagration, and given place to the <span class="tei tei-q">“restitution
+of all things spoken of by the mouth of
+all the holy prophets,�</span> Acts 3:21. Whether
+the new creation will comprise both sea and
+dry land, as was first created (Gen. 1:10), is
+not here decided; but there is no reason to
+suppose that this characteristic of the original
+creation will be forever obliterated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The new Jerusalem descends, adorned as a
+bride for her husband. She is shown in the
+19th chapter to be <span class="tei tei-q">“arrayed in fine linen,
+clean and white�</span>—a symbol of <span class="tei tei-q">“the righteousness
+of the saints.�</span> As the corrupt
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg 367]</span><a name="Pg367" id="Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Roman hierarchy was symbolized by an
+adulterous woman (17:3), and also by the
+corrupt city of Babylon (18:2), so symbols
+of an opposite character—a chaste bride,
+and the new Jerusalem—are chosen representatives
+of the church triumphant, whose
+Maker is her husband.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Lord very justly remarks: <span class="tei tei-q">“The descent
+of the city is to take place at the commencement
+of the millennium, manifestly from the
+representation that the marriage of the Lamb
+was come, and that his wife had prepared
+herself, immediately after the destruction of
+great Babylon, (19:7, 8); from the exhibition
+of the risen and glorified saints, as seated
+on thrones, and reigning with Christ during
+the thousand years; and from the representation
+of the beloved city as on earth at the
+revolt of Gog and Magog, after the close of
+the thousand years.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. Apoc.</span></span>�</span> p. 529.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Jerusalem, my happy home,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">O how I long for thee;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When shall my sorrows have an end?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thy joys when shall I see?</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“When shall these eyes thy heaven-built walls</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And pearly gates behold!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thy bulwarks with salvation strong,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And streets of shining gold?</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“O when, thou city of my God,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Shall I thy courts ascend,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Where congregations ne'er break up,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And Sabbaths have no end?�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Tabernacle of God with Men.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And I heard a loud voice out of heaven, saying, Behold,
+the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell
+with them, and they will be his people, and God himself
+will be with them, even their God. And God will wipe
+away every tear from their eyes; and there will be no more
+death, nor mourning, nor crying out, nor will there be
+any more pain: for the former things are passed away.
+And he who sat on the throne said, Behold, I make all
+things new. And he said, Write, for these words are
+faithful and true. And he said to me, It is done. I am
+the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. I
+will give to him, who thirsteth, from the fountain of the
+water of life freely. He, who overcometh, will inherit these
+things; and I will be his God, and he will be my son. But
+the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, and murderers,
+and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and
+all liars, will have their part in the lake burning with fire
+and brimstone, which is the second death.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 21:3-8.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The utterances of the <span class="tei tei-q">“great voice out of
+heaven�</span> are not what John saw, but are what
+he heard; and are therefore to be interpreted,
+not by the laws of symbols, but by those of
+tropes and literal language.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-q">“tabernacle of God with men�</span> is explained
+in the same connection to be his
+<span class="tei tei-q">“dwelling with them.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When our Saviour was incarnate, and
+vouchsafed to dwell amongst the children of
+men, the same phrase is used by this same
+author, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eskeenoose</span></span> (John 1:14), <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Word
+was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us:
+and we beheld his glory,’</span> etc. We read it,
+he dwelt amongst us: but rendered more
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg 369]</span><a name="Pg369" id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+closely, it is, he set his tabernacle amongst
+us. And that which the Hebrews call the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shekinah</span></span>, or divine presence (Maimon, Mor.
+Nev. par. 1, chap. 25), comes from a word of
+the like signification, and found with the
+Greek word here used. Therefore there will
+be a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shekinah</span></span> in that kingdom of
+Christ.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tho.
+Burnett.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When Israel first entered the wilderness,
+God entered into a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">covenant</span></span> with them (Ex. 19:3-8),
+in consequence of which he said
+to Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let them make me a sanctuary,
+that I may dwell among them,�</span> (Ex. 25:8)—the
+pattern of which was shown Moses in
+the mount; and when completed <span class="tei tei-q">“the glory of
+the Lord filled the tabernacle�</span> (Ex. 40:34),
+and there <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord talked with Moses,�</span> Ex. 33:9.
+Thus did God dwell among them
+while they were in a probationary state; but
+he indicated a more intimate connection
+with them, by promising, if they were obedient
+to his statutes in all things, that <span class="tei tei-q">“I will
+set my tabernacle among you: and my soul
+shall not abhor you. And I will walk among
+you, and will be your God, and ye shall be
+my people,�</span> Lev. 26:11, 12. This promise
+was not fulfilled to the Jews, because of their
+sins; but Paul quotes it (2 Cor. 6:16), and
+applies it as a promise still to be made good
+to the church of Christ. Thus, the <span class="tei tei-q">“Word�</span>
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“was God,�</span> who was made flesh and
+tabernacled among us at his incarnation, is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name="Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+again to come and dwell with us in his
+human tabernacle, as at his first advent.
+Then will God enter into a new covenant
+with his people, as he has said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, the
+days come, saith the Lord, that I will make
+a new covenant with the house of Israel, and
+with the house of Judah; not according to
+the covenant that I made with their fathers,
+in the day that I took them by the hand, to
+bring them out of the land of Egypt, which
+my covenant they brake, although I was a
+husband unto them, saith the Lord; but this
+shall be the covenant that I will make with
+the house of Israel; After those days, saith
+the Lord, I will put my law in their inward
+parts, and write it in their hearts; and will
+be their God, and they shall be my people.
+And they shall teach no more every man his
+neighbor, and every man his brother, saying,
+Know the Lord: for they shall all know me,
+from the least of them unto the greatest of
+them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their
+iniquity, and I will remember their sin no
+more,�</span> Jer. 31:31-34.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the saints, before the resurrection of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the rest of the dead,�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“reign with Christ
+1000 years,�</span> (20:4); it follows that during
+that period the tabernacle of God is with
+men, when he dwells among them, which is
+an additional evidence that <span class="tei tei-q">“the restitution
+of all things�</span> (Acts 3:21) is at the commencement
+of the millennium.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg 371]</span><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is a tearless state—all tears being
+then wiped from every eye. Isaiah predicted,
+when <span class="tei tei-q">“He will swallow up death in victory,�</span>
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord God will wipe away tears
+from off all faces: and the rebuke of his
+people shall he take away from off all the
+earth: for the Lord hath spoken it. And it
+shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God;
+we have waited for him, and he will save us:
+this is the Lord; we have waited for him, we
+will be glad and rejoice in his salvation,�</span> Isa.
+25:8, 9. The commencement of the tearless
+state is thus placed by Isaiah at the resurrection,
+and at the appearance of Christ; which
+is confirmed by Paul, in his inspired commentary
+on the same, who affirms that at the
+last trump, <span class="tei tei-q">“when this corruptible shall have
+put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have
+put on immortality, then shall be brought to
+pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed
+up in victory,�</span> 1 Cor. 15:54. This
+state was also promised to the entire company
+<span class="tei tei-q">“which came out of great tribulation, and
+have washed their robes, and made them
+white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore
+are they before the throne of God, and serve
+him day and night in his temple: and he that
+sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them.
+They shall hunger no more, neither thirst
+any more; neither shall the sun light on
+them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, which is
+in the midst of the throne, shall feed them,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and shall lead them unto living fountains of
+waters: and God shall wipe away all tears
+from their eyes,�</span> Rev. 7:14-17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There shall then <span class="tei tei-q">“be no more death�</span>—for
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“last enemy shall be destroyed�</span> (1 Cor. 15:26),
+and there shall be nothing to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“hurt nor destroy, in all my holy mountain,
+saith the Lord.�</span> Death will have been swallowed
+up in victory, (Isa. 25:8)—the redeemed
+having been ransomed <span class="tei tei-q">“from the
+power of the grave,�</span> Hos. 13:14. <span class="tei tei-q">“Neither
+can they die any more: for they are equal
+unto the angels; and are the children of God,
+being the children of the resurrection,�</span> Luke
+20:36.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the destruction of death, there shall
+be <span class="tei tei-q">“neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall
+there be any more pain.�</span> This was to be
+when <span class="tei tei-q">“the ransomed of the Lord shall return,
+and come to Zion with songs and everlasting
+joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy
+and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall
+flee away,�</span> Isa. 35:10. And one of these
+songs was to be: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou wast slain, and hast
+redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every
+kindred and tongue, and people and nation;
+and hast made us unto our God kings and
+priests: and we shall reign on the earth,�</span>
+Rev. 5:9,10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then, everything which distinguishes the
+present world from that, will have passed
+away; for all things will be created anew.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg 373]</span><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+These words, uttered by Him who is the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Alpha and Omega,�</span> are no rhetorical flourishes,
+nor mere figures of speech, but contain
+the exact and literal truth, and are not to be
+set aside as unmeaning figures. For He
+who sat upon the throne has declared:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“These words are true and faithful.�</span> Faithful
+is He who hath promised, and he will
+surely make good his words—bestowing on
+the righteous the inheritance of all things;
+and on the wicked, their fearful doom.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The New Jerusalem.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And there came to me one of the seven angels, who had
+the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues, and talked
+with me, saying, Come, I will shew thee the bride, the wife
+of the Lamb. And he carried me away in spirit to a vast
+and high mountain, and shewed me the holy city Jerusalem,
+descending out of heaven from God, having the glory of
+God. Her light was like a most precious stone, like a jasper
+stone, clear as crystal; having a wall vast and high,
+and having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels,
+and names written on the gates, which are the names of the
+twelve tribes of the sons of Israel. On the east, three gates;
+on the north, three gates; on the south, three gates; and on
+the west, three gates. And the wall of the city had twelve
+foundations, and on them, the twelve names of the twelve
+apostles of the Lamb. And he, who talked with me, had a
+golden measuring-reed to measure the city, and its gates,
+and its wall. And the city lieth square, and the length is as
+much as the breadth: and he measured the city with the
+measuring-reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length,
+and the breadth, and the height of it are equal. And he
+measured its wall, a hundred and forty-four cubits, according
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel. And
+the structure of its wall was jasper: and the city was pure
+gold, like clear glass. And the foundations of the wall of
+the city were adorned with every kind of precious stone.
+The first foundation was a jasper; the second, a sapphire;
+the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; the fifth,
+a sardonyx; the sixth, a sardius; the seventh, a chrysolite;
+the eighth, a beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a
+chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an
+amethyst. And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; each
+one of the gates was of one pearl; and the wide street of
+the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 21:9-21.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear
+as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and the
+Lamb. In the midst of its wide street, and on each side of
+the river, was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit,
+yielding its fruit monthly, and the leaves of the tree were
+for the healing of the nations. And there will be no more
+curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it;
+and his servants will serve him: and they will see his face;
+and his name will be on their foreheads. And there will be
+no night there; and they have no need of the light of a
+lamp, nor of the light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth
+them light: and they will reign forever and ever.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev.
+22:1-5.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Objects of great interest, of which only a
+passing glance was permitted in previous visions,
+are again and again presented, until their
+relative glory is sufficiently manifested. Thus
+the new earth was considered worthy of being
+the subject of a special vision; and now
+the Bride, the Lamb's wife, although before
+referred to, is again made the subject of a
+special vision, under the symbol of a city,
+explained to be the bride.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The descent of the city, to harmonize with
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg 375]</span><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+corresponding scriptures, has been shown to
+be at the commencement of the millennium,
+when those who are called to the marriage
+supper of the Lamb descend from the clouds
+of heaven, to receive <span class="tei tei-q">“an inheritance incorruptible,
+and undefiled, and that fadeth not
+away, reserved in heaven for you ... ready
+to be revealed in the last time,�</span> 1 Pet. 4:5.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The glory of the Lord,�</span> which is the light
+of the city, is explained to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lamb�</span>
+(21:23), which <span class="tei tei-q">“is the light thereof.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“In
+him was life, and the life was the light of
+men.�</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“That was the true light which
+lighteth every man that cometh into the
+world,�</span> John 1:4, 9. In Him dwelleth all
+the fulness of the Godhead bodily (Col. 2:9),
+so that as the Holy Shekineh illumined
+the pathway of ancient Israel, the nations of
+the redeemed will walk in the light of His
+glory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The gates of the city correspond with the
+number of the tribes of Israel; and the <span class="tei tei-q">“names
+of the apostles�</span> are in its foundations. Thus
+Paul affirms that the <span class="tei tei-q">“fellow citizens�</span> of <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+household of God�</span> are built upon the foundation
+of the apostles and prophets, Jesus
+Christ himself being the chief corner-stone,
+Eph. 2:20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The dimensions of the city are in length
+equal to the breadth—and 1500 miles in circumference,
+or 375 miles square. The length
+is in all parts equal; and so is the breadth,
+and the height,—the latter being 216 feet.
+</p>
+
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its splendor is fully equal to all that inspiration
+has recorded respecting those on whom
+the Lord will have <span class="tei tei-q">“everlasting kindness;�</span>
+and to whom he saith: <span class="tei tei-q">“O thou afflicted,
+tossed with the tempest, and not comforted!
+behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors,
+and lay thy foundations with sapphires. And
+I will make thy windows of agates, and thy
+gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of
+pleasant stones. And all thy children shall
+be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the
+peace of thy children. In righteousness shalt
+thou be established: thou shalt be far from
+oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from
+terror; for it shall not come near thee,�</span> Isa.
+54:11-14. <span class="tei tei-q">“Therefore thy gates shall be
+open continually; they shall not be shut day
+nor night; that men may bring unto thee the
+forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings
+may be brought. For the nation and kingdom
+that will not serve thee shall perish; yea,
+those nations shall be utterly wasted. The
+glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the
+fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the box together, to
+beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I
+will make the place of my feet glorious. The
+sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come
+bending unto thee; and all they that despised
+thee shall bow themselves down at the soles
+of thy feet; and they shall call thee, The city
+of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy One of
+Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg 377]</span><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hated, so that no man went through thee,
+I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy
+of many generations. Thou shalt also suck
+the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck the
+breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I
+the Lord am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer,
+the mighty One of Jacob. For brass I will
+bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver,
+and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I
+will also make thy officers peace, and thine
+exactors righteousness. Violence shall no
+more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction
+within thy borders; but thou shalt
+call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise.
+The sun shall be no more thy light by day;
+neither for brightness shall the moon give
+light unto thee: but the Lord shall be unto
+thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy
+glory. Thy sun shall no more go down;
+neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for
+the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and
+the days of thy mourning shall be ended.
+Thy people also shall be all righteous: they
+shall inherit the land forever, the branch of
+my planting, the work of my hands, that I
+may be glorified. A little one shall become a
+thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I
+the Lord will hasten it in his time,�</span> Isa. 60:11-22.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">O scenes surpassing fable, and yet true,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scenes of accomplish'd bliss! which who can see,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Though but in distant prospect, and not feel</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">His soul refresh'd with foretaste of the joy?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rivers of gladness water all the Earth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And clothe all climes with beauty. The reproach</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of barrenness is past. The fruitful field</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Laughs with abundance; and the land, once lean,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Or fertile only in its own disgrace,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Exults to see its thistly curse repeal'd.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The various seasons woven into one,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And that one season an eternal spring,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For there is none to covet: all are full.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The lion, and the libbard, and the bear,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Graze with the fearless flocks; all bask at noon</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Together, or all gambol in the shade</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of the same grove, and drink one common stream.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Antipathies are none. No foe to man</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And smiles to see, her infant's playful hand</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stretch'd forth to dally with the crested worm,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To stroke his azure neck, or to receive</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">All creatures worship man, and all mankind</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">One Lord, one Father. Error has no place;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">That creeping pestilence is driv'n away:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The breath of Heav'n has chas'd it. In the heart</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">No passion touches a discordant string,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">But all is harmony and love. Disease</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">One song employs all nations; and all cry,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!�</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shout to each other, and the mountain-tops</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">From distant mountains catch the flying joy;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Till, nation after nation taught the strain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Earth rolls the rapturous Hosanna round.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Behold the measure of the promise fill'd!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">See Salem built, the labor of a God!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bright as a sun the sacred city shines:</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg 379]</span><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">All kingdoms and all princes of the Earth</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flock to that light; the glory of all lands</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flows into her; unbounded is her joy,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And endless her increase. Thy rams are there,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nebaioth, and the flocks of Kedar there:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The looms of Ormus, and the mines of Ind,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And Saba's spicy groves, pay tribute there.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Praise is in all her gates; upon her walls,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And in her streets, and in her spacious courts,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Is heard salvation. Eastern Java there</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kneels with the native of the farthest west;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And Æthiopia spreads abroad the hand,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And worships. Her report has travel'd forth</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Into all lands. From ev'ry clime they come</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To see thy beauty, and to share thy joy,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O Sion! an assembly such as Earth</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saw never, such as Heav'n stoops down to see.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thus Heav'nward all things tend. For all were once</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Perfect, and all must be at length restor'd,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">So God has greatly purpos'd: who would else</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">In his dishonor'd works himself endure</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dishonor, and be wrong'd without redress.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Haste then, and wheel away a shatter'd world,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ye slow-revolving seasons! we would see</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">(A sight to which our eyes are strangers yet)</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A world that does not dread and hate his laws,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And suffer for its crime; would learn how fair</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The creature is, that God pronounces good,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">How pleasant in itself what pleases him.—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cowper.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Final Admonitions.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And he said to me, These words are faithful and true.
+And the Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent
+his angel to shew his servants the things, which must
+shortly take place. And behold, I come quickly: happy is
+he, who keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book.
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+And I John saw and heard these things. And when I had
+heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the
+angel who shewed me these things. And he saith to me,
+See thou do it not: I am thy fellow-servant, and one of thy
+brethren the prophets, and one of those, who keep the
+words of this book: worship God. And he saith to me,
+Seal not up the words of the prophecy of this book: for the
+season is near. He, who is unjust, let him be unjust still:
+and he, who is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he, who is
+righteous, let him perform righteousness still: and he, who
+is holy, let him be holy still. Behold, I come quickly; and
+my reward is with me, to give each one as his work shall
+be. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last,
+the beginning and the end. Happy are those, who do his
+commandments, that they may have the privilege of the
+tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city.
+For without are the Sodomites, and the sorcerers, and the
+fornicators, and the murderers, and the idolaters, and whoever
+loveth and practiseth falsehood. I Jesus have sent
+mine angel to testify to you these things in the congregations.
+I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright
+morning-star. And the Spirit and the bride say, Come!
+And let him, who heareth, say, Come! And let him, who
+thirsteth, come. And whoever will, let him take the water
+of life freely.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I testify to every one, who heareth the words of the
+prophecy of this book, If any one shall add to these things,
+God will add to him the plagues written in this book: and
+if any one shall take away from the words of the book of
+this prophecy, God will take away his part from the tree of
+life, and out of the holy city, and from the things written
+in this book. He, who testifieth these things, saith, Surely
+I come quickly. So be it, come, O Lord Jesus!</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all the
+saints.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">�</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Rev. 22:6-21.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the representation of the city, the
+symbols of the Apocalypse are terminated.
+What follows are the words of Christ. The
+import of these is guarded by his declaration
+that they are <span class="tei tei-q">“true and faithful.�</span> There is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg 381]</span><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a reality and definiteness in them, which will
+not admit of their being added to, or taken
+from. So that any attempt to fritter away
+their meaning, will be followed by the curses
+written in the book, and a loss of the blessings
+therein promised.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The command not to seal this prophecy,
+is in contrast with the close of Daniel's
+prophecy, which was <span class="tei tei-q">“closed up and sealed
+till the time of the end,�</span> Dan. 12:9. The
+Apocalypse, as its name imports, being an
+<span class="tei tei-q">“unveiling�</span> of the obscurities of Daniel, the
+seal from the former was removed—the time
+of the end, in that sense, being equivalent to
+the last days, or the gospel dispensation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The time was <span class="tei tei-q">“at hand,�</span> when the great
+series of predicted events was to commence.
+As he that was unjust was to be unjust still,
+and he that was righteous was thus to remain,
+it follows that the visions therein recorded,
+continue down to the close of probation; and
+that the new earth is one of everlasting reward,
+wherein is to be fulfilled the promise:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit
+the earth,�</span> Matt. 5:3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this connection the Saviour answers the
+question, which so perplexed the Pharisees:
+If David then call him Lord, how is he his
+son? Matt. 22:45. Being the Root from
+whence David sprang, and in his humanity
+David's offspring, he was both his Lord and
+son.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The invitation appended is one of the most
+endearing that it is possible to conceive of,
+and the threats are the most terrific. These
+are given for the admonition of all; and yet
+how many will turn away from the study of
+the book, which commences with a blessing
+on him <span class="tei tei-q">“that readeth, and they that hear the
+words of this prophecy, and keep those things
+which are written therein,�</span> (1:3); and
+closes with an invitation for all to come
+and <span class="tei tei-q">“take of the water of life freely.�</span> It is
+no mystical record, and there is nothing equivocal
+in its predictions. Neither is it to be fulfilled
+in the distant future; for <span class="tei tei-q">“He which
+testifieth these things saith: Surely I come
+quickly.�</span> And shall not every one who loves
+his Lord respond, <span class="tei tei-q">“Even so; come, Lord
+Jesus.�</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Church has waited long</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Her absent Lord to see;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And still in loneliness she waits,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A friendless stranger she.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Age after age has gone,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sun after sun has set,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And still, in weeds of widowhood,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">She weeps, a mourner yet.�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The whole creation groans,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And waits to hear that voice</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">That shall restore her comeliness,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And make her wastes rejoice.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Come, Lord, and wipe away</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The curse, the sin, the stain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And make this blighted world of ours</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thine own fair world again.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Come, then, Lord Jesus, come!�</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev. H. A. Bonar</span></span>, (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Eng.</span></span>)</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">THE OLD EARTH.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Old Mother <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earth</span></span> is wan and pale,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Her face is wrinkled sore;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Her locks are blanched, her heart is cold,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Her garments stiff with gore;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">With furrowed brow and dim sad eyes,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With trembling steps and slow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">She marks the course that first she trod</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The Earth is old, the Earth is cold,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">She shivers and complains;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">How many Winters fierce and chill</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Have racked her limbs with pains!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Drear tempests, lightning, flood and flame</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Have scarred her visage so,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">That scarce we deem she shone so fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yet comely was the youthful Earth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And lightly tripped along</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To music from a starry choir,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whose sweet celestial song</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Through Nature's temple echoed wild,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And soft as streamlets flow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Where sister spheres replied with her,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And many happy children there</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Upon her breast reclined,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The young Earth smiled with aspect fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The heavens were bright and kind;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The azure cope above her head</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In love seemed bending low,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O happy was the youthful Earth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Alas! those children of the Earth</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With hate began to burn,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And Murder stained her beauteous robe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And bade the young Earth mourn.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And ages, heavy ages, still</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Have bowed with gathering woe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The form of her whose life was joy,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Old Earth! drear Earth! thy tender heart</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bewails thy chosen ones;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thou look'st upon the myriad graves</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That hide their gathered bones;</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For them, by day and night, thy tears</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Unceasingly must flow;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Death chilled the fountain-head of life</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Old Earth! old Earth! above thy head</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The heavens are dark and chill,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The sun looks coldly on thee now,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The stars shine pale and still;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">No more the heavenly symphonies</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Through listening ether flow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Which swelled upon creation's ear,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Weep not in bitter grief, O Earth!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Weep not in hopelessness!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">From out the heavens <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“a still small voice�</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whispers returning peace.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thy tears are precious in the sight</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">One</span></span> who marks their flow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who purposes of mercy formed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thy days of grief are numbered all,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Their sum will soon be told:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The joy of youth, the smile of God,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Shall bless thee as of old;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shall shed a purer, holier light</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Upon thy peaceful brow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Than beamed upon thy morning hour</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thy chosen ones shall live again,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A countless, tearless throng,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To wake creation's voice anew,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And swell the choral song.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Go, Earth! go wipe thy falling tears,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Forget thy heavy woe:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hope died not with thy first-born sons,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Six thousand years ago!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knickerbocker.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+  <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+    <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+    <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The first Advent was,
+according to the best-settled chronological
+data, about four thousand one hundred and twenty years
+from creation.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See margin
+of Whiting's Testament. Lord has it, <span class="tei tei-q">“when
+he can be ready to sound.�</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The constitutional language was,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“By the authority of the senate, and consent of the
+soldiers.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gibbon</span></span>, vol.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">I.</span></span>, p. 44.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+is given on the authority of the London Quarterly
+Journal of Prophecy, for 1852, p. 330, which states that the
+edict will be found in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Theodosian Code, XVII. to XX.�</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ubi
+cogniti fuerint illius hæresis sectatores, ne receptaculum
+iis quisquam in terra sua præbere præsumat: sed
+nec in venditione aut emptione aliqua cum iis omnino commercium
+habeatur.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hard.</span></span>, vi. ii.
+1597.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following philological
+law or canon of criticism is universally
+admitted, and all dictionaries, grammars, and translations,
+are formed in accordance with it:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Every word not specially explained or defined in a particular
+sense, by any standard writer of any particular age and
+country, is to be taken and applied in the current or commonly
+received signification of that country and age in which the
+writer lived and wrote.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Campbell.</span></span>
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+possession by demons is similar to the mode by which
+pretended spirits claim that they communicate through mediums.
+One of them, purporting to be the spirit of a departed son of Adin
+Ballou, in answer to the question, by his father, <span class="tei tei-q">“Can you
+describe how you are able to write through a medium?�</span> says,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I feel as though I enter into her for the time being, or as if
+my spirit entered into her. I am disencumbered of my spiritual
+form, and take hers. More than one spirit can enter the medium
+at once. The mediums all go into the trance by means of
+several spirits entering the body at one time.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spiritual
+Telegraph, May 8, 1852.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word is
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demon</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">demons</span></span>
+in all the instances referred to.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Necromancy is
+derived from the Greek words <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nekros</span></span>, dead,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mantis</span></span>, a diviner. The Greek,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Necromantia</span></span>, is defined:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The revealing future events by communication with the
+dead; necromancy.�</span> And Nekromantis: <span class="tei tei-q">“One who reveals
+future events by communication with the dead; a necromancer.�</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is in the Syriac, <span class="tei tei-q">“Until the fulness of the time of
+all things.�</span> Irenæus says, <span class="tei tei-q">“Till the time of the exhibition
+or disposal of all things;�</span> and Œcumenius, <span class="tei tei-q">“Till the
+time of all things does come to an end;�</span> and we have the
+suffrage of Thesychius and Phavorinus, that <span class="tei tei-q">“ἀποκατάστασις
+is τελειωσις, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the consummation’</span> of a
+thing.�</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whitby.</span></span></dd></dl>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader9" id="rightpageheader9"></a><a name="pgtoc10" id="pgtoc10"></a><a name="pdf11" id="pdf11"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">September 16,  2008  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+        <span class="tei tei-name">
+            Produced by Heiko Evermann, David King, and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
+            (This file was produced from scanned images of public domain
+            material from the Google Print project.)
+        </span>
+      </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader12" id="rightpageheader12"></a><a name="pgtoc13" id="pgtoc13"></a><a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
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+    <titleStmt>
+      <title>A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse</title>
+      <author><name reg="Bliss, Sylvester">Sylvester Bliss</name></author>
+    </titleStmt>
+    <editionStmt>
+      <edition n="2">Edition 2</edition>
+    </editionStmt>
+    <publicationStmt>
+      <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher>
+      <date>September 16, 2008</date>
+      <idno type="etext-no">26639</idno>
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+  <front>
+    <div>
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+    </div>
+
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">A</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">BRIEF COMMENTARY</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">ON THE</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">APOCALYPSE</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">By SYLVESTER BLISS,</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">AUTHOR OF <q>ANALYSIS OF SACRED CHRONOLOGY,</q> ETC.</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">SECOND EDITION</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">BOSTON:</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">PUBLISHED BY J. V. HIMES,</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">No. 8 CHARDON STREET.</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">1853.</p>
+    </div>
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <head>Contents</head>
+      <divGen type="toc" />
+    </div>
+  </front>
+<body>
+
+<pb n='005'/><anchor id='Pg005'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>PREFACE.</head>
+
+<p>
+The Apocalypse should be regarded as a peculiarly interesting
+portion of scripture: a blessing being promised those
+who read, hear, and keep the things which are written
+therein. It has been subjected to so many contradictory
+interpretations, that any attempt to comprehend its meaning
+is often regarded with distrust; and the impression has
+become very prevalent, that it is a <q>sealed book,</q>&mdash;that
+its meaning is so hidden in unintelligible symbols, that very
+little can be known respecting it; and that to attempt to
+unfold its meaning, is to tread presumptuously on forbidden
+ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The attention of the Christian community has been called
+more of late to its study, by the publication of several elaborate
+Expositions. One in two large volumes, 8vo., by
+Prof. Stuart, was published at Andover, Mass., in 1845. A
+large 8vo. volume, by David N. Lord, was issued from the
+press of the Harpers, in New York, in 1847; and a smaller
+work, by Rev. Thomas Wickes, appeared in that city in
+1851. These are the more important works on the subject
+which have been published in this country. In England,
+the <q>Horæ Apocalypticæ,</q> by the Rev. E. B. Elliott, A.M.,
+late Vicar of Tuxford, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
+has passed through several editions,&mdash;the fourth
+of which, in four large vols. 8vo., was published in London,
+<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/>
+in 1851. These works, with the writings of Habershon,
+Cunningham, Croly, Bickersteth, Birks, Brooks, Keith, and
+other distinguished English writers, have caused the study
+of the Apocalypse to be regarded with more favor of late
+than heretofore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Expositions of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mr. Lord</hi> have thrown much light
+on the nature and laws of symbols, by unfolding the principles
+in accordance with which they are used. The evolving
+of these has removed from many passages the obscurity
+which had before caused them to be regarded as enigmatical.
+There are, doubtless, many portions of the Apocalypse,
+the meaning of which is as yet only dimly perceived,
+and which will be more clearly unfolded by the transpiring
+of future events; and it would be arrogant to claim that
+its interpretation had been freed from all perplexities. But
+it is believed that it may be as profitably and as satisfactorily
+studied as other portions of Scripture; and that the
+reader may feel an assurance of approximating to a knowledge
+of the true meaning of its symbolic teachings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bible is its own interpreter; and when practicable,
+scripture should be explained by scripture. The meaning
+imputed to any passage must never contradict, but must
+harmonize with that of parallel texts. In illustrating the
+several references in the Apocalypse to the same events and
+epochs, a repetition of scripture is somewhat unavoidable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These pages have resulted from notes prepared in a familiar
+course of Bible-class instruction, where the study of
+brevity was necessary. Without designing to speak dogmatically,
+the didactic was found the more direct and simple
+mode of expression. In presenting this exposition, merely
+as the opinion of the writer, it is with the hope that it will
+give, in a small compass, a common-sense view of the intricacies
+of this book, and be acceptable to those interested in
+the study of prophecy.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='007'/><anchor id='Pg007'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.</head>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='smallcaps'>The Grammar</hi> of any science is a development of the
+principles by which it is governed. As the science of interpretation
+must be founded on some fixed and uniform laws,
+the unfolding of these is the first step in the study of
+prophecy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Biblical Exegesis</hi> and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sacred
+Hermeneutics</hi>, are terms applied to the science of interpretation, or of learning
+the meaning of Biblical words and phrases.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='smallcaps'>The Usus Loquendi</hi>, is the usual mode of speaking.
+When applied to the Scriptures, it denotes the general
+<hi rend='italic'>scriptural use</hi> of words.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. To learn the meaning of scriptural terms, their general
+use must be ascertained, by comparing their contexts in the
+several places of their occurrence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Prophecy</hi> is the prediction of a future event. The
+term sometimes denotes a book of prophecies (Rev. 22:18);
+and sometimes a history.&mdash;2 Chron. 9:29.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Consecutive</hi> Prophecy gives the succession of future
+events in the order in which they will transpire.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;See
+Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 11th, and Rev. 6th and 7th,
+9th to the 11th; 12th and 15th, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Discursive</hi> Prophecy presents future events, irrespective
+of the order of their occurrence.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Isaiah</hi>
+and the minor prophets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Conditional</hi> Prophecy is when the fulfilment is dependent
+on the compliance of those to whom the promise is
+made, with the conditions on which it is given.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<q><emph>If</emph>
+ye walk in my statutes and keep my commandments,
+and do them: then I will give you rain in due season,
+and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of
+the field shall yield their fruit.</q> Lev. 26:3, 4. <q>But <emph>if</emph>
+ye will <emph>not</emph> hearken unto me, and will <emph>not</emph> do all
+these commandments; and <emph>if</emph> ye shall despise my statutes, or if your
+soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my
+commandments, <emph>but</emph> that ye break my covenant: I also will
+do this unto you, I will even appoint over you terror, consumption,
+and the burning ague, that shall consume the
+<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/>
+eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall sow your
+seed in vain; for your enemies shall eat it.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 14-16.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>And it shall come to pass, <emph>if</emph> thou shalt hearken diligently
+unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and
+to do all his commandments which I command thee this
+day: that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above all
+nations of the earth: and all these blessings shall come on
+thee, and overtake thee, <emph>if</emph> thou shalt hearken unto the voice
+of the Lord thy God.</q> Deut. 28:1, 2. <q>But it shall
+come to pass, <emph>if</emph> thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the
+Lord thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and
+his statutes which I command thee this day: that all these
+curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee,</q> &amp;c. <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Predictions of mere national prosperity, or adversity, are
+usually conditional. When the condition is not expressed,
+it is implied. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;The Lord said unto Jonah,
+<q>Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto
+it the preaching that I bid thee.... And Jonah began to
+enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said,
+Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. So the
+people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and
+put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least
+of them.... And God saw their works, that they turned
+from their evil way; and God repented of the evil that
+he had said that he would do unto them: and he did it
+not.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For all cases of this kind, the Lord has given the following
+general <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rule</hi>: <q>At what instant I shall speak concerning
+a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up,
+and to pull down, and to destroy it: if that nation against
+whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will repent
+of the evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what
+instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a
+kingdom, to build and to plant it; if it do evil in my
+sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the
+good wherewith I said I would benefit them.</q> Jer. 18:7-10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Unconditional</hi> Prophecy includes all predictions
+which are absolute in their nature. <hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<q>But
+as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory
+of the Lord.</q> Num. 14:21.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and
+gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon
+thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. And the Gentiles
+shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of
+thy rising.... For the nation and kingdom that will not
+serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly
+wasted.... Thy people also shall be all righteous: they
+shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of my planting,
+the work of my hands, that I may be glorified.</q> Isa. 60:2,
+3, 12, 21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the
+mountain of the house of the Lord shall be established in
+the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the
+hills; and people shall flow unto it.</q> Micah 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. A <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vision</hi> is a revelation from
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>, supernaturally
+presented. Future events are made to pass before the mind
+of the <emph>seer</emph>, as if actually transpiring.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;See
+the prophecies of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Isaiah</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Amos</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Obadiah</hi>, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. A <hi rend='smallcaps'>Symbolic Vision</hi> is where the future events, instead
+of being presented to the mind of the prophet, are
+represented by analogous objects. <hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;The prophecies
+of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ezekiel</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Daniel</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zechariah</hi>, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>, are of this
+kind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. A <hi rend='smallcaps'>Literal</hi> Prophecy is where the prediction is given
+in words used according to their primary and natural import.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;Num. 14:21-35; Jer. 25:1-33.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. Prophecy is <hi rend='italic'>figurative</hi> when it abounds in tropes, as
+in much of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Isaiah</hi> and the minor prophets; and it is symbolic,
+when symbols instead of the objects themselves are
+presented&mdash;as in <hi rend='smallcaps'>Daniel</hi> and
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Poetry</hi> is writing thus constituted by the metrical
+or rhythmical structure of its sentences; and is not necessarily
+any more figurative or obscure than prose writing. It
+is, also, a term sometimes applied to the language of excited
+imagination and feeling.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Poetry of the Bible consists in Hebrew parallelisms,
+where the idea of the preceding line is repeated, or contrasted,
+in the succeeding one. <hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;The Psalms,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Isaiah</hi>, and other prophets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Highly Figurative</hi>, or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Symbolic</hi>
+Prophecies&mdash;the
+<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/>
+laws and use of <hi rend='italic'>Tropes</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Symbols</hi> being
+understood are not necessarily more equivocal, enigmatical or obscure,
+than those which are literal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Literal Fulfilment</hi> of prophecy is prophecy fulfilled
+in accordance with the <emph>grammatical interpretation</emph> of
+its language.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Literal Interpretation</hi>, when <emph>technically</emph>
+applied to the interpretation of prophecy, is not opposed to tropes
+or figures of speech, but to <emph>spiritual</emph> interpretation. It interprets
+the language of the Scriptures, as similar language
+would be interpreted <emph>in all other writings</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spiritual Interpretation</hi> (<emph>mystical</emph>) seeks, in
+the language of Scripture, a meaning that is not expressed by
+any of the ordinary rules of language. It sets at defiance
+all the laws of language, and makes fancy the interpreter
+of prophecy. <q>It subjects clear predictions to an exegetical
+alembic that effectually subtilizes and evaporates their
+meaning.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bush.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ultra Literal Interpretation</hi> is a disregard of the
+peculiarities of symbols and of the several kinds of tropes&mdash;understanding
+them as if they were <emph>literally</emph> expressed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Symbols</hi> and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tropes</hi> are
+<emph>literally</emph> explained, when
+interpreted in accordance with the <emph>grammatical laws</emph> which
+respectively govern their use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Prophetic Symbols</hi> are objects, real or imaginary,
+<emph>representative</emph> of agents or objects possessing analogous characteristics.
+All agents or objects <emph>seen</emph> in symbolic visions
+are symbols. The inspired <emph>explanations</emph> of symbols are always
+literal, except when they are affirmed to be the same
+as some other symbol which represents the same object, as
+in Rev. 17:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Laws of Symbols.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I. <q>The Symbol and that which it represents resemble
+each other in the station they fill, the relation they sustain,
+and the agencies they exert in their respective
+spheres.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+II. The Symbol and that which it represents are of the <emph>same</emph>,
+or they are of <emph>different</emph> species, kinds, or rank, according
+to the <emph>nature</emph> and <emph>use</emph> of the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+III. <q>When the Symbol is of such nature, or is used in
+such a relation that it can properly symbolise something
+<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/>
+<emph>different</emph> from itself, the representative and that which it
+represents, while the counterpart of each other, are of
+<emph>different</emph> species, kinds, or rank.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;Dan. 7:3, beasts; v. 17, governments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+IV. <q>Symbols that are of such a nature, station or relation,
+that there is nothing of an analogous kind that they can
+represent, symbolize agents, objects, acts, or events of <emph>their
+own</emph> kind.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;Dan. 7:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+V. <q>When the Symbol and that which it symbolizes
+differ from each other, the correspondence between the representative
+and that which it represents, still extends to
+their chief parts; and the elements or parts of the symbols denote
+corresponding parts in that which is symbolized.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+VI. <q>The Names of Symbols are their literal and proper
+names, not metaphorical titles.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+VII. <q>A single agent, in many instances, symbolizes a
+body and succession of agents.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+VIII. Symbols of the same kind, and used in the same
+relations, always represent one class of objects; and when
+the office of a symbol has been once shown, the same symbol,
+similarly used, always fills a like office. They are never
+used arbitrarily.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+IX. While like symbols represent like objects, the same
+agents are often indicated by different symbols.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, a church may be symbolized by a city and a woman;
+and government, by a beast and a mountain, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Inspired Explanations of Symbolic Representations</hi>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<list type="simple">
+<item>Ancient of Days&mdash;The Most High.&mdash;Dan. 7:9, 22.</item>
+<item>Candlesticks&mdash;Churches.&mdash;Rev. 1:20.</item>
+<item>Carpenters&mdash;Destroyers of governments.&mdash;Zech. 1:21.</item>
+<item>Days&mdash;Years.&mdash;Num. 14:34. Ezek. 4:4-6.</item>
+<item>Horns, of a wild beast&mdash;Kings or kingdoms succeeding
+to a divided empire.&mdash;Dan. 8:22 and 7:24.</item>
+<item>Heads, of a wild beast&mdash;Kings or forms of government.&mdash;Rev.
+17:9, 10.</item>
+<item>Image, of different metals&mdash;A succession of governments.&mdash;Dan.
+2:37-42.</item>
+<item>Incense, or odors&mdash;Prayers.&mdash;Rev. 5:8 and 8:4.</item>
+<item>Lamb, the&mdash;Christ.&mdash;Rev. 5:6, 9, 10.</item>
+<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>
+<item>Lamb's wife&mdash;Risen saints.&mdash;Rev. 19:7, 8.</item>
+<item>Lake of fire and brimstone&mdash;The place of the second
+death.&mdash;Rev. 20:15.</item>
+<item>Likeness of a man&mdash;The Lord.&mdash;Ezek. 1:26, 28, and
+8:2, 4.</item>
+<item>Linen, fine and clean&mdash;Righteousness of saints&mdash;Rev.
+19:8.</item>
+<item>Mountains&mdash;Kings, or forms of government.&mdash;Rev. 17:9,
+10.</item>
+<item>New Jerusalem&mdash;The redeemed Church, or the Bride,
+the Lamb's wife.&mdash;Rev. 21:9, 10.</item>
+<item>Revivification of dry bones&mdash;Resurrection of the dead.&mdash;Ezek.
+37:11, 12.</item>
+<item>Stars&mdash;Angels, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, messengers of the
+churches.&mdash;Rev. 1:20.</item>
+<item>Souls of martyrs living again&mdash;The first resurrection.&mdash;Rev.
+20:4, 5.</item>
+<item>Stone, becoming a mountain&mdash;Kingdom of God.&mdash;Dan.
+2:45.</item>
+<item>Waters&mdash;Peoples.&mdash;Rev. 17:15.</item>
+<item>Wild Beasts&mdash;Governments.&mdash;Dan. 7:17.</item>
+<item>Woman&mdash;A city.&mdash;Rev. 17:18. Explained to be a
+church.&mdash;21:9, 10.</item>
+</list>
+
+<p>
+24. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tropes</hi> are figures of various kinds, used to
+<emph>illustrate</emph> the subjects to which they are applied.&mdash;They embrace the
+Simile, Metaphor, Prosopopœia, Apostrophe, Synecdoche,
+Allegory, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Laws of Figures</hi>&mdash;(<hi rend='italic'>a.</hi>) <q>The
+terms in which they are expressed are used in their ordinary and literal
+sense.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>b.</hi>) <q>The agents or objects to which figures are applied
+are always expressly mentioned. Figures, in that respect,
+differ wholly from symbols, which never formally indicate,
+unless an interpretation is given, who the agents, or what
+the objects are which they represent.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>c.</hi>) <q>The figurative terms are always predicates, or are
+employed in affirming something of some other agent or object;
+and are therefore either nouns, verbs, adjectives or
+adverbs.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>d.</hi>) <q>As their terms are used literally, the figure lies,
+when they are employed in an unusual manner, simply in
+<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>
+their being applied to objects to which they do not properly
+belong.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>e.</hi>) <q>They are used accordingly in all such cases for the
+purpose of illustration, and their explication is accomplished,
+not by assigning to them some new and extraordinary
+meaning, but simply by conjoining with them the terms of
+a comparison which expresses the relation in which they are
+employed.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>f.</hi>) <q>It is in metaphors and personification only that
+acts and qualities are ascribed to agents and objects that
+are incompatible with their nature; or do not properly belong
+to them.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib. Theo. &amp; Lit. Jour.</hi>, vol. 1, p.
+354.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. A <hi rend='smallcaps'>Simile</hi>, or comparison, is an affirmation that one
+agent, object, or act, is <emph>like</emph>, or as, another,&mdash;there being
+a real or imaginary resemblance. Sometimes only the mere
+fact of a resemblance is affirmed. At others, the nature of
+the resemblance is indicated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<q>As for man, his days are <emph>as</emph>
+grass.</q> Psa. 103:15. <q>Whose garment was <emph>white</emph> as <emph>snow</emph>.</q>
+Dan. 7:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Antithesis</hi> is a contrast, or placing in opposite
+lights things dissimilar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>The wicked are overthrown and are not;
+but the house of the righteous shall stand.</q> Prov. 12:7.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. A <hi rend='smallcaps'>Metaphor</hi> is a simile comprised in a word, without
+the <emph>sign</emph> of comparison. It is an affirmation of an object,
+incompatible with its nature&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, it affirms that an
+object is, what literally it is only <emph>like</emph>; or attributes to it
+acts, to which its acts only bear a <emph>resemblance</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<q>He is the <emph>Rock</emph>.</q> Deut. 32:4.
+<q>Her gates shall <emph>lament</emph> and <emph>mourn</emph>.</q> Isa. 3:25.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A metaphor may be a simple affirmation of what an object
+is, or it may embrace <q>the agent, the act, the object,
+and the effect of an action.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>a.</hi>) When an object is affirmed to be what it only resembles,
+that of which the affirmation is made is always <emph>literally</emph>
+expressed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>b.</hi>) <q>When a nature is ascribed to an object that does
+not belong to it, the acts or results affirmed to it are proper to
+that <emph>imputed nature</emph>, not to its own.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>
+
+<p>
+(<hi rend='italic'>c.</hi>) <q>The meaning of a metaphorical passage is precisely
+what it would be if a comparison only were affirmed.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. <hi rend='smallcaps'>An Elliptical Metaphor</hi> is where the figure is incomplete.
+An object, instead of being affirmed to be what
+it only resembles, is introduced by the name proper only to
+that resemblance. The literal name of the object and the
+affirmation to complete the figure are to be supplied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To find the meaning of an elliptical metaphor, trace the
+word through the Bible, and find to what object such metaphorical
+term is applied. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>And in that day there
+shall be a <emph>Root</emph> of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesse</hi>, which shall stand for
+an ensign of the people.</q> Isa. 11:10. <hi rend='italic'>Explanation.</hi>&mdash;<q>I
+[<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesus</hi>] am the <emph>Root</emph> and the offspring of
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>David</hi>.</q> Rev. 22:16.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Prosopœia</hi>, or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Personification</hi>, is
+an address to an inanimate object, as if it were a person, and had
+intelligence.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>Give ear, O ye heavens,
+and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my
+mouth.</q> Deut. 32:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. <hi rend='smallcaps'>An Apostrophe</hi> is a <emph>digression</emph> from the order
+of any discourse, and a direct <emph>address</emph> to the persons of whom it
+treats, or to those who are to form a judgment respecting
+the subject of which it treats.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>Hear
+the word of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lord</hi>, ye rulers of Sodom: give ear
+unto the law of our <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>, ye people of Gomorrah.</q> Isa.
+1:10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. <hi rend='smallcaps'>An Allegory</hi> is a narrative in which the subject of
+the discourse is described by an analogous subject, resembling
+it in its characteristics and circumstances&mdash;the subject of
+which it is descriptive being indicated in its connection.
+<hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;See
+Ezek. 31:3-9; Ps. 80:8-16; Jud. 9:8-15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Past <emph>historical</emph> events, instead of supposititious ones, are
+sometimes used for illustration. When thus used they serve
+as allegories, without affecting their original historical significance.
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;Gal. 4: 22-31. See also Rom.
+9:7, 8; 1 Cor. 9:9, 10, and 10:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. <hi rend='smallcaps'>A Parable</hi> is a similitude taken from natural things, to
+instruct us in the knowledge of spiritual. <hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;Matt.
+13th, and 21:28-41.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Parable differs from the Allegory in that the acts ascribed
+are appropriate to the agents to which they are attributed.
+<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>
+In the Allegory, acts may be ascribed to real objects
+which are not natural to those objects. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;See
+Judges 9:7-15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Parable is sometimes used to denote a prophecy,
+(Num. 23:7); sometimes a discourse, (Job 27:1); sometimes
+a lamentation, (Micah 2:4); sometimes a proverb,
+or wise saying, (Prov. 26:7); and sometimes to indicate
+that a thing is apocryphal. Ezek. 20:49. The terms
+parable and allegory, are often wrongfully applied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. <hi rend='smallcaps'>A Riddle</hi> is an enigma&mdash;something to be guessed.
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;See Judges 14:24-18. It is sometimes used
+to denote an allegory. Ezek. 17:1-10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+35. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Types</hi> are emblems&mdash;greater events in the future
+being prefigured by typical observances, <q>which are a
+shadow of good things to come.</q> Col. 2:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+36. <hi rend='smallcaps'>The Hypocatastasis</hi>, or substitution, is a figure introduced
+by Mr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lord</hi>, in which the objects, or agents, of
+one class are, without any formal notice, employed in the
+place of the persons or things of which the passages in
+which they occur treat; and they are exhibited either as exerting,
+or as subjected to an agency proper to their nature,
+in order to represent by analogy, the agency which those
+persons are to exert, or of which those things are to be the
+subjects. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>O, my people, they which lead thee
+cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths.</q>&mdash;Isa.
+3:12,&mdash;expressive of the manner in which they were misled
+by their rulers and kept from the truth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. <hi rend='smallcaps'>A Metonymy</hi> is a reversion, or the use of a noun to
+express that with which it is intimately connected, instead
+of using the term which would literally express the idea.
+Thus the cause is used for the effect, the effect for the cause,
+the thing containing for that which is contained in it, &amp;c.
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>Ye have eaten up the <emph>vineyard</emph>.</q>
+Isa. 3:14&mdash;meaning the fruit of the vineyard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+38. <hi rend='smallcaps'>A Synecdoche</hi> is the use of a word expressive of a
+part, to signify the whole; or that expressive of the whole,
+to denote only a part&mdash;as the genus for the species, or the
+species for the genus, &amp;c.
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q><emph>Man</emph> dieth and
+wasteth away; yea <emph>man</emph> giveth up the ghost, and where is
+he?</q> Job 14:10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+39. <hi rend='smallcaps'>A Hyperbole</hi> is an exaggeration in which more is
+<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>
+expressed than is intended to be understood. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>I
+suppose that even the world itself could not contain the
+books that should be written.</q> John 21:25&mdash;meaning
+that a great number might be written.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+40. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Irony</hi> is the utterance of pointed remarks, contrary
+to the actual thoughts of the speaker or writer&mdash;not to deceive,
+but to add force to the remark. <hi rend='italic'>Examples.</hi>&mdash;<q>No
+doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with
+you.</q> Job 12:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them,
+and said, Cry aloud: for he <emph>is</emph> a god: either he is talking,
+or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he
+sleepeth and must be awaked.</q> 1 Kings 18:27.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+41. <hi rend='smallcaps'>The Interrogation</hi>&mdash;while its legitimate use is to
+ask a question&mdash;is also used to affirm or deny with great
+emphasis. Affirmative interrogations usually have <emph>no</emph> or
+<emph>not</emph> in connection with the verb.
+<hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>Is <emph>not</emph> God
+in the height of the heavens?</q> Job 22:12. <hi rend='italic'>Examples
+of a negative.</hi>&mdash;<q>Shall the earth be made to bring forth
+in one day? or shall a nation be born at once?</q> Isa. 66:8.
+<q>Can the rush grow up without mire?</q> Job 8:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+42. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Exclamations</hi> are digressions from the order of a
+discourse or writing, to give expression to the emotions of
+the speaker, or writer. <hi rend='italic'>Example.</hi>&mdash;<q>O that I had wings like
+a dove! for then would I fly away and be at rest!</q> Psa.
+55:6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+43. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Fables</hi> are fictions&mdash;additions to the word of
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>. All false theories and doctrines supposed to be based on
+the Bible, all interpretations of Scripture which do violence to
+the laws of language and falsify their meaning, and all
+opinions which are the result of mere traditions and doctrines
+of men, are to be classed as fables. Mark 7:8-13;
+1 Pet. 1:18; 1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7; Tit. 1:14.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+44. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Synchronous Scriptures</hi> are the several passages
+which have reference to any one and the same event.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Each portion of Scripture respecting any subject, must be
+considered in connection with all the Scriptures that refer
+to the same subject.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Compare</hi>, for example, Dan. 2:34,
+35, 44; 7:18, 27; Matt. 6:10; 13:37-43; 35:34; 1
+Tim. 4:1; Rev. 11:15-18.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.</head>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Title of the Book.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him,
+to show to his servants things which must shortly come to
+pass; and sending, he signified <emph>them</emph> through his angel to
+his servant John: who testified the word of God, and the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and whatever he saw.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+1:1, 2.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Prof. Whiting's Translation.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<q>The very title of John's predictions, Apocalypse,
+implies the <emph>unveiling</emph> or <q><emph>revelation</emph></q>
+of the mystic and hidden sense of the prophetic
+oracles, previously uttered by his inspired
+predecessors.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Prof. Bush.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Αποκαλυψις, from which we have our
+word Apocalypse, signifies, literally, a <emph>revelation</emph>,
+or <emph>discovery</emph>, of what was <emph>concealed</emph>, or
+<emph>hidden</emph>.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dr. Clarke.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The work of the apostles was <q>to make all
+men see what is the fellowship of the mystery,
+which, from the beginning of the world, hath
+been hid in God, who created all things by
+Jesus Christ,</q> (Eph. 3:9); <q>even the mystery
+<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/>
+which hath been hid from ages and from
+generations, but now is made manifest to his
+saints,</q> Col. 1:26. The entire record of the
+New Testament, is a revelation that God
+<q>hath in these last days spoken unto us by
+his Son;</q> in distinction from the records of
+the Old Testament, which He, <q>at sundry
+times and in divers manners, spake in time
+past unto the fathers by the prophets,</q> Heb.
+1:1. But the closing book of the new series
+is called, in distinction from the others, <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>The
+Revelation of Jesus Christ</hi>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It contains the <q>many things</q> he had to
+say to his disciples, in addition to those recorded
+by the evangelists; but which they
+could not then bear, John 16:12. It is the
+revelation <q>which God gave unto him;</q> for
+<q>there is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets,
+and maketh known ... what shall be
+in the latter days,</q> Dan. 2:28. God communicated
+by his servants the prophets what
+should <q>come to pass hereafter,</q> by visions
+which were <q>certain,</q> and by <q>the interpretation
+thereof</q> which was <q>sure,</q> Dan. 2:46.
+But Daniel was commanded to <q>shut up
+the words, and seal the book, even to the time
+of the end,</q> when many should <q>run to and
+fro,</q> and knowledge should <q>be increased.</q>
+And it was added, <q>Go thy way, Daniel; for
+the words are closed up and sealed till the
+time of the end: Many shall be purified and
+made white, and tried; but the wicked shall
+<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>
+do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall
+understand; but the wise shall understand.</q>
+Dan. 12:4, 9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It will thus be seen, that provision had
+been made for the future <emph>unveiling</emph> of what
+was left obscure in the predictions of the Old
+Testament writers; and for the <emph>unsealing</emph> of
+what was then closed up and sealed. This
+revelation must come from God; for the Saviour
+has testified, that <q>of that day and hour
+knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
+but my Father only.</q> Matt. 24:36. <q>The
+secret things belong unto the Lord our God:
+but those things which are revealed belong
+unto us and to our children forever.</q> Deut.
+29:29.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As God had provided for a more full <q>revelation</q>
+respecting the events of the future, it
+was necessary that it should be communicated
+through <q>the appointed Heir of all things,</q> by
+whom he was to speak in the last days, Heb.
+1:2. The <hi rend='smallcaps'>Baptist</hi> said of Christ, that <q>what
+he hath seen and heard, this he testifieth,</q>
+John 3:22. And the Saviour said of him by
+whom he was sent, <q>I speak to the world
+those things which I have heard of him,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+8:2, 6. And again, he saith, <q>I have not
+spoken of myself; but the Father which sent
+me, he gave me a commandment; what I
+should say, and what I should speak,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+12:49. <q>The Lion of the tribe of Judah,
+the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the
+<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/>
+book, and to loose the seven seals thereof,</q>
+Rev. 5:5.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The design of God in giving this additional
+revelation, was that he might <q>show unto
+his servants things which must shortly come
+to pass;</q> for <q>surely the Lord God doeth
+nothing, but he revealeth his secrets unto his
+servants the prophets,</q> Amos 3:7. And he
+saith, <q>I have told you before it come to pass,
+that when it is come to pass ye might believe,</q>
+John 14:29. When the old world was
+to be destroyed by water, <q>Noah, being
+warned of God of things not seen as yet, prepared
+an ark to the saving of his house,</q> Heb.
+11:7. And when the Lord had purposed the
+destruction of Sodom, he said, <q>Shall I hide
+from Abraham that thing which I do?</q> and
+angels were sent to Lot, that he might say to
+his children, <q>Up get ye out of this place; for
+the Lord will destroy this city,</q> Gen. 18:17,
+and 19:14. So of the times and seasons of
+the second advent: while <q>the day of the Lord
+so cometh as a thief in the night,</q> he has said
+to his chosen ones, <q>Ye brethren are not in
+darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief,</q> 1 Thess. 5:1-4. He has condescended
+to give his people <q>a more sure word
+of prophecy: whereunto ye do well that ye
+take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a
+dark place, until the day dawn, and the day
+star arise in your hearts,</q> 2 Pet. 1:19.
+Therefore it was said to John, <q>I will show
+<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/>
+thee things which must be hereafter,</q> Rev. 4:1;
+which things were shortly to begin to come
+to pass,&mdash;they being a series of successive
+events, commencing near the time in which
+John wrote, and extending to the end of the
+world and the establishment of the everlasting
+kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These were shown to John by symbolic representations,
+in a series of visions, the import
+of which was signified to him by an angelic
+interpreter. Said the Saviour, <q>I, Jesus, have
+sent my angel to testify unto you these things
+in the churches,</q> 22:16. And <emph>these things</emph>
+were not to be sealed up, like the words of
+Daniel; for John was commanded to <q><emph>seal
+not</emph> the sayings of the prophecy of <emph>this</emph> book:
+for the time is at hand,</q> 22:10. He recorded
+the words which God thus gave him,&mdash;<q>the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things
+that he saw.</q> He has given us, in graphic
+language, such descriptions of the visions
+shown, that we can easily imagine the symbols
+which he saw; and we have the inspired
+explanations of those which were <q>signified</q>
+to him. Therefore we may read, and receive
+the blessings promised to those who keep this
+testimony of Jesus.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Benediction.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Happy is he, who readeth, and those, who hear the
+words of this prophecy, and keep the things, written in it:
+for the season is near.</q> Rev. 1:3.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/>
+
+<p>
+Those who teach that the Apocalypse is a
+<q>sealed book,</q> most clearly contradict the
+testimony of Christ respecting it. To discourage
+the study of it, is to treat with neglect,
+and to despise what God has spoken in these
+last days by his Son, Heb. 1:2; of whom it is
+said: <q>See that ye refuse not him that speaketh;
+for if they escaped not who refused him
+who spake on earth, much more shall not we
+escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh
+from heaven,</q> Heb. 12:25. Those who
+thus neglect it, cannot regard the blessing
+promised to those who read, hear, and keep
+its sayings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Apocalypse is not to be undervalued as
+unprofitable; for <q>all scripture is given by inspiration
+of God, and is profitable for doctrine,
+for reproof, for correction, for instruction in
+righteousness: that the man of God may be
+perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good
+works,</q> 2 Tim. 3:16, 17. <q>For whatsoever
+things were written aforetime, were written
+for our learning, that we through patience and
+comfort of the scriptures might have hope,</q>
+Rom. 15:4. <q>Search the scriptures; for in
+them ye think ye have eternal life: and they
+are they which testify of me,</q> John 5:39.
+<q>Thus saith the Lord, the Holy One of
+Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to
+come concerning my sons, and concerning the
+work of my hands command ye me,</q> Isa. 45:11.
+<q>Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he
+<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>
+that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of
+this book,</q> Rev. 22:7.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>John's Salutation to the Churches.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>John to the seven congregations in Asia: grace be to
+you and peace, from Him who is, and who was, and who
+is to be; and from the seven Spirits, that are before his
+throne; and from Jesus Christ, the faithful Witness, and
+the First-born of the dead, and the Ruler of the kings of the
+earth. To him who loved us, and washed us from our sins
+in his own blood, and hath made us kings and priests to
+God even his father: to him be glory and dominion for ever
+and ever. Amen. Behold, he cometh with clouds; and
+every eye will see him, and those, who pierced him: and all
+the tribes of the earth will wail because of him. Yea, so
+be it! I am the Alpha and the Omega, saith the Lord God,
+who is, and who was, and who is to be, the Almighty.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+1:4-8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The seven churches to which John sends
+salutation, were those of Ephesus, Smyrna,
+Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and
+Laodicea, 1:11. The Asia, in which they
+were situated, was a province in Asia Minor,
+distinct from Pontus, Gallatia, and Bithynia;
+which also were in Asia Minor, 1 Pet. 1:1,
+and Acts 2:9. Of the province of Asia,
+Ephesus was the capital, and was the principal
+place of John's residence. The seven
+cities which contained those churches, were
+situated in a kind of amphitheatre, surrounded
+by mountains. Smyrna was 46 miles north of
+Ephesus, and Pergamos 64 miles; Thyatira
+was 48 miles to the east, and Sardis 33 miles;
+Philadelphia 27 miles to the south, and Laodicea
+<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>
+42 miles. These churches had all been
+under the general supervision of John's ministry;
+and for this reason, doubtless, they are
+especially designated, instead of those with
+which he had not been so intimately connected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John writes to the seven churches, in obedience
+to the command,&mdash;<q>What thou seest,
+write in a book, and send it unto the seven
+churches which are in Asia,</q> 1:11. He
+seems to have written what he saw, at the
+time of its exhibition, and not at the close of
+the entire presentation; for when he was
+about to write the discordant utterances of
+<q>the seven thunders,</q> he was told to <q>write
+them not,</q> 10:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John observes the oriental custom of placing
+his name at the commencement, instead
+of the close of his communication. Few persons
+now deny that this was John the Evangelist.
+Irenæus, who was born only about
+30 years after the death of John, speaks of
+the writer of the Apocalypse, as <q>the disciple
+of Christ,&mdash;that same John that leaned on
+his breast at the last supper.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most beautiful reference is here made to the
+attributes of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Deity</hi>: <q>Him who is, and who
+was, and who is to be,</q> can be no other
+than the great Preëxistent, who said to Moses,
+<q>I AM THAT I AM,</q> Ex. 13:14.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The seven Spirits, would seem to be irrelevantly
+placed between the Father and the
+<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>
+Son,&mdash;the place always occupied by the
+Holy Spirit, when spoken of in connection
+with them,&mdash;if they were merely seven
+angels. Grace would also seem to be irreverently
+invoked from such,&mdash;its presence
+being implied where it is invoked,&mdash;unless
+they are expressive of the Holy Spirit, in
+which grace is inherent, and from whom it
+may be communicated; as it may not be from
+angels. Seven is a full and perfect number,
+and it may be here used because in another
+place <q>seven lamps of fire burning before the
+throne</q> are symbolic of <q>the seven Spirits of
+God,</q> (4:5); which, if angels, would be expressly
+named, as in other inspired explanations,&mdash;as
+they are in that of the stars, 1:20.
+A burning <emph>flame</emph> is often used as a symbol of
+the Holy Spirit. Thus, when God would
+make a covenant with Abraham, and the victims
+between which the covenanting parties
+were to pass, were divided, the presence of
+God was symbolized by <q>a burning lamp
+that passed between those pieces,</q> Gen. 15:17.
+And the descent of the Holy Spirit on the
+day of Pentecost, was manifested by <q>cloven
+tongues, like as of fire,</q> which <q>sat upon
+each of them,</q> Acts 2:3. In Zechariah 3:9,
+we read of the symbol of a stone laid before
+Joshua, that on it were engraved <q>seven
+eyes,</q> which <q>are the eyes of the Lord which
+run to and fro, through the whole earth,</q>
+(Zech. 4:10);&mdash;an expressive figure of
+<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>
+God's Omniscience. The same is symbolized in
+Rev. 5:6, by the <q>seven eyes</q> of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lamb</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Jesus Christ is the faithful Witness. He
+<q>was faithful to him that appointed him,</q>
+(Heb. 3:2); and he was given as a Witness
+to the people, a Leader and Commander to
+the people, Isa. 55:4. He is the <q>first-begotten
+of the dead,</q> having <q>risen from the
+dead, and become the first fruits of them that
+slept,</q> 1 Cor. 15:20: he is <q>declared to be
+the Son of God, with power according to the
+spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the
+dead,</q> Rom. 1:4. He is <q>the Prince of the
+kings of the earth,</q> the <q>King of kings and
+Lord of lords,</q> 19:16; <q>all kings shall fall
+down before him: all nations shall serve
+him,</q> Psa. 72:11. He hath shown how he
+<q>loved us,</q> by giving himself for us, (Gal.
+2:20); and hath cleansed his people from all
+sin, not <q>by the blood of goats and calves,
+but by his own blood, he entered in once into
+the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption
+for us,</q> Heb. 9:12. He has redeemed
+us to God <q>out of every kindred, and
+tongue, and people, and nation,</q> Rev. 5:9.
+He is the one who is to come in the clouds of
+heaven, in resplendent majesty, to reward his
+saints, and to destroy those who destroy the
+earth, 11:18. The announcement that he
+<q>cometh with clouds</q> is as if John had said
+that what he was commanded to write, was a
+revelation of the events which were to precede
+and usher in that coming.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>Christ's Annunciation.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>I John, your brother, and partner in the affliction, and
+kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the island
+called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony
+of Jesus Christ. I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day,
+and heard behind me a great voice, like that of a trumpet,
+saying, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it to
+the seven congregations, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and
+to Pergamos, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia,
+and to Laodicea.</q>&mdash;Rev. 1:9-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This gives a clue to the date of the Apocalypse.
+It was written when John was in the
+Isle of Patmos: <q>It is the general testimony
+of ancient authors, that St. John was banished
+into Patmos in the time of Domitian, in the
+latter part of his reign, and restored by his
+successor, Nerva. But the book could not be
+published till after John's release, and return
+to Ephesus, in Asia. Domitian died in 96,
+and his persecution did not commence till near
+the close of his reign.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dr. Clarke.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Domitian</hi>, having exercised his cruelty
+against many, and unjustly slain no small
+number of noble and illustrious men at Rome, ...
+at length established himself as the successor
+of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nero</hi>, in his hatred and hostility to
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>. He was the <emph>second</emph> that raised a persecution
+against us. In this persecution, it is
+handed down by tradition, that the apostle
+and evangelist, <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>, ... was condemned to
+dwell on the island of Patmos. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Irenæus</hi>, indeed,
+in his fifth book against the heresies,
+<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>
+where he speaks of the calculation formed on
+the epithet of Antichrist, in the above-mentioned
+Revelation of <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>, speaks in the following
+manner respecting him: <q>If, however,
+it were necessary to proclaim his name (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>
+Antichrist's), openly at the present time, it
+would have been declared by him who saw
+the Revelation, for it was not long since it
+was seen, but <emph>almost in our own times</emph>, at the
+<emph>close</emph> of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Domitian</hi>'s
+reign.</q></q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Eusebius.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prof. Stuart, who dissents from the opinion,
+admits that <q>a majority of the older critics
+have been inclined to adopt the opinion of
+Irenæus, viz.: that it was written during the
+reign of Domitian, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, during the last part
+of the first century, or in A. D. 95 or 96.</q>&mdash;Com.
+<hi rend='italic'>Apoc.</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>V. I.</hi>, p. 263.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John's adherence to the word and testimony
+of Christ, had caused his banishment&mdash;as
+others <q>were slain&mdash;for the word of God,
+and for the testimony which they held,</q> (6:9);
+and whose living again and reigning with
+Christ, was subsequently shown John in a
+vision, 20:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John was in the spirit; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, he was in a
+state of prophetic ecstasy, in which he was,
+as it were, caught away from a realization of
+the actual and the present, and shown <q>the
+things which must be hereafter.</q> It was on
+the <q>Lord's day,</q> the first day of the week,
+which was so called because on that day the
+Lord arose from the dead. It was a day
+<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>
+which has been observed by all Christians in
+especial remembrance of that event. John
+does not appear to have anticipated any such
+announcement, until he was suddenly startled
+from his meditation by a voice in trumpet
+tones, announcing itself by the titles of Christ,
+and commanding him to write to the churches
+what he <emph>saw</emph>. Hearing the voice, he turned
+to see who had spoken to him, and beheld a
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Vision of Christ.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I turned to see the voice, that spoke with me. And
+having turned, I saw seven golden lamp-stands; and in the
+midst of the seven lamp-stands one like a Son of man,
+clothed with a garment reaching the feet, and girded
+around the breasts with a golden girdle. His head, even
+his hair, was white like white wool, like snow; and his eyes
+were like a flame of fire; and his feet like fine brass,
+as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice like the sound
+of many waters. And he had in his right hand seven stars:
+and from his mouth went forth a sharp two-edged sword:
+and his countenance was like the sun shining in its strength.
+And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as if dead. And he
+laid his right hand on me, saying, Fear not; I am the first
+and the last, and am he, who liveth, and I became dead;
+and behold, I am alive for ever and ever, and have the keys
+of death and the pit. Therefore, write the things, which
+thou hast seen, and the things, which are, and the things,
+which will take place hereafter; the secret of the seven
+stars, which thou hast seen in my right hand, and the
+seven golden lamp-stands. The seven stars, are the messengers
+of the seven congregations: and the seven lamp-stands
+are the seven congregations.</q>&mdash;Rev. 1:12-20.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The voice, by a metonymy, is used for the
+<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>
+person speaking. He turned to see the glorious
+personage by whom the trumpet-tones
+were uttered. Being turned, he saw the commencement
+of those great panoramic presentations,
+by which the events of the future were
+revealed to him, and the significance of which
+were explained by an angelic interpreter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven golden candlesticks,</q> symbolize
+<q>the seven churches</q> (1:20), to which
+John was commanded to write. By this, and
+other symbols which are divinely interpreted,
+are unfolded the principles on which symbols
+are used. A candle or lamp stand, supports
+the light placed on it, as churches are the recipients
+and dispensers of the light of the Holy
+Scriptures. They are therefore appropriate
+symbols of churches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In the midst of the candlesticks</q> is one
+in the form of humanity, surrounded by the
+insignia of Deity. It is the same appearance
+that Ezekiel saw, when he had a vision <q>of
+the likeness of the glory of the Lord,</q> (Ezek.
+1:26-28); and before which Daniel fell
+trembling, Dan. 10:5-9. The sublime
+spectacle was too overwhelming for John's
+endurance, and, like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and
+Daniel, his strength turned to corruption.
+But the glorified Saviour was the same sympathetic
+being on whose breast John leaned,
+at the last supper, and he lays his endearing
+hand on John, and, by soothing words, restores
+his confidence. He explains the mystery
+<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>
+contained in the symbols shown, and
+enjoins on him to write the things he had seen&mdash;symbolic
+of the things which then were,
+and of those which were then in the future.
+As no created resemblance is a fit representative
+of Deity, Christ is shown to John by the
+symbol of his own likeness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven stars</q> in the right hand of
+the Saviour, are the angels,&mdash;the messengers,
+or pastors of the seven churches, 1:20. As
+the Saviour holds the stars in his hand, so
+does he sustain all his gospel ministers, enabling
+them to impart light to those who sit
+under their ministrations. And as he walked
+in the midst of the golden candlesticks, so the
+Lord is ever in the midst of those who fear
+him, and call upon his name.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistles to the Seven Churches.</head>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Ephesus.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>To the messenger of the congregation of Ephesus write:
+These things saith He who holdeth the seven stars in his
+right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden
+lamp-stands: I know thy works, and thy toil, and thy patience,
+and that thou canst not endure the evil; and thou
+hast tried those, who say they are apostles, and are not;
+and hast found them liars; and hast patience, and hast endured
+on account of my name, and hast not fainted. Nevertheless,
+I have this against thee, that thou hast left thy first
+love. Remember therefore whence thou hast fallen, and repent
+and do the first works; or else I will come to thee quickly,
+and will remove thy lamp-stand out of its place, except
+<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>
+thou repentest. But thou hast this, that thou hatest the
+deeds of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations:
+To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of the tree
+of life, which is in the paradise of God.</q>&mdash;Rev. 2:1-7.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The seven churches are not, themselves, seen
+in vision; they were symbolized by seven
+golden candlesticks. Consequently, these are
+seven literal churches that are addressed, and
+not allegorical, as some teach. The symbolic
+portions of the Apocalypse, are the descriptions
+of what John saw, and the attendant utterances.
+What was addressed to the ear by way
+of explanation and instruction, does not come
+under the laws of symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As churches, in all ages, are often in the
+several conditions ascribed to the seven
+churches, the warnings, admonitions, and consolations
+addressed to them, may serve for instruction
+to all Christians, as implied in the
+declaration: <q>He that hath an ear, let him
+hear what the Spirit saith to the churches,</q>
+2:29.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>By αγγελος, angel [or messenger], we are
+to understand the <emph>messenger</emph>, or person sent by
+God to preside over the church; and to him
+the epistle is directed, not as pointing out his
+state, but the state of the church under his
+care. The Angel of the Church, here answers
+exactly to that officer of the synagogue among
+the Jews, called the <emph>messenger</emph> of the church,
+whose business it was to <emph>read</emph>, <emph>pray</emph>, and <emph>teach</emph>
+in the synagogue.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dr. Clarke.</hi> Timothy is
+<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>
+supposed to have had the care of the Ephesian
+church till A. D. 97, when he was martyred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ephesus was a large, idolatrous city, <q>a
+worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and
+of the image which,</q> as they claimed, <q>fell
+down from Jupiter,</q> Acts 19:35. The gospel
+was first preached there by Paul, and with
+such success, that <q>Many of them also which
+used curious arts, brought their books together,
+and burned them before all men; and they
+counted the price of them, and found it fifty
+thousand pieces of silver: So mightily grew the
+word of God, and prevailed,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 19, 20. They
+continued a fine and prosperous church, but had
+fallen away from their first love. Therefore He
+who walketh in the midst of the seven golden
+candlesticks, and holdeth in his hand the messengers
+of the churches, admonished them
+that, unless they repented he would remove
+their candlestick, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, their church, of which
+the candlestick was a symbol, out of its place.
+They did not repent; and, says Gibbon, <q>In
+the year 1312, began the <emph>captivity</emph>, or ruin of
+the seven churches by the Ottoman power.
+In the loss of Ephesus, the Christians deplored
+the loss of the first <emph>Angel</emph>, the extinction of
+the first <emph>candlestick</emph> of the Revelations. The
+desolation is complete, and the temple of <emph>Diana</emph>,
+or the church of <emph>Mary</emph>, will equally elude the
+search of the curious traveller.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Nicolaitanes, whose deeds God hated,
+were a sect of heretics, who assumed the name
+<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>
+from Nicholas of Antioch, one of the first
+seven deacons of the church in Jerusalem.
+It is believed that he was rather the innocent
+occasion, than the author of the infamous
+practices of those who assumed his name,&mdash;who
+allowed a community of wives, and ate
+meats offered in sacrifice to idols. It was a
+short-lived sect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For hating their deeds, the church of Ephesus
+was commended, and also for not giving
+countenance to false teachers, who claimed to
+be apostles, and were proved to be liars.
+Thus are Christians to <q>believe not every
+spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of
+God: because many false prophets are gone
+out into the world,</q> 1 John 4:1. <q>Such
+are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming
+themselves into the apostles of
+Christ,</q> 2 Cor. 11:13. <q>There were false
+prophets also among the people, even as there
+shall be false teachers among you, who privily
+shall bring in damnable heresies,</q> 2 Pet. 2:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The promise to him that overcometh, that
+he shall <q>eat of the tree of life,</q> points to the
+resurrection and to the new creation. As in
+Eden was made to grow <q>the tree of life</q>
+(Gen. 2:9), so in Eden restored, <q>they that
+do his commandments ... may have right to
+the tree of life, and may enter in through the
+gates into the city,</q> Rev. 22:2.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Smyrna.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And to the messenger of the congregation in Smyrna,
+write: These things saith the First and the Last, who became
+dead and is alive: I know thy works, and affliction,
+and poverty (but thou art rich); and I know the reviling
+of those, who say they are Jews, and are not, but are a synagogue
+of Satan. Fear none of the things, which thou wilt
+suffer. Behold, the devil will cast some of you into prison,
+that ye may be tried, and ye will have affliction ten days.
+Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee the crown of
+life. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit
+saith to the Congregations: he who overcometh, will not be
+hurt by the second death.</q>&mdash;Rev. 2:8-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The angel of the church in Smyrna is supposed
+to have been Polycarp, who, rather than
+to apostatize, was burnt alive in that city
+about A. D. 166. That church had passed
+through the trial of poverty, and was found
+<q>rich toward God,</q> Luke 12:21. It had suffered
+from the blasphemy of unbelieving Jews,
+who had a synagogue there and were particularly
+active at the martyrdom of Polycarp.
+But <q>He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly;
+neither is that circumcision which is
+outward in the flesh: but he is a Jew which
+is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of
+the heart, in the spirit and not in the letter;
+whose praise is not of men, but of God,</q> Rom.
+2:28, 29. And the crucified and risen Saviour
+has said, that they are <q>of the synagogue
+of Satan which say they are Jews, and
+are not, but do lie,</q> Rev. 3:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not a word of reproof is addressed to this
+<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>
+faithful flock; but they were to be still further
+tried, and a terrible persecution was foretold,
+which should continue ten prophetic
+days. Ten years was the duration of the last
+and bloodiest persecution under Diocletian,
+from A. D. 302 to 312, during which all the
+Asiatic churches were grievously afflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This church passed triumphantly through
+all those trials; and Smyrna is now the most
+flourishing city of the Asiatic churches. It
+contains a population of 100,000, and is the
+seat of an archbishop. From 15,000 to
+20,000 of its inhabitants are still professedly
+Christian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>crown of life,</q> promised to those who
+are faithful unto death, is to be given at
+Christ's second coming, <q>who shall judge the
+quick and the dead at his appearing and kingdom,</q>
+2 Tim. 4:1: <q>Henceforth there is
+laid up for me a crown of righteousness,
+which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall
+give me at that day; and not to me only, but
+unto all them also that love his appearing,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 8. <q>Blessed is the man that endureth
+temptation: for when he is tried he shall receive
+the crown of life, which the Lord hath
+promised to them that love him,</q> Jam. 1:12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who shall not be hurt of the <q>second
+death,</q> are those who shall attain unto the
+resurrection of the just, at the commencement
+of the millennium. <q>Blessed and holy is he
+that hath part in the first resurrection: on
+<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/>
+such the second death hath no power; but
+they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and
+shall reign with him a thousand years,</q> Rev.
+20:6. <q>But the fearful, and unbelieving,
+and the abominable, and murderers, and
+whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters,
+and all liars, shall have their part in the lake
+which burneth with fire and brimstone:
+which is the second death,</q> 21:8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Pergamos.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+And to the messenger of the congregation in Pergamos
+write: These things saith He who hath the sharp two-edged
+sword: I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even
+where Satan's throne is; and thou holdest fast my name,
+and hast not denied my faith, even in those days in which
+Antipas was my faithful witness: who was slain among you,
+where Satan dwelleth. But I have a few things against
+thee, because thou hast there those, who hold fast the doctrine
+of Balaam, who taught Balak to cast an enticement
+to sin before the children of Israel: to eat idol-sacrifices,
+and to commit fornication. So thou hast also those, who
+hold fast the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, in like manner.
+Repent; or else I will come to thee quickly, and will fight
+against them with the sword of my mouth. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations:
+To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of the
+hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the
+stone a new name written, which no one knoweth, but he,
+who receiveth it.&mdash;Rev. 2:12-17.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<q>He which hath the sharp sword with
+two edges,</q> is the one who walked in the
+midst of the seven golden lamp-stands&mdash;out
+<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/>
+of whose <q>mouth went a sharp two-edged
+sword,</q> 1:16. This identifies him as the
+one who was followed by the armies of heaven,
+when <q>the remnant were slain with the sword
+of him that sat upon the horse: which sword
+proceeded out of his mouth,</q> 19:21. <q>The
+sword of the Spirit ... is the word of God,</q>
+Eph. 6:17. <q>He shall smite the earth with
+the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of
+his lips shall he slay the wicked,</q> Isa. 11:4.
+The One who indites this epistle is thus designated,
+probably, because, unless they repented
+of the things alleged against them, he would
+fight against them with the sword of his
+mouth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The church of Pergamos had refrained from
+apostasy, although situated in a wicked and
+corrupt city,&mdash;even where Satan reigned almost
+supreme and received the obedience of
+its inhabitants. They had been faithful in
+those days when Antipas, a faithful Christian,
+and probably the former pastor of the church,
+was slain (Dr. Hales thinks) in Domitian's
+persecution, in A. D. 94. Yet, the Lord had
+some things against them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The doctrine of Balaam is what that prophet
+counselled Balak to cast as a stumbling-block
+before Israel: For <q>the people began to commit
+whoredom with the daughters of Moab.
+And they called the people unto the sacrifices
+of their gods; and the people did eat and
+bowed down to their gods. And Israel joined
+<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/>
+himself unto Baal-peor,</q> Num. 25:1-3.
+And Moses said of the women of Midian,
+<q>Behold, these caused the children of Israel,
+through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass
+against the Lord in the matter of Peor,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 31:16. This was also, probably, the same
+as the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, p. <ref target="Pg034">34</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>hidden manna</q> seems to be a reference
+to that hidden in the ark, where it was laid
+up before the Lord (Ex. 16:33), in memory
+of what was sent for the sustenance of Israel
+in the wilderness, where <q>man did eat angel's
+food,</q> Ps. 78:25. The law having a shadow
+of good things to come (Heb. 10:1), the manna
+hidden in the ark may be typical of the angelic
+sustenance to be revealed in the future
+world. The Saviour said, <q>Verily, verily, I
+say unto you, He that believeth on me hath
+everlasting life. I am that bread of life.
+This is the bread which cometh down from
+heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not
+die,</q> John 6:47, 48, 50.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>white stone</q> has received divers interpretations.
+In ancient trials, the votes of
+the judges were given by <emph>white</emph> and <emph>black</emph> pebbles.
+The former signified acquittal, and the
+latter condemnation. Conquerors in public
+games sometimes received a <emph>white stone</emph> with
+their name inscribed on it, which entitled
+them, during the remainder of their life, to be
+maintained at the public expense. Persons
+were sometimes invited to feasts or banquets,
+<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>
+by the presentation of a white stone, with their
+name on it in connection with that of their
+hosts. The possession of the white stone evidently
+entitles the possessor to all the privileges
+of the heavenly inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>new name</q> is unknown to all but
+its possessor; who, on its possession, becomes
+a child of God, and will receive, saith God,
+<q>in my house and within my walls, a place
+and a name better than of sons and of daughters:
+I will give them an everlasting name
+that shall not be cut off,</q> Isa. 56:5. The
+Saviour has promised that <q>him that overcometh
+will I make a pillar in the temple
+of my God, and he shall go no more out: and
+I will write upon him the name of my God,
+and the name of the city of my God, which
+is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of
+heaven from my God; and I will write upon
+him my new name,</q> Rev. 3:12. And his
+new <q>name</q> <q>no man knew but he himself,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 19:12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pergamos still contains a few thousand inhabitants.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Thyatira.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And to the messenger of the congregation in Thyatira
+write: These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes
+like a flame of fire, and his feet like fine brass: I know thy
+works, and love, and faith, and service, and thy patience,
+and thy works; and thy last works to be greater than the
+first. Notwithstanding, I have something against thee, because
+<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>
+thou allowest thy woman Jezebel, who calleth herself
+a prophetess, to teach and seduce my servants to commit
+fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices. And I gave her time
+to repent, and she would not repent of her fornication. Behold,
+I will cast her into a bed, and those, who commit adultery
+with her, into great affliction, unless they repent of
+their deeds. And I will kill her children with pestilence;
+and all the congregations will know that I am he, who
+searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give to each of
+you according to your works. But to you I say, and to the
+rest in Thyatira, As many as have not this doctrine, and
+who have not known the depths of Satan, as (they say;) I
+will not put on you another burden: but what ye have,
+hold fast till I come. And he, who overcometh, and keepeth
+my works to the end, to him, I will give power over the
+nations: (and he will rule them with a rod of iron; like
+the vessels of a potter they will be dashed in pieces:) even
+as I received of my Father. And I will give him the morning-star.
+He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith to the congregations</q>&mdash;Rev. 2:18-29.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+In commending the general piety of this
+church, they are censured for permitting a
+woman to teach false doctrines among them.
+The church is not only made responsible for
+what it teaches, but also for what it suffers
+others to teach. In this particular the church
+in Thyatira appears in contrast with the
+church in Ephesus. The doctrines which
+this wicked woman taught appear to be similar
+to those of the Nicolaitanes, p. <ref target="Pg034">34</ref>. She is
+probably called Jezebel, from her being a
+woman of power and influence, like the wife
+of Ahab, who <q>did sell himself to work wickedness
+in the sight of the Lord: whom Jezebel
+his wife stirred up,</q> 1 Kings 21:25.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They who had not fallen into those depths
+<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/>
+of Satan, and should continue faithful to the
+end, were to have <q>power over the nations.</q>
+<q>The saints of the Most High shall take the
+kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever,
+even for ever and ever. And the kingdom
+and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom
+under the whole heaven, shall be given
+to the people of the saints of the Most High,
+whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,
+and all dominions shall serve and obey him,</q>
+Dan. 7:18, 27. <q>Ask of me, and I shall give
+thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the
+uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.
+Thou shalt break them with a rod of
+iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
+potter's vessel,</q> Ps. 2:8, 9. <q>To execute
+vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments
+upon the people; To execute upon them the
+judgment written: this honor have all the
+saints. Praise ye the Lord,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 149:7, 9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To receive the morning star, is to receive
+Christ, who testifieth of himself. <q>I am ...
+the bright and morning star,</q> Rev. 22:16.
+We are commanded to take heed to the <q>sure
+word of prophecy ... as unto a light that
+shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn,
+and the day-star arise in your hearts,</q> 2 Pet.
+1:19. As <q>the testimony of Jesus is the
+spirit of prophecy</q> (19:10), those who refuse
+to consider the revelation he has given of things
+which shortly after began to come to pass, and
+which must now be verging towards their
+<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>
+consummation, may fail of becoming illuminated
+by the day-star in their hearts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Says Gibbon: <q>The God of Mahomet,
+without a rival or a Son, is invoked in the
+mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Sardis.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And to the messenger of the congregation in Sardis write:
+These things saith He, who hath the seven Spirits of God,
+and the seven stars: I know thy works, that thou hast a
+name that thou livest, and art dead. Be watchful, and
+strengthen the things, which remain, which are about to
+die: for I have not found thy works complete before God.
+Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and
+hold fast and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I
+will come on thee like a thief, and thou wilt not know what
+hour I will come on thee. But thou hast a few names in
+Sardis, that have not defiled their garments; and they will
+walk with me in white: for they are worthy. He, who
+overcometh, the same one will be clothed in white raiment;
+and I will not blot out his name from the book of life, but I
+will acknowledge his name before my Father, and before
+his angels. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith unto the congregations.</q>&mdash;Rev. 3:1-6.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The church in Sardis was Christian in
+name, but was destitute of spiritual life, with
+the exception of a few names who had not
+defiled their garments. Having become dead
+to the revivifying influences of the Holy
+Spirit, they are reminded that he who addresses
+them is the one who holds their messenger
+in his hand, and who hath the seven
+Spirits of God; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, that it was from the One
+<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>
+who said of <q>the Comforter, which is the
+Holy Ghost</q> (John 14:26), <q>when the Comforter
+is come, whom I will send unto you
+from the Father, even the Spirit of truth which
+proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify
+of me,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 15:26.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They had doubtless become greatly conformed
+to the corrupt worldly influences by
+which they were surrounded, without having
+actually denied the faith, or embraced the
+hated doctrines of the Nicolaitanes. Therefore
+they were exhorted to hold fast all that
+they still retained, and, by repentance, to recover
+what they had lost; and they were
+admonished that if they neglected those precautions,
+they would be suddenly visited;
+without its being designated what would be
+the precise nature, time, or manner, of their
+visitation: which made the threatening the
+more terrible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>few names</q> which had not defiled
+their garments, were used by a metonymy to
+signify persons. When an apostle was to be
+chosen in the place of Judas, <q>the number
+of the names together were about one hundred
+and twenty,</q> Acts 1:15. Purity of raiment
+is significant of purity of character:
+<q>Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth
+his garments,</q> 16:15. White is an emblem
+of purity. To the <q>bride,</q> it <q>was granted
+that she should be arrayed in fine linen clean
+and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness
+<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>
+of the saints,</q> 19:8. Those who came
+out of great tribulation, had <q>washed their
+robes and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb,</q> (7:13); and therefore they were
+symbolized as standing before the throne and
+before the Lamb, clothed with white robes,
+and palms of victory in their hands, 7:9.
+To be clothed in white raiment, is therefore to
+be accepted of the Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To blot one's name out of the book of life,
+is to erase his title to heaven. The figure
+seems to be an allusion to the ancient custom
+of enrolling in a book the names of all free
+citizens. If their names were confessedly
+written there, they were entitled to all the
+privileges and immunities of citizenship; but
+if blotted out, they had forfeited these. <q>They
+that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose
+names were not written in the book of life
+from the foundation of the world, when they
+behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet
+is,</q> 17:8. Moses said, if God would not forgive
+Israel, <q>blot me, I pray thee, out of thy
+book which thou hast written,</q> Ex. 32:32. Of
+his enemies, David said, <q>Let them be blotted
+out of the book of the living, and not be
+written with the righteous,</q> Ps. 67:28.
+Those only enter the New Jerusalem, <q>which
+are written in the Lamb's book of life,</q> 21:27.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The church in Sardis, has long been utterly
+extinct; and what remains of the city is a
+miserable Turkish village.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Philadelphia.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And to the messenger of the congregation in Philadelphia
+write: These things saith the Holy, the True One, he who
+hath the key of David, he who openeth, and no one shutteth;
+and shutteth, and no one openeth: I know thy works:
+behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no one can
+shut it; for thou hast a little strength, and hast held fast
+my word, and hast not denied my name. Behold, I will
+make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they are
+Jews, and are not, but who lie; behold, I will make them
+come and bow down before thy feet, and know that I have
+loved thee. Because thou hast kept the word of my patience,
+I also will keep thee from the hour of trial, which
+will come on all the world, to try those, who dwell on the
+earth. I come quickly: hold fast that which thou hast,
+that no one take thy crown. I will make him, who overcometh,
+a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will go
+out no more: and I will write on him the name of my God,
+and the name of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem,
+(which cometh down out of heaven from my God:) and my
+new name. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the
+Spirit saith to the congregations.</q>&mdash;Rev. 3:7-13.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The church of Philadelphia had maintained
+her integrity, and is therefore addressed in the
+language of commendation, without the rebukes
+which were directed to her sister
+churches. Having remained true to Him
+who <q>was called Faithful and True</q> (19:11),
+the epistle to this church makes mention
+of the Saviour by those titles, which are significant
+of his own faithfulness and inherent
+holiness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The key of David,</q> brings to view the
+prediction of that which was to be laid <q>upon
+his shoulder;</q> so that <q>he shall open, and
+<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>
+none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none
+shall open,</q> Isa. 22:22. A key symbolizes that
+which will open or unlock, or will close fast:
+therefore said the Saviour, <q>I ... have the
+keys of hell and of death.</q> By virtue of this
+power, an open door was set before the church
+of Philadelphia, which no man should be able
+to close.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Jews in Philadelphia, who had claimed
+to be the only true church of God, but who
+were in reality of the synagogue of Satan,
+were to cease their opposition to the Christians,
+and to seek instruction and protection
+from them&mdash;recognizing the love of God to
+Gentiles as well as to Jews. History is silent
+respecting the fulfilment of this; but there is
+no reason to suppose that it was not literally
+fulfilled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>hour of temptation,</q> which was to
+<q>come upon all the world, to try them that
+dwell on the earth,</q> was to be one of peculiar
+trial. Some suppose it had reference to the
+persecution under Trajan, which was more
+severe and extensive than those under Nero,
+or Domitian: and others that it was the Mohammedan
+delusion. In such times there are
+peculiar temptations to apostatize, and the less
+faithful are in more danger of apostasy than
+others. But because the Philadelphian church
+had been faithful thus far, they were to be kept
+from that trying hour. When the scourge
+of Mohammedanism swept over all the other
+<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>
+churches of Asia, this church maintained its
+integrity. Says Gibbon: <q>Among the Greek
+colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is
+still erect, a column in a scene of ruins. At a
+distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors,
+encompassed on all sides by the Turks,
+her valiant citizens defended their religion and
+their freedom above fourscore years, and at
+length capitulated with the proudest of the
+Ottomans.</q> Philadelphia is still the seat of
+an archbishop, and contains from six hundred
+to seven hundred Greek houses, and several
+places of Christian worship. <q>The Lord
+knoweth how to deliver the godly out of
+temptations,</q> 2 Pet. 2:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They are encouraged to constancy by the
+prospect of the coming coronation day, when
+<q>the Lord; the righteous Judge shall give</q> a
+<q>crown of righteousness,</q> <q>unto all them
+that love his appearing,</q> 2 Tim. 4:8. He
+has said <q>Be thou faithful unto death, and I
+will give thee a crown of life</q> (2:10); and
+therefore <q>when the chief Shepherd shall appear,
+ye shall receive a crown of glory that
+fadeth not away,</q> 1 Pet. 5:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A pillar in the temple of God, is expressive
+of a position which shall give support to the
+church, which is erected <q>upon the foundation
+of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ
+himself being the chief corner-stone; In whom
+the building, fitly framed together, groweth
+unto a holy temple in the Lord: In whom ye
+<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>
+also are builded together for a habitation of
+God through the Spirit,</q> Eph. 2:20-22.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To receive the name of God, is to be recognized
+as belonging to God. As masters designated
+their servants by branding their name
+on them, or by some peculiar mark, so the
+children of God are referred to by the same
+figure. In a subsequent vision John saw with
+the Lamb on Mount Zion, <q>an hundred and
+forty and four thousand, having his Father's
+name written in their foreheads,</q> 14:1. Their
+connection with new Jerusalem is similarly
+designated.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Epistle to the Church in Laodicea.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And to the messenger of the congregation in Laodicea
+write: These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true
+Witness, the Ruler of the creation of God: I know thy
+works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would that
+thou wast cold or hot. So, because thou art lukewarm, and
+neither cold nor hot, I will cast thee out of my mouth: because
+thou sayest, I am rich, and have become wealthy,
+and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art
+wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked:
+I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried by fire, that thou
+mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be
+clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness may not appear;
+and to anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that thou
+mayest see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be
+fervent therefore, and repent. Behold, I stand at the door,
+and knock: if any one heareth my voice, and openeth the
+door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he
+shall sup with me. To him, who overcometh I will grant
+to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and
+<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>
+have sat down with my Father in his throne. He, who hath
+an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+3:14-22.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+By his titles of truth and verity, the Saviour
+prepares the Laodiceans for the humiliating
+threatenings, which are uttered against them.
+By that of <q>the beginning of the creation of
+God,</q> is indicated Christ's kingship as head
+and governor of all; and hence the authority
+on which his declarations are founded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Laodiceans seemed to have been very
+well satisfied with their own condition, without
+possessing any very marked characteristics.
+They were neither good, nor very
+wicked; but supposed that they abounded in
+all spiritual wealth, when they were destitute
+of all the Christian graces. They could not
+appreciate their own condition; and not realizing
+their need, were unlikely to heed the
+counsel given them, and therefore they have
+long since ceased to have a name and a place
+on the earth. Says Gibbon: <q>The circus
+and three stately temples of Laodicea, are
+now peopled with wolves and foxes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The great majority of them seemed to have
+become unworthy even of the chastisement
+which God bestows on those he loves. <q>Behold,
+happy is the man whom God correcteth;
+therefore despise not the chastening of the Almighty,</q>
+Job 5:17. <q>My son, despise not
+the chastening of the Lord: neither be weary
+of his correction: For whom the Lord loveth
+<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>
+he correcteth, even as a father the son in
+whom he delighteth,</q> Prov. 3:11, 12.
+<q>Blessed is the man that endureth temptation:
+for when he is tried, he shall receive
+the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised
+to them that love him,</q> Jas. 1:12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Saviour shows his readiness to receive
+those who will open unto him. He is saying,
+<q>Open to me ... for my head is filled with
+dew, and my locks with the drops of the
+night,</q> Cant. 5:2. <q>Blessed are those servants,
+whom the Lord, when he cometh, shall
+find watching: verily I say unto you, That
+he shall gird himself, and make them to sit
+down to meat, and will come forth and serve
+them,</q> Luke 12:37. Said Jesus, <q>If any
+man love me, he will keep my words: and
+my Father will love him, and we will come
+unto him, and make our abode with him,</q>
+John 14:23.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To him that overcometh, as in another
+place he is promised a crown, so now there is
+the promise of a seat with the Saviour in his
+throne. Said the Saviour, <q>Ye which have
+followed me, in the regeneration when the Son
+of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye
+also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the
+twelve tribes of Israel,</q> Matt. 19:28. <q>And
+I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father
+hath appointed unto me,</q> Luke 22:29. <q>If
+we suffer</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> with Christ, <q>we shall also
+reign with him,</q> 2 Tim. 2:12.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>Vision of the Deity.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>After this, I looked, and behold, a door opened in heaven:
+and the first voice, which I heard, was like a trumpet talking
+with me; saying, Ascend here, and I will show thee
+things, which must take place hereafter. And immediately
+I was in the Spirit: and behold, a throne was set in heaven,
+and One sat on the throne. And, He, who sat, was in appearance
+like a jasper and a cornelian stone: and there was
+a rainbow around the throne, in appearance, like an emerald.
+And around the throne were twenty-four thrones;
+and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed
+in white raiment; and crowns of gold on their heads. And
+from the throne came forth lightnings, and voices and thunders.
+And seven lamps of fire were burning before the
+throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. And before the
+throne there was a transparent sea like crystal: and in the
+midst of the throne, and around the throne, were four living
+beings, full of eyes before and behind. And the first
+living being was like a lion, and the second living being
+like a calf, and the third living being had a face like a man,
+and the fourth living being was like a flying eagle. And
+each of the four living beings had six wings around him;
+and within they were full of eyes: and they rest not day or
+night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, who
+was, and is, and is to be! And when the living beings give
+glory, and honor, and thanks to Him seated on the throne,
+who liveth for ever and ever, the four and twenty elders fall
+down before Him seated on the throne, and worship Him,
+who liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before
+the throne, saying, Worthy art thou, O Lord, our God, to
+receive glory, and honor, and power: for thou hast created
+all things, and for thy pleasure they existed and were created.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+4:1-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This vision is preparatory to the revelations
+of <q>things which must be hereafter,</q> which
+were given John in the series of visions following.
+Their divine origin, and, consequently,
+<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>
+the deference with which they are to
+be received as a revelation from God, are demonstrated
+by this symbolization of the presence
+chamber of the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The revelator had before heard a voice
+speaking to him, (1:10); and turning to look,
+he beheld the risen Saviour. He then writes
+the epistles which the Saviour dictated to the
+churches; and again he turns his eyes to the
+place where the voice spake to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The opening of a door in heaven, appears
+to be no part of the <q>things which must be
+hereafter;</q> and is, therefore, no symbol. It
+was doubtless an appearance of an aperture
+in the sky above, through which the revelator
+saw the vision. It indicates that he looked
+through and beyond the limits prescribed to
+human vision; and the summons to <q>come
+up hither,</q> indicates that he was to have free
+access to the secrets there to be unfolded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A <q>throne set in heaven,</q> is a symbol of
+sovereignty there. Consequently the one who
+sits thereon is the Almighty&mdash;his greatness,
+glory and majesty, being indicated by the
+<q>lightnings, thunderings and voices,</q> the
+<q>rainbow round about the throne,</q> and the
+resemblance to brilliant gems. It is the same
+Being, seen in vision by Ezekiel (1:28), round
+about whom was <q>as the appearance of the
+bow in the day of rain;</q> and who was explained
+to be <q>the appearance of the likeness
+of the glory of the Lord.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/>
+
+<p>
+The <q>elders</q> seated about the throne, and
+the <q>four living creatures,</q> improperly rendered
+beasts, are representatives of the redeemed
+of our race; for they subsequently
+unite in the new song, saying to Christ,
+<q>Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to
+God by thy blood, out of every kindred and
+tongue, and people and nation; and hast
+made us unto our God kings and priests, and
+we shall reign on the earth,</q> 5:8-10. The
+difference between the two orders, is not fully
+apparent. They have <q>vials full of odors,
+which are the prayers of saints.</q> The four
+beasts are evidently of the same order as the
+<q>living creatures</q> in Ezek. 1:5; the cherubim
+of Ezek. 10:20, and the seraphim of
+Isa. 6:1. The entire hosts of the redeemed
+are thus represented as interested spectators
+in the visions which are to be unfolded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven lamps of fire,</q> are explained
+to be <q>the seven Spirits of God,</q> which, as
+before shown, is expressive of the Holy Spirit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>sea of glass,</q> corresponds to the
+brazen sea, or laver, under the law, which
+stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 38:8.
+It was an emblem of purity. Before entering
+the tabernacle the priest must there
+wash. Those admitted on the sea of glass,
+are those who are purified and made white in
+the blood of the Lamb, 15:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With this preliminary representation, the
+first series of events extending to the final
+consummation, is shown under the symbol of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Sealed Book.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw in the right hand of Him seated on the
+throne, a book written within and without, sealed with seven
+seals. And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming with a loud
+voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose its seals?
+and no one in heaven, or on the earth, or under the earth,
+was able to open the book nor to look in it. And I was
+weeping much, because no one was found worthy to open,
+and to read the book, nor to look in it. And one of the
+elders saith to me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe
+of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the
+book, and to loose its seven seals. And I saw in the midst
+of the throne, and of the four living beings, and in the
+midst of the elders, the Lamb standing, as having been slain,
+having seven horns, and seven eyes, which are the seven
+Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. And he came
+and took the book out of the right hand of Him seated on the
+throne. And when he took the book, the living beings, and
+twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, all of them
+having harps, and golden bowls full of incense, which are
+the prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying,
+Worthy art thou to take the book and to open its seals: for
+thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood
+out of every tribe, and tongue, and people, and nation; and
+hast made us kings and priests to our God, and we shall
+reign on the earth! And I beheld, and I heard the voice
+of many angels around the throne, and the living beings,
+and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand
+times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying
+with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb, that was slain, to
+receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and
+honor, and glory, and blessing. And every creature which
+is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and
+those on the sea, even all that are in them, I heard saying,
+Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be to Him sitting
+on the throne, and to the Lamb, for ever and ever!
+And the four living beings said, Amen. And the elders
+fell down and worshipped.</q>&mdash;Rev. 5:1-14.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The written book, must symbolize God's purposes,
+<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/>
+which were about to be unfolded on
+the loosening of the seals. Its being written
+within and without, indicates the fulness of
+its contents, the completeness of the record:&mdash;God's
+purposes being fully and unalterably
+formed. In like manner Ezekiel was shown
+<q>a roll of a book ... written within and without,</q>
+symbolizing the <q>lamentations, mourning
+and woe</q> (Ezek. 2:9), which were soon
+to overtake Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A sealed book is one whose contents are
+hidden: <q>The vision of all is become unto
+you as the words of a book that is sealed,
+which men deliver to one that is learned,
+saying, Read this I pray thee: and he saith,
+I cannot; for it is sealed,</q> Isa. 29:11. God
+said to Daniel, <q>Shut up the words, and seal
+the book, till the time of the end,</q> Dan. 12:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To open the seals, no one was found worthy.
+There was no being in heaven among the
+angels, no human being on the earth, and no
+disembodied spirit, or demon, under the earth,
+who was able to unfold the future. The
+tears of the revelator are, however, dried, and
+his drooping spirits cheered, by the announcement
+of one of the elders, that <q>the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lion</hi> of
+the tribe of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Judah</hi>, the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Root</hi>
+of <hi rend='smallcaps'>David</hi>, hath
+prevailed to open the book,</q> and to unfold its
+mysteries. He stood in the midst of the
+assembled intelligences,&mdash;his human nature
+and sacrificial office, being designated by his
+metaphorical title of the <q>Lamb:</q>&mdash;John
+seeing Jesus coming to him said, <q>Behold the
+<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>
+Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
+the world,</q> John 1:29. His sovereignty is
+shown by the <q>seven horns,</q> the symbols of
+power; and his relation to the Godhead, by
+the seven eyes, the seven Spirits of God;&mdash;expressive
+of the Holy Spirit. See p. <ref target="Pg025">25</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The rejoicings on the announcement of
+Christ's ability to take the book, and to open
+the seals, indicate the greatness of the blessing
+which God gives the church, when he
+thus reveals a knowledge of the future.
+All creatures should join in these hosannas,
+and praise the Lord for his great condescension,
+in showing his servants the things
+which must shortly come to pass. To neglect
+this revelation, is not joining in the ascription
+of praise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The golden vials, full of odors, symbolize
+the prayers of saints. Under the Mosaic dispensation,
+the frankincense and odors offered at
+the tabernacle were emblematic of prayer and
+praise to God. <q>Let my prayer be set forth
+before thee as <emph>incense</emph>; and the lifting up of
+my hands as the evening sacrifice,</q> Psa.
+141:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Christ takes the book from the hand of him
+who sits on the throne, and opens the seals.
+Thus he makes known unto his servants the
+revelation which God had given him, 1:1.
+As each successive seal is opened, successive
+portions of the writing in the book become
+accessible,&mdash;an <hi rend='italic'>epoch</hi> is marked, following
+which, and previous to that symbolized by the
+<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/>
+opening of the next seal, are to be fulfilled,
+the events symbolized under it.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The First Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven
+seals, and I heard one of the four living beings, saying,
+with a voice like thunder, Come! And I saw, and behold, a
+white horse: and he, who sat on him, had a bow; and a
+crown was given him: and he went forth conquering and
+to conquer.</q>&mdash;Rev. 6:1, 2.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The voice is evidently addressed to the personage
+on the white horse, or to the agencies
+thus symbolized. It is the signal for their
+appearance on the stage of action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The symbol is that of a victorious warrior,
+armed with weapons of conquest,&mdash;success
+being indicated by the crown given him. As
+there is no analogous order, except in the religious
+world, Mr. Lord very properly regards
+it as a symbol of the body of religious teachers,
+those faithful soldiers of the cross, who,
+from the middle of the first to the middle of
+the third century, as <q>soldiers of Jesus
+Christ</q> (2 Tim. 2:3), went forth to war
+<q>against principalities and powers, against
+the rulers of the darkness of this world,
+against spiritual wickedness in high places,</q>
+Eph. 6:12. The apostle, when they received
+their commission, said to them, <q>Take
+unto you the whole armor of God, that ye
+may be able to withstand in the evil day, and
+<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>
+having done all, to stand. Stand, therefore,
+having your loins girt about with truth, and
+having on the breast-plate of righteousness;
+and your feet shod with the preparation of the
+gospel of peace; above all, taking the shield
+of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench
+all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take
+the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the
+Spirit, which is the word of God,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 13-17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus equipped, they went forth, conquering
+and to conquer. They assailed the strong-holds
+of sin and Satan, and planted the standard of
+the cross in all portions of the then civilized
+world. And at the end of their warfare thousands
+of them could say with the apostle: <q>I
+have fought a good fight, I have finished my
+course, I have kept the faith: henceforth there
+is laid up for me a crown of righteousness,
+which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall
+give me at that day: and not to me only, but
+unto all them also that love his appearing,</q>
+2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The period symbolized under this seal, was
+distinguished for purity of faith in the church,
+and devotion to the cause of Christ,&mdash;indicated
+by the whiteness of the horse that the
+warrior rides.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Second Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when he opened the second seal, I heard the
+second living being say, Come! And there went out another
+<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/>
+horse that was red: and power was given to him,
+who sat on him, to take peace from the earth, and that they
+should kill each other: and a great sword was given to
+him.</q>&mdash;Rev. 6:3, 4.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This symbol, like the former, is that of a
+mounted warrior, and must also symbolize a
+body of religious teachers. The color of the
+horse, indicates that the doctrine and character
+of the body symbolized will have lost the
+original purity of the church, and become
+more sanguinary; which is also indicated by
+the great sword given him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The warfare under this seal is not against
+outside enemies; for they kill each other.
+This, then, indicates an era when the church
+shall be disquieted, and her peace interrupted
+by internal dissensions. Such was its history
+during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries.
+This period was distinguished for the contentions
+of the clergy; their usurpation of
+power not conferred by the apostles; their
+divisions and sub-divisions into parties; their
+opposing councils; their collisions and distractions;
+their love of power; their pride,
+discord, strife, and tyranny; their mutual
+anathemas and excommunications; the envy,
+jealousy, and detraction they indulged in, and
+the other hateful passions which they exercised.
+Thus they marred the peace of the
+church; and by causing many to apostatize,
+killed each other with spiritual death.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Third Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when he opened the third seal I heard the third
+living being say, Come! And I beheld, and lo, a black
+horse; and he, who sat on him, had a balance in his hand.
+And I heard a voice in the midst of the four living beings say,
+A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley
+for a penny; and injure thou not the oil and the wine.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+6:5, 6.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This foreshadows a period of great scarcity
+and cruel exactions. Applying it to the only
+department of society which is analogous to
+civil life, and the famine symbolized, is like
+that predicted by Amos: <q>Behold, the days
+come, saith the Lord God, that I will send a
+famine into the land, not a famine of bread,
+nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the
+words of the Lord: and they shall wander
+from sea to sea, and from the north even to
+the east; they shall run to and fro to seek the
+word of the Lord, and shall not find it,</q>
+Amos 8:11, 12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This, then, marks a period when the traditions
+and opinions of men are substituted for
+the word of God. With Origen was introduced
+a new mode of interpreting scripture,
+which afterwards became prevalent. The
+scriptures, instead of being received in their
+natural and obvious sense, were regarded as
+mystical and allegorical. Milner, in his
+Church History, says: <q>From the fanciful
+mode of allegory, introduced by him, and uncontrolled
+by scriptural rule and order, there
+<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>
+arose a vitiated method of commenting on the
+sacred pages.</q> And Mosheim says: <q>The
+few who explained the sacred writings with
+judgment and a true spirit of criticism, could
+not oppose, with any success, the torrent of
+allegory that was overflowing the church.</q>
+Following this example, Luther says, <q>men
+make just what they please of the Scriptures,
+until some accommodate the word of God
+to the most extravagant absurdities.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Substituting the conceptions of their own
+fancy for the word of God, they withheld
+from the people the bread of life, and produced
+a famine for the word of the Lord. Crude
+notions took the place of Bible doctrines; and
+pernicious speculations were substituted for
+the teachings of Christ and his apostles. Baptism
+and the Lord's supper, lost their emblematic
+significance, and were regarded as
+saving ordinances. Heaven was sought to be
+merited by works, and sanctification was supposed
+to be gained by penance and mortification
+of the flesh. In short, all the corruptions
+of the apostasy were substituted for the primitive
+faith, and the Bible became a sealed book
+to the great mass of the people.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fourth Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice
+of the fourth living being saying, Come! And I looked,
+and behold, a pale horse: and his name, who sat on him,
+<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/>
+was Death, and the pit followed with him. And power was
+given to them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with
+sword, and with famine, and with pestilence, and with the
+wild beasts of the earth.</q>&mdash;Rev. 6:7, 8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The Christian church alone being analogous
+to the civil power, it is within its pale
+that the fulfilment of this symbol is to be
+looked for. During this period, violence is
+substituted for famine; and men are compelled
+to apostatize, which results in spiritual death.
+The Papacy having the power to enforce her
+decrees, Christians had to embrace her faith,
+or be handed over to the secular power for
+punishment. They produced death by compelling
+men to apostatize, by withholding
+from them the word of life, by infusing into
+their minds pestiferous doctrines, and by the
+fear of the civil power,&mdash;symbolized by the
+sword, famine, pestilence, and beasts of the
+earth.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fifth Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the
+altar the souls of those slain on account of the word of God,
+and on account of the testimony, which they held: and they
+cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and
+true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on those,
+who dwell on the earth? And a white robe was given to
+each of them; and it was said to them, that they should
+rest yet for a short time, until their fellow-servants also and
+their brethren, that were to be slain as they were, should
+be filled up.</q>&mdash;Rev. 6:9-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This symbolized a period intervening between
+the time of the martyrdom, of those
+<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/>
+whose souls are seen in vision, and another
+time of persecution to follow. Consequently,
+the symbol represents the disembodied spirits
+of those who had already been slain. They
+symbolize the souls of martyrs who counted
+not their lives dear unto themselves for the
+sake of Christ; and being faithful unto death,
+were in expectation of a crown of life. Says
+Mr. Lord: <q>The term τα πτωματα is used in
+the prophecy to denote the dead bodies of the
+martyrs (chap. 11:9), and αι ψυψαι (20:4)
+to denote their disembodied spirits. They are
+represented as having been slain, and as uttering
+their appeal to God because of their blood
+having been shed.</q> Also: <q>The martyr
+souls are exhibited in their own persons;
+and obviously because no others could serve
+as their symbol,&mdash;there being no others that
+have undergone a change from a bodied to a
+disembodied life, nor that sustain such relations
+to God, of forgiveness, acceptance, and
+assurance of a resurrection from death, and a
+priesthood with Christ during his victorious
+reign on the earth,</q> Ex. Apoc. p. 155.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The altar, symbolizes the atonement made
+by Christ for sin; and, consequently, the position
+of the souls of the martyrs under it,
+indicates their reliance on him for an inheritance
+in his everlasting kingdom,&mdash;when <q>he
+shall come to be glorified in his saints,</q> and
+to <q>take vengeance on them that know not
+God, and obey not the gospel,</q> 2 Thess. 1:8,
+10.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>
+
+<p>
+The presentation of white robes to them,
+symbolizes their acceptance and justification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The declaration that they must rest till <emph>their
+fellow-servants are killed</emph>, as they have been,
+implies another persecution, to be subsequent
+to the period symbolized by the opening of
+this seal. The persecutions which followed
+the Reformation, in which the fires of Smithfield
+were lighted in England, the Huguenots
+were driven from France, and thousands suffered
+martyrdom, probably fulfilled this.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The interest taken by the souls of the martyrs
+in the avenging of their blood on the
+earth, shows that the spirits of departed saints
+look forward with intense interest to the time
+of their glorification. And although the dead
+who die in the Lord are blessed, the glories of
+the resurrection morn are not less desired by
+those who are absent from the body and present
+with the Lord, than by humble, devoted,
+waiting Christians here.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The opening of this seal evidently synchronizes
+with the commencement of the reformation,
+when they might have supposed the
+kingdom of God would immediately appear.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Sixth Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I beheld when he opened the sixth seal, and there
+was a great earthquake; and the sun became black like
+sackcloth of hair, and the moon became like blood: and the
+stars of heaven fell to the earth, as a fig-tree casteth its unripe
+<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>
+figs, when shaken by a mighty wind. And the heaven
+departed like a scroll rolled together; and every mountain
+and island were removed from their places. And the kings
+of the earth, and the nobles, and the rich, and the commanders,
+and the strong men, and every bond-man, and every
+freeman, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the
+mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on
+us, and hide us from the face of Him seated on the throne,
+and from the wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his
+wrath is come; and who can stand?</q>&mdash;Rev. 6:12-17.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The laws of symbolization require that
+symbols should not be representatives of their
+own order when there is any analogous order
+to be representatives of. In other places in
+the Apocalypse, these symbols are used, under
+circumstances where it is impossible to
+regard them as symbols of their own order.
+And here, as the kings of the earth call on
+the rocks and mountains to fall on them
+after the heaven has departed as a scroll and
+every mountain and island is moved out of
+its place, it is necessary to regard them as
+symbols of objects of analogous orders.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The earthquake, then, as in corresponding
+Scriptures, symbolizes a political revolution.
+The darkening of the sun and moon, would
+represent a change in the character of the
+rulers and legislators of the world, so that instead
+of extending a genial influence over their
+subjects, they should exert a deleterious one;
+and the fall of the stars, their ejection from
+their stations&mdash;synchronizing with the first
+five vials (16:1-11), and fulfilled in the political
+<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>
+revolutions of Europe during the past
+century.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By the passing away of the heavens and
+the removal of mountains and islands from
+their places, is symbolized the total dissolution
+of all human governments&mdash;corresponding
+to the seventh vial (16:20).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the occurrence of this unprecedented
+state of anarchy, the inhabitants of earth will
+be aware of the proximity of the Advent.
+They flee from the face of the Lamb, which
+indicates his appearance in the clouds of
+heaven at his personal advent. The great day
+of wrath will have come; but before the infliction
+of merited punishment on his enemies,
+the servants of God are to be designated, the
+righteous dead are to be raised, and they with
+the righteous living are to be caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17. The
+living righteous are designated by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Sealing of the Servants of God.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And after these things I saw four angels standing on the
+four corners of the earth, holding fast the four winds of the
+earth, that a wind might not blow on the earth, nor on the
+sea, nor on any tree. And I saw another angel ascending
+from the rising of the sun, having a seal of the living God:
+and he cried with a loud voice to the four angels, to whom
+it was given to injure the earth and the sea, saying, Injure
+not the earth, nor the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed
+the servants of our God on their foreheads! And I heard
+the number of those sealed: a hundred and forty-four thousand
+were sealed out of all the tribes of the children of Israel.
+<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/>
+Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were sealed.
+Of the tribe of Reuben twelve thousand were sealed. Of
+the tribe of Gad twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe
+of Asher twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Naphtali, twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Manasseh twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+Simeon twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Levi
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Issachar
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Zebulon
+twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Joseph twelve
+thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Benjamin twelve
+thousand were sealed.</q>&mdash;Rev. 7:1-8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The symbols here presented, were seen immediately
+subsequent to the exhibition of the
+preceding ones. This alone would not prove
+that the events symbolized follow in order, but
+it is indicated by their being a continuation
+of the symbolization under the sixth seal, and
+before the opening of the seventh.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the sixth chapter, the great men and rich
+men, as well as bond-men, are aware of the
+proximity of the day of the Lord, and seek
+for a refuge from the face of the Lamb. The
+next events in consecutive order, would be the
+resurrection of the righteous dead, the change
+of the living, their ascension to meet the Lord
+in the air, and the infliction of the wrath of
+God on the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the wicked seek to escape from God's
+presence, the righteous are still unchanged
+upon the earth. But before the wrath of God
+is poured upon his enemies, the winds of
+heaven are to be holden while the angel of
+the living God seals his servants in their foreheads.
+<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>
+The holding of the winds and the
+sealing are, consequently, subsequent to the
+terror of the wicked, at the appearance of the
+Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The four winds are the winds coming from
+all directions; and symbolize strife, war, and
+commotion among men, analogous to the violent
+action of the winds of heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Dan. 7:2, the striving of the four winds
+upon the great sea preceded the rising of the
+four beasts: in other words, the various contests
+and strifes among the different people
+and tongues of earth resulted in the establishment
+of the successive empires which have
+arisen to universal dominion. The blowing
+of the wind seems to be any influence exerted
+upon men. In Ezek. 37:9 the breathing of
+the wind revives the dead; and in Zech. 5:9
+it symbolizes the removal of the wickedness
+of the Jews.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The angels holding the winds, consequently,
+must symbolize the agencies which have the
+power to excite or quell these disturbing influences.
+They do the bidding of the Lord in
+restraining or exerting the influences which
+should produce the effect symbolized. The
+holding of them indicates the proximity and
+certainty of their blowing unless they are
+restrained. The earth, sea, and trees, which
+would be hurt by the blowing of the wind,
+evidently symbolize the different classes of
+inhabitants of the earth, on whom an effect
+<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>
+would be produced by the blowing of the
+winds, analogous to the effect produced on
+those elements by a violent tempest, or hurricane.
+The storm here symbolized is evidently
+that of which the Scriptures speak.
+<q>On the wicked he shall rain snares, fire
+and brimstone, and an horrible tempest,</q> Psa.
+11:6. <q>Thou shalt be visited of the Lord
+of hosts with thunder, and with earthquake,
+and great noise, with storm and tempest, and
+the flame of devouring fire,</q> Isa. 29:6. <q>The
+Lord hath a mighty and strong one, which
+as a tempest of hail, and a destroying storm,
+as flood of waters overflowing, shall cast
+down to the earth with the hand,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 28:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sealing of the servants of God in their
+foreheads, designates them, but does not constitute
+them such; for none are sealed, only
+those who are previously his. This is in allusion
+to the ancient custom of stamping with
+a hot iron the name of the owner on the forehead
+or shoulder of his slave. Before the
+final destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians,
+Ezekiel saw in vision a man clothed in
+linen, with a writer's ink-horn by his side,
+who was commissioned to go through the
+midst of Jerusalem and set a mark on the
+foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry
+for all the abominations that be done in the
+midst thereof. And the destroying angels
+who were commanded to slay all, both old
+and young, to spare not, nor to have pity,
+<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>
+were expressly told to <q>come not near any
+man upon whom is the mark,</q> Ezek. 9:2-6.
+When the destroying angel passed through
+Egypt, on the night of the Passover, <q>to slay
+all the first-born of that nation, the houses
+of the Israelites were indicated by the blood
+of the Paschal Lamb sprinkled on their lintels
+and door-posts; and by these the angels
+passed,</q> Ex. 12:23. Thus in the present
+instance, before the descent of the impending
+storm, the servants of the Lord are to be indicated
+by the seal of the living God in their
+foreheads, and will be spared the horrible tempest
+which will <q>hurt</q> all those on whom it
+shall fall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The 144,000,&mdash;the whole number sealed,
+is a perfect number,&mdash;an appropriate symbol
+of all the living righteous on the earth. The
+twelve tribes, then, would symbolize all the
+branches of Christ's mystical body in which
+the servants of God are found. The pious
+dead would need no mark indicative of their
+acceptance, having previously, in the white
+robes given them, received the symbols of
+their justification, 6:11. That their resurrection
+and the changing of the living, immediately
+succeeded, is evident from:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Palm-bearing Multitude.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>After these things I looked, and lo, a great crowd, which
+no one could number, out of all nations, and tribes, and
+<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>
+people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the
+Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palm-branches in their
+hands; and they cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation
+to our God seated on the throne, and to the Lamb! And
+all the angels stood around the throne, and the elders and
+the four living beings, and fell before the throne on their
+faces, and worshipped God, saying, Amen: blessing and
+glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and
+power, and might, be to our God for ever and ever. Amen!
+And one of the elders answered, saying to me, Who are
+these arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? And
+I said to him, My Lord, thou knowest. And he said to me,
+These are they who came out of great affliction, and have
+washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb. For this, they are before the throne of God, and
+serve him day and night in his temple: and He, who sitteth
+on the throne, will dwell among them. They will hunger
+no more, and will thirst no more; nor will the sun light on
+them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, who is in the midst of
+the throne, will tend them, and lead them to fountains of
+living waters: and God will wipe away every tear from
+their eyes.</q>&mdash;Rev. 7:9-17.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This great multitude of white-robed palm-bearers,
+must include those who, under the
+preceding seal, anxiously inquired how long
+was to be deferred the avenging of their blood
+on those who dwell on the earth. That epoch
+had now arrived; and they come forth arrayed
+in the white robes then given them.
+The palm-branches in their hands, are emblems
+of victory. They symbolize the subjects
+of the first resurrection, caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air. That they are
+gathered from every land and every age, is
+asserted when it is said they are from every
+kindred, tongue, and people; and that they
+<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>
+triumph over death and the grave, is evident
+from the answer of one of the elders to the
+questions: <q>What are these?</q> and <q>Whence
+came they?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The epoch, is a point of time intervening
+between the first resurrection, and the descent
+of the new Jerusalem, 21:2. The loud and
+united voice, with which the redeemed multitude
+cry <q>Salvation to our God which sitteth
+upon the throne, and unto the Lamb,</q>&mdash;synchronizes
+with that of the <q>great multitude,</q>
+which, like the voice of many waters, and of
+<q>mighty thunderings,</q> shouted <q>Alleluia:
+for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth</q> (19:6),
+immediately preceding the marriage-supper
+of the Lamb (19:6-9). They are removed
+above the troubles of earth, which are impending
+upon the wicked, under:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Seventh Seal.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when he opened the seventh seal, silence took
+place in heaven for about half an hour. And I saw the
+seven angels, who stood before God; and seven trumpets
+were given to them. And another angel came and stood by
+the altar, having a golden censer; and much incense was
+given to him, that he should offer it with the prayers of all
+the saints on the golden altar before the throne. And the
+smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended
+before God from the angel's hand. And the angel
+took the censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and
+out it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunders,
+and lightnings, and an earthquake.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:1-5.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/>
+
+<p>
+The epoch of this seal, is sometimes regarded
+as anterior to that of the trumpets; and those
+are often supposed to be included in the events
+of this seal; but no conclusive reason has ever
+been given for removing it from its obvious
+position as the closing one, of a series of successive
+periods, commencing with the gospel,
+and extending to the end of the world. If the
+first six are successive in their respective order,
+analogy would require that the seventh
+be thus considered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Under the sixth seal, the great men and
+rich, are seen fleeing to the rocks for refuge
+from the wrath of the Lamb; and the risen
+saints symbolized, are in the Saviour's presence;
+but the infliction of the wrath of God
+on the wicked is not there symbolized. The
+events of that seal come down as far as those
+in the 19th chapter, which precede the marriage
+of the Lamb, 19:7.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The half-hour's silence, is the first thing
+indicated under the seventh seal. Being so
+expressly noticed, it would seem to be of some
+significance. As a period of symbolic time,
+on the scale of a day for a year, <q>about half
+an hour,</q> would equal a week's duration&mdash;corresponding
+to the time which intervened
+between the entrance of Noah into the ark,
+and the commencement of the deluge, Gen.
+7:1-4. As the period evidently synchronizes
+with the parable of the Saviour, when
+<q>the Bridegroom came; and they that were
+<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/>
+ready went in with him to the marriage, and
+the door was shut</q> (Matt. 25:10),&mdash;the others
+being still without,&mdash;it would seem to
+symbolize the time, between the entrance to
+the marriage of the Lamb (19:7), and the
+going forth of the Word of God with his armies,
+to judge, make war, and to slay the
+remnant with the sword, 19:11-21. It
+would be a period of holy joy to the righteous
+in the Saviour's presence, and of awful suspense
+to the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The seven angels, to whom were given
+seven trumpets, being introduced here, have
+doubtless caused the events of this seal to be
+regarded as anterior to the first trumpet. As
+those immediately following, evidently synchronize
+with occurrences of the closing epoch,
+the angels can only be introduced here in anticipation
+of the symbolization which they are
+to unfold under the sounding of the successive
+trumpets&mdash;the same as the seven angels with
+the last plagues are introduced, before the
+epoch of the commencement of their allotted
+work, 15:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The golden censer was the instrument in
+which incense was burned in the Jewish worship.
+Incense symbolizes prayers (5:8).
+The offering of much incense with the prayers
+of all saints and the smoke of the incense ascending
+up before God, indicates the acceptance
+of their offerings in heaven&mdash;the act
+being before the throne, and not on the earth.
+<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/>
+The acceptance of their prayers, also implies
+their own acceptance, when presented <q>faultless
+before the presence of his glory with exceeding
+joy,</q> Jude 24.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fire from the altar, symbolizes the instruments
+of divine justice; and the filling the
+censer with coals after the acceptance of the
+saints, and the casting of both the censer and
+fire to the earth, indicate that thenceforth
+there would be no more acceptance of prayer
+from those left on the earth, but the speedy
+infliction of impending judgments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>voices, and thunderings, and lightnings,
+and an earthquake,</q> which followed,
+evidently synchronize with the same events
+which follow the seventh trumpet: when the
+<q>wrath of God</q> has come, with <q>the time of
+the dead that they should be judged;</q> and
+when those are to be destroyed who have
+destroyed the earth, 11:19. They are the
+same, also, as those under the seventh vial,
+(16:18); and symbolize the final overturn
+and commotion, previous to the cleansing of
+the earth and the ushering in of a better day:
+Then will the
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8"><q rend="pre">fire purge all things new,</q></l>
+<l><q rend="post">Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Milton, Book xi.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Seven Trumpets.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the seven angels having seven trumpets prepared
+themselves to sound.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:6.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The sounding of each successive trumpet
+marks the commencement of an era, of a longer
+or shorter duration, as the striking of a clock
+does the succession of hours. During each
+era, were to be fulfilled the events symbolized
+in connection with its respective trumpet.
+Those under the trumpets are more of a political
+character than those presented in connection
+with the seals.
+</p>
+
+<div>
+<head>The First Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the first angel sounded, and there was hail and
+fire mingled with blood, and they were cast into the earth;
+and the third part of the earth was burnt up, and the third
+part of the trees was burnt up, and every green herb was
+burnt up.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:7.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The earth of the Apocalypse is regarded by
+most expositors as the Roman empire, in a
+state of comparative quiet. As no tornado
+like this described has ever happened, its correspondence
+must be sought for in the political
+relations of the empire. There is great
+unanimity among commentators respecting
+the period and the agents here symbolized,&mdash;that
+it refers to the invasions of the Goths and
+<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>
+other barbarians, from A. D. 363 to 410. After
+395, their incursions were more severe than
+during the earlier portion of that period. The
+third part of the earth, would be the third part
+of the Roman empire, in distinction from the
+other two-thirds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The green grass of the earth, the trees, &amp;c.,
+are distinguished from <q>those men which
+have <emph>not</emph> the seal of God in their foreheads</q>
+(9:4), and must therefore symbolize the
+people of God in the third part of the empire.
+As all the green grass is burnt up,
+while only one-third of the trees suffer, the
+latter cannot include one-third of all the trees
+in the empire, but only one-third in the parts
+affected,&mdash;the grass indicating the more
+weakly, and the trees the more hardy classes
+of Christians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The infidel historian, Gibbon, has given the
+events which fitly correspond with the symbolization
+of these trumpets. After the death
+of Theodosius, in January, A. D. 395, Alaric,
+the bold leader of the Gothic nation, took
+arms against the empire. The terrible effects
+of this invasion, are thus described:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independent
+standard; and boldly avowed hostile
+designs, which they had long cherished in
+their ferocious minds. Their countrymen,
+who had been condemned, by the conditions
+of the last treaty, to a life of tranquillity and
+labor, deserted their farms at the first sound
+<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>
+of the trumpet, and eagerly assumed the
+weapons which they had reluctantly laid
+down. The barriers of the Danube were
+thrown open; the savage warriors of Scythia
+issued from their forest; and the uncommon
+severity of the winter, allowed the poet to remark,
+that <q>they rolled their ponderous wagons
+over the broad and icy back of the indignant
+river.</q> The unhappy nations of the
+provinces to the south of the Danube, submitted
+to the calamities, which, in the course
+of twenty years, were almost grown familiar
+to their imagination; and the various troops
+of barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name,
+were irregularly spread from the woody
+shores of Dalmatia, to the walls of Constantinople.
+The Goths were directed by the bold
+and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of
+a divided court, and a discontented people, the
+emperor, Arcadius, was terrified by the aspect
+of the Gothic arms. Alaric disdained to
+trample any longer on the prostrate and
+ruined countries of Thrace and Dacia, and he
+resolved to seek a plentiful harvest of fame
+and riches in a province which had hitherto
+escaped the ravages of war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Alaric traversed, without resistance, the
+plains of Macedonia and Thessaly. The
+troops which had been posted to defend
+the Straits of Thermopylæ, retired, as they
+were directed, without attempting to disturb
+the secure and rapid passage of Alaric; and
+<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>
+the fertile fields of Phocis and BÅ“otia were
+instantly covered with a deluge of barbarians,
+who massacred the males of an age to bear
+arms, and drove away the beautiful females,
+with the spoil and cattle of the flaming villages.
+The travellers who visited Greece
+several years afterwards, could easily discover
+the deep and bloody traces of the march of
+the Goths. The whole territory of Attica
+was blasted by his baneful presence; and if
+we may use the comparison of a cotemporary
+philosopher, Athens itself resembled the bleeding
+and empty skin of a slaughtered victim.
+Corinth, Argos, Sparta, yielded without resistance
+to the arms of the Goths; and the most
+fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by
+death, from beholding the slavery of their families,
+and the conflagration of their cities.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon's
+Rome</hi>, vol. v., p. 177.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Being tempted by the fame of Rome, Alaric
+hastened to subjugate it. He put to flight the
+Emperor of the West; but deliverance soon
+came, and Rome was saved from his hands.
+Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another
+cloud was gathering, and is thus described
+by Gibbon:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">About four years after the victorious
+Toulan had assumed the title of Khan of the
+Geougen, another barbarian, the haughty
+Rhodogast, or Radagaisus, marched from the
+northern extremities of Germany almost to
+the gates of Rome, and left the remains of his
+<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>
+army to achieve the destruction of the West.
+The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians,
+formed the strength of this mighty host;
+but the Alani, who had found a hospitable
+reception in their new seats, added their active
+cavalry to the heavy infantry of the Germans;
+and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly
+to the standard of Radagaisus, that, by some
+historians, he has been styled the King of the
+Goths. Twelve thousand warriors, distinguished
+above the vulgar by their noble birth,
+or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van;
+and the whole multitude, which was not less
+than two hundred thousand fighting men,
+might be increased by the accession of women,
+of children, and of slaves, to the amount of
+four hundred thousand persons.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The correspondence of nations was, in
+that age, so imperfect and precarious, that the
+revolutions of the North might escape the
+knowledge of the court of Ravenna, till the
+dark cloud, which was collected along the
+coast of the Baltic, burst in thunder upon the
+banks of the Upper Danube, &amp;c. Many cities
+of Italy were pillaged or destroyed; and the
+siege of Florence by Radagaisus, is one of the
+earliest events in the history of that celebrated
+republic, whose firmness checked or delayed
+the unskilful fury of the barbarians.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>While the peace of Germany was secured
+by the attachment of the Franks, and the neutrality
+of the Alemanni, the subjects of Rome,
+<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>
+unconscious of the approaching calamities,
+enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, which
+had seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul.
+Their flocks and herds were permitted to
+graze in the pastures of the barbarians: their
+huntsmen penetrated, without fear or danger,
+into the darkest recesses of the Hercynian
+wood. The banks of the Rhine were crowded,
+like those of the Tiber, with elegant houses
+and well-cultivated farms; and if the poet descended
+the river, he might express his doubt
+on which side was situated the territory of the
+Romans. This scene of peace and plenty was
+suddenly changed into a desert; and the prospect
+of the smoking ruins, could alone distinguish
+the solitude of nature, from the desolation
+of man. The flourishing city of Mentz
+was surprised and destroyed; and many thousand
+Christians were inhumanly massacred in
+the church. Worms perished, after a long
+and obstinate siege; Strasburg, Spires, Rheims,
+Tournay, Arras, Amiens, experienced the
+cruel oppression of the German yoke; and the
+consuming flames of war spread from the
+banks of the Rhine over the greatest part of
+the seventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich
+and extensive country, as far as the ocean,
+the Alps, and the Pyrenees, was delivered to
+the barbarians, who drove before them, in a
+promiscuous crowd, the bishop, the senator,
+and the virgin, laden with the spoils of their
+houses and altars.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, vol. v., p. 224.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>
+
+<p>
+After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus,
+Alaric again returned, invaded Italy
+in 408, and in 410 he besieged, took, and
+sacked Rome, and died the same year. In
+412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this last year, <q>a public conference was
+held in Carthage, by order of the magistrate;</q>
+and it was there agreed to inflict the most
+severe penalties on those who dissented
+from the Catholic doctrines, in the African
+part of the Roman empire. Says Gibbon:&mdash;<q>Three
+hundred bishops, with many thousands
+of the inferior clergy, were torn from
+their churches, stripped of their ecclesiastical
+possessions, banished to the islands, and
+proscribed by the laws, if they presumed to
+conceal themselves in the provinces of Africa.
+Their numerous congregations, both in the
+cities and country, were deprived of the rights
+of citizens, and of the exercise of religious
+worship.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Second Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the second angel sounded, and it was as if a great
+mountain burning with fire were cast into the sea: and the
+third part of the sea became blood; and the third part of the
+creatures in the sea, and having life, died; and the third
+part of the ships was destroyed.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:8, 9.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+A mountain differs from a tornado, and
+must symbolize a compact, organized body of
+invaders. Its being of a volcanic nature, renders
+<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>
+it so much the more terrible and destructive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As waters symbolize <q>peoples, multitudes,
+nations, and tongues,</q> the sea into which the
+mountain is cast, is a people already agitated
+by previous commotions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ships and fish in the sea, must necessarily
+symbolize agents sustaining a relation to
+the Roman Sea, analogous to the relation of
+such to the literal sea. They are those who
+live upon, and are supported by, the people:&mdash;the
+rulers and the officers of state.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The symbol of a burning mountain fitly represents
+the armed invaders under Genseric. In
+the year 429, with fifty thousand effective
+men he landed on the shores of Africa, established
+an independent government in that
+part of the Roman empire, and from thence,
+harassed the southern shores of Europe and
+the intermediate islands, by perpetual incursions.
+Says Gibbon:&mdash;<q rend="pre">The Vandals, who,
+in twenty years, had penetrated from the Elbe
+to Mount Atlas, were united under the command
+of their warlike king; and he reigned
+with equal authority over the Alarici, who
+had passed within the term of human life,
+from the cold of Scythia, to the excessive heat
+of an African climate.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Vandals and Alarici, who followed
+the successful standard of Genseric, had acquired
+a rich and fertile territory, which
+stretched along the coast from Tangiers to
+<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>
+Tripoli; but their narrow limits were pressed
+and confined on either side by the sandy desert
+and the Mediterranean. The discovery
+and conquest of the black nations that might
+dwell beneath the torrid zone, could not tempt
+the rational ambition of Genseric; but he cast
+his eyes towards the sea; he resolved to create
+a new naval power, and his bold enterprise
+was executed with steady and active perseverance.
+The woods of Mount Atlas afforded
+an inexhaustible nursery of timber; his new
+subjects were skilled in the art of navigation
+and ship-building; he animated his daring
+Vandals to embrace a mode of warfare which
+would render every maritime country accessible
+to their arms; the Moors and Africans
+were allured by the hope of plunder; and,
+after an interval of six centuries, the fleet that
+issued from the port of Carthage again claimed
+the empire of the Mediterranean. The success
+of the Vandals, the conquest of Sicily,
+the sack of Palermo, and the frequent descents
+on the coast of Lucania, awakened and
+alarmed the mother of Valentinian, and the
+sister of Theodosius.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The naval power of Rome was unequal
+to the task of saving even the imperial city
+from the ravages of the Vandals. Sailing
+from Africa, they disembarked at the port of
+Ostia, and Rome and its inhabitants were delivered
+to the licentiousness of Vandals and
+Moors, whose blind passions revenged the
+<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/>
+injuries of Carthage. The pillage lasted fourteen
+days and nights; and all that yet remained
+of public and private wealth, of
+sacred or profane treasure, was diligently
+transported to the vessels of Genseric. In
+the forty-five years that had elapsed since
+the Gothic invasion, the pomp and luxury of
+Rome were in some measure restored; and it
+was difficult either to escape, or to satisfy the
+avarice of a conqueror, who possessed leisure
+to collect, and ships to transport, the wealth
+of the capital.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon.</hi>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Third Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the third angel sounded, and a great star fell
+from heaven, burning like a torch, and it fell on the third
+part of the rivers, and on the fountains of waters; and the
+name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part
+of the waters became wormwood; and many men died by
+the waters, because they were made bitter.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:10,
+11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The sounding of the third trumpet marks
+the advent of a third invader of the Roman
+empire. And such was Attila, the king of the
+Huns, who invaded Gaul A. D. 451. Gibbon
+says:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The kings and nations of Germany and
+Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to the Danube,
+obeyed the warlike summons of Attila.
+From the royal village in the plains of Hungary,
+his standard moved towards the west;
+<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/>
+and, after a march of seven or eight hundred
+miles, he reached the conflux of the Rhine
+and the Necker.</q> <q>The hostile myriads
+were poured with resistless violence into the
+Belgic provinces.</q> <q>The consternation of
+Gaul was universal.</q> <q>From the Rhine and
+the Moselle, Attila advanced into the heart of
+Gaul, crossed the Seine at Auxerre, and,
+after a long and laborious march, fixed his
+camp under the walls of Orleans.</q> <q>An alliance
+was formed between the Romans and
+Visigoths.</q> The hostile armies approached.
+<q><q>I myself,</q> said Attila, <q>will throw the
+first javelin, and the wretch who refuses
+to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devoted
+to inevitable death.</q> The spirit of the
+barbarians was rekindled by the presence, the
+voice, and the example, of their intrepid leader;
+and Attila, yielding to their impatience, immediately
+formed his order of battle. At the
+head of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila
+occupied, in person, the centre of the line.</q>
+The nations from the Volga to the Atlantic
+were assembled on the plains of Chalons; and
+there fought a battle, <q>fierce, various, obstinate,
+and bloody, such as could not be paralleled,
+either in the present, or in past ages!
+The number of the slain amounted to one
+hundred and sixty-two thousand, or according
+to another account, three hundred thousand
+persons; and these incredible exaggerations
+suppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to
+<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/>
+justify the historian's remark, that whole generations
+may be swept away, by the madness
+of kings, in the space of a single hour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Attila was compelled to retreat; but neither
+his forces nor reputation suffered. He
+<q>passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besieged
+Aquileia with an innumerable host of barbarians.</q>
+<q>The succeeding generation could
+scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. After
+this dreadful chastisement, Attila pursued
+his march; and, as he passed, the cities of
+Altinum, Concordia, and Padua were reduced
+into heaps of stones and ashes. The inland
+towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, were
+exposed to the rapacious cruelty of the Huns.
+Milan and Pavia submitted, without resistance,
+to the loss of their wealth;</q> and <q>applauded
+the unusual clemency which preserved
+from the flames the public as well as private
+buildings, and spared the lives of the captive
+multitude.</q> <q>Attila spread his ravages over
+the rich plains of modern Lombardy; which
+are divided by the Po, and bounded by the
+Alps and Apennines.</q> He took possession of
+the royal palace of Milan. <q>It is a saying
+worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila, that
+the grass never grew on the spot where his
+horse had trod.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He advanced into Italy, only as far as the
+plains of Lombardy and the banks of the Po,
+reducing the cities he passed to stones and
+ashes; but there his ravages ceased. He concluded
+<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/>
+a peace with the Romans in the year
+of his invasion of Italy (451), and the next
+year he died. Thus he appeared like a fiery
+meteor, exerted his appointed influence upon
+the tongues and people, who were tributary
+to the Romans,&mdash;as rivers and fountains of
+waters are to the sea; and like a burning
+star, he as suddenly expired. As a specimen
+of the bitterness which followed his course, it
+is recorded of the Thuringians who served in
+his army, and who traversed, both in their
+march and in their return, the territories of
+the Franks, <q>that they massacred their hostages
+as well as their captives. Two hundred
+young maidens were tortured with exquisite
+and unrelenting rage; their bodies were torn
+asunder by wild horses, or were crushed under
+the weight of rolling wagons; and their unburied
+limbs were abandoned on public roads,
+as a prey to dogs and vultures.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fourth Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the
+sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the
+third part of the stars; so that the third part of them was
+darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and
+the night in like manner.</q>&mdash;Rev. 8:12.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The sun, moon, and stars cannot here, any
+more than under the sixth seal (6:12,13),
+symbolize agents of their own order, but must
+<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>
+represent the rulers of the Roman empire.
+Says Dr. Keith:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">At the voice of the first angel, and the
+blast of his trumpet, the whole Roman world
+was in agitation, and <q>the storms of war</q>
+passed over it all. <q>The union of the empire
+was dissolved;</q> a third part of it fell; and the
+<q>transalpine provinces were separated from
+the empire.</q> Under the second trumpet, the
+provinces of Africa, another, or the maritime,
+part, was in like manner reft from Rome, and
+the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea,
+and even in their harbors. The empire of
+Rome, hemmed in on every side, was then
+limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within its
+bounds, and along the fountains and rivers of
+waters, the third trumpet reëchoed from the
+Alps to the Apennines. The last barrier of
+the empire of Rome was broken. The plains
+of Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe:
+and from thence new enemies arose to bring
+to an end the strife of the world with the imperial
+city.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><q>In the space of twenty years since the
+death of Valentinian</q> (two years subsequent to
+the death of Attila), <q>nine emperors had successively
+disappeared; and the son of Orestes,
+a youth recommended only by his beauty,
+would be the least entitled to the notice of
+posterity, if his reign, which was marked by
+the extinction of the Roman empire in the
+<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>
+west, did not leave a memorable era in the
+history of mankind.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The throne of the Cæsars had been for
+ages the sun of the world; while other kings
+were designated as stars. The imperial power
+had first been transferred to Constantinople by
+Constantine; and it was afterwards divided
+between the east and the west; but the eastern
+empire was not yet doomed to destruction.
+The precise year in which the western empire
+was extinguished, is not positively ascertained,
+but it is usually assigned to A. D. 476. Some
+place it in 479. The imperial Roman power, of
+which either Rome or Constantinople had been
+jointly or singly the seat, whether in the West
+or the East, ceased to be recognized in Italy;
+and the third part of the sun was smitten, till
+it emitted no longer the faintest rays. The
+power of the Cæsars became unknown in
+Italy; and a Gothic king reigned over Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dr. Keith considers that <q>the concluding
+words of the fourth trumpet imply the future
+restoration of the Western empire: <q>The day
+shone not for a third part of it, and the
+night likewise.</q> In respect to civil authority,
+Rome became subject to Ravenna; and Italy
+was a conquered province of the Eastern empire.
+But, as more appropriately pertaining
+to other prophecies, the defence of the worship
+of images first brought the spiritual and temporal
+powers of the Pope and of the emperor
+into violent collision; and, by conferring on
+<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/>
+the Pope all authority over the churches, Justinian
+laid his helping hand to the promotion
+of the papal supremacy, which afterwards assumed
+the power of creating monarchs. In
+the year of our Lord 800, the Pope conferred
+on Charlemagne the title of Emperor of the
+Romans. The title was again transferred from
+the King of France to the Emperor of Germany.
+By the latter it was formally renounced,
+within the memory of the existing generation.
+In our own days the iron crown of Italy was
+on the head of another <q>emperor.</q></q> Then
+the sun was suddenly darkened, as symbolized
+under the sixth seal, 6:12. p. 66.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Woe-denouncing Angel.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I beheld, and heard an eagle flying in the midst
+of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the
+inhabitants of the earth, from the remaining voices of the
+trumpet of the three angels, who are to sound.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+8:13.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The word eagle, instead of angel, is in accordance
+with the more recent revised editions
+of the Greek. It must symbolize persons peculiarly
+apprehensive at this crisis, of disasters
+to follow the extinction of the Roman
+empire in the west. During the first half of
+the sixth century, the Sclavonians invaded the
+east, <q>spread from the suburbs of Constantinople
+to the Ionian Gulf, destroyed thirty-two
+<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>
+cities or castles, razed Potidæa, which Athens
+had built, and Philip had besieged, and repassed
+the Danube, dragging at their horses'
+heels one hundred and twenty thousand of
+the subjects of Justinian.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon.</hi> And
+they continued their inroads, until the citizens
+became apprehensive that the Empire of the
+East would be extinguished like that of the
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This symbol also indicates that the events
+under the trumpets which were to follow,
+would be far more dreadful and terrible than
+those of the preceding ones. For this reason,
+the last three are sometimes denominated <hi rend='smallcaps'>The
+Woe Trumpets</hi>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fifth Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star, which
+had fallen from heaven to the earth: and to him was given
+the key of the pit of the abyss. And he opened the pit of
+the abyss: and a smoke arose out of the pit, like the smoke
+of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened
+by the smoke of the pit. And locusts came out of the smoke
+into the earth: and power was given to them, as the scorpions
+of the earth have power. And it was said to them
+that they should not injure the herbage of the earth, nor
+any green thing, nor any tree; but only those men who
+have not the seal of God on their foreheads. And they
+were not allowed to kill them, but to torment them five
+months: and their torment was like the torment of a scorpion,
+when he striketh a man. And in those days men will
+seek death, and will not find it; and will desire to die, and
+death will flee from them. And the shapes of the locusts
+were like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads
+<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>
+were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like
+the faces of men. And they had hair like the hair of
+women, and their teeth were like those of lions. And they
+had breast-plates, like breast-plates of iron; and the sound
+of their wings was like the sound of chariots with many
+horses rushing into battle. And they had tails like scorpions,
+and there were stings in their tails: and their power
+was to injure men five months. They had a king over them,
+the messenger of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is
+Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue he hath the name Apollyon.
+One woe is past away; and behold, there come yet
+two woes hereafter.</q>&mdash;Rev. 9:1-12.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The previous trumpets reveal the agencies
+which effected the dismemberment and overthrow
+of Western Rome. The fifth and sixth
+unfold those which terminated that empire in
+the east, embracing the territory between the
+Adriatic and Euphrates, the Lybian desert
+and the Danube.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A star (1:20) symbolizes a messenger,
+or head of a religious body, p. <ref target="Pg031">31</ref>. Mohammed
+is generally regarded as represented by
+this symbol. He was, by birth, of the princely
+house of the Koreish, Governors of Mecca, a
+family of eminence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The star had fallen to the earth before opening
+the pit of the abyss, which illustrates the
+flight of Mohammed from Mecca, and the seeming
+termination of all his hopes. To save his
+life, he took refuge, with one companion, in a
+cave near Medina, in A. D. 622, which forms
+the epoch of the Hegira, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, of his flight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bottomless pit, is where Satan is subsequently
+<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>
+cast (20:3); and the key of it being
+given to this agent, symbolizes his power to
+open and to cause the smoke to issue from it;
+the Satanic origin of which is thus indicated:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Smoke is an appropriate representative of
+error, and symbolizes the Mohammedan doctrines;
+which, like the smoke of a great furnace,
+were disseminated far and wide, subverting
+the religion, and, in time, effecting
+the overthrow of the remaining portion of the
+Roman empire&mdash;the sun, one-third of which
+was smitten under the fourth trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The locusts were generated in the smoke
+from whence they issued. In a corresponding
+manner, the spread of Mohammedanism resulted
+in the organization of hordes of Saracens,
+who propagated the religion of the false
+prophet by the sword, and founded the famous
+Arabian empire, which extended from the
+Atlantic ocean to the river Euphrates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The shapes of the locusts were like horses
+prepared for battle; and the Saracenic hordes,
+thus symbolized, were mounted horsemen,
+famous for the swiftness of their flight or pursuit,
+and ever ready for the contest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their crowns, faces, hair, teeth, breast-plates,
+&amp;c., seem to be indicative of their personal
+appearance: on their heads they wore
+yellow turbans, like coronets; their demeanor
+was grave and firm; their hair, like that of
+women, was suffered to grow uncut; they
+were defended by the cuirass or breast-plate;
+<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>
+and in rushing to battle, their onset was like
+that of chariots and many horses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They had a king over them, named Abaddon
+in the Hebrew, and Apollyon in the Greek,
+both of which signified the Destroyer. The
+Saracens acknowledged the authority of Mohammed
+during the whole period of their conquests;
+not only recognizing him as their
+prophet and king during his lifetime, but his
+successors, after his death, considered and
+called themselves Mohammed's <hi rend='italic'>Caliphs</hi>, or
+<hi rend='italic'>Vicars</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their mission was not against the grass, green
+things, and trees, but had express reference to
+the men who had <emph>not</emph> the seal of God in their
+foreheads. The antithesis here expressed,
+shows that by the former were symbolized the
+servants of God, and that these locust-warriors
+were particularly commissioned against infidels
+and apostates. Christians were not to be molested;
+and provision was made for their protection,
+in the circular letter which Abubekir sent
+to the Arabian tribes, A. D. 633. He said:
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q><q>Remember, that you are always in the presence of
+God, on the verge of death, in the assurance of judgment,
+and the hope of paradise: avoid injustice and oppression;
+consult with your brethren, and study to preserve the love
+and confidence of your troops. When you fight the battles
+of the Lord, acquit yourselves like men, without turning
+your backs; but let not your victory be stained with the
+blood of women and children. Destroy <emph>no palm-trees, nor
+burn any fields of corn</emph>. Cut down no fruit-trees, nor do
+any mischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When
+you make any covenant, or article, stand to it, and be as
+<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>
+good as your word. As you go on, you will find some <emph>religious
+persons</emph> who live in retired monasteries, and propose
+to themselves to serve God that way; let them alone, and
+neither kill them nor destroy their monasteries; and you
+will find another sort of people that belong to the synagogue
+of Satan, who have <emph>shaven crowns</emph>; be sure you cleave their
+skulls, and give them no quarter <emph>till they either turn
+Mohammedans or pay tribute</emph>.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+At this epoch, the Greek church at Constantinople
+had been preserved from the reproach
+of image worship, and still later it
+made strenuous efforts against it; but the
+churches of the north of Africa, and the Asiatic
+portion of the Eastern empire, had become
+greatly debased, and worshipped saints and
+images. And while the territories of these
+were speedily subverted to Mohammedanism,
+and became a part of the Arabian empire, the
+east of Europe was wonderfully preserved
+from their inroads.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their power was not to kill, but to torment
+men five months. To kill, symbolically, according
+to the significance of the second seal,
+p. <ref target="Pg060">60</ref>, is to compel men to apostasize; and they
+could not be in a condition to force their religion
+on the men of the eastern empire, without
+first subjecting it by force of arms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The time of this torment was limited to five
+prophetic months. In one hundred and fifty
+years from the <hi rend='italic'>Hegira</hi> the Saracen empire
+had ceased to be aggressive. In 762 Bagdad,
+the city of peace, was founded on the Tigris,
+by Al-Mansur, who died in 774. <q>From this
+<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/>
+time,</q> says <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rottick</hi>, <q>the Arabian history
+assumes an entirely different character.</q> It
+was no longer progressive; the proud Saracen
+empire became dismembered, and three independent
+and hostile Caliphates, and several
+fragments of kingdoms, were formed from its
+ruins. In 841, the reigning Caliph at Bagdad,
+distrusting the spirit of his own troops, hired
+a body of fifty thousand Turkish soldiers,
+which he distributed in his dominions. These
+accelerated the ruin of the Caliphate, and, in
+time, the whole of the Saracen territory became
+subject to the Tartar rule, which had
+become Mohammedan, and also aimed to subject
+the eastern empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The declaration that <q>one woe is past,</q>
+v. 12, implies an interval between that and
+the woe following. In a corresponding manner,
+the crusaders from Europe, like the successive
+overflowing of a mighty river, restrained
+the Tartars from the conquest of Constantinople,
+which had now consented to image
+worship, till the sounding of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Sixth Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice out
+of the four horns of the golden altar before God, saying to
+the sixth angel having the trumpet, Loose the four messengers
+bound near the great river Euphrates. And the four
+messengers were loosed, prepared for an hour, and day,
+and month, and year, to slay the third part of men. And
+the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred
+thousand thousand: I heard the number of them. And
+thus I saw on the horses in the vision, and those, who sat
+<pb n='099'/><anchor id='Pg099'/>
+on them, having red, blue and yellow breast-plates: and
+the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions; and fire,
+and smoke, and brimstone issued from their mouths. By
+these three plagues the third part of men was killed; by the
+fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued
+from their mouths. For the power of the horses is in their
+mouth, and in their tails: for their tails having heads were
+like serpents, and they injure with them. And the rest of
+the men, who were not killed by these plagues, yet repented
+not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship
+demons, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and
+stone, and of wood: which can neither see, nor hear, nor
+walk; nor did they repent of their murders, nor of their
+sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+9:13-21.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The great river, the Euphrates,&mdash;waters
+being a symbol of people, (17:15)&mdash;must
+symbolize those who sustain a relation to the
+Roman hierarchy, as its defenders and supporters;
+analogous to that sustained by the
+river Euphrates to the city of Babylon;
+which was situated on, and drew its wealth
+and support from it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The angels bound near the Euphrates,
+must then be those powers, which, approaching
+and attacking the Roman Empire, were
+<emph>restrained</emph> from effecting its conquest and enforcing
+the profession of Mohammedanism.
+Their being loosed, signifies the removal of
+those restraints. Mr. Lord suggests that they
+symbolize leaders of the four armies of the
+Tartars, which successively overran the surrounding
+provinces. He says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The first horde were the Seljukians, who
+<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/>
+invaded the Eastern empire about the middle
+of the eleventh century, under Togrul Beg.</q>
+He suddenly overran, with myriads of cavalry,
+the frontier, from Taurus to Arzeroum,
+and spread it with blood and devastation.
+Alp Arslan, his successor, soon renewed the
+invasion, conquered Armenia and Georgia,
+penetrated into Cappadocia and Phrygia, and
+scattered detachments over the whole of lesser
+Asia. His troops being subsequently driven
+back, he renewed the war, and recovered
+those provinces. His descendants, and others
+of the race, soon after extended their conquests,
+and established the kingdoms in the
+east of Persia and Syria, and Roum, in lesser
+Asia, which they maintained through many
+generations, and made their sway a scorpion
+scourge to the idolatrous inhabitants. The
+Christians were allowed the exercise of their
+religion on the conditions of tribute and servitude,
+but were compelled to endure the scorn
+of the victors, to submit to the abuse of their
+priests and bishops, and to witness the apostasy
+of their brethren, the compulsory circumcision
+of many thousands of their children,
+and the subjection of many thousands to
+a debasing and hopeless slavery.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The second army was that of the Moguls,
+who, in the thirteenth century, after the conquest
+of Persia, passed the Euphrates, plundered
+and devastated Syria, subdued Armenia,
+Iconium, and Anatolia, and extinguished
+<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/>
+the Seljukian dynasty. Another army advancing
+to the west, devastated the country
+on both sides of the Danube, Thrace, Bulgaria,
+Servia, Bosnia, Hungary, Austria, and
+spread them with the ruins of their cities and
+churches, and the bones of their inhabitants.
+This horde had been prepared for this invasion
+by vast conquests in the East.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The third were the Ottomans, who in the
+beginning of the fourteenth century conquered
+Bithynia, Lydia, Ionia, Thrace, Bulgaria,
+Servia, and in the following century Constantinople
+itself, and have maintained their empire
+to the present time. They were released
+from restraint on the one hand by the decay
+of the Mogul Khans, to whom they had been
+subject, and on the other by the dissensions
+and weakness of the Greeks.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The last was that of the Moguls under
+Tamerlane, who in the beginning of the fifteenth
+century overran Georgia, Syria, and
+Anatolia, and spread them with slaughter and
+desolation. He also had been prepared for
+this incursion by his previous victories and
+conquests.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ex. Apoc.</hi>, pp. 225, 226.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These armies, the number of which is literally
+<q>myriads of myriads,</q> were not all
+subsequent to the time when they had power
+to subject the Eastern Roman empire; but may
+be the four, from the fact that the Mohammedan
+power was extended by these armies, which
+<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/>
+till this time had been restrained from accomplishing
+the subjugation of Constantinople.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The restraints being removed, they were
+now to have power to kill, by compelling the
+third part of men to embrace the doctrines of
+Mohammed,&mdash;evident reference being had to
+the men of the eastern empire; the conquest
+of which was now to be effected, the dial of
+heaven having indicated the arrival of the
+predicted epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1449 Constantine Deacoses, being entitled
+to the throne of Constantinople by the
+death of John Paleologus, did not venture to
+take possession till he had sent ambassadors
+and gained the consent of Amurath, the Turkish
+Sultan. From this fact, Ducas, the historian,
+counts Paleologus as the last Greek
+emperor&mdash;for he did not consider as such, a
+prince who did not dare to reign without permission
+of his enemy. Amurath died and
+was succeeded in the empire, in 1451, by
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahomet II.</hi>, who set his heart on Constantinople,
+and made preparations for besieging
+the city. The siege commenced on the 6th
+of April, 1453, and ended in the taking of the
+city, and death of the last of the Constantines,
+on the 16th of May following, when the
+eastern city of the Cæsars became the seat of
+the Ottoman empire; and its <q>religion was
+trampled in the dust by the Moslem conquerors.</q>
+Thus the two-horned beast (13:11),
+<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>
+became merged in, and identified with the false
+prophet, 16:13, and 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The description of the horses, and those
+who sat on them (v. 17), is strikingly emblematic
+of the Turkish warriors who subjugated
+Constantinople. Says Dr. Keith:
+<q>The breast-plates of the horsemen, in reference
+to the more destructive implements of
+war, might then, for the first time, be said to
+be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. The
+musket had recently supplied the place of the
+bow. <hi rend='italic'>Fire</hi> emanated from their breasts.
+<hi rend='italic'>Brimstone</hi>, the flame of which is <hi rend='italic'>jacinth</hi>,
+was an ingredient both of the <hi rend='italic'>liquid fire</hi> and of
+gunpowder.... A new mode of warfare
+was at that time introduced, which has
+changed the nature of war itself, in regard to
+the form of its instrument of destruction; and
+sounds and sights unheard of and unknown
+before, were the death-knell and doom of the
+Roman empire. Invention outrivalled force,
+and a new power was introduced, that of
+musketry as well as of artillery, in the art of
+war, before which the old Macedonian phalanx
+would not have remained unbroken, nor
+the Roman legions stood. That which <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>
+saw <q>in the vision,</q> is read in the history of
+the times.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By these three, the fire, smoke, and brimstone,
+were the third part of men killed (v.
+18), and by these was the conquest of Constantinople
+effected. Says Gibbon: <q rend="pre">At the
+<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/>
+request of Mahomet II., Urban produced a
+piece of brass ordnance of stupendous and
+almost incredible magnitude. A measure of
+twelve palms was assigned to the bore, and
+the stone bullet weighed about six hundred
+pounds. A vacant place before the new palace
+was chosen for the first experiment; but
+to prevent the sudden and mischievous effects
+of astonishment and fear, a proclamation was
+issued that the cannon would be discharged
+the ensuing day. The explosion was felt or
+heard in a circuit of a hundred furlongs; the
+ball, by the force of the gunpowder, was driven
+about a mile, and on the spot where it fell,
+it buried itself a fathom deep in the ground.
+For the conveyance of this destructive engine,
+a frame or carriage of thirty wagons was
+linked together, and drawn along by a train
+of sixty oxen; two hundred men, on both
+sides, were stationed to poise or support the
+rolling weight; two hundred and fifty workmen
+marched before to smooth the way and
+repair the bridges, and near two months were
+employed in a laborious journey of a hundred
+and fifty miles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In the siege, the incessant volleys of
+lances and arrows were accompanied with the
+smoke, the sound, and the fire of their musketry
+and cannon. Their small arms discharged
+at the same time five or even ten
+balls of lead of the size of a walnut, and according
+to the closeness of the ranks, and the
+<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/>
+force of the powder, several breast-plates and
+bodies were transpierced by the same shot.
+But the Turkish approaches were soon sunk
+into trenches, or covered with ruins. Each
+day added to the science of the Christians,
+but their inadequate stock of gunpowder
+was wasted in the operation of each day.
+Their ordnance was not powerful either in
+size or number, and if they possessed some
+heavy cannon, they feared to plant them on
+the walls, lest the aged structure should be
+shaken and overthrown by the explosion.
+The same destructive secret had been revealed
+to the Moslems, by whom it was employed
+with the superior energy of zeal, riches, and
+despotism. The great cannon of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahomet</hi>
+was flanked by two fellows almost of equal
+magnitude: the long order of the Turkish
+artillery was pointed against the walls: fourteen
+batteries thundered at once on the most
+accessible places, and of one of these it is ambiguously
+expressed that it was mounted with
+one hundred and thirty guns, or that it discharged
+one hundred and thirty bullets.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The conquest of Constantinople being accomplished,
+they were to have power to kill
+men during an hour, day, month, and year
+of prophetic time&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> three hundred and
+ninety-one years, fifteen days. If reckoned
+from the conquest of the city, this would extend
+to June 1844. Whether any particular
+act has transpired to mark the precise point
+<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/>
+of its termination, may not be important; but
+it is interesting to consider that within a
+few years the Mohammedan government has
+formally granted permission for the full enjoyment
+of the Protestant religion; and has
+renounced the right of punishing by death,
+apostates from Islamism.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In August 1843, an Armenian, who had
+become a Mussulman and subsequently returned
+to the religion of his fathers, was beheaded
+at Constantinople. The Christian
+powers of Europe immediately remonstrated,
+and it was hoped that the law against apostates
+from Mohammedanism would be permitted
+to become a dead letter. In a few
+months, however, a firman issued from the
+government ordering the decapitation of a
+young man near Brooza, who was put to
+death for having promised in a passion, but
+had afterwards refused, to become a Mohammedan.
+Lord Aberdeen, the British Secretary
+of Foreign Affairs, then demanded of the
+Turkish Sultan that the Porte should not
+insult and trample on Christianity, <q>by treating
+as a criminal any person who embraces
+it;</q> but should <q>renounce, absolutely and
+without equivocation, the barbarous practice
+which has called forth the remonstrance now
+addressed to it.</q> To this communication the
+following answer was made early in 1844:
+<q>The Sublime Porte engages to take effectual
+measures to prevent, henceforward, the execution
+<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/>
+and putting to death of the Christian
+who is an apostate.</q> On the 15th of November,
+1847, for the first time, a firman was
+issued recognizing Protestant Christians as a
+distinct community, forbidding any molestation
+or interference <q>in their temporal or
+spiritual concerns,</q> and permitting them <q>to
+exercise the profession of their creed in security.</q>
+This coming from the Vizier, did
+not necessarily survive a change of ministry;
+but in November, 1850, a firman was issued
+from the Sultan himself, <emph>establishing</emph> the policy
+of the empire in respect to Protestants, and
+confirming them in all needed civil and religious
+privileges. Thus has the Mohammedan
+government formally and forever renounced
+the power it had so long wielded, of causing
+spiritual death by compelling men to apostatize
+from Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The rest of the men not killed, must be
+those in portions of the Roman territory not
+included in the eastern third. The Roman
+Catholics in the western parts, were not reformed
+by the judgments inflicted on the east.
+They continued to worship the canonized
+dead, and to bow down to images of the
+saints. Under this trumpet, a mighty movement
+was to be there effected, which was
+symbolized by the descent of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Rainbow Angel.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw another mighty angel descending from
+heaven, clothed with a cloud: and the rainbow was over
+his head, and his face was like the sun, and his feet like
+pillars of fire; and he had in his hand a little book opened:
+and he set his right foot on the sea, and his left foot on the
+land. And shouted with a loud voice, as a lion roareth:
+and when he shouted, seven thunders uttered their voices.
+And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was
+about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying, Seal
+up those things, which the seven thunders uttered, and write
+them not. And the angel, whom I saw standing on the sea and
+on the land, raised his hand to heaven, and swore by him who
+liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things
+in it, and the earth, and the things in it, and the sea, and the
+things in it, that the time should not yet be; but in the days
+of the voice of the seventh angel, when he will sound, the
+secret of God will be finished, as he hath announced to his
+servants the prophets. And the voice, which I heard from
+heaven, spoke with me again, and said, Go, take the little
+book, which is opened in the hand of the angel, who standeth
+on the sea and on the land. And I went away to the
+angel, and said to him, Give me the little book. And he
+said to me, Take, and eat it up; and it will make thy stomach
+bitter, but in thy mouth, it will be sweet as honey.
+And I took the little book from the angel's hand, and ate it
+up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and when I
+had eaten it my stomach was bitter. And he said to me,
+Thou must prophesy again concerning many people, and
+nations, and tongues, and kings.</q>&mdash;Rev. 10:1-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This angel, like those in corresponding passages,
+must symbolize a body of men, whose
+importance is indicated by the might and
+splendor of the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His descent from heaven, the cloud, the
+rainbow, the sun-like face, and the fire-like
+feet of the Mighty Messenger, attest the heaven-inspired
+<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>
+origin of his utterances. His
+<q>eyes as a flame of fire, and his feet like unto
+fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace,</q>
+would not be given to one who came to announce
+other than heaven-inspired truths.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>open book</emph> in the hand of the angel,
+fixes the chronology of the fulfilment of this
+vision at an epoch when the Scriptures cease
+to be a closed and sealed book, and the people
+are permitted to have free access to them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His <emph>position</emph>&mdash;one foot resting on the sea,
+and one on the land&mdash;attests the universality
+of the movement which is to date from that
+epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His lion voice, must symbolize the manner
+in which would be announced the great truths,
+at which the whole world would be startled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>singleness</emph> of his cry, is also symbolic
+of the simplicity of the truth, which is
+never symbolized by discordant multitudinous
+sounds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>responsive thunders</emph>, unlike the single
+voice of the angel, are multitudinous and discordant;
+and consequently symbolize errors.
+Their <emph>following</emph> so immediately on the shout
+of the angel, shows the proximity of their
+promulgation to the utterance of the truths to
+which they are responsive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>John's</hi> <emph>readiness to write</emph> what the seven
+thunders uttered, shows that what they uttered
+was <emph>professedly</emph> in harmony with the
+truths previously announced, and that men
+<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>
+would be liable to be deceived, by their promulgation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His being <emph>forbidden</emph> by the cloud-robed angel,
+to write what they uttered&mdash;while he
+was commanded to <q>seal not the sayings of
+the prophecy of this book</q> (22:10),&mdash;shows
+that their utterances were not heaven-inspired,
+and constituted no part of <q>the word of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>,
+and of the testimony of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesus Christ</hi>,</q> which
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi> bare record of.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>subsequent oath</emph> of the angel, by Him
+who liveth forever, that <q>the time is not yet,</q>
+shows that those thunders, however erroneous
+in their form manner and connection with
+other errors, had respect to some great event
+foretold in Scripture; but which the thunders
+had <emph>antedated</emph> and presented in an <emph>unscriptural</emph>
+form.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His further announcement that it would be
+fulfilled under the sounding of the <q>seventh
+trumpet,</q> and that then the mystery of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>
+should be finished in the manner foretold to
+his servants the prophets, shows that the great
+event, the time of which was <q>not yet,</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>,
+under the sixth trumpet, was the coming of
+the kingdom of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>&mdash;the fifth universal empire;
+that at a period anterior to the time
+when it might rationally be expected, it would
+be proclaimed in a form repugnant to the
+teachings of the prophets; and that when thus
+heralded, it would be met by the party uttering
+the heaven-inspired truths, with the denial
+<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/>
+that the time had arrived, and by arguments
+to show its true nature and epoch, under the
+seventh trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The command to take and eat the little
+book, shows that its contents were such as the
+soul might feed on; which should be sweet to
+the believer's taste, but would subject him to
+bitter persecution. And the announcement
+that they were to prophesy <emph>again</emph> before many
+nations and peoples and tongues and kings,
+marks this as the commencement of an era
+when the Gospel should again begin to go
+forth into distant lands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All of the above particulars harmonize in
+the time of the reformation of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luther</hi> in the
+sixteenth century, and with no other epoch.
+The great truths then promulgated, of which
+<q>justification by faith</q> was the cardinal one,
+electrified the whole world, as the loud roaring
+of a lion would startle the passer-by.
+These were immediately responded to by the
+multitudinous errors of the Anabaptists and
+others, who thought to set up the kingdom of
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> in
+<emph>this world</emph>, and <emph>before the resurrection</emph>,
+by putting to death the ungodly and sparing
+only the saints.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As in all efforts for good Satan is careful to
+attempt a counterfeit, or to mingle impure
+elements to the injury of the truth, so in
+the Reformation there were false reformers.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomas Munzer</hi>, and others, in 1525, incited
+vast numbers on the borders of the Danube to
+<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/>
+make physical war on the Papal ecclesiastics.
+He denounced <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luther</hi>, also, with the same
+violence that he did the Pope. In his mad
+attempt to slay the ungodly, he took possession
+of Muhlhausen, appointed a new city
+council, pillaged the houses of the rich, proclaimed
+a community of goods, and committed
+various excesses; but they were finally defeated
+in a pitched battle, with a loss of from
+five thousand to seven thousand killed. Others
+succeeded him, teaching that <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> spake to them
+in person, instructing them how to act. They
+professed the most extravagant doctrines, setting
+aside both <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luther</hi> and the Bible. The
+former did not go near far enough for them;
+and the latter was in their view insufficient
+for man's instruction, who could only be
+taught of God. They taught that the world
+was to be immediately devastated; and no
+priest or ungodly person be left alive; and
+that then the kingdom of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> would commence,
+and the saints possess the earth.
+Those who adhered to <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luther</hi>, united with
+him in bearing a faithful testimony against
+such extravagances, adhered to the written
+word, denounced new revelations, and showed
+from the Bible that Antichrist was to be overthrown
+by the personal advent of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Christ</hi>, and
+not by the sword of man. The following
+extracts are from <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mr. Lord</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The pretences of the Anabaptists to inspiration
+were in like manner denounced by
+<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/>
+Melancthon. <q>The Anabaptists, infatuated by
+the devil, have boasted a new species of
+sanctity, as though they had left the earth,
+and ascended to the skies; and given out,
+moreover, that they enjoy extraordinary inspiration.
+But as the pretence was hypocritical,
+and designed merely to subserve appetite
+and ambition, they soon plunged into debauchery,
+and then excited seditions, and undertook
+to establish a New Jerusalem, as other enthusiasts
+have often attempted. A like tragedy
+was formerly acted at Pepuza in Phrygia,
+which fanatical prophets denominated the
+new Jerusalem.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">He also refuted by the Scriptures, the
+expectation of the Anabaptists of the immediate
+establishment of Christ's millennial kingdom.
+He regarded the term Antichrist as
+denoting both the Mohammedan empire and
+the Papacy, and held that they were not to be
+overthrown till the time of the resurrection of
+the dead, and that a considerable period was
+to pass before that event. <q>God showed to
+Daniel a series of monarchies and kingdoms,
+which it is certain has already run to the end.
+Four monarchies have passed away. The
+cruel kingdom of the Turks, which arose out
+of the fourth, still remains, and as it is not to
+equal the Roman in power, and has certainly,
+therefore, already nearly reached its height,
+must soon decline, and then will dawn the
+day in which the dead shall be recalled to
+<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/>
+life.</q> He then repeats the saying ascribed to
+Elias, that six thousand years were to pass
+before the advent of Christ; two thousand
+before the law, two under the law, and two
+under the gospel; and proceeds to show that
+four hundred and fifty-eight years were,
+therefore, to intervene before the advent of
+the Redeemer, the destruction of Antichrist,
+and the establishment of the kingdom of the
+saints. <q>It is known that Christ was born
+about the end of the fourth millenary,<note place="foot">The first Advent was,
+according to the best-settled chronological
+data, about four thousand one hundred and twenty years
+from creation.</note> and
+one thousand five hundred and forty-two
+years have since revolved. We are not,
+therefore [in 1542], far from the end.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>These views corresponding so conspicuously
+with the symbol, continued to be repeated by
+a crowd of writers, till at the distance of sixty-seven
+years from the death of Melancthon,
+the celebrated Joseph Mede published his
+<q>Clavis Apocalyptica,</q> in which he showed
+from the coincidence of the periods of the
+wild beast and the witnesses, that the advent
+of the Redeemer, and the destruction of the
+anti-Christian powers were not to be expected
+until twelve hundred and sixty years had
+passed from the rise of the ten kingdoms, and
+that near one hundred of them, therefore, were
+still to revolve. As that period expired and
+the knowledge of the prophecy advanced, the
+<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>
+catastrophe of the wild beast was referred to
+a later time. Many recent expositors regard
+the twelve hundred and sixty years as having
+reached their end in 1792; and most refer the
+fall of the anti-Christian powers to the last
+half of the present, or the beginning of the
+next century.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ex. of Apoc.</hi>, pp. 238-240.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the vagaries of the various sects of
+heretics were connected with an expectation
+of the immediate establishment of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Christ's</hi>
+kingdom. That the seven thunders gave
+utterance to such an expectation, is evident
+from the response of the angel, when he lifted
+up his hand to heaven and with the solemnity
+of an oath, by Him who liveth forever,
+affirmed that <q><emph>the time should not yet be</emph>;</q>
+but that <q>in the days of the voice of the
+seventh angel, when he delays to sound,<note place="foot">See margin
+of Whiting's Testament. Lord has it, <q>when
+he can be ready to sound.</q></note> the
+secret of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> will be finished, as he hath
+announced to his servants the prophets.</q>
+Why such an annunciation at this stage of
+the vision? It must be to correct a misapprehension
+which would exist at a corresponding
+time in its fulfilment, respecting the
+immediate appearance of the kingdom. Thus
+did <hi rend='smallcaps'>Paul</hi> correct the Thessalonian brethren,
+when he wrote to them in his second epistle
+not to be shaken in mind, as that the day of
+the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lord</hi> was then impending, 2 Th. 2:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bible, was, at this epoch, first opened
+<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/>
+to the common people. Before, it was only
+found in languages which they were entirely
+ignorant of. It was translated by <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luther</hi> into
+their own language, and thus made accessible.
+The art of printing, discovered at about
+that time, enabled all who wished, to avail
+themselves of its unsealed contents. They
+feasted on the words of inspiration, which
+were sweeter to them than honey, or the honey-comb.
+But afterwards, they had to endure bitterness
+for the sake of the Gospel. Divisions
+and subdivisions followed, parties multiplied,
+and heresies abounded, accompanied
+with bitter and mischievous discussions, and
+fierce and rancorous contentions. These being
+based on the understanding which the several
+parties attached to portions of scripture, were
+fitly symbolized by the bitterness that followed
+the eating of the book. At this time,
+also, was revived a system of religious teachings
+which has gone forth into many lands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reörganization of the church at this
+epoch, is next symbolized.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Measuring Reed, Temple, &amp;c.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And there was given me a measuring reed like a rod,
+and it was said, Arise, and measure the temple of God,
+(and the altar,) and those who worship in it. But the
+court which is without the temple, leave out, and measure
+it not; for it is given to the Gentiles: and they will tread
+the holy city under foot
+forty-two months.</q>&mdash;Rev. 11:1, 2.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>
+
+<p>
+These symbols are evidently taken from
+the temple and altar of Jewish worship, and
+represent corresponding analogies under the
+Christian dispensation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To measure anything, is to examine and
+take notice of its parts and proportions; and
+that by which it is measured, is the standard
+or rule to which it should conform.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The temple, is a proper symbol of the
+church of God; which is <q>built upon the
+foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus
+Christ himself being the Chief Corner Stone,
+in whom all the building, fitly framed together,
+groweth unto a holy temple in the Lord,</q>
+Eph. 2:20, 21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the epoch of the Reformation, the nominal
+church was subjected to the scrutiny of
+the word of God; and its pretensions were
+measured by the scriptural rule. The reformers
+found the Man of Sin, <q>as God sitting
+in the temple of God,</q> (2 Thess. 2:4);
+and they had to re-model their church relationship,
+in accordance with the pattern presented
+in the New Testament. This involved
+the consideration of what constituted the
+church,&mdash;its organization, its ministry, its
+sacraments, and its membership,&mdash;their mutual
+relation to God, and to each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The altar, must symbolize the sacrifice
+and atonement of Christ,&mdash;the <q>altar whereof
+they have no right to eat which serve the
+tabernacle,</q> Heb. 13:10. The great question,
+<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/>
+of justification by faith in the death of
+Christ, was the rallying cry of the Reformation.
+The fundamental principles of Christian
+truth were then unfolded anew, and the
+doctrines of the Papacy, including the sacrifice
+of the mass, were rejected as contrary to
+Bible teachings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The worshippers in the temple, who were to
+be measured by the same rule, are Christians.
+All who were to be recognized as such, were
+to give evidence of conformity to the Bible
+standard. Regeneration by the Holy Ghost,
+was held by the reformers to be necessary to
+church membership. The Papists required
+only baptism and confirmation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The court without the temple, was that to
+which the Gentiles had access, and beyond
+which their entrance was prohibited. Devout
+foreigners were there permitted to pay their
+devotions to the God of heaven. As the
+Gentiles must symbolize those who are not
+Christians, the occupants of the outer court,
+must be the congregation&mdash;the nominal worshippers
+who throng the outer courts of the
+Lord, in distinction from the true worshippers.
+Such were to have free and unrestricted access
+to the places of Christian worship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The holy city is that in which the temple is
+situated, and must embrace the church as a
+whole, subjected to Gentile rule. Its being
+trodden under foot, indicates that the civil
+polity under which the church would subsist,
+<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>
+should, during the period specified, be under
+the control of those who worship only in the
+outer court.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The forty and two months, is a period of
+time, corresponding with the thousand two
+hundred and three score days of the verse
+following, the time and times and half a time
+of Rev. 12:14, and the corresponding periods
+of Rev. 12:6; 13:5; Dan. 7:25; and 12:7;
+symbolizing a period of twelve hundred and
+sixty years, according to the almost unanimous
+opinion of Protestant writers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This period does not commence with this
+epoch, but began with the subjection of Christianity
+to the power of the civil arm, which
+was to continue during the time predicted,&mdash;notwithstanding
+the reädjustment of the temple-worship,&mdash;when
+Christians should cease
+to be responsible to any human tribunal for
+the orthodoxy of their faith.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the same period, also, power to
+prophesy, though shrouded in sackcloth, was
+to be given to:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Christ's Two Witnesses.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I will give charge to my two witnesses, and they
+will prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed
+in sackcloth. These are the two olive-trees, and the
+two lamp-stands, standing before the Lord of the earth.
+And if any one wisheth to injure them, fire proceedeth from
+their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if anyone
+wisheth to injure them, he must thus be killed. These
+<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/>
+have power to shut heaven, that it may not rain in the
+days of their prophecy: and they have power over the
+waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with
+every plague, as often as they wish. And when they shall
+have finished their testimony, the wild beast that ascendeth
+out of the abyss will make war with them, and will overcome
+them, and kill them. And their dead body <emph>will lie</emph>
+on the wide street of the great city, which is spiritually
+called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified.
+And those of the people, and tribes, and tongues, and
+nations, will see their dead body three days and a half, and
+will not allow their dead body to be put into a tomb.
+And those, who dwell on the earth, will rejoice over them,
+and exult, and send gifts to each other; because these
+two prophets tormented those, who dwell on the earth.
+And after the three days and a half the Spirit of life from
+God entered them, and they stood on their feet; and great
+fear fell on those, who saw them. And they heard a great
+voice from heaven, saying to them, Ascend here! And
+they ascended into heaven in a cloud; and their enemies
+saw them. And in that hour there was a great earthquake,
+and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the
+earthquake seven thousand names of men were slain: and
+the remnant became terrified, and gave glory to the God
+of heaven. The second woe is past away; behold, the third
+woe cometh quickly.</q>&mdash;Rev. 11:3-14.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The two witnesses are not symbolically
+exhibited, but are referred to by an elliptical
+metaphor, and are explained to be the
+<q>two olive-trees, and the two candlesticks.</q>
+Therefore, they are not two living men, as
+some suppose, shown to John in vision, symbolizing
+analogous agents; but their nature is
+to be determined by a consideration of the
+olive-trees and candlesticks which symbolize
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Candlesticks symbolize churches. Thus
+<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/>
+the Saviour said to John: <q>The seven candlesticks
+which thou sawest are the seven
+churches,</q> 1:20. When <q>men light a candle,</q>
+they put <q>it on a candlestick, and it
+giveth light unto all that are in the house,</q>
+Matt. 5:15. The candlestick does not originate,
+but sustains the light in a position to be
+seen and exert a beneficial influence. It is
+thus that the church is said to be <q>the light
+of the world,</q> and is required to let her light
+<q>shine before men,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+vs. 14-16,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>
+She is to disseminate the light committed to
+her; and in so doing, she becomes a <emph>witness</emph> for
+Jesus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The church comprises all the holy persons
+who have lived on earth, and is symbolized
+by two candlesticks, corresponding to the two
+dispensations of its existence. Those who
+lived under the former dispensation, are called
+<q>a great cloud of witnesses,</q> Heb. 12:1.
+Of Christ, <q>give all the prophets witness,</q>
+Acts 10:43. They constitute the voice of
+the church in that age. Under the gospel
+dispensation, also, Christ had chosen witnesses
+of himself. He said to his disciples,
+<q>Ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in
+Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in Samaria,
+and unto the uttermost parts of the earth,</q>
+(<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 1:8); and they said, <q>We are his witnesses,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 5:32. <q>We are witnesses of
+all things which he did, ... witnesses
+chosen before of God,</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 10:39-41);&mdash;<q>his
+<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/>
+witnesses unto the people,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 13:31.
+They and their successors have <q>testified and
+preached the word of the Lord,</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 8:25),
+overcoming <q>by the word of their testimony,</q>
+(Rev. 12:11),&mdash;many of them being <q>slain
+for the word of God, and for the testimony
+which they held,</q> 6:9. The church, one in
+all ages, symbolized by the two candlesticks,
+is thus a <emph>witness</emph> of Jesus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The two olive-trees, symbolize the other
+witness, which must sustain a relation to the
+church, analogous to that sustained by the
+olive-trees to the candlesticks. The declaration,
+that the witnesses are <emph>the</emph> two olive-trees
+and candlesticks, implies the existence of some
+previous symbolization, where those objects
+and their relation to each other are presented.
+And the connection shows clearly that reference
+is made to the vision, wherein Zechariah
+beheld <q>a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl
+upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon,
+and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which
+are upon the top thereof; and two olive-trees
+by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and
+the other upon the left side thereof,</q> Zech.
+4:2, 3. The relation which the olive-trees
+sustain to the candlestick, is shown by the
+questions of the prophet: <q>What are these,
+my Lord?</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 4); <q>What are these
+two olive-trees upon the right side of the
+candlestick and upon the left side thereof?
+What be these two olive-branches which
+<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/>
+through the two golden pipes empty the
+golden oil out of themselves?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> vs. 11, 12.
+The office of the olive-trees, was to supply
+the candlestick with oil which alone enabled
+them to give light. The oil of the olive-tree,
+was burned before the Lord continually.
+The light committed to the church, is the
+truth of God's word. And thus the angel
+explains the meaning of the olive-trees:
+<q>This is the word of the Lord unto Zerubbabel,</q>
+(<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 6); <q>These are the two
+anointed ones [<hi rend='italic'>mar</hi>, sons of oil], that stand
+by the Lord of the whole earth,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 14.
+And this expression, corresponding with that
+in Rev. 11:4, shows that this vision of
+Zechariah is the one referred to, and that it is
+explanatory of the witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Scriptures, as well as the church,
+testify of Christ: <q>Search the Scriptures,</q>
+said the Saviour, speaking of those then
+written; <q>they are they which <emph>testify</emph> [or
+bear witness] of me,</q> (John 5:39); and
+of the New Testament, he said: <q>This gospel
+of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world for a <emph>witness</emph> unto all nations,</q>
+Matt. 24:4. Like two olive-trees supplying
+the candlesticks with oil, the Scriptures of the
+Old, and of the New Testament give light
+to the church, and testify of Christ. They
+stand on either side of him,&mdash;the one beginning
+with the creation and pointing to a
+Messiah to come, testifying of him by types
+<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/>
+and shadows; and the other looking back to
+the death and resurrection of Christ, and
+cheering the heart of the believer by the evidence
+of his second coming at the end of the
+world. Thus stood within the oracle of the
+temple the two cherubim, which Solomon
+made <q>of <emph>olive-tree</emph>,</q> and whose wings met
+over the ark of the covenant: <q>He set the
+cherubim within the inner house, and they
+stretched forth the wings of the cherubim,
+so that the wing of the one touched the one
+wall, and the wing of the other cherub
+touched the other wall; and their wings
+touched one another in the midst of the
+house,</q> 1 Kings 6, 27. Thus symbolized, the
+Scriptures and the church are Christ's two
+witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To prophesy, is to make known the truths
+of God. Thus, at the epoch of the Reformation,
+they were to prophesy <emph>again</emph> before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues and
+kings, 10:11. It was to enable the witnesses
+to do this, that the necessary power
+was to be given them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sackcloth, is a symbol of humiliation and
+sorrow; and the witnesses being thus clothed,
+indicates that during the time specified, they
+should be in a despised and oppressed condition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The one thousand two hundred and sixty
+days, symbolize years. God said to Israel,
+after the evil report of the twelve spies:
+<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>
+<q>Your children shall wander in the wilderness
+forty <emph>years</emph> ... after the number of the
+<emph>days</emph> which ye searched the land,</q> Num. 14:33,
+34. And to Ezekiel, <q>This shall be a
+sign to the house of Israel: Lie thou upon
+thy left side, and lay the iniquity of the house
+of Israel upon it, ... for I have laid upon
+thee the years of their iniquity, according to
+the number of the days, three hundred and
+ninety days.... And when thou hast accomplished
+them, lie again on thy right side,
+and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house
+of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee
+<emph>each day for a year</emph>,</q> Ezek. 4:3-6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This period of one thousand two hundred
+and sixty years, is not the whole time in
+which the witnesses prophesy, but marks the
+duration of their prophesying in sackcloth.
+It commenced when the light of the Bible
+began to be obscured by the secondary place
+which was accorded to it in the estimation of
+the Papal church, and the living witnesses
+were no longer permitted to preach the gospel
+in its purity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 533, the Emperor Justinian,
+wrote a letter to the Pope declaring him to be
+<q>the head of all the holy churches,</q> and
+subjecting to his control <q>all the priests of
+the whole East.</q> By the edicts and mandates
+of Justinian, who was master of the Roman
+world, the supremacy of the Pope received
+the fullest sanction; and the highest authorities
+<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>
+among the civilians and annalists of
+Rome, refer to these as evidence of the
+right of the Pope to the title of <q>Universal
+Bishop,</q> and date it from A. D. 533. p. <ref target="Pg200">200</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With this supremacy, the power of the
+Papacy commenced. The Bible was permitted
+only in a dead language, and the
+faithful Christian was obliged to seek refuge
+in the wilderness. False doctrines obscuring
+the Bible, and persecuting enactments oppressing
+the church, clothed the witnesses in sackcloth;
+and thus only did they testify, till the
+power of the papacy was broken.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fire proceeded out of their mouth, when
+they made known the fiery judgments predicted
+in the Scriptures against all their
+enemies. And they shut heaven, smite with
+plagues, turn water to blood, &amp;c., when, in
+accordance with the inspired record, are fulfilled
+the predictions which, in various places,
+are thus symbolized.&mdash;See Rev. 15:6; 16:4,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The finishing of their testimony, refers to
+the termination of the sackcloth period,&mdash;twelve
+hundred and sixty years from A. D. 533; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>
+in 1793,&mdash;if the former date is correct.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless
+pit, is that on which, in a subsequent
+vision, the woman is seated, 17:7, 8. John
+saw this beast arise out of the sea, (13:1);
+and the subsequent exposition given of it, will
+show that it symbolized the civil power of the
+<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>
+Roman empire in its divided form.&mdash;See p.
+<ref target="Pg169">169</ref>. As the ten kingdoms constitute the beast,
+what is done by any of these kingdoms, is
+done by the beast. France was one of the
+more prominent of these kingdoms, and at one
+period, under Napoleon, controlled the greater
+portion of the whole.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To war against the witnesses, is to oppose,
+resist, and endeavor to crush them; and to
+overcome them, is to be successful in such
+efforts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To kill, when used symbolically and applied
+to Christians, is to cause them to apostatize&mdash;producing
+spiritual death, 9:5. When
+applied to the Scriptures, it can only denote
+their prohibition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The great city, as shown in connection with
+Rev. 16:19, p. 290, is the Roman hierarchy:&mdash;symbolized
+by Babylon, and <q>spiritually
+called Sodom and Egypt.</q> By being thus
+<q><emph>spiritually</emph> called Sodom,</q> some understand
+that it is a <q>spiritual Sodom,</q> &amp;c., which
+would be a contradiction of terms; others
+understand that it is called <emph>figuratively</emph> by
+those names, and deduce from it an argument
+for spiritualizing the Scriptures; but the use of
+the word <q><emph>spiritually</emph>,</q> it is believed, will not
+sanction any such meaning. It occurs only
+in two other passages:&mdash;in Rom. 8:7, to be
+<q>spiritually minded,</q> is to have a mind in
+accordance with the will of the Spirit; and in
+1 Cor. 2:14, things <q>spiritually discerned,</q>
+<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>
+signifies that they are discerned by the aid of
+the Spirit. The great city, then, is called by
+the Spirit, <q>Sodom and Egypt;</q> and is so
+called because of her licentiousness and idolatries,
+and her subjecting the saints to bondage.
+To crucify the Lord afresh, is to apostatize
+from his teachings, Heb. 6:6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1793, twelve hundred and sixty years
+from the date of the Papal supremacy, the
+Bible was abolished in France, by the solemn
+decree of the government, which declared that
+the nation acknowledged no God. A copy of
+the Bible could not be found in a single bookstore
+in Paris. Inquiry also was made for it in
+Rome, in <emph>all</emph> the book establishments of that
+city, and the invariable reply was, that it was
+prohibited. All the churches of Paris were
+shut, and the church plate was declared the
+property of the nation. Professors of religion,
+at the same time, in large numbers openly
+apostatized and embraced infidelity. Says
+Dr. Croley:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet,
+with the republican priests of Paris, had
+thrown off the gown and abjured religion.
+On the 11th, a <q>grand festival,</q> dedicated to
+<q>Reason and Truth,</q> was celebrated instead
+of divine service in the ancient cathedral of
+Notre Dame, which had been desecrated, and
+been named, <q>the Temple of Reason;</q> a pyramid
+was erected in the centre of the church,
+surmounted by a temple, inscribed, <q>To Philosophy.</q>
+<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>
+The torch of <q>Truth</q> was on the
+altar of <q>Reason,</q> spreading light, &amp;c. The
+National Convention, and all the authorities,
+attended at this burlesque and insulting ceremony.
+In February, 1794, a grand fête was
+ordered by the convention, in which hymns
+to Liberty were chanted, and a pageant in
+honor of the abolition of slavery in the colonies,
+was displayed in the <q>Temple of Reason.</q>
+In June another festival was ordered&mdash;to
+the Supreme Being: the God of Philosophy.
+But the most superb exhibition was
+the <q>general festival,</q> in honor of the republic.
+It was distinguished by a more audacious
+spirit of scoffing and profanation than the
+former. Robespierre acted the <q>high-priest of
+Reason</q> on the day, and made himself conspicuous
+in blasphemy. He was then at
+the summit of power,&mdash;actual sovereign of
+France.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dead bodies of the witnesses, would be
+their existence in that prohibited condition,
+when, in France, neither the Scriptures, nor
+the church showed any symptoms of life. In
+the street, would be the conspicuous and public
+manner in which indignities should be
+heaped on them. France had been one of the
+principal states yielding homage to the Roman
+church. Surrounding nations beheld, but
+would not permit the extermination of the
+Bible and Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/>
+
+<p>
+The French made merry over their blasphemous
+work. Says Dr. Croley:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>A very remarkable and <emph>prophetic</emph> distinction
+of this period, was the spirit of frenzied
+festivity which seized upon France. The
+capital, and all the republican towns, were
+the scene of civic feasts, processions, and
+shows of the most extravagant kind. The
+most festive times of peace under the most
+expensive kings were thrown into the shade
+by the frequency, variety, and extent of the
+republican exhibitions. Yet this was a time
+of perpetual miseries throughout France. The
+guillotine was bloody from morn till night.
+In the single month of July, 1794, nearly <emph>eight
+hundred persons</emph>, the majority, principal individuals
+of the state, and all possessing some
+respectability of situation, were guillotined in
+Paris alone. In the midst of this horror, there
+were twenty-six theatres open, filled with the
+most profane and profligate displays in honor
+of the <q>triumph of reason.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Lyons a Bible was tied to the tail of an
+ass and dragged in a procession through the
+streets of that city. Thus they rejoiced over
+the supposed end of religion in France; and
+congratulated themselves that the terrors of
+God's word, and the church would no more
+torment them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>After three days and a half,</q> would be
+that number of years from the suppression of
+Christianity in November, 1793. On the 17th
+<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>
+day of June, 1797, three and a half years from
+the abolition of the Bible and religious worship,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Camille Jourdan</hi>, in the <hi rend='italic'>Council of Five
+Hundred</hi>, brought up the memorable report
+on the <hi rend='italic'>Revision of the Laws Relative to Religious
+Worship</hi>, by which France gave permission
+to all citizens to buy or hire edifices
+for the free exercise of it; repealing all opposing
+laws, and subjecting those to a heavy fine
+who should in any way impede or interrupt
+any religious service. The Bible and the
+church again stood erect, to the dismay of
+all who had rejoiced over their overthrow.
+Those two witnesses were again in a position
+to resume their testimony.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They were not only to be thus restored, but
+were to be elevated far above their former
+position. Since that epoch, have been made
+all those great efforts to evangelize the world,
+by means of missionary, tract, Bible, and
+other benevolent societies, which have caused
+the <emph>Scriptures</emph> to be translated into nearly all
+known languages, and carried by the <emph>living
+preacher</emph> to the ends of the earth. The very
+room in which Voltaire uttered his famous
+prediction&mdash;that <q>the time would arrive
+when the Bible would be regarded only in
+the light of an old curiosity,</q>&mdash;is now used
+for a Bible depository, and is <q>piled to the
+ceiling with that rare old book.</q> Copies of
+the Bible have been multiplied a million fold,
+and scattered broadcast over the earth. The
+<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/>
+other witness,&mdash;the church, has since then,
+also, been greatly magnified. In this age of
+missions and Bibles, the number of believers
+has been greatly multiplied; and missionaries
+have penetrated all lands. The last half-century
+has been distinguished for its wonderful
+revivals; and the servants of the cross
+have <q>prophesied [or testified] again before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings,</q> 10:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same hour, is the time of the slaughter
+of the witnesses. Its epoch was to be marked
+by a great political revolution, which, in the
+Apocalypse, is symbolized by an earthquake.
+In the year in which Christianity was suppressed
+by France, they beheaded their king, abolished
+the monarchy, and entirely revolutionized
+the government. In the reign of terror following,
+the best blood of the nation was shed
+like water, and no man of influence could
+consider his life secure. Men, women and
+children were dragged before the revolutionary
+tribunals, had their accusations read to
+them, and were immediately condemned, and
+hurried off in crowds without a trial, to be
+shot, drowned or beheaded. At Lyons thirty-one
+thousand persons were thus slain; at
+Nantes thirty-two thousand,&mdash;and throughout
+France in proportion. The number thus
+slain, has been estimated at over one million,&mdash;a
+number hardly credible, and which might
+well be symbolized by seven thousand&mdash;a
+<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/>
+perfect number. Well might the remnant be
+affrighted, and hasten to give glory to the <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>
+of heaven, by the restoration of that book, the
+setting aside of which had involved them in
+such dire calamities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The tenth of the city which fell, must be
+the tenth of the Roman hierarchy, which is
+symbolized by the city. With the suppression
+of religion, the Catholic church was prohibited,
+with all others. France was one of
+the ten kingdoms, and the overthrow of the
+church in France, would be the fall of one-tenth
+of that city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus passed the second woe&mdash;the prelude
+to the third woe, which cometh quickly.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Seventh Trumpet.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud
+voices in heaven, saying, The kingdom of the world hath
+become the kingdom of our Lord, and of his Anointed; and
+he will reign for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders,
+who sat before God on their thrones, fell on their faces,
+and worshipped God, saying, We thank thee, O Lord God
+Almighty, who art, and who wast, because thou hast taken
+to thyself thy great power, and reigned. And the nations
+were enraged, and thy wrath is come, and the season of the
+dead, when they should be judged, and a reward should be
+given to thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and
+to those who fear thy name, small and great; and when
+thou shouldest destroy those, who destroy the earth. And
+the temple of God was opened in heaven, and the ark of
+his covenant in his temple appeared, and there were lightnings,
+and voices, and thunders, and an earthquake, and
+great hail.</q>&mdash;Rev. 11:15-19.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/>
+
+<p>
+The seventh, like the preceding trumpets,
+marks an epoch from which an era dates.
+<q>The days of the voice of the seventh angel</q>
+(10:7), are indicative of a period of time to
+follow its sounding, in which will be fulfilled
+the events predicted of that era.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The voices in heaven, which immediately
+follow its sounding, are prophetic utterances
+of events then to transpire; and are distinct
+from the response of the elders. When Christ
+<q>shall be revealed from heaven,</q> he will be
+accompanied <q>with his mighty angels,</q> 2
+Thess. 1:7. He will descend <q>with a shout,
+with the voice of the archangel, and with the
+trump of God,</q> (1 Thess. 4:16); and the
+shout is evidently that of the attending angels,
+symbolized by those voices, which will
+announce the revolution which is to be made
+in the empire of the earth, and of the substitution
+of the kingdom of God in the place of
+human governments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The kingdom here established, is the long
+promised consummation, foretold by prophets,
+and anticipated by saints of every age. It is
+that predicted by Daniel, when he says: <q>In
+the days of these kings shall the <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> of
+heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never
+be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be
+left to other people, but it shall break in pieces
+and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall
+stand forever.</q> Dan. 2:44. He also <q>saw
+in the night visions, and behold, one like the
+<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/>
+Son of Man came with the clouds of heaven,
+and came to the Ancient of Days, and they
+brought him near before him. And there was
+given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom,
+that all people, nations, and languages,
+should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting
+dominion, which shall not pass away,
+and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed....
+And the kingdom and dominion,
+and the greatness of the kingdom under
+the whole heaven, shall be given to the people
+of the saints of the Most High, whose
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all
+dominions shall serve and obey him.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 7:13,
+14, 27. It is that referred to in the simple
+petition, <q>Thy kingdom come</q> (Matt. 6:10),
+which was to be the great object of our
+prayer till the final consummation; which the
+disciples thought was to appear immediately,
+when they journeyed towards, and were nigh
+to, Jerusalem, and which misapprehension
+the Saviour corrected by the parable of a nobleman
+going into a far country to receive for
+himself kingly authority, and to return, Luke
+20:12. It is that respecting which they inquired,
+as the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Saviour</hi> was about to be taken
+from them, if he would at that time restore it
+to Israel, (Acts 1:6); and to which the apostle
+refers, when he declares to <hi rend='smallcaps'>Timothy</hi> that
+the Lord <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesus Christ</hi> will judge the living
+and the dead at his appearing and kingdom,
+2 Tim. 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Thy kingdom come! Thus, day by day</q></l>
+<l>We lift our hands to God and pray;</l>
+<l>But who has ever duly weighed</l>
+<l><q rend="post">The meaning of the words he said?</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+This kingdom is to be an eternal kingdom:
+<q>He will reign for ever and ever.</q> This is
+in accordance with the declaration in Daniel,
+that <q>the saints of the Most High shall take the
+kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even
+for ever and ever,</q> Dan. 7:18. To its eternity
+Nathan testifies when he says to David, <q>Thy
+house and thy kingdom shall be established
+forever before thee: thy throne shall be established
+forever,</q> 2 Sam. 7:16. Though this
+was spoken to David, it was to be fulfilled in
+Christ; for we read in Luke (1:32, 33), <q>He
+shall be great, and shall be called the Son of
+the Highest: and the Lord God shall give
+unto him the throne of his father David: and
+he shall reign over the house of Jacob forever;
+and of his kingdom there shall be no
+end.</q> It is predicted in Isaiah, that <q>Unto
+us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and
+the government shall be upon his shoulder;
+and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor,
+the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father,
+the Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his
+government and peace there shall be no end;
+upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom,
+to order it and to establish it with judgment
+and with justice, from henceforth, even
+forever,</q> Isa. 9:6, 7. To the Son the Father
+<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>
+saith, <q>Thy throne, O God, is for ever and
+ever,</q> (Heb. 1:8); and the blood-washed
+throng ascribe to him <q>glory and dominion
+for ever and ever,</q> 1:5, 6.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Thy kingdom come! O day of joy,</q></l>
+<l>When praise shall every tongue employ;</l>
+<l>When hate and strife and war shall cease,</l>
+<l>And man with man shall be at peace.</l>
+<l>Jesus shall reign on Zion's hill,</l>
+<l>And all the earth with glory fill;</l>
+<l>His word shall Paradise restore,</l>
+<l>And sin and death afflict no more.</l>
+<l>God's holy will shall then be done</l>
+<l>By all who live beneath the sun;</l>
+<l>For saints shall then as angels be,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">All changed to immortality.</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The four-and-twenty elders,&mdash;symbolizing
+those who are redeemed <q>out of every kindred
+and tongue and people and nation,</q> 5:8,
+9,&mdash;at the establishment of the kingdom,
+are to be made <q>kings and priests,</q> and are
+to <q>reign on the earth,</q> 5:10. They are
+<q>saints of the Most High,</q> who are to <q>take
+the kingdom,</q> and possess it <q>forever.</q> With
+the announcement of its establishment, they
+immediately respond with glad hosannas,
+which spontaneously and unitedly burst forth
+from the enraptured hosts of the ransomed
+ones, as they find themselves clothed upon
+with immortality, and in the joyful presence
+of their Lord. They are raised from the dead
+at this epoch; or are among the living who
+will then be translated, as says the apostle:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Behold I show you a mystery; we shall not
+all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a
+moment, in the twinkling of an eye, <emph>at the
+last trump</emph>,</q>&mdash;the last of the seven;&mdash;<q>for
+the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be
+raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The nations who are angry, will be the nations
+out from whom the righteous are taken,
+and who are left to the recompense of their
+reward;&mdash;<q>when the Lord Jesus shall be
+revealed from heaven with his mighty angels,
+in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that
+know not God and obey not the gospel of our
+Lord Jesus Christ: who shall be punished
+with everlasting destruction from the presence
+of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;
+when he shall come to be glorified in his
+saints, and to be admired in all them that
+believe,</q> 2 Thess. 1:7-10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The heathen had raged, and the people imagined
+a vain thing. The kings of the earth
+had set themselves, and the rulers taken counsel
+against the Lord, and against his anointed.
+Now the time of their anger is to end: the time
+for the exercise of the wrath of Jehovah upon
+them, has arrived, and they are filled with
+fear, consternation, and shame. The time
+has come when the dead are to be avenged,&mdash;when
+those who had been slain for the word
+of God, and for the testimony which they
+held, whose souls under the altar during the
+fifth seal, cried with a loud voice, saying,
+</p>
+
+<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou
+not judge and avenge our blood on them that
+dwell on the earth?</q> (6:10) find their expectations
+answered, and the destroyers, or perverters
+of the earth, in like manner perverted
+and destroyed. This winds up the kingdom
+of Satan on earth; his reign terminates, and
+his subjects are banished. The absence of all
+the wicked, with the transfiguration of all the
+righteous living and resurrection of the just,
+leave for subjects only those who have passed
+the period of their probation, and are introduced
+into the everlasting kingdom of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The opening of the temple in heaven, and
+the presentation of the Ark of the Covenant,
+symbolize the unfolding of the mystery, in
+which the administration of God may have
+been shrouded, making apparent all which
+may have been inexplicable in his dealings
+with men; and rendering evident the verity
+of his promises to his chosen ones.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The voices, lightnings, thunders, earthquake,
+and hail, are appropriate symbols of
+the plagues which will fall upon the wicked.
+These are fearfully depicted in the Scriptures.
+God says to Job, <q>Hast thou seen the treasures
+of hail which I have reserved against the
+time of trouble, against the day of battle and
+war,</q> 38:22, 23. Judgment then will be
+laid <q>to the line, and righteousness to the
+plummet, and the hail shall sweep away the
+refuge of lies. The Lord shall cause his glorious
+<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>
+voice to be heard, and shall show the
+lighting down of his arm with the indignation
+of his anger, and with the flame of devouring
+fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones,</q>
+Isa. 28:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This prepares the way for the purification
+of the earth as foretold by Peter (2 Pet. 3:12,
+13), the restitution of all things (3:21),
+the new heavens and new earth (21:1), the
+descent of the saints (21:2), and the kingdom
+of God on the earth, 21:3. Assuming the
+correctness of the view here given, how near
+to the time now present does it seem to fix the
+consummation!
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4"><q rend="pre">So shall the world go on,</q></l>
+<l>To good malignant, to bad men benign,</l>
+<l>Under her own weight groaning: till the day</l>
+<l>Appear, of respiration to the just,</l>
+<l>And vengeance to the wicked; at return</l>
+<l>Of him&mdash;thy Saviour and thy Lord:</l>
+<l>Last in the clouds from heaven, to be revealed</l>
+<l>In glory of the Father, to dissolve</l>
+<l>Satan, with his perverted world; then raise</l>
+<l>From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,</l>
+<l>New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,</l>
+<l>Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">To bring forth fruits, joy, and eternal
+bliss.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Milton.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring</q></l>
+<l>New heavens and earth, wherein the just shall dwell,</l>
+<l>And after all their tribulations long,</l>
+<l>See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">With joy and love triumphing, and fair
+truth.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Woman and Dragon.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed
+with the sun, and the moon was under her feet, and on her
+head a crown of twelve stars; and she, being with child,
+cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. And
+another sign appeared in heaven: and behold, a great red
+dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems
+on his heads. And his tail dragged the third part of
+the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth: and the
+dragon stood before the woman, who was about to be delivered,
+to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she
+brought forth a male child, who was to rule all nations with
+a rod of iron; and her child was snatched up to God, and
+to his throne. And the woman fled into the desert, where
+she hath a place there prepared of God, that they should
+feed her there one thousand two hundred and sixty days.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+12:1-6.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+With this chapter commences a new series
+of events, extending through the entire gospel
+dispensation; the former series being terminated
+by the events of the last trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The heaven, where these great <q>wonders</q>
+are exhibited, must symbolize the theatre of
+their fulfilment&mdash;the station to be occupied
+by the agents symbolized, which must be as
+conspicuous as heaven is relatively high above
+the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The woman, according to the use of the
+symbol in other places, must be a representative
+of the church. As the harlot on a scarlet-colored
+beast (17:3), is a symbol of a corrupt
+and apostate church, so a virtuous woman is
+a chosen symbol of the true church.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>
+
+<p>
+The <q>Jerusalem which is above is the
+mother</q> of all true Christians (Gal. 4:26);
+she is also <q>the bride, the Lamb's wife</q>
+(21:9); and <q>the remnant of <emph>her seed</emph>,</q> are
+those <q>which keep the commandments of
+God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ,</q>
+v. 17. Her robe of light, her position above
+the moon, and her crown of stars, indicate her
+greatness and glory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The epoch symbolized, as appears from the
+relative position of the woman and dragon, is
+evidently just prior to the first advent of the
+Messiah, when his coming was eagerly anticipated
+and ardently desired by the church,
+and the Roman power had thereby been excited
+to jealousy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The church is the same in all ages, comprising
+only the true people of God; all of
+whom will have part in the first resurrection,
+20:6. The Jewish church was continued
+by the breaking off of unbelieving branches,
+and the grafting in of believing Gentiles with
+believing Jews, who alike partake of the root
+and fatness of the same olive-tree, Rom.
+11:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Previous to the first advent, the Jewish
+church occupied a high political position, above
+that of the inferior officers of state, and was
+in the enjoyment of imperial favor. Patriarchs
+and prophets&mdash;the messengers of the
+church&mdash;were stars in her crown of rejoicing,
+1:20. From the utterance of the prediction
+<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>
+that the woman's seed should bruise the serpent's
+head (Gen. 3:15), the coming of the
+promised deliverer was the great desire of
+the church. Even Eve exclaimed, at the
+birth of her first-born (<emph>literally</emph>), <q>I have gotten
+<emph>the</emph> man from the Lord,</q> Gen. 4:1. For
+his coming,
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Kings and prophets waited long</q></l>
+<l><q rend="post">But died without the sight.</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+They <q>inquired and searched diligently, who
+prophesied of the grace that should come
+unto you: searching what, or what manner
+of time the spirit of Christ which was in them
+did signify, when it testified beforehand the
+sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should
+follow,</q> 1 Pet. 1:10, 11. <q>Many righteous
+men desired</q> to see his day (Matt. 13:17);
+Abraham rejoiced and was made glad at its
+prospect, when in the distant future (John, 8:56);
+and Hezekiah lamented that because of
+death he should not see <q>the Lord in the land
+of the living,</q> Isa. 38:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The seventy weeks indicated to the Jews
+the time of <q>the Messiah, the Prince,</q> Dan.
+9:26-27. When these were near their termination,
+to the pious and devout Simeon who
+was <q>waiting for the consolation of Israel,</q>
+it <q>was revealed by the Holy Ghost, that he
+should not see death before he had seen the
+Lord's Christ,</q> Luke 2:25, 26. And the
+opinion was so general, that when the <emph>Baptist</emph>
+preceded him, <q>the people were in expectation,
+<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/>
+and all men mused in their hearts of
+John, whether he were the Christ or no,</q>
+Luke 3:15. This expectation is testified to
+by the Jewish historians Philo and Josephus;
+and it was that which so troubled Herod,
+when wise men came, saying, <q>Where is he
+that is born King of the Jews?</q> Matt. 2:1-3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The belief that some remarkable personage
+was about to appear in Judea, was not confined
+to Palestine, but extended to Egypt,
+Rome, Greece, and wherever the Jews were
+scattered abroad. Says Suetonius, a Roman
+historian: <q>An ancient and settled persuasion
+prevailed throughout the East, that the
+Fates had decreed some one to proceed from
+Judea, who should attain universal empire.</q>
+And Tacitus, another Roman historian, says:
+<q>Many were persuaded that it was contained
+in the ancient books of their priests, that at
+that very time the East should prevail, and
+that some one should proceed from Judea,
+and possess the dominion.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The great red dragon sustains a relation to
+the woman, analogous to that sustained by
+the nondescript beast (of Dan. 7:7), to the
+saints of the Most High; and his position respecting
+the man-child is like that of the exceeding
+great horn (Dan. 8:9), to the Prince of
+princes, Dan. 8:25. Like the beast referred
+to, the dragon has ten horns; and its characteristics
+indicate that it also symbolizes the
+<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/>
+Roman empire,&mdash;<q>the fourth kingdom upon
+earth,</q> Dan. 7:23. The dragon is a monster
+serpent. <q>That old serpent</q> who seduced
+Eve (Gen. 3:5), <q>called the devil</q> (Matt.
+4:1-12), and <q>Satan</q> (2 Cor. 2:11),
+<q>who deceiveth the whole world,</q> is an appropriate
+representative of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>head</q> of a beast, sustains a relation
+to the beast analogous to that of the government
+to the people of an empire. It is that
+by which the beast is directed and governed.
+When distinguished from the body of the
+beast (Dan. 7:11), according to the analogy,
+it must be understood as a symbol of the directing
+and controlling power, in the kingdom
+indicated by the beast. Several heads on the
+same beast, on this principle, must indicate the
+several forms of government to which the nation
+is subject. As these cannot be contemporary,
+like the divisions of a kingdom represented
+by the horns, they must be successive.
+To suppose they represent different governments,
+destroys the analogy, and makes them
+separate beasts, instead of heads of the same
+beast; and no government can be subject to
+more than one head at the same time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven heads</q> of the dragon, then,
+symbolize the directing and controlling powers
+which ruled the Roman empire,&mdash;the seven
+successive forms of government under which
+it existed. Rome was founded about B. C.
+753, from small beginnings, on the summit of
+<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/>
+Mount Palatine, and gradually increased in
+extent, till it spread over seven hills: the Palatine,
+Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline, CÅ“lius,
+and Quirinalia; and its population of about
+three thousand in the time of Romulus, increased
+to about two millions in the time of
+Augustus Cæsar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Previous to the subversion of the empire,
+Rome existed under different forms of government,
+as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Kingly.</hi>&mdash;The first government established
+was a monarchy, and lasted two hundred
+and forty-four years, under seven kings,
+viz., Romulus, Numa, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus
+Martius, Tarquin Priscus, Servius Tullius,
+and Tarquin the Proud, who was afterwards
+expelled from the throne. This was denominated
+the infancy of the Roman empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Consular.</hi>&mdash;In B. C. 509, the constitution
+of Rome was remodelled, and the executive
+power committed to two consuls, to
+be elected annually. This commenced the
+<q>Commonwealth of Rome.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Dictatorial.</hi>&mdash;The office of dictator was
+the highest known in Rome, and was only resorted
+to in cases of emergency. He was
+elected for six months only, and usually resigned
+his authority, which, for the time, was
+nearly absolute, as soon as he had effected the
+object for which he was chosen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='italic'>Decemviral.</hi>&mdash;In B. C. 451, the government
+was so changed, that, instead of the two
+<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/>
+consuls, the government was committed to ten
+men, to be chosen annually, and jointly exercise
+the sovereign power. After two years the
+decemvirs were banished, and the consular
+government was restored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='italic'>Tribunitial.</hi>&mdash;In B. C. 426, Rome having
+become a military state, military tribunes
+were substituted for the consular power, till
+B. C. 366, when the latter was again restored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='italic'>Pagan Imperial.</hi>&mdash;With the battle of
+Actium, B. C. 31, the Roman Commonwealth
+terminated; and Augustus Cæsar united in
+his own person not only the offices of Consul,
+Tribune, &amp;c., but also that of <hi rend='italic'>Supreme Pontiff</hi>,&mdash;the
+head of the pagan hierarchy. This
+last office, says Gibbon, <q>was constantly exercised
+by the emperors.</q> Thus were united
+the highest civil and ecclesiastical powers of
+the state.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='italic'>Christian Imperial.</hi>&mdash;In A. D. 312, the
+government was revolutionized, by the accession
+of Constantine to the throne. He effected
+important changes in the relations of the people
+to the monarch, opposed idolatry, and by
+the introduction of Christianity, effected a
+political change in the laws and administration
+of the empire. This continued, with a slight
+interruption under Julian the Apostate, till the
+subversion of the Western empire, A. D. 476.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Elliott, in explanation of the first five
+heads, says: <q>I adopt, with the most entire
+satisfaction, that generally-received Protestant
+<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>
+interpretation, which, following the authoritative
+statement of Livy and Tacitus (the latter
+great historian, St. John's own contemporary),
+enumerates kings, consuls, dictators,
+decemvirs, and military tribunes, as the first
+five constitutional heads of the Roman city
+and commonwealth; then as the sixth, the
+Imperial head, commencing with Octavian.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Horæ
+Apoca.</hi>, vol. <hi rend='smallcaps'>III.</hi>, p. 106, 4th ed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those heads are shown to symbolize seven
+forms of government, by the explanation that
+<q>they are seven mountains where the woman
+sits on them [mountains also symbolizing
+governments], and are seven kings,</q> 17:9,
+10. And they are shown to be successive, by
+the fact that, when John wrote, the first five
+had passed away, one only then existed,&mdash;the
+Pagan Imperial,&mdash;and the other head was
+then in the future, 17:10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>ten horns</q> also symbolize kings, or
+dynasties; but, unlike the heads, instead of being
+successive, they are contemporaneous. According
+to the explanation, they had received
+no kingdom when John wrote, and were all
+to exercise power at the same time: <q>The
+ten horns which thou didst see, are ten kings
+who have not yet received a kingdom; but
+they receive power as kings, one hour with
+the wild beast,</q> 17:12. These will be more
+particularly noticed in connection with the
+thirteenth chapter, and there shown to be the
+ten contemporaneous governments which succeeded
+<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/>
+to the dominion, on the subversion of
+the Western Empire. See p. <ref target="Pg169">169</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven crowns</q> on the heads of the
+dragon, indicate that the acts here symbolized,
+would be fulfilled during the period when
+the sovereignty of Rome should be vested in the
+forms of government symbolized by the heads,
+and not during that symbolized by the horns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The woman appeared in the symbolic
+heavens anterior to the dragon. Prior to the
+birth of Christ, the church was conspicuous
+and honored. The sacrifices which smoked
+on Jewish altars, were offered to Jehovah.
+The subjects of the divine government conducted
+their service with all the splendor imparted
+by the Jewish ritual. Royalty was an
+appendage of the nation: the sceptre did not
+depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from between
+his feet, till Shiloh came, Gen. 49:10.
+By an alliance with the Romans, B. C. 135,
+Rome took its position in the presence of the
+woman.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first act of the dragon was by a sweep
+of its tail to draw down one-third of the stars,
+and to cast them to the earth. This was before
+the birth of the man-child. After Rome
+attained the supremacy, Judea proportionably
+suffered. Her glory was measurably dimmed
+by many indignities before her subjugation
+to Rome was consummated. Jerusalem was
+repeatedly besieged. At one time (B. C.
+<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/>
+94) Alexander Jannæus slew six thousand
+persons on account of their meeting in the
+temple at the feast of tabernacles. In B. C.
+63, Judea was conquered by Pompey, the Roman
+general. In B. C. 54, Crassus plundered
+the temple of Jerusalem. In B. C. 37, Jerusalem
+was taken, after a siege of six months.
+Various other difficulties occurred between
+Judea and Rome, previous to the Saviour's
+advent, on account of which she was greatly
+depressed and humbled, so that it might with
+propriety be said that one-third of her stars
+were cast to the ground. This depression was
+one great reason why the church within her
+borders looked so earnestly for a Deliverer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Man-child is the one <q>who was to rule
+all nations with a rod of iron,</q> according
+to the prediction of Christ in the second Psalm;
+which proves its reference to the Saviour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The purpose of the dragon to destroy the
+child of the woman as soon as it should be
+born, in accordance with the view here taken,
+would symbolize the purpose of the Roman
+power, by the agency of Herod the Roman
+governor in Judea, to destroy the infant Saviour.
+<q>When he had gathered all the chief
+priests and scribes of the people together, he
+demanded of them where Christ should be
+born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem,
+in Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet.</q>
+And Herod <q>sent forth and slew all the
+children that were in Bethlehem, and in all
+<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>
+the coasts thereof, from two years old and
+under, according to the time which he had
+diligently inquired of the wise men,</q> Matt. 2:1-16.
+Thus Rome sought to slay the Saviour
+as soon as he was born; but Joseph took
+the child and fled into Egypt. Afterwards
+Christ was crucified by Roman soldiers, and
+deposited in the tomb, arising again the third
+day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His being caught up to God and to his
+throne, symbolizes his resurrection from the
+dead, and ascension from the Mount of Olives
+(Acts 1:9), to the right hand of the Majesty
+on high; <q>whom the heaven must receive
+until the times of restitution of all things,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 3:21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The flight of the woman into the wilderness,
+denotes her descent from the conspicuous
+position she had occupied, and the dispersion
+of the church. With the crucifixion of
+Christ, Judaism was no longer the casket in
+which the church was enshrined. It left its
+place in the moral heavens, and the followers
+of Christ were scattered abroad, Acts 8:1-4.
+Thus she virtually fled into the wilderness&mdash;into
+the condition, where, subsequently, she
+was to be nourished for 1260 prophetic days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is objected to the application of the man-child
+to the Saviour, that it should be prophetic,
+and not retrospective. This objection
+would be equally valid to the application of
+the symbolic heads, against which it is never
+<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/>
+urged. That which is retrospective, to be
+appropriately symbolized, must be in harmony
+with, and explanatory of other parts. Thus,
+by the man-child and previous travail of the
+woman, she is identified, and her relation to
+the dragon established. No other subject
+could fulfil the conditions of the symbol, for
+of no other was it predicted: <q>Thou art my
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.&mdash;Ask of
+me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the
+earth for thy possession.&mdash;Thou shalt break
+them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them
+in pieces like a potter's vessel,</q> Psa. 2:8-10.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The War in Heaven.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And a war took place in heaven: Michael and his angels
+fought with the dragon;, and the dragon fought and
+his angels, and he prevailed not; nor was their place found
+any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out,
+the old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, who deceiveth
+the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his
+angels were cast out with him.</q>&mdash;Rev. 12:7-9.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The churches,&mdash;which on the persecution
+subsequent to the Pentecostal season were
+scattered abroad, and went everywhere preaching
+the word (Acts 8:4),&mdash;afterwards had
+rest, and were multiplied, <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 9:31. They
+were thus enabled again to act a conspicuous
+part, as symbolized by the contest between
+Michael and the dragon.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/>
+
+<p>
+The contest symbolized, is a religious one;
+for the dragon is overcome <q>by the word of
+their testimony,</q> v. 11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Michael and his angels, then, must symbolize
+the body of Christ,&mdash;the apostles, and
+their successor, under the guidance of the
+Lord,&mdash;who constituted an army of religious
+teachers. With the arrows of truth they assailed
+the idolatrous combinations of their opponents.
+Under the first seal, they are represented
+by a mounted warrior, with bow and
+crown, going forth conquering and to conquer,
+6:2. See p. 58.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dragon, with the appendages of heads,
+horns, and diadems, was seen to be a symbol
+of the Roman government. Divested of those,
+it would simply represent the Pagan hierarchy
+with which the contest was waged. The
+heathen priests and their adherents, thus
+warred with the preachers of Christianity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its prevailing not, shows the relative success
+of the two parties. The struggle continued
+from the day of Pentecost till the accession
+of Constantine. The church waded
+through bloody scenes of bitter persecution,
+which, instead of diminishing, greatly added
+to her numbers&mdash;<q>the blood of the martyrs</q>
+proving <q>the seed of the church.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The heathen priests were not deficient in
+logic, philosophy, and artful sophistry, by
+which to defend their mythology. They exhausted
+these, and then resorted to persecution,
+<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/>
+torture, and death; yet they prevailed not.
+With the weapons of truth, the teachers of
+Christianity successfully assailed those antiquated
+forms of error,&mdash;overcoming <q>by the
+blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their
+testimony.</q> <q>They loved not their lives
+unto the death,</q> but freely gave themselves
+for Christ, till, in time, the current of popular
+favor ceased to flow in the direction of paganism.
+The accession of Constantine to the
+throne, put an end to the dragonic period of
+Rome; the Pagan service gave place to the
+worship of Jehovah. The rites of heathenism
+were no longer the religion of the state, and
+its ministers were displaced from the exalted
+position they had so long occupied. Their
+place was no longer in the symbolic heavens,
+but in a less conspicuous station.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The casting out of the dragon, would then
+be this expulsion of the pagan hierarchy from
+its national importance, and the dejection of
+the priesthood and their adherents to the
+earth,&mdash;below their former high station,&mdash;and
+to the sea, among the unsettled tribes
+and nations outside of Rome. This being a
+religious and not a political event, it does not
+immediately affect Rome's nationality. That
+it is not the overthrow of a kingdom, but of
+religious rites, is shown by the rejoicings
+which followed.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>Rejoicings of the Victors.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now is
+come the salvation and the strength, and the Kingdom of
+or God, and the power of his Anointed: for the accuser of
+our brethren it cast out, who accused them before our God
+day and night. And they overcame him by the blood of the
+Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved
+not their lives to death. On this account, rejoice, ye heavens,
+and ye who dwell in them.</q>&mdash;Rev. 12:10-12.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The loud voice is heard in the symbolic
+heaven from which the Dragon had been
+cast. By the displacement of the Pagan hierarchy,
+and the substitution of Christianity
+under Constantine, the adherents of the latter
+succeeded to the place of the former, and rejoiced
+over them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A loud voice symbolizes the utterance of the
+thoughts and feelings of an interested multitude.
+The nature of the voice indicates the
+nature of the utterance&mdash;whether it be one
+of expectation, fear, warning, or instruction.
+This voice is expressive of the then prevalent
+expectation, that, with the displacement of
+Paganism commenced the establishment of the
+Kingdom of God on earth. This belief was
+not necessarily well founded;&mdash;its <emph>existence</emph>
+only being symbolized.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the triumph of Constantine over Licinius,
+Eusebius says:&mdash;<q>There were illuminations
+everywhere. They who were before
+dejected looked on one another with joyful aspects
+<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/>
+and smiles, and with choirs and hymns
+through the cities and country, gave honor first
+to God, the Supreme Ruler of all, as they were
+taught, and then to the pious emperor and
+his children.</q> Says Mr Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">Eusebius represents the victors at the precipitation
+of Maxentius and his attendants into
+the Tiber, as saying, like Moses at the overthrow
+of the Egyptians in the Red Sea: <q>Let
+us sing to the Lord, for he is signally glorified.
+Horse and rider he has thrown into the sea.
+The Lord my helper and defender was with
+me unto salvation. Who, O Lord, is like
+to thee among gods? Who is like to thee,
+glorified by the holy, admirable in praise, doing
+wonders? Constantine entered Rome in
+triumph, hymning these and similar passages
+to God, the author of the victory.</q> And on
+the fall of Licinius he represents the church
+as uniting in thanksgiving for the deliverance,
+and congratulations at the overthrow of idolatry,
+and establishment of Christ's kingdom;
+and devotes the tenth book of his history to
+the edicts of the emperor by which the church
+was nationalized and endowed, and to the
+restoration of the temples, and the public
+rejoicings at their dedication. <q>Let thanks be
+given by all to the Almighty Ruler of the universe,
+and to Jesus Christ, our Saviour and
+Redeemer, through whom we pray that peace
+from external foes may be uninterruptedly
+preserved to us, and tranquillity of mind.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre"><q>Let us sing to the Lord a new song, for he
+has done wonderful things. His right hand
+has saved him and his holy arm. The Lord
+has made known his salvation; he has revealed
+his righteousness in the presence of the
+nations. We may now appropriately respond
+to the inspired command to sing a new song,
+inasmuch as after such direful spectacles and
+narrations we now have the happiness to see
+and celebrate what many holy men before us
+and the martyrs for God desired to see on
+earth, and did not see, and to hear, and have
+not heard. But advancing more rapidly they
+attained far superior gifts in heaven, being
+caught up to the paradise of celestial joy;
+while we acknowledge the gifts we enjoy are
+greater than we deserve, and contemplate
+with wonder the largeness of the divine bounty.
+Admiring and adoring with all our souls,
+we testify to the truth of the prophet's words,
+<q>Come and see the works of the Lord, what
+wonders he has wrought in the earth, abolishing
+wars to the ends of the world. The
+bow he has broken, he has dashed the arms,
+the shield he has burned in the fire.</q> Rejoicing
+at the manifest fulfilment of these predictions
+to us, we go on with our history.</q> He
+goes on accordingly to represent the whole
+population, freed from the domination of the
+tyrants, and relieved from oppression, as acknowledging
+the only true God and protector
+of the pious, and these especially who had
+<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/>
+placed their hope in Christ, as filled with inexpressible
+joy; the ministers everywhere delivering
+commemorative addresses, and the
+whole multitude offering praises and thanksgiving
+to God.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Lactantius also: <q>Let us celebrate the
+triumph of God with gladness; let us commemorate
+his victory with praise; let us make
+mention in our prayers day and night of the
+peace which, after ten years of persecution, he
+has conferred on his people.</q></q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ex. of Apoc.</hi>,
+pp. 343-4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Multitudes actually supposed the long-predicted
+kingdom of God was now being
+established. Says Mr. Elliott:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Can we wonder, then, at the exultation
+that was felt at this time by many, perhaps by
+most, that bore the Christian name: or at
+their high-raised expectations as to the future
+happy destiny of the Roman, now that it had
+been changed into the Christian, nation? It
+seemed to them as if it had become God's
+covenanted people, like Israel of old: and the
+expectation was not unnatural,&mdash;an expectation
+strengthened by the remarkable tranquillity
+which, throughout the extent of the
+now reünited empire, followed almost immediately
+on Constantine's establishment of
+Christianity,&mdash;that not only the temporal
+blessings of the ancient Jewish covenant would
+thenceforth in no small measure attach to
+them, but even those prophesied of as appertaining
+<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>
+to the latter day. Hence on the medals
+of that era the emblem of the phœnix, all
+radiant with the rising sunbeams, to represent
+the empire as now risen into new life and
+hope, and its legend which spoke of the happy
+restoration of the times. Hence, in forgetfulness
+of all former prognostications of Antichrist
+and fearful coming evils, the reference
+by some of the most eminent of their bishops
+to the latter-day blessedness, as even then
+about fulfilling. The state of things was such,
+Eusebius tells us, that it looked like <q>the very
+image of the kingdom of Christ.</q> The city
+built by the emperor at Jerusalem, beside the
+new and magnificent Church of the Holy
+Sepulchre,&mdash;the sacred capital, as it were, to
+the new empire,&mdash;might be, perhaps, he suggested,
+the New Jerusalem, the theme of so
+many prophecies. Yet again, on occasion of
+the opening of the new church at Tyre, he
+expressed in the following glowing language,
+not his own feelings only, but those, we may
+be sure, of not a few of the congregated
+Christian ministers and people that heard
+him: <q>What so many of the Lord's saints
+and confessors before our time desired to see,
+and saw not, and to hear, and heard not, that
+behold now before our eyes! It was of us
+the prophet spake when he told how the wildernesses
+and solitary places should be glad,
+and the desert rejoice and blossom as the lily.
+Whereas the church was widowed and desolate,
+<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/>
+her children have now to exclaim to her,
+Make room, enlarge thy borders! the place is
+too strait for us. The promise is fulfilling to
+her, In righteousness shalt thou be established:
+all thy children shall be taught of
+God: and great shall be the peace of thy children.</q></q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Horæ
+Apoc.</hi>, v. i., pp. 230-1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They rejoiced over the downfall of the dragon
+as over <q>the Accuser of our brethren, who
+accused them before our God day and night.</q>
+The phrase <q>our brethren,</q> proves that those
+who unite in this song are the living saints
+on the earth. The reference to Satan as an
+Accuser bears a close resemblance to Zech.
+3:1, where Joshua, as a symbol of the people
+of Israel, is represented as standing before the
+angel of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lord</hi>, and Satan standing at his
+right hand to resist him.&mdash;<q>שטן Satan signifies
+an <emph>adversary</emph>. רשטנו <hi rend='italic'>lesiteno</hi>, to be his
+adversary or accuser.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dr. Clark.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Satan's most common work is to invent
+false accusations against those whose efforts
+tend to frustrate his designs. The Christians
+had endured false accusations and bitter persecutions,
+and therefore rejoiced the more
+over the defeat of the Pagans.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Flight of the Woman.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Woe to the inhabitants of the earth, and of the sea! for
+the devil is come to you, having great wrath, because he
+knoweth that he hath but a short season.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when the dragon saw that he was cast out into the
+earth, he persecuted the woman, who brought forth the
+male child. And two wings of a great eagle were given to
+the woman, that she might fly into the desert, into her place,
+where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a
+time, from the presence of the serpent. And the serpent
+cast out of his mouth water like a river, after the woman,
+that he might cause her to be carried away by the river.
+And the earth helped the woman; and the earth opened its
+mouth and swallowed up the river, which the dragon cast
+out of his mouth. And the dragon was enraged against the
+woman, and went away to make war with the remnant of
+her seed, that keep the commandments of God, and have
+the testimony of Jesus.</q>&mdash;Rev. 12:12-17.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The rejoicing of Christians, according to
+this symbolization, is afterwards followed by
+renewed triumphs of the Pagans over them.
+The hatred of the Pagan worshippers to
+Christianity, is strikingly evinced; but it is
+manifested in a manner different from the former
+contest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the church sought only to overcome
+by <q>the blood of the Lamb, and by the word
+of their testimony,</q> it was owned of Christ;
+but as it became proud and worldly, and
+cared more for popular favor than for purity of
+faith and practice, the true church which the
+woman symbolized, was represented only by
+those who continued faithful to their profession.
+Historians inform us that with the success
+of Constantine, the visible church became
+speedily corrupt. As it became popular, unconverted
+men sought to be enrolled as members.
+The Pagans, instead of approaching as
+<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>
+enemies, came as professed friends. As a
+profession of Christianity was alone necessary
+for admission to the church, multitudes
+sought connection with it. This caused a
+condition of things, of which Dr. Milner thus
+speaks:&mdash;<q>In the general appearance of the
+church, we cannot see much of the spirit of
+godliness. External piety flourished. But
+faith, love, heavenly-mindedness appear very
+rare. The doctrine of real conversion was
+very much lost, and external baptism placed
+in its stead: and the true doctrine of justification
+by faith, and true practical use of a crucified
+Saviour for troubled consciences were
+scarcely to be seen at this time. Superstition
+and self-righteousness were making vigorous
+shoots; and the real gospel of Christ was hidden
+from the men that professed it.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the same effect is the report of Mosheim:&mdash;Of
+the life and morals of the professing
+Christians of the fourth century, he says:
+<q>Good men were, as before, mixed with bad;
+but the bad were by degrees so multiplied,
+that men truly holy and devoted to God appeared
+more rarely; and the pious few were
+almost oppressed by the vicious multitude.</q>
+Of their doctrines he says: <q>Fictions, of early
+origin</q> (about saint veneration and relics,
+a purifying fire, celibacy, &amp;c., &amp;c.), <q>now
+so prevailed as in course of time almost to
+thrust true religion aside, or at least to exceedingly
+obscure and tarnish it.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>
+
+<p>
+Says Mr Lord:&mdash;<q>Constantine and his
+successors introduced a flood of false doctrines,
+superstitions and idolatries, into the church,
+which were incompatible with a pure worship,
+and swept all who yielded to their impulse
+to the gulf of apostasy. Such were the
+veneration of the cross, and ascription to it of
+miraculous powers, the homage of relics, the
+invocation of saints, the conversion of religion
+into gorgeous ceremonies, the encouragement
+of celibacy, and the arrogation of the throne
+and prerogatives of God by civil and ecclesiastical
+rulers. These falsehoods, follies, and impieties,
+introduced or adopted by the emperors,
+encouraged by their example, sanctioned
+by their laws, and enforced by the penalties
+of excommunication, imprisonment, the forfeiture
+of civil rights, banishment, and death,
+came armed with an overpowering force to
+all who were not fortified against them by the
+special aids of the divine spirit, and like a resistless
+torrent bore away the great mass of
+the church.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Exp. of Apoc.</hi>, p. 350.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the accession of multitudes of unworthy
+members, and the prevalence of false doctrines,
+the true church would have been speedily
+overwhelmed had not the people of God
+been sustained from such deleterious influences.
+To the woman, therefore, were given
+two wings of a great eagle that she might escape.
+Wings are symbolic of power of flight&mdash;for
+succor, or escape. The four-winged
+<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>
+leopard of Daniel used his speed to approach
+and demolish the enemy; the woman, to escape
+hers. The church of old was sustained
+in like manner. Thus God said to Israel,
+<q>Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians,
+and how I bare you on eagles' wings,
+and brought you to myself.</q>&mdash;Ex. 19:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the introduction of new rites and doctrines
+into the church, multitudes withdrew
+from the public assemblies, and worshipped
+apart. They retired from the observation of
+their rulers and lived secluded for a long period.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some may inquire for the historical evidence
+of the <emph>time</emph> when such a body withdrew.
+This, from the nature of the case, it may be
+difficult to give. If the withdrawal of the
+true worshippers had been an occurrence of
+so much notoriety as to be prominently historically
+noticed, it might have defeated their
+withdrawal. It is sufficient that the prophecy
+makes such a withdrawal necessary; and
+that at a later period such a body was found
+existing as predicted. See p. <ref target="Pg198">198</ref>. Says Mr.
+Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">Her retreat into her place from the face of
+the serpent, denotes that the scene of her residence
+was unknown to the rulers. The anger
+of the serpent indicates their continued
+disposition to destroy her, if in their power;
+while its going on to make war with such of
+her seed as had not retreated to the desert, denotes
+that they continued, after her disappearance,
+<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>
+to persecute the isolated individuals that
+from time to time dissented from the corrupt
+church, and professed the pure faith.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">As it was by spiritual aids that the
+true worshippers were enabled to resist the
+temptations and force by which the rulers endeavored
+to constrain them to apostasy, and
+to fly to the desert, no specific record of those
+aids is to be sought on the page of history.
+The only evidence that we can ask or possess,
+that they were conferred, is presented in the
+fact that a body of dissentients from the corrupt
+church were in a latter age found in a
+secluded scene, who had survived the endeavors
+of the rulers of the fourth, fifth, sixth,
+and following centuries, to compel all their
+subjects to conformity, and who have continued
+to maintain a separate existence, and offer
+an unidolatrous worship to the present time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">And such a body were the Waldenses, inhabiting
+the eastern valleys of the Cottian
+Alps. They are known, from the testimony
+of cotemporary Catholics and their own authors,
+to have existed there as early as the
+eleventh century. It was then, and is now,
+claimed by themselves, and admitted by their
+enemies, that they had subsisted there from a
+much earlier age. These were a Christian
+church, having the Scriptures of the Old and
+New Testaments, regarding them as a revelation
+from God, and making them the rule of
+their faith; having a ministry of their own,
+<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/>
+holding religious assemblies, professing and
+teaching the doctrines of the gospel, and celebrating
+the sacraments.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>They were distinguished for the simplicity
+and purity of their lives. It was asserted
+by them, and repeated by the Catholics, that
+they were induced to retreat to the secluded
+valleys which they inhabit, to escape the despotism
+of the rulers and the corruptions and
+tyranny of the church, soon after its nationalization
+by Constantine. They have continued
+to subsist there to the present time, as a
+separate and evangelical church.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Exp.
+Apoc.</hi>, pp. 348, 349, 359.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Says Mr. Elliott:&mdash;<q rend="pre">I must not pass on
+without pressing on the reader's notice this
+notable pre-figuration of the seclusion of
+Christ's church in the wilderness, as the true
+and fittest answer to the Romish anti-Protestant
+taunt, <q>Where was your religion before
+Luther?</q> Protestants have not duly, as it
+seems to me, applied the answer here given.
+For the wilderness-life necessarily, as I must
+repeat,&mdash;and that on Bossuet's own showing,&mdash;implies
+the <emph>invisibility</emph> of her who lives in
+it. And consequently, instead of the long previous
+invisibility of a church like the Lutheran,
+or Anglican Reformed, of the sixteenth century,
+in respect of doctrine and worship, being
+an argument against, it is an argument for it.
+The Romish church, which never knew the
+predicted wilderness-life, could not, for this
+<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/>
+very reason, be the woman of the 12th Apocalyptic
+chapter; that is, could not be the true
+church of Christ.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>For 1260 prophetic days, then, or years,
+she was to disappear from men's view in the
+Roman world. Is it asked how her vitality
+was preserved? Doubtless in her children,
+known to God, though for the most part unknown
+to men; just like the 7000 that Elijah
+knew not of, who had not bowed the knee to
+Baal; some, it might be, in monasteries, some
+in the secular walks of life; but all alike insulated
+in spirit from those around them, and as
+regards the usual means of grace, spiritually
+destitute and desolate; even as in a barren
+and dry land, where no water is.&mdash;Besides
+whom, some few there were of her children,&mdash;some
+very few,&mdash;prepared, like Elijah of old,
+to act a bolder part, and stand forth, under
+special commission from God, as Christ's witnesses
+before Christendom.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Horæ Apoc.</hi>,
+pp. 55-57.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The flood of water cast out after the woman,
+is an appropriate symbol of the various
+tribes which subsequently overran the Western
+empire. Waters symbolize peoples, 17:15;
+and by hordes of barbarian Huns, Goths,
+and Vandals, Rome was inundated as by a
+flood, in the 5th century; and in A. D. 476
+its government was entirely subverted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such an irruption of barbarians might be
+expected to extirpate Christianity from the
+<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/>
+earth; but help came from an unexpected
+quarter. The woman had retired to her secure
+retreat, and the earth swallowed up the
+flood. Those barbarous tribes were absorbed
+by, and mixed with, the previous population
+of the empire, and constituted the clay ingredient
+with the iron, in the feet of the metallic
+image.&mdash;Dan. 2:41. They rapidly assimilated
+to the character and habits of the
+previous inhabitants; and ultimately adopted
+the forms of government and religion which
+for a time they subverted; and within the
+limits of the Western empire, in the place of
+the Imperial head, constituted ten contemporary
+kingdoms. These were a continuation
+of the former government, and were symbolized
+by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Ten-Horned Beast.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I was standing on the sand of the sea, and saw a
+wild beast ascending out of the sea, having ten horns and
+seven heads, and on his horns ten diadems, and on his
+heads names of reviling. And the wild beast, which I saw
+was like a leopard, and his feet were like those of a bear,
+and his mouth like the mouth of a lion: and the dragon
+gave him his power, and his throne, and great authority.
+And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death;
+and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world admired
+and followed the beast. And they worshipped the
+dragon, for he gave power to the wild beast: and they
+worshipped the wild beast, saying, Who is like the wild
+beast, and who is able to make war with him?</q>&mdash;Rev. 18:1-4.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/>
+
+<p>
+The sea, from which this beast emerged,
+is evidently the turbulent state of anarchy, to
+which the people of the fourth kingdom had
+been reduced, on its subversion. And the
+beast which came up out of the sea, represents
+the forms of government which then arose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its heads and horns synchronize with those
+of the dragonic monster, which had preceded
+it, and disappeared from the view of the revelator.
+And they doubtless symbolize the same
+forms of government. See pp. <ref target="Pg145">145-148</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ten crowns encircling its horns, indicate
+that an era is foreshadowed, when the
+sovereignty of the kingdom shall have been
+transferred from the forms of government symbolized
+by the heads,&mdash;which had before been
+encircled by the crowns,&mdash;to that represented
+by the horns. There is great unanimity
+among Protestant writers, in regarding these
+as the first ten kingdoms which existed in
+the western empire arising during the period
+of its decline, viz:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. The Huns in Hungary, from A. D. 356.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The Ostrogoths in Mysia, from A. D.
+377. They invaded Italy, and conquered the
+Heruli in 493; and were defeated in 538 by
+Justinian, when the Pope was placed in quiet
+possession of the capital of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The Visigoths in Pannonia, from A. D.
+378 to 408, when they removed to the south of
+France till 585. They then removed to, and
+subjugated Spain.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>
+
+<p>
+4. The Franks in France, from A. D. 407.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The Vandals in Spain, from A. D. 407
+till 427, when they removed to Africa, and
+continued an independent kingdom till subjugated
+by Justinian in 533.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The Suevi and Alans in Gascoigne and
+Spain, from 407 till 585.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. The Burgundians in Burgundy, from
+A. D. 407 till 524, when they became subject
+for a time to the Franks; but afterwards they
+arose again to an independent kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. The Heruli, who advanced into Italy
+under Attila, and in 476 terminated the imperial
+rule by the dethronement of Agustulus.
+They were in turn conquered by the Ostrogoths
+in A. D. 493.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. The Saxons and Angles in Britain from
+about A. D. 450. And,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. The Lombards in Germany, from A.
+D. 483.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The name of blasphemy, on the heads of
+this beast, identifies it as the successor and
+representative of the persecuting power which
+sought the life of the Man-child, (12:4), and
+caused the woman to flee to the wilderness,
+12:14.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its characteristics resemble those of the
+lion, bear, and leopard, of Daniel's vision
+(Dan. 7:4-6), which respectively symbolized
+the Babylonian, Medo-Persian, and Grecian
+kingdoms. These mark it as their
+successor&mdash;synchronizing with Daniel's ten-horned
+<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>
+nondescript beast, (Dan. 7:7); which
+was the fourth kingdom that should exist on
+the earth, and the ten horns of which, symbolized
+the same ten-fold partition of the
+Roman empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His power, seat, and great authority being
+given by the dragon, is another evidence that
+it is a continuation of that fourth kingdom
+succeeding to its sovereignty. The laws of
+the ancient empire were generally adopted by
+the ten kingdoms, which assumed and exercised
+the prerogatives of ancient Rome. Says
+Bossuet: <q>Whoever carefully examines the
+laws of the Theodosian and Justinian codes
+against heretics, will see that they are the
+source of the decrees against them, that
+the church, aided by the edicts of princes,
+enacted in the third and fourth Lateran councils.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The head, which was as it were wounded
+to death, would indicate that under the government
+symbolized by that head, the life of the
+beast had become apparently extinct. This
+was the case when the empire was subverted.
+In the succession of the previous forms of
+government, the empire itself was not in any
+particular peril. They gave place, each to its
+successor, without any subversion of the government.
+But when the seventh head ceased
+to exercise sovereignty, the beast itself was
+apparently dead. The wound, however, did
+not prove mortal. The beast still lived. Its
+<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>
+sovereignty was perpetuated by the decemregal
+governments; which constituted the
+eighth form of government&mdash;symbolized by
+the beast that was, is not, and yet is again in
+existence and will continue till the day of perdition,
+17:11; 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They worshipped the dragon and beast, by
+regarding the latter as a continuation of the
+former power, and regarding the sovereign
+power of Rome as unparalleled and invincible&mdash;as
+is shown by the questions: <q>Who is like
+unto the beast? Who is able to make war
+with him?</q> Those combined governments
+were regarded by their subjects with wonder
+and veneration. Says Mr. Lord: <q>The
+serfs and common people, sunk for ages to the
+most degraded vassalage, revered the monarchs,
+the various ranks of nobles, and their
+armed followers, as a superior race, while poets
+and historians celebrated their warlike exploits,
+and philosophers and priests justified
+their usurpations, and eulogized the wisdom
+and benignity of their rule.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Mouth of the Beast.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And there was given to him a mouth speaking great
+things and revilings; and power was given to him to make
+war forty-two months. And he opened his mouth in reviling
+against God, to revile his name, and his tabernacle, and
+those who dwell in heaven. And it was given to him
+to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and
+power was given him over every tribe, and people, and
+<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>
+tongue, and nation. And all, who dwell on the earth,
+will worship him, whose names are not written in the book
+of life of the slain Lamb, from the foundation of the world.
+If any one hath an ear, let him hear. If any one leadeth
+into captivity, he will go into captivity: if any one killeth
+by the sword, he must be killed with the sword. Here is the
+patience and the faith of the saints.</q>&mdash;Rev. 13:5-10.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The mouth of the beast, must symbolize the
+agency by which utterance is given to the
+great things and blasphemies which are
+spoken by it. Its likeness to the mouth of
+the lion, shows its resemblance to the Babylonian
+worship of the dead. Moses was <q>not
+eloquent,</q>&mdash;he was <q>slow of speech and of a
+slow tongue,</q> and the Lord said to him,
+Aaron <q>shall be thy spokesman unto the
+people: and he shall be, even he shall be to
+thee instead of <emph>a mouth</emph>,</q> Ex. 4:10, 16. As
+Aaron was a mouth to Moses, so did the
+Papacy become a mouth-piece for the Roman
+kingdoms. It was the agency by which the
+people were taught; and through which utterance
+was given to the blasphemies of the
+beast. It fills a place analogous to that of the
+image afterwards symbolized, which also had
+like power to speak blasphemies. See p. <ref target="Pg188">188</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beast had power to continue to utter
+blasphemies by the mouth given to it, forty-two
+months. This identifies the mouth
+with that of the <q>little horn</q> (Dan. 7:25),
+of which it was said, <q>He shall speak
+great words against the Most High, and think
+<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/>
+to change times and laws: and they shall be
+given into his hand until a time and times
+and the dividing of time</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> 1260 prophetic
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. This mouth uttered blasphemy against
+God by claiming to be Christ's vicegerent&mdash;usurping
+the prerogatives of the Almighty.
+The Pope claimed that he was <q>Judge, as
+God's Vicar, and could himself be judged by
+none.</q> In A. D. 799, a Roman council
+declined to hear accusations against the Pope,
+declaring that <q>he who was Judge of all men,
+was above being judged by any other than
+himself.</q> Febroni wrote of the Pope: <q>He
+is the Prince of princes and Lord of lords.
+He is, as it were, a God on earth. He is
+above right, superior to law, superior to the
+canons. He can do all things against right,
+and without right. He is able to free from
+obligation in matters of positive right, without
+any cause, and they who are so released are
+safe in respect to God.</q> Assuming such prerogatives,
+and the power to forgive sins, the
+Holy name of God was blasphemed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. He blasphemed the tabernacle of God
+by <q>exalting himself above all that is called
+God, or that is worshipped; so that he as
+God sitteth in the <emph>temple</emph> of God, showing
+himself that he is God,</q> 2 Thess. 2:2. The
+Pope claimed to be the head of the church and
+that from himself was derived the authority
+of all bishops and other clergy. He usurped
+<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>
+the powers in the church, which only Christ,
+its Supreme Head and Lawgiver can exercise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Those in heaven were blasphemed, by
+the ascription to them of the attributes and
+prerogatives of God; and by representing
+them as being well pleased with the bestowal
+on them of divine honors. Saint-worship by
+the Papists and demon-worship by the Pagans
+are alike. They both ascribe the same attributes
+to the spirits of the departed,&mdash;all the
+gods of the heathen being the ghosts of their
+departed heroes. A revival of this blasphemy,
+is subsequently symbolized by the frog-like
+spirits which emerge from the mouths of the
+beast, the dragon, and false prophet, 16:13,&mdash;see
+p. <ref target="Pg255">255</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In connection with and in obedience to this
+mouth, the beast warred with the saints, and
+overcame them. Dissenters from the Papacy
+were subjected to unheard of cruelties and
+persecutions. And they whose names were
+not written in the book of life, sustained their
+rulers in these oppressive acts. In paying
+more deference to the edicts of government
+than to the requirements of Jehovah, they blasphemously
+bestowed on the beast an homage
+which was due only to God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The revelator being shown what was to be
+endured by the saints during a long period of
+oppression, now receives an annunciation to
+which all were to listen,&mdash;all who had ears to
+hear. It was the announcement, that <q>if any
+<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>
+one leadeth into captivity, he will go into captivity:
+if any one killeth with the sword, he
+must be killed with the sword.</q> Most commentators
+have considered this as applicable
+to the fate of the wild beast,&mdash;that its end
+was to be effected by the sword and captivity,
+as it had in the same way tyrannized over the
+saints. Mr. Lord offers some reasons for supposing
+that it was a caution to the saints not
+to resist with the sword the attacks of enemies,
+nor to retaliate by making captives of the subjects
+of the beast who should fall into their
+power. He says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The prediction that he who led into captivity
+should himself become a captive, and he
+that slew with the sword be himself slain, had
+a signal fulfilment in the slaughter and vassalage
+of all those who attempted to deliver
+themselves by force from the religious tyranny
+of the European monarchs.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Albigenses were nearly exterminated
+by the cruel armies against which they attempted
+to defend themselves, and the small
+number that remained after the devastation of
+their fields, the conflagration of their cities,
+and the promiscuous slaughters to which they
+were subjected, were either forced to conform
+to the Catholic church, or driven into other
+lands. The Waldenses perished in far greater
+numbers by the sword, in their struggles for
+preservation and freedom, than by the fires of
+martyrdom; and sunk, after their contests, to
+<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>
+a still more hopeless vassalage to their persecutors.
+The resort to the sword by the
+Bohemians and the Huguenots of France, to
+defend their religious freedom, resulted, after
+vast slaughters, in their defeat and helpless
+subjection to the tyranny from which they
+endeavored to extricate themselves. And the
+Protestants of Switzerland, Germany, Holland,
+Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain,
+who succeeded in delivering themselves from
+the dominion of their ancient tyrants, instead
+of securing thereby their religious liberty, only
+placed themselves, by the nationalization of
+their churches, under the tyranny of Protestant
+rulers in place of Catholics.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Exp. of
+Apoc.</hi> p. 384.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this was to be exhibited the patience and
+faith of the saints, who, amid all their persecutions,
+made a wonderful manifestation of
+these. Of the many thousands put to death,
+or subjected to satanic cruelties for their faith,
+only a very few apostatized. Says Mr.
+Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Of those who, under the insupportable
+agonies and distraction of the scourge and the
+rack, recanted, or promised a recantation, a
+large proportion immediately on being released
+from the sufferings which had overcome them,
+abjured their retractions, re-professed with
+redoubled energy the faith of Christ, and met
+without faltering the hideous death to which
+they were immediately hurried. Such is their
+<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/>
+uniform history in whatever age they fell, or
+to whatever nation or rank they belonged.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Exp.
+of Apoc.</hi>, p. 385.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If there was no other evidence of their constancy,
+faith, and patience, the horrid instruments
+of torture which were resorted to to
+terrify them, testify to their adherence to their
+principles, which required such engines for
+their subversion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The end of this beast, will be effected by
+his being cast alive into the lake of fire and
+brimstone, when the Lord shall make war
+with him, 19:20. This is also the end of
+Daniel's fourth beast, whose body is to be
+given to the burning flame (Dan. 7:11), and
+of the scarlet-colored beast on which the
+woman was seated, which is to go into perdition,
+17:8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Two-Horned Beast.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the
+earth, and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spoke like
+a dragon. And he exerciseth all the power of the first wild
+beast, in his sight, and causeth the earth and those, who
+dwell in it, to worship the first wild beast, whose deadly
+wound was healed. And he performeth great signs, so that
+he causeth fire to come down from heaven into the earth in
+the sight of men. And he deceiveth those, who dwell on
+the earth, by means of the signs which it was given him to
+perform in the sight of the wild beast; saying to those, who
+dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the
+wild beast, that had the wound by a sword, and did live.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+13:11-14.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>
+
+<p>
+The coming up of another beast must symbolize
+the rise of another government. As
+the two-horned beast exercises its power before
+(ενωπιον) <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> <emph>in the presence</emph>, of the first
+beast, it is a contemporary power, and must
+necessarily symbolize a kingdom outside of
+the territory of the ten-horned beast. Within
+that territory it would be one of the horns of
+that beast; but a separate beast requires a
+separate territory. As it arises out of the
+earth, while it is outside of the territory occupied
+by the ten kingdoms, it must exist within
+that occupied by the <emph>former</emph> Roman empire,
+and commence its existence during a period
+of settled government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the forms of Roman government symbolized
+by the dragon, were also symbolized
+by the wild beast; and as the deadly wound
+of the former was healed in the latter, the two
+constitute one beast. As that is called the
+<q>first beast,</q> the rise of the kingdom symbolized
+by the two-horned beast must have
+been subsequent to the commencement of the
+Roman empire. And as it caused those who
+dwell on the earth to worship that beast after
+its deadly wound was healed, it must have
+arisen anterior to the healing of that wound;
+and, consequently, before the succession of
+the ten kingdoms to the sovereignty of Rome,
+with which it held an intimate relation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The only kingdom which has arisen within
+the geographical locality, and at the epoch
+<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>
+required by these conditions of the symbol, is
+the Eastern Roman empire; which, consequently,
+is the government represented by the
+two-horned beast.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The imperial heads of Rome date from the
+battle of Actium, B. C. 31; but the Eastern
+empire was not commenced, till A. D. 324,
+when Constantine removed the seat of empire
+from Rome to Constantinople. Rome was,
+previous to that removal, the undisputed
+queen of nations, and Constantine was without
+a rival. Why he should abandon Rome,
+the citadel and throne of the Cæsars, for an
+obscure corner of Thrace, has never been satisfactorily
+explained. Says Dr. Croly: <q>The
+change of government to Constantinople still
+perplexes the historian. It was an act in
+direct repugnance to the whole course of the
+ancient prejudices.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The indifference with which Constantine
+viewed the country of the Cæsars, was regarded
+by Gibbon as the cause of removal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He transferred the customs and forms of
+the Roman government, and there exercised
+all the powers of the empire,&mdash;the Italians
+still obeying the edicts which he condescended
+to address from Constantinople to the Senate
+and people of Rome. The western division
+continued dependent on the eastern head, till
+the death of Theodosius, A. D. 395. His two
+sons, Arcadius and Honorius, <q>were saluted
+by the unanimous consent of mankind, as the
+<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/>
+lawful emperors of the East, and of the
+West,</q>&mdash;the European boundary being <q>not
+very different from that which separates the
+Germans from the Turks.</q>&mdash;Gibbon, v. 2, p.
+199. Gibbon calls this <q>the final and permanent
+division of the Roman empire.</q> But its
+existence as a beast more properly dates from
+the removal of Constantine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its two horns like a lamb, must symbolize
+two divisions of the kingdom. These may be
+contemporary, like those symbolized by the
+ten horns (17:12), or successive, like the two
+horns of the ram, Dan. 8:3, 20. From the
+history of the Eastern empire, the latter is
+the more probable; and its historical resemblance
+to the government symbolized by the
+ram, may be the reason of the comparison to
+<q>horns like a lamb.</q> As Persia was a government
+outside of Media, and succeeded to
+its sovereignty, so did the kingdom of the
+Turks originate outside of the Eastern empire,
+and at length come in, occupy its territory,
+and succeed to its sovereignty, A. D.
+1253. With this view, the horns would symbolize
+the kings of Eastern Rome and of
+Turkey. See pp. <ref target="Pg099">99-104</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its dragon-like speech shows it to be a
+blasphemous, persecuting power, like that
+which persecuted the woman, 12:17. Though
+the Greek empire claimed to be Christian, a
+successor of Constantine, Julian the Apostate,
+renounced Christianity, endeavored to restore
+<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/>
+the Pagan service in Constantinople, and <q>declared
+himself the <emph>implacable enemy of Christ</emph>.</q>
+He assumed the character of Supreme Pontiff,
+and thus placed himself at the head of the
+Pagan worship. He labored incessantly to
+restore and propagate those dragonic rites, and
+even thought to disprove the predictions of
+Christ by rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem.
+<q>He affected to pity the unhappy Christians, as
+mistaken in the most important object of their
+lives; but his pity was degraded by contempt,
+his contempt was embittered by hatred;
+and the sentiments of Julian were expressed
+in a style of sarcastic wit which
+inflicts a deep and deadly wound whenever it
+issues from the mouth of a sovereign.</q> And
+he intimated that they might have occasion
+<q>to dread, not only confiscation and exile, but
+fire and the sword.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The successors of Julian, though Christian
+in name, issued cruel and tyrannical edicts.
+Valens embraced Arianism, and bitterly persecuted
+the Orthodox party. Justinian established
+Catholicism by arms. Theodosius
+proscribed Paganism by the infliction
+of severe penalties. Marcian and Leo <q>enforced,
+with arms and edicts, the symbols of
+their faith,</q> and it was declared that <q>the
+decrees of the synod of Chalcedon might be
+lawfully supported, even with blood.</q> And
+after the accession of the Mohammedan power,
+<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/>
+religious intolerance towards dissenting
+creeds was still more rigidly enforced.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Eastern empire exercised all the power
+of the Western. The original organization
+of its government was the same, and it had
+the same titles and prerogatives. Gibbon
+says of Julian: <q>The spirit of his administration,
+and his regard for the place of his nativity,
+induced him to confer on the senate of
+Constantinople the same honors, privileges,
+and authority which were still enjoyed by the
+senate of ancient Rome.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It caused worship to be bestowed on the
+first beast, by extending to the Latin rulers
+that aid which enabled them to perpetuate
+their system of tyranny, to legislate over the
+laws and subjects of Jehovah, and to claim
+the obedience which only God can demand.
+The arms of Justinian, both in the East and
+West, caused the Roman name to be respected,
+and its favor sought for.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The wonders to be performed by it, may be
+as yet involved in some obscurity. But by
+these it is identified as the power which afterwards
+became the seat of the False Prophet.
+When the <q>beast</q> is taken, <q>the false prophet
+that wrought miracles before him, with which
+he deceived them that had the mark of the
+beast, and them that worshipped his image,</q>
+is cast with him <q>into a lake of fire burning
+with brimstone,</q> 19:20. This identifies the
+two-horned beast as the Mohammedan kingdom.
+<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>
+It also proves that the Romanic Turkish
+government will continue till the Second Advent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among the wonders it would perform,
+making fire come down from heaven is specified.
+John does not intimate that he saw, in
+vision, fire thus descend. The fact is spoken
+of; and therefore it is not necessarily symbolic,
+but may refer to literal fire. Gibbon,
+in speaking of <q>the novelty, the terrors, and
+the real efficacy of the <hi rend='italic'>Greek fire</hi>,</q> for which
+the Eastern empire was so famous, says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The important secret of compounding and
+directing this artificial flame was imparted by
+Callinicus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria,
+who deserted from the service of the caliph to
+that of the emperor. The skill of a chemist
+and engineer was equivalent to the succor of
+fleets and armies; and this discovery or improvement
+of the military art was fortunately
+reserved for the distressful period, when the
+degenerate Romans of the East were incapable
+of contending with the warlike enthusiasm
+and youthful vigor of the Saracens. The historian
+who presumes to analyze this extraordinary
+composition, should suspect his own
+ignorance and that of his Byzantine guides, so
+prone to the marvellous, so careless, and, in
+this instance, so jealous of the truth. From
+their obscure, and perhaps fallacious hints, it
+should seem that the principal ingredient of
+the Greek fire was the <hi rend='italic'>naphtha</hi>, or liquid bitumen,
+<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>
+a light, tenacious, and inflammable oil,
+which springs from the earth, and catches
+fire as soon as it comes in contact with the
+air. The naphtha was mingled, I know not by
+what methods, or in what proportions, with
+sulphur, and with the pitch that is extracted
+from evergreen firs. From this mixture,
+which produced a thick smoke and a loud explosion,
+proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame,
+which not only rose in perpendicular ascent,
+but likewise burned with equal vehemence in
+descent or lateral progress; instead of being
+extinguished, it was nourished and quickened
+by the element of water; and sand, urine, or
+vinegar, were the only remedies that could
+damp the fury of this powerful agent, which
+was justly denominated by the Greeks, the
+<emph>liquid</emph>, or <emph>maritime</emph> fire. For the annoyance
+of the enemy, it was employed with equal
+effect by sea and land, in battles or in sieges.
+It was either poured from the rampart in
+large boilers, or launched in red-hot balls of
+stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins,
+twisted round with flax and tow, which
+had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil;
+sometimes it was deposited in fire-ships, the
+victims and instruments of a more ample revenge,
+and was most commonly blown through
+long tubes of copper, which were planted on
+the prow of a galley, and fancifully shaped
+into the mouths of savage monsters, that
+seemed to vomit a stream of liquid and consuming
+<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/>
+fire. This important art was preserved
+at Constantinople, as the palladium of
+the state; the galleys and <emph>artillery</emph> might occasionally
+be lent to the allies of Rome; but
+the composition on the Greek fire was concealed
+with the most jealous scruple, and the
+terror of the enemies was increased and prolonged
+by their ignorance and surprise. In
+the treatise of the administration of the empire,
+the royal author suggests the answers and excuses
+that might best elude the indiscreet curiosity
+and importunate demands of the barbarians.
+They should be told that the mystery
+of the Greek fire had been revealed by an
+angel to the first and greatest of the Constantines,
+with a sacred injunction, that this gift
+of <emph>heaven</emph>, this peculiar blessing of the Romans
+should never be communicated to any
+foreign nation; that the prince and subject
+were alike bound to religious silence
+under the temporal and spiritual penalties of
+treason and sacrilege; and that the impious
+attempt would provoke the sudden and supernatural
+vengeance of the God of the Christians.
+By these precautions the secret was
+confined, above four hundred years, to the
+Romans of the East; and at the end of the
+eleventh century, the Pisans, to whom every
+sea and every art were familiar, suffered the
+effects, without understanding the composition,
+of the Greek fire. It was at length
+either discovered or stolen by the Mohammedans;
+<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>
+and, in the holy wars of Syria and
+Egypt, they retorted an invention, contrived
+against themselves, on the heads of the Christians.
+A knight, who despised the swords
+and lances of the Saracens, relates, with
+heartfelt sincerity, his own fears and those of
+his companions, at the sight and sound of the
+mischievous engine that discharged a torrent
+of the Greek fire, the <hi rend='italic'>feu Gregeois</hi>, as it is
+styled by the more early of the French writers.
+It came flying through the air, says
+Joinville, like a winged long-tailed dragon,
+about the thickness of a hogshead, with the report
+of thunder, and the velocity of lightning;
+and the darkness of night was <emph>dispelled by this
+deadly illumination</emph>.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hist.
+Rome</hi>, vol. <hi rend='smallcaps'>III.</hi>,
+pp. 465-467.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its use is thus described by the same author,
+when the Greeks turned its power against
+the Saracens, at the siege of Constantinople,
+A. D. 718:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Greeks would gladly have ransomed
+their religion and empire, by a fine or assessment
+of a piece of gold on the head of each
+inhabitant of the city; but the liberal offer
+was rejected with disdain, and the presumption
+of Moslemah was exalted by the speedy
+approach and invincible force of the natives
+of Egypt and Syria. They are said to have
+amounted to eighteen hundred ships: the
+number betrays their inconsiderable size; and
+of the twenty stout and capacious vessels,
+<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>
+whose magnitude impeded their progress,
+each was manned with no more than one
+hundred heavy-armed soldiers. This huge
+armada proceeded on a smooth sea and with
+a gentle gale, towards the mouth of the Bosphorus;
+the surface of the strait was over-shadowed,
+in the language of the Greeks,
+with a moving forest, and the same fatal
+night had been fixed by the Saracen chief for
+a general assault by sea and land. To allure
+the confidence of the enemy, the emperor had
+thrown aside the chain that usually guarded
+the entrance of the harbor: but while they
+hesitated whether they should seize the opportunity
+or apprehend the snare, the ministers
+of destruction were at hand. The fireships
+of the Greeks were launched against them:
+the Arabs, their arms and vessels, were involved
+in the same flames, the disorderly fugitives
+were dashed against each other, or
+overwhelmed in the waves; and I no longer
+find a vestige of the fleet, that had threatened
+to extirpate the Roman name.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>, p. 464.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It deceiveth them that dwell on the earth
+by its miracles. This deception resulted in
+the creation of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Image of the Beast.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And it was given to him to give breath to the image of
+the wild beast, that the image of the wild beast should even
+<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>
+speak, and to cause, that as many as would not worship
+the image of the wild beast, should be killed. And he
+causeth all, the small and the great, and the rich and the
+poor, and the free and the bond, to receive a mark on their
+right hand, or on their forehead. And that no one might
+buy or sell, but he, who had the mark, the name of the
+wild beast, or the number of his name.</q>&mdash;Rev. 13:15-18.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This new creation is not another beast, but
+the image of one. An image is only the <emph>likeness</emph>
+of something. As the beast symbolizes a political
+power, its image must symbolize some
+analogous power of a different nature; and
+this likeness can only be found in a religious
+government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. The beast which received its death-wound
+(v. 14), was the form of government
+to which the image was made, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the imperial.
+Of this the Roman hierarchy was a
+perfect counterpart. It was an ecclesiastical
+government, coëxtensive in its authority with
+the political power of the empire. And, like
+the officers of the civil, there was a regular
+gradation of rank in the subordinates of the
+religious government. The head of the former
+was an emperor, chosen by an electoral college,&mdash;the
+senators of Rome.<note place="foot">The constitutional language was,
+<q>By the authority of the senate, and consent of the
+soldiers.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon</hi>, vol.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>I.</hi>, p. 44.</note> The head of
+the latter was a Pope, chosen in a similar
+manner by the college of Cardinals,&mdash;the
+ecclesiastical senators of the religious empire.
+Each of those bodies constituted the highest
+<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>
+deliberative and legislative body in its respective
+government. The empire had its governors
+of provinces, appointed by the imperial
+head; and the spiritual rule of the church
+was, in like manner, sustained by diocesan
+bishops who, in their respective provinces,
+were governors in spiritual matters and creatures
+of the Pope. Subordinate offices in the
+state and church, also, singularly corresponded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The religious customs of the empire, as
+well as its political, were likewise imitated by
+the papacy. Rome deified her heroes; the
+papacy canonized her saints. The ghosts of
+the departed were the gods of the heathen;
+and the papists supplicate the dead. The
+Pagans burned incense to their gods; the Papists
+burn incense in their religious ceremonies.
+The ancient heathen sprinkled themselves
+with <q>holy water;</q> the Papists use
+the same material in a similar manner. Lactantius
+says of the Pagans, they <q>light up
+candles to God as if he lived in the dark;
+and do they not deserve to pass for madmen
+who offer lamps to the author and giver of
+light?</q> This custom is imitated by the Papists
+in the use of wax candles on their altars.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ancient Romans prostrated themselves
+before images of wood and stone; and Jerome
+tells us that <q>by idols were to be understood
+the images of the dead.</q> In Catholic
+Rome, worshippers prostrated themselves before
+<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>
+images of departed saints. The old Roman
+Pantheon, which was dedicated by
+Agrippa <q>to Jove, <emph>and all the gods</emph>,</q> was re-consecrated
+by Pope Boniface IV., about A. D.
+610, <q><emph>to the blessed Virgin and all the
+saints</emph>.</q> As in the old pagan temple, any
+stranger could find the god of his own country;
+so in its re-consecrated state, each country
+could find its patron saint. Other temples
+were changed and re-consecrated in the
+same manner. The ancient statue of Jupiter
+stands now as the statue of St. Peter. The
+pagans had their vestal virgins; the Papists
+their nuns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dr. Middleton, who visited Rome in 1729,
+says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Nothing, I found, concurred so much with
+my original intention of conversing with the
+ancients; or so much helped my imagination,
+to find myself wandering about in old heathen
+Rome, as to observe and attend to their religious
+worship; all whose ceremonies appear
+plainly to have been copied from the rituals
+of primitive Paganism: as if handed down by
+an uninterrupted succession from the priests
+of old, to the priests of new Rome, whilst
+each of them readily explained, and called to
+mind some passages of a classic author, where
+the same ceremony was described, as transacted
+in the same form and manner, and in
+the same place where I now saw it executed
+<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>
+before my eyes.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dowl. Hist. of Rom.</hi>, p.
+114.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Says Mr. Lord:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">After a struggle of more than four centuries,
+the ecclesiastics of all the hierarchies in
+the empire were united in one vast organization,
+with the pontiff as their supreme legislative
+and judicial head, and a single ecclesiastical
+government was established over the
+whole Roman church, after the model of the
+civil government of the ancient empire under
+Constantine and his successors. It is, accordingly,
+denominated by Catholics themselves
+a monarchy. <q>All Catholic doctors agree
+in this, that the ecclesiastical government
+committed to men by God is a monarchy.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bellarmini
+de Rom. Pont.</hi>, lib. i., c. v. Bellarmine
+devotes his first book <q>of the Pontiff</q>
+to prove that such is and ought to be its government.
+<q>If the monarchical is the best form
+of government, as we have shown, and it is
+certain that the church of God instituted by
+Christ its head, who is supremely wise, ought
+to be governed in the best manner, who can
+deny that its rule ought to be monarchical?</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>,
+i., c. ix., p. 527.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The canonists are accustomed, accordingly,
+to denominate the Pope a king.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The pontiffs were as absolutely the legislative
+and judicial head of this ecclesiastical
+kingdom, as the emperors from Constantine to
+Augustulus were of the civil empire, and imposed
+<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>
+whatever laws they pleased on subordinate
+ecclesiastics and on the church by decrees,
+in the same manner as those emperors
+enacted laws by edicts. The decrees, bulls of
+canonization, sentences, charters, and other
+legislative and judicial acts of the pontiffs,
+from Gregory VII., in 1073, to Benedict XIV.,
+in 1757, collected in the Bullarium Magnum,
+fill nineteen folios. Many others are contained
+in the decretals and councils.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">They appointed to all ecclesiastical offices
+throughout the empire, as the Christian emperors
+appointed to all civil and military offices
+in their dominions.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">They exacted oaths of fidelity from all
+whom they advanced to important offices; as
+the emperors exacted engagements of fidelity
+from their civil magistrates.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">They established courts in which all violations
+of their laws were tried, and a tribunal
+at the capital for the decision of appeals.
+There were gradations of rank in the hierarchy,
+like those of the magistrates of the civil empire.
+The hierarchies, as nationalized by
+Constantine, were formed in each patriarchate,
+after the model of the civil government in the
+provinces. The hierarchy of the western
+kingdoms, under the Pope, was formed after
+that pattern; having archbishops or metropolitans
+at the head of the clergy of each nation,
+or large district, and bishops, abbots, and
+<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/>
+a long catalogue of subordinate ranks, under
+each metropolitan.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">They levied taxes for their support on
+ecclesiastics and laics.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>They inflicted ecclesiastical penalties on
+the violators of their laws; exclusion from
+communion, suspension from office, deposition,
+excommunication, and a sentence of
+eternal death.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Exp. of Apoc.</hi>, pp. 429-432.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These, with many other striking resemblances,
+demonstrate that the Roman hierarchy,
+in all its great features, was a counterpart
+to imperial Rome&mdash;an image of, and
+belonging to, the seven-headed, ten-horned
+monster, whose deadly wound was healed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Life was to be given to this image by the
+two-horned beast. The papal hierarchy is created
+when its supremacy over other churches
+is declared and <emph>sustained</emph>; and the power by
+which this is done, is that which gives life to
+it. This was done, according to the following
+history, by the Eastern empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The power of the papacy, symbolized by
+the image, had been predicted in Daniel under
+the symbol of <q>a Little Horn,</q> that came up
+among the previous <q>ten horns,</q> before whom
+<q>there were three of the first horns plucked
+up by the roots: and behold, in this horn
+were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth
+speaking great things,</q> Dan. 7:8. These
+horns were thus explained to Daniel: <q>The
+<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/>
+fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon
+earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms,
+and shall devour the whole earth, and
+shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
+And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten
+kings that shall arise: and another shall
+arise after them; and he shall be diverse from
+the first, and he shall subdue three kings.
+And he shall speak great words against the
+Most High, and shall wear out the saints of
+the Most High, and think to change times
+and laws: and they shall be given into his
+hand until a time and times and the dividing
+of time. But the judgment shall sit,
+and they shall take away his dominion to
+consume and to destroy it unto the end. And
+the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness
+of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall
+be given to the people of the saints of the
+Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting
+kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and
+obey him.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> vs. 23-27.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Paul spoke of the second coming of
+Christ, in his first epistle to the Thessalonians,
+they understood that it was an event then
+imminent. The apostle, in his second epistle,
+corrects this impression, by referring to the
+foregoing prediction in Daniel, which must be
+previously fulfilled. He assures them that
+<q>the day of Christ</q> <q>shall not come, except
+there be</q> an apostasy, or <q>a falling away
+first, and that Man of Sin,</q> or the lawless
+<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/>
+one, <q>be revealed, the son of perdition; who
+opposeth and exalteth himself above all that
+is called God, or that is worshipped; so that
+he, as God, sitteth in the temple of God,
+showing himself that he is God. Remember
+ye not, that when I was yet with you, I told
+you these things? And now ye know what
+withholdeth that he might be revealed in his
+time. For the mystery of iniquity doth already
+work: only he who now letteth will
+let, until he be taken out of the way. And
+then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the
+Lord shall consume with the spirit of his
+mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness
+of his coming,</q> 2 Thess. 2:2-8.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The uniform application of these predictions
+to the Papacy, by Protestant writers, renders
+it unnecessary to argue this point. That
+power began early to be manifested, but its
+full development was <q>let,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, hindered, by
+the continuance of the Western empire, which
+had to be taken out of its way. Tertullian,
+near the close of the second century, in expounding
+those words, says: <q>Who can this
+be but the Roman state, the division of which
+into ten kingdoms will bring on Antichrist?</q>
+And he gives as a reason why the Christians
+of his time prayed for the Roman empire: that
+<emph>the greatest calamity hanging over the world
+was retarded by the continuance of it</emph>. Cyril
+of Jerusalem in the fourth century applied the
+passage in the same manner, and says:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Thus the predicted Antichrist will come
+when the times of the Roman empire shall be
+fulfilled, and the consummation of the world
+shall approach. Ten kings of the Romans
+shall arise together, in different places indeed,
+but they shall reign at the same time. Among
+these the eleventh is Antichrist, who, by magical
+and wicked artifice, shall seize the Roman
+power.</q> A large number of the ancient
+fathers interpreted this text in the same manner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 257, 1260 years before the time of
+Luther, Stephen, Bishop of Rome, began to
+act the pope in good earnest,&mdash;excommunicating
+those who dissented from the doctrines
+of Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 312, 1260 years before the massacre of
+St. Bartholomew in 1572, Constantine became
+Emperor of Rome, embraced Christianity, and
+terminated the last and bloodiest of the Pagan
+persecutions&mdash;that of Diocletian, which had
+continued ten years. Constantine undertook
+to remodel the church, in conformity to the
+government of the state, and the unhallowed
+union of the two resulted in the dignities of
+patriarchs, exarchs, archbishops, canons, prebendaries,
+&amp;c., which he endowed with wealth
+and worldly honors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While paganism was superseded by Christianity
+under Constantine, its ceremonies were
+not suppressed. The senate was still pagan;
+and <q>the title, the ensigns, and the prerogatives
+<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>
+of Sovereign Pontiff, which had been instituted
+by Numa, and assumed by Augustus,
+were accepted, without hesitation, by seven
+Christian emperors.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon</hi>, v. 2, p. 183.
+Gratian became emperor, A. D. 376, and was
+the first who refused the pontifical robe. In
+378, he invested Theodosius with the Empire
+of the East; under their rule paganism was
+<q>wholly extirpated,</q> and the senate was suddenly
+converted.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> That which hindered
+was thus taken out of the way. In 378, also,
+Gratian refusing the office, Damasus, the
+Bishop of Rome, was <q>declared Pontifix Maximus,</q><note place="foot">This
+is given on the authority of the London Quarterly
+Journal of Prophecy, for 1852, p. 330, which states that the
+edict will be found in the <q>Theodosian Code, XVII. to XX.</q></note>
+and made <q>the sole judge in religious
+matters.</q> All who would not adhere
+to the religion <q>professed by the Pontiff Damasus,
+and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria,</q>
+were declared heretics.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon</hi>, v. 2, p. 156.
+Damasus, by virtue of his power, introduced
+the worship of the saints, and of Mary, <q>the
+mother of God,</q>&mdash;excommunicating those
+who dissented. Thus the apostasy, by adopting
+the gods of the heathen, and the name of
+the heathen pontiff, began to be set up, and
+the excommunicated church disappeared in
+the wilderness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the ninth century a document was produced,
+which claimed to be a deed of gift
+from Constantine to the Pope, dated A. D.
+<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>
+324, ceding him the city of Rome and all
+Italy, with the crown, the mitre, &amp;c.; but the
+forgery of this has been fully exposed. With
+the removal of the capital of the world to
+Constantinople, the empire began to decline;
+but the church augmented as fast. A provisional
+synod at Sardica, in A. D. 344, and a
+decree of the Emperor Valentinian III., in 445,
+had acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as the
+primate of the five patriarchs, and as the last
+tribunal of appeal from the other bishops; but
+the edicts of the Pope were often disregarded
+and opposed, and he continued subject to the
+civil power till the subversion of the Western
+empire by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in
+A. D. 476.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ten kingdoms which had arisen on the
+ruins of the Western empire (p. <ref target="Pg169">169</ref>), had
+nearly all embraced Christianity, corrupted
+by Arianism. And the barbarians transferred
+to their Christian instructors, the profound
+submission and reverence which they were
+accustomed to yield to the teachers of paganism,&mdash;many
+of the rites and ceremonies of
+which had been incorporated into the Catholic
+service. Ecclesiastical courts were established,
+in which were tried all questions relating
+to character, office, or property of the
+clergy; and thus they became nearly independent
+of the civil judges.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Heruli, which was the first of the ten
+horns plucked up, were conquered by the
+<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>
+Ostrogoths, in A. D. 493, when all Italy submitted
+to Theodoric. He fixed his capital at
+Ravenna, which left the Pope the only Prince
+of Rome; and the Romans, for protection,
+were forced to pay more deference to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+About A. D. 500, two Popes were simultaneously
+elected, when Theodoric gave the
+papal chair to Symmachus. Gross crimes
+being alleged against him by the defeated
+party, the king summoned a council in A. D.
+503 to investigate the charges; and he was
+acquitted. The other party being dissatisfied,
+Ennodius, Bishop Ticonum, drew up an
+apology for the Pope and council, in which,
+for the first time, the Pope was styled a
+<q>Judge in the place of God, and Vicegerent
+of the Most High;</q> and <q>subject to no
+earthly tribunal.</q> Thus did the Lawless
+One attempt, <q>as God,</q> to <q>sit in the temple
+of God.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 533, Justinian, Emperor at Constantinople,
+being about to attack the Vandals
+in Africa, and wishing first to settle the religious
+disputes of his capital in which he felt
+a great interest, he submitted the controversy
+to the primate of Rome. To induce a decision
+in his own favor, or to give force to it, he
+acknowledged the Bishop of Rome the Chief
+of the whole Ecclesiastical body of the empire;
+and thus addressed him, in a letter sent
+by two distinguished prelates:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">Justinian, pious, fortunate, renowned, triumphant emperor,
+consul, &amp;c., to John, the most holy Archbishop of
+our city of Rome, and patriarch.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">Rendering honor to the Apostolic chair, and to your
+Holiness, as has been always and is our wish, and honoring
+your blessedness as a father; we have hastened to bring to
+the knowledge of your Holiness all matters relating to the
+state of the churches. It having been at all times our great
+desire to preserve the unity of your Apostolic chair, and the
+constitution of the holy churches of God which has obtained
+hitherto, and still obtains.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">Therefore we have made no delay in subjecting and
+uniting to your Holiness all the priests of the whole East.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For this reason we have thought fit to bring to your
+notice the present matters of disturbance; though they are
+manifest and unquestionable, and always firmly held and
+declared by the whole priesthood according to the doctrine
+of your Apostolic chair. For we cannot suffer that anything
+which relates to the state of the Church, however
+manifest and unquestionable, should be moved, without the
+knowledge of your Holiness, who are The Head of all the
+Holy Churches, for in all things, as we have already declared,
+we are anxious to increase the honor and authority
+of your Apostolic chair.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Says Dr. Croly:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The emperor's letter must have been sent
+before the 25th of March, 533. For, in his
+letter of that date to Epiphanius he speaks of
+its having been already despatched, and repeats
+his decision, that all affairs touching the
+church shall be referred to the Pope, <q>head
+of all bishops, and the true and effective corrector
+of heretics.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">In the same month of the following year,
+534, the Pope returned an answer repeating the
+language of the emperor, applauding his
+homage to the See, and adopting the titles of
+<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>
+the imperial mandate. He observes that,
+among the virtues of Justinian, <q>one shines as
+a star, his reverence for the Apostolic chair,
+to which he has subjected and united all the
+churches, it being truly the head of all; and
+was testified by the rules of the fathers, the
+laws of the princes, and the declarations of the
+emperor's piety.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The authenticity of the title receives unanswerable
+proof from the edicts in the <q>Novellæ</q>
+of the Justinian code.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The preamble of the 9th states that <q>as
+the elder Rome was the founder of the laws,
+so was it not to be questioned that in her was
+the supremacy of the pontificate.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The 131st, on the ecclesiastical titles and
+privileges, chapter II. states: <q>We therefore
+decree that the most holy Pope of the elder
+Rome is the first of all the priesthood, and
+that the most blessed archbishop of Constantinople,
+the new Rome, shall hold the second
+rank after the holy Apostolic chair of the elder
+Rome.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The supremacy of the Pope had by those
+mandates and edicts received the fullest sanction
+that could be given by the authority of
+the master of the Roman world. However
+worthless the motives, the act was done, authentic
+and unquestionable, sanctioned by all
+the forms of state, and never abrogated,&mdash;the
+act of the first potentate in the world. If the
+supremacy over the church of God had been
+<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>
+for man to give, it might have been given by
+the unrivalled sovereignty of Justinian.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>From this era the church of Rome dates
+the earthly acknowledgment of her claim.
+Its heavenly authority is referred to the remoter
+source of the apostles.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Apoc.</hi>, pp.
+14-16, 30, 31.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The war against the Vandals was vigorously
+prosecuted by Belisarius, Justinian's
+general, and resulted in their conquest the
+same year. Thus was the second of the first
+ten divisions of the empire subjugated: the
+second horn was plucked up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rome was still in possession of an Arian
+monarch, who was the bitter enemy of the
+Catholic church. Intelligence of the success
+of Belisarius in Africa reached the emperor,
+Dec. 16th, A. D. 533. <q>Impatient to abolish
+the temporal and spiritual tyranny of the
+Vandals, he proceeded, without delay, <emph>to the
+full establishment of the Catholic
+church</emph>.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gibbon</hi>,
+Harpers' ed., v. 3, p. 67. Belisarius
+proceeded to the conquest of Italy, which
+he effected, and marched on to Rome. Only
+4000 soldiers were stationed for its defence;
+and they could not oppose the wishes of the
+Romans, who voluntarily submitted. Seized
+with a momentary enthusiasm, <q>they furiously
+exclaimed that the apostolic throne
+should no longer be profaned by the triumph
+or toleration of Arianism; that the tombs of
+the Cæsars should no longer be trampled on
+<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/>
+by the savages of the north; and without reflecting
+that Italy must sink into a province
+of Constantinople, they fondly hailed the restoration
+of a Roman emperor as a new era of
+freedom and prosperity. The deputies of the
+Pope and clergy, of the senate and people, invited
+the lieutenant of Justinian to accept
+their voluntary allegiance, and to enter the
+city.</q> Thus was <q>the city, after sixty years'
+servitude delivered from the yoke of the barbarians,</q>
+Dec. 10, A. D. 536. And <q>the
+Catholics prepared to celebrate, without a
+rival, the approaching festival of the nativity
+of Christ.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 80.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the winter, the Ostrogoths made preparations,
+and besieged Rome with an army of
+150,000 fighting men. Pope Sylverius was
+suspected of treachery, and on proof that he
+had communicated with the enemy, he was
+banished by Belisarius. At the emperor's
+command, the clergy of Rome proceeded to
+the choice of a new bishop, and elected <q>deacon
+Virgilius, who had purchased the papal
+throne by a bribe of two hundred pounds of
+gold.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 85. As he had obtained the
+papal seat by fraud, it was claimed that he
+was not the lawful Pope; but in A. D. 538,
+he was owned as such by the 5th General
+Council, and the whole Christian world.&mdash;See
+Bowers' <hi rend='italic'>Hist. Popes</hi>, v. 2, p. 374. In
+March of this year (538),&mdash;after <q>one year
+and nine days</q>&mdash;the Ostrogoths raised the
+<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/>
+siege of Rome, and burned their tents&mdash;one-third
+of their number having perished under
+its walls. The arms of Justinian triumphed,
+and the Catholic hierarchy was established.
+The third horn had been plucked up by the
+fall of the third of the first ten divisions of
+Rome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bishop of Constantinople did not submit
+willingly to the Primacy of Rome. On
+the death of Justinian, the supremacy of the
+Pope was utterly denied; and, in A. D. 588,
+John, Bishop of Constantinople, himself assumed
+the coveted title of <q>Universal Bishop.</q>
+The Roman bishop, Gregory the Great, indignant
+at this usurpation, denounced him as a
+<q>usurper, aiming at supremacy over the
+whole church,</q> and declared that whoever
+claims such supremacy <q>has the pride and
+character of <hi rend='italic'>Antichrist</hi>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boniface succeeded to the Roman See, and
+in the following year, A. D. 606, only two
+years after Gregory's death, applied to Phocas,&mdash;who
+had ascended the throne of Constantinople
+by the murder of the Emperor Mauritius,&mdash;for
+the same blasphemous title, with
+the privilege of continuing it to his successors.
+His request was granted, the Eastern Bishop
+was forbidden its use, and the Primate of
+Rome was again acknowledged as <q>Universal
+Bishop,</q> and the unrivalled <q>Head of all
+the churches.</q> This title has been worn by
+all the succeeding Popes; <q>but the highest
+<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/>
+authority,</q> says Dr. Croly, <q>among the civilians
+and annalists of Rome, spurn the idea
+that Phocas was the founder of the supremacy
+of Rome. They ascend to Justinian as the
+only legitimate source, and rightly date the
+title from the memorable year 533.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Apoc.</hi>
+p. 117.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 730, Emperor Leo issued an edict
+for the destruction of all images used in religious
+worship. From that time the Pope
+scorned his authority, and acted in defiance
+of the emperor's will, who found himself unable
+to compel the Pope to obey the edict.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Papacy thus defied all human authority;
+but did not as yet attempt the exercise
+of political power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 756, Pepin, the usurper of the
+crown of France, compelled the King of Lombardy
+to cede the exarchate of Ravenna to
+the Pope, <q>to be forever held and possessed
+by St. Peter and his lawful successors in the
+See of Rome.</q> The Pope had now become a
+temporal prince, and one of the kings of the
+earth. In A. D. 774, Charlemagne, the successor
+of Pepin, confirmed the former gift, and
+in addition, subjugated the Lombards, and
+annexed a large portion of their kingdom and
+the Duchy of Rome to the Roman See. In A.
+D. 817, Louis the Pious, granted <q>St. Peter's
+patrimony</q> to the Pope and his successors,
+<q>in their own right, principality, and dominion,
+unto the end of the world.</q> Hence, as
+<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/>
+a temporal prince, the Pope wears a triple
+crown.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 800, Charlemagne was solemnly
+crowned and proclaimed emperor by the
+Pope, having reduced under his sway nearly
+the whole of Europe. From this time the
+Popes claimed superiority to all kings and emperors,
+received homage from them, and exercised
+all the rights of sovereignty; but they
+were nominally dependent on the Emperors of
+the West till A. D. 1278, when the Emperor
+Rudolph released the people of the Papal
+States from all allegiance they might still owe
+to the imperial crown. This act was confirmed
+by the electors and princes of the empire.
+The Popes, in the greatness of their
+power, crowned and uncrowned kings at their
+pleasure, absolved subjects from all allegiance
+to their rulers, excommunicated whoever they
+would, and compelled secular princes to put
+to death heretics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 1294, Boniface VIII. became Pope.
+From his accession Hallam dates the decline
+of the Papacy, which, for <q>more than two
+centuries, had been on throne of the earth,
+and reigned despot of the world.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dowling</hi>.
+This was 1260 years from the death of Peter,&mdash;the
+earliest time from which they can date.
+His bull of excommunication against Philip
+of France, being disregarded by that monarch,
+who adroitly made the Pope his prisoner, his
+rage brought on a fever, which caused his
+<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/>
+death. Only a few succeeding pontiffs claimed,
+and none attempted to enforce, the prerogatives
+exercised by the preceding Popes. For seventy
+years the successors of Boniface resided
+at Avignon, in France, and paid great deference
+to the monarch of that country. After
+this was the Western schism, which divided
+the church for forty years,&mdash;two rival Popes
+claiming the mitre, and thundering out their
+anathemas against each other. These events
+greatly weakened the Papacy. About this
+time appeared Wickliffe and Huss, and Jerome
+of Prague; and still later, in 1517, Martin
+Luther, in opposition to the Papal pretensions,
+published his Thesis against Indulgences,
+1260 years from the time of the arrogance
+of Pope Stephen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In A. D. 1572, 1260 years from the removal
+of Constantine from Rome to Constantinople,
+occurred the bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew,
+when in one day 5000 Protestants were
+murdered in Paris, and in the same proportion
+in other parts of France. The persecutions
+of the Papists continued till near the close of
+the last century; and as late as November,
+1781, a woman was burned alive by the Inquisition
+in Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1793, 1260 years from Justinian's letter
+to the Pope, the Papal church, with all religion,
+was entirely suppressed in France. And
+in 1798, which was the same length of time
+from the establishment of the papacy, by the
+<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>
+conquest of the Ostrogoths,&mdash;the plucking up
+of the last of the three horns in 538, Gen.
+Berthier entered Rome, compelled the Pope to
+flee, and terminated the Papal government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The temporal power was afterwards restored;
+but in 1848, twelve hundred and sixty
+years from 588 when John assumed the title
+of Universal Bishop, the Pope again fled from
+his throne. Two years subsequently, he was
+again restored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Flacius, in his <q>Catalogue of Witnesses,</q>
+represented the twelve hundred and sixty
+days as having commenced in 606;</q> and
+Scott, and several others, reckon them from
+the same epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The image had power to speak. It
+thus filled the office of the <q>mouth,</q> which
+was given to the ten-horned beast (v. 5),
+which synchronizes with the view taken of
+that appendage, p. <ref target="Pg172">172</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. It should <emph>cause</emph> the infliction of death on
+those who should refuse to worship. The
+worship it would exact, is doubtless of the
+kind bestowed on the wild beast, 13:4. The
+Papal hierarchy claimed to be infallible and
+invincible, and to have power to bind and
+loose on earth and in heaven; those who refused
+to recognize its claims, if incorrigible,
+were punished with death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Image was not to put to death, but
+would <emph>cause</emph> them to be killed. The symbolization
+corresponds with the fulfilment in
+<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/>
+this particular. The ecclesiastical officials
+punished rebellious subjects, by delivering
+them over to the civil arm; which punished
+heretics according to the will of the Papacy.
+<q>Lucius III. and Innocent III. by formal
+decrees required them to be seized, condemned,
+and delivered by the civil magistrates, to be
+capitally punished; and enjoined the princes
+and magistrates to execute on them the sentences
+denounced by the canon and civil
+laws.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord's Exp. of Apoc.</hi>, p. 434. This
+is substantiated by Bellarmini and other
+writers. Civil rulers, who refused to enforce
+the decrees of the councils, were anathematized,
+excommunicated, and often deprived of
+their political power. When the Papacy has
+been reminded of the numbers killed and
+otherwise punished for alleged heresy, she has
+replied that the civil power, and not the church,
+has done this! She, however, has caused the
+kings of the earth to execute her wishes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The image would cause all to receive
+the <emph>mark</emph> of the Beast. A mark is a token of
+recognition. Slaves, soldiers, and the devotees
+of various gods, were thus identified on their
+hands or foreheads, both before and after the
+time of St. John&mdash;slaves by the name of the
+Emperor on their forehead, and soldiers by
+his name on their hand. Mr. Elliott proves
+this by quotations from Valerius, Maximus,
+Ælian, Ambrose, and others. The devotees
+of particular gods gained admittance to the
+<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>
+secret meetings of the worshippers of their respective
+deity, by a <emph>mark</emph> by which they identified
+each other. At the present day the
+Hindoos are marked on the forehead by the
+hieroglyphic of the god they are consecrated
+to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mark of the beast, is its <emph>name</emph>, or the
+<emph>number</emph> of its name. The ancients often used
+numbers to indicate names. <q>Among the
+Pagans, the Egyptian mystics spoke of Mercury,
+or Thouth, under the number 1218, because
+the Greek letters composing the name
+Thouth, when estimated according to their
+numerical value, together made up that number.
+By others, Jupiter was invoked under
+the mystical number 717; because the letters
+of Ἡ ΑΡΧΗ, <hi rend='italic'>the beginning</hi>,
+or <hi rend='italic'>first origin</hi>, which
+was a characteristic title of the supreme deity
+worshipped as Jupiter, made up that number:
+and Apollo under the number 608, as being
+that of ηυς, or υης, words expressing certain
+solar attributes. Again, the pseudo-Christian
+or semi-pagan Gnostics, from St. John's time
+downwards, affixed to their gems and amulets,
+of which multitudes remain even to the present
+day, the mystic word σβ�ασαξ, or αβ�αξας,
+under the idea of some magic virtue attaching
+to its number 365, as being that of the days
+of the annual solar circle; and equal moreover
+with that of Μειθ�ας, or Mithras, the
+Magian name for the sun, whom they identified
+also with Christ. Once more, the Christian
+<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/>
+fathers themselves fell into the same
+fancies, and doctrine of mysteriousness in certain
+verbal numbers. For example, both
+Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria speak
+of the virtue of the number 318 as being that
+of ΙΗΤ the common abbreviation for Jesus
+crucified; and partly ascribe to its magical
+virtue the victory which Abraham gained
+with his 318 servants over the Canaanitish
+kings. Similarly Tertullian refers the victory
+of Gideon, with his 300 men, to the circumstance
+of that being the precise number of Τ,
+the sign of the cross. In the name of Adam,
+St. Cyprian discerned a mysterious numeral
+affinity to certain characteristics in the life
+and history of the second Adam, Jesus Christ.
+Irenæus notes the remarkable number 888 of
+the name Ιησους, Jesus. And in the pseudo-Sibylline
+verses, written by Christians about
+the end, probably, of the second century, and
+consequently not long after Irenæus, we find
+enigmas proposed of precisely the same characters
+as that in the text;&mdash;the number being
+given, and the name required.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Elliott's
+Horæ Apoc.</hi>, vol. iii., pp. 204-6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>number of the beast</q> is indicated in
+the text by the Greek letters <q>χξς</q> which
+were severally used to represent the numbers
+600, 60 and 6, making 666. As the name of
+the beast is equivalent to this number, the
+letters in it will represent numbers which
+amount to six hundred threescore and six.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/>
+
+<p>
+After the division of the Roman empire, the
+western kingdom adopted for itself the name
+of the Latin kingdom; and its subdivisions
+were called the Latin kingdoms. The church
+connected with those kingdoms was also
+emphatically called the Latin church. Says
+Dr. More: <q>They Latinize everything. Mass,
+prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals,
+bulls, are conceived in Latin. The Papal
+councils speak in Latin. Women pray in
+Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other
+language under the Papacy than Latin. In
+short, all things are Latin.</q> The Council of
+Trent declared the Latin Vulgate to be the only
+authentic version of the Scriptures; and their
+doctors have preferred it to the Hebrew and
+Greek text, written by prophets and apostles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This Latin kingdom is the only one that
+ever corresponded to the characteristics of the
+beast. And its name&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Latinos</hi> in the Greek,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Romiith</hi> in the Hebrew&mdash;is equivalent
+to the required number.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend="pre">The Greek and Hebrew letters composing
+the words רומיית, <hi rend='italic'>Romiith</hi>&mdash;רמענוש,
+<hi rend='italic'>Romanus</hi>&mdash;λατεινος,
+<hi rend='italic'>Latinos</hi>, each of them making in
+numerals exactly 666, plainly point out not
+only his name, and the number of his name,
+but also the <emph>mark</emph> of his <emph>name</emph>; as for example:</q>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>in ר ו מ י י ת <hi rend='italic'>Romiith</hi>; so likewise</l>
+<l>400 10 10 40 6 200 = 666</l>
+<l></l>
+<l>ר מ ע נ ו ש <hi rend='italic'>Romanus</hi>; and also</l>
+<l>300 6 50 70 40 200 = 666</l>
+<l></l>
+<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/>
+<l>the Greek λ α τ ε ι ν ο ς <hi rend='italic'>Latinos</hi>,</l>
+<l>30 1 300 5 10 50 70 200 = 666.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+in each of which the exact mark is contained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It therefore evidently appears, that each
+name is both a mark and a number; a mark,
+when viewed as made up of so many letters,
+therefore called the mark of his name; a
+number, when viewed as made up of so many
+numerals, then called the number of his name.
+But when considered merely as a name,
+derived from <hi rend='italic'>Romiith</hi>, a Roman, or <hi rend='italic'>Romulus</hi>,
+the founder of Rome, a name common among
+men, it may then be properly called the <emph>mark,
+or number of a man</emph>.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Fleming's Rise and
+Fall of Papacy.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To receive the mark of the beast, would be
+an acknowledgment of subjection to it. The
+connection of the beast and its image was so
+intimate, that submission to the one, was virtual
+submission to the other. To submit to
+the rites of the church modelled after the wild
+beast, to profess its faith, and to honor its
+authority, would be a reception of its mark.
+And all persons were compelled to do this, and
+give evidence of submission to its authority
+on the peril of their lives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Those who should refuse the mark of
+the beast, were to be prohibited from buying
+and selling. The Lateran Council under Pope
+Alexander II., passed an act forbidding any
+to harbor heretics in their houses or to trade
+<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>
+with them. The Synod of Tours passed a law
+that no one should assist them, <q>no, not so
+much as to exercise commerce with them in
+<emph>selling</emph> or <emph>buying</emph>.</q><note place="foot"><q>Ubi
+cogniti fuerint illius hæresis sectatores, ne receptaculum
+iis quisquam in terra sua præbere præsumat: sed
+nec in venditione aut emptione aliqua cum iis omnino commercium
+habeatur.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hard.</hi>, vi. ii.
+1597.</note>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Elliott.</hi> In 1179, the
+third Lateran Council sentenced certain heretics,
+<q>their defenders and harborers, to an
+anathema, and forbid, under an anathema,
+that any should presume to keep them in their
+house, or on their lands, sustain them, or
+transact any business with them.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lord.</hi>
+<q>It was just the same fearful penalty of interdict
+from buying and selling, traffic and
+intercourse, that had been inculcated long
+before by the Pagan Dragon's representative
+Diocletian, against the early Christians.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Elliott.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So exact a correspondence between the wild
+beast and the Western kingdoms, the two-horned
+beast and the Eastern empire, and the
+image to the wild beast and the Roman Hierarchy,
+makes the symbolization of this chapter
+very intelligible. These three agencies will
+severally continue till the end of the world.
+The latter will be destroyed by the brightness
+of Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), and the
+two former will then be taken and <q>cast alive
+into the lake of fire,</q> 19:20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The vision would have been defective without
+<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/>
+a representation of the end of those who
+refuse to worship the beast, or its image, or
+to receive their mark, and who, although
+warred against and overcome by the beast,
+should maintain their integrity to Christ.
+Accordingly the revelator has a view of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Redeemed on Mount Zion.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I looked, and behold a lamb stood on the mount
+Zion, and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand,
+having his name and the name of his Father written on
+their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, like the
+voice of many waters, and like the voice of loud thunder:
+and the voice which I heard was like that of harpers playing
+with their harps: and they sung as it were a new song
+before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the
+elders: and no one could learn the song except the hundred
+and forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth.
+These are they, who were not defiled with women; for they
+are virgins. These are they who follow the Lamb wherever
+he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, the first
+fruit to God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth no lie
+was found for they are faultless.</q>&mdash;Rev. 14:1-5.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The Lamb is shown by the connection to
+be Christ,&mdash;here called by one of his metaphorical
+names.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Mount Zion, doubtless, symbolizes the
+place where, in the regeneration, the Lord
+will reign with his saints&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> in the new
+earth. <q>The Lord shall reign over them in
+Mount Zion,</q> Micah 4:7.&mdash;<q>And they sung
+a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take
+<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>
+the book, and to open the seals thereof: for
+thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God
+by thy blood out of every kindred and tongue,
+and people, and nation, and hast made us
+kings and priests: and we shall reign on the
+earth,</q> 5:9,10.&mdash;<q>And I saw a new heavens
+and a new earth: for the first heaven
+and the first earth were passed away.... And
+I heard a great voice out of heaven, saying,
+Behold the tabernacle of God is with men,
+and he will dwell with them, and they shall,
+be his people, and God himself shall be with
+them and be their God,</q> 21:1-3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of Mount Zion, and Jerusalem,
+were both used to denote the city which the
+Lord chose above all the goodly places of
+earth to put his name there. It is proper to
+designate the heavenly city, the new Jerusalem,
+by all the names which were applied to
+the old. The king is to be set upon the holy
+hill of Zion&mdash;<q>Walk about Zion, and go round
+about her: tell the towers thereof. Mark ye
+well her bulwarks, consider her palaces,</q> Psa.
+48:12, 13. <q>When the Lord shall build up
+Zion, he shall appear in glory,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 102:16.
+<q>For the Lord hath chosen Zion; he hath
+desired it for his habitation. This is my rest
+forever; here will I dwell; for I have desired
+it,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 132:13, 14. <q>For the Lord shall
+comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste
+places; and he will make her wilderness like
+Eden, and her desert like the garden of the
+<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/>
+Lord; and joy and gladness shall be found
+therein, thanksgiving and the voice of
+melody.... Therefore the redeemed of the
+Lord shall return and come with singing unto
+Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their
+head: they shall obtain gladness and joy,
+and sorrow and mourning shall flee away.</q>
+Isa. 51:3-11. <q>Awake, awake, put on thy
+strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful
+garments, O Jerusalem, the holy city; for
+henceforth there shall no more come into
+thee the uncircumcised and the unclean....
+How beautiful on the mountains are the feet
+of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth
+peace; that bringeth good tidings of
+good, that publisheth salvation; that saith
+unto Zion, <q>Thy God reigneth!</q> Thy watchmen
+shall lift up the voice; with the voice
+together shall they sing: for they shall see
+eye to eye when the Lord shall bring again
+Zion. Break forth into joy, sing together, ye
+waste places of Jerusalem: for the Lord hath
+comforted his people, he hath redeemed Jerusalem.</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 52:1-9. <q>And the Redeemer
+shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn
+from transgression in Jacob, saith the Lord.</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 59:20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The standing of the Lamb on Mount Zion,
+symbolizes an epoch when Christ shall assume
+a corresponding relation to his people. He
+there appears in person; and <q>when Christ
+who is your life, shall appear, then shall ye
+<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/>
+also appear with him in glory,</q> Col. 3:4.
+It will not be till he shall have judged <q>the
+quick and the dead at his appearing,</q> (2 Tim.
+4:1), that <q>the redeemed from among men</q>
+will <q>follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The 144,000, who are with Christ, correspond
+with the number which are sealed, <q>of
+all the tribes of the children of Israel,</q> (7:4);
+and they are doubtless the same persons,
+who, under the sixth seal, are designated,
+among all denominations of Christians, by the
+mark of the living God. They are there
+shown to be the godly, who shall be alive on
+the earth at Christ's coming and shall then be
+changed, and, with the risen dead, caught up
+to meet him in the air.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sealing process there symbolized, is
+here shown to be the inscribing of the Father's
+name on their foreheads. The subjects of the
+beast and its image, receive its mark; but
+the children of God and the Lamb, are designated
+instead, by the name of the Father.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The voice from heaven as the voice of many
+waters, with the voice of harpers, is the
+singing of the new song which none but the
+144,000 could learn. Those who are translated
+at Christ's coming, will be favored above
+all, save two, who will have lived on the
+earth, insomuch as they will have been redeemed
+from the earth without being subjected
+to death.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/>
+
+<p>
+These sing in the presence of the four living
+creatures and the elders, who symbolize those
+who also are redeemed from among men and
+will reign on the earth, 5:8-10. Consequently
+those must symbolize the resurrected
+dead, with whom the 144,000 will be ushered
+into the Lord's presence, 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+The two bodies of the redeemed, are therefore
+both represented with the Lord on Mount
+Zion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their not being defiled with women, probably
+implies that they were not guilty of idolatry,
+which is represented by that figure, Ezek.
+16:15. They had not submitted to the wiles
+of the woman seated on the scarlet-colored
+beast, (17:3); had not worshipped the beast
+or its image (14:9), and had been true to
+their Divine Sovereign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth. All the redeemed will doubtless thus
+follow the Lamb, for of all the <q>great multitude
+which no man could number, of all nations
+and kindreds, and people, and tongues,</q>
+who stood before the throne and before the
+Lamb, clothed <q>with white robes, and palms
+in their hands,</q> (7:9)&mdash;it was said: <q>The
+Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall
+feed them, and shall lead them unto living
+fountains of water,</q> 7:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who are redeemed from among men,
+are called the <q>first fruits unto God and to the
+<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/>
+Lamb.</q> They are not necessarily first fruits
+of the redeemed, to distinguish them from
+others of the redeemed, but are first fruits of
+the race: <q>Of his own will begat he us with
+the word of truth, that we should be a kind
+of <emph>first fruits</emph> of his creatures,</q> James 1:18.
+By his resurrection from the dead, Christ
+became <q>the first fruits of them that slept,</q>
+1 Cor. 15:20. And at his coming there is to
+be a <q>first resurrection</q> (20:6), when the
+bodies of the saints will <q>be fashioned like
+unto his glorious body</q> (Phil. 3:21), and thus
+become the first fruits with their risen Head.
+Those who come up at the second resurrection
+will not attain to that beatific state.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They are faultless, and without guile. They
+are not perfect by reason of any inherent
+goodness in themselves; for <q>all we like sheep
+have gone astray ... and the Lord laid on
+him the iniquity of us all,</q> Isa. 53:6. The
+redeemed church will be faultless, because its
+members will be sanctified and cleansed by
+the blood of Christ. Such will constitute <q>a
+glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle,
+or any such thing ... holy and without
+blemish,</q> Eph. 5:27. While <q>the nations
+of them which are saved shall walk in the
+light</q> of the New Jerusalem, and shall <q>bring
+their glory and honor into it,</q> there <q>shall in
+no wise enter into it anything that defileth,
+neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or
+<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/>
+maketh a lie: but they which are written in
+the Lamb's book of life,</q> 21:24-27.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">There awaiteth at the end</q></l>
+<l>Such a home, and such a Friend,</l>
+<l>Such a crown, and such a throne,</l>
+<l>Such a harp of heavenly tone,</l>
+<l>Such companions, such employ,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">Such a world of hallowed
+joy!</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bunyan.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Angel of the Everlasting Gospel.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven,
+having the everlasting good news to preach to those dwelling
+on the earth, and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue,
+and people, saying with a loud voice, Fear God and give
+glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and
+worship him who made the heaven, and the earth, and the
+sea, and fountains of water!</q>&mdash;Rev. 14:6, 7.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The era symbolized by the flight of this
+angel, has been applied, by different writers
+to the epoch of the Reformation, to that of
+modern missions, &amp;c. The view here taken,
+is that it synchronizes with the preaching of
+the gospel to the Gentiles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The angel flying through the midst of
+heaven, doubtless symbolizes a body of men
+conspicuous for their position, energetic in
+their movements, extensive in their operations,
+and urgent in their proclamation,&mdash;whose
+teachings correspond with this announcement
+of the angel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The message they bear is that of the
+everlasting gospel ευαγγελιον, (<hi rend='italic'>evangelion</hi>)&mdash;which
+<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/>
+is, literally, the good news, the glad
+tidings; that which brings <q>life and immortality
+to light,</q> 2 Tim. 1:10. It is a message
+which foreshadows the resurrection and
+coming judgment at Christ's appearing; and
+is therefore called <q>the gospel of the kingdom,</q>
+(Matt. 4:23);&mdash;the good news of the
+glorious kingdom of the Son of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is the preaching of the <emph>everlasting</emph> gospel
+which is thus symbolized. It is no <emph>new</emph> gospel;
+for, <q>the Scripture foreseeing that God
+would justify the heathen through faith,
+preached before the gospel unto Abraham,&mdash;saying:
+In thee shall all nations be blessed,</q>
+Gal. 3:8. And not Abraham alone, but all
+the fathers <q>did eat the same spiritual meat,
+and did all drink the same spiritual drink: for
+they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed
+them: and that rock was Christ,</q> 1 Cor. 10:3, 4.
+Of this gospel the Jewish nation and a
+few proselytes, were for ages the sole recipients.
+<q>Unto them were committed the oracles
+of God.</q> Rom. 3:2. To them pertained
+<q>the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants,
+and the giving of the law, and the service
+of God, and the promises,</q> Rom. 9:4.
+But the time had been foretold when the Gentiles
+should come to their light, and kings to
+the brightness of their rising, Isa. 60:3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the coming of Christ, and his rejection
+of that nation, the gospel, was no longer to be
+confined within its former narrow limits. The
+<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/>
+Savior said to his disciples: <q>Go ye therefore
+and teach all nations, baptizing them in the
+name of the Father, and of the Son, and of
+the Holy Ghost; teaching them to observe all
+things whatsoever I have commanded you:
+and lo, I am with you alway, even unto the
+end of the world,</q> Matt. 28:19, 20. <q>Go ye
+into all the world and preach the gospel to
+every creature. He that believeth and is
+baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth
+not shall be damned,</q> Mark 16:15, 16.
+<q>Then opened he their understanding that
+they might understand the Scriptures, and he
+said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus
+it behoved Christ to suffer, to rise from the
+dead the third day: and that repentance and
+remission of sins should be preached in his
+name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem,</q>
+Luke 24:45-47.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fulfilment of those predictions and
+commands could not be more beautifully and
+appropriately symbolized, than by an angel
+flying <q>in the midst of heaven having the
+everlasting gospel to preach unto them that
+dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and
+kindred, and tongue, and people.</q> It could
+be no other gospel: for Paul testified:
+<q>Though we, or an angel from heaven,
+preach any other gospel unto you than that
+which we have preached unto you, let him be
+accursed. As we said before, so say I now
+again, If any man preach any other gospel
+<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/>
+unto you than that ye have received, let him
+be accursed,</q> Gal. 1:8, 9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with the divine command, to
+preach the gospel to all the nations, beginning
+at Jerusalem, the apostles began their mission;
+and when the Jews rejected their message,
+they turned to the Gentiles, and went everywhere
+preaching the word <q>according to the
+revelation of the mystery, which was kept
+secret since the world began, but now is
+made manifest, and by the scriptures of the
+prophets, according to the commandment of
+the everlasting God, made known to all
+nations for the obedience of faith,</q> Rom. 16:25, 26.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first converts to the faith, comprised
+<q>Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the
+dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and
+Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia,
+and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of
+Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome,
+Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians,</q>
+Acts 2:9-12. When the Jews contradicted
+and blasphemed, <q>Paul and Barnabas waxed
+bold, and said, It was necessary that the word
+of God should first have been spoken to you:
+but seeing ye put it from you, and judge
+yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo,
+we turn to the Gentiles,</q> Acts 13:46. Afterwards
+Paul, in writing to the Colossians, refers
+to the gospel as that <q>which was preached to
+<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/>
+every creature which is under heaven,</q> Col.
+1:23.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This gospel was to be preached to those
+who dwell on the earth, and also to all nations.
+The symbolic earth of the Apocalypse, being
+generally admitted to be the Roman empire
+under a quiet government, its fulfilment
+would require an early introduction of the
+gospel there. Accordingly we find, within
+thirty years after the crucifixion of Christ, a
+flourishing church existing in the metropolis
+of the Roman empire, to which Paul addressed
+one of his most able letters. In it, he thanks
+God that their <q>faith is spoken of throughout
+all the world,</q> Rom. 1:8. The apostle had
+then <q>fully preached the gospel of Christ</q>
+from Jerusalem <q>round about [the coast of
+the Mediterranean] unto Illyricum,</q> (Rom.
+16:19);&mdash;a country on the Adriatic, or Gulf
+of Venice. He afterwards visited Rome,
+and is supposed to have preached the gospel
+as far west as Spain. The apostles spread
+Christianity throughout the Roman empire.
+Palestine, Syria, Natolia, Greece, the islands
+of the Mediterranean, Italy, and the northern
+coast of Africa, contained societies of Christians
+in the first century. In the second
+century societies existed, and Christ was worshipped,
+among the Germans, Spaniards,
+French, Celts, and Britons, and many other
+nations in Europe, and almost throughout the
+whole east. In the fourth century Christianity
+<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/>
+had become the prevailing religion of the
+empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In later times the gospel which began to
+be preached at Jerusalem, has been extended
+to more distant countries, and is still finding
+its way to every tribe and people that have
+not before heard its joyful sound. Thus has
+the light of the gospel nearly encircled the
+globe, having been, in one age or another, proclaimed
+in every known country&mdash;fulfilling
+the words of the Saviour: <q>And this gospel
+of the kingdom shall be preached in all the
+world, for a witness unto all nations; and
+then shall the end come,</q> Matt. 24:14.
+<q>And the gospel must first be published
+among all nations,</q> Mark 13:10. It would
+not follow from these predictions that it must
+be preached at the <emph>same time</emph> to all nations,
+any more than the light of day shines on
+all parts of the earth at once: but all must
+have been illumined by it before the end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with this view, those who
+are finally redeemed to God <q>out of every
+kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation</q>
+(5:9), are those who will <q>have washed
+their robes and made them white in the blood
+of the Lamb</q> (7:14), in consequence of
+this universal extension of the gospel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The command to fear and give glory to
+God, and to worship the Creator of all things
+implies that it was to be proclaimed to worshippers
+of false gods, and was not a mere
+<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/>
+proclamation addressed to <emph>actual Christians</emph>.
+The Gentiles to whom the apostles preached
+<emph>were</emph> actual worshippers of such, and needed
+to be taught the worship of the <emph>true</emph> God.
+While Paul was at Athens, his spirit was
+stirred within him when he saw the city
+wholly given to idolatry. <q>Then Paul stood
+in the midst of Mars hill, and said, Ye men
+of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye
+are too superstitious. For as I passed by,
+and beheld your devotions, I found an altar
+with this inscription: TO THE UNKNOWN
+GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship,
+him declare I unto you. God that made
+the world and all things therein, seeing that
+he is the Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth
+not in temples made with hands,</q> Acts 17:22-24.
+<q>Ye know that ye were Gentiles,
+carried away unto these dumb idols, even as
+ye were led,</q> 1 Cor. 12:2. <q>For they themselves
+show us of what manner of entering in
+we had unto you, and how ye turned to God
+from idols, to serve the living and true God:
+and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he
+raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered
+us from the wrath to come,</q> 1 Thess.
+1:9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The great motive, to be held forth to induce
+men to turn from the worship of idols to that
+of God, was the certainty of the approaching
+judgment. In accordance with this, the apostles
+make constant references to it. The Corinthians
+<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/>
+are exhorted to <q>come behind in no
+gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus
+Christ: who shall also confirm you unto the
+end, that ye may be blameless in the day of
+our Lord Jesus Christ,</q> 1 Cor. 1:7, 8. As
+Paul <q>reasoned of righteousness, temperance,
+and judgment to come, Felix trembled,</q> Acts
+24:25. He said to the impenitent Romans, that
+they were <q>treasuring up to themselves wrath
+against the day of wrath, and revelation of the
+righteous judgment of God,</q> Rom. 2:5. The
+first things which were presented in all their
+teachings were <q>the foundation of repentance
+from dead works, and of faith toward God, of
+the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of
+hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of
+eternal judgment,</q> Heb. 6:1, 2. Thus
+<q>Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied
+of these, saying, Behold the Lord cometh
+with ten thousand of his saints,</q> Jude 14, 15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As Christ was to judge the world <q>at his
+appearing and kingdom</q> (2 Tim. 4:1), a
+reference to his coming always involved a consideration
+of the hour of his judgment; and
+his appearing was a great incentive to holiness.
+<q>For our conversation is in heaven, from
+whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord
+Jesus Christ,</q> Phil. 3:20. And <q>when
+Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall
+ye also appear with him in glory,</q> Col. 3:4.
+<q>For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of
+rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence
+<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/>
+of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming?</q>
+1 Thess. 2:19. <q>To the end he may establish
+your hearts unblamable in holiness before
+God, even our Father, at the coming of
+our Lord Jesus Christ with all his saints,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+3:13. <q>For if we believe that Jesus
+died and rose again, even so them also which
+sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. For
+this we say unto you by the word of the Lord,
+that we which are alive and remain unto the
+coming of the Lord shall not prevent them
+which are asleep. For the Lord himself shall
+descend from heaven with a shout, with the
+voice of the archangel, and with the trump of
+God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:
+Then we which are alive and remain shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds,
+to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we
+ever be with the Lord,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 4:14-17.
+<q>And to you who are troubled, rest with us,
+when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from
+heaven with his mighty angels, in flaming fire
+taking vengeance on them that know not God,
+and that obey not the gospel of our Lord
+Jesus Christ,</q> 2 Thess. 1:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not only the apostles, but their successors,
+in succeeding ages, have constantly made reference
+to the judgment, as the motive to holiness.
+Beginning in the days of the apostles,
+the same gospel has been continued by a succession
+of men to the present time; and those
+who are now preaching, or who support those
+<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/>
+who so preach the everlasting gospel, in connection
+with the warning of approaching judgment,
+must be regarded as belonging to the
+same body of men symbolized by the angel
+flying in the midst of heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Commencing in the apostolic age, sections
+of the globe were evangelized&mdash;in Asia and
+Africa, that have never received the gospel
+since, either under the reformers or by modern
+missionaries. But beginning with the dispensation
+of the gospel to the Gentiles, its fulfilment
+is found in China, in Tartary, in Japan,
+in Egypt, and Ethiopia, and in lands so remote
+that no one can say it has not been almost
+universally promulgated.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Angel announcing the Fall of Babylon.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And another angel, a second, followed, saying, She is
+fallen! Babylon the great is fallen! She made all nations
+drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication!</q>&mdash;Rev.
+14:8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This angel, like the former, must symbolize
+a body of religious teachers. The former resulted
+in the spread of Christianity. This announces
+the fall of a corrupt hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Babylon being regarded as a symbol of the
+Roman church, her fall must be understood to
+be her loss of power, as mistress of the kings
+of the earth; and synchronizes with her displacement
+<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/>
+from her position on the beast, as
+symbolized in the 17th chapter. The epoch of
+her fall, and consequently of the flight of this
+angel, is that of the Reformation, when the
+corruptions of the Papal See were first exposed,
+and it was denounced as the Apocalyptic harlot.
+The argument for this application is
+given in the exposition of Rev. 18:1, which
+is a repetition of the symbol here given, p. <ref target="Pg300">300</ref>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Wrath-denouncing Angel.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with
+a loud voice, If any one worship the wild beast and his image,
+and receive his mark on his forehead, or on his hand,
+even he will drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which
+is poured out unmingled into the cup of his wrath; and he
+will be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence
+of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb: and
+the smoke of their torment ascendeth for ever and ever:
+and they have no rest day or night, who worship the wild
+beast and his image, and whoever receiveth the mark of
+his name!</q>&mdash;Rev. 14:9-11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The cry of this angel synchronizes with the
+<q>voice from heaven</q> (18:4), and follows
+the discovery of the corruptions of Romanism.&mdash;See
+the exposition of that Scripture, p. <ref target="Pg307">307</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The worship of the beast consisted in a regard
+for it, equivalent to saying, <q>Who is
+like unto the beast? and, Who is able to make
+war with him?</q> 13:4. To worship, is to
+manifest homage and respect. To worship
+<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/>
+any inferior object, is to bestow on it the confidence
+and affection which is due only to
+God. It is to trust in it, as invincible, able to
+protect, and infallible in judgment. Thus to
+regard any civil or ecclesiastical organization,
+is to substitute it for Him, by whom the powers
+that be are ordained (Rom. 13:1), who
+giveth the kingdom to whomsoever he will
+(Dan. 4:17), and by whom alone, kings
+reign, and princes decree justice, Prov. 8:15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whenever any civil or ecclesiastical enactment
+conflicts with the requisitions of Jehovah,
+that power is worshipped, which is
+obeyed in preference to the other: <q>Know ye
+not that to whom ye yield yourselves servants
+to obey, his servants ye are whom ye obey?</q>
+Rom. 6:16. The worship of God is incompatible
+with obedience to any power which
+compels a violation of His laws. Due obedience
+to government is commanded, when no
+question of conscience is involved. When it
+is, no forcible resistance to the execution of
+the law is permitted; but while God is obeyed,
+the penalty of the law is to be meekly endured.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The early Christians chose death, rather
+than to deny their Saviour at the command of
+Jewish Sanhedrim or Roman emperor. When
+Peter and John were commanded <q>not to
+speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus,</q>
+their answer was, <q>Whether it be right in the
+sight of God to hearken unto you more than
+<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/>
+unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak
+the things which we have seen and heard,</q>
+Acts 4:19, 20. In like manner, the Christians
+living at the epoch of this angel, were to
+be similarly tried, which is implied in the
+command, not to worship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So soon as the reformers were placed in
+direct conflict with the Church of Rome, her
+anathemas were hurled against all who assented
+not to her mummeries. And the power
+of the civil arm was also brought into exercise
+to compel obedience to her commands.
+Those who maintained their integrity, did so
+in opposition to the requirements of the church
+and state; while those who submitted to the
+state as invincible, or to the church as infallible,
+extended to the beast or its image that homage
+and regard which was due to God. They
+thus acknowledged themselves the servants of
+him whom they obeyed, and subjected themselves
+to the wrath of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The smoke of their torment ascendeth up
+for ever and ever, and they have no rest, day
+nor night, who worship the beast and his
+image. While the righteous enter into rest,
+the wicked are like the troubled sea which
+cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and
+dirt, Isa. 57:20.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Harvest of the Earth.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Here is the patience of the saints: here are those who
+keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.
+And I heard a voice from heaven, saying, Write, Happy the
+dead who die in the Lord, from henceforth! Yea, saith the
+Spirit, that they may rest from their toils; and their works
+go with them. And I looked, and behold, a white cloud,
+and one was seated on the cloud like the Son of man, having
+on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a sharp sickle.
+And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a
+loud voice to him seated on the cloud, Thrust forth thy
+sickle and reap: for the hour is come for thee to reap; for
+the harvest of the earth is ripe. And he, who sat on the
+cloud, cast his sickle on the earth; and the earth was
+reaped.</q>&mdash;Rev. 14:12-16.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The announcement that here are they who
+keep the commandments of God, implies that,
+at the epoch symbolized, they are to be the
+subjects of special notice. By the voice from
+heaven, they are shown to include all of the
+dead who have died in the Lord; and their
+being blessed from thenceforth, indicates that
+they will at that epoch enter upon their eternal
+reward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>rest</q> of the righteous, is at the advent
+of Christ:&mdash;<q>To you who are troubled,
+rest with us when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed
+from heaven,</q> 2 Thess. 1:6. <q>There
+remaineth a rest for the people of God,</q> Heb.
+4:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On hearing the voice from heaven, the revelator
+looked, and beheld on a cloud <q>one like
+the Son of man.</q> In Ezek. 1:26, <q>the
+<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/>
+likeness as the appearance of a man,</q> upon
+<q>the likeness of the throne,</q> is explained to
+be <q>the appearance of the likeness of the
+glory of the Lord.</q> In Dan. 7:13, <q>one like
+the Son of man,</q> who comes to the Ancient
+of days, is evidently a symbol of Christ. In
+Rev. 1:13, <q>one like unto the Son of man,</q>
+is the one who was alive, was dead, and is
+alive forevermore. The same symbol repeated,
+must here also be a representative of
+Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His position on a cloud, indicates the arrival
+of the period when he is to be manifested
+in mid-heaven: <q>Behold he cometh with
+clouds; and every eye shall see him,</q> 1:7.
+<q>One like the Son of man came with the
+clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of
+days, and they brought him near before him.
+And there was given him dominion and glory
+and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and
+languages should serve him,</q> Dan. 7:13, 14.
+<q>And they shall see the Son of man coming
+in the clouds of heaven, with power and great
+glory. And he shall send his angels, with a
+great sound of a trumpet, and they shall
+gather together his elect from the four winds,
+from one end of heaven to the other,</q> Matt.
+24:30, 31.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The epoch of this manifestation, according
+to the above, is that of the last trump, the
+second advent, and the first resurrection.
+<q>At the last trump ... the dead shall be
+<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/>
+raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed,</q>
+1 Cor. 15:52. <q>For the Lord himself shall
+descend from heaven with a shout, with the
+voice of the archangel, and with the trump
+of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first;
+then we which are alive and remain, shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds,
+to meet the Lord in the air,</q> 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His <q>golden crown</q> indicates that he is
+now to take to himself his great power, and to
+reign, <q>when the kingdoms of this world become
+our Lord's and his Christ's,</q> 11:15, 17.
+Crowns are symbols of sovereignty. As such,
+they respectively denoted the periods, when
+the forms of government, symbolized by the
+heads of the beast (12:3) and its horns (13:1),
+bore rule. Now the diadem is to be transferred
+from them, to encircle the brow of
+earth's rightful Sovereign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sharp sickle in his hand, indicates that
+the time of harvest has arrived; and the
+act of reaping, the gathering of the harvest.
+There are two gatherings symbolized, corresponding
+to the two classes of persons who
+are to be gathered. <q>The dead in Christ
+shall rise first,</q> and will be <q>caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air,</q> before the wicked
+are gathered, 1 Thess. 4:16, 17. <q>I will
+come again, and receive you unto myself,</q>
+said the Saviour, John 14:5. The Lord of
+the harvest directs its gathering, but effects it
+<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/>
+by the instrumentality of angels: <q>He shall
+send his angels, and shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from the uttermost
+part of the earth, to the uttermost part of
+heaven,</q> Mark 13:27. When thus gathered,
+they are caught up to meet the Lord in the air,
+where the Lord of the harvest sits. This
+is the separation of the righteous and wicked,
+who were to <q>grow together till the harvest,</q>
+which, says the Saviour, <q>is the end of the
+world,</q> Matt. 13:39.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Lord suggests, that it is inconsistent
+with the dignity of Christ, to be notified by an
+angel when to begin his work; and therefore
+dissents from the application of the symbol to
+him. It may not, however, be necessary to
+consider the cry of the angel, as one of command.
+The angel may be a messenger from
+the Ancient of days, announcing the epoch of
+the resurrection. Or he may symbolize a body
+of men, who will be ardently praying for the
+return of the nobleman to take his kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The harvest is spoken of in distinction
+from the gathering of the vine, and in contrast
+with it. Men harvest what they prize,&mdash;their
+grain and fruits. They do not harvest
+briers and thorns. They cut or reap both;
+but the act of reaping is not expressive of the
+destiny of what is reaped. This is indicated
+by the disposition made, and the terms applied;
+the one is gathered into the garner of
+the Lord; but the other is given to the consuming
+fire.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/>
+
+<p>
+The righteous being caught up to meet the
+Lord at his coming, the destruction of the
+wicked, which must precede the regeneration
+of the earth and descent of the saints, is next
+symbolized.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Reaping of the Vine.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And another angel came out of the temple in heaven,
+he also having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out
+from the altar, who had power over the fire, and called
+with a loud shout to him who had the sharp sickle, saying,
+Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and cut off the clusters of the
+vine of the earth; for its grapes are ripe. And the angel
+cast in his sickle into the earth, and cut off the vine of the
+earth, and cast it into the great wine-press of the wrath of
+God. And the wine-press was trodden without the city,
+and blood came out of the wine-press, even to the bridles
+of the horses, for the distance of one thousand six hundred
+furlongs.</q>&mdash;Rev. 14:17-20.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The wicked also are gathered by the instrumentality
+of angels: said the Saviour, <q>As
+therefore the tares are gathered and burned in
+the fire; so shall it be in the end of this
+world. The Son of man shall send forth his
+angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom
+all things that offend, and them which
+do iniquity; and shall cast them into a
+furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and
+gnashing of teeth,</q> Matt. 13:40-42. In the
+parable of the tares, the Saviour said, <q>Let
+both grow together until the harvest: and in
+the time of harvest I will say to the reapers,
+<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/>
+Gather ye together first the tares, and bind
+them in bundles to burn them: but gather the
+wheat into my barn.</q> Thus the tares were
+to be gathered <emph>first</emph>&mdash;not before the righteous
+are gathered, but before the wheat is placed in
+the garner: the new earth being the garner
+where the righteous are <emph>finally</emph> to be gathered,
+they cannot be placed there till the wicked
+have been gathered out. <q>Then shall the
+righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom
+of their Father. Who hath ears to hear,
+let him hear,</q> Matt. 13:30, 43.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The disposition of the vine, its being trodden
+down, and the great presence of blood
+flowing, symbolize the awful judgments to
+overtake the wicked, after the escape of the
+righteous, when they are gathered into bundles
+and burned. Thus Isaiah prophesied:
+<q>Who is this that cometh from Edom, with
+dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious
+in his apparel, travelling in the greatness
+of his strength? I that speak in righteousness,
+mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red
+in thine apparel, and thy garments like him
+that treadeth in the wine-vat? I have trodden
+the wine-press alone: and of the people
+there was none with me: for I will tread them
+in mine anger, and trample them in my fury,
+and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my
+garments, and I will stain all my raiment.
+For the day of vengeance is in my heart, and
+the year of my redeemed is come,</q> Isa. 63:1-4.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/>
+
+<p>
+Before the destruction of the old world by
+the deluge, Noah was secure in the ark. Before
+the destruction of Sodom, Lot is removed
+to a place of safety. So before the destruction
+of the vine of the earth, the righteous are
+caught up to the Lord in the air, where they
+are symbolized, in the following chapter, as:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Victors on the Sea of Glass.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw another sign in heaven, great and wonderful,
+seven angels having the seven last plagues; for by
+these, the wrath of God is completed. And I saw as it were
+a transparent sea mingled with fire; and those who had
+obtained the victory over the wild beast, and over his
+image, and over the number of his name, standing on the
+transparent sea, having harps of God. And they sing the
+song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb,
+saying, Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God
+Almighty; just and true are thy ways, king of nations!
+Who should not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?
+for thou only art holy; for all nations will come and worship
+before thee; for thy judgments are manifested.</q> Rev.
+15:1-4.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This appears to close the vision commencing
+with the sixth verse of the 14th chapter, and
+to be independent of the remaining portion of
+the 15th chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These <q>seven angels,</q> in the subsequent
+vision, discharge the contents of the vials of
+God's wrath; but the epoch here presented is
+evidently subsequent to that fulfilment; for
+the imitation of the <q>Song of Moses,</q> must
+<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/>
+follow the infliction of the judgments which
+call forth that song of rejoicing. They had
+here completed the wrath of God, the manner
+of which act is subsequently shown in a
+separate vision.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>sea of glass,</q> must represent an elevation
+above the earth. For those stationed
+there had gotten the victory over the beast
+and his image, had escaped the wrath to be
+poured on those who worshipped those powers
+(14:9), had been gathered when the
+harvest of the earth was reaped (14:16),
+being then caught up to meet the Lord in the
+air (1 Thess. 4:17), and now, the clusters of
+the vine of the earth having been gathered
+and cast into the wine-press of the wrath of
+God (14:19), they rejoice above the fires
+of earth, witnesses of the manifestations of
+God's judgments. They have come out of
+all their tribulations, and evidently synchronize
+with the palm-bearing multitude (Rev.
+7:9), the hundred and forty-four thousand
+on Mount Zion (14:1), and the multitude in
+heaven who sing Alleluia over the judgment
+of the great harlot, 19:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The song of Moses,</q> was that sung by
+the Israelites when the Egyptians had perished
+in the waters of the Red Sea, and they
+were safely encamped on its further shore.
+The Lord had triumphed gloriously over the
+enemies of Israel, had buried the horse and
+his rider in the sea, and was about to plant
+<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/>
+his people in the mountain of his inheritance,&mdash;in
+the place which he had made for them
+to dwell in,&mdash;in the sanctuary which he had
+established, Ex. 15:1-21. The analogy
+requires that when this corresponding song is
+sung, the ransomed of the Lord shall have
+correspondingly witnessed the overthrow of
+the adversaries of Jehovah, and shall themselves
+have escaped from the perils of the
+many waters which had threatened to engulf
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The judgments of God being manifested on
+the nations of the ungodly, there are none
+remaining, only <q>the nations of them which
+are saved,</q> 21:24. As these will all walk in
+the light of the new Jerusalem, those on the
+sea of glass may well sing:
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty!</q></l>
+<l>Just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints!</l>
+<l>Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?</l>
+<l>For thou only art Holy:</l>
+<l>For all nations shall come and worship before thee;</l>
+<l><q rend="post">For thy judgments are made manifest.</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with the foregoing view, this
+synchronizes with the <q>new song</q> sung by
+those who are redeemed from every nation,
+kindred, tongue and people (5:9), who are
+afterwards seen standing with the Lamb on
+Mount Zion, 14:3.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Angels with the Seven Vials.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And after this, I looked, and the temple of the tabernacle
+of the testimony in heaven was opened; and the seven
+angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues,
+clothed in pure white linen, and girded around the breasts
+with golden girdles. And one of the four living beings
+gave to the seven angels, seven golden bowls filled with the
+wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. And the temple
+was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from
+his power, and no one was able to enter the temple till the
+seven plagues of the seven angels were completed.</q> Rev.
+15:5-8.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I heard a loud voice out of the temple saying,
+to the seven angels, Depart, and pour out the bowls of the
+wrath of God on the earth.</q> Rev. 16:1.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<q>The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony
+in heaven,</q> must symbolize heaven
+itself. It corresponds with the tabernacle
+<q>after the second veil,</q>&mdash;called <q>the holiest
+of all,</q> where the tables of the covenant were
+deposited by the command of Moses, Heb. 9:1-5.
+There, the <q>cherubims of glory</q> over-shadowed
+the mercy-seat,&mdash;a type of the presence-chamber
+of the Almighty. Consequently,
+when it is symbolized as being opened in
+heaven, the angels who come out are divinely
+commissioned executors of God's purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>seven angels,</q> are the ministers of
+the divine vengeance,&mdash;the rectitude of
+their character and the dignity of their office,
+being symbolized by their <q>white robes</q> and
+<q>golden girdles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/>
+
+<p>
+The period of time symbolized by the pouring
+out of the vials, must be anterior to the
+second advent; for in the analogous instances
+of God's judgments, he visits his enemies
+with plagues previous to the deliverance of
+his children. Thus were the ancient Egyptians
+visited, before the Israelites escaped from
+their power, Ex. 5-11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The deliverance of the vials to the angels
+by one of the four <q>living creatures,</q> indicates
+that the intelligences in the divine presence,
+which are thus symbolized, are cognizant
+of God's design, and acquiesce in his purpose
+to visit the subjects of his wrath with these
+plagues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By these being called <q>the vials of God's
+wrath,</q> we learn that their infliction is not
+corrective, but judicial;&mdash;that they are not
+agents of mercy, but of vengeance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The filling of the temple with the smoke of
+God's glory, to the exclusion of all persons
+during the pouring out of the vials, shows
+that during that period, there will be no intercession
+with God for him to refrain from the
+execution of the purposes thus symbolized.
+They are inevitable; and there will be no
+supplication for their suspension. When Moses
+had finished the type of the <q>Holiest of
+all,</q> a <q>cloud covered the tent of the congregation,
+and the glory of the Lord filled the
+tabernacle. And Moses was not able to enter
+into the tent of the congregation, because the
+<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/>
+cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the
+Lord filled the tabernacle,</q> Ex. 40:34, 35.
+It was only when Moses could enter the tabernacle,
+that he could there commune with
+God face to face, Ex. 33:9, 11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The voice from the temple to the seven
+angels, shows that the acts commanded are
+the subjects of divine appointment,&mdash;the
+angels simply designating the commencement
+of the several judgments.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The First Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the first went away, and poured out his bowl on
+the earth; and there came an evil and sore ulcer on the
+men who had the mark of the beast, and on those worshipping
+his image.</q> Rev. 16:2.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The <q>earth,</q> in the Apocalypse, symbolizes
+a quiet and settled government (13:11),
+in distinction from one politically agitated,
+which is symbolized by waters, 13:1; 17:15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who receive the contents of the first
+vial, being the worshippers of the <q>beast</q>
+and its <q>image</q> (13:15), it is certain that
+the governments on which it is poured, are
+subservient to the church of Rome and within
+the boundaries of the ten kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The effect of the vial is <q>a noisome and
+grievous sore;</q> and the only things analogous,
+are mental maladies. Therefore the results
+<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/>
+symbolized must be noxious principles and
+opinions, which fill the mind with rancor and
+hate,&mdash;producing strife, alienation and contention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>epoch</emph> here symbolized, in the very
+unanimous opinion of most judicious writers,
+corresponds with the commencement of the
+agitations which preceded the outbreak of the
+first French revolution, about A. D. 1785.
+Commencing in France, and extending with
+more or less virulence throughout the ten
+kingdoms, there was excited an intense uneasiness
+of the people respecting their relation
+to their rulers. They regarded themselves as
+insupportably oppressed and degraded, and
+were exasperated to madness against their
+respective governments. This, under the
+next vial, resulted in the overthrow of the
+French monarchy, and in attempted revolutions
+in other kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Second Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea;
+and it became like the blood of a dead person; and every
+living creature in the sea died.</q> Rev. 16:8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The first vial having excited political agitations
+in previously quiet governments, they
+are now more fitly symbolized by the <q>sea</q>
+than by the <q>earth.</q> And on such the second
+vial is poured.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/>
+
+<p>
+As the sea symbolizes a people agitated and
+disquieted, the living things in it, must symbolize
+those who live on and are sustained by
+the people. Consequently, the waters becoming
+blood, and the death of the things living
+in the waters, symbolize the shedding of the
+blood of the people, and the slaughter, by
+them, of their rulers and superiors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The epoch symbolized, would therefore
+correspond with the actual outbreak of the
+French revolution, to which the agitations produced
+by the previous vial had goaded on the
+excited people. In their riots and insurrections,
+history records the destruction of large numbers
+of the populace; and these exterminated
+the members of the royal family, and all persons
+of rank and influence. A million of
+people, according to Alison, perished in the
+civil war of La Vendee alone; and thousands
+of the nobility and persons of distinction were
+ruthlessly slaughtered throughout France,
+whose rivers were discolored with the blood
+of the slain.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Third Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the third poured out his bowl on the rivers and on
+the fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I
+heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O
+Thou, who art, and wast holy, because thou hast inflicted
+these judgments; for they have poured out the blood of
+saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to
+drink: they are worthy! And I heard one from the altar,
+<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/>
+saying, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous
+are thy judgments!</q> Rev. 16:4-7.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Lord justly remarks that <q>Rivers and
+fountains of waters, are to a sea, what smaller
+exterior communities and nations are to a
+great central people.</q> As the French nation
+was the sea, the <q>rivers and fountains</q> symbolize
+contiguous or more remote communities
+surrounding it. These are said to have
+become blood, without its being specified that
+the living things in them perished, as in the
+sea. Accordingly, while the greater portion
+of Europe continued, with little interruption,
+for twenty years from 1792, to be deluged
+with war and bloodshed, the nobles and rulers
+of the other nations were not exterminated, as
+in France.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The nations thus overwhelmed with blood,
+were those which had sanctioned the shedding
+of the blood of the saints; consequently
+their retribution was just.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fourth Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the fourth angel poured out his vial on the sun;
+and it was given him to burn men with fire. And men
+were burned with great heat, and reviled the name of God,
+who had power over these plagues; and they repented not
+to give him glory.</q> Rev. 16:8, 9.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The influence of the sun on the earth and
+sea, is analogous to that of a government on
+<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/>
+the subjects of its rule. As the right degree
+of light and heat is conducive to vegetation,
+and the excessive action of the sun's rays will
+scorch and destroy; so a genial government
+is a blessing to the people, while its arbitrary
+and tyrannical acts are often insupportably
+oppressive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the overthrow of the French monarchy
+under the second vial, there arose new
+rulers in France, who usurped despotic powers,
+and subjected the governed to most oppressive
+exactions. The rich were impoverished,
+the nation was robbed, the business of
+the country was paralyzed, the obnoxious
+were slain, every species of misery and wickedness
+abounded, the males were subjected
+to military conscription, and hundreds of thousands
+of them were sent to subjugate surrounding
+nations. The countries they invaded
+were also devastated, and oppressed, and robbed
+by impoverishing taxations. These continued,
+though in a milder form, under the imperial
+rule, and all parts of the Roman earth
+felt the scorching effects of the devouring heat
+of French usurpation. But when Napoleon
+passed beyond the boundaries of the Roman
+empire, he was met and driven back by the
+snow and frost of the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notwithstanding the oppressions to which
+the people were subjected, and the exactions
+under which they groaned, they made no
+recognition of God's sovereignty. They saw
+<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/>
+not that this chastisement was from Him.
+They did not deprecate his wrath, nor acknowledge
+his righteousness, but still continued
+to be infidels and apostates. They continued
+to blaspheme the name of God, who
+had power over these plagues, and repented
+not to give him glory.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fifth Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne
+of the wild beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and
+they gnawed their tongues through pain, and reviled the
+God of heaven, because of their pains and their ulcers, and
+repented not of their deeds</q> Rev. 16:10, 11.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The beast, here spoken of, is the same seven-headed,
+ten-horned wild beast that ascended
+out of the sea (Rev. 13:1), symbolizing the
+Roman empire in its divided form. Consequently
+the seat or throne of the beast would
+be the ruling power which exercised and controlled
+the government of these kingdoms.
+Just previous to this epoch, Napoleon had
+reached the summit of his power; and the
+subversion of his throne, with the restoration
+of the Bourbon dynasty in 1814 and
+1815, is evidently here symbolized. Napoleon
+had become the idol of France, which
+worshipped at the shrine of his glory. With
+his fall, their sun was stricken from its
+firmament, and the kingdom was darkened.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/>
+
+<p>
+The change being effected by foreign arms,
+the chagrin and mortification of his adherents
+was natural and expected. They were filled
+with pain and anguish at this termination of
+all their hopes. The re-imposition on them
+of the Bourbon line, revived all their former
+hatred towards their rulers and sense of oppression,
+symbolized by the ulcers of the first
+vial. They continued still a nation of infidels,
+performing the same works of blasphemy
+against God; and again and again have they
+risen in rebellion against their government.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Sixth Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the sixth poured out his bowl on the great river,
+the Euphrates; and its water was dried up, that the way
+of the kings from the rising of the sun might be prepared.</q>
+Rev. 16:12.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This symbol resembles a like prediction
+respecting ancient Babylon: <q>A drought is
+upon her waters, and they shall be dried up,</q>
+(Jer. 50:38); and <q>I will dry up her sea,
+and make her springs dry,</q> Jer. 51:36.
+Ancient Babylon was situated on the river
+Euphrates, which contributed to the wealth
+and greatness of the city, and was a means
+of its defence. The kings of Media and Persia,
+from the east of Babylon, subjugated it
+by diverting from the city the waters of the
+river, and entering by its unprotected bed.
+<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/>
+The turning of the waters into other channels,
+fulfilled the prediction that it should be dried
+up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Waters, when used as a symbol, are explained
+to be <q>peoples, nations,</q> &amp;c., Rev.
+17:15. In the 17th chapter of the Apocalypse,
+the angel informs the revelator that he
+will show him <q>the judgment of the great
+harlot who sitteth on many waters,</q> (17:1);
+which implies that he had already seen a vision
+to that effect. He is then shown a woman
+on a scarlet-colored beast (v. 3), who is
+spoken of as sitting <q>on many waters</q> (v.
+1), and on seven mountains (v. 10), and who
+is affirmed to be the <q>great city, which reigneth
+over the kings of the earth,</q> v. 18. Under
+the seventh vial, the <q>great city,</q> which is
+<q>great Babylon,</q> is divided into three parts
+(16:19); and the inference is, that the harlot
+and ancient Babylon are analogous symbols
+of the same organized agency; and, that the
+city was here exhibited on the great river
+Euphrates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As a woman clothed with sunbeams and
+crowned with stars (Rev. 12:1), and a city
+illuminated with the glory of God (Rev. 21:10),
+are each symbols of the true church, corresponding
+symbols of opposite moral characteristics
+are appropriate representatives of a
+corrupt and apostate church. As Jerusalem
+was the seat of the ancient church, so was
+Babylon the seat of her oppressors. The former
+<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/>
+is addressed as a woman, and told to put
+on her <q>beautiful garments,</q> (Isa. 52:1); and
+Babylon is called the <q>daughter of the Chaldeans,</q>
+and <q>the lady of kingdoms,</q> (Isa.
+47:5): so that a woman, and a city of corresponding
+character, may, interchangeably,
+symbolize the same object. Consequently, the
+<q>Babylon,</q> and the <q>harlot</q> of the Apocalypse,
+both symbolize the corrupt Roman hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ancient Babylon is described as a harlot,
+and is addressed as one who <q>dwellest upon
+many waters, abundant in treasures,</q> (Jer. 51:13);
+whose end was to come by her waters
+being dried up, 51:36. That city sustained
+a relation to the waters on which it was situated,
+analogous to that held by the Roman
+Catholic church to the people who support
+and defend her pretensions. Their alienation
+and withdrawal from her support, must therefore
+be symbolized by the drying up of the
+great river Euphrates, which becomes diverted
+into other channels. This is now apparently
+being fulfilled in the marked alienation of
+feeling from the church of Rome, which is
+evident throughout the ten kingdoms. During
+the last twenty years, the hold of that community
+on the affection of her supporters in
+Europe, has been constantly becoming weaker
+and weaker. Infidel principles have been extensively
+propagated. Her cathedrals have
+been comparatively deserted; and her existence
+<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/>
+has been endured more as a matter of
+expediency than of affection. At the present
+moment, probably, the mass of the people
+have little confidence in her pretensions; but
+it will require a more marked withdrawal
+from her support than has yet been witnessed,
+to fulfil, in all its significance, the meaning
+conveyed in the symbol.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>kings of the east,</q> whose way is to
+be thus prepared, are doubtless her enemies,
+who, having produced the desired alienation
+from her support, will take advantage of her
+defenceless position, and hasten her ruin; as
+the kings of Media and Persia, in like manner,
+subjugated old Babylon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Under the operation of the sixth vial, and,
+according to the fulfilment of the preceding
+symbols, corresponding with the present time,
+are to be developed:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Unclean Spirits.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of
+the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild
+beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. For they
+are spirits of demons, performing signs, that go forth to the
+kings of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of
+that great day of God Almighty.</q> Rev. 16:13, 14.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The <q>dragon,</q> <q>beast,</q> and <q>false prophet,</q>
+being regarded as symbols: the first,
+of the Roman empire previous to its subversion
+<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/>
+by the northern barbarians; the second
+of the ten kingdoms which subsequently
+arose; and the third, of the eastern Roman
+empire&mdash;now the Mohamedan power; the
+mouths of each, from which the frog-like
+spirits emerge, are next to be considered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the wild beast was given <q>a mouth,
+speaking great things and blasphemies,</q> the
+power of which was <q>to continue forty and
+two months,</q> Rev. 13:5. The agreement
+of this with the corresponding appendages of
+Daniel's <q>little horn</q> (Dan. 7:8), makes it
+evident that a <q>mouth</q> is a symbol of an
+ecclesiastical organization existing in a political
+one,&mdash;that it symbolizes the agency by
+which the people are taught, and is representative
+of ecclesiastics, who are the mouthpiece
+of the nation in all matters of faith and
+worship, p. <ref target="Pg172">172</ref>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The religion of Rome imperial, when symbolized
+by the dragon, was Paganism; that of
+the ten kingdoms, was the Papacy; and that
+of the eastern empire, is Mohammedanism.
+From these three, then, emerge the <q>unclean
+spirits.</q> Diverse as their origin appears,
+they have no marked individual peculiarities.
+Being alike in their characteristics, they
+must symbolize some common agency:&mdash;a
+combination of religious teachers, whose
+views harmonize in a system of belief common
+to Paganism, Catholicism, and Mohammedanism.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/>
+
+<p>
+The character of these teachers, is shown
+by the declaration that <q>they are the spirits
+of <emph>devils</emph> working miracles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are two words rendered devils in the
+New Testament, viz.: δαιμονιον (<hi rend='italic'>daimonion</hi>) or
+δαιμων (<hi rend='italic'>daimoon</hi>), and διαβολος (<hi rend='italic'>diabolus</hi>).
+The latter signifies the Devil, or Satan, who
+is the same as Beelzebub the prince of the
+<emph>demons</emph>, Matt. 12:25. He it was by whom
+Jesus was tempted in the wilderness, (Matt.
+4:1-11); who sowed the tares in the field,
+(Matt, 13:39); and for whom, with his
+angels, the final punishment for the wicked is
+prepared, Matt. 25:41.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The word here, is <hi rend='italic'>daimoon</hi>. It is used, in
+different forms, sixty-five times by our Lord
+and his apostles; and on no occasion do they
+hint that they use the word in a sense different
+from its then accepted signification; to
+learn which, recourse must be had to the testimony
+of the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian
+writers of those times.<note place="foot"><p>The following philological
+law or canon of criticism is universally
+admitted, and all dictionaries, grammars, and translations,
+are formed in accordance with it:
+</p>
+<p>
+<q>Every word not specially explained or defined in a particular
+sense, by any standard writer of any particular age and
+country, is to be taken and applied in the current or commonly
+received signification of that country and age in which the
+writer lived and wrote.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Campbell.</hi>
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hesiod</hi> taught that, <q>The spirits of departed
+mortals become <emph>demons</emph> when separated
+from their earthly bodies;</q> and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Plutarch</hi>, that
+<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/>
+<q>The demons of the Greeks were the <emph>ghosts</emph>
+and <hi rend='italic'>genii</hi> of departed men.</q> <q>All Pagan
+antiquity affirms,</q> says Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Campbell</hi>, <q>that
+from Titan and Saturn, the poetic progeny of
+Cœlus and Terra, down to Æsculapius, Proteus,
+and Minos, all their <hi rend='italic'>divinities</hi> were the
+<hi rend='italic'>ghosts</hi> of dead men; and were so regarded
+by the most erudite of the Pagans themselves.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among the Pagans, the term <hi rend='italic'>demon</hi>, as
+often represented a good as an evil spirit;
+but among the Jews, it generally, if not universally,
+denoted an unclean, malign, or
+wicked spirit. Thus <hi rend='smallcaps'>Josephus</hi> says: <q>Demons
+are the spirits of wicked men.</q> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Philo</hi> says
+that <q>The souls of dead men are called
+demons.</q> <q>The notion,</q> says Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lardner</hi>,
+<q>of demons, or the souls of dead men, having
+power over living men, was universally
+prevalent among the heathen of these times
+[the first two centuries], and believed by
+many Christians.</q> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Justin Martyr</hi> speaks of
+<q>those who are seized by the souls of the
+dead, whom we call <hi rend='italic'>demons</hi> and madmen.</q>
+Ignatius quotes the words of Christ to Peter
+thus: <q>Handle me and see; for I am not a
+<hi rend='italic'>daimoon asomaton</hi>,&mdash;a disembodied
+demon,</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>
+a spirit without a body.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The foregoing is evidence of the New Testament
+signification of the word <hi rend='italic'>daimoon</hi>,
+here improperly rendered devils,&mdash;spirits of
+which, the frog-like agencies are affirmed to be.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/>
+
+<p>
+Demon worship is a characteristic of the
+three religions referred to. As already shown,
+all Pagans regarded their gods as the ghosts
+of dead men; and the Bible speaks of them
+as devils, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>. Moses says of them,
+<q>Even their sons and their daughters they
+have burnt in the fire to their gods,</q> (Deut.
+12:31); while the Psalmist affirms that
+<q>they sacrificed their sons and their daughters
+unto <hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>,</q> Ps. 106:37. <q>They sacrificed
+unto <hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>, not to God; to gods whom
+they knew not, to new gods that came newly
+up,</q> Deut. 32:17. Jeroboam <q>ordained him
+priests for the high places, and for the <hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>,</q>
+2 Chron. 11:15. <q>The things which the
+Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to <hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>, and
+not to God: and I would not that ye should
+have fellowship with <hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>. Ye cannot
+drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of
+<hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>; ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's
+table, and of the table of
+<hi rend='italic'>devils</hi>,</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> of
+<hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of the same kind are the gods of the
+heathen now. In the Youth's Day-Spring,
+for June, a missionary describing the alarm
+and grief of the Africans on the Gaboon river,
+at the near prospect of a death in their village,
+says: <q>The room was filled with
+women, who were weeping in the most piteous
+manner, and calling on the <emph>spirits of their
+fathers and of others who were dead</emph>, and
+upon all spirits in whom they believe, Ologo,
+<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/>
+Njembi, Abambo, and Mbwini, to save the
+man from death. These spirits could not
+help them, but they knew of none mightier,
+and so called on them.</q> Mr. White, a Wesleyan
+missionary, says: <q>There is a class of
+people in New Zealand, called Eruku, or
+priests. These men pretend to have intercourse
+with departed spirits, ... by which they
+are able to kill by incantation any person on
+whom their anger may fall.</q> The Sandwich
+Islanders, when they found that Christians
+supposed they worshipped the images of their
+gods, were much amused, and said <q>We are
+not such fools.</q> They used the idol as an
+aid to fix their minds on their divinity. Some
+of them supposed their divinity was a spirit
+residing in their idol.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Mohammedans, while they recognize
+God, are also <q>taught by the Koran to
+believe the existence of an intermediate order
+of creatures, which they call Jin, or genii;</q>
+some of which are supposed to be good and
+others bad, and capable of communicating
+with men, and rewarding or punishing them.
+The 72d chapter of the Koran consists of a
+pretended communication from the genii to
+Mohammed. They are made to say: <q>There
+are some among us who are upright, and
+there are some among us who are otherwise;</q>
+and speaking of men: <q>If they tread
+in the way of truth, we will surely water
+them with abundance of rain,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> will
+<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/>
+grant them plenty of good things. Thus they
+are recognized as dispensers of good. They
+bear a striking resemblance to the spirits
+which now pretend to communicate with
+men! All who are familiar with Arabian
+romances know how frequently genii, fairies,
+&amp;c., figure as agents in the execution of wonderful
+exploits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Romanists also pretend to communicate with
+<hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> with departed spirits.
+They deify the Virgin Mary, and supplicate
+the intercessions of many departed saints; and
+some they supplicate, whose claim to saintship
+is somewhat equivocal. Their teachings
+in this particular, Protestants generally recognize
+as the subject of the following prediction:
+<q>Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in
+the latter times some shall depart from the
+faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and
+doctrines of devils,</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>, 1 Tim. 4:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Demon-worship being common to Paganism,
+Mohammedanism, and Popery, when the
+frog-like agency emerges from them, the conditions
+of the symbol seem to require that it
+shall originate with, but shall pass beyond
+and outside the influence of those religions.
+The agency thus symbolized, was to <q>go forth
+unto the kings of the earth, and of the whole
+world.</q> Its fulfilment requires a wonderful
+and an alarming increase of those who teach
+and believe these doctrines; and as they are
+to work miracles, whereby the world will be
+<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/>
+deceived, their teachings are to be accompanied
+by extraordinary phenomena, which will
+be unexplainable by any of the known laws
+of science. The spirits of the departed are
+to be recognized by them as authoritative
+teachers, who are to be reverenced and
+obeyed. They will be regarded as communicating
+with mortals, as unveiling the hidden
+things of the invisible state, and as performing
+acts requiring the exercise of physical
+power. The former are evident from
+the analogy which exists between this and
+demon-worship; and the latter, from the
+ascription to them of miraculous acts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The existence of demoniacal intelligences,
+capable of communicating with and acting
+on mortals, appears to be in accordance with
+the teachings of the Saviour and apostles.
+Demoniacal possessions are clearly distinguished
+from all diseases; and demons are
+shown, by the admissions of the New Testament,
+to be actual intelligences, capable of
+physical power. When the fame of Christ
+<q>went throughout all Syria, they brought
+unto him all sick people that were taken with
+divers diseases and torments, and those which
+were possessed with devils, and those which
+were lunatic, and those which had the palsy;
+and he healed them,</q> Matt. 4:24. <q>When
+the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he
+walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and
+findeth none. Then he saith, I will return
+<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/>
+into my house from whence I came out; and
+when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept,
+and garnished. Then goeth he, and taketh
+with himself seven other spirits more wicked
+than himself, and they enter in and dwell
+there: and the last state of that man is worse
+than the first,</q> Matt. 12:43-45. <q>And
+as they went out, behold they brought to
+him a dumb man possessed with a devil.<note place="foot">This
+possession by demons is similar to the mode by which
+pretended spirits claim that they communicate through mediums.
+One of them, purporting to be the spirit of a departed son of Adin
+Ballou, in answer to the question, by his father, <q>Can you
+describe how you are able to write through a medium?</q> says,
+<q>I feel as though I enter into her for the time being, or as if
+my spirit entered into her. I am disencumbered of my spiritual
+form, and take hers. More than one spirit can enter the medium
+at once. The mediums all go into the trance by means of
+several spirits entering the body at one time.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Spiritual
+Telegraph, May 8, 1852.</hi></note>
+And when the devil was cast out, the dumb
+spake; and the multitudes marvelled, saying,
+It was never so seen in Israel. But the Pharisees
+said, He casteth out devils,<note place="foot">The word is
+<hi rend='italic'>demon</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>
+in all the instances referred to.</note> through the
+prince of the devils,</q> Matt. 9:32-34. <q>And
+when they were come to the multitude, there
+came to him a certain man kneeling down to
+him, and saying, Lord, have mercy on my
+son; for he is lunatic, and sore vexed, for oft-times
+he falleth into the fire, and oft into the
+water. And I brought him to thy disciples,
+and they could not cure him. Then Jesus
+answered and said, O faithless and perverse
+<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/>
+generation, how long shall I be with you?
+how long shall I suffer you? Bring him
+hither to me. And Jesus rebuked the devil,
+and he departed out of him; and the child
+was cured from that very hour,</q> Matt. 17:14-18.
+<q>And there was in their synagogue
+a man with an unclean spirit: and he cried
+out, saying, Let us alone; what have we to
+do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art
+thou come to destroy us? I know thee who
+thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus
+rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and
+come out of him. And when the unclean
+spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud
+voice, he came out of him. And they were
+all amazed, insomuch that they questioned
+among themselves, What thing is this? what
+new doctrine is this? for with what authority
+commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and
+they do obey him!</q> Mark 1:23-27. <q>And
+when he was come out of the ship, immediately
+there met him out of the tombs a man
+with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling
+among the tombs; and no man could bind
+him, no, not with chains: because that he
+had been often bound with fetters and chains,
+and the chains had been plucked asunder by
+him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither
+could any man tame him. And always,
+night and day, he was in the mountains, and
+in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with
+stones. But when he saw Jesus afar off, he
+<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/>
+ran and worshipped him, and cried with a
+loud voice, and said, What have I to do with
+thee, Jesus, thou Son of the Most High God!
+I adjure thee, by God, that thou torment me
+not. (For he said unto him, Come out of the
+man, thou unclean spirit.) And he asked
+him, What is thy name? And he answered,
+saying, My name is Legion: for we are
+many. And he besought him much that he
+would not send them away out of the country.
+Now there was nigh unto the mountains a
+great herd of swine feeding. And all the
+devils besought him, saying, Send us into the
+swine, that we may enter into them. And
+forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the
+unclean spirits went out, and entered into the
+swine; and the herd ran violently down a
+steep place into the sea (they were about two
+thousand), and were choked in the sea,</q>
+Mark 5:2-13.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In all these instances, the demons are
+recognized as actual intelligences, performing
+given acts. Without the admission of this,
+it will be difficult to explain the meaning of
+a large class of scriptures. It cannot for a
+moment be supposed that the inspired writers
+would be permitted to use language which
+should directly mislead the common mind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among the miracles which the apostles
+wrought, <q>unclean spirits, crying with a loud
+voice, came out of many possessed with them,
+and many taken with palsies, and that were
+<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/>
+lame, were healed,</q> Acts 8:7. <q>And God
+wrought special miracles by the hands of
+Paul: so that from his body were brought
+unto the sick handkerchiefs, or aprons, and
+the diseases departed from them, and the evil
+spirits went out of them. Then certain of
+the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them
+to call over them which had evil spirits, the
+name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure
+you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. And
+there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew,
+and chief of the priests, who did so. And
+the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I
+know, and Paul I know; but who are ye?
+And the man in whom the evil spirit was,
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed
+against them, so that they fled out
+of that house naked and wounded. And
+many that believed, came and confessed, and
+showed their deeds. Many of them also
+which used curious arts, brought their books
+together, and burned them before all men:
+and they counted the price of them, and
+found it fifty thousand pieces of silver,</q> Acts
+19:11-16, 18, 19.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The necromancy, divination, and witchcraft,
+forbidden in the Old Testament and
+practised by the heathen of those times, were
+all of a similar character. A necromancer
+was one who had, or pretended to have communication
+with the dead,&mdash;who sought <q>for
+<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/>
+the living to the dead,</q><note place="foot">Necromancy is
+derived from the Greek words <hi rend='italic'>nekros</hi>, dead,
+and <hi rend='italic'>mantis</hi>, a diviner. The Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Necromantia</hi>, is defined:
+<q>The revealing future events by communication with the
+dead; necromancy.</q> And Nekromantis: <q>One who reveals
+future events by communication with the dead; a necromancer.</q></note> Isa. 8:19. They
+practised divination in divers ways, but usually
+admitted their dependence on familiar
+spirits,&mdash;the spirits of the departed,&mdash;demons.
+<q>The king of Babylon stood at the
+parting of the way, at the head of the two
+ways, to use divination; he made his arrows
+bright, he consulted with images, he looked
+in the liver. At his right hand was the
+divination for Jerusalem, to appoint captains,
+to open the mouth in the slaughter,
+to lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint
+battering-rams against the gates, to cast a
+mount, and to build a fort. And it shall be
+unto them as false divination in their sight,
+to them that have sworn oaths: but he will
+call to remembrance the iniquity, that they
+may be taken,</q> Ezek. 21:21-23. They
+observed times, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> they regarded some as
+lucky, and others as unlucky times for the
+commencement of any work,&mdash;recognizing
+distinctions which God had not made. The
+heathen divinities were regarded as more propitious
+at some times than others. It is enumerated
+among the sins of Manasseh, that he
+<q>made his sons pass through the fire, and
+<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/>
+observed times, and used enchantments, and
+dealt with familiar spirits and wizards,</q> 2 Kings 21:6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They practised various arts, whereby they
+thought to protect themselves from evil, and
+to pry into the secrets of futurity. Because
+of these things, ancient Babylon was suddenly
+overwhelmed,&mdash;<q>for the multitude of thy sorceries,
+and for the great abundance of thine
+enchantments.</q> These could not save, as
+they supposed. Therefore God said to them:
+<q>Stand now with thine enchantments, and
+with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein
+thou hast labored from thy youth; if so be
+thou shalt be able to profit, if so be thou
+mayest prevail. Thou art wearied in the
+multitude of thy counsels. Let now the astrologers,
+the star-gazers, the monthly prognosticators,
+stand up, and save thee from these
+things that shall come upon thee,</q> Isa. 47:12, 13.
+All these practices were forbidden by
+God, who said: <q>Neither shall ye use enchantments,
+nor observe times,</q> Lev. 19:26.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who consulted with familiar spirits
+were termed wizards and witches,&mdash;the practice
+of which was also expressly forbidden.
+To make witchcraft a mere pretence, is to
+impute to Jehovah the making of laws against
+pretences and nonentities. To suppose that
+he would legislate against, and inflict capital
+punishment, because of mere pretences, is incredible!
+God said to Moses, <q>Thou shalt
+<pb n='269'/><anchor id='Pg269'/>
+not suffer a witch to live,</q> Ex. 22:18. And
+to the Jews he said, <q>Regard not them that
+have familiar spirits, neither seek after wizards,
+to be defiled by them: I am the Lord
+your God,</q> Lev. 19:31. <q>And the soul that
+turneth after such as have familiar spirits,
+and after wizards, to go a whoring after them,
+I will even set my face against that soul, and
+will cut him off from among his people.</q> <q>A
+man, also, or a woman, that hath a familiar
+spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put
+to death: they shall stone them with stones:
+their blood shall be upon them,</q> Lev. 20:6,27.
+When Egypt was to be destroyed, they were
+left to <q>seek to the idols, and to charmers,
+and to them that have familiar spirits, and to
+wizards,</q> Isa. 19:3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The manner in which the familiar spirit
+spoke, was by <q>peeping,</q> <q>muttering,</q> whispering
+out of the dust, &amp;c. God said to Ariel,
+<q>And thou shalt be brought down, and shalt
+speak out of the ground, and thy speech shall
+be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be
+as of one that hath a familiar spirit, out of the
+ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of
+the dust,</q> Isa. 29:4. <q>And when they shall
+say unto you, Seek unto them that have familiar
+spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and
+that mutter: (should not a people seek unto
+their God? for the living to the dead!) to the
+law and to the testimony: if they speak not
+<pb n='270'/><anchor id='Pg270'/>
+according to this word, it is because there is
+no light in them,</q> Isa. 8:19, 20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Saul had put away those that had familiar
+spirits, and the wizards, out of the land; but
+when he <q>inquired of the Lord, the Lord
+answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by
+Urim, nor by prophets. Then said Saul unto
+his servants, Seek a woman that hath a familiar
+spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire
+of her. And his servants said to him, Behold,
+there is a woman that hath a familiar
+spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself,
+and put on other raiment, and he went, and
+two men with him, and they came to the
+woman by night: and he said, I pray thee
+divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and
+bring me him up whom I shall name unto
+thee. And the woman said unto him, Behold,
+thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he
+hath cut off those that have familiar spirits,
+and the wizards out of the land; wherefore,
+then, layest thou a snare for my life, to cause
+me to die? And Saul sware unto her by the
+Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall
+no punishment happen to thee for this thing.
+Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring
+up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel.
+And when the woman saw Samuel she
+cried with a loud voice: and the woman
+spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived
+me? for thou art Saul. And the king
+said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest
+<pb n='271'/><anchor id='Pg271'/>
+thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw
+gods ascending out of the earth. And he said
+unto her, What form is he of? And she said,
+An old man cometh up; and he is covered
+with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it
+was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to
+the ground, and bowed himself. And Samuel
+said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me,
+to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am
+sore distressed; for the Philistines make war
+against me, and God is departed from me, and
+answereth me no more, neither by prophets,
+nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee,
+that thou mayest make known unto me what
+I shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore
+then dost thou ask of me, seeing the Lord
+is departed from thee, and is become thine
+enemy? And the Lord hath done to him, as
+he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the
+kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to
+thy neighbor, even to David: because thou
+obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedest
+his fierce wrath upon Amelek, therefore
+hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this
+day. Moreover, the Lord will also deliver
+Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines:
+and to-morrow shalt thou and thy sons
+be with me: the Lord also shall deliver the
+host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.
+Then Saul fell straightway all along on the
+earth, and was sore afraid, because of the
+<pb n='272'/><anchor id='Pg272'/>
+words of Samuel: and there was no strength
+in him,</q> 1 Sam. 28:6-20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Micaiah <q>saw the Lord sitting on his
+throne, and all the host of heaven standing by
+him on his right hand and on his left. And
+the Lord said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that
+he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead?
+And one said on this manner, and another
+said on that manner. And there came forth
+a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said,
+I will persuade him. And the Lord said unto
+him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go
+forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth
+of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt
+persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and
+do so. Now therefore, behold, the Lord hath
+put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy
+prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning
+thee,</q> 1 Kings 22:19-23.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Paul was in the house of Lydia, he
+says, <q>It came to pass, as we went to prayer,
+a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of
+divination, met us, which brought her masters
+much gain by her soothsaying: the same followed
+Paul and us, and cried, saying, These
+men are the servants of the most high God,
+which show unto us the way of salvation.
+And this she did many days. But Paul,
+being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I
+command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to
+come out of her. And he came out the same
+hour,</q> Acts 16:16-18.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/>
+
+<p>
+By sorcery, enchantment, &amp;c., they performed
+wonders, or <hi rend='italic'>miracles</hi>, either real or
+pretended. <q>There was a certain man called
+Simon, which beforetime in the same city
+used sorcery, and bewitched the people of
+Samaria, giving out that himself was some
+great one: to whom they all gave heed, from
+the least to the greatest, saying, This man is
+the great power of God. And to him they
+had regard, because that of long time he had
+bewitched them with sorceries,</q> Acts 8:9-11.
+When <q>Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh,
+and before his servants, and it became
+a serpent, then Pharaoh also called the wise
+men, and the sorcerers: now the magicians
+of Egypt they also did in like manner with
+their enchantments. For they cast down
+every man his rod, and they became serpents:
+but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods,</q>
+Ex. 7:10-12. When Aaron turned the
+water of the river to blood, <q>the magicians
+did so with their enchantments,</q> v. 22. In
+like manner they <q>brought up frogs upon the
+land of Egypt,</q> 8:7. But when Aaron
+changed the dust to lice, the magicians attempted
+the same with their enchantments,
+<q>but they could not,</q> Ex. 8:18. These sorcerers
+who withstood Moses, we learn by
+Paul, were <q>Jannes and Jambres,</q> 2 Tim.
+3:8. They belonged to an ancient profession
+in Egypt; for, when Pharaoh dreamed his
+dreams, he first <q>sent and called for all the
+<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/>
+magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men
+thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams;
+but there was none that could interpret them
+unto Pharaoh,</q> Gen. 41:8. In like manner
+Nebuchadnezzar <q>commanded to call the
+magicians, and the astrologers, and the sorcerers,
+and the Chaldeans, for to show the
+king his dreams. So they came, and stood
+before the king,</q> Dan. 2:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These things were practised to some extent
+in Judah, but were all put away by Josiah.
+<q>Moreover, the workers with familiar spirits,
+and the wizards, and the images, and the
+idols, and all the abominations that were spied
+in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did
+Josiah put away, that he might perform the
+words of the law which were written in the
+book that Hilkiah the priest found in the
+house of the Lord,</q> 2 Kings 23:24.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The acts and influences of demoniacal
+agencies are apparent from the foregoing; and
+the symbolization under the sixth seal, seems
+to indicate a revival of those teachings and
+manifestations at the present time. Within a
+few years, the curiosity of the community has
+been excited, and large numbers of persons
+greatly interested, in various phenomena,
+known as Mesmerism, Animal-Magnetism,
+Clairvoyance, Pathetism, Neurology, Psychology,
+Biology, Electro-Biology, &amp;c. &amp;c. Similar
+manifestations have been before exhibited,
+but not in modern times to the extent now
+<pb n='275'/><anchor id='Pg275'/>
+witnessed. These were regarded as harmless
+phenomena and independent of any supernatural
+agency, till audible sounds were heard
+communicating intelligible responses. Then
+the claim was set up that these are caused by
+departed spirits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These sounds were first heard near Rochester,
+New York, in 1847; and, at the present
+time (1852), they are affirmed to exist in
+hundreds of places in this country, and other
+sections of the globe. They are audible raps,
+the cause of which, aside from the hypothesis
+of spiritual agency, has never been satisfactorily
+accounted for. By these raps, unimpeached
+and credible witnesses testify that
+correct answers have been given to questions,
+the facts respecting which were known to no
+one at the time of answering. Since then,
+furniture has been seen to move about the
+room, and other <hi rend='italic'>wonders</hi>, or miracles, been
+performed, by invisible agency, at the command
+of mediums to attending spirits,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>
+to <hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>. Mediums have written on paper,
+as they profess, involuntarily, lengthy communications,
+in poetry and prose, the subjects
+of which they claim to have been ignorant of,
+while the pen they held was moved independent
+of their own will. These exhibitions have
+been attested by hundreds of credible witnesses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By such manifestations large numbers of
+persons have given their adherence to these
+<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/>
+real or pretended agencies as truthful and
+reliable intelligences; whose responses they
+receive with the same credence that we do the
+revelations of scripture. <q>Circles</q> are extensively
+formed, who have sittings, at stated
+times, to receive communications from the
+spirits of the departed; and these are enforced
+by miracles, audible sounds, the exercise of
+physical power, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reality and the credibility of these
+agencies are separate questions. Their reality
+is shown by their identity with similar manifestations
+of former times. The Bible affirms
+the existence of such: <q>For we wrestle not
+against flesh and blood, but against principalities,
+against powers, against the rulers of the
+darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness
+in high places;</q> or <q>wicked spirits</q>
+in <q>heavenly places,</q> as the <hi rend='italic'>margin</hi> reads,
+Eph. 6:12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. The familiar spirits of old responded in
+a manner similar to these. They did <q>peep</q>
+and <q>mutter;</q> their speech was low out of
+the dust; they spoke out of the ground, and
+whispered; or, as in the margin, did <q>peep</q>
+or <q>chirp</q> out of the dust. These <q>rap</q>
+and mutter. They respond from beneath
+chairs, tables and floors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. They exercised similar physical powers.
+They threw down and tare the persons they
+possessed. They turned the swine into the
+sea, &amp;c. These claim that chairs and tables,
+<pb n='277'/><anchor id='Pg277'/>
+are lifted and moved at will by an invisible
+agency.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. They made similar pretensions to credibility.
+Simon Magus gave out <q>that himself
+was some great one;</q> and these, that they
+utter divine truths.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Similar regard was bestowed on those,
+which is claimed for these. To Simon <q>they
+all gave heed, from the least to the greatest,
+saying, This man is the great power of God.</q>
+Yet <q>he had bewitched them with sorceries.</q>
+Similar claims by, and regard for these modern
+pretenders to the same art, do not relieve
+them from the suspicion of a like agency.
+<q>For such are false apostles, deceitful workers,
+transforming themselves into the apostles
+of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself
+is transformed into an angel of light. Therefore,
+it is no great thing if his <hi rend='italic'>ministers</hi> also
+be transformed as the ministers of righteousness:
+whose end shall be according to their
+works,</q> 2 Cor. 11:13-15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Both have given utterance to some truths.
+The legion of demons who were cast out of
+the man into a herd of swine, acknowledged
+Jesus to be <q>the Son of the Most High God;</q>
+and the pythonic spirit which so grieved Paul,
+declared the apostles to be <q>the servants of
+the Most High God, which show unto us the
+way of salvation.</q> Such communications
+with the invisible world being forbidden, their
+<emph>credibility</emph> is disproved.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/>
+
+<p>
+They claim that spirits of the departed
+are brought into direct and intelligent communication
+with the living, who desire to
+interrogate them. What more was claimed
+by the necromancers of old? Said Saul to
+the woman of Endor: <q>Divine unto me by
+the familiar spirit, and bring me him up
+whom I shall name unto thee,</q> 1 Sam. 28:8.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They claim that not all, but only those
+persons are mediums who are peculiarly susceptible
+to spiritual influences. Wherein,
+then, admitting their claims, do the <q>mediums</q>
+differ from those of old, who divined
+by a familiar spirit?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their responses are frequently disproved by
+facts; and themselves admit the existence of
+unreliable spirits, which communicate like
+them. They give contradictory responses,
+and mutually criminate each other; but their
+<emph>reality</emph> is not disproved by any discrepancy,
+or want of truthfulness in their responses; for
+if they are spirits, none but unclean spirits
+would respond in a forbidden manner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These spirits are to be discredited, because
+they preach a different gospel from that
+preached by Paul, who says: <q>I marvel that
+ye are so soon removed from him that called
+you into the grace of Christ, unto another
+gospel: which is not another; but there be
+some that trouble you, and would pervert the
+gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel
+from heaven, preach any other gospel unto
+<pb n='279'/><anchor id='Pg279'/>
+you than that ye have received, let him be
+accursed,</q> Gal. 1:6-9. <q>If any man love
+not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema,
+Maran-atha.</q> 1 Cor. 16:22. Said John,
+<q>Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the
+spirits whether they are of God: because
+many false prophets are gone out into the
+world,</q> 1 John 4:1. Also Isaiah said, <q>And
+when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them
+that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards
+that peep, and that mutter: should not a
+people seek unto their God?
+To the law and to the testimony:
+if they speak not according to this word, it
+is because there is no light in them,</q> Isa. 8:19, 20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Because of these practices, the nations were
+driven out from before the children of Israel.
+And with the <hi rend='italic'>miracles</hi> to be wrought, the
+frog-like spirits are to go forth to <q>the whole
+world to gather them to the battle of that
+great day of God Almighty.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the time of Abraham, <q>the iniquity of
+the Amorites was not yet full,</q> (Gen. 15:16);
+but in four hundred years they had practised
+all the abominations for which they were to
+be destroyed, and the practice of which God
+has expressly forbidden. He said to Israel, in
+the wilderness, <q>When thou art come into
+the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee,
+thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations
+of those nation. There shall not be
+<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/>
+found among you any one that maketh his
+son or his daughter to pass through the fire,
+or that useth divination, or an observer of
+times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a
+charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits,
+or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that
+do these things are an abomination unto the
+Lord: and because of these abominations the
+Lord thy God doth drive them out from before
+thee. Thou shalt be perfect with the Lord
+thy God. For these nations, which thou
+shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of
+times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the
+Lord thy God hath not suffered thee so to do,</q>
+Deut. 18:9-14.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar pernicious practices and dangerous
+heresies, are to prepare the way for the final
+destruction of the nations who reject the claims
+of Jehovah. Peter declares that <q>there shall
+be false teachers among you, who privily shall
+bring in damnable heresies, even denying the
+Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves
+swift destruction. And many shall follow
+their pernicious ways; by reason of whom
+the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. And
+through covetousness shall they with feigned
+words make merchandise of you: whose
+judgment now of a long time lingereth not,
+and their damnation slumbereth not,</q> 2 Pet.
+2:1-3. And Paul says of that wicked:
+<q>Whose coming is after the working of Satan,
+with all power, and signs, and lying wonders,
+<pb n='281'/><anchor id='Pg281'/>
+and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness
+in them that perish; because they received
+not the love of the truth, that they might be
+saved. And for this cause God shall send
+them strong delusion, that they should believe
+a lie: that they might be damned who believed
+not the truth, but had pleasure in
+unrighteousness,</q> 2 Thess. 2:9-12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The battle of that great day of God Almighty,</q>
+it would seem, must commence by
+a conflict of opinions. Mind will war with
+mind, and puny man will stoutly contend
+against the truths of the Almighty. In this
+revival of demon-worship, the old gods of the
+heathen are to be set up against the claims of
+Jehovah. His declarations are to be made to
+give place to <q>doctrines of demons.</q> The
+teachings of God and of these spirits are to be
+brought into direct conflict.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The followers of the spirits have baptized
+their new theological dogmas, <q>The Harmonial
+Philosophy,</q> of which <emph>Reason</emph> is the
+final umpire. Revelation no longer speaks to
+them in tones of authority. From the Bible,
+it is claimed, <q>the seal of infallibility must be
+broken away, before a new light and beauty
+can enliven and embellish the mystical disclosures
+of any seer, prophet, or evangelist.</q>
+So writes Andrew Jackson Davis, the Poughkeepsie
+seer, one of the leaders of this new
+school, who complains that <q>owing to the
+dogmatism of infallibility, the Bible is taught
+<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/>
+now-a-days as it was nearly four centuries
+ago.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Review of Dr. Bushnell</hi>, p. 10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Scriptures are, with those of his faith,
+only <q>the <emph>paper and ink</emph> relics of Christianity,</q>
+(<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>, p. 21); which they regard as <q>a
+foundation as impermanent as the changeful
+sand</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 24), and not adapted <q>to the
+wants or requirements of the nineteenth century,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 26. They reject Him, whom they
+style <q>the cruel and capricious God generally
+worshipped by the Bible Christians,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 47.
+<q>The Jewish God,</q> says Davis, <q>is cruel,
+capricious and tyrannical,</q> whose <q>kingdom
+is more despotic, and more contracted in principle,
+than the present government of the
+Russian empire,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 61. He adds, <q>The
+Old Testament idea of a Deity is the outgrowth
+of the despotic stage of human mental
+development,</q> and <q>a superannuated monotheistic
+conception,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 62. In their opinion,
+<q>the developments of republicanism, and
+of mental happiness among men, depend very
+much upon the <emph>absence</emph> of these dogmatical
+compilations, or fossil relics, of an old Hebrew
+and Chaldean theology,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 70. With
+them <q>the Bible account of creation is a very
+interesting <hi rend='italic'>myth</hi>,&mdash;mainly a plagiarism from
+the early traditions and cosmological doctrines
+of the ancient Persians and Chaldeans;</q> and,
+instead of being <q>a divine revelation of truth,</q>
+is <q>a pagan relic, which should no more command
+<pb n='283'/><anchor id='Pg283'/>
+serious respect than the ancient doctrines
+of Fetichism,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 90.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These <q>Harmonial Philosophers</q> are antagonistic
+to the teachings of Jehovah in
+nearly all their theological notions. They
+scout the idea that any actual evil exists in
+the universe. They deny the existence of the
+devil, and of evil spirits. <q>Everything,</q>
+says Davis, <q>is forever progressing in goodness
+and perfection,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 180. The salvation
+of all men, is with them as certain as the
+operation of fixed laws. They recognize no
+Saviour and no atonement in their system of
+faith. The teachings of spirits, and <q>a certain
+organization of labor, capital and talent,</q> they
+fancy, <q>will effect the desired cure</q> for all
+actual or supposed ills, <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 178. They recognize
+no responsibility in the sinner, but attribute
+his wrong-doings to ignorance and accident;
+and their laws of right, are the dictates
+of their own wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their system is essentially Pantheistic, all
+things being regarded by them as a part and
+parcel of Deity. They argue that <q>every
+object which has an existence in the universe
+must be in its nature good and pure, on the
+principle that the effect must partake of the
+nature of the cause, and the stream must be
+the corresponding emanation of the fountain
+from which it flows.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Elements of Spiritual
+Philosophy</hi>, p. 55. They teach that human
+spirits are <q>formed primarily from the animating
+<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/>
+essences that pervade the creation,&mdash;which
+essences,</q> they say, <q>are the breath
+and presence of the Divinity;</q> and hence
+they argue, <q>that there are no spirits which
+are intrinsically evil in their nature, and
+none which do not present in their inward
+depths the reflection of divine purity,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 56.
+Going still further, they claim that there is no
+existing <q>source of positive evil,</q> <q>no principle
+of this nature in the human spirit,</q> and
+that consequently <q>there can be no evil designs
+to emanate from such a source,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 60.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These assertions are put forth authoritatively;
+for the <q>Elements of Spiritual Philosophy</q>
+are attested by witnesses to be <q>written
+by Spirits of the Sixth Circle, R. P.
+Ambler, Medium.</q> And if they are met by
+the declarations written by those who spake
+as they were moved by the Holy Ghost, they
+reply: <q>The Christian who deifies his Bible is
+as much an idolater as the heathen who burns
+his incense before his household image. It is
+surely attributing to the book what the Pagan
+attributes to his image.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Shekinah, April
+No.</hi>, p. 251. Christianity, they denominate,
+<q>learned scepticism, baptized in the name of
+Jesus,</q> &amp;c., <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>, p. 301. Thus are they warring
+against the word of God, and placing
+themselves in direct conflict with the Almighty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This warfare is not only avowed to be
+against the God of the Bible, but is recognized
+by themselves as <emph>the last great conflict
+<pb n='285'/><anchor id='Pg285'/>
+previous to the millennium</emph>. They regard this
+subject as <q>the great question of the age,
+which is destined to convulse and divide
+Protestantism, and around which all other
+religious controversies must necessarily revolve.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Davis'
+Review of Bushnell</hi>, page 3.
+The millennium which is to be thus ushered
+in, they regard as a period when <q>every one
+that desires will be able to hold direct intercourse
+and conversation with the spirit
+world.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Spiritual Tel., Vol. 1, No. 1.</hi> Says
+Davis: <q>The thunders of a stupendous reformation
+are soon to issue from the now open
+mouth of the Protestant church. The supernatural
+faith,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> a belief in the authenticity
+of Scripture, <q>will be shaken, as a reed in
+the tempest. New channels will be formed
+for the inflowing of new truths, and then a
+long-promised era will steal upon the religious
+and political world.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Review of Bushnell</hi>,
+p. 187.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In another place he says: <q>You may be
+assured of the truth of this <emph>approaching
+crisis</emph>. The world must recognize it, because
+it will be accompanied with <emph>war</emph>; for politics
+are inseparably connected, all over the world,
+with religious systems. Religion will develop
+reason; but politics will impel the masses to
+<emph>unsheath the sword, and to stain the bosom of
+Nature with blood</emph>! Friends of progress! be
+not discouraged; for the FINAL CRISIS
+must come; <emph>then the strange interregnum</emph>,</q>
+<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 217. <q>Protestantism as now constructed
+will first decay; because it is to be divided
+into two,&mdash;the smallest party will go back
+into Catholicism; the other will go forward
+into Rationalism. And then, after a succession
+of eventful years, a political revolution
+will hurl the Catholic superstructure to the
+earth, and the prismatic bow of promise will
+span the heavens. The children of earth will
+then be comparatively free and happy! for the
+<emph>millennial</emph> epoch will have arrived; and there
+will be something like a realization of peace on
+earth, and good will toward all men!</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> p. 221.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such are their delusive hopes, while setting
+themselves against the Lord, and against his
+Anointed. The Bible teaches that multitudes
+will be deceived by them, and, if it were possible,
+some of the elect; and hence:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Admonition.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Behold, I come like a thief. Happy is he who watcheth,
+and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and
+they see his shame.</q> Rev. 16:15.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<q>The day of the Lord will come as a thief
+in the night; in which the heavens shall pass
+away with a great noise, and the elements
+shall melt with fervent heat,</q> 2 Pet. 3:10.
+The Saviour said to his disciples: <q>Watch,
+therefore; for ye know not what hour your
+<pb n='287'/><anchor id='Pg287'/>
+Lord doth come,</q> Matt. 24:42. Says Paul:
+<q>Yourselves know perfectly that the day of
+the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night;
+for when they shall say, peace and safety,
+then sudden destruction cometh, ... and they
+shall not escape; but ye, brethren, are not in
+darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief,</q> 1 Thess. 5:1-6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus will the day of the Lord come, as a
+thief, on those who are careless and indifferent
+to its approach; but it will not thus overtake
+those who watch, and keep their garments.
+Because so many will be deceived by the
+strange performances of the spirits of demons,
+and their miracles so delude the multitude,
+Christ's coming will be to them sudden and
+unexpected. Therefore the greater necessity
+for watchfulness. While this is a predicted
+means for lulling the world to sleep, it is
+given to the Christian as an indication of the
+near coming of Christ, whose advent synchronizes
+with the outpouring of the seventh
+vial. The blessing pronounced on those who
+watch, is an intimation that the people of
+God will be expecting Christ's advent, while
+others will be taken by surprise: <q>unto them
+that look for him shall he appear the second
+time without sin unto salvation,</q> Heb. 9:28.
+<q>For the grace of God that bringeth salvation
+hath appeared to all men, teaching us,
+that denying ungodliness, and worldly lusts,
+we should live soberly, righteously, and
+<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/>
+godly, in this present world; looking for that
+blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of
+the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ,</q>
+Titus 2:11-13.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who keep their garments, are those
+who have not <q>defiled</q> them with sin, (3:4);
+they will walk with Christ in white, being
+worthy; <q>for the fine linen</q> in which they
+are to be arrayed <q>is the righteousness of
+saints,</q> 19:8. To be destitute of this, is to
+be unclothed; and hence the Saviour says: <q>I
+counsel thee to buy of me ... white raiment,
+that thou mayest be clothed, and that the
+shame of thy nakedness do not appear,</q> 3:18.
+The intimation is clear, that to be deceived
+by the unclean spirits, is to lose those
+robes of righteousness, and to be found naked
+at Christ's appearing.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Success of the Spirits.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And they gathered them into a place called in Hebrew
+Armageddon.</q> Rev. 16:16.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Before the coming of the Lord, and as a
+preparation for that event, the nations are to
+be thus gathered. Armageddon is the name
+of a valley at the foot of Mount Megiddo,
+famous for its bloody slaughters. It fitly
+symbolizes the final gathering of the nations.
+The enemies of God will marshal for the final
+<pb n='289'/><anchor id='Pg289'/>
+conflict. The powers of darkness will fancy
+themselves on the verge of victory; and then
+will be poured out:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Seventh Vial.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the seventh poured out his bowl on the air; and
+there came a loud voice from the temple [of heaven], from
+the throne, saying, It is done! And there were lightnings,
+and voices, and thunders; and there was a great earthquake,
+such as was not since men were on the earth, so
+mighty and so great an earthquake. And the great city
+became three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and
+great Babylon was remembered before God, to give to her
+the cup of the wine of his furious wrath. And every island
+fled, and the mountains were no more. And vast hail,
+weighing a talent, fell from heaven on men; and men
+reviled God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague
+thereof was exceedingly great.</q> Rev. 16:17-21.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The atmosphere is not limited, like a river,
+or portion of the earth, to a given locality, but
+encircles the globe. Consequently the effect
+of the vial poured out on the air, would be
+universal, and not local like the effects of the
+previous vials. The air is the region of
+storms. These symbolize the expression of
+conflicting opinions, and violent outbursts
+of passion; which may be the commencement
+of that <q>great battle,</q> for the preparation of
+which the unclean spirits went forth under
+the sixth vial, to gather the people, and which
+terminates by the slaying of the remnant with
+the sword of the Lord, 19:21.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/>
+
+<p>
+An earthquake is a symbol of a political
+revolution. As this is to be greater than all
+preceding ones, it must extend to all nations.
+It is during the earthquake, that the cities fall
+and the mountains and islands flee away.
+This commotion evidently synchronizes with
+the <q>time of trouble, such as never was since
+there was a nation even to that same time,</q>
+when God's <q>people shall be delivered, every
+one that shall be found written in the book,</q>
+Dan. 12:1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It is done,</q> is a declaration indicating the
+completion of the work symbolized. It marks
+the termination of the events of the seventh
+vial, which are described in the verses following:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The great city</q> is <q>Babylon,</q> (14:8);
+which <q>reigneth over the kings of the earth,</q>
+(17:8); and which John had seen sitting
+<q>upon many waters,</q> 17:1. This was
+doubtless seen when he saw the waters of the
+symbolic Euphrates being dried up, 16:12.
+Babylon, being a symbol of the Roman hierarchy,
+its triple division indicates a like
+division of the church of Rome, not geographical,
+but under different leaders, previous to
+its destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The cities of the nations,</q> must symbolize
+other hierarchies, analogous to that of
+Rome, of which there are the Greek church,
+in Russia and Greece, the Arminian and
+Syrian churches, and other corrupt nationalized
+<pb n='291'/><anchor id='Pg291'/>
+establishments. All such will become
+disconnected, like Babylon, with the governments
+by which they are sustained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Great Babylon</q> then comes into remembrance
+to drink the cup of the wine of the
+fierceness of God's wrath. Because her sins
+have reached unto heaven, <q>God hath remembered
+her iniquities,</q> 18:5. This synchronizes
+with her destruction, symbolized in Rev.
+18:8-23. As the Papacy continues till
+Christ's coming (Dan. 7:21, and 2 Thess.
+2:3-8), this epoch must synchronize with
+that event, when he comes to receive his
+chosen ones.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the destruction of Babylon, occurs
+the subversion of all national authority. As
+ecclesiastical hierarchies are symbolized by
+cities, the <q>mountains</q> and <q>islands</q> on
+which they are situated must symbolize the
+larger and smaller governments; and their
+removal from their places, their subversion in
+the great moral <q>earthquake</q> which is to
+overwhelm them. This synchronizes with
+the sixth seal, when they are all <q>removed
+out of their places,</q> (6:14); and it leaves
+the inhabitants of earth in a state of anarchy.
+It is at this time that the kings and great men
+of the earth become aware that the great day
+of God's wrath is come, 6:15-17. With
+this time of trouble, comes the deliverance of
+God's people, (Dan. 12:1); who shall be
+caught up together <q>to meet the Lord in the
+<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/>
+air,</q> 1 Thess. 4:17. To them the Lord has
+said, <q>Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror
+by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by
+day; nor for the pestilence that walketh in
+darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth
+at noon-day. A thousand shall fall at thy
+side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but
+it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine
+eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of
+the wicked. Because thou hast made the
+Lord which is my refuge, even the Most High,
+thy habitation,</q> Ps. 91:5-9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The removal of the saints leaves the
+wicked exposed to the vengeance of God's
+wrath, of which a terrific hail-storm on their
+defenceless heads, is an expressive symbol.
+The Lord said, by Isaiah: <q>Judgment also
+will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the
+plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the
+refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow
+the hiding-place. And your covenant with
+death shall be disannulled, and your agreement
+with hell shall not stand; when the
+overflowing scourge shall pass through, then
+ye shall be trodden down by it. From the
+time that it goeth forth it shall take you: for
+morning by morning shall it pass over, by day
+and by night: and it shall be a vexation only
+to understand the report. For the bed is
+shorter than that a man can stretch himself
+on it: and the covering narrower than that
+he can wrap himself in it. For the Lord
+<pb n='293'/><anchor id='Pg293'/>
+shall rise up as in Mount Perazim, he shall be
+wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he may
+do his work, his strange work; and bring to
+pass his act, his strange act. Now therefore
+be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made
+strong: for I have heard from the Lord God
+of hosts a consumption even determined upon
+the whole earth,</q> Isa. 28:17-22.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This must synchronize with the final conflict,
+(symbolized in Rev. 19:19-21): also
+with the casting of the vine of the earth into
+the wine-press of God's wrath (14:19),
+and terminates the battle of <q>Armageddon,</q>&mdash;the
+<q>battle of that great day of God
+Almighty,</q> 16:14.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Judgment of the Harlot.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And one of the seven angels, who had the seven bowls,
+came and talked with me, saying, Come here; I will show
+thee the judgment of the great harlot who sitteth on many
+waters; with whom the kings of the earth have committed
+fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been
+made drunk with the wine of her fornication.</q> Rev. 17:1,
+2.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The Roman hierarchy had been frequently
+referred to in the preceding visions; but an
+institution, so interwoven with the history of
+the nations, required a more full and minute
+symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/>
+
+<p>
+The subject of this vision is announced to
+the revelator, by one of the angels who had
+the seven vials;&mdash;very probably, the seventh.
+The harlot is identified as one <q>that sitteth
+upon many waters.</q> Ancient Babylon was
+thus addressed: <q>O thou that dwellest upon
+many waters, abundant in treasures, thine
+end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness,</q>
+Jer. 51:13. She is also described
+as <q>The well-favored <emph>harlot</emph>, the mistress
+of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through
+her whoredoms, and families through her
+witchcrafts,</q> Nahum 3:4. Therefore the
+harlot whose judgment is to be more minutely
+shown, is the city of the previous vision,
+which received the cup of the wine of God's
+wrath (16:19), and which probably was
+shown to John on the waters of the Euphrates,
+(16:12); for the reference indicates that
+she had been thus previously exhibited,&mdash;the
+waters on which she was seated, being the
+people, nations, &amp;c., which sustained and
+defended her idolatries, 17:15. In the vision
+now to be shown John, the Roman hierarchy
+is symbolized by Babylon; but it is first
+exhibited as:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>A Woman on a Scarlet-Colored Beast.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And he carried me away in spirit into a desert: and I
+saw a woman seated on a crimson-colored wild beast, full
+of names of reviling, having seven heads and ten horns.
+<pb n='295'/><anchor id='Pg295'/>
+And the woman was arrayed in purple and crimson, and
+decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a
+golden cup in her hand full of abominations and the impurities
+of her fornication; and on her forehead a name was
+written, A SECRET: BABYLON, THE GREAT, THE
+MOTHER OF THE HARLOTS AND THE ABOMINATIONS
+OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken
+with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the witnesses
+of Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered greatly.</q>
+Rev. 17:3-6.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the angel said to me, Why dost thou wonder? I
+will tell thee the secret of the woman, and of the wild beast
+that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and the ten
+horns. The wild beast which thou didst see, was, and is
+not, and will ascend out of the abyss, and go into destruction;
+and those who dwell on the earth will wonder, (whose
+names were not written in the book of life from the foundation
+of the world,) as they behold the wild beast that was
+and is not, and will be. And here is the mind having wisdom.
+The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman
+sitteth, and they are seven kings: five are fallen, and one
+is and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh he
+must remain a little while. And the wild beast that was,
+and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and
+goeth into destruction. And the ten horns which thou
+didst see are ten kings, who have not yet received a kingdom;
+but they receive power as kings, one hour, with the
+wild beast. These have one mind, and will give their power
+and strength to the wild beast. These will make war with
+the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them; for he is
+Lord of lords, and King of kings; and those with him are
+called, and chosen, and faithful.</q> Rev. 17:7-14.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And he saith to me, The waters which thou didst see,
+where the harlot sitteth, are peoples, and crowds, and
+nations, and tongues. And the ten horns which thou didst
+see, and the wild beast, these will hate the harlot, and will
+make her desolate and naked, and will eat her flesh, and
+burn her up with fire. For God hath put it into their
+hearts to perform his purpose, and to agree, and give their
+kingdom to the wild beast, until the words of God shall be
+fulfilled. And the woman whom thou didst see is the great
+<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/>
+city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth.</q> Rev. 17:15-18.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+That the woman and city symbolize the
+same, is shown by the declaration that she is
+that great city, which reigneth over the kings
+of the earth, v. 18. She is also thus indicated
+by the name of <q>Babylon,</q> on her forehead,
+and the golden cup in her hand: <q>Babylon
+hath been a golden cup in the Lord's hand,
+that made all the earth drunken: the nations
+have drunken of her wine; therefore are the
+nations mad,</q> Jer. 51:7. In like manner has
+the church of Rome intoxicated the nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The scarlet-colored beast</q> on which the
+woman is seated, is evidently the same beast
+that John saw <q>rise out of the sea, having
+seven heads, and ten horns,</q> 13:1. The
+Roman empire had been symbolized by <q>a
+great red dragon,</q> which also had seven
+heads and ten horns. In that vision, crowns
+were on the heads of the beast, (12:3);
+which indicated that Rome, during the period
+thus represented, existed under the forms of
+government symbolized by the heads. These
+heads, the angel affirms, are the seven mountains
+on which the woman sitteth, (v. 9); and
+also that they are seven kings (v. 10), or
+forms of government. Mountains also symbolize
+governments, (16:20); and as the
+heads and mountains are the same, they must
+alike symbolize the seven forms of government
+under which Rome existed previous to
+<pb n='297'/><anchor id='Pg297'/>
+its subversion by the northern barbarians,&mdash;viz.:
+1, the kingly; 2, consular; 3, dictatorial;
+4, decemviral; 5, tribunitial; 6, pagan-imperial;
+and 7, Christian-imperial. At the time
+of the explanation of this vision to John, the
+<q>five</q> first-named forms had passed away;
+or, as the angel says, had <q>fallen,</q> v. 10.
+One then was:&mdash;Rome then existed under its
+pagan-imperial, or sixth head. The other,
+the Christian-imperial, had not then come;
+but after it came, and had continued for a
+time, the Roman empire was subverted by
+the irruptions of northern barbarians. Thus
+<q>the beast was;</q> and then, was not for a
+season. But afterwards it emerged again
+from the sea (13:1), under an <q>eight</q> form,
+which was of the previous seven, 17:11.
+When it reäppears, its crowns are not upon
+its heads, but encircle its horns, (13:1); indicating
+that those governments have the ascendency,
+which are symbolized by the <q>ten
+horns;</q> and which, according to the angel,
+are <q>ten kings,</q> which had not received their
+kingdom at the time of the vision, v. 12.
+These were to be kings in <q>one,</q> or the same
+hour with the beast, and must therefore be
+contemporary kingdoms, while the forms symbolized
+by the heads, are evidently successive.
+They constitute the government of Rome, in
+its eighth, or decem-regal form; and symbolize
+the ten kingdoms which arose after and out
+of the subversion of imperial Rome. Under
+<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/>
+this form, the beast goes into perdition, (v.
+11):&mdash;they continue under various combinations,
+till the end of the world, when they
+will war with and be overcome by the Lamb
+(v. 14), in the great battle of Armageddon,
+19:19-21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ten contemporary kingdoms have one
+mind, (v. 13): they perpetuate the kingdom
+of the beast, by adopting similar laws, pursuing
+the same line of policy, and assuming
+the same powers that the empire exercised.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>names of blasphemy</q> which cover
+the beast, symbolize its arrogating the right
+to dictate in matters of faith and religious
+worship, and to punish those who dissent
+from its creed. The Roman hierarchy was
+supported by legal enactments against heretics
+in all of the ten kingdoms. Those who
+dissented from the church were delivered over
+to the power of the civil arm, which punished
+by imprisonment, confiscation of goods, bodily
+torture, and death. The exercise of such
+power, was a blasphemous usurpation of the
+prerogatives of Christ, and an assumption of
+authority over the legislation of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On this beast the woman is seated. As its
+rider, she guides it, and is sustained by it.
+She is its directing power; and while she is
+thus seated, there is no reference to crowns
+encircling either heads or horns. All rule for
+a time is subservient to her control. Thus
+were the ten kingdoms obedient to the Roman
+<pb n='299'/><anchor id='Pg299'/>
+hierarchy,&mdash;sustaining, and being controlled
+by it. She crowned their kings, and dethroned
+them at her pleasure. The religion of the
+church was enforced by the sword of the
+state; and thus did the kings of the earth
+commit fornication with her,&mdash;the idolatries
+of the church being sanctioned by them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The superb attire of the woman, and the
+costly gems with which she is decked, denote
+the wealth, luxury, and regal splendor of the
+hierarchy which she symbolizes. The cup,
+and its abominations in her hand, denote the
+false doctrines with which she would seduce
+the nations. Her names describe her nature,
+and identify her with Babylon; and her intoxication
+with blood, indicates her blood-thirsty,
+persecuting character, and the delight
+with which she would exult over the slaughter
+of the saints.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Roman hierarchy was not, however,
+<emph>always</emph> to retain her supremacy over the
+nations. She was in due time to <emph>fall</emph> from
+the position symbolized by the woman seated
+on the beast; and the kings of the earth were
+to hate and burn with fire, her whom they
+had recognized as their mistress, and to whose
+control they had submitted. The governments
+which have sustained her pretensions,
+were to cast her off contemptuously. This
+has been in progress of fulfilment from the
+days of Martin Luther, since which her control
+of the ten kingdoms has been only limited
+<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/>
+and partial. Many of her ecclesiastical estates
+have been confiscated, and she has been deprived
+of her prerogatives in many countries.
+There may, perhaps, be hereafter a more complete
+fulfilment of this prediction. It is symbolized
+in the following chapter, by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Fall of Babylon.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And after this, I saw another angel descending from
+heaven, having great power; and the earth was enlightened
+by his glory. And he cried with a mighty voice, saying,
+She is fallen: Babylon the great is fallen, and is
+become a dwelling of demons, and a prison of every unclean
+spirit, and a prison of every unclean and hateful bird, for
+all the nations have drunk of the wine of the fury of her
+fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication
+with her, and the merchants of the earth have
+become rich through the abundance of her luxury.</q> Rev.
+18:1-3.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This announcement of the fall of the city,
+synchronizes with the same symbolization
+in the 14th chapter: <q>And there followed
+another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is
+fallen, that great city, because she made all
+nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her
+fornication,</q> 14:8. The angel, proclaiming
+her fall, doubtless symbolizes a body of men,
+who shall give utterance to corresponding
+declarations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>epoch</emph> of this utterance is shown by
+the identity of this angel with that of Rev.
+10:1-3. They thus correspond: They both
+<pb n='301'/><anchor id='Pg301'/>
+descend from heaven: the one is a mighty
+angel, and the other has great power; the one
+is enveloped with a robe of cloud, his head is
+arched with the rainbow, his face is like the
+sun, and his feet like fire, and he stands on
+both earth and sea; the other is so glorified,
+and occupies a position so conspicuous, that
+the earth is enlightened with his glory; and
+the one cries <q>with a loud voice as when a
+lion roareth,</q> while the other cries <q>mighty
+with a strong voice.</q> Thus their position,
+manner and conspicuousness, are alike. What
+was uttered by the angel of the tenth chapter,
+is not revealed; but the fall of Babylon being
+announced in the eighteenth, it follows that it
+was the subject of the angel's utterance in the
+tenth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the messenger of the tenth chapter appears
+subsequent to the sixth, and before the
+seventh trumpet; and as, after this epoch,
+there were to be prophesyings <q><emph>again</emph>, before
+many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings</q> (10:11), it follows that the <emph>time</emph> then
+symbolized must be at an epoch <emph>anterior</emph> to
+the end of the world. A corresponding reason&mdash;namely,
+the command to come out of Babylon,
+and the fulfilment of her plagues and
+sorrows, which are to intervene between the
+cry of the angel announcing her fall and the
+time of her actual destruction&mdash;proves that
+the mighty angel of the 18th of Revelation
+<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/>
+must also be at an <emph>epoch</emph> having a considerable
+period between it and the end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It follows, that when John saw the angel
+of the eighteenth chapter, and <q>the earth was
+lightened with his glory,</q> it did not symbolize
+a <emph>literal</emph> but a <emph>moral</emph> light,&mdash;<emph>the light of
+truth</emph>. And as the enlightening of the earth
+by its promulgation, pre-supposes a previous
+state of corresponding moral <emph>darkness</emph>, it must,
+as in the tenth chapter, symbolize an <emph>epoch</emph>,
+prominent in the history of the world, as a
+time when the <emph>darkness</emph> of ignorance, error
+and superstition, began rapidly to disappear
+before the spread of the <emph>light</emph> of truth and
+knowledge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These considerations point to the epoch of
+the REFORMATION, when the midnight
+<emph>darkness</emph> of the <emph>dark ages</emph> began to be scattered
+before the uprising and onward progress
+of truth and knowledge. Then appeared a
+body of religious teachers, aided by the newly
+discovered art of printing, who so brought the
+Scriptures out from their obscurity, opposed
+the pretensions of the Papal hierarchy, and,
+by the clear teachings of the word, so secured
+the spread of gospel light and liberty, that
+they might appropriately be symbolized by an
+angel coming down from heaven, and enlightening
+the earth with his glory. The descent
+from heaven would symbolize the heavenly
+origin of the doctrines promulgated. His
+mighty power, and the strong voice with
+<pb n='303'/><anchor id='Pg303'/>
+which he proclaimed his cry, would symbolize
+the greatness and earnestness of the movement,
+and the mighty results to be effected by
+it. This symbolization, twice given, could
+only be fulfilled by some great and mighty
+movement, like the Reformation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fall of Babylon is distinct from and
+anterior to its destruction, and must correspond
+with the fall of the woman from her
+position on the beast;&mdash;she is no longer to be
+the director of, and to be sustained by, the
+civil power. The cry of the angel, announcing
+her fall, as Mr. Elliot remarks, seems to
+be anticipative, and not retrospective. The
+denunciations of the Papacy by the reformers
+were of a character to fulfil this symbolization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The year 1300, during the pontificate of
+Boniface VIII., may be regarded as marking
+the highest eminence to which the Papal power
+ever attained. From this period the dominion
+of the Roman Pontiffs appeared to be gradually
+undermined. Twenty-four years after this
+date, John Wickliffe was born, who, together
+with his followers, made more vigorous attacks
+upon Babylon itself. Some of these declared
+Rome to be mystical Babylon, and the Pope
+and church there to be Antichrist. These
+heralds announced the fall of mystical Babylon,
+as the ancient prophets had done that of
+literal Babylon, long before the event.&mdash;Jer.
+51:7, 8. Antichrist and Babylon are identified
+in prophecy. In 1518, Luther first suspected
+<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/>
+their application to the Papacy; and,
+writing to his friend Link, on sending him a
+copy of the acts just published of the conference
+at Augsburg, he says: <q>My pen is ready
+to give birth to things much greater. <emph>I know
+not myself whence these thoughts come to me.</emph>
+I will send you what I write, that you may
+see if I have well conjectured in believing that
+the <emph>Antichrist</emph> of whom St. Paul speaks now
+reigns in the court of Rome.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At first, Luther and his companions sought
+only the reformation of that church. They
+had no idea of dissolving their own connection
+with it. But when the thunders of the Vatican
+were hurled at them, and they found
+themselves excommunicated as heretics, they
+came to the conclusion that the church of
+Rome was <emph>the Babylon of the Apocalypse</emph>.
+Immediately upon this conviction, they began
+to cry, <q>Babylon is fallen!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1520 appeared a famous book, by Luther,
+on the <q><emph>Babylonish Captivity of the
+Church</emph>,</q> in which he attacked Rome with
+great skill and courage. In Switzerland and
+England the reformers considered themselves
+as fulfilling this message of the Apocalyptic
+angel. Elliot says, <q>They <emph>seized on this very
+prophecy for application; and, for the first
+time</emph>, upon grounds of evidence sound and
+tenable, concluded on the fact of progress
+having been made up to it, in the evolution
+of the great mundane drama, and on their
+<pb n='305'/><anchor id='Pg305'/>
+own chronological place being already far
+advanced under the sixth trumpet, and in
+near expectancy of the seventh trumpet, of
+the Apocalyptic prophecy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These denunciations against Mystic Babylon,
+and protestations against all her idolatrous
+ceremonies and superstitious appendages, were
+given, by the great body of the reformers,
+within the very bounds of her empire. They
+resulted in her loss of power, and of control
+over the princes of Europe. In 1526, the
+other monarchs becoming jealous of the power
+of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, <q>Pope
+Clement VII. placed himself at the head of a
+league of the principal states of Italy against
+him; but their ill-directed efforts were productive
+of new misfortunes. Rome was taken
+by storm, by the troops of the constable,
+sacked, and the Pope himself made prisoner.
+Charles V. publicly disavowed the proceedings
+of the constable, went into mourning with his
+court, and carried his hypocrisy so far as to
+order prayers for the deliverance of the Pope.
+On restoring the holy father to liberty, he
+demanded a ransom of four hundred thousand
+crowns of gold, but was satisfied with a
+quarter of that sum.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ency. Am.</hi>, v. 3. p. 76.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the Protestant princes of Germany denied
+the assumptions of the Pope; and the
+powers of western and northern Europe, one
+after another, denied their allegiance to him.
+In 1798, Pius VI. was taken prisoner by the
+<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/>
+French, under Gen. Berthier, and died in
+exile. When Berthier entered Rome, many
+of the cardinals <q>fled from the city on the
+wings of terror;</q> but those who remained
+<q>were disposed still to uphold the authority
+of the Pontiff.</q> Finally, however, <q>with
+melancholy voice, they pronounced their absolute
+renunciation of the temporal government.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Life
+of Pius VI.</hi> His successor
+resumed his position. But in 1848 Pius IX.
+fled from his own subjects, and was only
+restored by French arms. Thus gradually
+the Babylonish <emph>woman</emph> became unseated, and
+fell from her position on the beast; and,
+instead of guiding and directing the civil
+power, now only exists by sufferance. As a
+city, also, her supremacy was gone. Being
+no longer the mistress of the nations, or the
+ruling city, the Papal See is in the condition
+of ancient Babylon when becoming a dependency
+of the Medes and Persians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, it became
+gradually more and more deserted, until
+there was a literal fulfilment of the words of
+Isaiah: <q>Wild beasts of the desert shall lie
+there; and their houses shall be full of doleful
+creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and
+satyrs shall dance there. And the wild beasts
+of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses,
+and dragons in their pleasant palaces,</q> Isa.
+13:21, 22. In like manner the apocalyptic
+Babylon, after her fall, and the withdrawal
+<pb n='307'/><anchor id='Pg307'/>
+of Protestants from her communion, was to
+become the receptacle of corresponding spirits.
+Her members were to be more impious than
+before, and were to adhere more closely than
+ever to her idolatrous practices. The contrast
+between these and true Christians would also
+be more apparent from the separation which
+succeeds her fall, in obedience to:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Voice From Heaven.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come
+out of her, my people, that ye partake not of her sins, and
+that ye receive not of her plagues, for her sins have reached
+to heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities! Reward
+her even as she rendered to you, and double to her
+according to her works, in the cup which she hath poured
+out, pour out double to her. By as much as she hath
+glorified herself, and lived luxuriously, so much torment
+and mourning give her; for she saith in her heart, I sit a
+queen, and am not a widow, and shall see no mourning.
+On this account, her plagues will come in one day, death,
+and mourning, and famine; and she will be burned up with
+fire; for strong is the Lord God, who judgeth her.</q>&mdash;Rev.
+18:4-8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+So long as the true character of the apostate
+church was unperceived, she would contain
+many good, as well as a multitude of
+bad members. The voice from heaven, indicates
+an epoch when there should be a widely
+extended and marked separation between
+these two classes. Till the time of that separation
+should be indicated, the children of
+<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/>
+God would be justified in continuing members
+of her communion; but not subsequently.
+The condition of Babylon, at the time of her
+fall, indicates that the separation must take
+place in near connection with that event; and
+the cry must synchronize with that of the third
+angel in Rev. 14:9,&mdash;which symbolized a
+body of men who should insist on such a
+separation from the Papacy as that here symbolized.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the discovery that the church of Rome
+was the Babylon of the Apocalypse, the reformers
+began to call on the people of God to
+desert her communion; and the formation of
+the reformed churches was the consequence.
+This was preached wherever the Reformation
+extended, and has been continued to the
+present time. The Protestant churches have
+proclaimed connection with Romanism, an
+obstacle to salvation; and have called on its
+Christian members to come out from her
+abominations. Even the name <q>Protestant,</q>
+was given because of their protestation against
+the corruptions of the Papal See.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, and before
+her destruction, the people were, in like manner,
+commanded to forsake her. Said Jeremiah:
+<q>Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and
+deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in
+her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord's
+vengeance; he will render unto her a recompense.
+Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed:
+<pb n='309'/><anchor id='Pg309'/>
+howl for her; take balm for her
+pain, if so be she may be healed. We would
+have healed Babylon, but she is not healed:
+forsake her, and let us go every one into his
+own country: for her judgment reacheth unto
+heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies,</q>
+Jer. 51:6, 8, 9. And Isaiah said: <q>Go ye
+forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans,
+with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this,
+utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye,
+The Lord hath redeemed his servant Jacob,</q>
+Isa. 48:20. <q>Depart ye, depart ye, go ye
+out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go
+ye out of the midst of her; be ye clean, that
+bear the vessels of the Lord,</q> Isa. 52:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sins reaching to heaven, indicate great
+wickedness. Thus God said to Jonah: <q>Go
+to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against
+it; for their wickedness is come up before
+me,</q> Jonah 1:2. And he said of old Babylon:
+<q>Her judgment reacheth unto heaven,
+and is lifted up even to the skies,</q> Jer. 51:9.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Destruction of Babylon.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication
+and lived luxuriously with her, will weep and wail
+for her, when they see the smoke of her burning, standing
+afar off through the fear of her torment, saying, Woe!
+woe! that great city, Babylon, that mighty city! for in one
+hour is thy judgment come! And the merchants of the
+earth will weep and mourn over her; for no one buyeth
+their merchandise any more; the merchandise of gold, and
+<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/>
+silver, and precious stones, and pearls, and fine linen, and
+purple, and silk, and crimson, and all thine wood, and all
+kinds of vessels of ivory, and all kinds of vessels of most
+precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and
+cinnamon, and fragrant ointment, and incense, and myrrh,
+and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and
+wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and
+bodies, and souls of men. And the autumnal fruit of thine
+appetite's desire is departed from thee, and all things dainty
+and sumptuous are destroyed from thee, and thou wilt find
+them no more at all. The merchants of these things, who
+were enriched by her, will stand afar off, through the fear
+of her torment, weeping and mourning, saying, Woe! woe!
+that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple,
+and crimson, and adorned with gold, and precious stones,
+and pearls! for in one hour such great wealth is destroyed.
+And every pilot, and every one sailing to any place, and
+sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, and
+cried, when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying,
+What city is like the great city? And they cast dust on
+their heads, and cried out, weeping and mourning, saying,
+Woe! woe! the great city by which all who had ships on
+the sea, were made rich through her precious merchandise!
+for in one hour she is desolated.</q> Rev. 18:9-20.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Rejoice over her, O heaven, and ye saints and apostles
+and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her!</q> Rev.
+18:20.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And a strong angel took up a stone like a great mill-stone,
+and cast it into the sea, saying, Thus violently, will
+Babylon, the great city, be cast down, and be no more at
+all. And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and pipers,
+and trumpeters, will be heard no more at all in thee; and
+no craftsman, of any art, will be found any more in thee;
+and the sound of a mill-stone will be heard no more at all
+in thee; and the light of a lamp will shine no more at all
+in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and the bride will
+be heard no more at all in thee; for thy merchants were
+the nobles of the earth; for by thy sorcery all nations were
+deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets, and
+of saints, and of all those slain on the earth.</q> Rev. 18:21-24.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='311'/><anchor id='Pg311'/>
+
+<p>
+The punishment of Babylon is proportioned
+to her wickedness, and is to be inflicted partially
+by the kings of the earth, and partially
+by other agencies. The kings were to hate,
+and burn her with fire, (17:16); and were
+also, when they should see the smoke of her
+burnings, to bewail and lament for her, 18:9.
+The former passage indicates their agency in
+her impoverishment, and has been fulfilled in
+the confiscation of her property in France and
+England, the spoliation of churches and religious
+houses, wherever the arms of Napoleon
+extended; the dethronement of the Pope, by
+Gen. Berthier, in 1798; the refusal of some
+of the powers to permit her to nominate, within
+their limits, the candidates for ecclesiastical
+preferment, &amp;c. She is thus made to feel her
+widowhood,&mdash;her divorce from the secular
+arm,&mdash;and has mourned the loss of her most
+devoted children, who have forsaken her communion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Her final destruction is, however, to be
+<emph>entire</emph>. She is totally to disappear, like the
+sinking of a millstone in the sea. She is to
+be <emph>utterly</emph> burned with fire; but the lamentation
+of the kings over her burning, indicates
+that her destruction is to be completed by
+other instrumentality than theirs. Probably
+the multitude are to be incensed against her,
+and will so manifest their hatred that the governments
+will neither join in it, nor attempt to
+resist it, for fear that the same torment will be
+<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/>
+inflicted on them, 18:10. But her existence
+is terminated by the brightness of Christ's
+coming, 2 Thess. 2:8. Her destruction precedes
+that of the kings of the earth, who
+mourn her end. The merchants of the earth,
+the captains, sailors, &amp;c., symbolize those
+who bear a relation to the hierarchy, analogous
+to that sustained by such to a great
+commercial emporium. They are those who
+have the control of her preferments, benefices
+and revenues,&mdash;who traffic in her indulgences,
+and thereby become themselves enriched.
+And these articles of traffic are symbolized by
+the merchandise which, after her destruction,
+no man would buy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The commerce of this ecclesiastical city, has
+been immense,&mdash;particularly in indulgences.
+The sale of these was reduced to a system,
+says D'Aubigné, by <q>the celebrated and scandalous
+Tariff of Indulgences,</q> which went
+through more than forty editions. The least
+delicate ears would be offended by an enumeration
+of all the horrors it contains. Incest,
+if not detected, was to cost five groats; and
+six, if it was known. There was a stated
+price for murder, infanticide, adultery, perjury,
+burglary, &amp;c. Polygamy cost six
+ducats; sacrilege and perjury, nine; murder,
+eight; and witchcraft, two ducats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The penances of various kinds which were
+imposed as a punishment for sin, might also
+be compounded for money.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='313'/><anchor id='Pg313'/>
+
+<p>
+Tetzel, one of Rome's travelling merchants,
+told the people of Germany that for <q>a quarter
+of a florin</q> they might <q>receive letters of indulgence,</q>
+by means of which they might
+<q>introduce into paradise a divine and immortal
+soul, without its running any risk.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Hist.
+Ref.</hi>, pp. 56, 242.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He also said <q>Indulgences avail not only for
+the living but for the dead. With twelve groats
+you can deliver your father from purgatory.</q>
+<q>At the very instant,</q> said he, <q>that the
+money rattles at the bottom of the chest, the
+soul escapes from purgatory, and flies, liberated
+to heaven.</q> This is but a specimen of
+her vile traffic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Responding to the command, are heard the
+voices of much people in heaven,
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Rejoicing Over Babylon's Destruction.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And after this, I heard a loud voice of a mighty crowd
+in heaven, saying, Praise ye Jehovah! The salvation, and
+the glory, and the power of our God! For true and righteous
+are his judgments; for he hath judged the great harlot,
+who corrupted the earth with her fornication, and hath
+avenged the blood of his servants at her hand! And again
+they said, Praise ye Jehovah! And her smoke ascendeth
+for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders and the
+four living beings fell down and worshipped God, who sat
+on the throne, saying, So be it! Praise ye Jehovah!</q> Rev.
+19:1-4.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Daniel, in vision, saw the same persecuting
+power symbolized by a <q>Little Horn,</q> having
+<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/>
+<q>eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth
+speaking great things;</q> and he beheld, <q>and
+the same Horn made war with the saints,
+and prevailed against them, until the Ancient
+of days came, and judgment was given to the
+saints of the Most High, and the time came
+that the saints possessed the kingdom,</q> Dan.
+7:8, 21, 22. And Paul testified of <q>that
+Wicked</q> who was to be revealed, that he
+was the <q>Man of Sin,</q> <q>whom the Lord
+shall consume with the spirit of his mouth,
+and shall destroy with the brightness of his
+coming,</q> 2 Thess. 2:3-8. The destruction
+of that which was thus symbolized and
+predicted, must, consequently, be at the epoch
+of Christ's second coming and of the establishment
+of the kingdom of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is also at the epoch anticipated by <q>the
+souls of them that were slain for the word of
+God and for the testimony which they held,</q>
+who, from under the altar, on the opening of
+the <q>fifth seal,</q> <q>cried with a loud voice,
+saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true,
+dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on
+them that dwell on the earth?</q> 6:9, 10.
+The epoch which they anticipated not having
+then arrived, <q>white robes were given unto
+every one of them; and it was said unto
+them, that they should rest yet for a little
+season, until their fellow servants also, and
+their brethren that should be killed as they
+were, should be fulfilled</q> (6:11),&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, till
+<pb n='315'/><anchor id='Pg315'/>
+their number should be filled up. As the
+destruction of that hierarchy, in which <q>was
+found the blood of prophets and of saints
+and of all that were slain upon the earth</q>
+(18:24), had just been symbolized (in the
+18th chap.), and as these rejoicings are because
+God <q>hath judged the great whore which did
+corrupt the earth with her fornication, and
+hath avenged the blood of his servants at her
+hand</q> (19:2), it follows that the epoch here
+symbolized is that to which the saints were
+to wait, and that they are now to be crowned
+with their reward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the destruction of Babylon is a little
+anterior to that of the beast and false prophet
+(19:20), and is to be destroyed by the brightness
+of Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), at a
+time when the kingdom is to be given to the
+saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:22), it
+explains how it is that the kingdom is set up
+in the days of the kings symbolized by the
+divided toes of Nebuchadnezzar's image: symbolic
+of the same as the horns of the beast in
+Dan. 7:7, 24, and Rev. 17:3, 12, 16; for
+<q>in the days of these kings shall the God of
+heaven set up a kingdom which shall never
+be destroyed, and the kingdom shall not be
+left to other people, but it shall break in
+pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and
+it shall stand forever,</q> Dan. 2:44.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The kingdom is therefore commenced previous
+to the descent of the Lord to the earth,
+<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/>
+by the saints being caught up to meet him in
+the air. <q>For the Lord himself shall descend
+from heaven with a shout, with the voice of
+the archangel and the trump of God; and
+the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we
+which are alive and remain shall be caught
+up together with them in the clouds, to meet
+the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be
+with the Lord,</q> 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This epoch, then, is that of the sounding
+of the seventh trumpet; for <q>in the days of
+the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall
+begin to sound, the mystery of God shall be
+finished, as he hath declared to his servants
+the prophets,</q> 10:7. This mystery Paul
+thus explains: <q>Now this I say, brethren,
+that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom
+of God, neither doth corruption inherit
+incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery:
+We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be
+changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an
+eye, <emph>at the last trump</emph>: for the trumpet shall
+sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible,
+and we shall be changed,</q> 1 Cor.
+15:50-54. This <q>saying</q> was thus written
+by Isaiah,&mdash;<q>He will swallow up death
+in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away
+tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his
+people shall he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it. And it
+shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God;
+we have waited for him, and he will save
+<pb n='317'/><anchor id='Pg317'/>
+us: this is the Lord; we have waited for
+him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation,</q>
+Isa. 25:8, 9. It follows, then, that
+the voices heard in heaven, shouting <q>Alleluia,</q>
+and ascribing <q>salvation, and glory, and
+honor, and power, unto the Lord our God</q>
+(v. 1), synchronize with those heard when
+<q>the seventh angel sounded: and there were
+great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms
+of this world are become the kingdoms
+of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall
+reign for ever and ever.&mdash;And the four and
+twenty elders, which sat before God on their
+seats, fell upon their faces and worshipped
+God, saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord
+God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art
+to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy
+great power, and hast reigned: And the nations
+were angry, and thy wrath is come,
+and the time of the dead, that they should be
+judged, and that thou shouldest give reward
+unto thy servants the prophets, and to the
+saints, and them that fear thy name, small
+and great; and shouldest destroy them which
+destroy the earth,</q> Rev. 11:15-18.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The time of the dead being come that they
+should be judged, and the saints rewarded, is
+another evidence that this epoch is that of the
+second advent and kingdom of Christ, <q>who
+shall judge the quick and the dead at his
+appearing and kingdom,</q> 2 Tim. 4:1. Consequently
+it must synchronize with that of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Marriage of the Lamb.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And a voice came from the throne saying, Praise our
+God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both the
+small and the great! And I heard a voice like that of a
+great crowd, and like the voice of many waters, and like
+the voice of mighty thunders, saying, Praise ye Jehovah!
+for the Lord God Almighty reigneth. Let us rejoice and
+exult, and give glory up him: for the marriage of the
+Lamb hath come, and his wife hath prepared herself! And
+it was granted to her to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and
+white: (for the fine linen is the righteousness of the
+saints.) And he saith to me, Write, Happy are those called
+to the marriage-supper of the Lamb. And he saith to me,
+These are the true words of God. And I fell before his feet
+to worship him. And he saith to me, See thou do it not: I
+am thy fellow-servant and one of thy brethren, who have
+the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of
+Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.</q> Rev. 19:5-10.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The marriage of the Lamb is at the epoch
+when <q>the kingdoms of this world are to
+become our Lord's and his Christ's</q>&mdash;when
+the Lord God Almighty takes to himself his
+great power and reigns, 11:15, 17. Therefore,
+in connection, are heard the mighty
+thunderings, saying, <q>Alleluia; for the Lord
+God Omnipotent reigneth,</q> 9:16. This
+scripture, then, corresponds with that in
+Matt. 24:30, 31, when <q>they shall see the
+Son of Man coming in the clouds of heaven
+with power and great glory; and he shall
+send his angels with a great sound of a
+trumpet, and they shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from one end of
+<pb n='319'/><anchor id='Pg319'/>
+heaven to the other.</q> For, <q>when the Son
+of Man shall come in his glory, and all the
+holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon
+the throne of his glory: and before him shall
+be gathered all nations: and he shall separate
+them one from another as a shepherd divideth
+his sheep from the goats&mdash;the one on his
+right hand and the other on his left,</q> Matt. 25:31, 32.
+Those on his right, we learn
+from 1 Cor. 15:51, and 1 Thess. 4:16, 17,
+are the elect, gathered by the angels from all
+parts under heaven, who are caught up to
+meet the Lord in the air&mdash;and those on the
+left are consequently the living wicked, who
+are to be slain by the sword which proceedeth
+out of the mouth of the Lamb, 19:21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>The wife</hi> who <q>hath made herself ready,</q>
+is shown by the foregoing scriptures to be,
+undoubtedly, the church triumphant&mdash;the
+redeemed, who have been raised out from
+among the dead, and the living saints, caught
+up together to meet the Lord in the air;
+to welcome him in his coming to reign.
+These constitute the bride, the Lamb's wife;
+for as <q>the husband is the head of the wife,</q>
+even so <q>Christ is the head of the church,</q>
+Eph. 5:23. He <q>loved the church, and gave
+himself for it, that he might sanctify and
+cleanse it with the washing of water by the
+word, that he might present it to himself a
+glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle,
+or any such thing; but that it should be holy
+<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/>
+and without blemish,</q> Eph. 5:25-27. This
+accords with God's ancient promises to his
+people. Thus Isaiah saith: <q>Thy Maker is
+thy husband; the Lord of hosts is his name,
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel:
+the Lord of the whole earth shall he be
+called,</q> Isa. 54:5. Also Hosea: <q>And it
+shall be at that day, saith the Lord, that thou
+shalt call me Ishi,</q> my husband; <q>and
+shalt call me no more Baali,</q> my Lord.
+<q>And I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness,
+and in judgment, and in loving
+kindness, and in mercies. I will even betroth
+thee unto me in faithfulness; and thou shalt
+know the Lord,</q> Hos. 2:16, 19. Thus is
+the church <q>espoused to one husband,</q> to be
+presented <q>as a chaste virgin to Christ,</q> 2
+Cor. 11:2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The epoch of this presentation being here
+symbolized, it synchronizes with that part of
+the parable of the <q>ten virgins which took
+their lamps and went forth to meet the Bridegroom,</q>
+when, the Bridegroom having come,
+<q>they that were ready went in with him to
+the marriage, and the door was shut</q>&mdash;those
+left without, afterwards crying in vain for
+admittance, Matt. 25:10. The wife had
+been made ready by its having been <q>granted
+that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean
+and white&mdash;[<hi rend='italic'>mar.</hi> <q>bright</q>]; for the fine
+linen is the righteousness of the saints,</q> 19:8.
+Such were the <q>white robes</q> given to
+<pb n='321'/><anchor id='Pg321'/>
+those who cried from under the altar (6:11),
+and who afterwards, at an epoch synchronizing
+with the marriage of the Lamb,
+appeared, <q>a great multitude which no man
+could number, of all nations, and kindreds,
+and people, and tongues,</q> who <q>stood before
+the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with
+white robes, and palms in their hands, and
+cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to
+our God which sitteth upon the throne, and
+unto the Lamb,</q> 7:9, 10. These were
+they of whom one of the elders asked, saying,
+<q>What are these which are arrayed in white
+robes? and whence came they?</q> and who
+was answered: <q>These are they which came
+out of great tribulation, and have washed
+their robes and made them white in the blood
+of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the
+throne of God, and serve him day and night
+in his temple: and he that sitteth on the
+throne shall dwell among them. They shall
+hunger no more, neither thirst any more;
+neither shall the sun light on them, nor any
+heat. For the Lamb which is in the midst of
+the throne shall feed them, and shall lead
+them unto living fountains of waters; and
+God shall wipe away all tears from their
+eyes,</q> 7:13-17. These had complied
+with the condition to the promise: <q>He that
+overcometh, the same shall be clothed in
+white raiment; and I will not blot out his
+name out of the book of life, but I will confess
+<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/>
+his name before the Father and before
+his holy angels,</q> 3:5. <q>These are they
+which follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth. These were redeemed from among
+men, being the first fruits unto God and to
+the Lamb,</q> 14:4.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Blessed are they which are called unto
+the marriage supper of the Lamb,</q> 19:9.
+Truly are they blessed; for <q>they shall hunger
+no more, neither thirst any more; neither
+shall the sun light on them, nor any heat,</q>
+7:16. They attain the promised blessing:
+<q>Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the
+first resurrection,</q> 20:6. <q>And God shall
+wipe away all tears from their eyes; and
+there shall be no more death, neither sorrow,
+nor crying, neither shall there be any more
+pain: for the former things are passed away,</q>
+21:4. So entranced was the apocalyptic
+seer at these symbols of the glorified redeemed,
+that he fell at his feet to worship the
+angel who showed him these things. But
+his fellow servant shrank back from the
+reception of homage, and pointed to God as
+the only object of adoration.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The union of the saints to Christ in the
+clouds of heaven being symbolized, they
+receive the gracious welcome: <q>Come, ye
+blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom
+prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,</q> Matt. 25:34. But first it is necessary
+to redeem the <q>purchased possession</q>
+<pb n='323'/><anchor id='Pg323'/>
+(Eph. 1:14), to reconquer the revolted province,
+which, since the fall, has been subject to
+<q>the god of this world</q> (2 Cor. 4:4), the
+<q>prince of the power of the air</q> (Eph. 2:2),
+to rescue it from the dominion of the
+usurper, and deliver it from its present mis-rule
+<q>up to God the Father</q> (1 Cor. 15:24),
+who will bestow it on One who is worthy
+to wear its crown. For when Daniel saw
+that <q>the judgment was set and the books
+were opened,</q> he also <q>saw in the night
+visions, and, behold, one like the Son of
+man came in the clouds of heaven, and
+came to the Ancient of days, and they
+brought him near before him; and there was
+given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom,
+that all people, nations and languages,
+should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting
+dominion, which shall not pass away,
+and his kingdom that which shall not be
+destroyed,</q> Dan. 7:10, 13, 14. He comes,
+then, to dispossess the usurper, and to take
+possession of his kingdom. The next representation,
+then, symbolizes the coming of:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The King and his Armies.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse: and
+he who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness
+he judgeth and maketh war. His eyes were like
+a flame of fire, and on his head were many diadems; and
+he had a name written which no one knew except himself.
+<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/>
+And he was clothed with a garment dipped in blood: and
+his name is called The Word of God. And the armies in
+heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in fine linen,
+white and clean. And from his mouth goeth forth a sharp
+sword, that he may smite the nations with it: and he will
+rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the wine-press
+of the furious wrath of God, the Almighty. And he
+hath on his garment and on his thigh a name written,
+KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.</q> Rev. 19:11-16.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+According to the significance of symbolic
+language, Christ is here represented as coming
+personally. The heavens open and he appears
+in resplendent majesty, in accordance with
+the predictions respecting his second advent.
+When the clouds of heaven had received the
+ascending Saviour, the shining ones who stood
+by said to the gazing disciples, <q>This same
+Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven,
+shall so come in like manner as ye have seen
+him go into heaven,</q> Acts 1:11. <q>And they
+shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds
+of heaven with power and great glory,</q> Matt.
+24:30. <q>Behold, he cometh with clouds;
+and every eye shall see him, and they also
+which pierced him: and all kindreds of the
+earth shall wail because of him,</q> Rev. 1:7.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The white horse of the King, and those of
+his armies, are symbols of the pomp and
+grandeur of their descent, and show that they
+will triumph in victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names ascribed to the descending
+Monarch are applicable only to Christ. He
+<pb n='325'/><anchor id='Pg325'/>
+was <q>the Faithful and True Witness</q> who
+commanded John to write <q>to the angel of
+the church of the Laodiceans,</q> (3:14); for
+he who commanded John to <q>write in a book
+and send it unto the seven churches</q> of Asia
+(1:11), was the One whom John saw <q>in
+the midst of the seven candlesticks, like unto
+the Son of man</q> (1:13), and who announced
+himself as <q>the Alpha and Omega,
+the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord,
+which is, and which was, and which is to
+come&mdash;the Almighty,</q> 1:8. <q>The Word
+of God,</q> was the <q>Word</q> that was <q>in the
+beginning,</q> that <q>was with God,</q> and that
+<q>was God,</q> the same that was <q>in the beginning
+with God,</q> and which <q>was made
+flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his
+glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the
+Father, full of grace and truth,</q> John 1:1-14.
+Jesus is <q>the Lamb of God which
+taketh away the sin of the world,</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>,
+29); and <q>the Lamb</q> <q>is Lord of lords and
+King of kings,</q> 17:14. It is <q>Jesus Christ,
+who is the faithful witness, and the first
+begotten of the dead, and the Prince of the
+kings of the earth,</q> (1:5); and he alone is
+possessed of that incomprehensible <q>Name</q>
+which no man knoweth, and which he hath
+promised to write on <q>him that overcometh,</q>
+3:12.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the visible and personal coming of
+Christ, and not any providential interposition,
+<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/>
+is here symbolized, is self-evident. For,
+while no created object can adequately symbolize
+Him, it would derogate from the dignity
+of his character and position to be a
+symbol of some inferior object. In all mere
+providential interpositions, foreshown by symbolic
+imagery, the predicted events are represented
+by corresponding acts of symbolic
+agents. War between nations is symbolized
+by beasts, representatives of the nations, contending
+with each other. (See Dan. 8th chap.)
+Pestilence and famine are symbolized by analogous
+results, and not by Christ's appearing.
+When, therefore, he is seen coming in person,
+it must symbolize his personal advent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His eyes <q>as a flame of fire,</q> show his
+identity with the one <q>like unto the Son
+of man</q> in the <q>midst of the seven candlesticks</q>
+(1:13), the author of the message
+to <q>the church in Thyatira;</q> which
+<q>things saith the Son of God, who hath his
+eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet
+like unto fine brass,</q> 2:18.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His <q>many crowns</q> are symbols of his
+sovereignty. Rome undivided and mistress of
+the world, when symbolized by the seven-headed
+and ten-horned dragon, is represented
+with the crowns on the heads, which were
+the seven successive kinds of government by
+which its sovereignty was enforced, 12:3,
+and 17:9, 10. But when its imperial had
+given place to its decem-regal form, and it is
+<pb n='327'/><anchor id='Pg327'/>
+to be shown under the government of ten
+contemporaneous kingdoms, <q>the crowns,</q>
+the symbols of sovereignty, are represented
+as encircling the <q>horns</q> of the beast, 13:1.
+So, when <q>the King of kings</q> cometh,
+to take to himself his great power, and to
+reign, and <q>the kingdoms of this world are
+become those of our Lord and of his Christ</q>
+(11:15, 17), He, <q>the head of all principality
+and power</q> (Col. 2:10), at whose
+name <q>every knee should bow</q> (Phil. 2:9),
+is shown the wearer of <q>many crowns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Come, then, and, added to thy many crowns,</q></l>
+<l>Receive yet one, the crown of all the Earth,</l>
+<l>Thou who alone art worthy! It was thine</l>
+<l>By ancient covenant, ere nature's birth;</l>
+<l>And thou hast made it thine by purchase since,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">And overpaid its value with thy blood.</q></l>
+<l></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 10'><hi rend='italic'>Cowper's Task.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+His <q>vesture dipped in blood</q> is symbolic
+of his coming to tread <q>the wine-press of the
+fierceness and wrath of Almighty God</q> (19:15),
+when he shall <q>smite the nations,</q> and
+<q>rule them with a rod of iron,</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>) Thus
+Isaiah prophesied: <q>Who is this that cometh
+from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah?
+this that is glorious in his apparel,
+travelling in the greatness of his strength? I
+that speak in righteousness, mighty to save.
+Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and
+thy garments like him that treadeth in the
+<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/>
+wine-fat? I have trodden the wine-press
+alone; and of the people there was none with
+me: for I will tread them in mine anger, and
+trample them in my fury; and their blood
+shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I
+will stain all my raiment. For the day of
+vengeance is in my heart, and the year of
+my redeemed is come. And I looked, and
+there was none to help; and I wondered that
+there was none to uphold: therefore mine
+own arm brought salvation unto me; and my
+fury, it upheld me. And I will tread down
+the people in mine anger, and make them
+drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their
+strength to the earth,</q> Isa. 63:1-6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>armies</q> which follow him, symbolize
+the attending saints and angels who
+will accompany his advent. They are all
+<q>clothed in fine linen, white and clean,</q>
+which constituted the wedding garments of
+those who were called to the marriage-supper
+of the Lamb, and which was worn by those
+who had washed their robes, and made them
+white in his blood, (7:14); <q>for the fine
+linen is the righteousness of saints,</q> 19:8.
+The righteous being caught up in the clouds
+to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17),
+<q>when Christ, who is our life shall appear,</q>
+they will <q>appear with him in glory,</q> (Col.
+3:4); so that <q>the Lord my God shall come
+and all the saints with thee,</q> Zech. 14:5.
+<q>Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied
+<pb n='329'/><anchor id='Pg329'/>
+of these, saying, Behold, the Lord
+cometh with ten thousand of his saints, to
+execute judgment upon all, and to convince
+all that are ungodly among them of all their
+ungodly deeds which they have ungodly
+committed, and of all their hard speeches
+which ungodly sinners have spoken against
+him,</q> Jude 14, 15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not only saints, but angels also, will attend
+his coming. For <q>when the Son of man
+shall come in his glory,</q> there will be <q>all
+the holy angels with him,</q> Matt. 25:31.
+<q>He cometh in the glory of his Father, with
+the holy angels,</q> Mark 8:38. <q>The Lord
+Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his
+mighty angels,</q> 2 Thess. 1:7.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>sharp sword,</q> going out of his
+mouth, must be a symbol of his word. He
+speaks, and it is done, Psa. 33:9. <q>For
+the word of God is quick and powerful, and
+sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing
+even to the dividing asunder of soul and
+spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a
+discerner of the thoughts and intents of the
+heart,</q> Heb. 4:12. As <q>he shall smite the
+earth with the rod of his mouth, and with
+the breath of his lips shall he slay the
+wicked,</q> (Isa. 11:4); and as <q>the Lord shall
+consume</q> <q>that Wicked</q> one <q>with the spirit
+of his mouth</q> (2 Thess. 2:8), it follows
+that the sword proceeding out of his mouth
+is a symbol of the words he shall speak for
+<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/>
+their destruction; for with it he smites the
+nations, 19:15. And this he does when he
+comes to <q>rule them with a rod of iron</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>)
+and tread them in <q>the wine-press</q> of the
+wrath of God. This brings us to the object
+of his coming, which is to <q>judge and make
+war,</q> 19:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And first, <q>To judge.</q> This proves, that
+Christ's second advent is here symbolized;
+for, as before quoted, he is to <q>judge the
+quick and the dead at his appearing and
+kingdom,</q> 2 Tim. 4:1. This is at the
+sounding of the seventh trumpet, for then is
+<q>the time of the dead that they should be
+judged,</q> 11:18. <q>With righteousness shall
+he judge the poor, and reprove with equity
+for the meek of the earth,</q> when he <q>shall
+smite the earth with the rod of his mouth,
+and with the breath of his lips shall he slay
+the wicked,</q> Isa. 11:4. <q>Let the heavens
+rejoice, and let the earth be glad; let the sea
+roar, and the fulness thereof. Let the field
+be joyful, and all that is therein: then shall
+all the trees of the wood rejoice before the
+Lord: for he cometh to judge the earth: he
+shall judge the world with righteousness, and
+the people with truth,</q> Psa. 96:11-13. He
+cometh <q>to execute judgment upon all,</q>
+Jude 15.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To <q>make war.</q> That this is another
+object of his coming, is shown by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='331'/><anchor id='Pg331'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Final Conflict.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried
+with a loud voice, saying to all the birds flying in the midst
+of heaven, Come! gather yourselves to the great supper of
+God; that ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of
+commanders, and the flesh of the mighty, and the flesh of
+the horses, and of those who sit on them, and the flesh of
+all, both free and bond, both small and great. And I saw
+the wild beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies,
+gathered to make war with him, who sat on the horse, and
+with his army. And the wild beast was taken, and with
+him the false prophet, who wrought signs in his sight, with
+which he had deceived those who received the mark of the
+wild beast, and those who worshipped his image. These
+two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone.
+And the rest were slain with the sword of him who
+sat on the horse, which sword goeth forth from his mouth;
+and all the birds were filled with their flesh.</q> Rev. 19:17-21.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The contest being between the Lord and his
+armies on the one part, and the wicked nations
+on the other, the angel seen standing in the sun
+and performing an important act in connection
+with the Lord's army, must represent one
+of his attending angels; for the acts to be performed
+are to be by their instrumentality:
+<q>In the end of this world, the Son of man
+shall send forth his angels, and they shall
+gather out of his kingdom all things that
+offend, and them which do iniquity; and
+shall cast them into a furnace of fire,</q> Matt.
+13:40-42.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His crying to the fowls of heaven to come
+and sup on the bodies of the slain, is indicative
+of the certainty of victory and of the entire
+<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/>
+overthrow of those who war against the Lamb.
+As birds gather on fields of slaughter to feast
+on the slain, so a cry to <q>all the fowls of
+heaven</q> is expressive of the extent and
+thoroughness of the destruction to be inflicted.
+It is the same cry which is made in Ezekiel,
+39:17, when the armies of Gog are slain on
+the mountains of Israel. The beast and the
+kings of the earth symbolize the various governments
+in the world. The <q>beast</q> is that
+which had seven heads and ten horns (13:1,
+and 17:3), and was a symbol of Rome in its
+decem-regal form. It was said of this beast,
+it shall <q>go into perdition,</q> (17:8); so that
+under some manifestation, it must continue
+till the end of the world: the earth being
+<q>reserved unto fire against the day of judgement,
+and perdition of ungodly men,</q> 2 Pet.
+3:7. As only in its divided form, the Roman
+empire continues till then, the beast is here significant
+of the divisions represented by its ten
+horns&mdash;the governments of modern Europe.
+<q>These shall war with the Lamb, and the
+Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of
+lords and King of kings; and they that are
+with him are called and chosen and faithful,</q>
+17:14.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The false prophet,</q> which is taken with
+the beast, is described as the one <q>that wrought
+miracles before him, with which he deceived
+them that had received the mark of the beast
+and them that worshipped his image,</q> v. 20.
+<pb n='333'/><anchor id='Pg333'/>
+This identifies him as the two-horned beast
+of Rev. 13. (13:11-17). The two-horned
+beast being a representative of the Eastern Roman
+empire, when that was subverted by the
+Turks it became the seat of the false prophet,&mdash;the
+Mahometan hierarchy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The kings of the earth must be the remaining
+governments which are not represented by
+those two. By their subsequently warring
+with the Lamb, it follows that the previous
+resurrection and translation of the saints does
+not produce a cessation of all government.
+Those events may not be apparent to all eyes;
+or they may serve only to madden the unbelieving,
+and to make them more desperate in
+their infidelity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They gather their armies to war against
+the Lamb. They resist his authority. They
+will not have Him to reign over them. They
+are instigated to oppose him by <q>unclean
+spirits like frogs</q> (16:13), which are the
+spirits of devils [<hi rend='italic'>demons</hi>, understood by the
+Jews to be spirits of the wicked dead] working
+miracles, which go forth unto the kings
+of the earth and of the whole world, to gather
+them to the battle of that great day of God
+Almighty, <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 14. This is when Christ is
+to <q>come as a thief;</q> and they are to be
+gathered <q>into a place called in the Hebrew
+tongue Armageddon,</q> 16:15, 16. This was
+the name of the valley at the foot of Mount
+Megiddo (Judg. 5:19), which was famous as
+<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/>
+a valley of slaughter. In it Jehu fought
+against Ahaziah and Joram, and slew both
+the kings of Israel and Judah, 2 Kings 9:27.
+It was afterwards memorable for the death of
+king Josiah, when Pharaoh-necho fought
+against him, (2 Kings 23:29); so that the
+mourning as <q>in the valley of Megiddon,</q> became
+a proverbial expression in Israel for
+great mourning, Zech. 12:11,12. It is therefore
+significantly applied to the final battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus do <q>the kings of the earth set themselves,
+and the rulers take counsel together
+against the Lord, and against his Anointed;</q>
+but <q>He that sitteth in the heavens shall
+laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision.</q>
+For the decree has gone forth: <q>I
+shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance,
+and the uttermost parts of the earth for
+thy possession. Thou shalt break them with
+a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces
+like a potter's vessel,</q> Ps. 2:2-9. In this
+victory the saints, also, have a part; for it is
+written: <q>He that overcometh, and keepeth
+my works unto the end, to him will I give
+power over the nations, and he shall rule
+them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a
+potter shall they be broken to shivers: even
+as I received of my Father,</q> 2:26, 27.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As thus predicted, in this final conflict
+the nations are smitten, 19:15. Those symbolized
+by the beast and false prophet are
+cast alive into the burning flame; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the
+<pb n='335'/><anchor id='Pg335'/>
+individuals constituting the bodies of those
+beasts are cast therein: their governments
+cease when taken by the Lamb and his
+armies. This is in accordance with what
+Daniel saw, who <q>beheld, even till the beast
+was slain, and his body destroyed and given
+to the burning flame,</q> Dan. 7:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The remnant</q> also are slain; so that there
+are none left alive on the earth of all the
+wicked. Thus Daniel interpreted to king
+Nebuchadnezzar his dream: <q>Thou sawest
+till that a stone was cut out without hands,
+which smote the image [representing the governments
+of earth] upon his feet, that were
+of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.
+Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver,
+and the gold broken to pieces together, and
+became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floors;
+and the wind carried them away,
+that no place was found for them,</q> Dan.
+2:34, 35. It will <q>break in pieces, and
+consume all these kingdoms</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>), according
+to the prediction: <q>The nation and kingdom
+that will not serve thee shall perish;
+yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted,</q>
+Isa. 60:12. <q>And this shall be the plague
+wherewith the Lord will smite all the people
+which have fought against Jerusalem:
+Their flesh shall consume away while they
+stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume
+away in their holes, and their tongues
+shall consume away in their mouth,</q> Zech. 14:12.
+<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/>
+<q>For, behold, the day cometh, that shall
+burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and
+all that do wickedly shall be stubble, and the
+day that cometh shall burn them up, saith
+the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them
+neither root nor branch,</q> Mal. 4:1. <q>Behold,
+the day of the Lord cometh, cruel both with
+wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate:
+and he shall destroy the sinners thereof
+out of it,</q> Isa. 13:9. Thus will the Saviour
+come <q>in flaming fire, taking vengeance
+on them that know not God, and obey not the
+gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; who shall be
+punished with everlasting destruction, from
+the presence of the Lord, and from the glory
+of his power, when he comes to be glorified in
+his saints, and to be admired in all them that
+believe in that day,</q> (2 Thess. 1:8-10): saying
+to the nations on his left, <q>Depart from
+me ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared
+for the devil and his angels,</q> Matt. 25:41.
+Thus will he <q>gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity,
+and shall cast them into a furnace of
+fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of
+teeth,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>, 13:41, 42. The destruction of
+all the wicked from the earth is followed by:
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Binding of Satan.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw an angel descending from heaven, having
+the key of the abyss and a great chain in his hand. And
+he seized the dragon, the old serpent, who is the Devil, and
+<pb n='337'/><anchor id='Pg337'/>
+Satan, and bound him a thousand years, and cast him into
+the abyss, and shut him up, and set a seal over him, that
+he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand
+years were completed; and after that, he must be loosed a
+short time.</q> Rev. 20:1-3.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The angel descending from heaven, must
+be a representative of his own order; for at
+this epoch there are no other orders of beings
+for him to be a representative of. He therefore
+symbolizes the angels who are commissioned
+to <q>gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend,</q> Matt. 13:41.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>key,</q> <q>pit,</q> and <q>chain,</q> symbolize
+the instruments of restraint and confinement to
+which Satan is to be subjected; and his being
+bound and confined symbolize his restraint.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>Dragon</q> is expressly called <q>that
+old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan.</q>
+With the appendages of heads and horns&mdash;symbols
+of political sovereignty&mdash;he is used
+in Rev. 12:3, as a symbol of the Roman
+civil power, under Pagan rule; and in verse
+7, when divested of political insignia, of the
+pagan hierarchy. But now, as the beast,
+another symbol of Roman civil rule, has been
+cast into <q>the lake of fire and brimstone,</q> and
+the <q>remnant</q> are <q>slain with the sword</q>
+(19:21), there are no analogous powers
+remaining on earth for him to be a representative
+of, and consequently he is here represented
+as a symbol of himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of his identity there can be no question:
+He is <q>that Old Serpent,</q> who, being
+<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/>
+<q>more subtle than any beast of the field
+which the Lord God had made</q> (Gen. 3:1),
+<q>beguiled Eve through his subtlety,</q> 2 Cor.
+11:3. He is also the Devil, by whom our
+Saviour was tempted in the wilderness,
+(Matt. 4:1-12); and the Satan, whose working
+is <q>with all power and signs and lying
+wonders,</q> 2 Thess. 2:9. He is our adversary
+the devil, who, <q>as a roaring lion, walketh
+about seeking whom he may devour,</q>
+(1 Pet. 5:8); and against whom we are to
+guard continually, <q>lest Satan should get an
+advantage of us,</q> 2 Cor. 2:11.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Coëval with the fall, the promise was
+given that his head should in due time be
+bruised, and he is not ignorant of his doom;
+for when the legion saw the Saviour about to
+dispossess them of the two men among the
+tombs, they recognized him as <q>the Son of
+God,</q> and cried, <q>Art thou come hither to
+torment us before <emph>the time</emph>?</q> (Matt. 8:29);
+<q>and they besought him, that he would not
+command them to go out into the <emph>deep</emph>,</q>&mdash;the
+<emph>pit</emph>, or <emph>abyss</emph>, Luke 8:31. The epoch when
+he should be there confined, is also shown by
+Isaiah to be when <q>the Lord cometh out of
+his place to punish the inhabitants of the
+earth for their iniquity,</q> when <q>the earth
+also shall disclose her blood, and no more
+cover her slain,</q> Isa. 26:21. For <q>in that
+day the Lord with his sore and great and
+strong sword shall punish leviathan [the
+<pb n='339'/><anchor id='Pg339'/>
+dragon], the piercing serpent, even leviathan
+that crooked serpent,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 27:1. This synchronizes
+with the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword, when Satan is bound and
+cast into the <emph>abyss</emph>, to continue there a thousand
+years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His being bound and confined must symbolize
+his dejection to a position where he can
+have no possible influence over the nations
+during the time he is bound. It can be no
+<emph>partial</emph> restraint, as some theologians hold;
+for that is contrary to the conditions of the
+symbolic representation. His restraint is
+full, complete, and entire. Consequently his
+influence, for the time being, will have entirely
+ceased. The period of his confinement,
+therefore, cannot be one of partial exemption
+from sin; but the living will be perfectly free
+from all its contagious influences. He is to
+deceive the nations <emph>no more</emph>, till the thousand
+years shall be fulfilled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The nations</q> who are freed from his
+influences, and also those whom he is subsequently
+to deceive, are not, necessarily, organized
+political bodies, under civil rulers, as
+they now exist. The original term, εθνος, is
+defined by Robinson to be <q>a multitude,
+people, race, belonging and living together.</q>
+At this epoch, the national organizations having
+disappeared, and the people constituting
+them being translated or slain, the only
+nations remaining will be <q>the nations of
+<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/>
+them which are saved</q> (21:24), over whom
+the influence of Satan will have ceased forever;
+and those constituting <q>the rest of
+the dead</q> (20:5), who will not live again
+till the end of the thousand years&mdash;at the very
+time when Satan is to be loosed from his
+prison to go out to deceive them, 20:7, 8.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Cleansing of the Earth.</head>
+
+<p>
+There is, in the Apocalypse, no symbolic
+representation of the act of the cleansing of
+the earth, yet various scriptures show that it
+is at the epoch of the second advent, and of
+the establishment of the kingdom of God. If
+so, it follows the destruction of the wicked
+and the binding of Satan, while the raised and
+transfigured saints&mdash;constituting <q>the bride</q>&mdash;are
+still with the Lord in the clouds of
+heaven (19:7-9), where they were caught
+up to meet him in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A restoration of the earth, in connection
+with the first resurrection, is in accordance
+with the testimony of scripture, and was the
+opinion of the ancients. We read in Isaiah:
+<q>Behold, I create new heavens and a new
+earth: and the former shall not be remembered,
+nor come into mind,</q> Isa. 65:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>As for my opinion,</q> saith R. Menasse, a
+Jewish Rabbi, <q>I think that after six thousand
+<pb n='341'/><anchor id='Pg341'/>
+years, the world shall be destroyed, upon one
+certain day, or in one hour; that the arches
+of heaven shall make a stand as immovable;
+that there will be no more generation or corruption;
+and that all things by the resurrection
+shall be renovated, and return to a better
+condition.</q> He also assures us that <q>this,
+without doubt, is the opinion of the most
+learned Aben Ezra,</q> who looked for it in the
+new earth of Isa. 65:17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Man shall be restored in that time,
+namely, in the days of the Messiah, to that
+state in which he was before the first man
+sinned.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>R. Moses Nachmanides in Duet.
+§ 45.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Although all things were created perfect,
+yet when the first man sinned, they were
+corrupted, and will not again return to their
+congruous state till <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pherez</hi> (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>,
+the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Messiah</hi>)
+comes.</q> <q>There are six things which
+shall be restored to their primitive state, viz.:
+the splendor of man, his life, the height of his
+stature, the fruits of the earth, the fruits of
+the trees, and the luminaries, (the sun, moon, and
+stars.)</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>R. Berakyah</hi>, in the <hi rend='italic'>name of
+R. Samuel&mdash;Bereshith Rabba, Fol. 11, Col. 3</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In that time (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, of the Messiah) the
+whole work of creation shall be changed for
+the better, and shall return into its perfect
+and pure state, as it was in the time of the
+first man, before he had sinned.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>R. Becai,
+in Shilcan Orba, Fol. 9, Col. 4, p. 360.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Theopompus, who flourished three hundred
+and forty years B. C., relates that the
+Persian Magi taught that the present state of
+things would continue 6000 years; after which
+<hi rend='italic'>hades</hi>, or death, would be destroyed, and men
+would live happy,</q> &amp;c. <q>The opinion of the
+ancient Jews, on this head, may be gathered
+from the statement of one of their Rabbins,
+who said, <q>The world endures 6000 years,
+and in the thousand, or millennium that follows,
+the enemies of God would be destroyed.</q>
+It was in like manner a tradition of the house
+of Elias, a holy man, who lived about B. C.
+200, that the world was to endure 6000 years,
+and that the righteous, whom God should
+raise up, would not be turned again into dust.
+That, by this resurrection, he meant a resurrection
+prior to the millennium, is manifest
+from what follows.... It is worthy of remark,
+that the two ancient authors, whose
+words have just been quoted, speak of the
+seventh millennium as <q>that day</q>&mdash;the day
+in which God will renew the world, and in
+which he alone shall be exalted.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dis. on
+Mill. by Bishop Russell, Prof. Eccl. Hist. in
+the Scottish Epis. Ch.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Divine institution of a sabbatical,
+or seventh year's solemnity among the Jews,
+has a plain typical reference to the seventh
+chiliad, or millenary of the world, according
+to the well known tradition among the Jewish
+doctors, adopted by many in every age of
+<pb n='343'/><anchor id='Pg343'/>
+the Christian Church, that this world will
+attain to its limit at the end of 6000 years.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Mede.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The observance of the Sabbath is essential
+to the faith; for such only as observe the
+Sabbath confess that the earth will be renewed:
+because He who created it out of
+nothing will renew it.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>David Kimchi, on
+Isa. 55:5, quoted by Mede.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In as many days as this world was made,
+in so many thousand years it is perfected;
+for if the day of the Lord be as it were a
+1000 years, and in six days those things that
+are made were finished, it is manifest that
+the perfecting of those things is in the 6000th
+year, when anti-Christ, reigning 1260 years,
+shall have wasted all things in the world, ... then
+shall the Lord come from heaven in the
+clouds, with the glory of his Father.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Irenæus,
+Bish. of Lyons, A. D. 178.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In six thousand years, the Lord will
+bring all things to an end, ... when iniquity
+shall be no more, all things being renewed by
+the Lord.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Epst. of Barnabas, sec. 14, 15.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Let philosophers know, who number
+thousands of years, ages since the beginning
+of the world, that the 6000th year is not yet
+concluded or ended. But that number being
+fulfilled, of necessity there must be an end,
+and the state of human things must be transformed
+into that which is better.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lactantius,
+B. of Divine Inst., A. D. 310.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/>
+
+<p>
+Thomas Burnet (Theory of Earth, Lon.
+1697) states <q>that it was the received opinion
+of the primitive church from the days of the
+apostles to the council of Nice, that this earth
+would continue 6000 years, when the resurrection
+of the just, and conflagration of the
+earth, would usher in the millennium and
+reign of Christ on earth.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>God's blessing the Sabbath day, and resting
+on it from all his works, was a type of that
+glorious rest that the saints shall have when
+the six days of this world are fully ended....
+He will finish the toil and travail of his
+saints, with the burden of the beasts and the
+curse of the ground, and bring all into rest
+for a thousand years.... None ever saw
+this world as it was in its first creation but
+Adam and his wife, neither will any see it
+until the manifestation of the children of
+God; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, until the redemption or resurrection
+of the saints.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>John Bunyan's Works,
+vol. 6, pp. 301, 329.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I expect with Paul a reparation of <emph>all</emph> the
+evils caused by sin, for which he represents
+the creatures as groaning and travailing.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>John
+Calvin, in his <q>Institutes.</q></hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reformation of the earth <q>never was,
+nor yet shall be, till the righteous King and
+Judge appear for the restoration of all things.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>John
+Knox.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q rend="pre">The groans of nature in this nether world,</q></l>
+<l>Which heaven has heard for ages, have an end.</l>
+<pb n='345'/><anchor id='Pg345'/>
+<l>Foretold by prophets, and by poets sung,</l>
+<l>Whose fire was kindled at the prophet's lamp,</l>
+<l>The time of rest, the promised Sabbath, comes:</l>
+<l>Six thousand years of sorrow have well nigh</l>
+<l>Fulfilled their tardy and disastrous course</l>
+<l>Over a sinful world; and what remains</l>
+<l>Of this tempestuous state of human things,</l>
+<l>Is merely as the working of a sea</l>
+<l>Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest;</l>
+<l>For <hi rend='smallcaps'>He</hi>, whose car the winds are, and the clouds</l>
+<l>The dust that waits upon his sultry march,</l>
+<l>When sin hath moved him, and his wrath is hot,</l>
+<l>Shall visit earth in mercy; shall descend,</l>
+<l>Propitious, in his chariot paved with love;</l>
+<l>And what his storms have blasted and defaced</l>
+<l><q rend="post">For man's <emph>revolt</emph>, shall with a smile
+<emph>repair</emph>.</q></l>
+<l></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 6'><hi rend='italic'>Cowper's Task.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The above are only a few of many extracts
+which might be made, showing the faith of
+the church in past ages; but which are of
+no weight, only as they are in accordance
+with the harmony of scriptural testimony.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When man sinned, this earth was cursed
+for his sake. The Lord said to him, <q>Cursed
+is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt
+thou eat of it all the days of thy life; thorns
+also and thistles shall it bring forth unto thee,
+and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in
+the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,
+till thou return unto the ground; for out of it
+wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto
+dust shalt thou return,</q> Gen. 3:17-19.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such was the curse to which the whole
+<pb n='346'/><anchor id='Pg346'/>
+creation was subjected because man sinned.
+<q>For the creature was made subject to vanity,
+not willingly, but by reason of him who
+hath subjected the same in hope,</q> Rom. 8:20.
+And this hope is for a removal of the
+curse thus inflicted, and a restoration of all
+things to their original condition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the earth was subjected to the curse at
+the time when man was made subject to
+death, the removal of the former would naturally
+be expected at the epoch of the fulfillment
+of the promise to the just: <q>I will ransom
+them from the power of the grave; I will
+redeem them from death: O death I will be
+thy plagues; O grave I will be thy destruction,</q>
+Hos. 13:14. And thus Paul testifies:
+<q>For the earnest expectation of the creature
+waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of
+God, ... Because the creature itself, also,
+shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption
+into the glorious liberty of the children
+of God. For we know that the whole creation
+groaneth and travaileth in pain together
+until now. And not only they, but ourselves
+also, which have the first fruits of the Spirit,
+even we ourselves groan within ourselves,
+waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption
+of our body,</q> Rom. 8:19, 21-23.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The removal of the curse removes also its
+consequences. Thus it is promised: <q>Instead
+of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and
+instead of the briar shall come up the myrtle
+<pb n='347'/><anchor id='Pg347'/>
+tree,</q> Isa. 55:13. <q>The inhabitant shall
+not say I am sick: the people that dwell
+therein shall be forgiven their iniquity,</q> Isa.
+33:24. <q>He will swallow up death in victory;
+and the Lord God will wipe away
+tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of
+his people will he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it,</q> Isa. 25:8.
+<q>For behold, I create new heavens and a
+new earth,</q> Isa. 65:17. <q>And there shall
+be no more curse,</q> Rev. 22:3. <q>For the
+Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all
+her waste places; and he will make her
+wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the
+garden of the Lord; joy and gladness shall
+be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice
+of melody,</q> Isa. 51:3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The removal of the curse is called <q>the
+regeneration</q> (Matt. 19:28), <q>the times of
+refreshing,</q> and of <q>restitution;</q> which Peter
+places at the advent of Christ: <q>whom
+the heavens must receive until the times of
+restitution<note place="foot">This is in the Syriac, <q>Until the fulness of the time of
+all things.</q> Irenæus says, <q>Till the time of the exhibition
+or disposal of all things;</q> and Å’cumenius, <q>Till the
+time of all things does come to an end;</q> and we have the
+suffrage of Thesychius and Phavorinus, that <q>ἀποκατάστασις
+is τελειωσις, <q>the consummation</q> of a
+thing.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Whitby.</hi></note> of all things, which God hath
+spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets
+since the world began,</q> Acts 3:21. He
+also places it at <q>the perdition of ungodly
+<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/>
+men,</q> which must synchronize with the epoch
+when the beast <q>goeth into perdition</q> (17:11),
+and <q>the remnant</q> are <q>slain with the
+sword,</q> (19:21); <q>when the Lord Jesus
+shall be revealed from heaven, with his
+mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance
+on them that know not God, and
+that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus
+Christ,</q> 2 Thess. 1:7, 8. Says Peter: <q>The
+heavens and the earth, which are now, by
+the same word [<q>whereby the world that
+then was, being overflowed with water, perished</q>
+v.6] are kept in store, reserved unto
+fire, against the day of judgment, and perdition
+of ungodly men.... But the day of the
+Lord will come, as a thief in the night; in
+the which the heavens shall pass away with
+a great noise, and the elements shall melt
+with fervent heat, the earth also; and the
+works that are therein shall be burned up....
+Nevertheless, we, according to his promise,
+look for new heavens and a new earth,
+wherein dwelleth righteousness,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, <q>righteous
+persons</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Horsely</hi>, 2 Pet. 3:7-13.
+This harmonizes with the day that <q>cometh
+that shall burn as an oven,</q> when <q>all the
+proud, yea, and all that do wickedly</q> shall be
+burned up, and become <q>ashes under the
+soles</q> of those on whom <q>shall the Sun of
+righteousness arise,</q> (Mal. 4:1-3); which
+must be the time intervening between the
+resurrection of the righteous and that of the
+wicked. This also harmonizes with the testimony
+<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/>
+of our Saviour, that when, <q>in the
+end of this world,</q> He <q>shall send forth his
+angels and gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity,
+and shall cast them into a furnace of
+fire; ... <emph>then</emph> shall the righteous shine forth
+as the sun in the kingdom of their Father,</q>
+Matt. 13:40-43.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The earth being cleansed, and all things
+made new, it will have been prepared for the
+<q>dwelling</q> of <q>righteous persons</q> (2 Pet. 3:13),
+who,&mdash;having <q>put on incorruption</q>
+(1 Cor. 15:53), and been <q>caught up ... in
+the clouds to meet the Lord in the air</q> (1 Thess. 4:17),
+where, constituting <q>the
+bride,</q> <q>the Lamb's wife,</q> they were <q>called
+unto the marriage supper of the Lamb</q>
+(19:7-9),&mdash;will descend from heaven to
+take possession. Thus John writes, that one
+of the angels said to him: <q>Come hither, I
+will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.
+And he carried me away in the spirit to a
+great and high mountain, and he showed me
+that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending
+out of heaven from God,</q> 21:9, 10.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Lo, what a glorious sight appears</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>To our believing eyes:</l>
+<l>The earth and seas are passed away,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And the old rolling skies!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>From the third heaven where God resides,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>That holy, happy place,</l>
+<l>The New Jerusalem comes down</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Adorned with shining grace.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Attending angels shout for joy,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And the bright armies sing,</l>
+<l>Mortals, behold the sacred seat</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q rend="post">Of your descending
+King.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Watts.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Kingdom given to the Saints at the resurrection of the just.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment
+was given for them: and I saw the persons of those
+beheaded for the testimony of Jesus, and for the word of
+God, and those, who had not worshipped the wild beast,
+nor his image, nor had received the mark on their forehead,
+or on their hand; and they lived and reigned with Christ
+the thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not
+until the thousand years were completed. This is the first
+resurrection. Happy and holy is he, who bath part in the
+first resurrection: on such, the second death hath no power,
+but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign
+with him a thousand years!</q> Rev. 20:4-6.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<q>Thrones</q> are symbols of power. As the
+saints are to reign with Christ on the renewed
+earth, in obedience to the invitation: <q>Come
+ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom
+prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world,</q> (Matt. 25:34); their being inducted
+into the kingdom is symbolized by their being
+seated on thrones. Thus they sing in the
+<q>new song,</q> addressed to Christ: <q>Thou
+wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by
+thy blood, out of every kindred, and tongue,
+and people, and nation, and hast made us
+unto our God kings and priests: and we shall
+<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/>
+reign on the earth,</q> 5:9, 10. In the first
+chapter, also, all who ascribe praises to <q>Him
+that loved us, and washed us from our sins in
+his own blood,</q> also add: <q>and hath made
+us kings and priests unto God, and his Father,</q>
+1:5, 6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the saints being thus exalted to kingly
+and priestly dignity, symbolizes the exalted
+rank they are to hold in the new creation&mdash;the
+symbols of their station being taken from
+the most exalted offices known on earth.
+Thus God said to ancient Israel: <q>Ye shall
+be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy
+nation,</q> (Ex. 19:6); and the Christian church
+is addressed as <q>a chosen generation, a royal
+priesthood, a holy nation, a peculiar people,</q>
+1 Pet. 2:9.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The time when the saints shall reign on the
+earth is in connection with the destruction of
+the <q>little horn</q> of Daniel's <q>fourth beast,</q>
+which, as he saw, <q>made war with the saints
+and prevailed against them, until the Ancient
+of days came, and judgment was given to the
+saints of the Most High, and the time came
+that the saints possessed the kingdom,</q> Dan. 7:21, 22.
+<q>The saints of the Most High
+shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom
+forever, even forever and ever,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 18.
+<q>And the kingdom and dominion and the
+greatness of the kingdom under the whole
+heaven, shall be given to the people of the
+saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is
+<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/>
+an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions
+shall serve and obey him,</q> <hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> v. 27. <q>And
+they shall reign forever and ever,</q> 22:5.
+Thus the Saviour said: <q>Fear not, little
+flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure
+to give you the kingdom,</q> Luke 12:32.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who receive the kingdom are symbolized
+by the souls of martyrs, &amp;c., living
+again and reigning with Christ. The symbol
+includes, with the martyred saints, those
+who had stood aloof from the worship of the
+beast and his image, and those who had not
+received his mark; who are shown by a parallel
+scripture to represent all who are redeemed
+to God <q>out of every kindred, and tongue,
+and people, and nation,</q> 5:9, 10. Some of
+these were symbolized, under the fifth seal, as
+crying from under the altar in anticipation
+of this day, 6:9. Now, with <q>their fellow
+servants,</q> they receive their reward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The souls of the departed living again, can
+only symbolize those who have been subjected
+to death, and are again raised. Consequently
+they are the subjects of a real resurrection.
+And this is shown by the explanation of the
+symbol, which affirms that, <q>This is the first
+resurrection.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is denied by many that a literal resurrection
+is here taught; but in so doing they
+deny the faith of the church in its best and
+purest ages. In the first two centuries after
+Christ, there was not an individual, who believed
+<pb n='353'/><anchor id='Pg353'/>
+in any resurrection of the dead whose
+name or memory has survived to the present
+time, who denied that the resurrection of the
+just is here taught.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes
+Papias, who he admits was a disciple of St.
+John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying
+that <q>after the resurrection of the dead the
+kingdom of Christ shall be established corporeally
+on this earth.</q> And Jerome, another
+opposer, quotes from him that <q>he had the
+apostles for his authors; and that he considered
+what Andrew, what Peter said, what
+Philip, what Thomas said, and other disciples
+of the Lord.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Polycarp was another of John's disciples;
+and Irenæus testifies in an epistle to Florinus,
+that he had seen Polycarp, <q>who related his
+conversation with John and others who had
+seen the Lord, and how he related their sayings,
+and the things he had heard of them
+concerning the Lord, both concerning his
+miracles and doctrine, as he had received
+them from the Lord of life; all of which
+Polycarp related agreeable to the scriptures.</q>
+Following such a teacher, Irenæus taught that
+at the resurrection of the just, the meek should
+inherit the earth; and that then would be fulfilled
+the promise which God made to Abraham.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that,
+<q>A certain man <emph>among us</emph>, whose name is
+<pb n='354'/><anchor id='Pg354'/>
+John, being one of the twelve apostles of
+Christ, in that Revelation which was shown
+him, prophesied that those who believe in our
+Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem.</q>
+He affirms that himself <q>and many
+others are of this mind</q>&mdash;<q>that Christ shall
+reign personally on earth;</q> and that <q>all
+who were accounted orthodox so believed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a
+custom for Christians to pray that they might
+have part in the first resurrection. And
+Cyprian, about 220, says that Christians <q>had
+a thirst for martyrdom that they might obtain
+a better resurrection.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mosheim assures us that the opinion <q>that
+Christ was to come and reign 1000 years
+among men,</q> had, before the time of Origen,
+about the middle of the 3d century, <q>met
+with no opposition.</q> And it is the testimony
+of ecclesiastical historians, that the first who
+opposed it, seeing no way of avoiding the
+meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied
+the authenticity of the Apocalypse, and claimed
+that it was written by one Cerenthus, a
+heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining
+what they called <q>his fiction of the reign of
+Christ on earth.</q> This doctrine is not <emph>now</emph>
+evaded in this way, but by spiritualizing the
+language of the Apocalypse, and thus finding
+a meaning in it which is not expressed
+by any of the admitted laws of language.
+Theologians who thus reason make the
+<pb n='355'/><anchor id='Pg355'/>
+first resurrection the conversion of the world.
+But those who are affirmed to be raised, are
+persons who have lived and are dead. If
+the resurrection is a mere metaphor, then the
+martyrs must have metaphorically died, and
+must have comprised only those who had been
+previously converted and were fallen away.
+The rest of the dead must then be understood
+as persons morally dead, which would be inconsistent
+with the idea of a converted world.
+Those who were raised being those who were
+previously converted, they must have been
+literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable
+of such is a literal resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bible teaches such a resurrection of
+the righteous prior to that of the wicked.
+Thus the Psalmist says of them: <q>Like
+sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall
+feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion
+over them in the morning.</q> But of
+himself he says: <q>But God will redeem my
+soul from the power of the grave,</q> Psa. 49:14,
+15. Of the wicked Isaiah testifies: <q>They
+are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased,
+they shall not rise,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> with the
+righteous; but to Zion he says: <q>Thy dead
+men shall live, together with my dead body
+shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that
+dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew
+of herbs, and the earth shall cast out her
+dead,</q> Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import
+is the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time
+<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/>
+when Michael shall stand up, and <q>thy people
+shall be delivered, every one that shall be
+found written in the book. And many of
+them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall
+awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting
+life, and some, [the unawakened, shall
+be] to shame and everlasting contempt,</q> Dan.
+12:1, 2. Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the
+precise rendering of the original.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The New Testament also teaches a resurrection
+of the just, in distinction from that of the
+wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made
+alive, that it will be <q>every man in his own
+order,</q> or band&mdash;<q>Christ the first fruits;
+afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming,</q>
+1 Cor. 15:23. None others are spoken
+of as being raised at that epoch. When the
+Lord descends from heaven with a shout, at
+the trump of God, not the entire mass of the
+dead, but <q>the dead in Christ shall rise first,</q>
+before the righteous living are changed, 1
+Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority
+in the resurrection of the righteous, Paul
+teaches that the worthies who died in faith
+<q>accepted not deliverance, that they might
+obtain <emph>a better</emph> resurrection,</q> (Heb. 11:13);
+and himself, he says, counted all things loss
+for Christ, <q>if by any means I might attain
+unto the resurrection of the dead,</q> (Phil. 3:11);
+which is <q>the resurrection from among
+the dead</q>&mdash;it being a resurrection to which
+some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour
+<pb n='357'/><anchor id='Pg357'/>
+taught: while <q>they that have done good
+shall come forth <emph>at</emph> [as it is literally] the resurrection
+of life, and they that have done evil
+at the resurrection of damnation</q> (John 5:29),
+the two are not co-etaneous; for the
+righteous shall be <q>recompensed at the resurrection
+<emph>of the just</emph>,</q> Lu. 14:14. That must
+be the resurrection of which those are the subjects
+who receive the kingdom; for <q>flesh and
+blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,</q> 1
+Cor. 15:50. While <q>the children of this
+world marry and are given in marriage,</q>
+<q>they which shall be accounted worthy to
+obtain that world, and the resurrection <emph>from</emph>
+the dead, neither marry, nor are given in
+marriage; neither can they die any more: for
+they are equal unto the angels, and are the
+children of God, being the children of the
+resurrection,</q> Lu. 20:34-36.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The children of the resurrection thus include
+all who attain unto that world, which,
+consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and
+of which the righteous dead and the living
+saints are made equal subjects, according
+to Paul's <q>mystery:</q> <q>We shall not all
+sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a
+moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the
+last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and
+the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and
+we shall be changed,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, to the same
+incorruptible state to which the dead are
+raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the
+<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/>
+righteous will alike <q>bear the image of the
+heavenly</q> (v. 49) when they <q>shall be caught
+up together</q> (1 Thess. 4:16) <q>to meet the
+Lord in the air.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The resurrection state is that to which the
+ancients looked for the restoration of Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have
+lived just after the second temple was built,
+applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who
+seemed likely to die without seeing the glory
+of Israel, saying: <q>As I live, saith Jehovah,
+I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the
+dead; and I will gather you with all Israel.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Sadducees are reported to have asked
+Rabbi Gamaliel, the preceptor of Paul,
+whence he would prove that God would
+raise the dead, who quoted Deut. 9:21:
+<q>Which land the Lord sware that he would
+give to your <emph>fathers</emph>.</q> He argued, as Abraham,
+Isaac and Jacob had it not, and as God
+cannot lie, that they must be raised from the
+dead to inherit it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rabbi Simai, though of later date, argues
+the same from Ex. 6:4, insisting that the law
+asserts in this place the resurrection from the
+dead, when it said: <q>And also I have established
+my covenant with them, to give them
+the Canaan;</q> for, he adds, <q>it is not said to
+<emph>you</emph>, but to them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mennasseh Ben Israel says: <q>It is plain
+that Abraham and the rest of the patriarchs
+did not possess that land; it follows, therefore,
+<pb n='359'/><anchor id='Pg359'/>
+that they must be raised in order to
+enjoy the promised good, as otherwise the
+promises of God would be vain and false.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>De
+Resurrec. Mort., L. i., c. 1. § 4.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rabbi Saahias Gaion, commenting on Dan.
+12:2, says: <q>This is the resuscitation of the
+dead Israel, whose lot is eternal life, and those
+who shall not awake are the forsakers of
+Jehovah.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In the world to come,</q> says the Sahar,
+fol. 81, <q>the blessed God will vivify the dead
+and raise them from their dust, so that they
+shall be no more an earthly structure.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus <q>Abraham, when he was called to
+go out into a place which he should after
+receive for an inheritance ... sojourned in
+the land of promise, as in a strange country,
+dwelling in tabernacles, with Isaac and Jacob,
+the heirs with him of the same promise; for
+he looked for a city which hath foundations,
+whose builder and maker is God,</q> Heb. 11:8-10.
+While he dwelt in that land, God
+<q>gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so
+much as to set his foot on; yet he promised
+that he would give it to <emph>him</emph> for a possession,
+and to his seed after him,</q> Acts 7:5. This
+was also true of all those <q>who died in faith,
+not having received the promises, but having
+seen them afar off, and were persuaded of
+them, and embraced them, and confessed that
+they were strangers and pilgrims on the
+earth,</q>&mdash;desiring <q>a better country, that is,
+<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/>
+a heavenly</q> (Heb. 11:13-16), <q>not accepting
+deliverance, that they might obtain a better
+resurrection</q> (v. 35), <q>God having provided
+some better thing for us, that they
+without us should not be made perfect,</q> v. 40.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the promises are thus made good to
+Israel, all who are of the faith of Abraham
+will participate in the same promises. For
+<q>Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of
+the law ... that the blessing of Abraham
+might come on the Gentiles through Jesus
+Christ.</q> <q>And if ye be Christ's, then are ye
+Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the
+promise,</q> Gal. 3:13, 14, 29. So the Saviour
+said to the Jews: <q>Many shall come from the
+east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham,
+and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of
+heaven; but the children of the kingdom [unregenerate
+Jews] shall be cast into outer darkness,</q>
+Matt. 8:11, 12. And then, as the
+Saviour said to the twelve: <q>Ye which have
+followed me, in the regeneration when the
+Son of man shall sit in the throne of his
+glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones,
+judging the twelve tribes of Israel,</q> Matt. 19:28.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The rest of the dead,</q> who live not
+again till the thousand years are ended, must
+be the wicked dead; for, the righteous being
+raised, no other dead ones remain. They
+include all the wicked, who have died in all
+ages, and <q>the remnant</q> who <q>are slain
+<pb n='361'/><anchor id='Pg361'/>
+with the sword</q> (19:21), when the kingdom
+is cleansed from all things that offend.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The thousand years</q> to intervene between
+the two resurrections, are regarded by some
+as a symbol of 360,000 years. There seems
+to be no necessity for such an interpretation.
+When time is symbolized, it is always proportioned
+to the duration of the other symbols
+used. Thus, in Dan. 8th, when beasts symbolize
+kingdoms, it would have been incongruous
+to have specified the duration of the
+vision in literal years; for beasts do not continue
+during centuries, as the kingdoms symbolized
+by them have done. But days are
+proportioned to years, as beasts are to kingdoms;
+so that there is a fitness in symbolizing
+the years foreshadowed in that vision, by
+2300 days; between which measure of time
+and the duration of the existence of beasts,
+there is a perfect congruity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the 4th of Daniel, where the cutting
+down of a tree is used to symbolize the loss
+of the king's reason, there is no such disproportion
+between the duration of man's existence
+and that of a tree, as there is between
+the life of a beast and that of an empire.
+And therefore there is no incongruity if the
+time specified is a symbol of literal time, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>,
+if a time is used to symbolize a year. In this
+case, the seven years could not have been
+symbolized by seven days; for there is no
+marked disproportion between the duration
+<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/>
+of the other symbols in connection, and the
+things symbolized; and had days been used,
+days must have been understood in the fulfilment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There might be either 1000 years, or 360,000,
+between the first and second resurrections,
+without conflicting with any other Scripture.
+But there is no disproportion between the
+other symbols and the things symbolized,&mdash;the
+living again of the martyrs in vision, and
+their actual resurrection; and therefore the
+1000 years need not, by any parallel usage
+or law of language, be understood, to be other
+than a literal thousand.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Wicked Raised, and Satan Loosed</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And when the thousand years are completed, Satan
+will be loosed out of his prison, and will go out to deceive
+the nations in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog,
+to gather them to battle: the number of whom is like
+the sand of the sea. And they ascended on the breadth of
+the earth, and encompassed the camp of the saints, and the
+beloved city: and fire descended from God out of heaven,
+and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them,
+was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where both the
+wild beast and the false prophet are, and will be tormented
+day and night for ever and ever. And I saw a great white
+throne, and him who sat on it; from whose face the earth
+and the heaven fled away, and a place was not for them.
+And I saw the dead, the small and the great, standing
+before God; and the books were opened: and another book
+was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were
+judged from the things written in the books, according to
+their works. And the sea gave up the dead in it; and
+<pb n='363'/><anchor id='Pg363'/>
+death and the pit gave up the dead in them: and they were
+judged every one according to their works. And death and
+the pit were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second
+death, the lake of fire. And whoever was not found written
+in the book of life, was cast into the lake of fire.</q> Rev. 20:7-15.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Verses 11-15 contain the record of the
+symbolization John saw, of what was to
+transpire at the end of the thousand years;
+while verses 7-10 appear to be explanatory
+of events which would then be fulfilled.
+This explanation, previous to the exhibition
+of the symbolization, is appropriate in the
+connection, and makes more forcible the fact
+that <q>the rest of the dead lived not again
+until the thousand years were finished.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the rest of the dead live not till the end
+of the thousand years, they come forth at
+<q>the resurrection of damnation,</q> at the end
+of a thousand years of the reign of the saints
+on the earth, and at the epoch when Satan
+was to be loosed from his prison. As all who
+had part in the first resurrection were to be
+exempted from the power of the second death,
+the nations who are then deceived by Satan,
+must be the nations composing the rest of the
+dead, who live again at that epoch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their number <q>as the sand of the sea,</q>
+and their coming from <q>the four quarters of
+the earth,</q> show that they are no obscure
+people, living unknown to the saints; and
+their existence can only be accounted for by
+the event of a resurrection of the wicked.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/>
+
+<p>
+Their names, <q>Gog and Magog,</q>&mdash;those
+applied to the ancient enemies of Israel,
+(Ezek. 38:38),&mdash;are appropriate titles to
+designate the subjects of the second resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They encompass the camp of the saints,
+and the beloved city&mdash;showing that the city
+descends at the commencement of the thousand
+years&mdash;but there is no battle: before they
+are permitted to harm the saints, fire from
+heaven devours them; and the devil that
+thought to lead them against the holy city, is
+cast into the lake of fire, where the beast and
+false prophet were cast at the commencement
+of the millennium.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In connection with the resurrection of the
+wicked, is their judgment&mdash;not following
+necessarily in the precise order of the record.
+The <q>small and great</q> who stand before
+God, are not small and large persons, but
+those from all stations and ranks in society.
+The king and the beggar equally receive
+according to their deserts: They are the
+bond and the free, the high and the low, the
+rich and the poor, including those who fought
+against the Lamb, and were overcome by
+Him, 19:18.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The open books symbolize the record of
+their evil deeds, for which they are to be
+judged. And the <q>book of Life</q> is opened
+to symbolize that the names of those who are
+judged are not there recorded, and that consequently
+<pb n='365'/><anchor id='Pg365'/>
+they are justly condemned. To
+<q>him that overcometh,</q> the Saviour promised
+<q>I will not blot his name out of this book of
+life,</q> 3:3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sea, death, and hell giving up their dead,
+indicates that all of the <q>rest of the dead</q>
+are here resurrected, and that none are left
+out from among whom these are raised, as
+these were, from whom came forth the subjects
+of the first resurrection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The casting of death and hell into the lake
+of fire, symbolizes the casting in of those who
+were within their domains; and <q>the lake of
+fire,</q> symbolizes the place into which&mdash;the
+impenitent are consigned&mdash;which is the
+<q>second death.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The New Creation.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first
+heaven and the first earth were passed away; and the sea
+was no more. And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem,
+descending out of heaven, from God, prepared like a bride
+adorned for her husband.</q> Rev. 21:1, 2.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The new heaven and new earth are symbols
+of the new order of things. The old
+heavens and earth having been dissolved,
+their elements melting with fervent heat
+(2 Pet. 3:12), the <q>new heavens and the
+new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness,</q>
+for which Peter looked, succeed to their place.
+<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/>
+So much more resplendent are these than the
+former, that those <q>shall not be remembered,
+nor come into mind,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, to be desired, Isa.
+65:17. This is the eternal state in which
+we are commanded to be <q>glad and rejoice
+forever,</q> when God shall <q>create Jerusalem
+a rejoicing, and her people a joy.</q> Then
+<q>the voice of weeping shall be no more heard
+in her, nor the voice of crying.</q> There <q>the
+elect shall long enjoy the work of their
+hands;</q> for <q>as the days of a tree, are the
+days of my people,</q> saith the Lord; who
+has also declared that, <q>as the new heavens
+and the new earth, which I will make, shall
+remain before me, so shall your seed and
+your name remain,</q> Isa. 66:22.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sea is now <q>no more,</q> in the same
+sense that the first heavens and earth are
+passed away&mdash;all having disappeared in the
+conflagration, and given place to the <q>restitution
+of all things spoken of by the mouth of
+all the holy prophets,</q> Acts 3:21. Whether
+the new creation will comprise both sea and
+dry land, as was first created (Gen. 1:10), is
+not here decided; but there is no reason to
+suppose that this characteristic of the original
+creation will be forever obliterated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The new Jerusalem descends, adorned as a
+bride for her husband. She is shown in the
+19th chapter to be <q>arrayed in fine linen,
+clean and white</q>&mdash;a symbol of <q>the righteousness
+of the saints.</q> As the corrupt
+<pb n='367'/><anchor id='Pg367'/>
+Roman hierarchy was symbolized by an
+adulterous woman (17:3), and also by the
+corrupt city of Babylon (18:2), so symbols
+of an opposite character&mdash;a chaste bride,
+and the new Jerusalem&mdash;are chosen representatives
+of the church triumphant, whose
+Maker is her husband.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Lord very justly remarks: <q>The descent
+of the city is to take place at the commencement
+of the millennium, manifestly from the
+representation that the marriage of the Lamb
+was come, and that his wife had prepared
+herself, immediately after the destruction of
+great Babylon, (19:7, 8); from the exhibition
+of the risen and glorified saints, as seated
+on thrones, and reigning with Christ during
+the thousand years; and from the representation
+of the beloved city as on earth at the
+revolt of Gog and Magog, after the close of
+the thousand years.</q>&mdash;<q><hi rend='italic'>Ex. Apoc.</hi></q> p. 529.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Jerusalem, my happy home,</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>O how I long for thee;</l>
+<l>When shall my sorrows have an end?</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Thy joys when shall I see?</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">When shall these eyes thy heaven-built walls</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And pearly gates behold!</l>
+<l>Thy bulwarks with salvation strong,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And streets of shining gold?</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">O when, thou city of my God,</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Shall I thy courts ascend,</l>
+<l>Where congregations ne'er break up,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q rend="post">And Sabbaths have no end?</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>The Tabernacle of God with Men.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And I heard a loud voice out of heaven, saying, Behold,
+the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell
+with them, and they will be his people, and God himself
+will be with them, even their God. And God will wipe
+away every tear from their eyes; and there will be no more
+death, nor mourning, nor crying out, nor will there be
+any more pain: for the former things are passed away.
+And he who sat on the throne said, Behold, I make all
+things new. And he said, Write, for these words are
+faithful and true. And he said to me, It is done. I am
+the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. I
+will give to him, who thirsteth, from the fountain of the
+water of life freely. He, who overcometh, will inherit these
+things; and I will be his God, and he will be my son. But
+the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, and murderers,
+and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and
+all liars, will have their part in the lake burning with fire
+and brimstone, which is the second death.</q> Rev. 21:3-8.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The utterances of the <q>great voice out of
+heaven</q> are not what John saw, but are what
+he heard; and are therefore to be interpreted,
+not by the laws of symbols, but by those of
+tropes and literal language.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <q>tabernacle of God with men</q> is explained
+in the same connection to be his
+<q>dwelling with them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>When our Saviour was incarnate, and
+vouchsafed to dwell amongst the children of
+men, the same phrase is used by this same
+author, <hi rend='italic'>Eskeenoose</hi> (John 1:14), <q>The Word
+was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us:
+and we beheld his glory,</q> etc. We read it,
+he dwelt amongst us: but rendered more
+<pb n='369'/><anchor id='Pg369'/>
+closely, it is, he set his tabernacle amongst
+us. And that which the Hebrews call the
+<hi rend='italic'>Shekinah</hi>, or divine presence (Maimon, Mor.
+Nev. par. 1, chap. 25), comes from a word of
+the like signification, and found with the
+Greek word here used. Therefore there will
+be a <hi rend='italic'>Shekinah</hi> in that kingdom of
+Christ.</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tho.
+Burnett.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Israel first entered the wilderness,
+God entered into a <hi rend='italic'>covenant</hi> with them (Ex. 19:3-8),
+in consequence of which he said
+to Moses, <q>Let them make me a sanctuary,
+that I may dwell among them,</q> (Ex. 25:8)&mdash;the
+pattern of which was shown Moses in
+the mount; and when completed <q>the glory of
+the Lord filled the tabernacle</q> (Ex. 40:34),
+and there <q>the Lord talked with Moses,</q> Ex. 33:9.
+Thus did God dwell among them
+while they were in a probationary state; but
+he indicated a more intimate connection
+with them, by promising, if they were obedient
+to his statutes in all things, that <q>I will
+set my tabernacle among you: and my soul
+shall not abhor you. And I will walk among
+you, and will be your God, and ye shall be
+my people,</q> Lev. 26:11, 12. This promise
+was not fulfilled to the Jews, because of their
+sins; but Paul quotes it (2 Cor. 6:16), and
+applies it as a promise still to be made good
+to the church of Christ. Thus, the <q>Word</q>
+that <q>was God,</q> who was made flesh and
+tabernacled among us at his incarnation, is
+<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/>
+again to come and dwell with us in his
+human tabernacle, as at his first advent.
+Then will God enter into a new covenant
+with his people, as he has said: <q>Behold, the
+days come, saith the Lord, that I will make
+a new covenant with the house of Israel, and
+with the house of Judah; not according to
+the covenant that I made with their fathers,
+in the day that I took them by the hand, to
+bring them out of the land of Egypt, which
+my covenant they brake, although I was a
+husband unto them, saith the Lord; but this
+shall be the covenant that I will make with
+the house of Israel; After those days, saith
+the Lord, I will put my law in their inward
+parts, and write it in their hearts; and will
+be their God, and they shall be my people.
+And they shall teach no more every man his
+neighbor, and every man his brother, saying,
+Know the Lord: for they shall all know me,
+from the least of them unto the greatest of
+them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their
+iniquity, and I will remember their sin no
+more,</q> Jer. 31:31-34.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the saints, before the resurrection of
+<q>the rest of the dead,</q> <q>reign with Christ
+1000 years,</q> (20:4); it follows that during
+that period the tabernacle of God is with
+men, when he dwells among them, which is
+an additional evidence that <q>the restitution
+of all things</q> (Acts 3:21) is at the commencement
+of the millennium.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='371'/><anchor id='Pg371'/>
+
+<p>
+This is a tearless state&mdash;all tears being
+then wiped from every eye. Isaiah predicted,
+when <q>He will swallow up death in victory,</q>
+that <q>the Lord God will wipe away tears
+from off all faces: and the rebuke of his
+people shall he take away from off all the
+earth: for the Lord hath spoken it. And it
+shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God;
+we have waited for him, and he will save us:
+this is the Lord; we have waited for him, we
+will be glad and rejoice in his salvation,</q> Isa.
+25:8, 9. The commencement of the tearless
+state is thus placed by Isaiah at the resurrection,
+and at the appearance of Christ; which
+is confirmed by Paul, in his inspired commentary
+on the same, who affirms that at the
+last trump, <q>when this corruptible shall have
+put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have
+put on immortality, then shall be brought to
+pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed
+up in victory,</q> 1 Cor. 15:54. This
+state was also promised to the entire company
+<q>which came out of great tribulation, and
+have washed their robes, and made them
+white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore
+are they before the throne of God, and serve
+him day and night in his temple: and he that
+sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them.
+They shall hunger no more, neither thirst
+any more; neither shall the sun light on
+them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, which is
+in the midst of the throne, shall feed them,
+<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/>
+and shall lead them unto living fountains of
+waters: and God shall wipe away all tears
+from their eyes,</q> Rev. 7:14-17.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There shall then <q>be no more death</q>&mdash;for
+that <q>last enemy shall be destroyed</q> (1 Cor. 15:26),
+and there shall be nothing to
+<q>hurt nor destroy, in all my holy mountain,
+saith the Lord.</q> Death will have been swallowed
+up in victory, (Isa. 25:8)&mdash;the redeemed
+having been ransomed <q>from the
+power of the grave,</q> Hos. 13:14. <q>Neither
+can they die any more: for they are equal
+unto the angels; and are the children of God,
+being the children of the resurrection,</q> Luke
+20:36.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the destruction of death, there shall
+be <q>neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall
+there be any more pain.</q> This was to be
+when <q>the ransomed of the Lord shall return,
+and come to Zion with songs and everlasting
+joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy
+and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall
+flee away,</q> Isa. 35:10. And one of these
+songs was to be: <q>Thou wast slain, and hast
+redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every
+kindred and tongue, and people and nation;
+and hast made us unto our God kings and
+priests: and we shall reign on the earth,</q>
+Rev. 5:9,10.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then, everything which distinguishes the
+present world from that, will have passed
+away; for all things will be created anew.
+<pb n='373'/><anchor id='Pg373'/>
+These words, uttered by Him who is the
+<q>Alpha and Omega,</q> are no rhetorical flourishes,
+nor mere figures of speech, but contain
+the exact and literal truth, and are not to be
+set aside as unmeaning figures. For He
+who sat upon the throne has declared:
+<q>These words are true and faithful.</q> Faithful
+is He who hath promised, and he will
+surely make good his words&mdash;bestowing on
+the righteous the inheritance of all things;
+and on the wicked, their fearful doom.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>The New Jerusalem.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And there came to me one of the seven angels, who had
+the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues, and talked
+with me, saying, Come, I will shew thee the bride, the wife
+of the Lamb. And he carried me away in spirit to a vast
+and high mountain, and shewed me the holy city Jerusalem,
+descending out of heaven from God, having the glory of
+God. Her light was like a most precious stone, like a jasper
+stone, clear as crystal; having a wall vast and high,
+and having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels,
+and names written on the gates, which are the names of the
+twelve tribes of the sons of Israel. On the east, three gates;
+on the north, three gates; on the south, three gates; and on
+the west, three gates. And the wall of the city had twelve
+foundations, and on them, the twelve names of the twelve
+apostles of the Lamb. And he, who talked with me, had a
+golden measuring-reed to measure the city, and its gates,
+and its wall. And the city lieth square, and the length is as
+much as the breadth: and he measured the city with the
+measuring-reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length,
+and the breadth, and the height of it are equal. And he
+measured its wall, a hundred and forty-four cubits, according
+<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/>
+to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel. And
+the structure of its wall was jasper: and the city was pure
+gold, like clear glass. And the foundations of the wall of
+the city were adorned with every kind of precious stone.
+The first foundation was a jasper; the second, a sapphire;
+the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; the fifth,
+a sardonyx; the sixth, a sardius; the seventh, a chrysolite;
+the eighth, a beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a
+chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an
+amethyst. And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; each
+one of the gates was of one pearl; and the wide street of
+the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.</q> Rev. 21:9-21.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear
+as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and the
+Lamb. In the midst of its wide street, and on each side of
+the river, was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit,
+yielding its fruit monthly, and the leaves of the tree were
+for the healing of the nations. And there will be no more
+curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it;
+and his servants will serve him: and they will see his face;
+and his name will be on their foreheads. And there will be
+no night there; and they have no need of the light of a
+lamp, nor of the light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth
+them light: and they will reign forever and ever.</q> Rev.
+22:1-5.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Objects of great interest, of which only a
+passing glance was permitted in previous visions,
+are again and again presented, until their
+relative glory is sufficiently manifested. Thus
+the new earth was considered worthy of being
+the subject of a special vision; and now
+the Bride, the Lamb's wife, although before
+referred to, is again made the subject of a
+special vision, under the symbol of a city,
+explained to be the bride.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The descent of the city, to harmonize with
+<pb n='375'/><anchor id='Pg375'/>
+corresponding scriptures, has been shown to
+be at the commencement of the millennium,
+when those who are called to the marriage
+supper of the Lamb descend from the clouds
+of heaven, to receive <q>an inheritance incorruptible,
+and undefiled, and that fadeth not
+away, reserved in heaven for you ... ready
+to be revealed in the last time,</q> 1 Pet. 4:5.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The glory of the Lord,</q> which is the light
+of the city, is explained to be <q>the Lamb</q>
+(21:23), which <q>is the light thereof.</q> <q>In
+him was life, and the life was the light of
+men.</q> <q>That was the true light which
+lighteth every man that cometh into the
+world,</q> John 1:4, 9. In Him dwelleth all
+the fulness of the Godhead bodily (Col. 2:9),
+so that as the Holy Shekineh illumined
+the pathway of ancient Israel, the nations of
+the redeemed will walk in the light of His
+glory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The gates of the city correspond with the
+number of the tribes of Israel; and the <q>names
+of the apostles</q> are in its foundations. Thus
+Paul affirms that the <q>fellow citizens</q> of <q>the
+household of God</q> are built upon the foundation
+of the apostles and prophets, Jesus
+Christ himself being the chief corner-stone,
+Eph. 2:20.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dimensions of the city are in length
+equal to the breadth&mdash;and 1500 miles in circumference,
+or 375 miles square. The length
+is in all parts equal; and so is the breadth,
+and the height,&mdash;the latter being 216 feet.
+</p>
+
+
+<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/>
+
+<p>
+Its splendor is fully equal to all that inspiration
+has recorded respecting those on whom
+the Lord will have <q>everlasting kindness;</q>
+and to whom he saith: <q>O thou afflicted,
+tossed with the tempest, and not comforted!
+behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors,
+and lay thy foundations with sapphires. And
+I will make thy windows of agates, and thy
+gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of
+pleasant stones. And all thy children shall
+be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the
+peace of thy children. In righteousness shalt
+thou be established: thou shalt be far from
+oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from
+terror; for it shall not come near thee,</q> Isa.
+54:11-14. <q>Therefore thy gates shall be
+open continually; they shall not be shut day
+nor night; that men may bring unto thee the
+forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings
+may be brought. For the nation and kingdom
+that will not serve thee shall perish; yea,
+those nations shall be utterly wasted. The
+glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the
+fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the box together, to
+beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I
+will make the place of my feet glorious. The
+sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come
+bending unto thee; and all they that despised
+thee shall bow themselves down at the soles
+of thy feet; and they shall call thee, The city
+of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy One of
+Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and
+<pb n='377'/><anchor id='Pg377'/>
+hated, so that no man went through thee,
+I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy
+of many generations. Thou shalt also suck
+the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck the
+breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I
+the Lord am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer,
+the mighty One of Jacob. For brass I will
+bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver,
+and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I
+will also make thy officers peace, and thine
+exactors righteousness. Violence shall no
+more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction
+within thy borders; but thou shalt
+call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise.
+The sun shall be no more thy light by day;
+neither for brightness shall the moon give
+light unto thee: but the Lord shall be unto
+thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy
+glory. Thy sun shall no more go down;
+neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for
+the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and
+the days of thy mourning shall be ended.
+Thy people also shall be all righteous: they
+shall inherit the land forever, the branch of
+my planting, the work of my hands, that I
+may be glorified. A little one shall become a
+thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I
+the Lord will hasten it in his time,</q> Isa. 60:11-22.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>O scenes surpassing fable, and yet true,</l>
+<l>Scenes of accomplish'd bliss! which who can see,</l>
+<l>Though but in distant prospect, and not feel</l>
+<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/>
+<l>His soul refresh'd with foretaste of the joy?</l>
+<l>Rivers of gladness water all the Earth,</l>
+<l>And clothe all climes with beauty. The reproach</l>
+<l>Of barrenness is past. The fruitful field</l>
+<l>Laughs with abundance; and the land, once lean,</l>
+<l>Or fertile only in its own disgrace,</l>
+<l>Exults to see its thistly curse repeal'd.</l>
+<l>The various seasons woven into one,</l>
+<l>And that one season an eternal spring,</l>
+<l>The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence;</l>
+<l>For there is none to covet: all are full.</l>
+<l>The lion, and the libbard, and the bear,</l>
+<l>Graze with the fearless flocks; all bask at noon</l>
+<l>Together, or all gambol in the shade</l>
+<l>Of the same grove, and drink one common stream.</l>
+<l>Antipathies are none. No foe to man</l>
+<l>Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees,</l>
+<l>And smiles to see, her infant's playful hand</l>
+<l>Stretch'd forth to dally with the crested worm,</l>
+<l>To stroke his azure neck, or to receive</l>
+<l>The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.</l>
+<l>All creatures worship man, and all mankind</l>
+<l>One Lord, one Father. Error has no place;</l>
+<l>That creeping pestilence is driv'n away:</l>
+<l>The breath of Heav'n has chas'd it. In the heart</l>
+<l>No passion touches a discordant string,</l>
+<l>But all is harmony and love. Disease</l>
+<l>Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood</l>
+<l>Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.</l>
+<l>One song employs all nations; and all cry,</l>
+<l><q>Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!</q></l>
+<l>The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks</l>
+<l>Shout to each other, and the mountain-tops</l>
+<l>From distant mountains catch the flying joy;</l>
+<l>Till, nation after nation taught the strain,</l>
+<l>Earth rolls the rapturous Hosanna round.</l>
+<l>Behold the measure of the promise fill'd!</l>
+<l>See Salem built, the labor of a God!</l>
+<l>Bright as a sun the sacred city shines:</l>
+<pb n='379'/><anchor id='Pg379'/>
+<l>All kingdoms and all princes of the Earth</l>
+<l>Flock to that light; the glory of all lands</l>
+<l>Flows into her; unbounded is her joy,</l>
+<l>And endless her increase. Thy rams are there,</l>
+<l>Nebaioth, and the flocks of Kedar there:</l>
+<l>The looms of Ormus, and the mines of Ind,</l>
+<l>And Saba's spicy groves, pay tribute there.</l>
+<l>Praise is in all her gates; upon her walls,</l>
+<l>And in her streets, and in her spacious courts,</l>
+<l>Is heard salvation. Eastern Java there</l>
+<l>Kneels with the native of the farthest west;</l>
+<l>And Æthiopia spreads abroad the hand,</l>
+<l>And worships. Her report has travel'd forth</l>
+<l>Into all lands. From ev'ry clime they come</l>
+<l>To see thy beauty, and to share thy joy,</l>
+<l>O Sion! an assembly such as Earth</l>
+<l>Saw never, such as Heav'n stoops down to see.</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Thus Heav'nward all things tend. For all were once</l>
+<l>Perfect, and all must be at length restor'd,</l>
+<l>So God has greatly purpos'd: who would else</l>
+<l>In his dishonor'd works himself endure</l>
+<l>Dishonor, and be wrong'd without redress.</l>
+<l>Haste then, and wheel away a shatter'd world,</l>
+<l>Ye slow-revolving seasons! we would see</l>
+<l>(A sight to which our eyes are strangers yet)</l>
+<l>A world that does not dread and hate his laws,</l>
+<l>And suffer for its crime; would learn how fair</l>
+<l>The creature is, that God pronounces good,</l>
+<l>How pleasant in itself what pleases him.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cowper.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Final Admonitions.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">And he said to me, These words are faithful and true.
+And the Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent
+his angel to shew his servants the things, which must
+shortly take place. And behold, I come quickly: happy is
+he, who keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book.
+<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/>
+And I John saw and heard these things. And when I had
+heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the
+angel who shewed me these things. And he saith to me,
+See thou do it not: I am thy fellow-servant, and one of thy
+brethren the prophets, and one of those, who keep the
+words of this book: worship God. And he saith to me,
+Seal not up the words of the prophecy of this book: for the
+season is near. He, who is unjust, let him be unjust still:
+and he, who is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he, who is
+righteous, let him perform righteousness still: and he, who
+is holy, let him be holy still. Behold, I come quickly; and
+my reward is with me, to give each one as his work shall
+be. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last,
+the beginning and the end. Happy are those, who do his
+commandments, that they may have the privilege of the
+tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city.
+For without are the Sodomites, and the sorcerers, and the
+fornicators, and the murderers, and the idolaters, and whoever
+loveth and practiseth falsehood. I Jesus have sent
+mine angel to testify to you these things in the congregations.
+I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright
+morning-star. And the Spirit and the bride say, Come!
+And let him, who heareth, say, Come! And let him, who
+thirsteth, come. And whoever will, let him take the water
+of life freely.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">I testify to every one, who heareth the words of the
+prophecy of this book, If any one shall add to these things,
+God will add to him the plagues written in this book: and
+if any one shall take away from the words of the book of
+this prophecy, God will take away his part from the tree of
+life, and out of the holy city, and from the things written
+in this book. He, who testifieth these things, saith, Surely
+I come quickly. So be it, come, O Lord Jesus!</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all the
+saints.</q> Rev. 22:6-21.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+With the representation of the city, the
+symbols of the Apocalypse are terminated.
+What follows are the words of Christ. The
+import of these is guarded by his declaration
+that they are <q>true and faithful.</q> There is
+<pb n='381'/><anchor id='Pg381'/>
+a reality and definiteness in them, which will
+not admit of their being added to, or taken
+from. So that any attempt to fritter away
+their meaning, will be followed by the curses
+written in the book, and a loss of the blessings
+therein promised.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The command not to seal this prophecy,
+is in contrast with the close of Daniel's
+prophecy, which was <q>closed up and sealed
+till the time of the end,</q> Dan. 12:9. The
+Apocalypse, as its name imports, being an
+<q>unveiling</q> of the obscurities of Daniel, the
+seal from the former was removed&mdash;the time
+of the end, in that sense, being equivalent to
+the last days, or the gospel dispensation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The time was <q>at hand,</q> when the great
+series of predicted events was to commence.
+As he that was unjust was to be unjust still,
+and he that was righteous was thus to remain,
+it follows that the visions therein recorded,
+continue down to the close of probation; and
+that the new earth is one of everlasting reward,
+wherein is to be fulfilled the promise:
+<q>Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit
+the earth,</q> Matt. 5:3.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this connection the Saviour answers the
+question, which so perplexed the Pharisees:
+If David then call him Lord, how is he his
+son? Matt. 22:45. Being the Root from
+whence David sprang, and in his humanity
+David's offspring, he was both his Lord and
+son.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/>
+
+<p>
+The invitation appended is one of the most
+endearing that it is possible to conceive of,
+and the threats are the most terrific. These
+are given for the admonition of all; and yet
+how many will turn away from the study of
+the book, which commences with a blessing
+on him <q>that readeth, and they that hear the
+words of this prophecy, and keep those things
+which are written therein,</q> (1:3); and
+closes with an invitation for all to come
+and <q>take of the water of life freely.</q> It is
+no mystical record, and there is nothing equivocal
+in its predictions. Neither is it to be fulfilled
+in the distant future; for <q>He which
+testifieth these things saith: Surely I come
+quickly.</q> And shall not every one who loves
+his Lord respond, <q>Even so; come, Lord
+Jesus.</q>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">The Church has waited long</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Her absent Lord to see;</l>
+<l>And still in loneliness she waits,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>A friendless stranger she.</l>
+<l>Age after age has gone,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sun after sun has set,</l>
+<l>And still, in weeds of widowhood,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q rend="post">She weeps, a mourner yet.</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">The whole creation groans,</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And waits to hear that voice</l>
+<l>That shall restore her comeliness,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And make her wastes rejoice.</l>
+<l>Come, Lord, and wipe away</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>The curse, the sin, the stain,</l>
+<l>And make this blighted world of ours</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Thine own fair world again.</l>
+<l><q rend="post">Come, then, Lord Jesus, come!</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Rev. H. A. Bonar</hi>, (<hi rend='italic'>Eng.</hi>)</l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='383'/><anchor id='Pg383'/>
+
+<div>
+<head>THE OLD EARTH.</head>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Old Mother <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earth</hi> is wan and pale,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Her face is wrinkled sore;</l>
+<l>Her locks are blanched, her heart is cold,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Her garments stiff with gore;</l>
+<l>With furrowed brow and dim sad eyes,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>With trembling steps and slow,</l>
+<l>She marks the course that first she trod</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>The Earth is old, the Earth is cold,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>She shivers and complains;</l>
+<l>How many Winters fierce and chill</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Have racked her limbs with pains!</l>
+<l>Drear tempests, lightning, flood and flame</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Have scarred her visage so,</l>
+<l>That scarce we deem she shone so fair,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Yet comely was the youthful Earth,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And lightly tripped along</l>
+<l>To music from a starry choir,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Whose sweet celestial song</l>
+<l>Through Nature's temple echoed wild,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And soft as streamlets flow,</l>
+<l>Where sister spheres replied with her,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>And many happy children there</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Upon her breast reclined,</l>
+<l>The young Earth smiled with aspect fair,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>The heavens were bright and kind;</l>
+<l>The azure cope above her head</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>In love seemed bending low,</l>
+<l>O happy was the youthful Earth,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alas! those children of the Earth</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>With hate began to burn,</l>
+<l>And Murder stained her beauteous robe,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And bade the young Earth mourn.</l>
+<l>And ages, heavy ages, still</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Have bowed with gathering woe</l>
+<l>The form of her whose life was joy,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Old Earth! drear Earth! thy tender heart</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bewails thy chosen ones;</l>
+<l>Thou look'st upon the myriad graves</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>That hide their gathered bones;</l>
+<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/>
+<l>For them, by day and night, thy tears</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Unceasingly must flow;</l>
+<l>Death chilled the fountain-head of life</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Old Earth! old Earth! above thy head</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>The heavens are dark and chill,</l>
+<l>The sun looks coldly on thee now,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>The stars shine pale and still;</l>
+<l>No more the heavenly symphonies</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Through listening ether flow,</l>
+<l>Which swelled upon creation's ear,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Weep not in bitter grief, O Earth!</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Weep not in hopelessness!</l>
+<l>From out the heavens <q>a still small voice</q></l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Whispers returning peace.</l>
+<l>Thy tears are precious in the sight</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Of <hi rend='smallcaps'>One</hi> who marks their flow,</l>
+<l>Who purposes of mercy formed,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thy days of grief are numbered all,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Their sum will soon be told:</l>
+<l>The joy of youth, the smile of God,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Shall bless thee as of old;</l>
+<l>Shall shed a purer, holier light</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Upon thy peaceful brow,</l>
+<l>Than beamed upon thy morning hour</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thy chosen ones shall live again,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>A countless, tearless throng,</l>
+<l>To wake creation's voice anew,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>And swell the choral song.</l>
+<l>Go, Earth! go wipe thy falling tears,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Forget thy heavy woe:</l>
+<l>Hope died not with thy first-born sons,</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Six thousand years ago!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Knickerbocker.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+  <div id="footnotes">
+    <index index="toc" />
+    <index index="pdf" />
+    <head>Footnotes</head>
+    <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+  </div>
+  <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+  </div>
+</back>
+</text>
+</TEI.2>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse by
+Sylvester Bliss
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse
+
+Author: Sylvester Bliss
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2008 [Ebook #26639]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+
+                             BRIEF COMMENTARY
+
+                                  ON THE
+
+                                APOCALYPSE
+
+                           By SYLVESTER BLISS,
+
+             AUTHOR OF "ANALYSIS OF SACRED CHRONOLOGY," ETC.
+
+                              SECOND EDITION
+
+                                 BOSTON:
+
+                        PUBLISHED BY J. V. HIMES,
+
+                          No. 8 CHARDON STREET.
+
+                                  1853.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE.
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The Apocalypse should be regarded as a peculiarly interesting portion of
+scripture: a blessing being promised those who read, hear, and keep the
+things which are written therein. It has been subjected to so many
+contradictory interpretations, that any attempt to comprehend its meaning
+is often regarded with distrust; and the impression has become very
+prevalent, that it is a "sealed book,"--that its meaning is so hidden in
+unintelligible symbols, that very little can be known respecting it; and
+that to attempt to unfold its meaning, is to tread presumptuously on
+forbidden ground.
+
+The attention of the Christian community has been called more of late to
+its study, by the publication of several elaborate Expositions. One in two
+large volumes, 8vo., by Prof. Stuart, was published at Andover, Mass., in
+1845. A large 8vo. volume, by David N. Lord, was issued from the press of
+the Harpers, in New York, in 1847; and a smaller work, by Rev. Thomas
+Wickes, appeared in that city in 1851. These are the more important works
+on the subject which have been published in this country. In England, the
+"Horae Apocalypticae," by the Rev. E. B. Elliott, A.M., late Vicar of
+Tuxford, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, has passed through
+several editions,--the fourth of which, in four large vols. 8vo., was
+published in London, in 1851. These works, with the writings of Habershon,
+Cunningham, Croly, Bickersteth, Birks, Brooks, Keith, and other
+distinguished English writers, have caused the study of the Apocalypse to
+be regarded with more favor of late than heretofore.
+
+The Expositions of MR. LORD have thrown much light on the nature and laws
+of symbols, by unfolding the principles in accordance with which they are
+used. The evolving of these has removed from many passages the obscurity
+which had before caused them to be regarded as enigmatical. There are,
+doubtless, many portions of the Apocalypse, the meaning of which is as yet
+only dimly perceived, and which will be more clearly unfolded by the
+transpiring of future events; and it would be arrogant to claim that its
+interpretation had been freed from all perplexities. But it is believed
+that it may be as profitably and as satisfactorily studied as other
+portions of Scripture; and that the reader may feel an assurance of
+approximating to a knowledge of the true meaning of its symbolic
+teachings.
+
+The Bible is its own interpreter; and when practicable, scripture should
+be explained by scripture. The meaning imputed to any passage must never
+contradict, but must harmonize with that of parallel texts. In
+illustrating the several references in the Apocalypse to the same events
+and epochs, a repetition of scripture is somewhat unavoidable.
+
+These pages have resulted from notes prepared in a familiar course of
+Bible-class instruction, where the study of brevity was necessary. Without
+designing to speak dogmatically, the didactic was found the more direct
+and simple mode of expression. In presenting this exposition, merely as
+the opinion of the writer, it is with the hope that it will give, in a
+small compass, a common-sense view of the intricacies of this book, and be
+acceptable to those interested in the study of prophecy.
+
+
+
+
+
+ELEMENTS OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION.
+
+
+1. THE GRAMMAR of any science is a development of the principles by which
+it is governed. As the science of interpretation must be founded on some
+fixed and uniform laws, the unfolding of these is the first step in the
+study of prophecy.
+
+2. BIBLICAL EXEGESIS and SACRED HERMENEUTICS, are terms applied to the
+science of interpretation, or of learning the meaning of Biblical words
+and phrases.
+
+3. THE USUS LOQUENDI, is the usual mode of speaking. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it denotes the general _scriptural use_ of words.
+
+4. To learn the meaning of scriptural terms, their general use must be
+ascertained, by comparing their contexts in the several places of their
+occurrence.
+
+5. PROPHECY is the prediction of a future event. The term sometimes
+denotes a book of prophecies (Rev. 22:18); and sometimes a history.--2
+Chron. 9:29.
+
+6. CONSECUTIVE Prophecy gives the succession of future events in the order
+in which they will transpire. _Examples._--See Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 11th, and
+Rev. 6th and 7th, 9th to the 11th; 12th and 15th, &c.
+
+7. DISCURSIVE Prophecy presents future events, irrespective of the order
+of their occurrence. _Examples._--ISAIAH and the minor prophets.
+
+8. CONDITIONAL Prophecy is when the fulfilment is dependent on the
+compliance of those to whom the promise is made, with the conditions on
+which it is given. _Examples._--"_If_ ye walk in my statutes and keep my
+commandments, and do them: then I will give you rain in due season, and
+the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield
+their fruit." Lev. 26:3, 4. "But _if_ ye will _not_ hearken unto me, and
+will _not_ do all these commandments; and _if_ ye shall despise my
+statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all
+my commandments, _but_ that ye break my covenant: I also will do this unto
+you, I will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning
+ague, that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall
+sow your seed in vain; for your enemies shall eat it." _Ib._ 14-16.
+
+"And it shall come to pass, _if_ thou shalt hearken diligently unto the
+voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which
+I command thee this day: that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above
+all nations of the earth: and all these blessings shall come on thee, and
+overtake thee, _if_ thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy
+God." Deut. 28:1, 2. "But it shall come to pass, _if_ thou wilt not
+hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his
+commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day: that all
+these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee," &c. _Ib._ 15.
+
+Predictions of mere national prosperity, or adversity, are usually
+conditional. When the condition is not expressed, it is implied.
+_Example._--The Lord said unto Jonah, "Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great
+city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee.... And Jonah began
+to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty
+days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. So the people of Nineveh believed
+God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of
+them even to the least of them.... And God saw their works, that they
+turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil that he had said
+that he would do unto them: and he did it not."
+
+For all cases of this kind, the Lord has given the following general RULE:
+"At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a
+kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it: if that nation
+against whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will repent of the
+evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what instant I shall speak
+concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it;
+if it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent
+of the good wherewith I said I would benefit them." Jer. 18:7-10.
+
+9. UNCONDITIONAL Prophecy includes all predictions which are absolute in
+their nature. _Examples._--"But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be
+filled with the glory of the Lord." Num. 14:21.
+
+"For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the
+people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen
+upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the
+brightness of thy rising.... For the nation and kingdom that will not
+serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted....
+Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for
+ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be
+glorified." Isa. 60:2, 3, 12, 21.
+
+"But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the
+house of the Lord shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it
+shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it." Micah
+4:1.
+
+10. A VISION is a revelation from GOD, supernaturally presented. Future
+events are made to pass before the mind of the _seer_, as if actually
+transpiring. _Examples._--See the prophecies of ISAIAH, AMOS, OBADIAH, &c.
+
+11. A SYMBOLIC VISION is where the future events, instead of being
+presented to the mind of the prophet, are represented by analogous
+objects. _Examples._--The prophecies of EZEKIEL, DANIEL, ZECHARIAH, and
+JOHN, are of this kind.
+
+12. A LITERAL Prophecy is where the prediction is given in words used
+according to their primary and natural import. _Examples._--Num. 14:21-35;
+Jer. 25:1-33.
+
+13. Prophecy is _figurative_ when it abounds in tropes, as in much of
+ISAIAH and the minor prophets; and it is symbolic, when symbols instead of
+the objects themselves are presented--as in DANIEL and JOHN.
+
+14. POETRY is writing thus constituted by the metrical or rhythmical
+structure of its sentences; and is not necessarily any more figurative or
+obscure than prose writing. It is, also, a term sometimes applied to the
+language of excited imagination and feeling.
+
+The Poetry of the Bible consists in Hebrew parallelisms, where the idea of
+the preceding line is repeated, or contrasted, in the succeeding one.
+_Examples._--The Psalms, ISAIAH, and other prophets.
+
+15. HIGHLY FIGURATIVE, or SYMBOLIC Prophecies--the laws and use of _Tropes_
+and _Symbols_ being understood are not necessarily more equivocal,
+enigmatical or obscure, than those which are literal.
+
+16. LITERAL FULFILMENT of prophecy is prophecy fulfilled in accordance
+with the _grammatical interpretation_ of its language.
+
+17. LITERAL INTERPRETATION, when _technically_ applied to the
+interpretation of prophecy, is not opposed to tropes or figures of speech,
+but to _spiritual_ interpretation. It interprets the language of the
+Scriptures, as similar language would be interpreted _in all other
+writings_.
+
+18. SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATION (_mystical_) seeks, in the language of
+Scripture, a meaning that is not expressed by any of the ordinary rules of
+language. It sets at defiance all the laws of language, and makes fancy
+the interpreter of prophecy. "It subjects clear predictions to an
+exegetical alembic that effectually subtilizes and evaporates their
+meaning."--_Bush._
+
+19. ULTRA LITERAL INTERPRETATION is a disregard of the peculiarities of
+symbols and of the several kinds of tropes--understanding them as if they
+were _literally_ expressed.
+
+20. SYMBOLS and TROPES are _literally_ explained, when interpreted in
+accordance with the _grammatical laws_ which respectively govern their
+use.
+
+21. PROPHETIC SYMBOLS are objects, real or imaginary, _representative_ of
+agents or objects possessing analogous characteristics. All agents or
+objects _seen_ in symbolic visions are symbols. The inspired
+_explanations_ of symbols are always literal, except when they are
+affirmed to be the same as some other symbol which represents the same
+object, as in Rev. 17:9.
+
+22. LAWS OF SYMBOLS.
+
+I. "The Symbol and that which it represents resemble each other in the
+station they fill, the relation they sustain, and the agencies they exert
+in their respective spheres."--_Lord._
+
+II. The Symbol and that which it represents are of the _same_, or they are
+of _different_ species, kinds, or rank, according to the _nature_ and
+_use_ of the symbol.
+
+III. "When the Symbol is of such nature, or is used in such a relation
+that it can properly symbolise something _different_ from itself, the
+representative and that which it represents, while the counterpart of each
+other, are of _different_ species, kinds, or rank."--_Lord._
+
+_Example._--Dan. 7:3, beasts; v. 17, governments.
+
+IV. "Symbols that are of such a nature, station or relation, that there is
+nothing of an analogous kind that they can represent, symbolize agents,
+objects, acts, or events of _their own_ kind."--_Ib._ _Example._--Dan. 7:9.
+
+V. "When the Symbol and that which it symbolizes differ from each other,
+the correspondence between the representative and that which it
+represents, still extends to their chief parts; and the elements or parts
+of the symbols denote corresponding parts in that which is
+symbolized."--_Ib._
+
+VI. "The Names of Symbols are their literal and proper names, not
+metaphorical titles."--_Ib._
+
+VII. "A single agent, in many instances, symbolizes a body and succession
+of agents."--_Ib._
+
+VIII. Symbols of the same kind, and used in the same relations, always
+represent one class of objects; and when the office of a symbol has been
+once shown, the same symbol, similarly used, always fills a like office.
+They are never used arbitrarily.
+
+IX. While like symbols represent like objects, the same agents are often
+indicated by different symbols.
+
+Thus, a church may be symbolized by a city and a woman; and government, by
+a beast and a mountain, &c.
+
+23. INSPIRED EXPLANATIONS OF SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS:--
+
+      Ancient of Days--The Most High.--Dan. 7:9, 22.
+      Candlesticks--Churches.--Rev. 1:20.
+      Carpenters--Destroyers of governments.--Zech. 1:21.
+      Days--Years.--Num. 14:34. Ezek. 4:4-6.
+      Horns, of a wild beast--Kings or kingdoms succeeding to a divided
+      empire.--Dan. 8:22 and 7:24.
+      Heads, of a wild beast--Kings or forms of government.--Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      Image, of different metals--A succession of governments.--Dan.
+      2:37-42.
+      Incense, or odors--Prayers.--Rev. 5:8 and 8:4.
+      Lamb, the--Christ.--Rev. 5:6, 9, 10.
+      Lamb's wife--Risen saints.--Rev. 19:7, 8.
+      Lake of fire and brimstone--The place of the second death.--Rev.
+      20:15.
+      Likeness of a man--The Lord.--Ezek. 1:26, 28, and 8:2, 4.
+      Linen, fine and clean--Righteousness of saints--Rev. 19:8.
+      Mountains--Kings, or forms of government.--Rev. 17:9, 10.
+      New Jerusalem--The redeemed Church, or the Bride, the Lamb's
+      wife.--Rev. 21:9, 10.
+      Revivification of dry bones--Resurrection of the dead.--Ezek. 37:11,
+      12.
+      Stars--Angels, _i.e._, messengers of the churches.--Rev. 1:20.
+      Souls of martyrs living again--The first resurrection.--Rev. 20:4, 5.
+      Stone, becoming a mountain--Kingdom of God.--Dan. 2:45.
+      Waters--Peoples.--Rev. 17:15.
+      Wild Beasts--Governments.--Dan. 7:17.
+      Woman--A city.--Rev. 17:18. Explained to be a church.--21:9, 10.
+
+24. TROPES are figures of various kinds, used to _illustrate_ the subjects
+to which they are applied.--They embrace the Simile, Metaphor, Prosopopoeia,
+Apostrophe, Synecdoche, Allegory, &c.
+
+25. LAWS OF FIGURES--(_a._) "The terms in which they are expressed are used
+in their ordinary and literal sense."--_Lord._
+
+(_b._) "The agents or objects to which figures are applied are always
+expressly mentioned. Figures, in that respect, differ wholly from symbols,
+which never formally indicate, unless an interpretation is given, who the
+agents, or what the objects are which they represent."--_Ib._
+
+(_c._) "The figurative terms are always predicates, or are employed in
+affirming something of some other agent or object; and are therefore
+either nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs."--_Ib._
+
+(_d._) "As their terms are used literally, the figure lies, when they are
+employed in an unusual manner, simply in their being applied to objects to
+which they do not properly belong."--_Ib._
+
+(_e._) "They are used accordingly in all such cases for the purpose of
+illustration, and their explication is accomplished, not by assigning to
+them some new and extraordinary meaning, but simply by conjoining with
+them the terms of a comparison which expresses the relation in which they
+are employed."--_Ib._
+
+(_f._) "It is in metaphors and personification only that acts and
+qualities are ascribed to agents and objects that are incompatible with
+their nature; or do not properly belong to them."--_Ib. Theo. & Lit.
+Jour._, vol. 1, p. 354.
+
+26. A SIMILE, or comparison, is an affirmation that one agent, object, or
+act, is _like_, or as, another,--there being a real or imaginary
+resemblance. Sometimes only the mere fact of a resemblance is affirmed. At
+others, the nature of the resemblance is indicated.
+
+_Examples._--"As for man, his days are _as_ grass." Psa. 103:15. "Whose
+garment was _white_ as _snow_." Dan. 7:9.
+
+27. ANTITHESIS is a contrast, or placing in opposite lights things
+dissimilar.
+
+_Example._--"The wicked are overthrown and are not; but the house of the
+righteous shall stand." Prov. 12:7.
+
+28. A METAPHOR is a simile comprised in a word, without the _sign_ of
+comparison. It is an affirmation of an object, incompatible with its
+nature--_i.e._, it affirms that an object is, what literally it is only
+_like_; or attributes to it acts, to which its acts only bear a
+_resemblance_.
+
+_Examples._--"He is the _Rock_." Deut. 32:4. "Her gates shall _lament_ and
+_mourn_." Isa. 3:25.
+
+A metaphor may be a simple affirmation of what an object is, or it may
+embrace "the agent, the act, the object, and the effect of an
+action."--_Lord._
+
+(_a._) When an object is affirmed to be what it only resembles, that of
+which the affirmation is made is always _literally_ expressed.
+
+(_b._) "When a nature is ascribed to an object that does not belong to it,
+the acts or results affirmed to it are proper to that _imputed nature_,
+not to its own."--_Lord._
+
+(_c._) "The meaning of a metaphorical passage is precisely what it would
+be if a comparison only were affirmed."--_Ib._
+
+29. AN ELLIPTICAL METAPHOR is where the figure is incomplete. An object,
+instead of being affirmed to be what it only resembles, is introduced by
+the name proper only to that resemblance. The literal name of the object
+and the affirmation to complete the figure are to be supplied.
+
+To find the meaning of an elliptical metaphor, trace the word through the
+Bible, and find to what object such metaphorical term is applied.
+_Example._--"And in that day there shall be a _Root_ of JESSE, which shall
+stand for an ensign of the people." Isa. 11:10. _Explanation._--"I [JESUS]
+am the _Root_ and the offspring of DAVID." Rev. 22:16.
+
+30. PROSOPOEIA, or PERSONIFICATION, is an address to an inanimate object,
+as if it were a person, and had intelligence.--_Lord._ _Example._--"Give
+ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my
+mouth." Deut. 32:1.
+
+31. AN APOSTROPHE is a _digression_ from the order of any discourse, and a
+direct _address_ to the persons of whom it treats, or to those who are to
+form a judgment respecting the subject of which it treats.--_Lord._
+_Example._--"Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom: give ear unto
+the law of our GOD, ye people of Gomorrah." Isa. 1:10.
+
+32. AN ALLEGORY is a narrative in which the subject of the discourse is
+described by an analogous subject, resembling it in its characteristics
+and circumstances--the subject of which it is descriptive being indicated
+in its connection. _Examples._--See Ezek. 31:3-9; Ps. 80:8-16; Jud. 9:8-15.
+
+Past _historical_ events, instead of supposititious ones, are sometimes
+used for illustration. When thus used they serve as allegories, without
+affecting their original historical significance. _Example._--Gal. 4:
+22-31. See also Rom. 9:7, 8; 1 Cor. 9:9, 10, and 10:11.
+
+33. A PARABLE is a similitude taken from natural things, to instruct us in
+the knowledge of spiritual. _Examples._--Matt. 13th, and 21:28-41.
+
+The Parable differs from the Allegory in that the acts ascribed are
+appropriate to the agents to which they are attributed. In the Allegory,
+acts may be ascribed to real objects which are not natural to those
+objects. _Example._--See Judges 9:7-15.
+
+The Parable is sometimes used to denote a prophecy, (Num. 23:7); sometimes
+a discourse, (Job 27:1); sometimes a lamentation, (Micah 2:4); sometimes a
+proverb, or wise saying, (Prov. 26:7); and sometimes to indicate that a
+thing is apocryphal. Ezek. 20:49. The terms parable and allegory, are
+often wrongfully applied.
+
+34. A RIDDLE is an enigma--something to be guessed. _Example._--See Judges
+14:24-18. It is sometimes used to denote an allegory. Ezek. 17:1-10.
+
+35. TYPES are emblems--greater events in the future being prefigured by
+typical observances, "which are a shadow of good things to come." Col.
+2:17.
+
+36. THE HYPOCATASTASIS, or substitution, is a figure introduced by Mr.
+LORD, in which the objects, or agents, of one class are, without any
+formal notice, employed in the place of the persons or things of which the
+passages in which they occur treat; and they are exhibited either as
+exerting, or as subjected to an agency proper to their nature, in order to
+represent by analogy, the agency which those persons are to exert, or of
+which those things are to be the subjects. _Example._--"O, my people, they
+which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths."--Isa.
+3:12,--expressive of the manner in which they were misled by their rulers
+and kept from the truth.
+
+37. A METONYMY is a reversion, or the use of a noun to express that with
+which it is intimately connected, instead of using the term which would
+literally express the idea. Thus the cause is used for the effect, the
+effect for the cause, the thing containing for that which is contained in
+it, &c. _Example._--"Ye have eaten up the _vineyard_." Isa. 3:14--meaning
+the fruit of the vineyard.
+
+38. A SYNECDOCHE is the use of a word expressive of a part, to signify the
+whole; or that expressive of the whole, to denote only a part--as the genus
+for the species, or the species for the genus, &c. _Example._--"_Man_ dieth
+and wasteth away; yea _man_ giveth up the ghost, and where is he?" Job
+14:10.
+
+39. A HYPERBOLE is an exaggeration in which more is expressed than is
+intended to be understood. _Example._--"I suppose that even the world
+itself could not contain the books that should be written." John
+21:25--meaning that a great number might be written.
+
+40. IRONY is the utterance of pointed remarks, contrary to the actual
+thoughts of the speaker or writer--not to deceive, but to add force to the
+remark. _Examples._--"No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die
+with you." Job 12:2.
+
+"And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry
+aloud: for he _is_ a god: either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he
+is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awaked." 1 Kings
+18:27.
+
+41. THE INTERROGATION--while its legitimate use is to ask a question--is
+also used to affirm or deny with great emphasis. Affirmative
+interrogations usually have _no_ or _not_ in connection with the verb.
+_Example._--"Is _not_ God in the height of the heavens?" Job 22:12.
+_Examples of a negative._--"Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one
+day? or shall a nation be born at once?" Isa. 66:8. "Can the rush grow up
+without mire?" Job 8:11.
+
+42. EXCLAMATIONS are digressions from the order of a discourse or writing,
+to give expression to the emotions of the speaker, or writer.
+_Example._--"O that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away and
+be at rest!" Psa. 55:6.
+
+43. FABLES are fictions--additions to the word of GOD. All false theories
+and doctrines supposed to be based on the Bible, all interpretations of
+Scripture which do violence to the laws of language and falsify their
+meaning, and all opinions which are the result of mere traditions and
+doctrines of men, are to be classed as fables. Mark 7:8-13; 1 Pet. 1:18; 1
+Tim. 1:4; 4:7; Tit. 1:14.
+
+44. SYNCHRONOUS SCRIPTURES are the several passages which have reference
+to any one and the same event.
+
+Each portion of Scripture respecting any subject, must be considered in
+connection with all the Scriptures that refer to the same
+subject.--_Compare_, for example, Dan. 2:34, 35, 44; 7:18, 27; Matt. 6:10;
+13:37-43; 35:34; 1 Tim. 4:1; Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPOSITION OF THE APOCALYPSE.
+
+
+
+
+The Title of the Book.
+
+
+    "The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him, to show to
+    his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and sending,
+    he signified _them_ through his angel to his servant John: who
+    testified the word of God, and the testimony of Jesus Christ, and
+    whatever he saw."--Rev. 1:1, 2.--_Prof. Whiting's Translation._
+
+
+"The very title of John's predictions, Apocalypse, implies the _unveiling_
+or '_revelation_' of the mystic and hidden sense of the prophetic oracles,
+previously uttered by his inspired predecessors."--PROF. BUSH.
+
+"The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from which we have our word Apocalypse, signifies,
+literally, a _revelation_, or _discovery_, of what was _concealed_, or
+_hidden_."--DR. CLARKE.
+
+The work of the apostles was "to make all men see what is the fellowship
+of the mystery, which, from the beginning of the world, hath been hid in
+God, who created all things by Jesus Christ," (Eph. 3:9); "even the
+mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is
+made manifest to his saints," Col. 1:26. The entire record of the New
+Testament, is a revelation that God "hath in these last days spoken unto
+us by his Son;" in distinction from the records of the Old Testament,
+which He, "at sundry times and in divers manners, spake in time past unto
+the fathers by the prophets," Heb. 1:1. But the closing book of the new
+series is called, in distinction from the others, "THE REVELATION OF JESUS
+CHRIST."
+
+It contains the "many things" he had to say to his disciples, in addition
+to those recorded by the evangelists; but which they could not then bear,
+John 16:12. It is the revelation "which God gave unto him;" for "there is
+a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known ... what shall be
+in the latter days," Dan. 2:28. God communicated by his servants the
+prophets what should "come to pass hereafter," by visions which were
+"certain," and by "the interpretation thereof" which was "sure," Dan.
+2:46. But Daniel was commanded to "shut up the words, and seal the book,
+even to the time of the end," when many should "run to and fro," and
+knowledge should "be increased." And it was added, "Go thy way, Daniel;
+for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end: Many
+shall be purified and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do
+wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall
+understand." Dan. 12:4, 9, 10.
+
+It will thus be seen, that provision had been made for the future
+_unveiling_ of what was left obscure in the predictions of the Old
+Testament writers; and for the _unsealing_ of what was then closed up and
+sealed. This revelation must come from God; for the Saviour has testified,
+that "of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
+but my Father only." Matt. 24:36. "The secret things belong unto the Lord
+our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our
+children forever." Deut. 29:29.
+
+As God had provided for a more full "revelation" respecting the events of
+the future, it was necessary that it should be communicated through "the
+appointed Heir of all things," by whom he was to speak in the last days,
+Heb. 1:2. The BAPTIST said of Christ, that "what he hath seen and heard,
+this he testifieth," John 3:22. And the Saviour said of him by whom he was
+sent, "I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him," _Ib._
+8:2, 6. And again, he saith, "I have not spoken of myself; but the Father
+which sent me, he gave me a commandment; what I should say, and what I
+should speak," _Ib._ 12:49. "The Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of
+David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals
+thereof," Rev. 5:5.
+
+The design of God in giving this additional revelation, was that he might
+"show unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass;" for
+"surely the Lord God doeth nothing, but he revealeth his secrets unto his
+servants the prophets," Amos 3:7. And he saith, "I have told you before it
+come to pass, that when it is come to pass ye might believe," John 14:29.
+When the old world was to be destroyed by water, "Noah, being warned of
+God of things not seen as yet, prepared an ark to the saving of his
+house," Heb. 11:7. And when the Lord had purposed the destruction of
+Sodom, he said, "Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do?" and
+angels were sent to Lot, that he might say to his children, "Up get ye out
+of this place; for the Lord will destroy this city," Gen. 18:17, and
+19:14. So of the times and seasons of the second advent: while "the day of
+the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night," he has said to his chosen
+ones, "Ye brethren are not in darkness that that day should overtake you
+as a thief," 1 Thess. 5:1-4. He has condescended to give his people "a
+more sure word of prophecy: whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as
+unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day
+star arise in your hearts," 2 Pet. 1:19. Therefore it was said to John, "I
+will show thee things which must be hereafter," Rev. 4:1; which things
+were shortly to begin to come to pass,--they being a series of successive
+events, commencing near the time in which John wrote, and extending to the
+end of the world and the establishment of the everlasting kingdom.
+
+These were shown to John by symbolic representations, in a series of
+visions, the import of which was signified to him by an angelic
+interpreter. Said the Saviour, "I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify
+unto you these things in the churches," 22:16. And _these things_ were not
+to be sealed up, like the words of Daniel; for John was commanded to
+"_seal not_ the sayings of the prophecy of _this_ book: for the time is at
+hand," 22:10. He recorded the words which God thus gave him,--"the
+testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw." He has given
+us, in graphic language, such descriptions of the visions shown, that we
+can easily imagine the symbols which he saw; and we have the inspired
+explanations of those which were "signified" to him. Therefore we may
+read, and receive the blessings promised to those who keep this testimony
+of Jesus.
+
+
+
+
+The Benediction.
+
+
+    "Happy is he, who readeth, and those, who hear the words of this
+    prophecy, and keep the things, written in it: for the season is
+    near." Rev. 1:3.
+
+
+Those who teach that the Apocalypse is a "sealed book," most clearly
+contradict the testimony of Christ respecting it. To discourage the study
+of it, is to treat with neglect, and to despise what God has spoken in
+these last days by his Son, Heb. 1:2; of whom it is said: "See that ye
+refuse not him that speaketh; for if they escaped not who refused him who
+spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him
+that speaketh from heaven," Heb. 12:25. Those who thus neglect it, cannot
+regard the blessing promised to those who read, hear, and keep its
+sayings.
+
+The Apocalypse is not to be undervalued as unprofitable; for "all
+scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine,
+for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: that the
+man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works," 2
+Tim. 3:16, 17. "For whatsoever things were written aforetime, were written
+for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures
+might have hope," Rom. 15:4. "Search the scriptures; for in them ye think
+ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me," John 5:39.
+"Thus saith the Lord, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of
+things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands
+command ye me," Isa. 45:11. "Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that
+keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book," Rev. 22:7.
+
+
+
+
+John's Salutation to the Churches.
+
+
+    "John to the seven congregations in Asia: grace be to you and
+    peace, from Him who is, and who was, and who is to be; and from
+    the seven Spirits, that are before his throne; and from Jesus
+    Christ, the faithful Witness, and the First-born of the dead, and
+    the Ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loved us, and
+    washed us from our sins in his own blood, and hath made us kings
+    and priests to God even his father: to him be glory and dominion
+    for ever and ever. Amen. Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every
+    eye will see him, and those, who pierced him: and all the tribes
+    of the earth will wail because of him. Yea, so be it! I am the
+    Alpha and the Omega, saith the Lord God, who is, and who was, and
+    who is to be, the Almighty."--Rev. 1:4-8.
+
+
+The seven churches to which John sends salutation, were those of Ephesus,
+Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, 1:11. The
+Asia, in which they were situated, was a province in Asia Minor, distinct
+from Pontus, Gallatia, and Bithynia; which also were in Asia Minor, 1 Pet.
+1:1, and Acts 2:9. Of the province of Asia, Ephesus was the capital, and
+was the principal place of John's residence. The seven cities which
+contained those churches, were situated in a kind of amphitheatre,
+surrounded by mountains. Smyrna was 46 miles north of Ephesus, and
+Pergamos 64 miles; Thyatira was 48 miles to the east, and Sardis 33 miles;
+Philadelphia 27 miles to the south, and Laodicea 42 miles. These churches
+had all been under the general supervision of John's ministry; and for
+this reason, doubtless, they are especially designated, instead of those
+with which he had not been so intimately connected.
+
+John writes to the seven churches, in obedience to the command,--"What thou
+seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in
+Asia," 1:11. He seems to have written what he saw, at the time of its
+exhibition, and not at the close of the entire presentation; for when he
+was about to write the discordant utterances of "the seven thunders," he
+was told to "write them not," 10:4.
+
+John observes the oriental custom of placing his name at the commencement,
+instead of the close of his communication. Few persons now deny that this
+was John the Evangelist. Irenaeus, who was born only about 30 years after
+the death of John, speaks of the writer of the Apocalypse, as "the
+disciple of Christ,--that same John that leaned on his breast at the last
+supper."
+
+Most beautiful reference is here made to the attributes of DEITY: "Him who
+is, and who was, and who is to be," can be no other than the great
+Preexistent, who said to Moses, "I AM THAT I AM," Ex. 13:14.
+
+The seven Spirits, would seem to be irrelevantly placed between the Father
+and the Son,--the place always occupied by the Holy Spirit, when spoken of
+in connection with them,--if they were merely seven angels. Grace would
+also seem to be irreverently invoked from such,--its presence being implied
+where it is invoked,--unless they are expressive of the Holy Spirit, in
+which grace is inherent, and from whom it may be communicated; as it may
+not be from angels. Seven is a full and perfect number, and it may be here
+used because in another place "seven lamps of fire burning before the
+throne" are symbolic of "the seven Spirits of God," (4:5); which, if
+angels, would be expressly named, as in other inspired explanations,--as
+they are in that of the stars, 1:20. A burning _flame_ is often used as a
+symbol of the Holy Spirit. Thus, when God would make a covenant with
+Abraham, and the victims between which the covenanting parties were to
+pass, were divided, the presence of God was symbolized by "a burning lamp
+that passed between those pieces," Gen. 15:17. And the descent of the Holy
+Spirit on the day of Pentecost, was manifested by "cloven tongues, like as
+of fire," which "sat upon each of them," Acts 2:3. In Zechariah 3:9, we
+read of the symbol of a stone laid before Joshua, that on it were engraved
+"seven eyes," which "are the eyes of the Lord which run to and fro,
+through the whole earth," (Zech. 4:10);--an expressive figure of God's
+Omniscience. The same is symbolized in Rev. 5:6, by the "seven eyes" of
+the LAMB.
+
+Jesus Christ is the faithful Witness. He "was faithful to him that
+appointed him," (Heb. 3:2); and he was given as a Witness to the people, a
+Leader and Commander to the people, Isa. 55:4. He is the "first-begotten
+of the dead," having "risen from the dead, and become the first fruits of
+them that slept," 1 Cor. 15:20: he is "declared to be the Son of God, with
+power according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the
+dead," Rom. 1:4. He is "the Prince of the kings of the earth," the "King
+of kings and Lord of lords," 19:16; "all kings shall fall down before him:
+all nations shall serve him," Psa. 72:11. He hath shown how he "loved us,"
+by giving himself for us, (Gal. 2:20); and hath cleansed his people from
+all sin, not "by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he
+entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption
+for us," Heb. 9:12. He has redeemed us to God "out of every kindred, and
+tongue, and people, and nation," Rev. 5:9. He is the one who is to come in
+the clouds of heaven, in resplendent majesty, to reward his saints, and to
+destroy those who destroy the earth, 11:18. The announcement that he
+"cometh with clouds" is as if John had said that what he was commanded to
+write, was a revelation of the events which were to precede and usher in
+that coming.
+
+
+
+
+Christ's Annunciation.
+
+
+    "I John, your brother, and partner in the affliction, and kingdom
+    and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the island called Patmos, for
+    the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. I was in
+    the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice,
+    like that of a trumpet, saying, What thou seest, write in a book,
+    and send it to the seven congregations, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna,
+    and to Pergamos, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to
+    Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."--Rev. 1:9-11.
+
+
+This gives a clue to the date of the Apocalypse. It was written when John
+was in the Isle of Patmos: "It is the general testimony of ancient
+authors, that St. John was banished into Patmos in the time of Domitian,
+in the latter part of his reign, and restored by his successor, Nerva. But
+the book could not be published till after John's release, and return to
+Ephesus, in Asia. Domitian died in 96, and his persecution did not
+commence till near the close of his reign."--DR. CLARKE.
+
+"DOMITIAN, having exercised his cruelty against many, and unjustly slain
+no small number of noble and illustrious men at Rome, ... at length
+established himself as the successor of NERO, in his hatred and hostility
+to GOD. He was the _second_ that raised a persecution against us. In this
+persecution, it is handed down by tradition, that the apostle and
+evangelist, JOHN, ... was condemned to dwell on the island of Patmos.
+IRENAEUS, indeed, in his fifth book against the heresies, where he speaks
+of the calculation formed on the epithet of Antichrist, in the
+above-mentioned Revelation of JOHN, speaks in the following manner
+respecting him: 'If, however, it were necessary to proclaim his name
+(_i.e._ Antichrist's), openly at the present time, it would have been
+declared by him who saw the Revelation, for it was not long since it was
+seen, but _almost in our own times_, at the _close_ of DOMITIAN's
+reign.' "--EUSEBIUS.
+
+Prof. Stuart, who dissents from the opinion, admits that "a majority of
+the older critics have been inclined to adopt the opinion of Irenaeus,
+viz.: that it was written during the reign of Domitian, _i.e._, during the
+last part of the first century, or in A. D. 95 or 96."--Com. _Apoc._, V.
+I., p. 263.
+
+John's adherence to the word and testimony of Christ, had caused his
+banishment--as others "were slain--for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held," (6:9); and whose living again and reigning
+with Christ, was subsequently shown John in a vision, 20:4.
+
+John was in the spirit; _i.e._, he was in a state of prophetic ecstasy, in
+which he was, as it were, caught away from a realization of the actual and
+the present, and shown "the things which must be hereafter." It was on the
+"Lord's day," the first day of the week, which was so called because on
+that day the Lord arose from the dead. It was a day which has been
+observed by all Christians in especial remembrance of that event. John
+does not appear to have anticipated any such announcement, until he was
+suddenly startled from his meditation by a voice in trumpet tones,
+announcing itself by the titles of Christ, and commanding him to write to
+the churches what he _saw_. Hearing the voice, he turned to see who had
+spoken to him, and beheld a
+
+
+
+
+Vision of Christ.
+
+
+    "And I turned to see the voice, that spoke with me. And having
+    turned, I saw seven golden lamp-stands; and in the midst of the
+    seven lamp-stands one like a Son of man, clothed with a garment
+    reaching the feet, and girded around the breasts with a golden
+    girdle. His head, even his hair, was white like white wool, like
+    snow; and his eyes were like a flame of fire; and his feet like
+    fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice like the
+    sound of many waters. And he had in his right hand seven stars:
+    and from his mouth went forth a sharp two-edged sword: and his
+    countenance was like the sun shining in its strength. And when I
+    saw him, I fell at his feet as if dead. And he laid his right hand
+    on me, saying, Fear not; I am the first and the last, and am he,
+    who liveth, and I became dead; and behold, I am alive for ever and
+    ever, and have the keys of death and the pit. Therefore, write the
+    things, which thou hast seen, and the things, which are, and the
+    things, which will take place hereafter; the secret of the seven
+    stars, which thou hast seen in my right hand, and the seven golden
+    lamp-stands. The seven stars, are the messengers of the seven
+    congregations: and the seven lamp-stands are the seven
+    congregations."--Rev. 1:12-20.
+
+
+The voice, by a metonymy, is used for the person speaking. He turned to
+see the glorious personage by whom the trumpet-tones were uttered. Being
+turned, he saw the commencement of those great panoramic presentations, by
+which the events of the future were revealed to him, and the significance
+of which were explained by an angelic interpreter.
+
+The "seven golden candlesticks," symbolize "the seven churches" (1:20), to
+which John was commanded to write. By this, and other symbols which are
+divinely interpreted, are unfolded the principles on which symbols are
+used. A candle or lamp stand, supports the light placed on it, as churches
+are the recipients and dispensers of the light of the Holy Scriptures.
+They are therefore appropriate symbols of churches.
+
+"In the midst of the candlesticks" is one in the form of humanity,
+surrounded by the insignia of Deity. It is the same appearance that
+Ezekiel saw, when he had a vision "of the likeness of the glory of the
+Lord," (Ezek. 1:26-28); and before which Daniel fell trembling, Dan.
+10:5-9. The sublime spectacle was too overwhelming for John's endurance,
+and, like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, his strength turned to corruption.
+But the glorified Saviour was the same sympathetic being on whose breast
+John leaned, at the last supper, and he lays his endearing hand on John,
+and, by soothing words, restores his confidence. He explains the mystery
+contained in the symbols shown, and enjoins on him to write the things he
+had seen--symbolic of the things which then were, and of those which were
+then in the future. As no created resemblance is a fit representative of
+Deity, Christ is shown to John by the symbol of his own likeness.
+
+The "seven stars" in the right hand of the Saviour, are the angels,--the
+messengers, or pastors of the seven churches, 1:20. As the Saviour holds
+the stars in his hand, so does he sustain all his gospel ministers,
+enabling them to impart light to those who sit under their ministrations.
+And as he walked in the midst of the golden candlesticks, so the Lord is
+ever in the midst of those who fear him, and call upon his name.
+
+
+
+
+Epistles to the Seven Churches.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Ephesus.
+
+
+    "To the messenger of the congregation of Ephesus write: These
+    things saith He who holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who
+    walketh in the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands: I know thy
+    works, and thy toil, and thy patience, and that thou canst not
+    endure the evil; and thou hast tried those, who say they are
+    apostles, and are not; and hast found them liars; and hast
+    patience, and hast endured on account of my name, and hast not
+    fainted. Nevertheless, I have this against thee, that thou hast
+    left thy first love. Remember therefore whence thou hast fallen,
+    and repent and do the first works; or else I will come to thee
+    quickly, and will remove thy lamp-stand out of its place, except
+    thou repentest. But thou hast this, that thou hatest the deeds of
+    the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. He, who hath an ear, let him
+    hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations: To him, who
+    overcometh, I will grant to eat of the tree of life, which is in
+    the paradise of God."--Rev. 2:1-7.
+
+
+The seven churches are not, themselves, seen in vision; they were
+symbolized by seven golden candlesticks. Consequently, these are seven
+literal churches that are addressed, and not allegorical, as some teach.
+The symbolic portions of the Apocalypse, are the descriptions of what John
+saw, and the attendant utterances. What was addressed to the ear by way of
+explanation and instruction, does not come under the laws of
+symbolization.
+
+As churches, in all ages, are often in the several conditions ascribed to
+the seven churches, the warnings, admonitions, and consolations addressed
+to them, may serve for instruction to all Christians, as implied in the
+declaration: "He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+the churches," 2:29.
+
+"By {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, angel [or messenger], we are to understand the _messenger_,
+or person sent by God to preside over the church; and to him the epistle
+is directed, not as pointing out his state, but the state of the church
+under his care. The Angel of the Church, here answers exactly to that
+officer of the synagogue among the Jews, called the _messenger_ of the
+church, whose business it was to _read_, _pray_, and _teach_ in the
+synagogue."--DR. CLARKE. Timothy is supposed to have had the care of the
+Ephesian church till A. D. 97, when he was martyred.
+
+Ephesus was a large, idolatrous city, "a worshipper of the great goddess
+Diana, and of the image which," as they claimed, "fell down from Jupiter,"
+Acts 19:35. The gospel was first preached there by Paul, and with such
+success, that "Many of them also which used curious arts, brought their
+books together, and burned them before all men; and they counted the price
+of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver: So mightily grew
+the word of God, and prevailed," _Ib._ 19, 20. They continued a fine and
+prosperous church, but had fallen away from their first love. Therefore He
+who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks, and holdeth in
+his hand the messengers of the churches, admonished them that, unless they
+repented he would remove their candlestick, _i.e._, their church, of which
+the candlestick was a symbol, out of its place. They did not repent; and,
+says Gibbon, "In the year 1312, began the _captivity_, or ruin of the
+seven churches by the Ottoman power. In the loss of Ephesus, the
+Christians deplored the loss of the first _Angel_, the extinction of the
+first _candlestick_ of the Revelations. The desolation is complete, and
+the temple of _Diana_, or the church of _Mary_, will equally elude the
+search of the curious traveller."
+
+The Nicolaitanes, whose deeds God hated, were a sect of heretics, who
+assumed the name from Nicholas of Antioch, one of the first seven deacons
+of the church in Jerusalem. It is believed that he was rather the innocent
+occasion, than the author of the infamous practices of those who assumed
+his name,--who allowed a community of wives, and ate meats offered in
+sacrifice to idols. It was a short-lived sect.
+
+For hating their deeds, the church of Ephesus was commended, and also for
+not giving countenance to false teachers, who claimed to be apostles, and
+were proved to be liars. Thus are Christians to "believe not every spirit,
+but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets
+are gone out into the world," 1 John 4:1. "Such are false apostles,
+deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ," 2
+Cor. 11:13. "There were false prophets also among the people, even as
+there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in
+damnable heresies," 2 Pet. 2:1.
+
+The promise to him that overcometh, that he shall "eat of the tree of
+life," points to the resurrection and to the new creation. As in Eden was
+made to grow "the tree of life" (Gen. 2:9), so in Eden restored, "they
+that do his commandments ... may have right to the tree of life, and may
+enter in through the gates into the city," Rev. 22:2.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Smyrna.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Smyrna, write: These
+    things saith the First and the Last, who became dead and is alive:
+    I know thy works, and affliction, and poverty (but thou art rich);
+    and I know the reviling of those, who say they are Jews, and are
+    not, but are a synagogue of Satan. Fear none of the things, which
+    thou wilt suffer. Behold, the devil will cast some of you into
+    prison, that ye may be tried, and ye will have affliction ten
+    days. Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee the crown of
+    life. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the Congregations: he who overcometh, will not be hurt by the
+    second death."--Rev. 2:8-11.
+
+
+The angel of the church in Smyrna is supposed to have been Polycarp, who,
+rather than to apostatize, was burnt alive in that city about A. D. 166.
+That church had passed through the trial of poverty, and was found "rich
+toward God," Luke 12:21. It had suffered from the blasphemy of unbelieving
+Jews, who had a synagogue there and were particularly active at the
+martyrdom of Polycarp. But "He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly;
+neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh: but he is a
+Jew which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the
+spirit and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God,"
+Rom. 2:28, 29. And the crucified and risen Saviour has said, that they are
+"of the synagogue of Satan which say they are Jews, and are not, but do
+lie," Rev. 3:9.
+
+Not a word of reproof is addressed to this faithful flock; but they were
+to be still further tried, and a terrible persecution was foretold, which
+should continue ten prophetic days. Ten years was the duration of the last
+and bloodiest persecution under Diocletian, from A. D. 302 to 312, during
+which all the Asiatic churches were grievously afflicted.
+
+This church passed triumphantly through all those trials; and Smyrna is
+now the most flourishing city of the Asiatic churches. It contains a
+population of 100,000, and is the seat of an archbishop. From 15,000 to
+20,000 of its inhabitants are still professedly Christian.
+
+The "crown of life," promised to those who are faithful unto death, is to
+be given at Christ's second coming, "who shall judge the quick and the
+dead at his appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1: "Henceforth there is laid
+up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge,
+shall give me at that day; and not to me only, but unto all them also that
+love his appearing," _Ib._ 8. "Blessed is the man that endureth
+temptation: for when he is tried he shall receive the crown of life, which
+the Lord hath promised to them that love him," Jam. 1:12.
+
+Those who shall not be hurt of the "second death," are those who shall
+attain unto the resurrection of the just, at the commencement of the
+millennium. "Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first
+resurrection: on such the second death hath no power; but they shall be
+priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years,"
+Rev. 20:6. "But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and
+murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars,
+shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone:
+which is the second death," 21:8.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Pergamos.
+
+
+    And to the messenger of the congregation in Pergamos write: These
+    things saith He who hath the sharp two-edged sword: I know thy
+    works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's throne is; and
+    thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in
+    those days in which Antipas was my faithful witness: who was slain
+    among you, where Satan dwelleth. But I have a few things against
+    thee, because thou hast there those, who hold fast the doctrine of
+    Balaam, who taught Balak to cast an enticement to sin before the
+    children of Israel: to eat idol-sacrifices, and to commit
+    fornication. So thou hast also those, who hold fast the doctrine
+    of the Nicolaitanes, in like manner. Repent; or else I will come
+    to thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my
+    mouth. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations: To him, who overcometh, I will grant to eat of
+    the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the
+    stone a new name written, which no one knoweth, but he, who
+    receiveth it.--Rev. 2:12-17.
+
+
+"He which hath the sharp sword with two edges," is the one who walked in
+the midst of the seven golden lamp-stands--out of whose "mouth went a sharp
+two-edged sword," 1:16. This identifies him as the one who was followed by
+the armies of heaven, when "the remnant were slain with the sword of him
+that sat upon the horse: which sword proceeded out of his mouth," 19:21.
+"The sword of the Spirit ... is the word of God," Eph. 6:17. "He shall
+smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips
+shall he slay the wicked," Isa. 11:4. The One who indites this epistle is
+thus designated, probably, because, unless they repented of the things
+alleged against them, he would fight against them with the sword of his
+mouth.
+
+The church of Pergamos had refrained from apostasy, although situated in a
+wicked and corrupt city,--even where Satan reigned almost supreme and
+received the obedience of its inhabitants. They had been faithful in those
+days when Antipas, a faithful Christian, and probably the former pastor of
+the church, was slain (Dr. Hales thinks) in Domitian's persecution, in A.
+D. 94. Yet, the Lord had some things against them.
+
+The doctrine of Balaam is what that prophet counselled Balak to cast as a
+stumbling-block before Israel: For "the people began to commit whoredom
+with the daughters of Moab. And they called the people unto the sacrifices
+of their gods; and the people did eat and bowed down to their gods. And
+Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor," Num. 25:1-3. And Moses said of the
+women of Midian, "Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the
+counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord in the matter of
+Peor," _Ib._ 31:16. This was also, probably, the same as the doctrine of
+the Nicolaitanes, p. 34.
+
+The "hidden manna" seems to be a reference to that hidden in the ark,
+where it was laid up before the Lord (Ex. 16:33), in memory of what was
+sent for the sustenance of Israel in the wilderness, where "man did eat
+angel's food," Ps. 78:25. The law having a shadow of good things to come
+(Heb. 10:1), the manna hidden in the ark may be typical of the angelic
+sustenance to be revealed in the future world. The Saviour said, "Verily,
+verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. I
+am that bread of life. This is the bread which cometh down from heaven,
+that a man may eat thereof, and not die," John 6:47, 48, 50.
+
+The "white stone" has received divers interpretations. In ancient trials,
+the votes of the judges were given by _white_ and _black_ pebbles. The
+former signified acquittal, and the latter condemnation. Conquerors in
+public games sometimes received a _white stone_ with their name inscribed
+on it, which entitled them, during the remainder of their life, to be
+maintained at the public expense. Persons were sometimes invited to feasts
+or banquets, by the presentation of a white stone, with their name on it
+in connection with that of their hosts. The possession of the white stone
+evidently entitles the possessor to all the privileges of the heavenly
+inheritance.
+
+The "new name" is unknown to all but its possessor; who, on its
+possession, becomes a child of God, and will receive, saith God, "in my
+house and within my walls, a place and a name better than of sons and of
+daughters: I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut
+off," Isa. 56:5. The Saviour has promised that "him that overcometh will I
+make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I
+will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my
+God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God;
+and I will write upon him my new name," Rev. 3:12. And his new "name" "no
+man knew but he himself," _Ib._ 19:12.
+
+Pergamos still contains a few thousand inhabitants.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Thyatira.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Thyatira write: These
+    things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like a flame of
+    fire, and his feet like fine brass: I know thy works, and love,
+    and faith, and service, and thy patience, and thy works; and thy
+    last works to be greater than the first. Notwithstanding, I have
+    something against thee, because thou allowest thy woman Jezebel,
+    who calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce my servants
+    to commit fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices. And I gave her
+    time to repent, and she would not repent of her fornication.
+    Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and those, who commit adultery
+    with her, into great affliction, unless they repent of their
+    deeds. And I will kill her children with pestilence; and all the
+    congregations will know that I am he, who searcheth the reins and
+    hearts: and I will give to each of you according to your works.
+    But to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, As many as have not
+    this doctrine, and who have not known the depths of Satan, as
+    (they say;) I will not put on you another burden: but what ye
+    have, hold fast till I come. And he, who overcometh, and keepeth
+    my works to the end, to him, I will give power over the nations:
+    (and he will rule them with a rod of iron; like the vessels of a
+    potter they will be dashed in pieces:) even as I received of my
+    Father. And I will give him the morning-star. He, who hath an ear,
+    let him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations"--Rev.
+    2:18-29.
+
+
+In commending the general piety of this church, they are censured for
+permitting a woman to teach false doctrines among them. The church is not
+only made responsible for what it teaches, but also for what it suffers
+others to teach. In this particular the church in Thyatira appears in
+contrast with the church in Ephesus. The doctrines which this wicked woman
+taught appear to be similar to those of the Nicolaitanes, p. 34. She is
+probably called Jezebel, from her being a woman of power and influence,
+like the wife of Ahab, who "did sell himself to work wickedness in the
+sight of the Lord: whom Jezebel his wife stirred up," 1 Kings 21:25.
+
+They who had not fallen into those depths of Satan, and should continue
+faithful to the end, were to have "power over the nations." "The saints of
+the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever,
+even for ever and ever. And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of
+the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the
+saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all
+dominions shall serve and obey him," Dan. 7:18, 27. "Ask of me, and I
+shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts
+of the earth for thy possession. Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron;
+thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel," Ps. 2:8, 9. "To
+execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; To
+execute upon them the judgment written: this honor have all the saints.
+Praise ye the Lord," _Ib._ 149:7, 9.
+
+To receive the morning star, is to receive Christ, who testifieth of
+himself. "I am ... the bright and morning star," Rev. 22:16. We are
+commanded to take heed to the "sure word of prophecy ... as unto a light
+that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise
+in your hearts," 2 Pet. 1:19. As "the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of
+prophecy" (19:10), those who refuse to consider the revelation he has
+given of things which shortly after began to come to pass, and which must
+now be verging towards their consummation, may fail of becoming
+illuminated by the day-star in their hearts.
+
+Says Gibbon: "The God of Mahomet, without a rival or a Son, is invoked in
+the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos."
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Sardis.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Sardis write: These
+    things saith He, who hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven
+    stars: I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest,
+    and art dead. Be watchful, and strengthen the things, which
+    remain, which are about to die: for I have not found thy works
+    complete before God. Remember therefore how thou hast received and
+    heard, and hold fast and repent. If therefore thou shalt not
+    watch, I will come on thee like a thief, and thou wilt not know
+    what hour I will come on thee. But thou hast a few names in
+    Sardis, that have not defiled their garments; and they will walk
+    with me in white: for they are worthy. He, who overcometh, the
+    same one will be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out
+    his name from the book of life, but I will acknowledge his name
+    before my Father, and before his angels. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith unto the congregations."--Rev.
+    3:1-6.
+
+
+The church in Sardis was Christian in name, but was destitute of spiritual
+life, with the exception of a few names who had not defiled their
+garments. Having become dead to the revivifying influences of the Holy
+Spirit, they are reminded that he who addresses them is the one who holds
+their messenger in his hand, and who hath the seven Spirits of God;
+_i.e._, that it was from the One who said of "the Comforter, which is the
+Holy Ghost" (John 14:26), "when the Comforter is come, whom I will send
+unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth which proceedeth from
+the Father, he shall testify of me," _Ib._ 15:26.
+
+They had doubtless become greatly conformed to the corrupt worldly
+influences by which they were surrounded, without having actually denied
+the faith, or embraced the hated doctrines of the Nicolaitanes. Therefore
+they were exhorted to hold fast all that they still retained, and, by
+repentance, to recover what they had lost; and they were admonished that
+if they neglected those precautions, they would be suddenly visited;
+without its being designated what would be the precise nature, time, or
+manner, of their visitation: which made the threatening the more terrible.
+
+The "few names" which had not defiled their garments, were used by a
+metonymy to signify persons. When an apostle was to be chosen in the place
+of Judas, "the number of the names together were about one hundred and
+twenty," Acts 1:15. Purity of raiment is significant of purity of
+character: "Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth his garments," 16:15.
+White is an emblem of purity. To the "bride," it "was granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen clean and white: for the fine linen is the
+righteousness of the saints," 19:8. Those who came out of great
+tribulation, had "washed their robes and made them white in the blood of
+the Lamb," (7:13); and therefore they were symbolized as standing before
+the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms of
+victory in their hands, 7:9. To be clothed in white raiment, is therefore
+to be accepted of the Saviour.
+
+To blot one's name out of the book of life, is to erase his title to
+heaven. The figure seems to be an allusion to the ancient custom of
+enrolling in a book the names of all free citizens. If their names were
+confessedly written there, they were entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizenship; but if blotted out, they had forfeited these.
+"They that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written
+in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the
+beast that was, and is not, and yet is," 17:8. Moses said, if God would
+not forgive Israel, "blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast
+written," Ex. 32:32. Of his enemies, David said, "Let them be blotted out
+of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous," Ps.
+67:28. Those only enter the New Jerusalem, "which are written in the
+Lamb's book of life," 21:27.
+
+The church in Sardis, has long been utterly extinct; and what remains of
+the city is a miserable Turkish village.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Philadelphia.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Philadelphia write:
+    These things saith the Holy, the True One, he who hath the key of
+    David, he who openeth, and no one shutteth; and shutteth, and no
+    one openeth: I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an
+    open door, and no one can shut it; for thou hast a little
+    strength, and hast held fast my word, and hast not denied my name.
+    Behold, I will make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they
+    are Jews, and are not, but who lie; behold, I will make them come
+    and bow down before thy feet, and know that I have loved thee.
+    Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep
+    thee from the hour of trial, which will come on all the world, to
+    try those, who dwell on the earth. I come quickly: hold fast that
+    which thou hast, that no one take thy crown. I will make him, who
+    overcometh, a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will go out
+    no more: and I will write on him the name of my God, and the name
+    of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, (which cometh down out
+    of heaven from my God:) and my new name. He, who hath an ear, let
+    him hear what the Spirit saith to the congregations."--Rev. 3:7-13.
+
+
+The church of Philadelphia had maintained her integrity, and is therefore
+addressed in the language of commendation, without the rebukes which were
+directed to her sister churches. Having remained true to Him who "was
+called Faithful and True" (19:11), the epistle to this church makes
+mention of the Saviour by those titles, which are significant of his own
+faithfulness and inherent holiness.
+
+"The key of David," brings to view the prediction of that which was to be
+laid "upon his shoulder;" so that "he shall open, and none shall shut; and
+he shall shut, and none shall open," Isa. 22:22. A key symbolizes that
+which will open or unlock, or will close fast: therefore said the Saviour,
+"I ... have the keys of hell and of death." By virtue of this power, an
+open door was set before the church of Philadelphia, which no man should
+be able to close.
+
+The Jews in Philadelphia, who had claimed to be the only true church of
+God, but who were in reality of the synagogue of Satan, were to cease
+their opposition to the Christians, and to seek instruction and protection
+from them--recognizing the love of God to Gentiles as well as to Jews.
+History is silent respecting the fulfilment of this; but there is no
+reason to suppose that it was not literally fulfilled.
+
+The "hour of temptation," which was to "come upon all the world, to try
+them that dwell on the earth," was to be one of peculiar trial. Some
+suppose it had reference to the persecution under Trajan, which was more
+severe and extensive than those under Nero, or Domitian: and others that
+it was the Mohammedan delusion. In such times there are peculiar
+temptations to apostatize, and the less faithful are in more danger of
+apostasy than others. But because the Philadelphian church had been
+faithful thus far, they were to be kept from that trying hour. When the
+scourge of Mohammedanism swept over all the other churches of Asia, this
+church maintained its integrity. Says Gibbon: "Among the Greek colonies
+and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect, a column in a scene of
+ruins. At a distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors, encompassed
+on all sides by the Turks, her valiant citizens defended their religion
+and their freedom above fourscore years, and at length capitulated with
+the proudest of the Ottomans." Philadelphia is still the seat of an
+archbishop, and contains from six hundred to seven hundred Greek houses,
+and several places of Christian worship. "The Lord knoweth how to deliver
+the godly out of temptations," 2 Pet. 2:9.
+
+They are encouraged to constancy by the prospect of the coming coronation
+day, when "the Lord; the righteous Judge shall give" a "crown of
+righteousness," "unto all them that love his appearing," 2 Tim. 4:8. He
+has said "Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of
+life" (2:10); and therefore "when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye
+shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away," 1 Pet. 5:4.
+
+A pillar in the temple of God, is expressive of a position which shall
+give support to the church, which is erected "upon the foundation of the
+apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone;
+In whom the building, fitly framed together, groweth unto a holy temple in
+the Lord: In whom ye also are builded together for a habitation of God
+through the Spirit," Eph. 2:20-22.
+
+To receive the name of God, is to be recognized as belonging to God. As
+masters designated their servants by branding their name on them, or by
+some peculiar mark, so the children of God are referred to by the same
+figure. In a subsequent vision John saw with the Lamb on Mount Zion, "an
+hundred and forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in
+their foreheads," 14:1. Their connection with new Jerusalem is similarly
+designated.
+
+
+
+Epistle to the Church in Laodicea.
+
+
+    "And to the messenger of the congregation in Laodicea write: These
+    things saith the Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Ruler of
+    the creation of God: I know thy works, that thou art neither cold
+    nor hot: I would that thou wast cold or hot. So, because thou art
+    lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will cast thee out of my
+    mouth: because thou sayest, I am rich, and have become wealthy,
+    and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched,
+    and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: I counsel thee to
+    buy of me gold tried by fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white
+    raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy
+    nakedness may not appear; and to anoint thine eyes with eye-salve,
+    that thou mayest see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be
+    fervent therefore, and repent. Behold, I stand at the door, and
+    knock: if any one heareth my voice, and openeth the door, I will
+    come in to him, and will sup with him, and he shall sup with me.
+    To him, who overcometh I will grant to sit with me in my throne,
+    even as I also overcame, and have sat down with my Father in his
+    throne. He, who hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to
+    the congregations."--Rev. 3:14-22.
+
+
+By his titles of truth and verity, the Saviour prepares the Laodiceans for
+the humiliating threatenings, which are uttered against them. By that of
+"the beginning of the creation of God," is indicated Christ's kingship as
+head and governor of all; and hence the authority on which his
+declarations are founded.
+
+The Laodiceans seemed to have been very well satisfied with their own
+condition, without possessing any very marked characteristics. They were
+neither good, nor very wicked; but supposed that they abounded in all
+spiritual wealth, when they were destitute of all the Christian graces.
+They could not appreciate their own condition; and not realizing their
+need, were unlikely to heed the counsel given them, and therefore they
+have long since ceased to have a name and a place on the earth. Says
+Gibbon: "The circus and three stately temples of Laodicea, are now peopled
+with wolves and foxes."
+
+The great majority of them seemed to have become unworthy even of the
+chastisement which God bestows on those he loves. "Behold, happy is the
+man whom God correcteth; therefore despise not the chastening of the
+Almighty," Job 5:17. "My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord:
+neither be weary of his correction: For whom the Lord loveth he
+correcteth, even as a father the son in whom he delighteth," Prov. 3:11,
+12. "Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he
+shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that
+love him," Jas. 1:12.
+
+The Saviour shows his readiness to receive those who will open unto him.
+He is saying, "Open to me ... for my head is filled with dew, and my locks
+with the drops of the night," Cant. 5:2. "Blessed are those servants, whom
+the Lord, when he cometh, shall find watching: verily I say unto you, That
+he shall gird himself, and make them to sit down to meat, and will come
+forth and serve them," Luke 12:37. Said Jesus, "If any man love me, he
+will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto
+him, and make our abode with him," John 14:23.
+
+To him that overcometh, as in another place he is promised a crown, so now
+there is the promise of a seat with the Saviour in his throne. Said the
+Saviour, "Ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of
+man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve
+thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel," Matt. 19:28. "And I appoint
+unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me," Luke 22:29. "If
+we suffer" _i.e._ with Christ, "we shall also reign with him," 2 Tim.
+2:12.
+
+
+
+
+Vision of the Deity.
+
+
+    "After this, I looked, and behold, a door opened in heaven: and
+    the first voice, which I heard, was like a trumpet talking with
+    me; saying, Ascend here, and I will show thee things, which must
+    take place hereafter. And immediately I was in the Spirit: and
+    behold, a throne was set in heaven, and One sat on the throne.
+    And, He, who sat, was in appearance like a jasper and a cornelian
+    stone: and there was a rainbow around the throne, in appearance,
+    like an emerald. And around the throne were twenty-four thrones;
+    and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed in
+    white raiment; and crowns of gold on their heads. And from the
+    throne came forth lightnings, and voices and thunders. And seven
+    lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven
+    Spirits of God. And before the throne there was a transparent sea
+    like crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and around the
+    throne, were four living beings, full of eyes before and behind.
+    And the first living being was like a lion, and the second living
+    being like a calf, and the third living being had a face like a
+    man, and the fourth living being was like a flying eagle. And each
+    of the four living beings had six wings around him; and within
+    they were full of eyes: and they rest not day or night, saying,
+    Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to
+    be! And when the living beings give glory, and honor, and thanks
+    to Him seated on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, the
+    four and twenty elders fall down before Him seated on the throne,
+    and worship Him, who liveth for ever and ever, and cast their
+    crowns before the throne, saying, Worthy art thou, O Lord, our
+    God, to receive glory, and honor, and power: for thou hast created
+    all things, and for thy pleasure they existed and were
+    created."--Rev. 4:1-11.
+
+
+This vision is preparatory to the revelations of "things which must be
+hereafter," which were given John in the series of visions following.
+Their divine origin, and, consequently, the deference with which they are
+to be received as a revelation from God, are demonstrated by this
+symbolization of the presence chamber of the Almighty.
+
+The revelator had before heard a voice speaking to him, (1:10); and
+turning to look, he beheld the risen Saviour. He then writes the epistles
+which the Saviour dictated to the churches; and again he turns his eyes to
+the place where the voice spake to him.
+
+The opening of a door in heaven, appears to be no part of the "things
+which must be hereafter;" and is, therefore, no symbol. It was doubtless
+an appearance of an aperture in the sky above, through which the revelator
+saw the vision. It indicates that he looked through and beyond the limits
+prescribed to human vision; and the summons to "come up hither," indicates
+that he was to have free access to the secrets there to be unfolded.
+
+A "throne set in heaven," is a symbol of sovereignty there. Consequently
+the one who sits thereon is the Almighty--his greatness, glory and majesty,
+being indicated by the "lightnings, thunderings and voices," the "rainbow
+round about the throne," and the resemblance to brilliant gems. It is the
+same Being, seen in vision by Ezekiel (1:28), round about whom was "as the
+appearance of the bow in the day of rain;" and who was explained to be
+"the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord."
+
+The "elders" seated about the throne, and the "four living creatures,"
+improperly rendered beasts, are representatives of the redeemed of our
+race; for they subsequently unite in the new song, saying to Christ, "Thou
+wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood, out of every kindred
+and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto our God kings and
+priests, and we shall reign on the earth," 5:8-10. The difference between
+the two orders, is not fully apparent. They have "vials full of odors,
+which are the prayers of saints." The four beasts are evidently of the
+same order as the "living creatures" in Ezek. 1:5; the cherubim of Ezek.
+10:20, and the seraphim of Isa. 6:1. The entire hosts of the redeemed are
+thus represented as interested spectators in the visions which are to be
+unfolded.
+
+The "seven lamps of fire," are explained to be "the seven Spirits of God,"
+which, as before shown, is expressive of the Holy Spirit.
+
+The "sea of glass," corresponds to the brazen sea, or laver, under the
+law, which stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 38:8. It was an emblem
+of purity. Before entering the tabernacle the priest must there wash.
+Those admitted on the sea of glass, are those who are purified and made
+white in the blood of the Lamb, 15:2.
+
+With this preliminary representation, the first series of events extending
+to the final consummation, is shown under the symbol of:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealed Book.
+
+
+    "And I saw in the right hand of Him seated on the throne, a book
+    written within and without, sealed with seven seals. And I saw a
+    mighty angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open
+    the book, and to loose its seals? and no one in heaven, or on the
+    earth, or under the earth, was able to open the book nor to look
+    in it. And I was weeping much, because no one was found worthy to
+    open, and to read the book, nor to look in it. And one of the
+    elders saith to me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of
+    Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to
+    loose its seven seals. And I saw in the midst of the throne, and
+    of the four living beings, and in the midst of the elders, the
+    Lamb standing, as having been slain, having seven horns, and seven
+    eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the
+    earth. And he came and took the book out of the right hand of Him
+    seated on the throne. And when he took the book, the living
+    beings, and twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, all of
+    them having harps, and golden bowls full of incense, which are the
+    prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying, Worthy art
+    thou to take the book and to open its seals: for thou wast slain,
+    and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every tribe, and
+    tongue, and people, and nation; and hast made us kings and priests
+    to our God, and we shall reign on the earth! And I beheld, and I
+    heard the voice of many angels around the throne, and the living
+    beings, and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand
+    times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying with a loud
+    voice, Worthy is the Lamb, that was slain, to receive power, and
+    riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and
+    blessing. And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth,
+    and under the earth, and those on the sea, even all that are in
+    them, I heard saying, Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power,
+    be to Him sitting on the throne, and to the Lamb, for ever and
+    ever! And the four living beings said, Amen. And the elders fell
+    down and worshipped."--Rev. 5:1-14.
+
+
+The written book, must symbolize God's purposes, which were about to be
+unfolded on the loosening of the seals. Its being written within and
+without, indicates the fulness of its contents, the completeness of the
+record:--God's purposes being fully and unalterably formed. In like manner
+Ezekiel was shown "a roll of a book ... written within and without,"
+symbolizing the "lamentations, mourning and woe" (Ezek. 2:9), which were
+soon to overtake Israel.
+
+A sealed book is one whose contents are hidden: "The vision of all is
+become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver
+to one that is learned, saying, Read this I pray thee: and he saith, I
+cannot; for it is sealed," Isa. 29:11. God said to Daniel, "Shut up the
+words, and seal the book, till the time of the end," Dan. 12:4.
+
+To open the seals, no one was found worthy. There was no being in heaven
+among the angels, no human being on the earth, and no disembodied spirit,
+or demon, under the earth, who was able to unfold the future. The tears of
+the revelator are, however, dried, and his drooping spirits cheered, by
+the announcement of one of the elders, that "the LION of the tribe of
+JUDAH, the ROOT of DAVID, hath prevailed to open the book," and to unfold
+its mysteries. He stood in the midst of the assembled intelligences,--his
+human nature and sacrificial office, being designated by his metaphorical
+title of the "Lamb:"--John seeing Jesus coming to him said, "Behold the
+Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world," John 1:29. His
+sovereignty is shown by the "seven horns," the symbols of power; and his
+relation to the Godhead, by the seven eyes, the seven Spirits of
+God;--expressive of the Holy Spirit. See p. 25.
+
+The rejoicings on the announcement of Christ's ability to take the book,
+and to open the seals, indicate the greatness of the blessing which God
+gives the church, when he thus reveals a knowledge of the future. All
+creatures should join in these hosannas, and praise the Lord for his great
+condescension, in showing his servants the things which must shortly come
+to pass. To neglect this revelation, is not joining in the ascription of
+praise.
+
+The golden vials, full of odors, symbolize the prayers of saints. Under
+the Mosaic dispensation, the frankincense and odors offered at the
+tabernacle were emblematic of prayer and praise to God. "Let my prayer be
+set forth before thee as _incense_; and the lifting up of my hands as the
+evening sacrifice," Psa. 141:2.
+
+Christ takes the book from the hand of him who sits on the throne, and
+opens the seals. Thus he makes known unto his servants the revelation
+which God had given him, 1:1. As each successive seal is opened,
+successive portions of the writing in the book become accessible,--an
+_epoch_ is marked, following which, and previous to that symbolized by the
+opening of the next seal, are to be fulfilled, the events symbolized under
+it.
+
+
+
+
+The First Seal.
+
+
+    "And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I
+    heard one of the four living beings, saying, with a voice like
+    thunder, Come! And I saw, and behold, a white horse: and he, who
+    sat on him, had a bow; and a crown was given him: and he went
+    forth conquering and to conquer."--Rev. 6:1, 2.
+
+
+The voice is evidently addressed to the personage on the white horse, or
+to the agencies thus symbolized. It is the signal for their appearance on
+the stage of action.
+
+The symbol is that of a victorious warrior, armed with weapons of
+conquest,--success being indicated by the crown given him. As there is no
+analogous order, except in the religious world, Mr. Lord very properly
+regards it as a symbol of the body of religious teachers, those faithful
+soldiers of the cross, who, from the middle of the first to the middle of
+the third century, as "soldiers of Jesus Christ" (2 Tim. 2:3), went forth
+to war "against principalities and powers, against the rulers of the
+darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places," Eph.
+6:12. The apostle, when they received their commission, said to them,
+"Take unto you the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to withstand in
+the evil day, and having done all, to stand. Stand, therefore, having your
+loins girt about with truth, and having on the breast-plate of
+righteousness; and your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of
+peace; above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able
+to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of
+salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God," _Ib._
+13-17.
+
+Thus equipped, they went forth, conquering and to conquer. They assailed
+the strong-holds of sin and Satan, and planted the standard of the cross
+in all portions of the then civilized world. And at the end of their
+warfare thousands of them could say with the apostle: "I have fought a
+good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: henceforth
+there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the
+righteous Judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto
+all them also that love his appearing," 2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
+
+The period symbolized under this seal, was distinguished for purity of
+faith in the church, and devotion to the cause of Christ,--indicated by the
+whiteness of the horse that the warrior rides.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the second seal, I heard the second living
+    being say, Come! And there went out another horse that was red:
+    and power was given to him, who sat on him, to take peace from the
+    earth, and that they should kill each other: and a great sword was
+    given to him."--Rev. 6:3, 4.
+
+
+This symbol, like the former, is that of a mounted warrior, and must also
+symbolize a body of religious teachers. The color of the horse, indicates
+that the doctrine and character of the body symbolized will have lost the
+original purity of the church, and become more sanguinary; which is also
+indicated by the great sword given him.
+
+The warfare under this seal is not against outside enemies; for they kill
+each other. This, then, indicates an era when the church shall be
+disquieted, and her peace interrupted by internal dissensions. Such was
+its history during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. This period was
+distinguished for the contentions of the clergy; their usurpation of power
+not conferred by the apostles; their divisions and sub-divisions into
+parties; their opposing councils; their collisions and distractions; their
+love of power; their pride, discord, strife, and tyranny; their mutual
+anathemas and excommunications; the envy, jealousy, and detraction they
+indulged in, and the other hateful passions which they exercised. Thus
+they marred the peace of the church; and by causing many to apostatize,
+killed each other with spiritual death.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the third seal I heard the third living being
+    say, Come! And I beheld, and lo, a black horse; and he, who sat on
+    him, had a balance in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst
+    of the four living beings say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and
+    three measures of barley for a penny; and injure thou not the oil
+    and the wine."--Rev. 6:5, 6.
+
+
+This foreshadows a period of great scarcity and cruel exactions. Applying
+it to the only department of society which is analogous to civil life, and
+the famine symbolized, is like that predicted by Amos: "Behold, the days
+come, saith the Lord God, that I will send a famine into the land, not a
+famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the
+Lord: and they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to
+the east; they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the Lord, and
+shall not find it," Amos 8:11, 12.
+
+This, then, marks a period when the traditions and opinions of men are
+substituted for the word of God. With Origen was introduced a new mode of
+interpreting scripture, which afterwards became prevalent. The scriptures,
+instead of being received in their natural and obvious sense, were
+regarded as mystical and allegorical. Milner, in his Church History, says:
+"From the fanciful mode of allegory, introduced by him, and uncontrolled
+by scriptural rule and order, there arose a vitiated method of commenting
+on the sacred pages." And Mosheim says: "The few who explained the sacred
+writings with judgment and a true spirit of criticism, could not oppose,
+with any success, the torrent of allegory that was overflowing the
+church." Following this example, Luther says, "men make just what they
+please of the Scriptures, until some accommodate the word of God to the
+most extravagant absurdities."
+
+Substituting the conceptions of their own fancy for the word of God, they
+withheld from the people the bread of life, and produced a famine for the
+word of the Lord. Crude notions took the place of Bible doctrines; and
+pernicious speculations were substituted for the teachings of Christ and
+his apostles. Baptism and the Lord's supper, lost their emblematic
+significance, and were regarded as saving ordinances. Heaven was sought to
+be merited by works, and sanctification was supposed to be gained by
+penance and mortification of the flesh. In short, all the corruptions of
+the apostasy were substituted for the primitive faith, and the Bible
+became a sealed book to the great mass of the people.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the
+    fourth living being saying, Come! And I looked, and behold, a pale
+    horse: and his name, who sat on him, was Death, and the pit
+    followed with him. And power was given to them over the fourth
+    part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with famine, and with
+    pestilence, and with the wild beasts of the earth."--Rev. 6:7, 8.
+
+
+The Christian church alone being analogous to the civil power, it is
+within its pale that the fulfilment of this symbol is to be looked for.
+During this period, violence is substituted for famine; and men are
+compelled to apostatize, which results in spiritual death. The Papacy
+having the power to enforce her decrees, Christians had to embrace her
+faith, or be handed over to the secular power for punishment. They
+produced death by compelling men to apostatize, by withholding from them
+the word of life, by infusing into their minds pestiferous doctrines, and
+by the fear of the civil power,--symbolized by the sword, famine,
+pestilence, and beasts of the earth.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the
+    souls of those slain on account of the word of God, and on account
+    of the testimony, which they held: and they cried with a loud
+    voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not
+    judge and avenge our blood on those, who dwell on the earth? And a
+    white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them,
+    that they should rest yet for a short time, until their
+    fellow-servants also and their brethren, that were to be slain as
+    they were, should be filled up."--Rev. 6:9-11.
+
+
+This symbolized a period intervening between the time of the martyrdom, of
+those whose souls are seen in vision, and another time of persecution to
+follow. Consequently, the symbol represents the disembodied spirits of
+those who had already been slain. They symbolize the souls of martyrs who
+counted not their lives dear unto themselves for the sake of Christ; and
+being faithful unto death, were in expectation of a crown of life. Says
+Mr. Lord: "The term {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is used in the prophecy to denote the dead
+bodies of the martyrs (chap. 11:9), and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (20:4) to denote their
+disembodied spirits. They are represented as having been slain, and as
+uttering their appeal to God because of their blood having been shed."
+Also: "The martyr souls are exhibited in their own persons; and obviously
+because no others could serve as their symbol,--there being no others that
+have undergone a change from a bodied to a disembodied life, nor that
+sustain such relations to God, of forgiveness, acceptance, and assurance
+of a resurrection from death, and a priesthood with Christ during his
+victorious reign on the earth," Ex. Apoc. p. 155.
+
+The altar, symbolizes the atonement made by Christ for sin; and,
+consequently, the position of the souls of the martyrs under it, indicates
+their reliance on him for an inheritance in his everlasting kingdom,--when
+"he shall come to be glorified in his saints," and to "take vengeance on
+them that know not God, and obey not the gospel," 2 Thess. 1:8, 10.
+
+The presentation of white robes to them, symbolizes their acceptance and
+justification.
+
+The declaration that they must rest till _their fellow-servants are
+killed_, as they have been, implies another persecution, to be subsequent
+to the period symbolized by the opening of this seal. The persecutions
+which followed the Reformation, in which the fires of Smithfield were
+lighted in England, the Huguenots were driven from France, and thousands
+suffered martyrdom, probably fulfilled this.
+
+The interest taken by the souls of the martyrs in the avenging of their
+blood on the earth, shows that the spirits of departed saints look forward
+with intense interest to the time of their glorification. And although the
+dead who die in the Lord are blessed, the glories of the resurrection morn
+are not less desired by those who are absent from the body and present
+with the Lord, than by humble, devoted, waiting Christians here.
+
+The opening of this seal evidently synchronizes with the commencement of
+the reformation, when they might have supposed the kingdom of God would
+immediately appear.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Seal.
+
+
+    "And I beheld when he opened the sixth seal, and there was a great
+    earthquake; and the sun became black like sackcloth of hair, and
+    the moon became like blood: and the stars of heaven fell to the
+    earth, as a fig-tree casteth its unripe figs, when shaken by a
+    mighty wind. And the heaven departed like a scroll rolled
+    together; and every mountain and island were removed from their
+    places. And the kings of the earth, and the nobles, and the rich,
+    and the commanders, and the strong men, and every bond-man, and
+    every freeman, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the
+    mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and
+    hide us from the face of Him seated on the throne, and from the
+    wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his wrath is come; and who
+    can stand?"--Rev. 6:12-17.
+
+
+The laws of symbolization require that symbols should not be
+representatives of their own order when there is any analogous order to be
+representatives of. In other places in the Apocalypse, these symbols are
+used, under circumstances where it is impossible to regard them as symbols
+of their own order. And here, as the kings of the earth call on the rocks
+and mountains to fall on them after the heaven has departed as a scroll
+and every mountain and island is moved out of its place, it is necessary
+to regard them as symbols of objects of analogous orders.
+
+The earthquake, then, as in corresponding Scriptures, symbolizes a
+political revolution. The darkening of the sun and moon, would represent a
+change in the character of the rulers and legislators of the world, so
+that instead of extending a genial influence over their subjects, they
+should exert a deleterious one; and the fall of the stars, their ejection
+from their stations--synchronizing with the first five vials (16:1-11), and
+fulfilled in the political revolutions of Europe during the past century.
+
+By the passing away of the heavens and the removal of mountains and
+islands from their places, is symbolized the total dissolution of all
+human governments--corresponding to the seventh vial (16:20).
+
+On the occurrence of this unprecedented state of anarchy, the inhabitants
+of earth will be aware of the proximity of the Advent. They flee from the
+face of the Lamb, which indicates his appearance in the clouds of heaven
+at his personal advent. The great day of wrath will have come; but before
+the infliction of merited punishment on his enemies, the servants of God
+are to be designated, the righteous dead are to be raised, and they with
+the righteous living are to be caught up to meet the Lord in the air, 1
+Thess. 4:17. The living righteous are designated by:
+
+
+
+
+The Sealing of the Servants of God.
+
+
+    "And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four
+    corners of the earth, holding fast the four winds of the earth,
+    that a wind might not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on
+    any tree. And I saw another angel ascending from the rising of the
+    sun, having a seal of the living God: and he cried with a loud
+    voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to injure the earth
+    and the sea, saying, Injure not the earth, nor the sea, nor the
+    trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God on their
+    foreheads! And I heard the number of those sealed: a hundred and
+    forty-four thousand were sealed out of all the tribes of the
+    children of Israel. Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were
+    sealed. Of the tribe of Reuben twelve thousand were sealed. Of the
+    tribe of Gad twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Asher
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Naphtali, twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Manasseh twelve thousand
+    were sealed. Of the tribe of Simeon twelve thousand were sealed.
+    Of the tribe of Levi twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of
+    Issachar twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Zebulon
+    twelve thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Joseph twelve
+    thousand were sealed. Of the tribe of Benjamin twelve thousand
+    were sealed."--Rev. 7:1-8.
+
+
+The symbols here presented, were seen immediately subsequent to the
+exhibition of the preceding ones. This alone would not prove that the
+events symbolized follow in order, but it is indicated by their being a
+continuation of the symbolization under the sixth seal, and before the
+opening of the seventh.
+
+In the sixth chapter, the great men and rich men, as well as bond-men, are
+aware of the proximity of the day of the Lord, and seek for a refuge from
+the face of the Lamb. The next events in consecutive order, would be the
+resurrection of the righteous dead, the change of the living, their
+ascension to meet the Lord in the air, and the infliction of the wrath of
+God on the wicked.
+
+After the wicked seek to escape from God's presence, the righteous are
+still unchanged upon the earth. But before the wrath of God is poured upon
+his enemies, the winds of heaven are to be holden while the angel of the
+living God seals his servants in their foreheads. The holding of the winds
+and the sealing are, consequently, subsequent to the terror of the wicked,
+at the appearance of the Saviour.
+
+The four winds are the winds coming from all directions; and symbolize
+strife, war, and commotion among men, analogous to the violent action of
+the winds of heaven.
+
+In Dan. 7:2, the striving of the four winds upon the great sea preceded
+the rising of the four beasts: in other words, the various contests and
+strifes among the different people and tongues of earth resulted in the
+establishment of the successive empires which have arisen to universal
+dominion. The blowing of the wind seems to be any influence exerted upon
+men. In Ezek. 37:9 the breathing of the wind revives the dead; and in
+Zech. 5:9 it symbolizes the removal of the wickedness of the Jews.
+
+The angels holding the winds, consequently, must symbolize the agencies
+which have the power to excite or quell these disturbing influences. They
+do the bidding of the Lord in restraining or exerting the influences which
+should produce the effect symbolized. The holding of them indicates the
+proximity and certainty of their blowing unless they are restrained. The
+earth, sea, and trees, which would be hurt by the blowing of the wind,
+evidently symbolize the different classes of inhabitants of the earth, on
+whom an effect would be produced by the blowing of the winds, analogous to
+the effect produced on those elements by a violent tempest, or hurricane.
+The storm here symbolized is evidently that of which the Scriptures speak.
+"On the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible
+tempest," Psa. 11:6. "Thou shalt be visited of the Lord of hosts with
+thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and
+the flame of devouring fire," Isa. 29:6. "The Lord hath a mighty and
+strong one, which as a tempest of hail, and a destroying storm, as flood
+of waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand," _Ib._
+28:2.
+
+The sealing of the servants of God in their foreheads, designates them,
+but does not constitute them such; for none are sealed, only those who are
+previously his. This is in allusion to the ancient custom of stamping with
+a hot iron the name of the owner on the forehead or shoulder of his slave.
+Before the final destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, Ezekiel saw
+in vision a man clothed in linen, with a writer's ink-horn by his side,
+who was commissioned to go through the midst of Jerusalem and set a mark
+on the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the
+abominations that be done in the midst thereof. And the destroying angels
+who were commanded to slay all, both old and young, to spare not, nor to
+have pity, were expressly told to "come not near any man upon whom is the
+mark," Ezek. 9:2-6. When the destroying angel passed through Egypt, on the
+night of the Passover, "to slay all the first-born of that nation, the
+houses of the Israelites were indicated by the blood of the Paschal Lamb
+sprinkled on their lintels and door-posts; and by these the angels
+passed," Ex. 12:23. Thus in the present instance, before the descent of
+the impending storm, the servants of the Lord are to be indicated by the
+seal of the living God in their foreheads, and will be spared the horrible
+tempest which will "hurt" all those on whom it shall fall.
+
+The 144,000,--the whole number sealed, is a perfect number,--an appropriate
+symbol of all the living righteous on the earth. The twelve tribes, then,
+would symbolize all the branches of Christ's mystical body in which the
+servants of God are found. The pious dead would need no mark indicative of
+their acceptance, having previously, in the white robes given them,
+received the symbols of their justification, 6:11. That their resurrection
+and the changing of the living, immediately succeeded, is evident from:
+
+
+
+
+The Palm-bearing Multitude.
+
+
+    "After these things I looked, and lo, a great crowd, which no one
+    could number, out of all nations, and tribes, and people, and
+    tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed
+    with white robes, and palm-branches in their hands; and they cried
+    with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God seated on the
+    throne, and to the Lamb! And all the angels stood around the
+    throne, and the elders and the four living beings, and fell before
+    the throne on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, Amen:
+    blessing and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and
+    power, and might, be to our God for ever and ever. Amen! And one
+    of the elders answered, saying to me, Who are these arrayed in
+    white robes? and whence came they? And I said to him, My Lord,
+    thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they who came out of
+    great affliction, and have washed their robes, and made them white
+    in the blood of the Lamb. For this, they are before the throne of
+    God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and He, who
+    sitteth on the throne, will dwell among them. They will hunger no
+    more, and will thirst no more; nor will the sun light on them, nor
+    any heat. For the Lamb, who is in the midst of the throne, will
+    tend them, and lead them to fountains of living waters: and God
+    will wipe away every tear from their eyes."--Rev. 7:9-17.
+
+
+This great multitude of white-robed palm-bearers, must include those who,
+under the preceding seal, anxiously inquired how long was to be deferred
+the avenging of their blood on those who dwell on the earth. That epoch
+had now arrived; and they come forth arrayed in the white robes then given
+them. The palm-branches in their hands, are emblems of victory. They
+symbolize the subjects of the first resurrection, caught up to meet the
+Lord in the air. That they are gathered from every land and every age, is
+asserted when it is said they are from every kindred, tongue, and people;
+and that they triumph over death and the grave, is evident from the answer
+of one of the elders to the questions: "What are these?" and "Whence came
+they?"
+
+The epoch, is a point of time intervening between the first resurrection,
+and the descent of the new Jerusalem, 21:2. The loud and united voice,
+with which the redeemed multitude cry "Salvation to our God which sitteth
+upon the throne, and unto the Lamb,"--synchronizes with that of the "great
+multitude," which, like the voice of many waters, and of "mighty
+thunderings," shouted "Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth"
+(19:6), immediately preceding the marriage-supper of the Lamb (19:6-9).
+They are removed above the troubles of earth, which are impending upon the
+wicked, under:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Seal.
+
+
+    "And when he opened the seventh seal, silence took place in heaven
+    for about half an hour. And I saw the seven angels, who stood
+    before God; and seven trumpets were given to them. And another
+    angel came and stood by the altar, having a golden censer; and
+    much incense was given to him, that he should offer it with the
+    prayers of all the saints on the golden altar before the throne.
+    And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints,
+    ascended before God from the angel's hand. And the angel took the
+    censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and out it into
+    the earth: and there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings,
+    and an earthquake."--Rev. 8:1-5.
+
+
+The epoch of this seal, is sometimes regarded as anterior to that of the
+trumpets; and those are often supposed to be included in the events of
+this seal; but no conclusive reason has ever been given for removing it
+from its obvious position as the closing one, of a series of successive
+periods, commencing with the gospel, and extending to the end of the
+world. If the first six are successive in their respective order, analogy
+would require that the seventh be thus considered.
+
+Under the sixth seal, the great men and rich, are seen fleeing to the
+rocks for refuge from the wrath of the Lamb; and the risen saints
+symbolized, are in the Saviour's presence; but the infliction of the wrath
+of God on the wicked is not there symbolized. The events of that seal come
+down as far as those in the 19th chapter, which precede the marriage of
+the Lamb, 19:7.
+
+The half-hour's silence, is the first thing indicated under the seventh
+seal. Being so expressly noticed, it would seem to be of some
+significance. As a period of symbolic time, on the scale of a day for a
+year, "about half an hour," would equal a week's duration--corresponding to
+the time which intervened between the entrance of Noah into the ark, and
+the commencement of the deluge, Gen. 7:1-4. As the period evidently
+synchronizes with the parable of the Saviour, when "the Bridegroom came;
+and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door
+was shut" (Matt. 25:10),--the others being still without,--it would seem to
+symbolize the time, between the entrance to the marriage of the Lamb
+(19:7), and the going forth of the Word of God with his armies, to judge,
+make war, and to slay the remnant with the sword, 19:11-21. It would be a
+period of holy joy to the righteous in the Saviour's presence, and of
+awful suspense to the wicked.
+
+The seven angels, to whom were given seven trumpets, being introduced
+here, have doubtless caused the events of this seal to be regarded as
+anterior to the first trumpet. As those immediately following, evidently
+synchronize with occurrences of the closing epoch, the angels can only be
+introduced here in anticipation of the symbolization which they are to
+unfold under the sounding of the successive trumpets--the same as the seven
+angels with the last plagues are introduced, before the epoch of the
+commencement of their allotted work, 15:1.
+
+The golden censer was the instrument in which incense was burned in the
+Jewish worship. Incense symbolizes prayers (5:8). The offering of much
+incense with the prayers of all saints and the smoke of the incense
+ascending up before God, indicates the acceptance of their offerings in
+heaven--the act being before the throne, and not on the earth. The
+acceptance of their prayers, also implies their own acceptance, when
+presented "faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy,"
+Jude 24.
+
+The fire from the altar, symbolizes the instruments of divine justice; and
+the filling the censer with coals after the acceptance of the saints, and
+the casting of both the censer and fire to the earth, indicate that
+thenceforth there would be no more acceptance of prayer from those left on
+the earth, but the speedy infliction of impending judgments.
+
+The "voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake," which
+followed, evidently synchronize with the same events which follow the
+seventh trumpet: when the "wrath of God" has come, with "the time of the
+dead that they should be judged;" and when those are to be destroyed who
+have destroyed the earth, 11:19. They are the same, also, as those under
+the seventh vial, (16:18); and symbolize the final overturn and commotion,
+previous to the cleansing of the earth and the ushering in of a better
+day: Then will the
+
+        "fire purge all things new,
+Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell."--MILTON, BOOK XI.
+
+
+
+
+The Seven Trumpets.
+
+
+    "And the seven angels having seven trumpets prepared themselves to
+    sound."--Rev. 8:6.
+
+
+The sounding of each successive trumpet marks the commencement of an era,
+of a longer or shorter duration, as the striking of a clock does the
+succession of hours. During each era, were to be fulfilled the events
+symbolized in connection with its respective trumpet. Those under the
+trumpets are more of a political character than those presented in
+connection with the seals.
+
+
+
+The First Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the first angel sounded, and there was hail and fire mingled
+    with blood, and they were cast into the earth; and the third part
+    of the earth was burnt up, and the third part of the trees was
+    burnt up, and every green herb was burnt up."--Rev. 8:7.
+
+
+The earth of the Apocalypse is regarded by most expositors as the Roman
+empire, in a state of comparative quiet. As no tornado like this described
+has ever happened, its correspondence must be sought for in the political
+relations of the empire. There is great unanimity among commentators
+respecting the period and the agents here symbolized,--that it refers to
+the invasions of the Goths and other barbarians, from A. D. 363 to 410.
+After 395, their incursions were more severe than during the earlier
+portion of that period. The third part of the earth, would be the third
+part of the Roman empire, in distinction from the other two-thirds.
+
+The green grass of the earth, the trees, &c., are distinguished from
+"those men which have _not_ the seal of God in their foreheads" (9:4), and
+must therefore symbolize the people of God in the third part of the
+empire. As all the green grass is burnt up, while only one-third of the
+trees suffer, the latter cannot include one-third of all the trees in the
+empire, but only one-third in the parts affected,--the grass indicating the
+more weakly, and the trees the more hardy classes of Christians.
+
+The infidel historian, Gibbon, has given the events which fitly correspond
+with the symbolization of these trumpets. After the death of Theodosius,
+in January, A. D. 395, Alaric, the bold leader of the Gothic nation, took
+arms against the empire. The terrible effects of this invasion, are thus
+described:--
+
+"The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independent standard; and boldly
+avowed hostile designs, which they had long cherished in their ferocious
+minds. Their countrymen, who had been condemned, by the conditions of the
+last treaty, to a life of tranquillity and labor, deserted their farms at
+the first sound of the trumpet, and eagerly assumed the weapons which they
+had reluctantly laid down. The barriers of the Danube were thrown open;
+the savage warriors of Scythia issued from their forest; and the uncommon
+severity of the winter, allowed the poet to remark, that 'they rolled
+their ponderous wagons over the broad and icy back of the indignant
+river.' The unhappy nations of the provinces to the south of the Danube,
+submitted to the calamities, which, in the course of twenty years, were
+almost grown familiar to their imagination; and the various troops of
+barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name, were irregularly spread from
+the woody shores of Dalmatia, to the walls of Constantinople. The Goths
+were directed by the bold and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of a
+divided court, and a discontented people, the emperor, Arcadius, was
+terrified by the aspect of the Gothic arms. Alaric disdained to trample
+any longer on the prostrate and ruined countries of Thrace and Dacia, and
+he resolved to seek a plentiful harvest of fame and riches in a province
+which had hitherto escaped the ravages of war.
+
+"Alaric traversed, without resistance, the plains of Macedonia and
+Thessaly. The troops which had been posted to defend the Straits of
+Thermopylae, retired, as they were directed, without attempting to disturb
+the secure and rapid passage of Alaric; and the fertile fields of Phocis
+and Boeotia were instantly covered with a deluge of barbarians, who
+massacred the males of an age to bear arms, and drove away the beautiful
+females, with the spoil and cattle of the flaming villages. The travellers
+who visited Greece several years afterwards, could easily discover the
+deep and bloody traces of the march of the Goths. The whole territory of
+Attica was blasted by his baneful presence; and if we may use the
+comparison of a cotemporary philosopher, Athens itself resembled the
+bleeding and empty skin of a slaughtered victim. Corinth, Argos, Sparta,
+yielded without resistance to the arms of the Goths; and the most
+fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by death, from beholding the
+slavery of their families, and the conflagration of their
+cities."--_Gibbon's Rome_, vol. v., p. 177.
+
+Being tempted by the fame of Rome, Alaric hastened to subjugate it. He put
+to flight the Emperor of the West; but deliverance soon came, and Rome was
+saved from his hands. Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another cloud
+was gathering, and is thus described by Gibbon:--
+
+"About four years after the victorious Toulan had assumed the title of
+Khan of the Geougen, another barbarian, the haughty Rhodogast, or
+Radagaisus, marched from the northern extremities of Germany almost to the
+gates of Rome, and left the remains of his army to achieve the destruction
+of the West. The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, formed the
+strength of this mighty host; but the Alani, who had found a hospitable
+reception in their new seats, added their active cavalry to the heavy
+infantry of the Germans; and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly to
+the standard of Radagaisus, that, by some historians, he has been styled
+the King of the Goths. Twelve thousand warriors, distinguished above the
+vulgar by their noble birth, or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van;
+and the whole multitude, which was not less than two hundred thousand
+fighting men, might be increased by the accession of women, of children,
+and of slaves, to the amount of four hundred thousand persons.
+
+"The correspondence of nations was, in that age, so imperfect and
+precarious, that the revolutions of the North might escape the knowledge
+of the court of Ravenna, till the dark cloud, which was collected along
+the coast of the Baltic, burst in thunder upon the banks of the Upper
+Danube, &c. Many cities of Italy were pillaged or destroyed; and the siege
+of Florence by Radagaisus, is one of the earliest events in the history of
+that celebrated republic, whose firmness checked or delayed the unskilful
+fury of the barbarians.
+
+"While the peace of Germany was secured by the attachment of the Franks,
+and the neutrality of the Alemanni, the subjects of Rome, unconscious of
+the approaching calamities, enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, which
+had seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul. Their flocks and herds were
+permitted to graze in the pastures of the barbarians: their huntsmen
+penetrated, without fear or danger, into the darkest recesses of the
+Hercynian wood. The banks of the Rhine were crowded, like those of the
+Tiber, with elegant houses and well-cultivated farms; and if the poet
+descended the river, he might express his doubt on which side was situated
+the territory of the Romans. This scene of peace and plenty was suddenly
+changed into a desert; and the prospect of the smoking ruins, could alone
+distinguish the solitude of nature, from the desolation of man. The
+flourishing city of Mentz was surprised and destroyed; and many thousand
+Christians were inhumanly massacred in the church. Worms perished, after a
+long and obstinate siege; Strasburg, Spires, Rheims, Tournay, Arras,
+Amiens, experienced the cruel oppression of the German yoke; and the
+consuming flames of war spread from the banks of the Rhine over the
+greatest part of the seventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich and extensive
+country, as far as the ocean, the Alps, and the Pyrenees, was delivered to
+the barbarians, who drove before them, in a promiscuous crowd, the bishop,
+the senator, and the virgin, laden with the spoils of their houses and
+altars."--_Ibid._, vol. v., p. 224.
+
+After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus, Alaric again returned,
+invaded Italy in 408, and in 410 he besieged, took, and sacked Rome, and
+died the same year. In 412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy.
+
+In this last year, "a public conference was held in Carthage, by order of
+the magistrate;" and it was there agreed to inflict the most severe
+penalties on those who dissented from the Catholic doctrines, in the
+African part of the Roman empire. Says Gibbon:--"Three hundred bishops,
+with many thousands of the inferior clergy, were torn from their churches,
+stripped of their ecclesiastical possessions, banished to the islands, and
+proscribed by the laws, if they presumed to conceal themselves in the
+provinces of Africa. Their numerous congregations, both in the cities and
+country, were deprived of the rights of citizens, and of the exercise of
+religious worship."
+
+
+
+The Second Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the second angel sounded, and it was as if a great mountain
+    burning with fire were cast into the sea: and the third part of
+    the sea became blood; and the third part of the creatures in the
+    sea, and having life, died; and the third part of the ships was
+    destroyed."--Rev. 8:8, 9.
+
+
+A mountain differs from a tornado, and must symbolize a compact, organized
+body of invaders. Its being of a volcanic nature, renders it so much the
+more terrible and destructive.
+
+As waters symbolize "peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues," the sea
+into which the mountain is cast, is a people already agitated by previous
+commotions.
+
+The ships and fish in the sea, must necessarily symbolize agents
+sustaining a relation to the Roman Sea, analogous to the relation of such
+to the literal sea. They are those who live upon, and are supported by,
+the people:--the rulers and the officers of state.
+
+The symbol of a burning mountain fitly represents the armed invaders under
+Genseric. In the year 429, with fifty thousand effective men he landed on
+the shores of Africa, established an independent government in that part
+of the Roman empire, and from thence, harassed the southern shores of
+Europe and the intermediate islands, by perpetual incursions. Says
+Gibbon:--"The Vandals, who, in twenty years, had penetrated from the Elbe
+to Mount Atlas, were united under the command of their warlike king; and
+he reigned with equal authority over the Alarici, who had passed within
+the term of human life, from the cold of Scythia, to the excessive heat of
+an African climate.
+
+"The Vandals and Alarici, who followed the successful standard of
+Genseric, had acquired a rich and fertile territory, which stretched along
+the coast from Tangiers to Tripoli; but their narrow limits were pressed
+and confined on either side by the sandy desert and the Mediterranean. The
+discovery and conquest of the black nations that might dwell beneath the
+torrid zone, could not tempt the rational ambition of Genseric; but he
+cast his eyes towards the sea; he resolved to create a new naval power,
+and his bold enterprise was executed with steady and active perseverance.
+The woods of Mount Atlas afforded an inexhaustible nursery of timber; his
+new subjects were skilled in the art of navigation and ship-building; he
+animated his daring Vandals to embrace a mode of warfare which would
+render every maritime country accessible to their arms; the Moors and
+Africans were allured by the hope of plunder; and, after an interval of
+six centuries, the fleet that issued from the port of Carthage again
+claimed the empire of the Mediterranean. The success of the Vandals, the
+conquest of Sicily, the sack of Palermo, and the frequent descents on the
+coast of Lucania, awakened and alarmed the mother of Valentinian, and the
+sister of Theodosius."
+
+"The naval power of Rome was unequal to the task of saving even the
+imperial city from the ravages of the Vandals. Sailing from Africa, they
+disembarked at the port of Ostia, and Rome and its inhabitants were
+delivered to the licentiousness of Vandals and Moors, whose blind passions
+revenged the injuries of Carthage. The pillage lasted fourteen days and
+nights; and all that yet remained of public and private wealth, of sacred
+or profane treasure, was diligently transported to the vessels of
+Genseric. In the forty-five years that had elapsed since the Gothic
+invasion, the pomp and luxury of Rome were in some measure restored; and
+it was difficult either to escape, or to satisfy the avarice of a
+conqueror, who possessed leisure to collect, and ships to transport, the
+wealth of the capital."--_Gibbon._
+
+
+
+The Third Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the third angel sounded, and a great star fell from heaven,
+    burning like a torch, and it fell on the third part of the rivers,
+    and on the fountains of waters; and the name of the star is called
+    Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and
+    many men died by the waters, because they were made bitter."--Rev.
+    8:10, 11.
+
+
+The sounding of the third trumpet marks the advent of a third invader of
+the Roman empire. And such was Attila, the king of the Huns, who invaded
+Gaul A. D. 451. Gibbon says:--
+
+"The kings and nations of Germany and Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to
+the Danube, obeyed the warlike summons of Attila. From the royal village
+in the plains of Hungary, his standard moved towards the west; and, after
+a march of seven or eight hundred miles, he reached the conflux of the
+Rhine and the Necker." "The hostile myriads were poured with resistless
+violence into the Belgic provinces." "The consternation of Gaul was
+universal." "From the Rhine and the Moselle, Attila advanced into the
+heart of Gaul, crossed the Seine at Auxerre, and, after a long and
+laborious march, fixed his camp under the walls of Orleans." "An alliance
+was formed between the Romans and Visigoths." The hostile armies
+approached. " 'I myself,' said Attila, 'will throw the first javelin, and
+the wretch who refuses to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devoted
+to inevitable death.' The spirit of the barbarians was rekindled by the
+presence, the voice, and the example, of their intrepid leader; and
+Attila, yielding to their impatience, immediately formed his order of
+battle. At the head of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila occupied, in
+person, the centre of the line." The nations from the Volga to the
+Atlantic were assembled on the plains of Chalons; and there fought a
+battle, "fierce, various, obstinate, and bloody, such as could not be
+paralleled, either in the present, or in past ages! The number of the
+slain amounted to one hundred and sixty-two thousand, or according to
+another account, three hundred thousand persons; and these incredible
+exaggerations suppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to justify the
+historian's remark, that whole generations may be swept away, by the
+madness of kings, in the space of a single hour."
+
+Attila was compelled to retreat; but neither his forces nor reputation
+suffered. He "passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besieged Aquileia with
+an innumerable host of barbarians." "The succeeding generation could
+scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. After this dreadful chastisement,
+Attila pursued his march; and, as he passed, the cities of Altinum,
+Concordia, and Padua were reduced into heaps of stones and ashes. The
+inland towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, were exposed to the rapacious
+cruelty of the Huns. Milan and Pavia submitted, without resistance, to the
+loss of their wealth;" and "applauded the unusual clemency which preserved
+from the flames the public as well as private buildings, and spared the
+lives of the captive multitude." "Attila spread his ravages over the rich
+plains of modern Lombardy; which are divided by the Po, and bounded by the
+Alps and Apennines." He took possession of the royal palace of Milan. "It
+is a saying worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila, that the grass never
+grew on the spot where his horse had trod."
+
+He advanced into Italy, only as far as the plains of Lombardy and the
+banks of the Po, reducing the cities he passed to stones and ashes; but
+there his ravages ceased. He concluded a peace with the Romans in the year
+of his invasion of Italy (451), and the next year he died. Thus he
+appeared like a fiery meteor, exerted his appointed influence upon the
+tongues and people, who were tributary to the Romans,--as rivers and
+fountains of waters are to the sea; and like a burning star, he as
+suddenly expired. As a specimen of the bitterness which followed his
+course, it is recorded of the Thuringians who served in his army, and who
+traversed, both in their march and in their return, the territories of the
+Franks, "that they massacred their hostages as well as their captives. Two
+hundred young maidens were tortured with exquisite and unrelenting rage;
+their bodies were torn asunder by wild horses, or were crushed under the
+weight of rolling wagons; and their unburied limbs were abandoned on
+public roads, as a prey to dogs and vultures."
+
+
+
+The Fourth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was
+    smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the
+    stars; so that the third part of them was darkened, and the day
+    shone not for a third part of it, and the night in like
+    manner."--Rev. 8:12.
+
+
+The sun, moon, and stars cannot here, any more than under the sixth seal
+(6:12,13), symbolize agents of their own order, but must represent the
+rulers of the Roman empire. Says Dr. Keith:--
+
+"At the voice of the first angel, and the blast of his trumpet, the whole
+Roman world was in agitation, and 'the storms of war' passed over it all.
+'The union of the empire was dissolved;' a third part of it fell; and the
+'transalpine provinces were separated from the empire.' Under the second
+trumpet, the provinces of Africa, another, or the maritime, part, was in
+like manner reft from Rome, and the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea,
+and even in their harbors. The empire of Rome, hemmed in on every side,
+was then limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within its bounds, and along the
+fountains and rivers of waters, the third trumpet reechoed from the Alps
+to the Apennines. The last barrier of the empire of Rome was broken. The
+plains of Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe: and from thence new
+enemies arose to bring to an end the strife of the world with the imperial
+city.
+
+" 'In the space of twenty years since the death of Valentinian' (two years
+subsequent to the death of Attila), 'nine emperors had successively
+disappeared; and the son of Orestes, a youth recommended only by his
+beauty, would be the least entitled to the notice of posterity, if his
+reign, which was marked by the extinction of the Roman empire in the west,
+did not leave a memorable era in the history of mankind.' "
+
+The throne of the Caesars had been for ages the sun of the world; while
+other kings were designated as stars. The imperial power had first been
+transferred to Constantinople by Constantine; and it was afterwards
+divided between the east and the west; but the eastern empire was not yet
+doomed to destruction. The precise year in which the western empire was
+extinguished, is not positively ascertained, but it is usually assigned to
+A. D. 476. Some place it in 479. The imperial Roman power, of which either
+Rome or Constantinople had been jointly or singly the seat, whether in the
+West or the East, ceased to be recognized in Italy; and the third part of
+the sun was smitten, till it emitted no longer the faintest rays. The
+power of the Caesars became unknown in Italy; and a Gothic king reigned
+over Rome.
+
+Dr. Keith considers that "the concluding words of the fourth trumpet imply
+the future restoration of the Western empire: 'The day shone not for a
+third part of it, and the night likewise.' In respect to civil authority,
+Rome became subject to Ravenna; and Italy was a conquered province of the
+Eastern empire. But, as more appropriately pertaining to other prophecies,
+the defence of the worship of images first brought the spiritual and
+temporal powers of the Pope and of the emperor into violent collision;
+and, by conferring on the Pope all authority over the churches, Justinian
+laid his helping hand to the promotion of the papal supremacy, which
+afterwards assumed the power of creating monarchs. In the year of our Lord
+800, the Pope conferred on Charlemagne the title of Emperor of the Romans.
+The title was again transferred from the King of France to the Emperor of
+Germany. By the latter it was formally renounced, within the memory of the
+existing generation. In our own days the iron crown of Italy was on the
+head of another 'emperor.' " Then the sun was suddenly darkened, as
+symbolized under the sixth seal, 6:12. p. 66.
+
+
+
+The Woe-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    "And I beheld, and heard an eagle flying in the midst of heaven,
+    saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabitants of the
+    earth, from the remaining voices of the trumpet of the three
+    angels, who are to sound."--Rev. 8:13.
+
+
+The word eagle, instead of angel, is in accordance with the more recent
+revised editions of the Greek. It must symbolize persons peculiarly
+apprehensive at this crisis, of disasters to follow the extinction of the
+Roman empire in the west. During the first half of the sixth century, the
+Sclavonians invaded the east, "spread from the suburbs of Constantinople
+to the Ionian Gulf, destroyed thirty-two cities or castles, razed Potidaea,
+which Athens had built, and Philip had besieged, and repassed the Danube,
+dragging at their horses' heels one hundred and twenty thousand of the
+subjects of Justinian."--_Gibbon._ And they continued their inroads, until
+the citizens became apprehensive that the Empire of the East would be
+extinguished like that of the West.
+
+This symbol also indicates that the events under the trumpets which were
+to follow, would be far more dreadful and terrible than those of the
+preceding ones. For this reason, the last three are sometimes denominated
+THE WOE TRUMPETS.
+
+
+
+The Fifth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star, which had fallen
+    from heaven to the earth: and to him was given the key of the pit
+    of the abyss. And he opened the pit of the abyss: and a smoke
+    arose out of the pit, like the smoke of a great furnace; and the
+    sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the pit. And locusts
+    came out of the smoke into the earth: and power was given to them,
+    as the scorpions of the earth have power. And it was said to them
+    that they should not injure the herbage of the earth, nor any
+    green thing, nor any tree; but only those men who have not the
+    seal of God on their foreheads. And they were not allowed to kill
+    them, but to torment them five months: and their torment was like
+    the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. And in those
+    days men will seek death, and will not find it; and will desire to
+    die, and death will flee from them. And the shapes of the locusts
+    were like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads were as
+    it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like the faces of
+    men. And they had hair like the hair of women, and their teeth
+    were like those of lions. And they had breast-plates, like
+    breast-plates of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the
+    sound of chariots with many horses rushing into battle. And they
+    had tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails:
+    and their power was to injure men five months. They had a king
+    over them, the messenger of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is
+    Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue he hath the name Apollyon. One
+    woe is past away; and behold, there come yet two woes
+    hereafter."--Rev. 9:1-12.
+
+
+The previous trumpets reveal the agencies which effected the dismemberment
+and overthrow of Western Rome. The fifth and sixth unfold those which
+terminated that empire in the east, embracing the territory between the
+Adriatic and Euphrates, the Lybian desert and the Danube.
+
+A star (1:20) symbolizes a messenger, or head of a religious body, p. 31.
+Mohammed is generally regarded as represented by this symbol. He was, by
+birth, of the princely house of the Koreish, Governors of Mecca, a family
+of eminence.
+
+The star had fallen to the earth before opening the pit of the abyss,
+which illustrates the flight of Mohammed from Mecca, and the seeming
+termination of all his hopes. To save his life, he took refuge, with one
+companion, in a cave near Medina, in A. D. 622, which forms the epoch of
+the Hegira, _i.e._, of his flight.
+
+The bottomless pit, is where Satan is subsequently cast (20:3); and the
+key of it being given to this agent, symbolizes his power to open and to
+cause the smoke to issue from it; the Satanic origin of which is thus
+indicated:
+
+Smoke is an appropriate representative of error, and symbolizes the
+Mohammedan doctrines; which, like the smoke of a great furnace, were
+disseminated far and wide, subverting the religion, and, in time,
+effecting the overthrow of the remaining portion of the Roman empire--the
+sun, one-third of which was smitten under the fourth trumpet.
+
+The locusts were generated in the smoke from whence they issued. In a
+corresponding manner, the spread of Mohammedanism resulted in the
+organization of hordes of Saracens, who propagated the religion of the
+false prophet by the sword, and founded the famous Arabian empire, which
+extended from the Atlantic ocean to the river Euphrates.
+
+The shapes of the locusts were like horses prepared for battle; and the
+Saracenic hordes, thus symbolized, were mounted horsemen, famous for the
+swiftness of their flight or pursuit, and ever ready for the contest.
+
+Their crowns, faces, hair, teeth, breast-plates, &c., seem to be
+indicative of their personal appearance: on their heads they wore yellow
+turbans, like coronets; their demeanor was grave and firm; their hair,
+like that of women, was suffered to grow uncut; they were defended by the
+cuirass or breast-plate; and in rushing to battle, their onset was like
+that of chariots and many horses.
+
+They had a king over them, named Abaddon in the Hebrew, and Apollyon in
+the Greek, both of which signified the Destroyer. The Saracens
+acknowledged the authority of Mohammed during the whole period of their
+conquests; not only recognizing him as their prophet and king during his
+lifetime, but his successors, after his death, considered and called
+themselves Mohammed's _Caliphs_, or _Vicars_.
+
+Their mission was not against the grass, green things, and trees, but had
+express reference to the men who had _not_ the seal of God in their
+foreheads. The antithesis here expressed, shows that by the former were
+symbolized the servants of God, and that these locust-warriors were
+particularly commissioned against infidels and apostates. Christians were
+not to be molested; and provision was made for their protection, in the
+circular letter which Abubekir sent to the Arabian tribes, A. D. 633. He
+said:
+
+
+    " 'Remember, that you are always in the presence of God, on the
+    verge of death, in the assurance of judgment, and the hope of
+    paradise: avoid injustice and oppression; consult with your
+    brethren, and study to preserve the love and confidence of your
+    troops. When you fight the battles of the Lord, acquit yourselves
+    like men, without turning your backs; but let not your victory be
+    stained with the blood of women and children. Destroy _no
+    palm-trees, nor burn any fields of corn_. Cut down no fruit-trees,
+    nor do any mischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When
+    you make any covenant, or article, stand to it, and be as good as
+    your word. As you go on, you will find some _religious persons_
+    who live in retired monasteries, and propose to themselves to
+    serve God that way; let them alone, and neither kill them nor
+    destroy their monasteries; and you will find another sort of
+    people that belong to the synagogue of Satan, who have _shaven
+    crowns_; be sure you cleave their skulls, and give them no quarter
+    _till they either turn Mohammedans or pay tribute_.' "
+
+
+At this epoch, the Greek church at Constantinople had been preserved from
+the reproach of image worship, and still later it made strenuous efforts
+against it; but the churches of the north of Africa, and the Asiatic
+portion of the Eastern empire, had become greatly debased, and worshipped
+saints and images. And while the territories of these were speedily
+subverted to Mohammedanism, and became a part of the Arabian empire, the
+east of Europe was wonderfully preserved from their inroads.
+
+Their power was not to kill, but to torment men five months. To kill,
+symbolically, according to the significance of the second seal, p. 60, is
+to compel men to apostasize; and they could not be in a condition to force
+their religion on the men of the eastern empire, without first subjecting
+it by force of arms.
+
+The time of this torment was limited to five prophetic months. In one
+hundred and fifty years from the _Hegira_ the Saracen empire had ceased to
+be aggressive. In 762 Bagdad, the city of peace, was founded on the
+Tigris, by Al-Mansur, who died in 774. "From this time," says ROTTICK,
+"the Arabian history assumes an entirely different character." It was no
+longer progressive; the proud Saracen empire became dismembered, and three
+independent and hostile Caliphates, and several fragments of kingdoms,
+were formed from its ruins. In 841, the reigning Caliph at Bagdad,
+distrusting the spirit of his own troops, hired a body of fifty thousand
+Turkish soldiers, which he distributed in his dominions. These accelerated
+the ruin of the Caliphate, and, in time, the whole of the Saracen
+territory became subject to the Tartar rule, which had become Mohammedan,
+and also aimed to subject the eastern empire.
+
+The declaration that "one woe is past," v. 12, implies an interval between
+that and the woe following. In a corresponding manner, the crusaders from
+Europe, like the successive overflowing of a mighty river, restrained the
+Tartars from the conquest of Constantinople, which had now consented to
+image worship, till the sounding of:
+
+
+
+The Sixth Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice out of the four
+    horns of the golden altar before God, saying to the sixth angel
+    having the trumpet, Loose the four messengers bound near the great
+    river Euphrates. And the four messengers were loosed, prepared for
+    an hour, and day, and month, and year, to slay the third part of
+    men. And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred
+    thousand thousand: I heard the number of them. And thus I saw on
+    the horses in the vision, and those, who sat on them, having red,
+    blue and yellow breast-plates: and the heads of the horses were
+    like the heads of lions; and fire, and smoke, and brimstone issued
+    from their mouths. By these three plagues the third part of men
+    was killed; by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone,
+    which issued from their mouths. For the power of the horses is in
+    their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails having heads were
+    like serpents, and they injure with them. And the rest of the men,
+    who were not killed by these plagues, yet repented not of the
+    works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and
+    idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood:
+    which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk; nor did they repent of
+    their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication,
+    nor of their thefts."--Rev. 9:13-21.
+
+
+The great river, the Euphrates,--waters being a symbol of people,
+(17:15)--must symbolize those who sustain a relation to the Roman
+hierarchy, as its defenders and supporters; analogous to that sustained by
+the river Euphrates to the city of Babylon; which was situated on, and
+drew its wealth and support from it.
+
+The angels bound near the Euphrates, must then be those powers, which,
+approaching and attacking the Roman Empire, were _restrained_ from
+effecting its conquest and enforcing the profession of Mohammedanism.
+Their being loosed, signifies the removal of those restraints. Mr. Lord
+suggests that they symbolize leaders of the four armies of the Tartars,
+which successively overran the surrounding provinces. He says:
+
+"The first horde were the Seljukians, who invaded the Eastern empire about
+the middle of the eleventh century, under Togrul Beg. He suddenly overran,
+with myriads of cavalry, the frontier, from Taurus to Arzeroum, and spread
+it with blood and devastation. Alp Arslan, his successor, soon renewed the
+invasion, conquered Armenia and Georgia, penetrated into Cappadocia and
+Phrygia, and scattered detachments over the whole of lesser Asia. His
+troops being subsequently driven back, he renewed the war, and recovered
+those provinces. His descendants, and others of the race, soon after
+extended their conquests, and established the kingdoms in the east of
+Persia and Syria, and Roum, in lesser Asia, which they maintained through
+many generations, and made their sway a scorpion scourge to the idolatrous
+inhabitants. The Christians were allowed the exercise of their religion on
+the conditions of tribute and servitude, but were compelled to endure the
+scorn of the victors, to submit to the abuse of their priests and bishops,
+and to witness the apostasy of their brethren, the compulsory circumcision
+of many thousands of their children, and the subjection of many thousands
+to a debasing and hopeless slavery.
+
+"The second army was that of the Moguls, who, in the thirteenth century,
+after the conquest of Persia, passed the Euphrates, plundered and
+devastated Syria, subdued Armenia, Iconium, and Anatolia, and extinguished
+the Seljukian dynasty. Another army advancing to the west, devastated the
+country on both sides of the Danube, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia,
+Hungary, Austria, and spread them with the ruins of their cities and
+churches, and the bones of their inhabitants. This horde had been prepared
+for this invasion by vast conquests in the East.
+
+"The third were the Ottomans, who in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century conquered Bithynia, Lydia, Ionia, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, and in
+the following century Constantinople itself, and have maintained their
+empire to the present time. They were released from restraint on the one
+hand by the decay of the Mogul Khans, to whom they had been subject, and
+on the other by the dissensions and weakness of the Greeks.
+
+"The last was that of the Moguls under Tamerlane, who in the beginning of
+the fifteenth century overran Georgia, Syria, and Anatolia, and spread
+them with slaughter and desolation. He also had been prepared for this
+incursion by his previous victories and conquests."--_Ex. Apoc._, pp. 225,
+226.
+
+These armies, the number of which is literally "myriads of myriads," were
+not all subsequent to the time when they had power to subject the Eastern
+Roman empire; but may be the four, from the fact that the Mohammedan power
+was extended by these armies, which till this time had been restrained
+from accomplishing the subjugation of Constantinople.
+
+The restraints being removed, they were now to have power to kill, by
+compelling the third part of men to embrace the doctrines of
+Mohammed,--evident reference being had to the men of the eastern empire;
+the conquest of which was now to be effected, the dial of heaven having
+indicated the arrival of the predicted epoch.
+
+In 1449 Constantine Deacoses, being entitled to the throne of
+Constantinople by the death of John Paleologus, did not venture to take
+possession till he had sent ambassadors and gained the consent of Amurath,
+the Turkish Sultan. From this fact, Ducas, the historian, counts
+Paleologus as the last Greek emperor--for he did not consider as such, a
+prince who did not dare to reign without permission of his enemy. Amurath
+died and was succeeded in the empire, in 1451, by MAHOMET II., who set his
+heart on Constantinople, and made preparations for besieging the city. The
+siege commenced on the 6th of April, 1453, and ended in the taking of the
+city, and death of the last of the Constantines, on the 16th of May
+following, when the eastern city of the Caesars became the seat of the
+Ottoman empire; and its "religion was trampled in the dust by the Moslem
+conquerors." Thus the two-horned beast (13:11), became merged in, and
+identified with the false prophet, 16:13, and 19:20.
+
+The description of the horses, and those who sat on them (v. 17), is
+strikingly emblematic of the Turkish warriors who subjugated
+Constantinople. Says Dr. Keith: "The breast-plates of the horsemen, in
+reference to the more destructive implements of war, might then, for the
+first time, be said to be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. The musket had
+recently supplied the place of the bow. _Fire_ emanated from their
+breasts. _Brimstone_, the flame of which is _jacinth_, was an ingredient
+both of the _liquid fire_ and of gunpowder.... A new mode of warfare was
+at that time introduced, which has changed the nature of war itself, in
+regard to the form of its instrument of destruction; and sounds and sights
+unheard of and unknown before, were the death-knell and doom of the Roman
+empire. Invention outrivalled force, and a new power was introduced, that
+of musketry as well as of artillery, in the art of war, before which the
+old Macedonian phalanx would not have remained unbroken, nor the Roman
+legions stood. That which JOHN saw 'in the vision,' is read in the history
+of the times."
+
+By these three, the fire, smoke, and brimstone, were the third part of men
+killed (v. 18), and by these was the conquest of Constantinople effected.
+Says Gibbon: "At the request of Mahomet II., Urban produced a piece of
+brass ordnance of stupendous and almost incredible magnitude. A measure of
+twelve palms was assigned to the bore, and the stone bullet weighed about
+six hundred pounds. A vacant place before the new palace was chosen for
+the first experiment; but to prevent the sudden and mischievous effects of
+astonishment and fear, a proclamation was issued that the cannon would be
+discharged the ensuing day. The explosion was felt or heard in a circuit
+of a hundred furlongs; the ball, by the force of the gunpowder, was driven
+about a mile, and on the spot where it fell, it buried itself a fathom
+deep in the ground. For the conveyance of this destructive engine, a frame
+or carriage of thirty wagons was linked together, and drawn along by a
+train of sixty oxen; two hundred men, on both sides, were stationed to
+poise or support the rolling weight; two hundred and fifty workmen marched
+before to smooth the way and repair the bridges, and near two months were
+employed in a laborious journey of a hundred and fifty miles.
+
+"In the siege, the incessant volleys of lances and arrows were accompanied
+with the smoke, the sound, and the fire of their musketry and cannon.
+Their small arms discharged at the same time five or even ten balls of
+lead of the size of a walnut, and according to the closeness of the ranks,
+and the force of the powder, several breast-plates and bodies were
+transpierced by the same shot. But the Turkish approaches were soon sunk
+into trenches, or covered with ruins. Each day added to the science of the
+Christians, but their inadequate stock of gunpowder was wasted in the
+operation of each day. Their ordnance was not powerful either in size or
+number, and if they possessed some heavy cannon, they feared to plant them
+on the walls, lest the aged structure should be shaken and overthrown by
+the explosion. The same destructive secret had been revealed to the
+Moslems, by whom it was employed with the superior energy of zeal, riches,
+and despotism. The great cannon of MAHOMET was flanked by two fellows
+almost of equal magnitude: the long order of the Turkish artillery was
+pointed against the walls: fourteen batteries thundered at once on the
+most accessible places, and of one of these it is ambiguously expressed
+that it was mounted with one hundred and thirty guns, or that it
+discharged one hundred and thirty bullets."
+
+The conquest of Constantinople being accomplished, they were to have power
+to kill men during an hour, day, month, and year of prophetic time--_i.e._
+three hundred and ninety-one years, fifteen days. If reckoned from the
+conquest of the city, this would extend to June 1844. Whether any
+particular act has transpired to mark the precise point of its
+termination, may not be important; but it is interesting to consider that
+within a few years the Mohammedan government has formally granted
+permission for the full enjoyment of the Protestant religion; and has
+renounced the right of punishing by death, apostates from Islamism.
+
+In August 1843, an Armenian, who had become a Mussulman and subsequently
+returned to the religion of his fathers, was beheaded at Constantinople.
+The Christian powers of Europe immediately remonstrated, and it was hoped
+that the law against apostates from Mohammedanism would be permitted to
+become a dead letter. In a few months, however, a firman issued from the
+government ordering the decapitation of a young man near Brooza, who was
+put to death for having promised in a passion, but had afterwards refused,
+to become a Mohammedan. Lord Aberdeen, the British Secretary of Foreign
+Affairs, then demanded of the Turkish Sultan that the Porte should not
+insult and trample on Christianity, "by treating as a criminal any person
+who embraces it;" but should "renounce, absolutely and without
+equivocation, the barbarous practice which has called forth the
+remonstrance now addressed to it." To this communication the following
+answer was made early in 1844: "The Sublime Porte engages to take
+effectual measures to prevent, henceforward, the execution and putting to
+death of the Christian who is an apostate." On the 15th of November, 1847,
+for the first time, a firman was issued recognizing Protestant Christians
+as a distinct community, forbidding any molestation or interference "in
+their temporal or spiritual concerns," and permitting them "to exercise
+the profession of their creed in security." This coming from the Vizier,
+did not necessarily survive a change of ministry; but in November, 1850, a
+firman was issued from the Sultan himself, _establishing_ the policy of
+the empire in respect to Protestants, and confirming them in all needed
+civil and religious privileges. Thus has the Mohammedan government
+formally and forever renounced the power it had so long wielded, of
+causing spiritual death by compelling men to apostatize from Christianity.
+
+The rest of the men not killed, must be those in portions of the Roman
+territory not included in the eastern third. The Roman Catholics in the
+western parts, were not reformed by the judgments inflicted on the east.
+They continued to worship the canonized dead, and to bow down to images of
+the saints. Under this trumpet, a mighty movement was to be there
+effected, which was symbolized by the descent of:
+
+
+
+The Rainbow Angel.
+
+
+    "And I saw another mighty angel descending from heaven, clothed
+    with a cloud: and the rainbow was over his head, and his face was
+    like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire; and he had in his
+    hand a little book opened: and he set his right foot on the sea,
+    and his left foot on the land. And shouted with a loud voice, as a
+    lion roareth: and when he shouted, seven thunders uttered their
+    voices. And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I
+    was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying, Seal
+    up those things, which the seven thunders uttered, and write them
+    not. And the angel, whom I saw standing on the sea and on the
+    land, raised his hand to heaven, and swore by him who liveth for
+    ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things in it, and the
+    earth, and the things in it, and the sea, and the things in it,
+    that the time should not yet be; but in the days of the voice of
+    the seventh angel, when he will sound, the secret of God will be
+    finished, as he hath announced to his servants the prophets. And
+    the voice, which I heard from heaven, spoke with me again, and
+    said, Go, take the little book, which is opened in the hand of the
+    angel, who standeth on the sea and on the land. And I went away to
+    the angel, and said to him, Give me the little book. And he said
+    to me, Take, and eat it up; and it will make thy stomach bitter,
+    but in thy mouth, it will be sweet as honey. And I took the little
+    book from the angel's hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth
+    sweet as honey: and when I had eaten it my stomach was bitter. And
+    he said to me, Thou must prophesy again concerning many people,
+    and nations, and tongues, and kings."--Rev. 10:1-11.
+
+
+This angel, like those in corresponding passages, must symbolize a body of
+men, whose importance is indicated by the might and splendor of the
+symbol.
+
+His descent from heaven, the cloud, the rainbow, the sun-like face, and
+the fire-like feet of the Mighty Messenger, attest the heaven-inspired
+origin of his utterances. His "eyes as a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace," would not be given to
+one who came to announce other than heaven-inspired truths.
+
+The _open book_ in the hand of the angel, fixes the chronology of the
+fulfilment of this vision at an epoch when the Scriptures cease to be a
+closed and sealed book, and the people are permitted to have free access
+to them.
+
+His _position_--one foot resting on the sea, and one on the land--attests
+the universality of the movement which is to date from that epoch.
+
+His lion voice, must symbolize the manner in which would be announced the
+great truths, at which the whole world would be startled.
+
+The _singleness_ of his cry, is also symbolic of the simplicity of the
+truth, which is never symbolized by discordant multitudinous sounds.
+
+The _responsive thunders_, unlike the single voice of the angel, are
+multitudinous and discordant; and consequently symbolize errors. Their
+_following_ so immediately on the shout of the angel, shows the proximity
+of their promulgation to the utterance of the truths to which they are
+responsive.
+
+JOHN'S _readiness to write_ what the seven thunders uttered, shows that
+what they uttered was _professedly_ in harmony with the truths previously
+announced, and that men would be liable to be deceived, by their
+promulgation.
+
+His being _forbidden_ by the cloud-robed angel, to write what they
+uttered--while he was commanded to "seal not the sayings of the prophecy of
+this book" (22:10),--shows that their utterances were not heaven-inspired,
+and constituted no part of "the word of GOD, and of the testimony of JESUS
+CHRIST," which JOHN bare record of.
+
+The _subsequent oath_ of the angel, by Him who liveth forever, that "the
+time is not yet," shows that those thunders, however erroneous in their
+form manner and connection with other errors, had respect to some great
+event foretold in Scripture; but which the thunders had _antedated_ and
+presented in an _unscriptural_ form.
+
+His further announcement that it would be fulfilled under the sounding of
+the "seventh trumpet," and that then the mystery of GOD should be finished
+in the manner foretold to his servants the prophets, shows that the great
+event, the time of which was "not yet,"--_i.e._, under the sixth trumpet,
+was the coming of the kingdom of GOD--the fifth universal empire; that at a
+period anterior to the time when it might rationally be expected, it would
+be proclaimed in a form repugnant to the teachings of the prophets; and
+that when thus heralded, it would be met by the party uttering the
+heaven-inspired truths, with the denial that the time had arrived, and by
+arguments to show its true nature and epoch, under the seventh trumpet.
+
+The command to take and eat the little book, shows that its contents were
+such as the soul might feed on; which should be sweet to the believer's
+taste, but would subject him to bitter persecution. And the announcement
+that they were to prophesy _again_ before many nations and peoples and
+tongues and kings, marks this as the commencement of an era when the
+Gospel should again begin to go forth into distant lands.
+
+All of the above particulars harmonize in the time of the reformation of
+LUTHER in the sixteenth century, and with no other epoch. The great truths
+then promulgated, of which "justification by faith" was the cardinal one,
+electrified the whole world, as the loud roaring of a lion would startle
+the passer-by. These were immediately responded to by the multitudinous
+errors of the Anabaptists and others, who thought to set up the kingdom of
+GOD in _this world_, and _before the resurrection_, by putting to death
+the ungodly and sparing only the saints.
+
+As in all efforts for good Satan is careful to attempt a counterfeit, or
+to mingle impure elements to the injury of the truth, so in the
+Reformation there were false reformers. THOMAS MUNZER, and others, in
+1525, incited vast numbers on the borders of the Danube to make physical
+war on the Papal ecclesiastics. He denounced LUTHER, also, with the same
+violence that he did the Pope. In his mad attempt to slay the ungodly, he
+took possession of Muhlhausen, appointed a new city council, pillaged the
+houses of the rich, proclaimed a community of goods, and committed various
+excesses; but they were finally defeated in a pitched battle, with a loss
+of from five thousand to seven thousand killed. Others succeeded him,
+teaching that GOD spake to them in person, instructing them how to act.
+They professed the most extravagant doctrines, setting aside both LUTHER
+and the Bible. The former did not go near far enough for them; and the
+latter was in their view insufficient for man's instruction, who could
+only be taught of God. They taught that the world was to be immediately
+devastated; and no priest or ungodly person be left alive; and that then
+the kingdom of GOD would commence, and the saints possess the earth. Those
+who adhered to LUTHER, united with him in bearing a faithful testimony
+against such extravagances, adhered to the written word, denounced new
+revelations, and showed from the Bible that Antichrist was to be
+overthrown by the personal advent of CHRIST, and not by the sword of man.
+The following extracts are from MR. LORD:
+
+"The pretences of the Anabaptists to inspiration were in like manner
+denounced by Melancthon. 'The Anabaptists, infatuated by the devil, have
+boasted a new species of sanctity, as though they had left the earth, and
+ascended to the skies; and given out, moreover, that they enjoy
+extraordinary inspiration. But as the pretence was hypocritical, and
+designed merely to subserve appetite and ambition, they soon plunged into
+debauchery, and then excited seditions, and undertook to establish a New
+Jerusalem, as other enthusiasts have often attempted. A like tragedy was
+formerly acted at Pepuza in Phrygia, which fanatical prophets denominated
+the new Jerusalem.'
+
+"He also refuted by the Scriptures, the expectation of the Anabaptists of
+the immediate establishment of Christ's millennial kingdom. He regarded
+the term Antichrist as denoting both the Mohammedan empire and the Papacy,
+and held that they were not to be overthrown till the time of the
+resurrection of the dead, and that a considerable period was to pass
+before that event. 'God showed to Daniel a series of monarchies and
+kingdoms, which it is certain has already run to the end. Four monarchies
+have passed away. The cruel kingdom of the Turks, which arose out of the
+fourth, still remains, and as it is not to equal the Roman in power, and
+has certainly, therefore, already nearly reached its height, must soon
+decline, and then will dawn the day in which the dead shall be recalled to
+life.' He then repeats the saying ascribed to Elias, that six thousand
+years were to pass before the advent of Christ; two thousand before the
+law, two under the law, and two under the gospel; and proceeds to show
+that four hundred and fifty-eight years were, therefore, to intervene
+before the advent of the Redeemer, the destruction of Antichrist, and the
+establishment of the kingdom of the saints. 'It is known that Christ was
+born about the end of the fourth millenary,(1) and one thousand five
+hundred and forty-two years have since revolved. We are not, therefore [in
+1542], far from the end.'
+
+"These views corresponding so conspicuously with the symbol, continued to
+be repeated by a crowd of writers, till at the distance of sixty-seven
+years from the death of Melancthon, the celebrated Joseph Mede published
+his 'Clavis Apocalyptica,' in which he showed from the coincidence of the
+periods of the wild beast and the witnesses, that the advent of the
+Redeemer, and the destruction of the anti-Christian powers were not to be
+expected until twelve hundred and sixty years had passed from the rise of
+the ten kingdoms, and that near one hundred of them, therefore, were still
+to revolve. As that period expired and the knowledge of the prophecy
+advanced, the catastrophe of the wild beast was referred to a later time.
+Many recent expositors regard the twelve hundred and sixty years as having
+reached their end in 1792; and most refer the fall of the anti-Christian
+powers to the last half of the present, or the beginning of the next
+century."--_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 238-240.
+
+All the vagaries of the various sects of heretics were connected with an
+expectation of the immediate establishment of CHRIST'S kingdom. That the
+seven thunders gave utterance to such an expectation, is evident from the
+response of the angel, when he lifted up his hand to heaven and with the
+solemnity of an oath, by Him who liveth forever, affirmed that "_the time
+should not yet be_;" but that "in the days of the voice of the seventh
+angel, when he delays to sound,(2) the secret of GOD will be finished, as
+he hath announced to his servants the prophets." Why such an annunciation
+at this stage of the vision? It must be to correct a misapprehension which
+would exist at a corresponding time in its fulfilment, respecting the
+immediate appearance of the kingdom. Thus did PAUL correct the
+Thessalonian brethren, when he wrote to them in his second epistle not to
+be shaken in mind, as that the day of the LORD was then impending, 2 Th.
+2:2.
+
+The Bible, was, at this epoch, first opened to the common people. Before,
+it was only found in languages which they were entirely ignorant of. It
+was translated by LUTHER into their own language, and thus made
+accessible. The art of printing, discovered at about that time, enabled
+all who wished, to avail themselves of its unsealed contents. They feasted
+on the words of inspiration, which were sweeter to them than honey, or the
+honey-comb. But afterwards, they had to endure bitterness for the sake of
+the Gospel. Divisions and subdivisions followed, parties multiplied, and
+heresies abounded, accompanied with bitter and mischievous discussions,
+and fierce and rancorous contentions. These being based on the
+understanding which the several parties attached to portions of scripture,
+were fitly symbolized by the bitterness that followed the eating of the
+book. At this time, also, was revived a system of religious teachings
+which has gone forth into many lands.
+
+The reoerganization of the church at this epoch, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+The Measuring Reed, Temple, &c.
+
+
+    "And there was given me a measuring reed like a rod, and it was
+    said, Arise, and measure the temple of God, (and the altar,) and
+    those who worship in it. But the court which is without the
+    temple, leave out, and measure it not; for it is given to the
+    Gentiles: and they will tread the holy city under foot forty-two
+    months."--Rev. 11:1, 2.
+
+
+These symbols are evidently taken from the temple and altar of Jewish
+worship, and represent corresponding analogies under the Christian
+dispensation.
+
+To measure anything, is to examine and take notice of its parts and
+proportions; and that by which it is measured, is the standard or rule to
+which it should conform.
+
+The temple, is a proper symbol of the church of God; which is "built upon
+the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being
+the Chief Corner Stone, in whom all the building, fitly framed together,
+groweth unto a holy temple in the Lord," Eph. 2:20, 21.
+
+At the epoch of the Reformation, the nominal church was subjected to the
+scrutiny of the word of God; and its pretensions were measured by the
+scriptural rule. The reformers found the Man of Sin, "as God sitting in
+the temple of God," (2 Thess. 2:4); and they had to re-model their church
+relationship, in accordance with the pattern presented in the New
+Testament. This involved the consideration of what constituted the
+church,--its organization, its ministry, its sacraments, and its
+membership,--their mutual relation to God, and to each other.
+
+The altar, must symbolize the sacrifice and atonement of Christ,--the
+"altar whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle," Heb.
+13:10. The great question, of justification by faith in the death of
+Christ, was the rallying cry of the Reformation. The fundamental
+principles of Christian truth were then unfolded anew, and the doctrines
+of the Papacy, including the sacrifice of the mass, were rejected as
+contrary to Bible teachings.
+
+The worshippers in the temple, who were to be measured by the same rule,
+are Christians. All who were to be recognized as such, were to give
+evidence of conformity to the Bible standard. Regeneration by the Holy
+Ghost, was held by the reformers to be necessary to church membership. The
+Papists required only baptism and confirmation.
+
+The court without the temple, was that to which the Gentiles had access,
+and beyond which their entrance was prohibited. Devout foreigners were
+there permitted to pay their devotions to the God of heaven. As the
+Gentiles must symbolize those who are not Christians, the occupants of the
+outer court, must be the congregation--the nominal worshippers who throng
+the outer courts of the Lord, in distinction from the true worshippers.
+Such were to have free and unrestricted access to the places of Christian
+worship.
+
+The holy city is that in which the temple is situated, and must embrace
+the church as a whole, subjected to Gentile rule. Its being trodden under
+foot, indicates that the civil polity under which the church would
+subsist, should, during the period specified, be under the control of
+those who worship only in the outer court.
+
+The forty and two months, is a period of time, corresponding with the
+thousand two hundred and three score days of the verse following, the time
+and times and half a time of Rev. 12:14, and the corresponding periods of
+Rev. 12:6; 13:5; Dan. 7:25; and 12:7; symbolizing a period of twelve
+hundred and sixty years, according to the almost unanimous opinion of
+Protestant writers.
+
+This period does not commence with this epoch, but began with the
+subjection of Christianity to the power of the civil arm, which was to
+continue during the time predicted,--notwithstanding the reaedjustment of
+the temple-worship,--when Christians should cease to be responsible to any
+human tribunal for the orthodoxy of their faith.
+
+During the same period, also, power to prophesy, though shrouded in
+sackcloth, was to be given to:
+
+
+
+Christ's Two Witnesses.
+
+
+    "And I will give charge to my two witnesses, and they will
+    prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed in
+    sackcloth. These are the two olive-trees, and the two lamp-stands,
+    standing before the Lord of the earth. And if any one wisheth to
+    injure them, fire proceedeth from their mouth, and devoureth their
+    enemies: and if anyone wisheth to injure them, he must thus be
+    killed. These have power to shut heaven, that it may not rain in
+    the days of their prophecy: and they have power over the waters to
+    turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with every plague, as
+    often as they wish. And when they shall have finished their
+    testimony, the wild beast that ascendeth out of the abyss will
+    make war with them, and will overcome them, and kill them. And
+    their dead body _will lie_ on the wide street of the great city,
+    which is spiritually called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord
+    was crucified. And those of the people, and tribes, and tongues,
+    and nations, will see their dead body three days and a half, and
+    will not allow their dead body to be put into a tomb. And those,
+    who dwell on the earth, will rejoice over them, and exult, and
+    send gifts to each other; because these two prophets tormented
+    those, who dwell on the earth. And after the three days and a half
+    the Spirit of life from God entered them, and they stood on their
+    feet; and great fear fell on those, who saw them. And they heard a
+    great voice from heaven, saying to them, Ascend here! And they
+    ascended into heaven in a cloud; and their enemies saw them. And
+    in that hour there was a great earthquake, and the tenth part of
+    the city fell, and in the earthquake seven thousand names of men
+    were slain: and the remnant became terrified, and gave glory to
+    the God of heaven. The second woe is past away; behold, the third
+    woe cometh quickly."--Rev. 11:3-14.
+
+
+The two witnesses are not symbolically exhibited, but are referred to by
+an elliptical metaphor, and are explained to be the "two olive-trees, and
+the two candlesticks." Therefore, they are not two living men, as some
+suppose, shown to John in vision, symbolizing analogous agents; but their
+nature is to be determined by a consideration of the olive-trees and
+candlesticks which symbolize them.
+
+Candlesticks symbolize churches. Thus the Saviour said to John: "The seven
+candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches," 1:20. When "men
+light a candle," they put "it on a candlestick, and it giveth light unto
+all that are in the house," Matt. 5:15. The candlestick does not
+originate, but sustains the light in a position to be seen and exert a
+beneficial influence. It is thus that the church is said to be "the light
+of the world," and is required to let her light "shine before men," _Ib._
+vs. 14-16,--_i.e._ She is to disseminate the light committed to her; and in
+so doing, she becomes a _witness_ for Jesus.
+
+The church comprises all the holy persons who have lived on earth, and is
+symbolized by two candlesticks, corresponding to the two dispensations of
+its existence. Those who lived under the former dispensation, are called
+"a great cloud of witnesses," Heb. 12:1. Of Christ, "give all the prophets
+witness," Acts 10:43. They constitute the voice of the church in that age.
+Under the gospel dispensation, also, Christ had chosen witnesses of
+himself. He said to his disciples, "Ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in
+Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts
+of the earth," (_Ib._ 1:8); and they said, "We are his witnesses," _Ib._
+5:32. "We are witnesses of all things which he did, ... witnesses chosen
+before of God," (_Ib._ 10:39-41);--"his witnesses unto the people," _Ib._
+13:31. They and their successors have "testified and preached the word of
+the Lord," (_Ib._ 8:25), overcoming "by the word of their testimony,"
+(Rev. 12:11),--many of them being "slain for the word of God, and for the
+testimony which they held," 6:9. The church, one in all ages, symbolized
+by the two candlesticks, is thus a _witness_ of Jesus.
+
+The two olive-trees, symbolize the other witness, which must sustain a
+relation to the church, analogous to that sustained by the olive-trees to
+the candlesticks. The declaration, that the witnesses are _the_ two
+olive-trees and candlesticks, implies the existence of some previous
+symbolization, where those objects and their relation to each other are
+presented. And the connection shows clearly that reference is made to the
+vision, wherein Zechariah beheld "a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl
+upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the
+seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof; and two olive-trees by it,
+one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side
+thereof," Zech. 4:2, 3. The relation which the olive-trees sustain to the
+candlestick, is shown by the questions of the prophet: "What are these, my
+Lord?" (_Ib._ v. 4); "What are these two olive-trees upon the right side
+of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? What be these two
+olive-branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out
+of themselves?" _Ib._ vs. 11, 12. The office of the olive-trees, was to
+supply the candlestick with oil which alone enabled them to give light.
+The oil of the olive-tree, was burned before the Lord continually. The
+light committed to the church, is the truth of God's word. And thus the
+angel explains the meaning of the olive-trees: "This is the word of the
+Lord unto Zerubbabel," (_Ib._ v. 6); "These are the two anointed ones
+[_mar_, sons of oil], that stand by the Lord of the whole earth," _Ib._ v.
+14. And this expression, corresponding with that in Rev. 11:4, shows that
+this vision of Zechariah is the one referred to, and that it is
+explanatory of the witnesses.
+
+The Scriptures, as well as the church, testify of Christ: "Search the
+Scriptures," said the Saviour, speaking of those then written; "they are
+they which _testify_ [or bear witness] of me," (John 5:39); and of the New
+Testament, he said: "This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world for a _witness_ unto all nations," Matt. 24:4. Like two
+olive-trees supplying the candlesticks with oil, the Scriptures of the
+Old, and of the New Testament give light to the church, and testify of
+Christ. They stand on either side of him,--the one beginning with the
+creation and pointing to a Messiah to come, testifying of him by types and
+shadows; and the other looking back to the death and resurrection of
+Christ, and cheering the heart of the believer by the evidence of his
+second coming at the end of the world. Thus stood within the oracle of the
+temple the two cherubim, which Solomon made "of _olive-tree_," and whose
+wings met over the ark of the covenant: "He set the cherubim within the
+inner house, and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubim, so that
+the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub
+touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst
+of the house," 1 Kings 6, 27. Thus symbolized, the Scriptures and the
+church are Christ's two witnesses.
+
+To prophesy, is to make known the truths of God. Thus, at the epoch of the
+Reformation, they were to prophesy _again_ before many peoples, and
+nations, and tongues and kings, 10:11. It was to enable the witnesses to
+do this, that the necessary power was to be given them.
+
+Sackcloth, is a symbol of humiliation and sorrow; and the witnesses being
+thus clothed, indicates that during the time specified, they should be in
+a despised and oppressed condition.
+
+The one thousand two hundred and sixty days, symbolize years. God said to
+Israel, after the evil report of the twelve spies: "Your children shall
+wander in the wilderness forty _years_ ... after the number of the _days_
+which ye searched the land," Num. 14:33, 34. And to Ezekiel, "This shall
+be a sign to the house of Israel: Lie thou upon thy left side, and lay the
+iniquity of the house of Israel upon it, ... for I have laid upon thee the
+years of their iniquity, according to the number of the days, three
+hundred and ninety days.... And when thou hast accomplished them, lie
+again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of
+Judah forty days: I have appointed thee _each day for a year_," Ezek.
+4:3-6.
+
+This period of one thousand two hundred and sixty years, is not the whole
+time in which the witnesses prophesy, but marks the duration of their
+prophesying in sackcloth. It commenced when the light of the Bible began
+to be obscured by the secondary place which was accorded to it in the
+estimation of the Papal church, and the living witnesses were no longer
+permitted to preach the gospel in its purity.
+
+In A. D. 533, the Emperor Justinian, wrote a letter to the Pope declaring
+him to be "the head of all the holy churches," and subjecting to his
+control "all the priests of the whole East." By the edicts and mandates of
+Justinian, who was master of the Roman world, the supremacy of the Pope
+received the fullest sanction; and the highest authorities among the
+civilians and annalists of Rome, refer to these as evidence of the right
+of the Pope to the title of "Universal Bishop," and date it from A. D.
+533. p. 200.
+
+With this supremacy, the power of the Papacy commenced. The Bible was
+permitted only in a dead language, and the faithful Christian was obliged
+to seek refuge in the wilderness. False doctrines obscuring the Bible, and
+persecuting enactments oppressing the church, clothed the witnesses in
+sackcloth; and thus only did they testify, till the power of the papacy
+was broken.
+
+Fire proceeded out of their mouth, when they made known the fiery
+judgments predicted in the Scriptures against all their enemies. And they
+shut heaven, smite with plagues, turn water to blood, &c., when, in
+accordance with the inspired record, are fulfilled the predictions which,
+in various places, are thus symbolized.--See Rev. 15:6; 16:4, &c.
+
+The finishing of their testimony, refers to the termination of the
+sackcloth period,--twelve hundred and sixty years from A. D. 533; _i.e._ in
+1793,--if the former date is correct.
+
+The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit, is that on which, in a
+subsequent vision, the woman is seated, 17:7, 8. John saw this beast arise
+out of the sea, (13:1); and the subsequent exposition given of it, will
+show that it symbolized the civil power of the Roman empire in its divided
+form.--See p. 169. As the ten kingdoms constitute the beast, what is done
+by any of these kingdoms, is done by the beast. France was one of the more
+prominent of these kingdoms, and at one period, under Napoleon, controlled
+the greater portion of the whole.
+
+To war against the witnesses, is to oppose, resist, and endeavor to crush
+them; and to overcome them, is to be successful in such efforts.
+
+To kill, when used symbolically and applied to Christians, is to cause
+them to apostatize--producing spiritual death, 9:5. When applied to the
+Scriptures, it can only denote their prohibition.
+
+The great city, as shown in connection with Rev. 16:19, p. 290, is the
+Roman hierarchy:--symbolized by Babylon, and "spiritually called Sodom and
+Egypt." By being thus "_spiritually_ called Sodom," some understand that
+it is a "spiritual Sodom," &c., which would be a contradiction of terms;
+others understand that it is called _figuratively_ by those names, and
+deduce from it an argument for spiritualizing the Scriptures; but the use
+of the word "_spiritually_," it is believed, will not sanction any such
+meaning. It occurs only in two other passages:--in Rom. 8:7, to be
+"spiritually minded," is to have a mind in accordance with the will of the
+Spirit; and in 1 Cor. 2:14, things "spiritually discerned," signifies that
+they are discerned by the aid of the Spirit. The great city, then, is
+called by the Spirit, "Sodom and Egypt;" and is so called because of her
+licentiousness and idolatries, and her subjecting the saints to bondage.
+To crucify the Lord afresh, is to apostatize from his teachings, Heb. 6:6.
+
+In 1793, twelve hundred and sixty years from the date of the Papal
+supremacy, the Bible was abolished in France, by the solemn decree of the
+government, which declared that the nation acknowledged no God. A copy of
+the Bible could not be found in a single bookstore in Paris. Inquiry also
+was made for it in Rome, in _all_ the book establishments of that city,
+and the invariable reply was, that it was prohibited. All the churches of
+Paris were shut, and the church plate was declared the property of the
+nation. Professors of religion, at the same time, in large numbers openly
+apostatized and embraced infidelity. Says Dr. Croley:--
+
+"On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet, with the republican priests of
+Paris, had thrown off the gown and abjured religion. On the 11th, a 'grand
+festival,' dedicated to 'Reason and Truth,' was celebrated instead of
+divine service in the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, which had been
+desecrated, and been named, 'the Temple of Reason;' a pyramid was erected
+in the centre of the church, surmounted by a temple, inscribed, 'To
+Philosophy.' The torch of 'Truth' was on the altar of 'Reason,' spreading
+light, &c. The National Convention, and all the authorities, attended at
+this burlesque and insulting ceremony. In February, 1794, a grand fete was
+ordered by the convention, in which hymns to Liberty were chanted, and a
+pageant in honor of the abolition of slavery in the colonies, was
+displayed in the 'Temple of Reason.' In June another festival was
+ordered--to the Supreme Being: the God of Philosophy. But the most superb
+exhibition was the 'general festival,' in honor of the republic. It was
+distinguished by a more audacious spirit of scoffing and profanation than
+the former. Robespierre acted the 'high-priest of Reason' on the day, and
+made himself conspicuous in blasphemy. He was then at the summit of
+power,--actual sovereign of France."
+
+The dead bodies of the witnesses, would be their existence in that
+prohibited condition, when, in France, neither the Scriptures, nor the
+church showed any symptoms of life. In the street, would be the
+conspicuous and public manner in which indignities should be heaped on
+them. France had been one of the principal states yielding homage to the
+Roman church. Surrounding nations beheld, but would not permit the
+extermination of the Bible and Christianity.
+
+The French made merry over their blasphemous work. Says Dr. Croley:--
+
+"A very remarkable and _prophetic_ distinction of this period, was the
+spirit of frenzied festivity which seized upon France. The capital, and
+all the republican towns, were the scene of civic feasts, processions, and
+shows of the most extravagant kind. The most festive times of peace under
+the most expensive kings were thrown into the shade by the frequency,
+variety, and extent of the republican exhibitions. Yet this was a time of
+perpetual miseries throughout France. The guillotine was bloody from morn
+till night. In the single month of July, 1794, nearly _eight hundred
+persons_, the majority, principal individuals of the state, and all
+possessing some respectability of situation, were guillotined in Paris
+alone. In the midst of this horror, there were twenty-six theatres open,
+filled with the most profane and profligate displays in honor of the
+'triumph of reason.' "
+
+In Lyons a Bible was tied to the tail of an ass and dragged in a
+procession through the streets of that city. Thus they rejoiced over the
+supposed end of religion in France; and congratulated themselves that the
+terrors of God's word, and the church would no more torment them.
+
+"After three days and a half," would be that number of years from the
+suppression of Christianity in November, 1793. On the 17th day of June,
+1797, three and a half years from the abolition of the Bible and religious
+worship, CAMILLE JOURDAN, in the _Council of Five Hundred_, brought up the
+memorable report on the _Revision of the Laws Relative to Religious
+Worship_, by which France gave permission to all citizens to buy or hire
+edifices for the free exercise of it; repealing all opposing laws, and
+subjecting those to a heavy fine who should in any way impede or interrupt
+any religious service. The Bible and the church again stood erect, to the
+dismay of all who had rejoiced over their overthrow. Those two witnesses
+were again in a position to resume their testimony.
+
+They were not only to be thus restored, but were to be elevated far above
+their former position. Since that epoch, have been made all those great
+efforts to evangelize the world, by means of missionary, tract, Bible, and
+other benevolent societies, which have caused the _Scriptures_ to be
+translated into nearly all known languages, and carried by the _living
+preacher_ to the ends of the earth. The very room in which Voltaire
+uttered his famous prediction--that "the time would arrive when the Bible
+would be regarded only in the light of an old curiosity,"--is now used for
+a Bible depository, and is "piled to the ceiling with that rare old book."
+Copies of the Bible have been multiplied a million fold, and scattered
+broadcast over the earth. The other witness,--the church, has since then,
+also, been greatly magnified. In this age of missions and Bibles, the
+number of believers has been greatly multiplied; and missionaries have
+penetrated all lands. The last half-century has been distinguished for its
+wonderful revivals; and the servants of the cross have "prophesied [or
+testified] again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings," 10:11.
+
+The same hour, is the time of the slaughter of the witnesses. Its epoch
+was to be marked by a great political revolution, which, in the
+Apocalypse, is symbolized by an earthquake. In the year in which
+Christianity was suppressed by France, they beheaded their king, abolished
+the monarchy, and entirely revolutionized the government. In the reign of
+terror following, the best blood of the nation was shed like water, and no
+man of influence could consider his life secure. Men, women and children
+were dragged before the revolutionary tribunals, had their accusations
+read to them, and were immediately condemned, and hurried off in crowds
+without a trial, to be shot, drowned or beheaded. At Lyons thirty-one
+thousand persons were thus slain; at Nantes thirty-two thousand,--and
+throughout France in proportion. The number thus slain, has been estimated
+at over one million,--a number hardly credible, and which might well be
+symbolized by seven thousand--a perfect number. Well might the remnant be
+affrighted, and hasten to give glory to the GOD of heaven, by the
+restoration of that book, the setting aside of which had involved them in
+such dire calamities.
+
+The tenth of the city which fell, must be the tenth of the Roman
+hierarchy, which is symbolized by the city. With the suppression of
+religion, the Catholic church was prohibited, with all others. France was
+one of the ten kingdoms, and the overthrow of the church in France, would
+be the fall of one-tenth of that city.
+
+Thus passed the second woe--the prelude to the third woe, which cometh
+quickly.
+
+
+
+The Seventh Trumpet.
+
+
+    "And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud voices in
+    heaven, saying, The kingdom of the world hath become the kingdom
+    of our Lord, and of his Anointed; and he will reign for ever and
+    ever. And the twenty-four elders, who sat before God on their
+    thrones, fell on their faces, and worshipped God, saying, We thank
+    thee, O Lord God Almighty, who art, and who wast, because thou
+    hast taken to thyself thy great power, and reigned. And the
+    nations were enraged, and thy wrath is come, and the season of the
+    dead, when they should be judged, and a reward should be given to
+    thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and to those who
+    fear thy name, small and great; and when thou shouldest destroy
+    those, who destroy the earth. And the temple of God was opened in
+    heaven, and the ark of his covenant in his temple appeared, and
+    there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders, and an
+    earthquake, and great hail."--Rev. 11:15-19.
+
+
+The seventh, like the preceding trumpets, marks an epoch from which an era
+dates. "The days of the voice of the seventh angel" (10:7), are indicative
+of a period of time to follow its sounding, in which will be fulfilled the
+events predicted of that era.
+
+The voices in heaven, which immediately follow its sounding, are prophetic
+utterances of events then to transpire; and are distinct from the response
+of the elders. When Christ "shall be revealed from heaven," he will be
+accompanied "with his mighty angels," 2 Thess. 1:7. He will descend "with
+a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God," (1
+Thess. 4:16); and the shout is evidently that of the attending angels,
+symbolized by those voices, which will announce the revolution which is to
+be made in the empire of the earth, and of the substitution of the kingdom
+of God in the place of human governments.
+
+The kingdom here established, is the long promised consummation, foretold
+by prophets, and anticipated by saints of every age. It is that predicted
+by Daniel, when he says: "In the days of these kings shall the GOD of
+heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom
+shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and
+consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever." Dan. 2:44. He
+also "saw in the night visions, and behold, one like the Son of Man came
+with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of Days, and they
+brought him near before him. And there was given him dominion, and glory,
+and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him:
+his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and
+his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.... And the kingdom and
+dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall
+be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him." _Ib._
+7:13, 14, 27. It is that referred to in the simple petition, "Thy kingdom
+come" (Matt. 6:10), which was to be the great object of our prayer till
+the final consummation; which the disciples thought was to appear
+immediately, when they journeyed towards, and were nigh to, Jerusalem, and
+which misapprehension the Saviour corrected by the parable of a nobleman
+going into a far country to receive for himself kingly authority, and to
+return, Luke 20:12. It is that respecting which they inquired, as the
+SAVIOUR was about to be taken from them, if he would at that time restore
+it to Israel, (Acts 1:6); and to which the apostle refers, when he
+declares to TIMOTHY that the Lord JESUS CHRIST will judge the living and
+the dead at his appearing and kingdom, 2 Tim. 4:1.
+
+"Thy kingdom come! Thus, day by day
+We lift our hands to God and pray;
+But who has ever duly weighed
+The meaning of the words he said?"
+
+This kingdom is to be an eternal kingdom: "He will reign for ever and
+ever." This is in accordance with the declaration in Daniel, that "the
+saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom
+forever, even for ever and ever," Dan. 7:18. To its eternity Nathan
+testifies when he says to David, "Thy house and thy kingdom shall be
+established forever before thee: thy throne shall be established forever,"
+2 Sam. 7:16. Though this was spoken to David, it was to be fulfilled in
+Christ; for we read in Luke (1:32, 33), "He shall be great, and shall be
+called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the
+throne of his father David: and he shall reign over the house of Jacob
+forever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end." It is predicted in
+Isaiah, that "Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the
+government shall be upon his shoulder; and his name shall be called
+Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince
+of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no
+end; upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it and to
+establish it with judgment and with justice, from henceforth, even
+forever," Isa. 9:6, 7. To the Son the Father saith, "Thy throne, O God, is
+for ever and ever," (Heb. 1:8); and the blood-washed throng ascribe to him
+"glory and dominion for ever and ever," 1:5, 6.
+
+"Thy kingdom come! O day of joy,
+When praise shall every tongue employ;
+When hate and strife and war shall cease,
+And man with man shall be at peace.
+Jesus shall reign on Zion's hill,
+And all the earth with glory fill;
+His word shall Paradise restore,
+And sin and death afflict no more.
+God's holy will shall then be done
+By all who live beneath the sun;
+For saints shall then as angels be,
+All changed to immortality."
+
+The four-and-twenty elders,--symbolizing those who are redeemed "out of
+every kindred and tongue and people and nation," 5:8, 9,--at the
+establishment of the kingdom, are to be made "kings and priests," and are
+to "reign on the earth," 5:10. They are "saints of the Most High," who are
+to "take the kingdom," and possess it "forever." With the announcement of
+its establishment, they immediately respond with glad hosannas, which
+spontaneously and unitedly burst forth from the enraptured hosts of the
+ransomed ones, as they find themselves clothed upon with immortality, and
+in the joyful presence of their Lord. They are raised from the dead at
+this epoch; or are among the living who will then be translated, as says
+the apostle:
+
+"Behold I show you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be
+changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, _at the last
+trump_,"--the last of the seven;--"for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead
+shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed."
+
+The nations who are angry, will be the nations out from whom the righteous
+are taken, and who are left to the recompense of their reward;--"when the
+Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, in
+flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God and obey not the
+gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall be punished with everlasting
+destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his
+power; when he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired
+in all them that believe," 2 Thess. 1:7-10.
+
+The heathen had raged, and the people imagined a vain thing. The kings of
+the earth had set themselves, and the rulers taken counsel against the
+Lord, and against his anointed. Now the time of their anger is to end: the
+time for the exercise of the wrath of Jehovah upon them, has arrived, and
+they are filled with fear, consternation, and shame. The time has come
+when the dead are to be avenged,--when those who had been slain for the
+word of God, and for the testimony which they held, whose souls under the
+altar during the fifth seal, cried with a loud voice, saying,
+
+"How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood
+on them that dwell on the earth?" (6:10) find their expectations answered,
+and the destroyers, or perverters of the earth, in like manner perverted
+and destroyed. This winds up the kingdom of Satan on earth; his reign
+terminates, and his subjects are banished. The absence of all the wicked,
+with the transfiguration of all the righteous living and resurrection of
+the just, leave for subjects only those who have passed the period of
+their probation, and are introduced into the everlasting kingdom of God.
+
+The opening of the temple in heaven, and the presentation of the Ark of
+the Covenant, symbolize the unfolding of the mystery, in which the
+administration of God may have been shrouded, making apparent all which
+may have been inexplicable in his dealings with men; and rendering evident
+the verity of his promises to his chosen ones.
+
+The voices, lightnings, thunders, earthquake, and hail, are appropriate
+symbols of the plagues which will fall upon the wicked. These are
+fearfully depicted in the Scriptures. God says to Job, "Hast thou seen the
+treasures of hail which I have reserved against the time of trouble,
+against the day of battle and war," 38:22, 23. Judgment then will be laid
+"to the line, and righteousness to the plummet, and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies. The Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be
+heard, and shall show the lighting down of his arm with the indignation of
+his anger, and with the flame of devouring fire, with scattering, and
+tempest, and hailstones," Isa. 28:17.
+
+This prepares the way for the purification of the earth as foretold by
+Peter (2 Pet. 3:12, 13), the restitution of all things (3:21), the new
+heavens and new earth (21:1), the descent of the saints (21:2), and the
+kingdom of God on the earth, 21:3. Assuming the correctness of the view
+here given, how near to the time now present does it seem to fix the
+consummation!
+
+    "So shall the world go on,
+To good malignant, to bad men benign,
+Under her own weight groaning: till the day
+Appear, of respiration to the just,
+And vengeance to the wicked; at return
+Of him--thy Saviour and thy Lord:
+Last in the clouds from heaven, to be revealed
+In glory of the Father, to dissolve
+Satan, with his perverted world; then raise
+From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,
+New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,
+Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love,
+To bring forth fruits, joy, and eternal bliss."--_Milton._
+
+"The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring
+New heavens and earth, wherein the just shall dwell,
+And after all their tribulations long,
+See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds,
+With joy and love triumphing, and fair truth."--_Ib._
+
+
+
+
+The Woman and Dragon.
+
+
+    "And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the
+    sun, and the moon was under her feet, and on her head a crown of
+    twelve stars; and she, being with child, cried, travailing in
+    birth, and pained to be delivered. And another sign appeared in
+    heaven: and behold, a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten
+    horns, and seven diadems on his heads. And his tail dragged the
+    third part of the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth: and
+    the dragon stood before the woman, who was about to be delivered,
+    to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she brought forth
+    a male child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron; and
+    her child was snatched up to God, and to his throne. And the woman
+    fled into the desert, where she hath a place there prepared of
+    God, that they should feed her there one thousand two hundred and
+    sixty days."--Rev. 12:1-6.
+
+
+With this chapter commences a new series of events, extending through the
+entire gospel dispensation; the former series being terminated by the
+events of the last trumpet.
+
+The heaven, where these great "wonders" are exhibited, must symbolize the
+theatre of their fulfilment--the station to be occupied by the agents
+symbolized, which must be as conspicuous as heaven is relatively high
+above the earth.
+
+The woman, according to the use of the symbol in other places, must be a
+representative of the church. As the harlot on a scarlet-colored beast
+(17:3), is a symbol of a corrupt and apostate church, so a virtuous woman
+is a chosen symbol of the true church.
+
+The "Jerusalem which is above is the mother" of all true Christians (Gal.
+4:26); she is also "the bride, the Lamb's wife" (21:9); and "the remnant
+of _her seed_," are those "which keep the commandments of God, and have
+the testimony of Jesus Christ," v. 17. Her robe of light, her position
+above the moon, and her crown of stars, indicate her greatness and glory.
+
+The epoch symbolized, as appears from the relative position of the woman
+and dragon, is evidently just prior to the first advent of the Messiah,
+when his coming was eagerly anticipated and ardently desired by the
+church, and the Roman power had thereby been excited to jealousy.
+
+The church is the same in all ages, comprising only the true people of
+God; all of whom will have part in the first resurrection, 20:6. The
+Jewish church was continued by the breaking off of unbelieving branches,
+and the grafting in of believing Gentiles with believing Jews, who alike
+partake of the root and fatness of the same olive-tree, Rom. 11:17.
+
+Previous to the first advent, the Jewish church occupied a high political
+position, above that of the inferior officers of state, and was in the
+enjoyment of imperial favor. Patriarchs and prophets--the messengers of the
+church--were stars in her crown of rejoicing, 1:20. From the utterance of
+the prediction that the woman's seed should bruise the serpent's head
+(Gen. 3:15), the coming of the promised deliverer was the great desire of
+the church. Even Eve exclaimed, at the birth of her first-born
+(_literally_), "I have gotten _the_ man from the Lord," Gen. 4:1. For his
+coming,
+
+"Kings and prophets waited long
+But died without the sight."
+
+They "inquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that
+should come unto you: searching what, or what manner of time the spirit of
+Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the
+sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow," 1 Pet. 1:10, 11.
+"Many righteous men desired" to see his day (Matt. 13:17); Abraham
+rejoiced and was made glad at its prospect, when in the distant future
+(John, 8:56); and Hezekiah lamented that because of death he should not
+see "the Lord in the land of the living," Isa. 38:11.
+
+The seventy weeks indicated to the Jews the time of "the Messiah, the
+Prince," Dan. 9:26-27. When these were near their termination, to the
+pious and devout Simeon who was "waiting for the consolation of Israel,"
+it "was revealed by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death before he
+had seen the Lord's Christ," Luke 2:25, 26. And the opinion was so
+general, that when the _Baptist_ preceded him, "the people were in
+expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were
+the Christ or no," Luke 3:15. This expectation is testified to by the
+Jewish historians Philo and Josephus; and it was that which so troubled
+Herod, when wise men came, saying, "Where is he that is born King of the
+Jews?" Matt. 2:1-3.
+
+The belief that some remarkable personage was about to appear in Judea,
+was not confined to Palestine, but extended to Egypt, Rome, Greece, and
+wherever the Jews were scattered abroad. Says Suetonius, a Roman
+historian: "An ancient and settled persuasion prevailed throughout the
+East, that the Fates had decreed some one to proceed from Judea, who
+should attain universal empire." And Tacitus, another Roman historian,
+says: "Many were persuaded that it was contained in the ancient books of
+their priests, that at that very time the East should prevail, and that
+some one should proceed from Judea, and possess the dominion."
+
+The great red dragon sustains a relation to the woman, analogous to that
+sustained by the nondescript beast (of Dan. 7:7), to the saints of the
+Most High; and his position respecting the man-child is like that of the
+exceeding great horn (Dan. 8:9), to the Prince of princes, Dan. 8:25. Like
+the beast referred to, the dragon has ten horns; and its characteristics
+indicate that it also symbolizes the Roman empire,--"the fourth kingdom
+upon earth," Dan. 7:23. The dragon is a monster serpent. "That old
+serpent" who seduced Eve (Gen. 3:5), "called the devil" (Matt. 4:1-12),
+and "Satan" (2 Cor. 2:11), "who deceiveth the whole world," is an
+appropriate representative of Rome.
+
+The "head" of a beast, sustains a relation to the beast analogous to that
+of the government to the people of an empire. It is that by which the
+beast is directed and governed. When distinguished from the body of the
+beast (Dan. 7:11), according to the analogy, it must be understood as a
+symbol of the directing and controlling power, in the kingdom indicated by
+the beast. Several heads on the same beast, on this principle, must
+indicate the several forms of government to which the nation is subject.
+As these cannot be contemporary, like the divisions of a kingdom
+represented by the horns, they must be successive. To suppose they
+represent different governments, destroys the analogy, and makes them
+separate beasts, instead of heads of the same beast; and no government can
+be subject to more than one head at the same time.
+
+The "seven heads" of the dragon, then, symbolize the directing and
+controlling powers which ruled the Roman empire,--the seven successive
+forms of government under which it existed. Rome was founded about B. C.
+753, from small beginnings, on the summit of Mount Palatine, and gradually
+increased in extent, till it spread over seven hills: the Palatine,
+Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline, Coelius, and Quirinalia; and its
+population of about three thousand in the time of Romulus, increased to
+about two millions in the time of Augustus Caesar.
+
+Previous to the subversion of the empire, Rome existed under different
+forms of government, as follows:--
+
+1. _Kingly._--The first government established was a monarchy, and lasted
+two hundred and forty-four years, under seven kings, viz., Romulus, Numa,
+Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquin Priscus, Servius Tullius, and
+Tarquin the Proud, who was afterwards expelled from the throne. This was
+denominated the infancy of the Roman empire.
+
+2. _Consular._--In B. C. 509, the constitution of Rome was remodelled, and
+the executive power committed to two consuls, to be elected annually. This
+commenced the "Commonwealth of Rome."
+
+3. _Dictatorial._--The office of dictator was the highest known in Rome,
+and was only resorted to in cases of emergency. He was elected for six
+months only, and usually resigned his authority, which, for the time, was
+nearly absolute, as soon as he had effected the object for which he was
+chosen.
+
+4. _Decemviral._--In B. C. 451, the government was so changed, that,
+instead of the two consuls, the government was committed to ten men, to be
+chosen annually, and jointly exercise the sovereign power. After two years
+the decemvirs were banished, and the consular government was restored.
+
+5. _Tribunitial._--In B. C. 426, Rome having become a military state,
+military tribunes were substituted for the consular power, till B. C. 366,
+when the latter was again restored.
+
+6. _Pagan Imperial._--With the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, the Roman
+Commonwealth terminated; and Augustus Caesar united in his own person not
+only the offices of Consul, Tribune, &c., but also that of _Supreme
+Pontiff_,--the head of the pagan hierarchy. This last office, says Gibbon,
+"was constantly exercised by the emperors." Thus were united the highest
+civil and ecclesiastical powers of the state.
+
+7. _Christian Imperial._--In A. D. 312, the government was revolutionized,
+by the accession of Constantine to the throne. He effected important
+changes in the relations of the people to the monarch, opposed idolatry,
+and by the introduction of Christianity, effected a political change in
+the laws and administration of the empire. This continued, with a slight
+interruption under Julian the Apostate, till the subversion of the Western
+empire, A. D. 476.
+
+Mr. Elliott, in explanation of the first five heads, says: "I adopt, with
+the most entire satisfaction, that generally-received Protestant
+interpretation, which, following the authoritative statement of Livy and
+Tacitus (the latter great historian, St. John's own contemporary),
+enumerates kings, consuls, dictators, decemvirs, and military tribunes, as
+the first five constitutional heads of the Roman city and commonwealth;
+then as the sixth, the Imperial head, commencing with Octavian."--_Horae
+Apoca._, vol. III., p. 106, 4th ed.
+
+Those heads are shown to symbolize seven forms of government, by the
+explanation that "they are seven mountains where the woman sits on them
+[mountains also symbolizing governments], and are seven kings," 17:9, 10.
+And they are shown to be successive, by the fact that, when John wrote,
+the first five had passed away, one only then existed,--the Pagan
+Imperial,--and the other head was then in the future, 17:10.
+
+The "ten horns" also symbolize kings, or dynasties; but, unlike the heads,
+instead of being successive, they are contemporaneous. According to the
+explanation, they had received no kingdom when John wrote, and were all to
+exercise power at the same time: "The ten horns which thou didst see, are
+ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom; but they receive power as
+kings, one hour with the wild beast," 17:12. These will be more
+particularly noticed in connection with the thirteenth chapter, and there
+shown to be the ten contemporaneous governments which succeeded to the
+dominion, on the subversion of the Western Empire. See p. 169.
+
+The "seven crowns" on the heads of the dragon, indicate that the acts here
+symbolized, would be fulfilled during the period when the sovereignty of
+Rome should be vested in the forms of government symbolized by the heads,
+and not during that symbolized by the horns.
+
+The woman appeared in the symbolic heavens anterior to the dragon. Prior
+to the birth of Christ, the church was conspicuous and honored. The
+sacrifices which smoked on Jewish altars, were offered to Jehovah. The
+subjects of the divine government conducted their service with all the
+splendor imparted by the Jewish ritual. Royalty was an appendage of the
+nation: the sceptre did not depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from
+between his feet, till Shiloh came, Gen. 49:10. By an alliance with the
+Romans, B. C. 135, Rome took its position in the presence of the woman.
+
+The first act of the dragon was by a sweep of its tail to draw down
+one-third of the stars, and to cast them to the earth. This was before the
+birth of the man-child. After Rome attained the supremacy, Judea
+proportionably suffered. Her glory was measurably dimmed by many
+indignities before her subjugation to Rome was consummated. Jerusalem was
+repeatedly besieged. At one time (B. C. 94) Alexander Jannaeus slew six
+thousand persons on account of their meeting in the temple at the feast of
+tabernacles. In B. C. 63, Judea was conquered by Pompey, the Roman
+general. In B. C. 54, Crassus plundered the temple of Jerusalem. In B. C.
+37, Jerusalem was taken, after a siege of six months. Various other
+difficulties occurred between Judea and Rome, previous to the Saviour's
+advent, on account of which she was greatly depressed and humbled, so that
+it might with propriety be said that one-third of her stars were cast to
+the ground. This depression was one great reason why the church within her
+borders looked so earnestly for a Deliverer.
+
+The Man-child is the one "who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron,"
+according to the prediction of Christ in the second Psalm; which proves
+its reference to the Saviour.
+
+The purpose of the dragon to destroy the child of the woman as soon as it
+should be born, in accordance with the view here taken, would symbolize
+the purpose of the Roman power, by the agency of Herod the Roman governor
+in Judea, to destroy the infant Saviour. "When he had gathered all the
+chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them
+where Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem, in
+Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet." And Herod "sent forth and
+slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts
+thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had
+diligently inquired of the wise men," Matt. 2:1-16. Thus Rome sought to
+slay the Saviour as soon as he was born; but Joseph took the child and
+fled into Egypt. Afterwards Christ was crucified by Roman soldiers, and
+deposited in the tomb, arising again the third day.
+
+His being caught up to God and to his throne, symbolizes his resurrection
+from the dead, and ascension from the Mount of Olives (Acts 1:9), to the
+right hand of the Majesty on high; "whom the heaven must receive until the
+times of restitution of all things," _Ib._ 3:21.
+
+The flight of the woman into the wilderness, denotes her descent from the
+conspicuous position she had occupied, and the dispersion of the church.
+With the crucifixion of Christ, Judaism was no longer the casket in which
+the church was enshrined. It left its place in the moral heavens, and the
+followers of Christ were scattered abroad, Acts 8:1-4. Thus she virtually
+fled into the wilderness--into the condition, where, subsequently, she was
+to be nourished for 1260 prophetic days.
+
+It is objected to the application of the man-child to the Saviour, that it
+should be prophetic, and not retrospective. This objection would be
+equally valid to the application of the symbolic heads, against which it
+is never urged. That which is retrospective, to be appropriately
+symbolized, must be in harmony with, and explanatory of other parts. Thus,
+by the man-child and previous travail of the woman, she is identified, and
+her relation to the dragon established. No other subject could fulfil the
+conditions of the symbol, for of no other was it predicted: "Thou art my
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.--Ask of me, and I shall give thee the
+heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for
+thy possession.--Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash
+them in pieces like a potter's vessel," Psa. 2:8-10.
+
+
+
+
+The War in Heaven.
+
+
+    "And a war took place in heaven: Michael and his angels fought
+    with the dragon;, and the dragon fought and his angels, and he
+    prevailed not; nor was their place found any more in heaven. And
+    the great dragon was cast out, the old serpent, called the Devil,
+    and Satan, who deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the
+    earth, and his angels were cast out with him."--Rev. 12:7-9.
+
+
+The churches,--which on the persecution subsequent to the Pentecostal
+season were scattered abroad, and went everywhere preaching the word (Acts
+8:4),--afterwards had rest, and were multiplied, _Ib._ 9:31. They were thus
+enabled again to act a conspicuous part, as symbolized by the contest
+between Michael and the dragon.
+
+The contest symbolized, is a religious one; for the dragon is overcome "by
+the word of their testimony," v. 11.
+
+Michael and his angels, then, must symbolize the body of Christ,--the
+apostles, and their successor, under the guidance of the Lord,--who
+constituted an army of religious teachers. With the arrows of truth they
+assailed the idolatrous combinations of their opponents. Under the first
+seal, they are represented by a mounted warrior, with bow and crown, going
+forth conquering and to conquer, 6:2. See p. 58.
+
+The dragon, with the appendages of heads, horns, and diadems, was seen to
+be a symbol of the Roman government. Divested of those, it would simply
+represent the Pagan hierarchy with which the contest was waged. The
+heathen priests and their adherents, thus warred with the preachers of
+Christianity.
+
+Its prevailing not, shows the relative success of the two parties. The
+struggle continued from the day of Pentecost till the accession of
+Constantine. The church waded through bloody scenes of bitter persecution,
+which, instead of diminishing, greatly added to her numbers--"the blood of
+the martyrs" proving "the seed of the church."
+
+The heathen priests were not deficient in logic, philosophy, and artful
+sophistry, by which to defend their mythology. They exhausted these, and
+then resorted to persecution, torture, and death; yet they prevailed not.
+With the weapons of truth, the teachers of Christianity successfully
+assailed those antiquated forms of error,--overcoming "by the blood of the
+Lamb, and by the word of their testimony." "They loved not their lives
+unto the death," but freely gave themselves for Christ, till, in time, the
+current of popular favor ceased to flow in the direction of paganism. The
+accession of Constantine to the throne, put an end to the dragonic period
+of Rome; the Pagan service gave place to the worship of Jehovah. The rites
+of heathenism were no longer the religion of the state, and its ministers
+were displaced from the exalted position they had so long occupied. Their
+place was no longer in the symbolic heavens, but in a less conspicuous
+station.
+
+The casting out of the dragon, would then be this expulsion of the pagan
+hierarchy from its national importance, and the dejection of the
+priesthood and their adherents to the earth,--below their former high
+station,--and to the sea, among the unsettled tribes and nations outside of
+Rome. This being a religious and not a political event, it does not
+immediately affect Rome's nationality. That it is not the overthrow of a
+kingdom, but of religious rites, is shown by the rejoicings which
+followed.
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicings of the Victors.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now is come the
+    salvation and the strength, and the Kingdom of or God, and the
+    power of his Anointed: for the accuser of our brethren it cast
+    out, who accused them before our God day and night. And they
+    overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their
+    testimony; and they loved not their lives to death. On this
+    account, rejoice, ye heavens, and ye who dwell in them."--Rev.
+    12:10-12.
+
+
+The loud voice is heard in the symbolic heaven from which the Dragon had
+been cast. By the displacement of the Pagan hierarchy, and the
+substitution of Christianity under Constantine, the adherents of the
+latter succeeded to the place of the former, and rejoiced over them.
+
+A loud voice symbolizes the utterance of the thoughts and feelings of an
+interested multitude. The nature of the voice indicates the nature of the
+utterance--whether it be one of expectation, fear, warning, or instruction.
+This voice is expressive of the then prevalent expectation, that, with the
+displacement of Paganism commenced the establishment of the Kingdom of God
+on earth. This belief was not necessarily well founded;--its _existence_
+only being symbolized.
+
+On the triumph of Constantine over Licinius, Eusebius says:--"There were
+illuminations everywhere. They who were before dejected looked on one
+another with joyful aspects and smiles, and with choirs and hymns through
+the cities and country, gave honor first to God, the Supreme Ruler of all,
+as they were taught, and then to the pious emperor and his children." Says
+Mr Lord:
+
+"Eusebius represents the victors at the precipitation of Maxentius and his
+attendants into the Tiber, as saying, like Moses at the overthrow of the
+Egyptians in the Red Sea: 'Let us sing to the Lord, for he is signally
+glorified. Horse and rider he has thrown into the sea. The Lord my helper
+and defender was with me unto salvation. Who, O Lord, is like to thee
+among gods? Who is like to thee, glorified by the holy, admirable in
+praise, doing wonders? Constantine entered Rome in triumph, hymning these
+and similar passages to God, the author of the victory.' And on the fall
+of Licinius he represents the church as uniting in thanksgiving for the
+deliverance, and congratulations at the overthrow of idolatry, and
+establishment of Christ's kingdom; and devotes the tenth book of his
+history to the edicts of the emperor by which the church was nationalized
+and endowed, and to the restoration of the temples, and the public
+rejoicings at their dedication. 'Let thanks be given by all to the
+Almighty Ruler of the universe, and to Jesus Christ, our Saviour and
+Redeemer, through whom we pray that peace from external foes may be
+uninterruptedly preserved to us, and tranquillity of mind.'
+
+" 'Let us sing to the Lord a new song, for he has done wonderful things.
+His right hand has saved him and his holy arm. The Lord has made known his
+salvation; he has revealed his righteousness in the presence of the
+nations. We may now appropriately respond to the inspired command to sing
+a new song, inasmuch as after such direful spectacles and narrations we
+now have the happiness to see and celebrate what many holy men before us
+and the martyrs for God desired to see on earth, and did not see, and to
+hear, and have not heard. But advancing more rapidly they attained far
+superior gifts in heaven, being caught up to the paradise of celestial
+joy; while we acknowledge the gifts we enjoy are greater than we deserve,
+and contemplate with wonder the largeness of the divine bounty. Admiring
+and adoring with all our souls, we testify to the truth of the prophet's
+words, "Come and see the works of the Lord, what wonders he has wrought in
+the earth, abolishing wars to the ends of the world. The bow he has
+broken, he has dashed the arms, the shield he has burned in the fire."
+Rejoicing at the manifest fulfilment of these predictions to us, we go on
+with our history.' He goes on accordingly to represent the whole
+population, freed from the domination of the tyrants, and relieved from
+oppression, as acknowledging the only true God and protector of the pious,
+and these especially who had placed their hope in Christ, as filled with
+inexpressible joy; the ministers everywhere delivering commemorative
+addresses, and the whole multitude offering praises and thanksgiving to
+God.
+
+"Lactantius also: 'Let us celebrate the triumph of God with gladness; let
+us commemorate his victory with praise; let us make mention in our prayers
+day and night of the peace which, after ten years of persecution, he has
+conferred on his people.' "--_Ex. of Apoc._, pp. 343-4.
+
+Multitudes actually supposed the long-predicted kingdom of God was now
+being established. Says Mr. Elliott:
+
+"Can we wonder, then, at the exultation that was felt at this time by
+many, perhaps by most, that bore the Christian name: or at their
+high-raised expectations as to the future happy destiny of the Roman, now
+that it had been changed into the Christian, nation? It seemed to them as
+if it had become God's covenanted people, like Israel of old: and the
+expectation was not unnatural,--an expectation strengthened by the
+remarkable tranquillity which, throughout the extent of the now reuenited
+empire, followed almost immediately on Constantine's establishment of
+Christianity,--that not only the temporal blessings of the ancient Jewish
+covenant would thenceforth in no small measure attach to them, but even
+those prophesied of as appertaining to the latter day. Hence on the medals
+of that era the emblem of the phoenix, all radiant with the rising
+sunbeams, to represent the empire as now risen into new life and hope, and
+its legend which spoke of the happy restoration of the times. Hence, in
+forgetfulness of all former prognostications of Antichrist and fearful
+coming evils, the reference by some of the most eminent of their bishops
+to the latter-day blessedness, as even then about fulfilling. The state of
+things was such, Eusebius tells us, that it looked like 'the very image of
+the kingdom of Christ.' The city built by the emperor at Jerusalem, beside
+the new and magnificent Church of the Holy Sepulchre,--the sacred capital,
+as it were, to the new empire,--might be, perhaps, he suggested, the New
+Jerusalem, the theme of so many prophecies. Yet again, on occasion of the
+opening of the new church at Tyre, he expressed in the following glowing
+language, not his own feelings only, but those, we may be sure, of not a
+few of the congregated Christian ministers and people that heard him:
+'What so many of the Lord's saints and confessors before our time desired
+to see, and saw not, and to hear, and heard not, that behold now before
+our eyes! It was of us the prophet spake when he told how the wildernesses
+and solitary places should be glad, and the desert rejoice and blossom as
+the lily. Whereas the church was widowed and desolate, her children have
+now to exclaim to her, Make room, enlarge thy borders! the place is too
+strait for us. The promise is fulfilling to her, In righteousness shalt
+thou be established: all thy children shall be taught of God: and great
+shall be the peace of thy children.' "--_Horae Apoc._, v. i., pp. 230-1.
+
+They rejoiced over the downfall of the dragon as over "the Accuser of our
+brethren, who accused them before our God day and night." The phrase "our
+brethren," proves that those who unite in this song are the living saints
+on the earth. The reference to Satan as an Accuser bears a close
+resemblance to Zech. 3:1, where Joshua, as a symbol of the people of
+Israel, is represented as standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan
+standing at his right hand to resist him.--"{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TET~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~} Satan signifies an
+_adversary_. {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TET~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} _lesiteno_, to be his adversary or accuser."--_Dr.
+Clark._
+
+Satan's most common work is to invent false accusations against those
+whose efforts tend to frustrate his designs. The Christians had endured
+false accusations and bitter persecutions, and therefore rejoiced the more
+over the defeat of the Pagans.
+
+
+
+
+The Flight of the Woman.
+
+
+    "Woe to the inhabitants of the earth, and of the sea! for the
+    devil is come to you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that
+    he hath but a short season."
+
+
+    "And when the dragon saw that he was cast out into the earth, he
+    persecuted the woman, who brought forth the male child. And two
+    wings of a great eagle were given to the woman, that she might fly
+    into the desert, into her place, where she is nourished for a
+    time, and times, and half a time, from the presence of the
+    serpent. And the serpent cast out of his mouth water like a river,
+    after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away by the
+    river. And the earth helped the woman; and the earth opened its
+    mouth and swallowed up the river, which the dragon cast out of his
+    mouth. And the dragon was enraged against the woman, and went away
+    to make war with the remnant of her seed, that keep the
+    commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus."--Rev.
+    12:12-17.
+
+
+The rejoicing of Christians, according to this symbolization, is
+afterwards followed by renewed triumphs of the Pagans over them. The
+hatred of the Pagan worshippers to Christianity, is strikingly evinced;
+but it is manifested in a manner different from the former contest.
+
+When the church sought only to overcome by "the blood of the Lamb, and by
+the word of their testimony," it was owned of Christ; but as it became
+proud and worldly, and cared more for popular favor than for purity of
+faith and practice, the true church which the woman symbolized, was
+represented only by those who continued faithful to their profession.
+Historians inform us that with the success of Constantine, the visible
+church became speedily corrupt. As it became popular, unconverted men
+sought to be enrolled as members. The Pagans, instead of approaching as
+enemies, came as professed friends. As a profession of Christianity was
+alone necessary for admission to the church, multitudes sought connection
+with it. This caused a condition of things, of which Dr. Milner thus
+speaks:--"In the general appearance of the church, we cannot see much of
+the spirit of godliness. External piety flourished. But faith, love,
+heavenly-mindedness appear very rare. The doctrine of real conversion was
+very much lost, and external baptism placed in its stead: and the true
+doctrine of justification by faith, and true practical use of a crucified
+Saviour for troubled consciences were scarcely to be seen at this time.
+Superstition and self-righteousness were making vigorous shoots; and the
+real gospel of Christ was hidden from the men that professed it."
+
+To the same effect is the report of Mosheim:--Of the life and morals of the
+professing Christians of the fourth century, he says: "Good men were, as
+before, mixed with bad; but the bad were by degrees so multiplied, that
+men truly holy and devoted to God appeared more rarely; and the pious few
+were almost oppressed by the vicious multitude." Of their doctrines he
+says: "Fictions, of early origin" (about saint veneration and relics, a
+purifying fire, celibacy, &c., &c.), "now so prevailed as in course of
+time almost to thrust true religion aside, or at least to exceedingly
+obscure and tarnish it."
+
+Says Mr Lord:--"Constantine and his successors introduced a flood of false
+doctrines, superstitions and idolatries, into the church, which were
+incompatible with a pure worship, and swept all who yielded to their
+impulse to the gulf of apostasy. Such were the veneration of the cross,
+and ascription to it of miraculous powers, the homage of relics, the
+invocation of saints, the conversion of religion into gorgeous ceremonies,
+the encouragement of celibacy, and the arrogation of the throne and
+prerogatives of God by civil and ecclesiastical rulers. These falsehoods,
+follies, and impieties, introduced or adopted by the emperors, encouraged
+by their example, sanctioned by their laws, and enforced by the penalties
+of excommunication, imprisonment, the forfeiture of civil rights,
+banishment, and death, came armed with an overpowering force to all who
+were not fortified against them by the special aids of the divine spirit,
+and like a resistless torrent bore away the great mass of the
+church."--_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 350.
+
+With the accession of multitudes of unworthy members, and the prevalence
+of false doctrines, the true church would have been speedily overwhelmed
+had not the people of God been sustained from such deleterious influences.
+To the woman, therefore, were given two wings of a great eagle that she
+might escape. Wings are symbolic of power of flight--for succor, or escape.
+The four-winged leopard of Daniel used his speed to approach and demolish
+the enemy; the woman, to escape hers. The church of old was sustained in
+like manner. Thus God said to Israel, "Ye have seen what I did unto the
+Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you to
+myself."--Ex. 19:4.
+
+On the introduction of new rites and doctrines into the church, multitudes
+withdrew from the public assemblies, and worshipped apart. They retired
+from the observation of their rulers and lived secluded for a long period.
+
+Some may inquire for the historical evidence of the _time_ when such a
+body withdrew. This, from the nature of the case, it may be difficult to
+give. If the withdrawal of the true worshippers had been an occurrence of
+so much notoriety as to be prominently historically noticed, it might have
+defeated their withdrawal. It is sufficient that the prophecy makes such a
+withdrawal necessary; and that at a later period such a body was found
+existing as predicted. See p. 198. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"Her retreat into her place from the face of the serpent, denotes that the
+scene of her residence was unknown to the rulers. The anger of the serpent
+indicates their continued disposition to destroy her, if in their power;
+while its going on to make war with such of her seed as had not retreated
+to the desert, denotes that they continued, after her disappearance, to
+persecute the isolated individuals that from time to time dissented from
+the corrupt church, and professed the pure faith.
+
+"As it was by spiritual aids that the true worshippers were enabled to
+resist the temptations and force by which the rulers endeavored to
+constrain them to apostasy, and to fly to the desert, no specific record
+of those aids is to be sought on the page of history. The only evidence
+that we can ask or possess, that they were conferred, is presented in the
+fact that a body of dissentients from the corrupt church were in a latter
+age found in a secluded scene, who had survived the endeavors of the
+rulers of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and following centuries, to compel all
+their subjects to conformity, and who have continued to maintain a
+separate existence, and offer an unidolatrous worship to the present time.
+
+"And such a body were the Waldenses, inhabiting the eastern valleys of the
+Cottian Alps. They are known, from the testimony of cotemporary Catholics
+and their own authors, to have existed there as early as the eleventh
+century. It was then, and is now, claimed by themselves, and admitted by
+their enemies, that they had subsisted there from a much earlier age.
+These were a Christian church, having the Scriptures of the Old and New
+Testaments, regarding them as a revelation from God, and making them the
+rule of their faith; having a ministry of their own, holding religious
+assemblies, professing and teaching the doctrines of the gospel, and
+celebrating the sacraments.
+
+"They were distinguished for the simplicity and purity of their lives. It
+was asserted by them, and repeated by the Catholics, that they were
+induced to retreat to the secluded valleys which they inhabit, to escape
+the despotism of the rulers and the corruptions and tyranny of the church,
+soon after its nationalization by Constantine. They have continued to
+subsist there to the present time, as a separate and evangelical
+church."--_Exp. Apoc._, pp. 348, 349, 359.
+
+Says Mr. Elliott:--"I must not pass on without pressing on the reader's
+notice this notable pre-figuration of the seclusion of Christ's church in
+the wilderness, as the true and fittest answer to the Romish
+anti-Protestant taunt, 'Where was your religion before Luther?'
+Protestants have not duly, as it seems to me, applied the answer here
+given. For the wilderness-life necessarily, as I must repeat,--and that on
+Bossuet's own showing,--implies the _invisibility_ of her who lives in it.
+And consequently, instead of the long previous invisibility of a church
+like the Lutheran, or Anglican Reformed, of the sixteenth century, in
+respect of doctrine and worship, being an argument against, it is an
+argument for it. The Romish church, which never knew the predicted
+wilderness-life, could not, for this very reason, be the woman of the 12th
+Apocalyptic chapter; that is, could not be the true church of Christ.
+
+"For 1260 prophetic days, then, or years, she was to disappear from men's
+view in the Roman world. Is it asked how her vitality was preserved?
+Doubtless in her children, known to God, though for the most part unknown
+to men; just like the 7000 that Elijah knew not of, who had not bowed the
+knee to Baal; some, it might be, in monasteries, some in the secular walks
+of life; but all alike insulated in spirit from those around them, and as
+regards the usual means of grace, spiritually destitute and desolate; even
+as in a barren and dry land, where no water is.--Besides whom, some few
+there were of her children,--some very few,--prepared, like Elijah of old,
+to act a bolder part, and stand forth, under special commission from God,
+as Christ's witnesses before Christendom."--_Horae Apoc._, pp. 55-57.
+
+The flood of water cast out after the woman, is an appropriate symbol of
+the various tribes which subsequently overran the Western empire. Waters
+symbolize peoples, 17:15; and by hordes of barbarian Huns, Goths, and
+Vandals, Rome was inundated as by a flood, in the 5th century; and in A.
+D. 476 its government was entirely subverted.
+
+Such an irruption of barbarians might be expected to extirpate
+Christianity from the earth; but help came from an unexpected quarter. The
+woman had retired to her secure retreat, and the earth swallowed up the
+flood. Those barbarous tribes were absorbed by, and mixed with, the
+previous population of the empire, and constituted the clay ingredient
+with the iron, in the feet of the metallic image.--Dan. 2:41. They rapidly
+assimilated to the character and habits of the previous inhabitants; and
+ultimately adopted the forms of government and religion which for a time
+they subverted; and within the limits of the Western empire, in the place
+of the Imperial head, constituted ten contemporary kingdoms. These were a
+continuation of the former government, and were symbolized by:
+
+
+
+
+The Ten-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    "And I was standing on the sand of the sea, and saw a wild beast
+    ascending out of the sea, having ten horns and seven heads, and on
+    his horns ten diadems, and on his heads names of reviling. And the
+    wild beast, which I saw was like a leopard, and his feet were like
+    those of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion: and the
+    dragon gave him his power, and his throne, and great authority.
+    And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his
+    deadly wound was healed: and all the world admired and followed
+    the beast. And they worshipped the dragon, for he gave power to
+    the wild beast: and they worshipped the wild beast, saying, Who is
+    like the wild beast, and who is able to make war with him?"--Rev.
+    18:1-4.
+
+
+The sea, from which this beast emerged, is evidently the turbulent state
+of anarchy, to which the people of the fourth kingdom had been reduced, on
+its subversion. And the beast which came up out of the sea, represents the
+forms of government which then arose.
+
+Its heads and horns synchronize with those of the dragonic monster, which
+had preceded it, and disappeared from the view of the revelator. And they
+doubtless symbolize the same forms of government. See pp. 145-148.
+
+The ten crowns encircling its horns, indicate that an era is foreshadowed,
+when the sovereignty of the kingdom shall have been transferred from the
+forms of government symbolized by the heads,--which had before been
+encircled by the crowns,--to that represented by the horns. There is great
+unanimity among Protestant writers, in regarding these as the first ten
+kingdoms which existed in the western empire arising during the period of
+its decline, viz:
+
+1. The Huns in Hungary, from A. D. 356.
+
+2. The Ostrogoths in Mysia, from A. D. 377. They invaded Italy, and
+conquered the Heruli in 493; and were defeated in 538 by Justinian, when
+the Pope was placed in quiet possession of the capital of Rome.
+
+3. The Visigoths in Pannonia, from A. D. 378 to 408, when they removed to
+the south of France till 585. They then removed to, and subjugated Spain.
+
+4. The Franks in France, from A. D. 407.
+
+5. The Vandals in Spain, from A. D. 407 till 427, when they removed to
+Africa, and continued an independent kingdom till subjugated by Justinian
+in 533.
+
+6. The Suevi and Alans in Gascoigne and Spain, from 407 till 585.
+
+7. The Burgundians in Burgundy, from A. D. 407 till 524, when they became
+subject for a time to the Franks; but afterwards they arose again to an
+independent kingdom.
+
+8. The Heruli, who advanced into Italy under Attila, and in 476 terminated
+the imperial rule by the dethronement of Agustulus. They were in turn
+conquered by the Ostrogoths in A. D. 493.
+
+9. The Saxons and Angles in Britain from about A. D. 450. And,
+
+10. The Lombards in Germany, from A. D. 483.
+
+The name of blasphemy, on the heads of this beast, identifies it as the
+successor and representative of the persecuting power which sought the
+life of the Man-child, (12:4), and caused the woman to flee to the
+wilderness, 12:14.
+
+Its characteristics resemble those of the lion, bear, and leopard, of
+Daniel's vision (Dan. 7:4-6), which respectively symbolized the
+Babylonian, Medo-Persian, and Grecian kingdoms. These mark it as their
+successor--synchronizing with Daniel's ten-horned nondescript beast, (Dan.
+7:7); which was the fourth kingdom that should exist on the earth, and the
+ten horns of which, symbolized the same ten-fold partition of the Roman
+empire.
+
+His power, seat, and great authority being given by the dragon, is another
+evidence that it is a continuation of that fourth kingdom succeeding to
+its sovereignty. The laws of the ancient empire were generally adopted by
+the ten kingdoms, which assumed and exercised the prerogatives of ancient
+Rome. Says Bossuet: "Whoever carefully examines the laws of the Theodosian
+and Justinian codes against heretics, will see that they are the source of
+the decrees against them, that the church, aided by the edicts of princes,
+enacted in the third and fourth Lateran councils."
+
+The head, which was as it were wounded to death, would indicate that under
+the government symbolized by that head, the life of the beast had become
+apparently extinct. This was the case when the empire was subverted. In
+the succession of the previous forms of government, the empire itself was
+not in any particular peril. They gave place, each to its successor,
+without any subversion of the government. But when the seventh head ceased
+to exercise sovereignty, the beast itself was apparently dead. The wound,
+however, did not prove mortal. The beast still lived. Its sovereignty was
+perpetuated by the decemregal governments; which constituted the eighth
+form of government--symbolized by the beast that was, is not, and yet is
+again in existence and will continue till the day of perdition, 17:11;
+19:20.
+
+They worshipped the dragon and beast, by regarding the latter as a
+continuation of the former power, and regarding the sovereign power of
+Rome as unparalleled and invincible--as is shown by the questions: "Who is
+like unto the beast? Who is able to make war with him?" Those combined
+governments were regarded by their subjects with wonder and veneration.
+Says Mr. Lord: "The serfs and common people, sunk for ages to the most
+degraded vassalage, revered the monarchs, the various ranks of nobles, and
+their armed followers, as a superior race, while poets and historians
+celebrated their warlike exploits, and philosophers and priests justified
+their usurpations, and eulogized the wisdom and benignity of their rule."
+
+
+
+
+The Mouth of the Beast.
+
+
+    "And there was given to him a mouth speaking great things and
+    revilings; and power was given to him to make war forty-two
+    months. And he opened his mouth in reviling against God, to revile
+    his name, and his tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven. And
+    it was given to him to make war with the saints, and to overcome
+    them: and power was given him over every tribe, and people, and
+    tongue, and nation. And all, who dwell on the earth, will worship
+    him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the slain
+    Lamb, from the foundation of the world. If any one hath an ear,
+    let him hear. If any one leadeth into captivity, he will go into
+    captivity: if any one killeth by the sword, he must be killed with
+    the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints."--Rev.
+    13:5-10.
+
+
+The mouth of the beast, must symbolize the agency by which utterance is
+given to the great things and blasphemies which are spoken by it. Its
+likeness to the mouth of the lion, shows its resemblance to the Babylonian
+worship of the dead. Moses was "not eloquent,"--he was "slow of speech and
+of a slow tongue," and the Lord said to him, Aaron "shall be thy spokesman
+unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of _a
+mouth_," Ex. 4:10, 16. As Aaron was a mouth to Moses, so did the Papacy
+become a mouth-piece for the Roman kingdoms. It was the agency by which
+the people were taught; and through which utterance was given to the
+blasphemies of the beast. It fills a place analogous to that of the image
+afterwards symbolized, which also had like power to speak blasphemies. See
+p. 188.
+
+The beast had power to continue to utter blasphemies by the mouth given to
+it, forty-two months. This identifies the mouth with that of the "little
+horn" (Dan. 7:25), of which it was said, "He shall speak great words
+against the Most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall
+be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of
+time"--_i.e._ 1260 prophetic days.
+
+1. This mouth uttered blasphemy against God by claiming to be Christ's
+vicegerent--usurping the prerogatives of the Almighty. The Pope claimed
+that he was "Judge, as God's Vicar, and could himself be judged by none."
+In A. D. 799, a Roman council declined to hear accusations against the
+Pope, declaring that "he who was Judge of all men, was above being judged
+by any other than himself." Febroni wrote of the Pope: "He is the Prince
+of princes and Lord of lords. He is, as it were, a God on earth. He is
+above right, superior to law, superior to the canons. He can do all things
+against right, and without right. He is able to free from obligation in
+matters of positive right, without any cause, and they who are so released
+are safe in respect to God." Assuming such prerogatives, and the power to
+forgive sins, the Holy name of God was blasphemed.
+
+2. He blasphemed the tabernacle of God by "exalting himself above all that
+is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the
+_temple_ of God, showing himself that he is God," 2 Thess. 2:2. The Pope
+claimed to be the head of the church and that from himself was derived the
+authority of all bishops and other clergy. He usurped the powers in the
+church, which only Christ, its Supreme Head and Lawgiver can exercise.
+
+3. Those in heaven were blasphemed, by the ascription to them of the
+attributes and prerogatives of God; and by representing them as being well
+pleased with the bestowal on them of divine honors. Saint-worship by the
+Papists and demon-worship by the Pagans are alike. They both ascribe the
+same attributes to the spirits of the departed,--all the gods of the
+heathen being the ghosts of their departed heroes. A revival of this
+blasphemy, is subsequently symbolized by the frog-like spirits which
+emerge from the mouths of the beast, the dragon, and false prophet,
+16:13,--see p. 255.
+
+In connection with and in obedience to this mouth, the beast warred with
+the saints, and overcame them. Dissenters from the Papacy were subjected
+to unheard of cruelties and persecutions. And they whose names were not
+written in the book of life, sustained their rulers in these oppressive
+acts. In paying more deference to the edicts of government than to the
+requirements of Jehovah, they blasphemously bestowed on the beast an
+homage which was due only to God.
+
+The revelator being shown what was to be endured by the saints during a
+long period of oppression, now receives an annunciation to which all were
+to listen,--all who had ears to hear. It was the announcement, that "if any
+one leadeth into captivity, he will go into captivity: if any one killeth
+with the sword, he must be killed with the sword." Most commentators have
+considered this as applicable to the fate of the wild beast,--that its end
+was to be effected by the sword and captivity, as it had in the same way
+tyrannized over the saints. Mr. Lord offers some reasons for supposing
+that it was a caution to the saints not to resist with the sword the
+attacks of enemies, nor to retaliate by making captives of the subjects of
+the beast who should fall into their power. He says:
+
+"The prediction that he who led into captivity should himself become a
+captive, and he that slew with the sword be himself slain, had a signal
+fulfilment in the slaughter and vassalage of all those who attempted to
+deliver themselves by force from the religious tyranny of the European
+monarchs.
+
+"The Albigenses were nearly exterminated by the cruel armies against which
+they attempted to defend themselves, and the small number that remained
+after the devastation of their fields, the conflagration of their cities,
+and the promiscuous slaughters to which they were subjected, were either
+forced to conform to the Catholic church, or driven into other lands. The
+Waldenses perished in far greater numbers by the sword, in their struggles
+for preservation and freedom, than by the fires of martyrdom; and sunk,
+after their contests, to a still more hopeless vassalage to their
+persecutors. The resort to the sword by the Bohemians and the Huguenots of
+France, to defend their religious freedom, resulted, after vast
+slaughters, in their defeat and helpless subjection to the tyranny from
+which they endeavored to extricate themselves. And the Protestants of
+Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain, who
+succeeded in delivering themselves from the dominion of their ancient
+tyrants, instead of securing thereby their religious liberty, only placed
+themselves, by the nationalization of their churches, under the tyranny of
+Protestant rulers in place of Catholics."--_Exp. of Apoc._ p. 384.
+
+In this was to be exhibited the patience and faith of the saints, who,
+amid all their persecutions, made a wonderful manifestation of these. Of
+the many thousands put to death, or subjected to satanic cruelties for
+their faith, only a very few apostatized. Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"Of those who, under the insupportable agonies and distraction of the
+scourge and the rack, recanted, or promised a recantation, a large
+proportion immediately on being released from the sufferings which had
+overcome them, abjured their retractions, re-professed with redoubled
+energy the faith of Christ, and met without faltering the hideous death to
+which they were immediately hurried. Such is their uniform history in
+whatever age they fell, or to whatever nation or rank they
+belonged."--_Exp. of Apoc._, p. 385.
+
+If there was no other evidence of their constancy, faith, and patience,
+the horrid instruments of torture which were resorted to to terrify them,
+testify to their adherence to their principles, which required such
+engines for their subversion.
+
+The end of this beast, will be effected by his being cast alive into the
+lake of fire and brimstone, when the Lord shall make war with him, 19:20.
+This is also the end of Daniel's fourth beast, whose body is to be given
+to the burning flame (Dan. 7:11), and of the scarlet-colored beast on
+which the woman was seated, which is to go into perdition, 17:8.
+
+
+
+
+The Two-Horned Beast.
+
+
+    "And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the earth, and he
+    had two horns like a lamb, and he spoke like a dragon. And he
+    exerciseth all the power of the first wild beast, in his sight,
+    and causeth the earth and those, who dwell in it, to worship the
+    first wild beast, whose deadly wound was healed. And he performeth
+    great signs, so that he causeth fire to come down from heaven into
+    the earth in the sight of men. And he deceiveth those, who dwell
+    on the earth, by means of the signs which it was given him to
+    perform in the sight of the wild beast; saying to those, who dwell
+    on the earth, that they should make an image to the wild beast,
+    that had the wound by a sword, and did live."--Rev. 13:11-14.
+
+
+The coming up of another beast must symbolize the rise of another
+government. As the two-horned beast exercises its power before ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})
+_i.e._ _in the presence_, of the first beast, it is a contemporary power,
+and must necessarily symbolize a kingdom outside of the territory of the
+ten-horned beast. Within that territory it would be one of the horns of
+that beast; but a separate beast requires a separate territory. As it
+arises out of the earth, while it is outside of the territory occupied by
+the ten kingdoms, it must exist within that occupied by the _former_ Roman
+empire, and commence its existence during a period of settled government.
+
+All the forms of Roman government symbolized by the dragon, were also
+symbolized by the wild beast; and as the deadly wound of the former was
+healed in the latter, the two constitute one beast. As that is called the
+"first beast," the rise of the kingdom symbolized by the two-horned beast
+must have been subsequent to the commencement of the Roman empire. And as
+it caused those who dwell on the earth to worship that beast after its
+deadly wound was healed, it must have arisen anterior to the healing of
+that wound; and, consequently, before the succession of the ten kingdoms
+to the sovereignty of Rome, with which it held an intimate relation.
+
+The only kingdom which has arisen within the geographical locality, and at
+the epoch required by these conditions of the symbol, is the Eastern Roman
+empire; which, consequently, is the government represented by the
+two-horned beast.
+
+The imperial heads of Rome date from the battle of Actium, B. C. 31; but
+the Eastern empire was not commenced, till A. D. 324, when Constantine
+removed the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople. Rome was, previous
+to that removal, the undisputed queen of nations, and Constantine was
+without a rival. Why he should abandon Rome, the citadel and throne of the
+Caesars, for an obscure corner of Thrace, has never been satisfactorily
+explained. Says Dr. Croly: "The change of government to Constantinople
+still perplexes the historian. It was an act in direct repugnance to the
+whole course of the ancient prejudices."
+
+The indifference with which Constantine viewed the country of the Caesars,
+was regarded by Gibbon as the cause of removal.
+
+He transferred the customs and forms of the Roman government, and there
+exercised all the powers of the empire,--the Italians still obeying the
+edicts which he condescended to address from Constantinople to the Senate
+and people of Rome. The western division continued dependent on the
+eastern head, till the death of Theodosius, A. D. 395. His two sons,
+Arcadius and Honorius, "were saluted by the unanimous consent of mankind,
+as the lawful emperors of the East, and of the West,"--the European
+boundary being "not very different from that which separates the Germans
+from the Turks."--Gibbon, v. 2, p. 199. Gibbon calls this "the final and
+permanent division of the Roman empire." But its existence as a beast more
+properly dates from the removal of Constantine.
+
+Its two horns like a lamb, must symbolize two divisions of the kingdom.
+These may be contemporary, like those symbolized by the ten horns (17:12),
+or successive, like the two horns of the ram, Dan. 8:3, 20. From the
+history of the Eastern empire, the latter is the more probable; and its
+historical resemblance to the government symbolized by the ram, may be the
+reason of the comparison to "horns like a lamb." As Persia was a
+government outside of Media, and succeeded to its sovereignty, so did the
+kingdom of the Turks originate outside of the Eastern empire, and at
+length come in, occupy its territory, and succeed to its sovereignty, A.
+D. 1253. With this view, the horns would symbolize the kings of Eastern
+Rome and of Turkey. See pp. 99-104.
+
+Its dragon-like speech shows it to be a blasphemous, persecuting power,
+like that which persecuted the woman, 12:17. Though the Greek empire
+claimed to be Christian, a successor of Constantine, Julian the Apostate,
+renounced Christianity, endeavored to restore the Pagan service in
+Constantinople, and "declared himself the _implacable enemy of Christ_."
+He assumed the character of Supreme Pontiff, and thus placed himself at
+the head of the Pagan worship. He labored incessantly to restore and
+propagate those dragonic rites, and even thought to disprove the
+predictions of Christ by rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem. "He affected
+to pity the unhappy Christians, as mistaken in the most important object
+of their lives; but his pity was degraded by contempt, his contempt was
+embittered by hatred; and the sentiments of Julian were expressed in a
+style of sarcastic wit which inflicts a deep and deadly wound whenever it
+issues from the mouth of a sovereign." And he intimated that they might
+have occasion "to dread, not only confiscation and exile, but fire and the
+sword."--_Gibbon._
+
+The successors of Julian, though Christian in name, issued cruel and
+tyrannical edicts. Valens embraced Arianism, and bitterly persecuted the
+Orthodox party. Justinian established Catholicism by arms. Theodosius
+proscribed Paganism by the infliction of severe penalties. Marcian and Leo
+"enforced, with arms and edicts, the symbols of their faith," and it was
+declared that "the decrees of the synod of Chalcedon might be lawfully
+supported, even with blood." And after the accession of the Mohammedan
+power, religious intolerance towards dissenting creeds was still more
+rigidly enforced.
+
+The Eastern empire exercised all the power of the Western. The original
+organization of its government was the same, and it had the same titles
+and prerogatives. Gibbon says of Julian: "The spirit of his
+administration, and his regard for the place of his nativity, induced him
+to confer on the senate of Constantinople the same honors, privileges, and
+authority which were still enjoyed by the senate of ancient Rome."
+
+It caused worship to be bestowed on the first beast, by extending to the
+Latin rulers that aid which enabled them to perpetuate their system of
+tyranny, to legislate over the laws and subjects of Jehovah, and to claim
+the obedience which only God can demand. The arms of Justinian, both in
+the East and West, caused the Roman name to be respected, and its favor
+sought for.
+
+The wonders to be performed by it, may be as yet involved in some
+obscurity. But by these it is identified as the power which afterwards
+became the seat of the False Prophet. When the "beast" is taken, "the
+false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived
+them that had the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image,"
+is cast with him "into a lake of fire burning with brimstone," 19:20. This
+identifies the two-horned beast as the Mohammedan kingdom. It also proves
+that the Romanic Turkish government will continue till the Second Advent.
+
+Among the wonders it would perform, making fire come down from heaven is
+specified. John does not intimate that he saw, in vision, fire thus
+descend. The fact is spoken of; and therefore it is not necessarily
+symbolic, but may refer to literal fire. Gibbon, in speaking of "the
+novelty, the terrors, and the real efficacy of the _Greek fire_," for
+which the Eastern empire was so famous, says:
+
+"The important secret of compounding and directing this artificial flame
+was imparted by Callinicus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria, who deserted
+from the service of the caliph to that of the emperor. The skill of a
+chemist and engineer was equivalent to the succor of fleets and armies;
+and this discovery or improvement of the military art was fortunately
+reserved for the distressful period, when the degenerate Romans of the
+East were incapable of contending with the warlike enthusiasm and youthful
+vigor of the Saracens. The historian who presumes to analyze this
+extraordinary composition, should suspect his own ignorance and that of
+his Byzantine guides, so prone to the marvellous, so careless, and, in
+this instance, so jealous of the truth. From their obscure, and perhaps
+fallacious hints, it should seem that the principal ingredient of the
+Greek fire was the _naphtha_, or liquid bitumen, a light, tenacious, and
+inflammable oil, which springs from the earth, and catches fire as soon as
+it comes in contact with the air. The naphtha was mingled, I know not by
+what methods, or in what proportions, with sulphur, and with the pitch
+that is extracted from evergreen firs. From this mixture, which produced a
+thick smoke and a loud explosion, proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame,
+which not only rose in perpendicular ascent, but likewise burned with
+equal vehemence in descent or lateral progress; instead of being
+extinguished, it was nourished and quickened by the element of water; and
+sand, urine, or vinegar, were the only remedies that could damp the fury
+of this powerful agent, which was justly denominated by the Greeks, the
+_liquid_, or _maritime_ fire. For the annoyance of the enemy, it was
+employed with equal effect by sea and land, in battles or in sieges. It
+was either poured from the rampart in large boilers, or launched in
+red-hot balls of stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins, twisted
+round with flax and tow, which had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil;
+sometimes it was deposited in fire-ships, the victims and instruments of a
+more ample revenge, and was most commonly blown through long tubes of
+copper, which were planted on the prow of a galley, and fancifully shaped
+into the mouths of savage monsters, that seemed to vomit a stream of
+liquid and consuming fire. This important art was preserved at
+Constantinople, as the palladium of the state; the galleys and _artillery_
+might occasionally be lent to the allies of Rome; but the composition on
+the Greek fire was concealed with the most jealous scruple, and the terror
+of the enemies was increased and prolonged by their ignorance and
+surprise. In the treatise of the administration of the empire, the royal
+author suggests the answers and excuses that might best elude the
+indiscreet curiosity and importunate demands of the barbarians. They
+should be told that the mystery of the Greek fire had been revealed by an
+angel to the first and greatest of the Constantines, with a sacred
+injunction, that this gift of _heaven_, this peculiar blessing of the
+Romans should never be communicated to any foreign nation; that the prince
+and subject were alike bound to religious silence under the temporal and
+spiritual penalties of treason and sacrilege; and that the impious attempt
+would provoke the sudden and supernatural vengeance of the God of the
+Christians. By these precautions the secret was confined, above four
+hundred years, to the Romans of the East; and at the end of the eleventh
+century, the Pisans, to whom every sea and every art were familiar,
+suffered the effects, without understanding the composition, of the Greek
+fire. It was at length either discovered or stolen by the Mohammedans;
+and, in the holy wars of Syria and Egypt, they retorted an invention,
+contrived against themselves, on the heads of the Christians. A knight,
+who despised the swords and lances of the Saracens, relates, with
+heartfelt sincerity, his own fears and those of his companions, at the
+sight and sound of the mischievous engine that discharged a torrent of the
+Greek fire, the _feu Gregeois_, as it is styled by the more early of the
+French writers. It came flying through the air, says Joinville, like a
+winged long-tailed dragon, about the thickness of a hogshead, with the
+report of thunder, and the velocity of lightning; and the darkness of
+night was _dispelled by this deadly illumination_."--_Hist. Rome_, vol.
+III., pp. 465-467.
+
+Its use is thus described by the same author, when the Greeks turned its
+power against the Saracens, at the siege of Constantinople, A. D. 718:
+
+"The Greeks would gladly have ransomed their religion and empire, by a
+fine or assessment of a piece of gold on the head of each inhabitant of
+the city; but the liberal offer was rejected with disdain, and the
+presumption of Moslemah was exalted by the speedy approach and invincible
+force of the natives of Egypt and Syria. They are said to have amounted to
+eighteen hundred ships: the number betrays their inconsiderable size; and
+of the twenty stout and capacious vessels, whose magnitude impeded their
+progress, each was manned with no more than one hundred heavy-armed
+soldiers. This huge armada proceeded on a smooth sea and with a gentle
+gale, towards the mouth of the Bosphorus; the surface of the strait was
+over-shadowed, in the language of the Greeks, with a moving forest, and
+the same fatal night had been fixed by the Saracen chief for a general
+assault by sea and land. To allure the confidence of the enemy, the
+emperor had thrown aside the chain that usually guarded the entrance of
+the harbor: but while they hesitated whether they should seize the
+opportunity or apprehend the snare, the ministers of destruction were at
+hand. The fireships of the Greeks were launched against them: the Arabs,
+their arms and vessels, were involved in the same flames, the disorderly
+fugitives were dashed against each other, or overwhelmed in the waves; and
+I no longer find a vestige of the fleet, that had threatened to extirpate
+the Roman name."--_Ib._, p. 464.
+
+It deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by its miracles. This deception
+resulted in the creation of:
+
+
+
+
+The Image of the Beast.
+
+
+    "And it was given to him to give breath to the image of the wild
+    beast, that the image of the wild beast should even speak, and to
+    cause, that as many as would not worship the image of the wild
+    beast, should be killed. And he causeth all, the small and the
+    great, and the rich and the poor, and the free and the bond, to
+    receive a mark on their right hand, or on their forehead. And that
+    no one might buy or sell, but he, who had the mark, the name of
+    the wild beast, or the number of his name."--Rev. 13:15-18.
+
+
+This new creation is not another beast, but the image of one. An image is
+only the _likeness_ of something. As the beast symbolizes a political
+power, its image must symbolize some analogous power of a different
+nature; and this likeness can only be found in a religious government.
+
+1. The beast which received its death-wound (v. 14), was the form of
+government to which the image was made, _i.e._, the imperial. Of this the
+Roman hierarchy was a perfect counterpart. It was an ecclesiastical
+government, coextensive in its authority with the political power of the
+empire. And, like the officers of the civil, there was a regular gradation
+of rank in the subordinates of the religious government. The head of the
+former was an emperor, chosen by an electoral college,--the senators of
+Rome.(3) The head of the latter was a Pope, chosen in a similar manner by
+the college of Cardinals,--the ecclesiastical senators of the religious
+empire. Each of those bodies constituted the highest deliberative and
+legislative body in its respective government. The empire had its
+governors of provinces, appointed by the imperial head; and the spiritual
+rule of the church was, in like manner, sustained by diocesan bishops who,
+in their respective provinces, were governors in spiritual matters and
+creatures of the Pope. Subordinate offices in the state and church, also,
+singularly corresponded.
+
+2. The religious customs of the empire, as well as its political, were
+likewise imitated by the papacy. Rome deified her heroes; the papacy
+canonized her saints. The ghosts of the departed were the gods of the
+heathen; and the papists supplicate the dead. The Pagans burned incense to
+their gods; the Papists burn incense in their religious ceremonies. The
+ancient heathen sprinkled themselves with "holy water;" the Papists use
+the same material in a similar manner. Lactantius says of the Pagans, they
+"light up candles to God as if he lived in the dark; and do they not
+deserve to pass for madmen who offer lamps to the author and giver of
+light?" This custom is imitated by the Papists in the use of wax candles
+on their altars.
+
+The ancient Romans prostrated themselves before images of wood and stone;
+and Jerome tells us that "by idols were to be understood the images of the
+dead." In Catholic Rome, worshippers prostrated themselves before images
+of departed saints. The old Roman Pantheon, which was dedicated by Agrippa
+"to Jove, _and all the gods_," was re-consecrated by Pope Boniface IV.,
+about A. D. 610, "_to the blessed Virgin and all the saints_." As in the
+old pagan temple, any stranger could find the god of his own country; so
+in its re-consecrated state, each country could find its patron saint.
+Other temples were changed and re-consecrated in the same manner. The
+ancient statue of Jupiter stands now as the statue of St. Peter. The
+pagans had their vestal virgins; the Papists their nuns.
+
+Dr. Middleton, who visited Rome in 1729, says:
+
+"Nothing, I found, concurred so much with my original intention of
+conversing with the ancients; or so much helped my imagination, to find
+myself wandering about in old heathen Rome, as to observe and attend to
+their religious worship; all whose ceremonies appear plainly to have been
+copied from the rituals of primitive Paganism: as if handed down by an
+uninterrupted succession from the priests of old, to the priests of new
+Rome, whilst each of them readily explained, and called to mind some
+passages of a classic author, where the same ceremony was described, as
+transacted in the same form and manner, and in the same place where I now
+saw it executed before my eyes."--_Dowl. Hist. of Rom._, p. 114.
+
+Says Mr. Lord:
+
+"After a struggle of more than four centuries, the ecclesiastics of all
+the hierarchies in the empire were united in one vast organization, with
+the pontiff as their supreme legislative and judicial head, and a single
+ecclesiastical government was established over the whole Roman church,
+after the model of the civil government of the ancient empire under
+Constantine and his successors. It is, accordingly, denominated by
+Catholics themselves a monarchy. 'All Catholic doctors agree in this, that
+the ecclesiastical government committed to men by God is a
+monarchy.'--_Bellarmini de Rom. Pont._, lib. i., c. v. Bellarmine devotes
+his first book 'of the Pontiff' to prove that such is and ought to be its
+government. 'If the monarchical is the best form of government, as we have
+shown, and it is certain that the church of God instituted by Christ its
+head, who is supremely wise, ought to be governed in the best manner, who
+can deny that its rule ought to be monarchical?'--_Ib._, i., c. ix., p.
+527.
+
+"The canonists are accustomed, accordingly, to denominate the Pope a king.
+
+"The pontiffs were as absolutely the legislative and judicial head of this
+ecclesiastical kingdom, as the emperors from Constantine to Augustulus
+were of the civil empire, and imposed whatever laws they pleased on
+subordinate ecclesiastics and on the church by decrees, in the same manner
+as those emperors enacted laws by edicts. The decrees, bulls of
+canonization, sentences, charters, and other legislative and judicial acts
+of the pontiffs, from Gregory VII., in 1073, to Benedict XIV., in 1757,
+collected in the Bullarium Magnum, fill nineteen folios. Many others are
+contained in the decretals and councils.
+
+"They appointed to all ecclesiastical offices throughout the empire, as
+the Christian emperors appointed to all civil and military offices in
+their dominions.
+
+"They exacted oaths of fidelity from all whom they advanced to important
+offices; as the emperors exacted engagements of fidelity from their civil
+magistrates.
+
+"They established courts in which all violations of their laws were tried,
+and a tribunal at the capital for the decision of appeals. There were
+gradations of rank in the hierarchy, like those of the magistrates of the
+civil empire. The hierarchies, as nationalized by Constantine, were formed
+in each patriarchate, after the model of the civil government in the
+provinces. The hierarchy of the western kingdoms, under the Pope, was
+formed after that pattern; having archbishops or metropolitans at the head
+of the clergy of each nation, or large district, and bishops, abbots, and
+a long catalogue of subordinate ranks, under each metropolitan.
+
+"They levied taxes for their support on ecclesiastics and laics.
+
+"They inflicted ecclesiastical penalties on the violators of their laws;
+exclusion from communion, suspension from office, deposition,
+excommunication, and a sentence of eternal death."--_Exp. of Apoc._, pp.
+429-432.
+
+These, with many other striking resemblances, demonstrate that the Roman
+hierarchy, in all its great features, was a counterpart to imperial
+Rome--an image of, and belonging to, the seven-headed, ten-horned monster,
+whose deadly wound was healed.
+
+Life was to be given to this image by the two-horned beast. The papal
+hierarchy is created when its supremacy over other churches is declared
+and _sustained_; and the power by which this is done, is that which gives
+life to it. This was done, according to the following history, by the
+Eastern empire.
+
+The power of the papacy, symbolized by the image, had been predicted in
+Daniel under the symbol of "a Little Horn," that came up among the
+previous "ten horns," before whom "there were three of the first horns
+plucked up by the roots: and behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes
+of man, and a mouth speaking great things," Dan. 7:8. These horns were
+thus explained to Daniel: "The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom
+upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the
+whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces. And the ten
+horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another
+shall arise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he
+shall subdue three kings. And he shall speak great words against the Most
+High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change
+times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and
+times and the dividing of time. But the judgment shall sit, and they shall
+take away his dominion to consume and to destroy it unto the end. And the
+kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole
+heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey
+him." _Ib._ vs. 23-27.
+
+When Paul spoke of the second coming of Christ, in his first epistle to
+the Thessalonians, they understood that it was an event then imminent. The
+apostle, in his second epistle, corrects this impression, by referring to
+the foregoing prediction in Daniel, which must be previously fulfilled. He
+assures them that "the day of Christ" "shall not come, except there be" an
+apostasy, or "a falling away first, and that Man of Sin," or the lawless
+one, "be revealed, the son of perdition; who opposeth and exalteth himself
+above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he, as God,
+sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. Remember ye
+not, that when I was yet with you, I told you these things? And now ye
+know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. For the
+mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let,
+until he be taken out of the way. And then shall that Wicked be revealed,
+whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall
+destroy with the brightness of his coming," 2 Thess. 2:2-8.
+
+The uniform application of these predictions to the Papacy, by Protestant
+writers, renders it unnecessary to argue this point. That power began
+early to be manifested, but its full development was "let," _i.e._,
+hindered, by the continuance of the Western empire, which had to be taken
+out of its way. Tertullian, near the close of the second century, in
+expounding those words, says: "Who can this be but the Roman state, the
+division of which into ten kingdoms will bring on Antichrist?" And he
+gives as a reason why the Christians of his time prayed for the Roman
+empire: that _the greatest calamity hanging over the world was retarded by
+the continuance of it_. Cyril of Jerusalem in the fourth century applied
+the passage in the same manner, and says:
+
+"Thus the predicted Antichrist will come when the times of the Roman
+empire shall be fulfilled, and the consummation of the world shall
+approach. Ten kings of the Romans shall arise together, in different
+places indeed, but they shall reign at the same time. Among these the
+eleventh is Antichrist, who, by magical and wicked artifice, shall seize
+the Roman power." A large number of the ancient fathers interpreted this
+text in the same manner.
+
+In A. D. 257, 1260 years before the time of Luther, Stephen, Bishop of
+Rome, began to act the pope in good earnest,--excommunicating those who
+dissented from the doctrines of Rome.
+
+In 312, 1260 years before the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572,
+Constantine became Emperor of Rome, embraced Christianity, and terminated
+the last and bloodiest of the Pagan persecutions--that of Diocletian, which
+had continued ten years. Constantine undertook to remodel the church, in
+conformity to the government of the state, and the unhallowed union of the
+two resulted in the dignities of patriarchs, exarchs, archbishops, canons,
+prebendaries, &c., which he endowed with wealth and worldly honors.
+
+While paganism was superseded by Christianity under Constantine, its
+ceremonies were not suppressed. The senate was still pagan; and "the
+title, the ensigns, and the prerogatives of Sovereign Pontiff, which had
+been instituted by Numa, and assumed by Augustus, were accepted, without
+hesitation, by seven Christian emperors."--_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 183. Gratian
+became emperor, A. D. 376, and was the first who refused the pontifical
+robe. In 378, he invested Theodosius with the Empire of the East; under
+their rule paganism was "wholly extirpated," and the senate was suddenly
+converted.--_Ib._ That which hindered was thus taken out of the way. In
+378, also, Gratian refusing the office, Damasus, the Bishop of Rome, was
+"declared Pontifix Maximus,"(4) and made "the sole judge in religious
+matters." All who would not adhere to the religion "professed by the
+Pontiff Damasus, and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria," were declared
+heretics.--_Gibbon_, v. 2, p. 156. Damasus, by virtue of his power,
+introduced the worship of the saints, and of Mary, "the mother of
+God,"--excommunicating those who dissented. Thus the apostasy, by adopting
+the gods of the heathen, and the name of the heathen pontiff, began to be
+set up, and the excommunicated church disappeared in the wilderness.
+
+In the ninth century a document was produced, which claimed to be a deed
+of gift from Constantine to the Pope, dated A. D. 324, ceding him the city
+of Rome and all Italy, with the crown, the mitre, &c.; but the forgery of
+this has been fully exposed. With the removal of the capital of the world
+to Constantinople, the empire began to decline; but the church augmented
+as fast. A provisional synod at Sardica, in A. D. 344, and a decree of the
+Emperor Valentinian III., in 445, had acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as
+the primate of the five patriarchs, and as the last tribunal of appeal
+from the other bishops; but the edicts of the Pope were often disregarded
+and opposed, and he continued subject to the civil power till the
+subversion of the Western empire by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in A. D.
+476.
+
+The ten kingdoms which had arisen on the ruins of the Western empire (p.
+169), had nearly all embraced Christianity, corrupted by Arianism. And the
+barbarians transferred to their Christian instructors, the profound
+submission and reverence which they were accustomed to yield to the
+teachers of paganism,--many of the rites and ceremonies of which had been
+incorporated into the Catholic service. Ecclesiastical courts were
+established, in which were tried all questions relating to character,
+office, or property of the clergy; and thus they became nearly independent
+of the civil judges.
+
+The Heruli, which was the first of the ten horns plucked up, were
+conquered by the Ostrogoths, in A. D. 493, when all Italy submitted to
+Theodoric. He fixed his capital at Ravenna, which left the Pope the only
+Prince of Rome; and the Romans, for protection, were forced to pay more
+deference to him.
+
+About A. D. 500, two Popes were simultaneously elected, when Theodoric
+gave the papal chair to Symmachus. Gross crimes being alleged against him
+by the defeated party, the king summoned a council in A. D. 503 to
+investigate the charges; and he was acquitted. The other party being
+dissatisfied, Ennodius, Bishop Ticonum, drew up an apology for the Pope
+and council, in which, for the first time, the Pope was styled a "Judge in
+the place of God, and Vicegerent of the Most High;" and "subject to no
+earthly tribunal." Thus did the Lawless One attempt, "as God," to "sit in
+the temple of God."
+
+In A. D. 533, Justinian, Emperor at Constantinople, being about to attack
+the Vandals in Africa, and wishing first to settle the religious disputes
+of his capital in which he felt a great interest, he submitted the
+controversy to the primate of Rome. To induce a decision in his own favor,
+or to give force to it, he acknowledged the Bishop of Rome the Chief of
+the whole Ecclesiastical body of the empire; and thus addressed him, in a
+letter sent by two distinguished prelates:--
+
+
+    "Justinian, pious, fortunate, renowned, triumphant emperor,
+    consul, &c., to John, the most holy Archbishop of our city of
+    Rome, and patriarch.
+
+
+    "Rendering honor to the Apostolic chair, and to your Holiness, as
+    has been always and is our wish, and honoring your blessedness as
+    a father; we have hastened to bring to the knowledge of your
+    Holiness all matters relating to the state of the churches. It
+    having been at all times our great desire to preserve the unity of
+    your Apostolic chair, and the constitution of the holy churches of
+    God which has obtained hitherto, and still obtains.
+
+
+    "Therefore we have made no delay in subjecting and uniting to your
+    Holiness all the priests of the whole East.
+
+
+    "For this reason we have thought fit to bring to your notice the
+    present matters of disturbance; though they are manifest and
+    unquestionable, and always firmly held and declared by the whole
+    priesthood according to the doctrine of your Apostolic chair. For
+    we cannot suffer that anything which relates to the state of the
+    Church, however manifest and unquestionable, should be moved,
+    without the knowledge of your Holiness, who are The Head of all
+    the Holy Churches, for in all things, as we have already declared,
+    we are anxious to increase the honor and authority of your
+    Apostolic chair."
+
+
+Says Dr. Croly:--
+
+"The emperor's letter must have been sent before the 25th of March, 533.
+For, in his letter of that date to Epiphanius he speaks of its having been
+already despatched, and repeats his decision, that all affairs touching
+the church shall be referred to the Pope, 'head of all bishops, and the
+true and effective corrector of heretics.'
+
+"In the same month of the following year, 534, the Pope returned an answer
+repeating the language of the emperor, applauding his homage to the See,
+and adopting the titles of the imperial mandate. He observes that, among
+the virtues of Justinian, 'one shines as a star, his reverence for the
+Apostolic chair, to which he has subjected and united all the churches, it
+being truly the head of all; and was testified by the rules of the
+fathers, the laws of the princes, and the declarations of the emperor's
+piety.'
+
+"The authenticity of the title receives unanswerable proof from the edicts
+in the 'Novellae' of the Justinian code.
+
+"The preamble of the 9th states that 'as the elder Rome was the founder of
+the laws, so was it not to be questioned that in her was the supremacy of
+the pontificate.'
+
+"The 131st, on the ecclesiastical titles and privileges, chapter II.
+states: 'We therefore decree that the most holy Pope of the elder Rome is
+the first of all the priesthood, and that the most blessed archbishop of
+Constantinople, the new Rome, shall hold the second rank after the holy
+Apostolic chair of the elder Rome.'
+
+"The supremacy of the Pope had by those mandates and edicts received the
+fullest sanction that could be given by the authority of the master of the
+Roman world. However worthless the motives, the act was done, authentic
+and unquestionable, sanctioned by all the forms of state, and never
+abrogated,--the act of the first potentate in the world. If the supremacy
+over the church of God had been for man to give, it might have been given
+by the unrivalled sovereignty of Justinian.
+
+"From this era the church of Rome dates the earthly acknowledgment of her
+claim. Its heavenly authority is referred to the remoter source of the
+apostles."--_Apoc._, pp. 14-16, 30, 31.
+
+The war against the Vandals was vigorously prosecuted by Belisarius,
+Justinian's general, and resulted in their conquest the same year. Thus
+was the second of the first ten divisions of the empire subjugated: the
+second horn was plucked up.
+
+Rome was still in possession of an Arian monarch, who was the bitter enemy
+of the Catholic church. Intelligence of the success of Belisarius in
+Africa reached the emperor, Dec. 16th, A. D. 533. "Impatient to abolish
+the temporal and spiritual tyranny of the Vandals, he proceeded, without
+delay, _to the full establishment of the Catholic church_."--_Gibbon_,
+Harpers' ed., v. 3, p. 67. Belisarius proceeded to the conquest of Italy,
+which he effected, and marched on to Rome. Only 4000 soldiers were
+stationed for its defence; and they could not oppose the wishes of the
+Romans, who voluntarily submitted. Seized with a momentary enthusiasm,
+"they furiously exclaimed that the apostolic throne should no longer be
+profaned by the triumph or toleration of Arianism; that the tombs of the
+Caesars should no longer be trampled on by the savages of the north; and
+without reflecting that Italy must sink into a province of Constantinople,
+they fondly hailed the restoration of a Roman emperor as a new era of
+freedom and prosperity. The deputies of the Pope and clergy, of the senate
+and people, invited the lieutenant of Justinian to accept their voluntary
+allegiance, and to enter the city." Thus was "the city, after sixty years'
+servitude delivered from the yoke of the barbarians," Dec. 10, A. D. 536.
+And "the Catholics prepared to celebrate, without a rival, the approaching
+festival of the nativity of Christ."--_Ib._ p. 80.
+
+In the winter, the Ostrogoths made preparations, and besieged Rome with an
+army of 150,000 fighting men. Pope Sylverius was suspected of treachery,
+and on proof that he had communicated with the enemy, he was banished by
+Belisarius. At the emperor's command, the clergy of Rome proceeded to the
+choice of a new bishop, and elected "deacon Virgilius, who had purchased
+the papal throne by a bribe of two hundred pounds of gold."--_Ib._ p. 85.
+As he had obtained the papal seat by fraud, it was claimed that he was not
+the lawful Pope; but in A. D. 538, he was owned as such by the 5th General
+Council, and the whole Christian world.--See Bowers' _Hist. Popes_, v. 2,
+p. 374. In March of this year (538),--after "one year and nine days"--the
+Ostrogoths raised the siege of Rome, and burned their tents--one-third of
+their number having perished under its walls. The arms of Justinian
+triumphed, and the Catholic hierarchy was established. The third horn had
+been plucked up by the fall of the third of the first ten divisions of
+Rome.
+
+The Bishop of Constantinople did not submit willingly to the Primacy of
+Rome. On the death of Justinian, the supremacy of the Pope was utterly
+denied; and, in A. D. 588, John, Bishop of Constantinople, himself assumed
+the coveted title of "Universal Bishop." The Roman bishop, Gregory the
+Great, indignant at this usurpation, denounced him as a "usurper, aiming
+at supremacy over the whole church," and declared that whoever claims such
+supremacy "has the pride and character of _Antichrist_."
+
+Boniface succeeded to the Roman See, and in the following year, A. D. 606,
+only two years after Gregory's death, applied to Phocas,--who had ascended
+the throne of Constantinople by the murder of the Emperor Mauritius,--for
+the same blasphemous title, with the privilege of continuing it to his
+successors. His request was granted, the Eastern Bishop was forbidden its
+use, and the Primate of Rome was again acknowledged as "Universal Bishop,"
+and the unrivalled "Head of all the churches." This title has been worn by
+all the succeeding Popes; "but the highest authority," says Dr. Croly,
+"among the civilians and annalists of Rome, spurn the idea that Phocas was
+the founder of the supremacy of Rome. They ascend to Justinian as the only
+legitimate source, and rightly date the title from the memorable year
+533."--_Apoc._ p. 117.
+
+In A. D. 730, Emperor Leo issued an edict for the destruction of all
+images used in religious worship. From that time the Pope scorned his
+authority, and acted in defiance of the emperor's will, who found himself
+unable to compel the Pope to obey the edict.
+
+The Papacy thus defied all human authority; but did not as yet attempt the
+exercise of political power.
+
+In A. D. 756, Pepin, the usurper of the crown of France, compelled the
+King of Lombardy to cede the exarchate of Ravenna to the Pope, "to be
+forever held and possessed by St. Peter and his lawful successors in the
+See of Rome." The Pope had now become a temporal prince, and one of the
+kings of the earth. In A. D. 774, Charlemagne, the successor of Pepin,
+confirmed the former gift, and in addition, subjugated the Lombards, and
+annexed a large portion of their kingdom and the Duchy of Rome to the
+Roman See. In A. D. 817, Louis the Pious, granted "St. Peter's patrimony"
+to the Pope and his successors, "in their own right, principality, and
+dominion, unto the end of the world." Hence, as a temporal prince, the
+Pope wears a triple crown.
+
+In A. D. 800, Charlemagne was solemnly crowned and proclaimed emperor by
+the Pope, having reduced under his sway nearly the whole of Europe. From
+this time the Popes claimed superiority to all kings and emperors,
+received homage from them, and exercised all the rights of sovereignty;
+but they were nominally dependent on the Emperors of the West till A. D.
+1278, when the Emperor Rudolph released the people of the Papal States
+from all allegiance they might still owe to the imperial crown. This act
+was confirmed by the electors and princes of the empire. The Popes, in the
+greatness of their power, crowned and uncrowned kings at their pleasure,
+absolved subjects from all allegiance to their rulers, excommunicated
+whoever they would, and compelled secular princes to put to death
+heretics.
+
+In A. D. 1294, Boniface VIII. became Pope. From his accession Hallam dates
+the decline of the Papacy, which, for "more than two centuries, had been
+on throne of the earth, and reigned despot of the world."--_Dowling_. This
+was 1260 years from the death of Peter,--the earliest time from which they
+can date. His bull of excommunication against Philip of France, being
+disregarded by that monarch, who adroitly made the Pope his prisoner, his
+rage brought on a fever, which caused his death. Only a few succeeding
+pontiffs claimed, and none attempted to enforce, the prerogatives
+exercised by the preceding Popes. For seventy years the successors of
+Boniface resided at Avignon, in France, and paid great deference to the
+monarch of that country. After this was the Western schism, which divided
+the church for forty years,--two rival Popes claiming the mitre, and
+thundering out their anathemas against each other. These events greatly
+weakened the Papacy. About this time appeared Wickliffe and Huss, and
+Jerome of Prague; and still later, in 1517, Martin Luther, in opposition
+to the Papal pretensions, published his Thesis against Indulgences, 1260
+years from the time of the arrogance of Pope Stephen.
+
+In A. D. 1572, 1260 years from the removal of Constantine from Rome to
+Constantinople, occurred the bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew, when in
+one day 5000 Protestants were murdered in Paris, and in the same
+proportion in other parts of France. The persecutions of the Papists
+continued till near the close of the last century; and as late as
+November, 1781, a woman was burned alive by the Inquisition in Spain.
+
+In 1793, 1260 years from Justinian's letter to the Pope, the Papal church,
+with all religion, was entirely suppressed in France. And in 1798, which
+was the same length of time from the establishment of the papacy, by the
+conquest of the Ostrogoths,--the plucking up of the last of the three horns
+in 538, Gen. Berthier entered Rome, compelled the Pope to flee, and
+terminated the Papal government.
+
+The temporal power was afterwards restored; but in 1848, twelve hundred
+and sixty years from 588 when John assumed the title of Universal Bishop,
+the Pope again fled from his throne. Two years subsequently, he was again
+restored.
+
+"Flacius, in his 'Catalogue of Witnesses,' represented the twelve hundred
+and sixty days as having commenced in 606;" and Scott, and several others,
+reckon them from the same epoch.
+
+4. The image had power to speak. It thus filled the office of the "mouth,"
+which was given to the ten-horned beast (v. 5), which synchronizes with
+the view taken of that appendage, p. 172.
+
+5. It should _cause_ the infliction of death on those who should refuse to
+worship. The worship it would exact, is doubtless of the kind bestowed on
+the wild beast, 13:4. The Papal hierarchy claimed to be infallible and
+invincible, and to have power to bind and loose on earth and in heaven;
+those who refused to recognize its claims, if incorrigible, were punished
+with death.
+
+The Image was not to put to death, but would _cause_ them to be killed.
+The symbolization corresponds with the fulfilment in this particular. The
+ecclesiastical officials punished rebellious subjects, by delivering them
+over to the civil arm; which punished heretics according to the will of
+the Papacy. "Lucius III. and Innocent III. by formal decrees required them
+to be seized, condemned, and delivered by the civil magistrates, to be
+capitally punished; and enjoined the princes and magistrates to execute on
+them the sentences denounced by the canon and civil laws."--_Lord's Exp. of
+Apoc._, p. 434. This is substantiated by Bellarmini and other writers.
+Civil rulers, who refused to enforce the decrees of the councils, were
+anathematized, excommunicated, and often deprived of their political
+power. When the Papacy has been reminded of the numbers killed and
+otherwise punished for alleged heresy, she has replied that the civil
+power, and not the church, has done this! She, however, has caused the
+kings of the earth to execute her wishes.
+
+6. The image would cause all to receive the _mark_ of the Beast. A mark is
+a token of recognition. Slaves, soldiers, and the devotees of various
+gods, were thus identified on their hands or foreheads, both before and
+after the time of St. John--slaves by the name of the Emperor on their
+forehead, and soldiers by his name on their hand. Mr. Elliott proves this
+by quotations from Valerius, Maximus, AElian, Ambrose, and others. The
+devotees of particular gods gained admittance to the secret meetings of
+the worshippers of their respective deity, by a _mark_ by which they
+identified each other. At the present day the Hindoos are marked on the
+forehead by the hieroglyphic of the god they are consecrated to.
+
+The mark of the beast, is its _name_, or the _number_ of its name. The
+ancients often used numbers to indicate names. "Among the Pagans, the
+Egyptian mystics spoke of Mercury, or Thouth, under the number 1218,
+because the Greek letters composing the name Thouth, when estimated
+according to their numerical value, together made up that number. By
+others, Jupiter was invoked under the mystical number 717; because the
+letters of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}, _the beginning_, or _first origin_, which was a
+characteristic title of the supreme deity worshipped as Jupiter, made up
+that number: and Apollo under the number 608, as being that of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, words expressing certain solar attributes. Again, the
+pseudo-Christian or semi-pagan Gnostics, from St. John's time downwards,
+affixed to their gems and amulets, of which multitudes remain even to the
+present day, the mystic word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, under the idea of some
+magic virtue attaching to its number 365, as being that of the days of the
+annual solar circle; and equal moreover with that of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or Mithras,
+the Magian name for the sun, whom they identified also with Christ. Once
+more, the Christian fathers themselves fell into the same fancies, and
+doctrine of mysteriousness in certain verbal numbers. For example, both
+Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria speak of the virtue of the number 318
+as being that of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~} the common abbreviation for Jesus crucified; and
+partly ascribe to its magical virtue the victory which Abraham gained with
+his 318 servants over the Canaanitish kings. Similarly Tertullian refers
+the victory of Gideon, with his 300 men, to the circumstance of that being
+the precise number of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}, the sign of the cross. In the name of Adam, St.
+Cyprian discerned a mysterious numeral affinity to certain characteristics
+in the life and history of the second Adam, Jesus Christ. Irenaeus notes
+the remarkable number 888 of the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Jesus. And in the
+pseudo-Sibylline verses, written by Christians about the end, probably, of
+the second century, and consequently not long after Irenaeus, we find
+enigmas proposed of precisely the same characters as that in the text;--the
+number being given, and the name required."--_Elliott's Horae Apoc._, vol.
+iii., pp. 204-6.
+
+The "number of the beast" is indicated in the text by the Greek letters
+"{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}" which were severally used to represent the numbers 600, 60 and 6,
+making 666. As the name of the beast is equivalent to this number, the
+letters in it will represent numbers which amount to six hundred
+threescore and six.
+
+After the division of the Roman empire, the western kingdom adopted for
+itself the name of the Latin kingdom; and its subdivisions were called the
+Latin kingdoms. The church connected with those kingdoms was also
+emphatically called the Latin church. Says Dr. More: "They Latinize
+everything. Mass, prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals, bulls, are
+conceived in Latin. The Papal councils speak in Latin. Women pray in
+Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other language under the Papacy than
+Latin. In short, all things are Latin." The Council of Trent declared the
+Latin Vulgate to be the only authentic version of the Scriptures; and
+their doctors have preferred it to the Hebrew and Greek text, written by
+prophets and apostles.
+
+This Latin kingdom is the only one that ever corresponded to the
+characteristics of the beast. And its name--_Latinos_ in the Greek, and
+_Romiith_ in the Hebrew--is equivalent to the required number.
+
+"The Greek and Hebrew letters composing the words {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~},
+_Romiith_--{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}, _Romanus_--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _Latinos_, each of them making in
+numerals exactly 666, plainly point out not only his name, and the number
+of his name, but also the _mark_ of his _name_; as for example:
+
+in {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} {~HEBREW LETTER TAV~} _Romiith_; so likewise
+400 10 10 40 6 200 = 666
+{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~} {~HEBREW LETTER NUN~} {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~} _Romanus_; and also
+300 6 50 70 40 200 = 666
+the Greek {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _Latinos_,
+30 1 300 5 10 50 70 200 = 666.
+
+in each of which the exact mark is contained.
+
+"It therefore evidently appears, that each name is both a mark and a
+number; a mark, when viewed as made up of so many letters, therefore
+called the mark of his name; a number, when viewed as made up of so many
+numerals, then called the number of his name. But when considered merely
+as a name, derived from _Romiith_, a Roman, or _Romulus_, the founder of
+Rome, a name common among men, it may then be properly called the _mark,
+or number of a man_."--_Fleming's Rise and Fall of Papacy._
+
+To receive the mark of the beast, would be an acknowledgment of subjection
+to it. The connection of the beast and its image was so intimate, that
+submission to the one, was virtual submission to the other. To submit to
+the rites of the church modelled after the wild beast, to profess its
+faith, and to honor its authority, would be a reception of its mark. And
+all persons were compelled to do this, and give evidence of submission to
+its authority on the peril of their lives.
+
+7. Those who should refuse the mark of the beast, were to be prohibited
+from buying and selling. The Lateran Council under Pope Alexander II.,
+passed an act forbidding any to harbor heretics in their houses or to
+trade with them. The Synod of Tours passed a law that no one should assist
+them, "no, not so much as to exercise commerce with them in _selling_ or
+_buying_."(5)--_Elliott._ In 1179, the third Lateran Council sentenced
+certain heretics, "their defenders and harborers, to an anathema, and
+forbid, under an anathema, that any should presume to keep them in their
+house, or on their lands, sustain them, or transact any business with
+them."--_Lord._ "It was just the same fearful penalty of interdict from
+buying and selling, traffic and intercourse, that had been inculcated long
+before by the Pagan Dragon's representative Diocletian, against the early
+Christians."--_Elliott._
+
+So exact a correspondence between the wild beast and the Western kingdoms,
+the two-horned beast and the Eastern empire, and the image to the wild
+beast and the Roman Hierarchy, makes the symbolization of this chapter
+very intelligible. These three agencies will severally continue till the
+end of the world. The latter will be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), and the two former will then be taken and
+"cast alive into the lake of fire," 19:20.
+
+The vision would have been defective without a representation of the end
+of those who refuse to worship the beast, or its image, or to receive
+their mark, and who, although warred against and overcome by the beast,
+should maintain their integrity to Christ. Accordingly the revelator has a
+view of:
+
+
+
+
+The Redeemed on Mount Zion.
+
+
+    "And I looked, and behold a lamb stood on the mount Zion, and with
+    him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having his name and the
+    name of his Father written on their foreheads. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and like the voice of
+    loud thunder: and the voice which I heard was like that of harpers
+    playing with their harps: and they sung as it were a new song
+    before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the
+    elders: and no one could learn the song except the hundred and
+    forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth. These are
+    they, who were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These
+    are they who follow the Lamb wherever he goeth. These were
+    redeemed from among men, the first fruit to God and to the Lamb.
+    And in their mouth no lie was found for they are faultless."--Rev.
+    14:1-5.
+
+
+The Lamb is shown by the connection to be Christ,--here called by one of
+his metaphorical names.
+
+The Mount Zion, doubtless, symbolizes the place where, in the
+regeneration, the Lord will reign with his saints--_i.e._ in the new earth.
+"The Lord shall reign over them in Mount Zion," Micah 4:7.--"And they sung
+a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the
+seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood out of every kindred and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth," 5:9,10.--"And
+I saw a new heavens and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first
+earth were passed away.... And I heard a great voice out of heaven,
+saying, Behold the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with
+them, and they shall, be his people, and God himself shall be with them
+and be their God," 21:1-3.
+
+The names of Mount Zion, and Jerusalem, were both used to denote the city
+which the Lord chose above all the goodly places of earth to put his name
+there. It is proper to designate the heavenly city, the new Jerusalem, by
+all the names which were applied to the old. The king is to be set upon
+the holy hill of Zion--"Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the
+towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces," Psa.
+48:12, 13. "When the Lord shall build up Zion, he shall appear in glory,"
+_Ib._ 102:16. "For the Lord hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his
+habitation. This is my rest forever; here will I dwell; for I have desired
+it," _Ib._ 132:13, 14. "For the Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort
+all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her
+desert like the garden of the Lord; and joy and gladness shall be found
+therein, thanksgiving and the voice of melody.... Therefore the redeemed
+of the Lord shall return and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting
+joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy, and
+sorrow and mourning shall flee away." Isa. 51:3-11. "Awake, awake, put on
+thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalem, the holy
+city; for henceforth there shall no more come into thee the uncircumcised
+and the unclean.... How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of him
+that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good
+tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, 'Thy God
+reigneth!' Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the voice together
+shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye when the Lord shall bring
+again Zion. Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of
+Jerusalem: for the Lord hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed
+Jerusalem." _Ib._ 52:1-9. "And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto
+them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the Lord." _Ib._ 59:20.
+
+The standing of the Lamb on Mount Zion, symbolizes an epoch when Christ
+shall assume a corresponding relation to his people. He there appears in
+person; and "when Christ who is your life, shall appear, then shall ye
+also appear with him in glory," Col. 3:4. It will not be till he shall
+have judged "the quick and the dead at his appearing," (2 Tim. 4:1), that
+"the redeemed from among men" will "follow the Lamb whithersoever he
+goeth."
+
+The 144,000, who are with Christ, correspond with the number which are
+sealed, "of all the tribes of the children of Israel," (7:4); and they are
+doubtless the same persons, who, under the sixth seal, are designated,
+among all denominations of Christians, by the mark of the living God. They
+are there shown to be the godly, who shall be alive on the earth at
+Christ's coming and shall then be changed, and, with the risen dead,
+caught up to meet him in the air.
+
+The sealing process there symbolized, is here shown to be the inscribing
+of the Father's name on their foreheads. The subjects of the beast and its
+image, receive its mark; but the children of God and the Lamb, are
+designated instead, by the name of the Father.
+
+The voice from heaven as the voice of many waters, with the voice of
+harpers, is the singing of the new song which none but the 144,000 could
+learn. Those who are translated at Christ's coming, will be favored above
+all, save two, who will have lived on the earth, insomuch as they will
+have been redeemed from the earth without being subjected to death.
+
+These sing in the presence of the four living creatures and the elders,
+who symbolize those who also are redeemed from among men and will reign on
+the earth, 5:8-10. Consequently those must symbolize the resurrected dead,
+with whom the 144,000 will be ushered into the Lord's presence, 1 Thess.
+4:16, 17. The two bodies of the redeemed, are therefore both represented
+with the Lord on Mount Zion.
+
+Their not being defiled with women, probably implies that they were not
+guilty of idolatry, which is represented by that figure, Ezek. 16:15. They
+had not submitted to the wiles of the woman seated on the scarlet-colored
+beast, (17:3); had not worshipped the beast or its image (14:9), and had
+been true to their Divine Sovereign.
+
+They follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. All the redeemed will
+doubtless thus follow the Lamb, for of all the "great multitude which no
+man could number, of all nations and kindreds, and people, and tongues,"
+who stood before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed "with white
+robes, and palms in their hands," (7:9)--it was said: "The Lamb which is in
+the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living
+fountains of water," 7:17.
+
+Those who are redeemed from among men, are called the "first fruits unto
+God and to the Lamb." They are not necessarily first fruits of the
+redeemed, to distinguish them from others of the redeemed, but are first
+fruits of the race: "Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth,
+that we should be a kind of _first fruits_ of his creatures," James 1:18.
+By his resurrection from the dead, Christ became "the first fruits of them
+that slept," 1 Cor. 15:20. And at his coming there is to be a "first
+resurrection" (20:6), when the bodies of the saints will "be fashioned
+like unto his glorious body" (Phil. 3:21), and thus become the first
+fruits with their risen Head. Those who come up at the second resurrection
+will not attain to that beatific state.
+
+They are faultless, and without guile. They are not perfect by reason of
+any inherent goodness in themselves; for "all we like sheep have gone
+astray ... and the Lord laid on him the iniquity of us all," Isa. 53:6.
+The redeemed church will be faultless, because its members will be
+sanctified and cleansed by the blood of Christ. Such will constitute "a
+glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing ... holy
+and without blemish," Eph. 5:27. While "the nations of them which are
+saved shall walk in the light" of the New Jerusalem, and shall "bring
+their glory and honor into it," there "shall in no wise enter into it
+anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh
+a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb's book of life," 21:24-27.
+
+"There awaiteth at the end
+Such a home, and such a Friend,
+Such a crown, and such a throne,
+Such a harp of heavenly tone,
+Such companions, such employ,
+Such a world of hallowed joy!"--_Bunyan._
+
+
+
+
+The Angel of the Everlasting Gospel.
+
+
+    "And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the
+    everlasting good news to preach to those dwelling on the earth,
+    and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue, and people, saying
+    with a loud voice, Fear God and give glory to him; for the hour of
+    his judgment is come: and worship him who made the heaven, and the
+    earth, and the sea, and fountains of water!"--Rev. 14:6, 7.
+
+
+The era symbolized by the flight of this angel, has been applied, by
+different writers to the epoch of the Reformation, to that of modern
+missions, &c. The view here taken, is that it synchronizes with the
+preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles.
+
+The angel flying through the midst of heaven, doubtless symbolizes a body
+of men conspicuous for their position, energetic in their movements,
+extensive in their operations, and urgent in their proclamation,--whose
+teachings correspond with this announcement of the angel.
+
+The message they bear is that of the everlasting gospel {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+(_evangelion_)--which is, literally, the good news, the glad tidings; that
+which brings "life and immortality to light," 2 Tim. 1:10. It is a message
+which foreshadows the resurrection and coming judgment at Christ's
+appearing; and is therefore called "the gospel of the kingdom," (Matt.
+4:23);--the good news of the glorious kingdom of the Son of God.
+
+It is the preaching of the _everlasting_ gospel which is thus symbolized.
+It is no _new_ gospel; for, "the Scripture foreseeing that God would
+justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto
+Abraham,--saying: In thee shall all nations be blessed," Gal. 3:8. And not
+Abraham alone, but all the fathers "did eat the same spiritual meat, and
+did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual
+Rock that followed them: and that rock was Christ," 1 Cor. 10:3, 4. Of
+this gospel the Jewish nation and a few proselytes, were for ages the sole
+recipients. "Unto them were committed the oracles of God." Rom. 3:2. To
+them pertained "the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the
+giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises," Rom. 9:4.
+But the time had been foretold when the Gentiles should come to their
+light, and kings to the brightness of their rising, Isa. 60:3.
+
+With the coming of Christ, and his rejection of that nation, the gospel,
+was no longer to be confined within its former narrow limits. The Savior
+said to his disciples: "Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing
+them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;
+teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and
+lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world," Matt. 28:19, 20.
+"Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. He that
+believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall
+be damned," Mark 16:15, 16. "Then opened he their understanding that they
+might understand the Scriptures, and he said unto them, Thus it is
+written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, to rise from the dead the
+third day: and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in
+his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem," Luke 24:45-47.
+
+The fulfilment of those predictions and commands could not be more
+beautifully and appropriately symbolized, than by an angel flying "in the
+midst of heaven having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that
+dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and
+people." It could be no other gospel: for Paul testified: "Though we, or
+an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we
+have preached unto you, let him be accursed. As we said before, so say I
+now again, If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have
+received, let him be accursed," Gal. 1:8, 9.
+
+In accordance with the divine command, to preach the gospel to all the
+nations, beginning at Jerusalem, the apostles began their mission; and
+when the Jews rejected their message, they turned to the Gentiles, and
+went everywhere preaching the word "according to the revelation of the
+mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, but now is made
+manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the
+commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the
+obedience of faith," Rom. 16:25, 26.
+
+The first converts to the faith, comprised "Parthians, and Medes, and
+Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia,
+in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of
+Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and
+Arabians," Acts 2:9-12. When the Jews contradicted and blasphemed, "Paul
+and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God
+should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and
+judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the
+Gentiles," Acts 13:46. Afterwards Paul, in writing to the Colossians,
+refers to the gospel as that "which was preached to every creature which
+is under heaven," Col. 1:23.
+
+This gospel was to be preached to those who dwell on the earth, and also
+to all nations. The symbolic earth of the Apocalypse, being generally
+admitted to be the Roman empire under a quiet government, its fulfilment
+would require an early introduction of the gospel there. Accordingly we
+find, within thirty years after the crucifixion of Christ, a flourishing
+church existing in the metropolis of the Roman empire, to which Paul
+addressed one of his most able letters. In it, he thanks God that their
+"faith is spoken of throughout all the world," Rom. 1:8. The apostle had
+then "fully preached the gospel of Christ" from Jerusalem "round about
+[the coast of the Mediterranean] unto Illyricum," (Rom. 16:19);--a country
+on the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. He afterwards visited Rome, and is
+supposed to have preached the gospel as far west as Spain. The apostles
+spread Christianity throughout the Roman empire. Palestine, Syria,
+Natolia, Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, Italy, and the northern
+coast of Africa, contained societies of Christians in the first century.
+In the second century societies existed, and Christ was worshipped, among
+the Germans, Spaniards, French, Celts, and Britons, and many other nations
+in Europe, and almost throughout the whole east. In the fourth century
+Christianity had become the prevailing religion of the empire.
+
+In later times the gospel which began to be preached at Jerusalem, has
+been extended to more distant countries, and is still finding its way to
+every tribe and people that have not before heard its joyful sound. Thus
+has the light of the gospel nearly encircled the globe, having been, in
+one age or another, proclaimed in every known country--fulfilling the words
+of the Saviour: "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all
+the world, for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come,"
+Matt. 24:14. "And the gospel must first be published among all nations,"
+Mark 13:10. It would not follow from these predictions that it must be
+preached at the _same time_ to all nations, any more than the light of day
+shines on all parts of the earth at once: but all must have been illumined
+by it before the end.
+
+In accordance with this view, those who are finally redeemed to God "out
+of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation" (5:9), are those who
+will "have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the
+Lamb" (7:14), in consequence of this universal extension of the gospel.
+
+The command to fear and give glory to God, and to worship the Creator of
+all things implies that it was to be proclaimed to worshippers of false
+gods, and was not a mere proclamation addressed to _actual Christians_.
+The Gentiles to whom the apostles preached _were_ actual worshippers of
+such, and needed to be taught the worship of the _true_ God. While Paul
+was at Athens, his spirit was stirred within him when he saw the city
+wholly given to idolatry. "Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars hill, and
+said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too
+superstitious. For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an
+altar with this inscription: TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye
+ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. God that made the world and
+all things therein, seeing that he is the Lord of heaven and earth,
+dwelleth not in temples made with hands," Acts 17:22-24. "Ye know that ye
+were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led," 1
+Cor. 12:2. "For they themselves show us of what manner of entering in we
+had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols, to serve the living and
+true God: and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the
+dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come," 1 Thess.
+1:9, 10.
+
+The great motive, to be held forth to induce men to turn from the worship
+of idols to that of God, was the certainty of the approaching judgment. In
+accordance with this, the apostles make constant references to it. The
+Corinthians are exhorted to "come behind in no gift; waiting for the
+coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: who shall also confirm you unto the end,
+that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ," 1 Cor. 1:7,
+8. As Paul "reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come,
+Felix trembled," Acts 24:25. He said to the impenitent Romans, that they
+were "treasuring up to themselves wrath against the day of wrath, and
+revelation of the righteous judgment of God," Rom. 2:5. The first things
+which were presented in all their teachings were "the foundation of
+repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, of the doctrine of
+baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and
+of eternal judgment," Heb. 6:1, 2. Thus "Enoch also, the seventh from
+Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold the Lord cometh with ten
+thousand of his saints," Jude 14, 15.
+
+As Christ was to judge the world "at his appearing and kingdom" (2 Tim.
+4:1), a reference to his coming always involved a consideration of the
+hour of his judgment; and his appearing was a great incentive to holiness.
+"For our conversation is in heaven, from whence also we look for the
+Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ," Phil. 3:20. And "when Christ, who is our
+life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory," Col.
+3:4. "For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye
+in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming?" 1 Thess. 2:19.
+"To the end he may establish your hearts unblamable in holiness before
+God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his
+saints," _Ib._ 3:13. "For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again,
+even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. For this
+we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and
+remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are
+asleep. For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with
+the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in
+Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be
+caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air:
+and so shall we ever be with the Lord," _Ib._ 4:14-17. "And to you who are
+troubled, rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know
+not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ," 2 Thess.
+1:7, 8.
+
+Not only the apostles, but their successors, in succeeding ages, have
+constantly made reference to the judgment, as the motive to holiness.
+Beginning in the days of the apostles, the same gospel has been continued
+by a succession of men to the present time; and those who are now
+preaching, or who support those who so preach the everlasting gospel, in
+connection with the warning of approaching judgment, must be regarded as
+belonging to the same body of men symbolized by the angel flying in the
+midst of heaven.
+
+Commencing in the apostolic age, sections of the globe were evangelized--in
+Asia and Africa, that have never received the gospel since, either under
+the reformers or by modern missionaries. But beginning with the
+dispensation of the gospel to the Gentiles, its fulfilment is found in
+China, in Tartary, in Japan, in Egypt, and Ethiopia, and in lands so
+remote that no one can say it has not been almost universally promulgated.
+
+
+
+
+The Angel announcing the Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And another angel, a second, followed, saying, She is fallen!
+    Babylon the great is fallen! She made all nations drink of the
+    wine of the wrath of her fornication!"--Rev. 14:8.
+
+
+This angel, like the former, must symbolize a body of religious teachers.
+The former resulted in the spread of Christianity. This announces the fall
+of a corrupt hierarchy.
+
+Babylon being regarded as a symbol of the Roman church, her fall must be
+understood to be her loss of power, as mistress of the kings of the earth;
+and synchronizes with her displacement from her position on the beast, as
+symbolized in the 17th chapter. The epoch of her fall, and consequently of
+the flight of this angel, is that of the Reformation, when the corruptions
+of the Papal See were first exposed, and it was denounced as the
+Apocalyptic harlot. The argument for this application is given in the
+exposition of Rev. 18:1, which is a repetition of the symbol here given,
+p. 300.
+
+
+
+
+The Wrath-denouncing Angel.
+
+
+    "And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a loud
+    voice, If any one worship the wild beast and his image, and
+    receive his mark on his forehead, or on his hand, even he will
+    drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out
+    unmingled into the cup of his wrath; and he will be tormented with
+    fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the
+    presence of the Lamb: and the smoke of their torment ascendeth for
+    ever and ever: and they have no rest day or night, who worship the
+    wild beast and his image, and whoever receiveth the mark of his
+    name!"--Rev. 14:9-11.
+
+
+The cry of this angel synchronizes with the "voice from heaven" (18:4),
+and follows the discovery of the corruptions of Romanism.--See the
+exposition of that Scripture, p. 307.
+
+The worship of the beast consisted in a regard for it, equivalent to
+saying, "Who is like unto the beast? and, Who is able to make war with
+him?" 13:4. To worship, is to manifest homage and respect. To worship any
+inferior object, is to bestow on it the confidence and affection which is
+due only to God. It is to trust in it, as invincible, able to protect, and
+infallible in judgment. Thus to regard any civil or ecclesiastical
+organization, is to substitute it for Him, by whom the powers that be are
+ordained (Rom. 13:1), who giveth the kingdom to whomsoever he will (Dan.
+4:17), and by whom alone, kings reign, and princes decree justice, Prov.
+8:15.
+
+Whenever any civil or ecclesiastical enactment conflicts with the
+requisitions of Jehovah, that power is worshipped, which is obeyed in
+preference to the other: "Know ye not that to whom ye yield yourselves
+servants to obey, his servants ye are whom ye obey?" Rom. 6:16. The
+worship of God is incompatible with obedience to any power which compels a
+violation of His laws. Due obedience to government is commanded, when no
+question of conscience is involved. When it is, no forcible resistance to
+the execution of the law is permitted; but while God is obeyed, the
+penalty of the law is to be meekly endured.
+
+The early Christians chose death, rather than to deny their Saviour at the
+command of Jewish Sanhedrim or Roman emperor. When Peter and John were
+commanded "not to speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus," their
+answer was, "Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you
+more than unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak the things which we
+have seen and heard," Acts 4:19, 20. In like manner, the Christians living
+at the epoch of this angel, were to be similarly tried, which is implied
+in the command, not to worship.
+
+So soon as the reformers were placed in direct conflict with the Church of
+Rome, her anathemas were hurled against all who assented not to her
+mummeries. And the power of the civil arm was also brought into exercise
+to compel obedience to her commands. Those who maintained their integrity,
+did so in opposition to the requirements of the church and state; while
+those who submitted to the state as invincible, or to the church as
+infallible, extended to the beast or its image that homage and regard
+which was due to God. They thus acknowledged themselves the servants of
+him whom they obeyed, and subjected themselves to the wrath of God.
+
+The smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever, and they have
+no rest, day nor night, who worship the beast and his image. While the
+righteous enter into rest, the wicked are like the troubled sea which
+cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt, Isa. 57:20.
+
+
+
+
+The Harvest of the Earth.
+
+
+    "Here is the patience of the saints: here are those who keep the
+    commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. And I heard a voice
+    from heaven, saying, Write, Happy the dead who die in the Lord,
+    from henceforth! Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from
+    their toils; and their works go with them. And I looked, and
+    behold, a white cloud, and one was seated on the cloud like the
+    Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a
+    sharp sickle. And another angel came out of the temple, crying
+    with a loud voice to him seated on the cloud, Thrust forth thy
+    sickle and reap: for the hour is come for thee to reap; for the
+    harvest of the earth is ripe. And he, who sat on the cloud, cast
+    his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped."--Rev. 14:12-16.
+
+
+The announcement that here are they who keep the commandments of God,
+implies that, at the epoch symbolized, they are to be the subjects of
+special notice. By the voice from heaven, they are shown to include all of
+the dead who have died in the Lord; and their being blessed from
+thenceforth, indicates that they will at that epoch enter upon their
+eternal reward.
+
+The "rest" of the righteous, is at the advent of Christ:--"To you who are
+troubled, rest with us when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven,"
+2 Thess. 1:6. "There remaineth a rest for the people of God," Heb. 4:9.
+
+On hearing the voice from heaven, the revelator looked, and beheld on a
+cloud "one like the Son of man." In Ezek. 1:26, "the likeness as the
+appearance of a man," upon "the likeness of the throne," is explained to
+be "the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord." In Dan.
+7:13, "one like the Son of man," who comes to the Ancient of days, is
+evidently a symbol of Christ. In Rev. 1:13, "one like unto the Son of
+man," is the one who was alive, was dead, and is alive forevermore. The
+same symbol repeated, must here also be a representative of Christ.
+
+His position on a cloud, indicates the arrival of the period when he is to
+be manifested in mid-heaven: "Behold he cometh with clouds; and every eye
+shall see him," 1:7. "One like the Son of man came with the clouds of
+heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before
+him. And there was given him dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all
+people, nations, and languages should serve him," Dan. 7:13, 14. "And they
+shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven, with power and
+great glory. And he shall send his angels, with a great sound of a
+trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds,
+from one end of heaven to the other," Matt. 24:30, 31.
+
+The epoch of this manifestation, according to the above, is that of the
+last trump, the second advent, and the first resurrection. "At the last
+trump ... the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed," 1 Cor. 15:52. "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven
+with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God;
+and the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we which are alive and
+remain, shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the
+Lord in the air," 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+His "golden crown" indicates that he is now to take to himself his great
+power, and to reign, "when the kingdoms of this world become our Lord's
+and his Christ's," 11:15, 17. Crowns are symbols of sovereignty. As such,
+they respectively denoted the periods, when the forms of government,
+symbolized by the heads of the beast (12:3) and its horns (13:1), bore
+rule. Now the diadem is to be transferred from them, to encircle the brow
+of earth's rightful Sovereign.
+
+The sharp sickle in his hand, indicates that the time of harvest has
+arrived; and the act of reaping, the gathering of the harvest. There are
+two gatherings symbolized, corresponding to the two classes of persons who
+are to be gathered. "The dead in Christ shall rise first," and will be
+"caught up to meet the Lord in the air," before the wicked are gathered, 1
+Thess. 4:16, 17. "I will come again, and receive you unto myself," said
+the Saviour, John 14:5. The Lord of the harvest directs its gathering, but
+effects it by the instrumentality of angels: "He shall send his angels,
+and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the
+uttermost part of the earth, to the uttermost part of heaven," Mark 13:27.
+When thus gathered, they are caught up to meet the Lord in the air, where
+the Lord of the harvest sits. This is the separation of the righteous and
+wicked, who were to "grow together till the harvest," which, says the
+Saviour, "is the end of the world," Matt. 13:39.
+
+Mr. Lord suggests, that it is inconsistent with the dignity of Christ, to
+be notified by an angel when to begin his work; and therefore dissents
+from the application of the symbol to him. It may not, however, be
+necessary to consider the cry of the angel, as one of command. The angel
+may be a messenger from the Ancient of days, announcing the epoch of the
+resurrection. Or he may symbolize a body of men, who will be ardently
+praying for the return of the nobleman to take his kingdom.
+
+The harvest is spoken of in distinction from the gathering of the vine,
+and in contrast with it. Men harvest what they prize,--their grain and
+fruits. They do not harvest briers and thorns. They cut or reap both; but
+the act of reaping is not expressive of the destiny of what is reaped.
+This is indicated by the disposition made, and the terms applied; the one
+is gathered into the garner of the Lord; but the other is given to the
+consuming fire.
+
+The righteous being caught up to meet the Lord at his coming, the
+destruction of the wicked, which must precede the regeneration of the
+earth and descent of the saints, is next symbolized.
+
+
+
+
+The Reaping of the Vine.
+
+
+    "And another angel came out of the temple in heaven, he also
+    having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out from the altar,
+    who had power over the fire, and called with a loud shout to him
+    who had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and
+    cut off the clusters of the vine of the earth; for its grapes are
+    ripe. And the angel cast in his sickle into the earth, and cut off
+    the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great wine-press of
+    the wrath of God. And the wine-press was trodden without the city,
+    and blood came out of the wine-press, even to the bridles of the
+    horses, for the distance of one thousand six hundred
+    furlongs."--Rev. 14:17-20.
+
+
+The wicked also are gathered by the instrumentality of angels: said the
+Saviour, "As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so
+shall it be in the end of this world. The Son of man shall send forth his
+angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend,
+and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a furnace of fire:
+there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth," Matt. 13:40-42. In the
+parable of the tares, the Saviour said, "Let both grow together until the
+harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye
+together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but
+gather the wheat into my barn." Thus the tares were to be gathered
+_first_--not before the righteous are gathered, but before the wheat is
+placed in the garner: the new earth being the garner where the righteous
+are _finally_ to be gathered, they cannot be placed there till the wicked
+have been gathered out. "Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun
+in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear,"
+Matt. 13:30, 43.
+
+The disposition of the vine, its being trodden down, and the great
+presence of blood flowing, symbolize the awful judgments to overtake the
+wicked, after the escape of the righteous, when they are gathered into
+bundles and burned. Thus Isaiah prophesied: "Who is this that cometh from
+Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his
+apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in
+righteousness, mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel,
+and thy garments like him that treadeth in the wine-vat? I have trodden
+the wine-press alone: and of the people there was none with me: for I will
+tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury, and their blood
+shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For
+the day of vengeance is in my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come,"
+Isa. 63:1-4.
+
+Before the destruction of the old world by the deluge, Noah was secure in
+the ark. Before the destruction of Sodom, Lot is removed to a place of
+safety. So before the destruction of the vine of the earth, the righteous
+are caught up to the Lord in the air, where they are symbolized, in the
+following chapter, as:
+
+
+
+
+The Victors on the Sea of Glass.
+
+
+    "And I saw another sign in heaven, great and wonderful, seven
+    angels having the seven last plagues; for by these, the wrath of
+    God is completed. And I saw as it were a transparent sea mingled
+    with fire; and those who had obtained the victory over the wild
+    beast, and over his image, and over the number of his name,
+    standing on the transparent sea, having harps of God. And they
+    sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the
+    Lamb, saying, Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God
+    Almighty; just and true are thy ways, king of nations! Who should
+    not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art
+    holy; for all nations will come and worship before thee; for thy
+    judgments are manifested." Rev. 15:1-4.
+
+
+This appears to close the vision commencing with the sixth verse of the
+14th chapter, and to be independent of the remaining portion of the 15th
+chapter.
+
+These "seven angels," in the subsequent vision, discharge the contents of
+the vials of God's wrath; but the epoch here presented is evidently
+subsequent to that fulfilment; for the imitation of the "Song of Moses,"
+must follow the infliction of the judgments which call forth that song of
+rejoicing. They had here completed the wrath of God, the manner of which
+act is subsequently shown in a separate vision.
+
+The "sea of glass," must represent an elevation above the earth. For those
+stationed there had gotten the victory over the beast and his image, had
+escaped the wrath to be poured on those who worshipped those powers
+(14:9), had been gathered when the harvest of the earth was reaped
+(14:16), being then caught up to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17),
+and now, the clusters of the vine of the earth having been gathered and
+cast into the wine-press of the wrath of God (14:19), they rejoice above
+the fires of earth, witnesses of the manifestations of God's judgments.
+They have come out of all their tribulations, and evidently synchronize
+with the palm-bearing multitude (Rev. 7:9), the hundred and forty-four
+thousand on Mount Zion (14:1), and the multitude in heaven who sing
+Alleluia over the judgment of the great harlot, 19:1.
+
+"The song of Moses," was that sung by the Israelites when the Egyptians
+had perished in the waters of the Red Sea, and they were safely encamped
+on its further shore. The Lord had triumphed gloriously over the enemies
+of Israel, had buried the horse and his rider in the sea, and was about to
+plant his people in the mountain of his inheritance,--in the place which he
+had made for them to dwell in,--in the sanctuary which he had established,
+Ex. 15:1-21. The analogy requires that when this corresponding song is
+sung, the ransomed of the Lord shall have correspondingly witnessed the
+overthrow of the adversaries of Jehovah, and shall themselves have escaped
+from the perils of the many waters which had threatened to engulf them.
+
+The judgments of God being manifested on the nations of the ungodly, there
+are none remaining, only "the nations of them which are saved," 21:24. As
+these will all walk in the light of the new Jerusalem, those on the sea of
+glass may well sing:
+
+"Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty!
+Just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints!
+Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name?
+For thou only art Holy:
+For all nations shall come and worship before thee;
+For thy judgments are made manifest."
+
+In accordance with the foregoing view, this synchronizes with the "new
+song" sung by those who are redeemed from every nation, kindred, tongue
+and people (5:9), who are afterwards seen standing with the Lamb on Mount
+Zion, 14:3.
+
+
+
+
+The Angels with the Seven Vials.
+
+
+    "And after this, I looked, and the temple of the tabernacle of the
+    testimony in heaven was opened; and the seven angels came out of
+    the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure white linen,
+    and girded around the breasts with golden girdles. And one of the
+    four living beings gave to the seven angels, seven golden bowls
+    filled with the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. And
+    the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from
+    his power, and no one was able to enter the temple till the seven
+    plagues of the seven angels were completed." Rev. 15:5-8.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice out of the temple saying, to the seven
+    angels, Depart, and pour out the bowls of the wrath of God on the
+    earth." Rev. 16:1.
+
+
+"The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven," must symbolize
+heaven itself. It corresponds with the tabernacle "after the second
+veil,"--called "the holiest of all," where the tables of the covenant were
+deposited by the command of Moses, Heb. 9:1-5. There, the "cherubims of
+glory" over-shadowed the mercy-seat,--a type of the presence-chamber of the
+Almighty. Consequently, when it is symbolized as being opened in heaven,
+the angels who come out are divinely commissioned executors of God's
+purposes.
+
+The "seven angels," are the ministers of the divine vengeance,--the
+rectitude of their character and the dignity of their office, being
+symbolized by their "white robes" and "golden girdles."
+
+The period of time symbolized by the pouring out of the vials, must be
+anterior to the second advent; for in the analogous instances of God's
+judgments, he visits his enemies with plagues previous to the deliverance
+of his children. Thus were the ancient Egyptians visited, before the
+Israelites escaped from their power, Ex. 5-11.
+
+The deliverance of the vials to the angels by one of the four "living
+creatures," indicates that the intelligences in the divine presence, which
+are thus symbolized, are cognizant of God's design, and acquiesce in his
+purpose to visit the subjects of his wrath with these plagues.
+
+By these being called "the vials of God's wrath," we learn that their
+infliction is not corrective, but judicial;--that they are not agents of
+mercy, but of vengeance.
+
+The filling of the temple with the smoke of God's glory, to the exclusion
+of all persons during the pouring out of the vials, shows that during that
+period, there will be no intercession with God for him to refrain from the
+execution of the purposes thus symbolized. They are inevitable; and there
+will be no supplication for their suspension. When Moses had finished the
+type of the "Holiest of all," a "cloud covered the tent of the
+congregation, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. And Moses
+was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud
+abode thereon, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle," Ex.
+40:34, 35. It was only when Moses could enter the tabernacle, that he
+could there commune with God face to face, Ex. 33:9, 11.
+
+The voice from the temple to the seven angels, shows that the acts
+commanded are the subjects of divine appointment,--the angels simply
+designating the commencement of the several judgments.
+
+
+
+
+The First Vial.
+
+
+    "And the first went away, and poured out his bowl on the earth;
+    and there came an evil and sore ulcer on the men who had the mark
+    of the beast, and on those worshipping his image." Rev. 16:2.
+
+
+The "earth," in the Apocalypse, symbolizes a quiet and settled government
+(13:11), in distinction from one politically agitated, which is symbolized
+by waters, 13:1; 17:15.
+
+Those who receive the contents of the first vial, being the worshippers of
+the "beast" and its "image" (13:15), it is certain that the governments on
+which it is poured, are subservient to the church of Rome and within the
+boundaries of the ten kingdoms.
+
+The effect of the vial is "a noisome and grievous sore;" and the only
+things analogous, are mental maladies. Therefore the results symbolized
+must be noxious principles and opinions, which fill the mind with rancor
+and hate,--producing strife, alienation and contention.
+
+The _epoch_ here symbolized, in the very unanimous opinion of most
+judicious writers, corresponds with the commencement of the agitations
+which preceded the outbreak of the first French revolution, about A. D.
+1785. Commencing in France, and extending with more or less virulence
+throughout the ten kingdoms, there was excited an intense uneasiness of
+the people respecting their relation to their rulers. They regarded
+themselves as insupportably oppressed and degraded, and were exasperated
+to madness against their respective governments. This, under the next
+vial, resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy, and in attempted
+revolutions in other kingdoms.
+
+
+
+
+The Second Vial.
+
+
+    "And the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea; and it
+    became like the blood of a dead person; and every living creature
+    in the sea died." Rev. 16:8.
+
+
+The first vial having excited political agitations in previously quiet
+governments, they are now more fitly symbolized by the "sea" than by the
+"earth." And on such the second vial is poured.
+
+As the sea symbolizes a people agitated and disquieted, the living things
+in it, must symbolize those who live on and are sustained by the people.
+Consequently, the waters becoming blood, and the death of the things
+living in the waters, symbolize the shedding of the blood of the people,
+and the slaughter, by them, of their rulers and superiors.
+
+The epoch symbolized, would therefore correspond with the actual outbreak
+of the French revolution, to which the agitations produced by the previous
+vial had goaded on the excited people. In their riots and insurrections,
+history records the destruction of large numbers of the populace; and
+these exterminated the members of the royal family, and all persons of
+rank and influence. A million of people, according to Alison, perished in
+the civil war of La Vendee alone; and thousands of the nobility and
+persons of distinction were ruthlessly slaughtered throughout France,
+whose rivers were discolored with the blood of the slain.
+
+
+
+
+The Third Vial.
+
+
+    "And the third poured out his bowl on the rivers and on the
+    fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the angel
+    of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Thou, who art, and wast
+    holy, because thou hast inflicted these judgments; for they have
+    poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given
+    them blood to drink: they are worthy! And I heard one from the
+    altar, saying, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are
+    thy judgments!" Rev. 16:4-7.
+
+
+Mr. Lord justly remarks that "Rivers and fountains of waters, are to a
+sea, what smaller exterior communities and nations are to a great central
+people." As the French nation was the sea, the "rivers and fountains"
+symbolize contiguous or more remote communities surrounding it. These are
+said to have become blood, without its being specified that the living
+things in them perished, as in the sea. Accordingly, while the greater
+portion of Europe continued, with little interruption, for twenty years
+from 1792, to be deluged with war and bloodshed, the nobles and rulers of
+the other nations were not exterminated, as in France.
+
+The nations thus overwhelmed with blood, were those which had sanctioned
+the shedding of the blood of the saints; consequently their retribution
+was just.
+
+
+
+
+The Fourth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the fourth angel poured out his vial on the sun; and it was
+    given him to burn men with fire. And men were burned with great
+    heat, and reviled the name of God, who had power over these
+    plagues; and they repented not to give him glory." Rev. 16:8, 9.
+
+
+The influence of the sun on the earth and sea, is analogous to that of a
+government on the subjects of its rule. As the right degree of light and
+heat is conducive to vegetation, and the excessive action of the sun's
+rays will scorch and destroy; so a genial government is a blessing to the
+people, while its arbitrary and tyrannical acts are often insupportably
+oppressive.
+
+With the overthrow of the French monarchy under the second vial, there
+arose new rulers in France, who usurped despotic powers, and subjected the
+governed to most oppressive exactions. The rich were impoverished, the
+nation was robbed, the business of the country was paralyzed, the
+obnoxious were slain, every species of misery and wickedness abounded, the
+males were subjected to military conscription, and hundreds of thousands
+of them were sent to subjugate surrounding nations. The countries they
+invaded were also devastated, and oppressed, and robbed by impoverishing
+taxations. These continued, though in a milder form, under the imperial
+rule, and all parts of the Roman earth felt the scorching effects of the
+devouring heat of French usurpation. But when Napoleon passed beyond the
+boundaries of the Roman empire, he was met and driven back by the snow and
+frost of the Almighty.
+
+Notwithstanding the oppressions to which the people were subjected, and
+the exactions under which they groaned, they made no recognition of God's
+sovereignty. They saw not that this chastisement was from Him. They did
+not deprecate his wrath, nor acknowledge his righteousness, but still
+continued to be infidels and apostates. They continued to blaspheme the
+name of God, who had power over these plagues, and repented not to give
+him glory.
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the wild
+    beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and they gnawed their tongues
+    through pain, and reviled the God of heaven, because of their
+    pains and their ulcers, and repented not of their deeds" Rev.
+    16:10, 11.
+
+
+The beast, here spoken of, is the same seven-headed, ten-horned wild beast
+that ascended out of the sea (Rev. 13:1), symbolizing the Roman empire in
+its divided form. Consequently the seat or throne of the beast would be
+the ruling power which exercised and controlled the government of these
+kingdoms. Just previous to this epoch, Napoleon had reached the summit of
+his power; and the subversion of his throne, with the restoration of the
+Bourbon dynasty in 1814 and 1815, is evidently here symbolized. Napoleon
+had become the idol of France, which worshipped at the shrine of his
+glory. With his fall, their sun was stricken from its firmament, and the
+kingdom was darkened.
+
+The change being effected by foreign arms, the chagrin and mortification
+of his adherents was natural and expected. They were filled with pain and
+anguish at this termination of all their hopes. The re-imposition on them
+of the Bourbon line, revived all their former hatred towards their rulers
+and sense of oppression, symbolized by the ulcers of the first vial. They
+continued still a nation of infidels, performing the same works of
+blasphemy against God; and again and again have they risen in rebellion
+against their government.
+
+
+
+
+The Sixth Vial.
+
+
+    "And the sixth poured out his bowl on the great river, the
+    Euphrates; and its water was dried up, that the way of the kings
+    from the rising of the sun might be prepared." Rev. 16:12.
+
+
+This symbol resembles a like prediction respecting ancient Babylon: "A
+drought is upon her waters, and they shall be dried up," (Jer. 50:38); and
+"I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry," Jer. 51:36. Ancient
+Babylon was situated on the river Euphrates, which contributed to the
+wealth and greatness of the city, and was a means of its defence. The
+kings of Media and Persia, from the east of Babylon, subjugated it by
+diverting from the city the waters of the river, and entering by its
+unprotected bed. The turning of the waters into other channels, fulfilled
+the prediction that it should be dried up.
+
+Waters, when used as a symbol, are explained to be "peoples, nations,"
+&c., Rev. 17:15. In the 17th chapter of the Apocalypse, the angel informs
+the revelator that he will show him "the judgment of the great harlot who
+sitteth on many waters," (17:1); which implies that he had already seen a
+vision to that effect. He is then shown a woman on a scarlet-colored beast
+(v. 3), who is spoken of as sitting "on many waters" (v. 1), and on seven
+mountains (v. 10), and who is affirmed to be the "great city, which
+reigneth over the kings of the earth," v. 18. Under the seventh vial, the
+"great city," which is "great Babylon," is divided into three parts
+(16:19); and the inference is, that the harlot and ancient Babylon are
+analogous symbols of the same organized agency; and, that the city was
+here exhibited on the great river Euphrates.
+
+As a woman clothed with sunbeams and crowned with stars (Rev. 12:1), and a
+city illuminated with the glory of God (Rev. 21:10), are each symbols of
+the true church, corresponding symbols of opposite moral characteristics
+are appropriate representatives of a corrupt and apostate church. As
+Jerusalem was the seat of the ancient church, so was Babylon the seat of
+her oppressors. The former is addressed as a woman, and told to put on her
+"beautiful garments," (Isa. 52:1); and Babylon is called the "daughter of
+the Chaldeans," and "the lady of kingdoms," (Isa. 47:5): so that a woman,
+and a city of corresponding character, may, interchangeably, symbolize the
+same object. Consequently, the "Babylon," and the "harlot" of the
+Apocalypse, both symbolize the corrupt Roman hierarchy.
+
+Ancient Babylon is described as a harlot, and is addressed as one who
+"dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures," (Jer. 51:13); whose
+end was to come by her waters being dried up, 51:36. That city sustained a
+relation to the waters on which it was situated, analogous to that held by
+the Roman Catholic church to the people who support and defend her
+pretensions. Their alienation and withdrawal from her support, must
+therefore be symbolized by the drying up of the great river Euphrates,
+which becomes diverted into other channels. This is now apparently being
+fulfilled in the marked alienation of feeling from the church of Rome,
+which is evident throughout the ten kingdoms. During the last twenty
+years, the hold of that community on the affection of her supporters in
+Europe, has been constantly becoming weaker and weaker. Infidel principles
+have been extensively propagated. Her cathedrals have been comparatively
+deserted; and her existence has been endured more as a matter of
+expediency than of affection. At the present moment, probably, the mass of
+the people have little confidence in her pretensions; but it will require
+a more marked withdrawal from her support than has yet been witnessed, to
+fulfil, in all its significance, the meaning conveyed in the symbol.
+
+The "kings of the east," whose way is to be thus prepared, are doubtless
+her enemies, who, having produced the desired alienation from her support,
+will take advantage of her defenceless position, and hasten her ruin; as
+the kings of Media and Persia, in like manner, subjugated old Babylon.
+
+Under the operation of the sixth vial, and, according to the fulfilment of
+the preceding symbols, corresponding with the present time, are to be
+developed:
+
+
+
+
+The Unclean Spirits.
+
+
+    "And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth
+    of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild beast, and out of
+    the mouth of the false prophet. For they are spirits of demons,
+    performing signs, that go forth to the kings of the whole world,
+    to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty."
+    Rev. 16:13, 14.
+
+
+The "dragon," "beast," and "false prophet," being regarded as symbols: the
+first, of the Roman empire previous to its subversion by the northern
+barbarians; the second of the ten kingdoms which subsequently arose; and
+the third, of the eastern Roman empire--now the Mohamedan power; the mouths
+of each, from which the frog-like spirits emerge, are next to be
+considered.
+
+To the wild beast was given "a mouth, speaking great things and
+blasphemies," the power of which was "to continue forty and two months,"
+Rev. 13:5. The agreement of this with the corresponding appendages of
+Daniel's "little horn" (Dan. 7:8), makes it evident that a "mouth" is a
+symbol of an ecclesiastical organization existing in a political one,--that
+it symbolizes the agency by which the people are taught, and is
+representative of ecclesiastics, who are the mouthpiece of the nation in
+all matters of faith and worship, p. 172.
+
+The religion of Rome imperial, when symbolized by the dragon, was
+Paganism; that of the ten kingdoms, was the Papacy; and that of the
+eastern empire, is Mohammedanism. From these three, then, emerge the
+"unclean spirits." Diverse as their origin appears, they have no marked
+individual peculiarities. Being alike in their characteristics, they must
+symbolize some common agency:--a combination of religious teachers, whose
+views harmonize in a system of belief common to Paganism, Catholicism, and
+Mohammedanism.
+
+The character of these teachers, is shown by the declaration that "they
+are the spirits of _devils_ working miracles."
+
+There are two words rendered devils in the New Testament, viz.: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+(_daimonion_) or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (_daimoon_), and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_diabolus_). The latter
+signifies the Devil, or Satan, who is the same as Beelzebub the prince of
+the _demons_, Matt. 12:25. He it was by whom Jesus was tempted in the
+wilderness, (Matt. 4:1-11); who sowed the tares in the field, (Matt,
+13:39); and for whom, with his angels, the final punishment for the wicked
+is prepared, Matt. 25:41.
+
+The word here, is _daimoon_. It is used, in different forms, sixty-five
+times by our Lord and his apostles; and on no occasion do they hint that
+they use the word in a sense different from its then accepted
+signification; to learn which, recourse must be had to the testimony of
+the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian writers of those times.(6)
+
+HESIOD taught that, "The spirits of departed mortals become _demons_ when
+separated from their earthly bodies;" and PLUTARCH, that "The demons of
+the Greeks were the _ghosts_ and _genii_ of departed men." "All Pagan
+antiquity affirms," says Dr. CAMPBELL, "that from Titan and Saturn, the
+poetic progeny of Coelus and Terra, down to AEsculapius, Proteus, and Minos,
+all their _divinities_ were the _ghosts_ of dead men; and were so regarded
+by the most erudite of the Pagans themselves."
+
+Among the Pagans, the term _demon_, as often represented a good as an evil
+spirit; but among the Jews, it generally, if not universally, denoted an
+unclean, malign, or wicked spirit. Thus JOSEPHUS says: "Demons are the
+spirits of wicked men." PHILO says that "The souls of dead men are called
+demons." "The notion," says Dr. LARDNER, "of demons, or the souls of dead
+men, having power over living men, was universally prevalent among the
+heathen of these times [the first two centuries], and believed by many
+Christians." JUSTIN MARTYR speaks of "those who are seized by the souls of
+the dead, whom we call _demons_ and madmen." Ignatius quotes the words of
+Christ to Peter thus: "Handle me and see; for I am not a _daimoon
+asomaton_,--a disembodied demon,"--_i.e._ a spirit without a body.
+
+The foregoing is evidence of the New Testament signification of the word
+_daimoon_, here improperly rendered devils,--spirits of which, the
+frog-like agencies are affirmed to be.
+
+Demon worship is a characteristic of the three religions referred to. As
+already shown, all Pagans regarded their gods as the ghosts of dead men;
+and the Bible speaks of them as devils, _i.e._ _demons_. Moses says of
+them, "Even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to
+their gods," (Deut. 12:31); while the Psalmist affirms that "they
+sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto _devils_," Ps. 106:37.
+"They sacrificed unto _devils_, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to
+new gods that came newly up," Deut. 32:17. Jeroboam "ordained him priests
+for the high places, and for the _devils_," 2 Chron. 11:15. "The things
+which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to _devils_, and not to God:
+and I would not that ye should have fellowship with _devils_. Ye cannot
+drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of _devils_; ye cannot be partakers
+of the Lord's table, and of the table of _devils_,"--_i.e._ of _demons_.
+
+Of the same kind are the gods of the heathen now. In the Youth's
+Day-Spring, for June, a missionary describing the alarm and grief of the
+Africans on the Gaboon river, at the near prospect of a death in their
+village, says: "The room was filled with women, who were weeping in the
+most piteous manner, and calling on the _spirits of their fathers and of
+others who were dead_, and upon all spirits in whom they believe, Ologo,
+Njembi, Abambo, and Mbwini, to save the man from death. These spirits
+could not help them, but they knew of none mightier, and so called on
+them." Mr. White, a Wesleyan missionary, says: "There is a class of people
+in New Zealand, called Eruku, or priests. These men pretend to have
+intercourse with departed spirits, ... by which they are able to kill by
+incantation any person on whom their anger may fall." The Sandwich
+Islanders, when they found that Christians supposed they worshipped the
+images of their gods, were much amused, and said "We are not such fools."
+They used the idol as an aid to fix their minds on their divinity. Some of
+them supposed their divinity was a spirit residing in their idol.
+
+The Mohammedans, while they recognize God, are also "taught by the Koran
+to believe the existence of an intermediate order of creatures, which they
+call Jin, or genii;" some of which are supposed to be good and others bad,
+and capable of communicating with men, and rewarding or punishing them.
+The 72d chapter of the Koran consists of a pretended communication from
+the genii to Mohammed. They are made to say: "There are some among us who
+are upright, and there are some among us who are otherwise;" and speaking
+of men: "If they tread in the way of truth, we will surely water them with
+abundance of rain," _i.e._ will grant them plenty of good things. Thus
+they are recognized as dispensers of good. They bear a striking
+resemblance to the spirits which now pretend to communicate with men! All
+who are familiar with Arabian romances know how frequently genii, fairies,
+&c., figure as agents in the execution of wonderful exploits.
+
+The Romanists also pretend to communicate with _demons_,--_i.e._ with
+departed spirits. They deify the Virgin Mary, and supplicate the
+intercessions of many departed saints; and some they supplicate, whose
+claim to saintship is somewhat equivocal. Their teachings in this
+particular, Protestants generally recognize as the subject of the
+following prediction: "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in the
+latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing
+spirits, and doctrines of devils,"--_demons_, 1 Tim. 4:1.
+
+Demon-worship being common to Paganism, Mohammedanism, and Popery, when
+the frog-like agency emerges from them, the conditions of the symbol seem
+to require that it shall originate with, but shall pass beyond and outside
+the influence of those religions. The agency thus symbolized, was to "go
+forth unto the kings of the earth, and of the whole world." Its fulfilment
+requires a wonderful and an alarming increase of those who teach and
+believe these doctrines; and as they are to work miracles, whereby the
+world will be deceived, their teachings are to be accompanied by
+extraordinary phenomena, which will be unexplainable by any of the known
+laws of science. The spirits of the departed are to be recognized by them
+as authoritative teachers, who are to be reverenced and obeyed. They will
+be regarded as communicating with mortals, as unveiling the hidden things
+of the invisible state, and as performing acts requiring the exercise of
+physical power. The former are evident from the analogy which exists
+between this and demon-worship; and the latter, from the ascription to
+them of miraculous acts.
+
+The existence of demoniacal intelligences, capable of communicating with
+and acting on mortals, appears to be in accordance with the teachings of
+the Saviour and apostles. Demoniacal possessions are clearly distinguished
+from all diseases; and demons are shown, by the admissions of the New
+Testament, to be actual intelligences, capable of physical power. When the
+fame of Christ "went throughout all Syria, they brought unto him all sick
+people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which
+were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those which
+had the palsy; and he healed them," Matt. 4:24. "When the unclean spirit
+is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and
+findeth none. Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I
+came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.
+Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked
+than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of
+that man is worse than the first," Matt. 12:43-45. "And as they went out,
+behold they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.(7) And when
+the devil was cast out, the dumb spake; and the multitudes marvelled,
+saying, It was never so seen in Israel. But the Pharisees said, He casteth
+out devils,(8) through the prince of the devils," Matt. 9:32-34. "And when
+they were come to the multitude, there came to him a certain man kneeling
+down to him, and saying, Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic,
+and sore vexed, for oft-times he falleth into the fire, and oft into the
+water. And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him.
+Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how
+long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? Bring him hither to
+me. And Jesus rebuked the devil, and he departed out of him; and the child
+was cured from that very hour," Matt. 17:14-18. "And there was in their
+synagogue a man with an unclean spirit: and he cried out, saying, Let us
+alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come
+to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus
+rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the
+unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of
+him. And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among
+themselves, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with what
+authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him!"
+Mark 1:23-27. "And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met
+him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling
+among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: because
+that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had
+been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither
+could any man tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the
+mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. But
+when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, and cried with a
+loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the
+Most High God! I adjure thee, by God, that thou torment me not. (For he
+said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit.) And he asked
+him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we
+are many. And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of
+the country. Now there was nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine
+feeding. And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine,
+that we may enter into them. And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the
+unclean spirits went out, and entered into the swine; and the herd ran
+violently down a steep place into the sea (they were about two thousand),
+and were choked in the sea," Mark 5:2-13.
+
+In all these instances, the demons are recognized as actual intelligences,
+performing given acts. Without the admission of this, it will be difficult
+to explain the meaning of a large class of scriptures. It cannot for a
+moment be supposed that the inspired writers would be permitted to use
+language which should directly mislead the common mind.
+
+Among the miracles which the apostles wrought, "unclean spirits, crying
+with a loud voice, came out of many possessed with them, and many taken
+with palsies, and that were lame, were healed," Acts 8:7. "And God wrought
+special miracles by the hands of Paul: so that from his body were brought
+unto the sick handkerchiefs, or aprons, and the diseases departed from
+them, and the evil spirits went out of them. Then certain of the vagabond
+Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits,
+the name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul
+preacheth. And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the
+priests, who did so. And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know,
+and Paul I know; but who are ye? And the man in whom the evil spirit was,
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that
+they fled out of that house naked and wounded. And many that believed,
+came and confessed, and showed their deeds. Many of them also which used
+curious arts, brought their books together, and burned them before all
+men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand
+pieces of silver," Acts 19:11-16, 18, 19.
+
+The necromancy, divination, and witchcraft, forbidden in the Old Testament
+and practised by the heathen of those times, were all of a similar
+character. A necromancer was one who had, or pretended to have
+communication with the dead,--who sought "for the living to the dead,"(9)
+Isa. 8:19. They practised divination in divers ways, but usually admitted
+their dependence on familiar spirits,--the spirits of the departed,--demons.
+"The king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the
+two ways, to use divination; he made his arrows bright, he consulted with
+images, he looked in the liver. At his right hand was the divination for
+Jerusalem, to appoint captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to
+lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering-rams against the
+gates, to cast a mount, and to build a fort. And it shall be unto them as
+false divination in their sight, to them that have sworn oaths: but he
+will call to remembrance the iniquity, that they may be taken," Ezek.
+21:21-23. They observed times, _i.e._ they regarded some as lucky, and
+others as unlucky times for the commencement of any work,--recognizing
+distinctions which God had not made. The heathen divinities were regarded
+as more propitious at some times than others. It is enumerated among the
+sins of Manasseh, that he "made his sons pass through the fire, and
+observed times, and used enchantments, and dealt with familiar spirits and
+wizards," 2 Kings 21:6.
+
+They practised various arts, whereby they thought to protect themselves
+from evil, and to pry into the secrets of futurity. Because of these
+things, ancient Babylon was suddenly overwhelmed,--"for the multitude of
+thy sorceries, and for the great abundance of thine enchantments." These
+could not save, as they supposed. Therefore God said to them: "Stand now
+with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein
+thou hast labored from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit,
+if so be thou mayest prevail. Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy
+counsels. Let now the astrologers, the star-gazers, the monthly
+prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come
+upon thee," Isa. 47:12, 13. All these practices were forbidden by God, who
+said: "Neither shall ye use enchantments, nor observe times," Lev. 19:26.
+
+Those who consulted with familiar spirits were termed wizards and
+witches,--the practice of which was also expressly forbidden. To make
+witchcraft a mere pretence, is to impute to Jehovah the making of laws
+against pretences and nonentities. To suppose that he would legislate
+against, and inflict capital punishment, because of mere pretences, is
+incredible! God said to Moses, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,"
+Ex. 22:18. And to the Jews he said, "Regard not them that have familiar
+spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the Lord
+your God," Lev. 19:31. "And the soul that turneth after such as have
+familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will
+even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his
+people." "A man, also, or a woman, that hath a familiar spirit, or that is
+a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones:
+their blood shall be upon them," Lev. 20:6,27. When Egypt was to be
+destroyed, they were left to "seek to the idols, and to charmers, and to
+them that have familiar spirits, and to wizards," Isa. 19:3.
+
+The manner in which the familiar spirit spoke, was by "peeping,"
+"muttering," whispering out of the dust, &c. God said to Ariel, "And thou
+shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the ground, and thy speech
+shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be as of one that hath a
+familiar spirit, out of the ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of
+the dust," Isa. 29:4. "And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them
+that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter:
+(should not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead!) to
+the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it
+is because there is no light in them," Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of
+the land; but when he "inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not,
+neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. Then said Saul unto his
+servants, Seek a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her,
+and inquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman
+that hath a familiar spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself, and put
+on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the
+woman by night: and he said, I pray thee divine unto me by the familiar
+spirit, and bring me him up whom I shall name unto thee. And the woman
+said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut
+off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards out of the land;
+wherefore, then, layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? And
+Saul sware unto her by the Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall
+no punishment happen to thee for this thing. Then said the woman, Whom
+shall I bring up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. And when the
+woman saw Samuel she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul,
+saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. And the king said
+unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto
+Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. And he said unto her, What
+form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with
+a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his
+face to the ground, and bowed himself. And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast
+thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore
+distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed
+from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams:
+therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I
+shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the
+Lord is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? And the Lord hath
+done to him, as he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the kingdom out of
+thine hand, and given it to thy neighbor, even to David: because thou
+obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedest his fierce wrath upon
+Amelek, therefore hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this day.
+Moreover, the Lord will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the
+Philistines: and to-morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the Lord
+also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.
+Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid,
+because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him," 1 Sam.
+28:6-20.
+
+Micaiah "saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven
+standing by him on his right hand and on his left. And the Lord said, Who
+shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? And one
+said on this manner, and another said on that manner. And there came forth
+a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him. And
+the Lord said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I
+will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou
+shalt persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. Now therefore,
+behold, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy
+prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning thee," 1 Kings
+22:19-23.
+
+When Paul was in the house of Lydia, he says, "It came to pass, as we went
+to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination, met us,
+which brought her masters much gain by her soothsaying: the same followed
+Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most
+high God, which show unto us the way of salvation. And this she did many
+days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command
+thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the
+same hour," Acts 16:16-18.
+
+By sorcery, enchantment, &c., they performed wonders, or _miracles_,
+either real or pretended. "There was a certain man called Simon, which
+beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of
+Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: to whom they all gave
+heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power
+of God. And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had
+bewitched them with sorceries," Acts 8:9-11. When "Aaron cast down his rod
+before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent, then
+Pharaoh also called the wise men, and the sorcerers: now the magicians of
+Egypt they also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast
+down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod
+swallowed up their rods," Ex. 7:10-12. When Aaron turned the water of the
+river to blood, "the magicians did so with their enchantments," v. 22. In
+like manner they "brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt," 8:7. But when
+Aaron changed the dust to lice, the magicians attempted the same with
+their enchantments, "but they could not," Ex. 8:18. These sorcerers who
+withstood Moses, we learn by Paul, were "Jannes and Jambres," 2 Tim. 3:8.
+They belonged to an ancient profession in Egypt; for, when Pharaoh dreamed
+his dreams, he first "sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and
+all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was
+none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh," Gen. 41:8. In like manner
+Nebuchadnezzar "commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and
+the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to show the king his dreams. So they
+came, and stood before the king," Dan. 2:2.
+
+These things were practised to some extent in Judah, but were all put away
+by Josiah. "Moreover, the workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards,
+and the images, and the idols, and all the abominations that were spied in
+the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did Josiah put away, that he might
+perform the words of the law which were written in the book that Hilkiah
+the priest found in the house of the Lord," 2 Kings 23:24.
+
+The acts and influences of demoniacal agencies are apparent from the
+foregoing; and the symbolization under the sixth seal, seems to indicate a
+revival of those teachings and manifestations at the present time. Within
+a few years, the curiosity of the community has been excited, and large
+numbers of persons greatly interested, in various phenomena, known as
+Mesmerism, Animal-Magnetism, Clairvoyance, Pathetism, Neurology,
+Psychology, Biology, Electro-Biology, &c. &c. Similar manifestations have
+been before exhibited, but not in modern times to the extent now
+witnessed. These were regarded as harmless phenomena and independent of
+any supernatural agency, till audible sounds were heard communicating
+intelligible responses. Then the claim was set up that these are caused by
+departed spirits.
+
+These sounds were first heard near Rochester, New York, in 1847; and, at
+the present time (1852), they are affirmed to exist in hundreds of places
+in this country, and other sections of the globe. They are audible raps,
+the cause of which, aside from the hypothesis of spiritual agency, has
+never been satisfactorily accounted for. By these raps, unimpeached and
+credible witnesses testify that correct answers have been given to
+questions, the facts respecting which were known to no one at the time of
+answering. Since then, furniture has been seen to move about the room, and
+other _wonders_, or miracles, been performed, by invisible agency, at the
+command of mediums to attending spirits,--_i.e._ to _demons_. Mediums have
+written on paper, as they profess, involuntarily, lengthy communications,
+in poetry and prose, the subjects of which they claim to have been
+ignorant of, while the pen they held was moved independent of their own
+will. These exhibitions have been attested by hundreds of credible
+witnesses.
+
+By such manifestations large numbers of persons have given their adherence
+to these real or pretended agencies as truthful and reliable
+intelligences; whose responses they receive with the same credence that we
+do the revelations of scripture. "Circles" are extensively formed, who
+have sittings, at stated times, to receive communications from the spirits
+of the departed; and these are enforced by miracles, audible sounds, the
+exercise of physical power, &c.
+
+The reality and the credibility of these agencies are separate questions.
+Their reality is shown by their identity with similar manifestations of
+former times. The Bible affirms the existence of such: "For we wrestle not
+against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers,
+against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual
+wickedness in high places;" or "wicked spirits" in "heavenly places," as
+the _margin_ reads, Eph. 6:12.
+
+1. The familiar spirits of old responded in a manner similar to these.
+They did "peep" and "mutter;" their speech was low out of the dust; they
+spoke out of the ground, and whispered; or, as in the margin, did "peep"
+or "chirp" out of the dust. These "rap" and mutter. They respond from
+beneath chairs, tables and floors.
+
+2. They exercised similar physical powers. They threw down and tare the
+persons they possessed. They turned the swine into the sea, &c. These
+claim that chairs and tables, are lifted and moved at will by an invisible
+agency.
+
+3. They made similar pretensions to credibility. Simon Magus gave out
+"that himself was some great one;" and these, that they utter divine
+truths.
+
+4. Similar regard was bestowed on those, which is claimed for these. To
+Simon "they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This
+man is the great power of God." Yet "he had bewitched them with
+sorceries." Similar claims by, and regard for these modern pretenders to
+the same art, do not relieve them from the suspicion of a like agency.
+"For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves
+into the apostles of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself is
+transformed into an angel of light. Therefore, it is no great thing if his
+_ministers_ also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness: whose
+end shall be according to their works," 2 Cor. 11:13-15.
+
+5. Both have given utterance to some truths. The legion of demons who were
+cast out of the man into a herd of swine, acknowledged Jesus to be "the
+Son of the Most High God;" and the pythonic spirit which so grieved Paul,
+declared the apostles to be "the servants of the Most High God, which show
+unto us the way of salvation." Such communications with the invisible
+world being forbidden, their _credibility_ is disproved.
+
+They claim that spirits of the departed are brought into direct and
+intelligent communication with the living, who desire to interrogate them.
+What more was claimed by the necromancers of old? Said Saul to the woman
+of Endor: "Divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up whom
+I shall name unto thee," 1 Sam. 28:8.
+
+They claim that not all, but only those persons are mediums who are
+peculiarly susceptible to spiritual influences. Wherein, then, admitting
+their claims, do the "mediums" differ from those of old, who divined by a
+familiar spirit?
+
+Their responses are frequently disproved by facts; and themselves admit
+the existence of unreliable spirits, which communicate like them. They
+give contradictory responses, and mutually criminate each other; but their
+_reality_ is not disproved by any discrepancy, or want of truthfulness in
+their responses; for if they are spirits, none but unclean spirits would
+respond in a forbidden manner.
+
+These spirits are to be discredited, because they preach a different
+gospel from that preached by Paul, who says: "I marvel that ye are so soon
+removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ, unto another
+gospel: which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and
+would pervert the gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel from
+heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let
+him be accursed," Gal. 1:6-9. "If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ,
+let him be Anathema, Maran-atha." 1 Cor. 16:22. Said John, "Beloved,
+believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God:
+because many false prophets are gone out into the world," 1 John 4:1. Also
+Isaiah said, "And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have
+familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should not
+a people seek unto their God? To the law and to the testimony: if they
+speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in
+them," Isa. 8:19, 20.
+
+Because of these practices, the nations were driven out from before the
+children of Israel. And with the _miracles_ to be wrought, the frog-like
+spirits are to go forth to "the whole world to gather them to the battle
+of that great day of God Almighty."
+
+In the time of Abraham, "the iniquity of the Amorites was not yet full,"
+(Gen. 15:16); but in four hundred years they had practised all the
+abominations for which they were to be destroyed, and the practice of
+which God has expressly forbidden. He said to Israel, in the wilderness,
+"When thou art come into the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, thou
+shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nation. There shall
+not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass
+through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an
+enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits,
+or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that do these things are an
+abomination unto the Lord: and because of these abominations the Lord thy
+God doth drive them out from before thee. Thou shalt be perfect with the
+Lord thy God. For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto
+observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the Lord thy God
+hath not suffered thee so to do," Deut. 18:9-14.
+
+Similar pernicious practices and dangerous heresies, are to prepare the
+way for the final destruction of the nations who reject the claims of
+Jehovah. Peter declares that "there shall be false teachers among you, who
+privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that
+bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall
+follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be
+evil spoken of. And through covetousness shall they with feigned words
+make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not,
+and their damnation slumbereth not," 2 Pet. 2:1-3. And Paul says of that
+wicked: "Whose coming is after the working of Satan, with all power, and
+signs, and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness
+in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that
+they might be saved. And for this cause God shall send them strong
+delusion, that they should believe a lie: that they might be damned who
+believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness," 2 Thess.
+2:9-12.
+
+"The battle of that great day of God Almighty," it would seem, must
+commence by a conflict of opinions. Mind will war with mind, and puny man
+will stoutly contend against the truths of the Almighty. In this revival
+of demon-worship, the old gods of the heathen are to be set up against the
+claims of Jehovah. His declarations are to be made to give place to
+"doctrines of demons." The teachings of God and of these spirits are to be
+brought into direct conflict.
+
+The followers of the spirits have baptized their new theological dogmas,
+"The Harmonial Philosophy," of which _Reason_ is the final umpire.
+Revelation no longer speaks to them in tones of authority. From the Bible,
+it is claimed, "the seal of infallibility must be broken away, before a
+new light and beauty can enliven and embellish the mystical disclosures of
+any seer, prophet, or evangelist." So writes Andrew Jackson Davis, the
+Poughkeepsie seer, one of the leaders of this new school, who complains
+that "owing to the dogmatism of infallibility, the Bible is taught
+now-a-days as it was nearly four centuries ago."--_Review of Dr. Bushnell_,
+p. 10.
+
+The Scriptures are, with those of his faith, only "the _paper and ink_
+relics of Christianity," (_Ib._, p. 21); which they regard as "a
+foundation as impermanent as the changeful sand" (_Ib._ p. 24), and not
+adapted "to the wants or requirements of the nineteenth century," _Ib._ p.
+26. They reject Him, whom they style "the cruel and capricious God
+generally worshipped by the Bible Christians," _Ib._ p. 47. "The Jewish
+God," says Davis, "is cruel, capricious and tyrannical," whose "kingdom is
+more despotic, and more contracted in principle, than the present
+government of the Russian empire," _Ib._ p. 61. He adds, "The Old
+Testament idea of a Deity is the outgrowth of the despotic stage of human
+mental development," and "a superannuated monotheistic conception," _Ib._
+p. 62. In their opinion, "the developments of republicanism, and of mental
+happiness among men, depend very much upon the _absence_ of these
+dogmatical compilations, or fossil relics, of an old Hebrew and Chaldean
+theology," _Ib._ p. 70. With them "the Bible account of creation is a very
+interesting _myth_,--mainly a plagiarism from the early traditions and
+cosmological doctrines of the ancient Persians and Chaldeans;" and,
+instead of being "a divine revelation of truth," is "a pagan relic, which
+should no more command serious respect than the ancient doctrines of
+Fetichism," _Ib._ p. 90.
+
+These "Harmonial Philosophers" are antagonistic to the teachings of
+Jehovah in nearly all their theological notions. They scout the idea that
+any actual evil exists in the universe. They deny the existence of the
+devil, and of evil spirits. "Everything," says Davis, "is forever
+progressing in goodness and perfection," _Ib._ p. 180. The salvation of
+all men, is with them as certain as the operation of fixed laws. They
+recognize no Saviour and no atonement in their system of faith. The
+teachings of spirits, and "a certain organization of labor, capital and
+talent," they fancy, "will effect the desired cure" for all actual or
+supposed ills, _Ib._ p. 178. They recognize no responsibility in the
+sinner, but attribute his wrong-doings to ignorance and accident; and
+their laws of right, are the dictates of their own wisdom.
+
+Their system is essentially Pantheistic, all things being regarded by them
+as a part and parcel of Deity. They argue that "every object which has an
+existence in the universe must be in its nature good and pure, on the
+principle that the effect must partake of the nature of the cause, and the
+stream must be the corresponding emanation of the fountain from which it
+flows."--_Elements of Spiritual Philosophy_, p. 55. They teach that human
+spirits are "formed primarily from the animating essences that pervade the
+creation,--which essences," they say, "are the breath and presence of the
+Divinity;" and hence they argue, "that there are no spirits which are
+intrinsically evil in their nature, and none which do not present in their
+inward depths the reflection of divine purity," _Ib._ p. 56. Going still
+further, they claim that there is no existing "source of positive evil,"
+"no principle of this nature in the human spirit," and that consequently
+"there can be no evil designs to emanate from such a source," _Ib._ p. 60.
+
+These assertions are put forth authoritatively; for the "Elements of
+Spiritual Philosophy" are attested by witnesses to be "written by Spirits
+of the Sixth Circle, R. P. Ambler, Medium." And if they are met by the
+declarations written by those who spake as they were moved by the Holy
+Ghost, they reply: "The Christian who deifies his Bible is as much an
+idolater as the heathen who burns his incense before his household image.
+It is surely attributing to the book what the Pagan attributes to his
+image."--_Shekinah, April No._, p. 251. Christianity, they denominate,
+"learned scepticism, baptized in the name of Jesus," &c., _Ib._, p. 301.
+Thus are they warring against the word of God, and placing themselves in
+direct conflict with the Almighty.
+
+This warfare is not only avowed to be against the God of the Bible, but is
+recognized by themselves as _the last great conflict __ previous to the
+millennium_. They regard this subject as "the great question of the age,
+which is destined to convulse and divide Protestantism, and around which
+all other religious controversies must necessarily revolve."--_Davis'
+Review of Bushnell_, page 3. The millennium which is to be thus ushered
+in, they regard as a period when "every one that desires will be able to
+hold direct intercourse and conversation with the spirit
+world."--_Spiritual Tel., Vol. 1, No. 1._ Says Davis: "The thunders of a
+stupendous reformation are soon to issue from the now open mouth of the
+Protestant church. The supernatural faith," _i.e._ a belief in the
+authenticity of Scripture, "will be shaken, as a reed in the tempest. New
+channels will be formed for the inflowing of new truths, and then a
+long-promised era will steal upon the religious and political
+world."--_Review of Bushnell_, p. 187.
+
+In another place he says: "You may be assured of the truth of this
+_approaching crisis_. The world must recognize it, because it will be
+accompanied with _war_; for politics are inseparably connected, all over
+the world, with religious systems. Religion will develop reason; but
+politics will impel the masses to _unsheath the sword, and to stain the
+bosom of Nature with blood_! Friends of progress! be not discouraged; for
+the FINAL CRISIS must come; _then the strange interregnum_," _Ib._ p. 217.
+"Protestantism as now constructed will first decay; because it is to be
+divided into two,--the smallest party will go back into Catholicism; the
+other will go forward into Rationalism. And then, after a succession of
+eventful years, a political revolution will hurl the Catholic
+superstructure to the earth, and the prismatic bow of promise will span
+the heavens. The children of earth will then be comparatively free and
+happy! for the _millennial_ epoch will have arrived; and there will be
+something like a realization of peace on earth, and good will toward all
+men!" _Ib._ p. 221.
+
+Such are their delusive hopes, while setting themselves against the Lord,
+and against his Anointed. The Bible teaches that multitudes will be
+deceived by them, and, if it were possible, some of the elect; and hence:
+
+
+
+
+The Admonition.
+
+
+    "Behold, I come like a thief. Happy is he who watcheth, and
+    keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame."
+    Rev. 16:15.
+
+
+"The day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in which the
+heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt
+with fervent heat," 2 Pet. 3:10. The Saviour said to his disciples:
+"Watch, therefore; for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come," Matt.
+24:42. Says Paul: "Yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so
+cometh as a thief in the night; for when they shall say, peace and safety,
+then sudden destruction cometh, ... and they shall not escape; but ye,
+brethren, are not in darkness that that day should overtake you as a
+thief," 1 Thess. 5:1-6.
+
+Thus will the day of the Lord come, as a thief, on those who are careless
+and indifferent to its approach; but it will not thus overtake those who
+watch, and keep their garments. Because so many will be deceived by the
+strange performances of the spirits of demons, and their miracles so
+delude the multitude, Christ's coming will be to them sudden and
+unexpected. Therefore the greater necessity for watchfulness. While this
+is a predicted means for lulling the world to sleep, it is given to the
+Christian as an indication of the near coming of Christ, whose advent
+synchronizes with the outpouring of the seventh vial. The blessing
+pronounced on those who watch, is an intimation that the people of God
+will be expecting Christ's advent, while others will be taken by surprise:
+"unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin
+unto salvation," Heb. 9:28. "For the grace of God that bringeth salvation
+hath appeared to all men, teaching us, that denying ungodliness, and
+worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this
+present world; looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing
+of the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ," Titus 2:11-13.
+
+Those who keep their garments, are those who have not "defiled" them with
+sin, (3:4); they will walk with Christ in white, being worthy; "for the
+fine linen" in which they are to be arrayed "is the righteousness of
+saints," 19:8. To be destitute of this, is to be unclothed; and hence the
+Saviour says: "I counsel thee to buy of me ... white raiment, that thou
+mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear,"
+3:18. The intimation is clear, that to be deceived by the unclean spirits,
+is to lose those robes of righteousness, and to be found naked at Christ's
+appearing.
+
+
+
+
+The Success of the Spirits.
+
+
+    "And they gathered them into a place called in Hebrew Armageddon."
+    Rev. 16:16.
+
+
+Before the coming of the Lord, and as a preparation for that event, the
+nations are to be thus gathered. Armageddon is the name of a valley at the
+foot of Mount Megiddo, famous for its bloody slaughters. It fitly
+symbolizes the final gathering of the nations. The enemies of God will
+marshal for the final conflict. The powers of darkness will fancy
+themselves on the verge of victory; and then will be poured out:
+
+
+
+
+The Seventh Vial.
+
+
+    "And the seventh poured out his bowl on the air; and there came a
+    loud voice from the temple [of heaven], from the throne, saying,
+    It is done! And there were lightnings, and voices, and thunders;
+    and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were
+    on the earth, so mighty and so great an earthquake. And the great
+    city became three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and
+    great Babylon was remembered before God, to give to her the cup of
+    the wine of his furious wrath. And every island fled, and the
+    mountains were no more. And vast hail, weighing a talent, fell
+    from heaven on men; and men reviled God because of the plague of
+    the hail; for the plague thereof was exceedingly great." Rev.
+    16:17-21.
+
+
+The atmosphere is not limited, like a river, or portion of the earth, to a
+given locality, but encircles the globe. Consequently the effect of the
+vial poured out on the air, would be universal, and not local like the
+effects of the previous vials. The air is the region of storms. These
+symbolize the expression of conflicting opinions, and violent outbursts of
+passion; which may be the commencement of that "great battle," for the
+preparation of which the unclean spirits went forth under the sixth vial,
+to gather the people, and which terminates by the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword of the Lord, 19:21.
+
+An earthquake is a symbol of a political revolution. As this is to be
+greater than all preceding ones, it must extend to all nations. It is
+during the earthquake, that the cities fall and the mountains and islands
+flee away. This commotion evidently synchronizes with the "time of
+trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same
+time," when God's "people shall be delivered, every one that shall be
+found written in the book," Dan. 12:1.
+
+"It is done," is a declaration indicating the completion of the work
+symbolized. It marks the termination of the events of the seventh vial,
+which are described in the verses following:
+
+"The great city" is "Babylon," (14:8); which "reigneth over the kings of
+the earth," (17:8); and which John had seen sitting "upon many waters,"
+17:1. This was doubtless seen when he saw the waters of the symbolic
+Euphrates being dried up, 16:12. Babylon, being a symbol of the Roman
+hierarchy, its triple division indicates a like division of the church of
+Rome, not geographical, but under different leaders, previous to its
+destruction.
+
+"The cities of the nations," must symbolize other hierarchies, analogous
+to that of Rome, of which there are the Greek church, in Russia and
+Greece, the Arminian and Syrian churches, and other corrupt nationalized
+establishments. All such will become disconnected, like Babylon, with the
+governments by which they are sustained.
+
+"Great Babylon" then comes into remembrance to drink the cup of the wine
+of the fierceness of God's wrath. Because her sins have reached unto
+heaven, "God hath remembered her iniquities," 18:5. This synchronizes with
+her destruction, symbolized in Rev. 18:8-23. As the Papacy continues till
+Christ's coming (Dan. 7:21, and 2 Thess. 2:3-8), this epoch must
+synchronize with that event, when he comes to receive his chosen ones.
+
+With the destruction of Babylon, occurs the subversion of all national
+authority. As ecclesiastical hierarchies are symbolized by cities, the
+"mountains" and "islands" on which they are situated must symbolize the
+larger and smaller governments; and their removal from their places, their
+subversion in the great moral "earthquake" which is to overwhelm them.
+This synchronizes with the sixth seal, when they are all "removed out of
+their places," (6:14); and it leaves the inhabitants of earth in a state
+of anarchy. It is at this time that the kings and great men of the earth
+become aware that the great day of God's wrath is come, 6:15-17. With this
+time of trouble, comes the deliverance of God's people, (Dan. 12:1); who
+shall be caught up together "to meet the Lord in the air," 1 Thess. 4:17.
+To them the Lord has said, "Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by
+night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; nor for the pestilence that
+walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noon-day. A
+thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but
+it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and
+see the reward of the wicked. Because thou hast made the Lord which is my
+refuge, even the Most High, thy habitation," Ps. 91:5-9.
+
+The removal of the saints leaves the wicked exposed to the vengeance of
+God's wrath, of which a terrific hail-storm on their defenceless heads, is
+an expressive symbol. The Lord said, by Isaiah: "Judgment also will I lay
+to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep
+away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding-place.
+And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with
+hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through,
+then ye shall be trodden down by it. From the time that it goeth forth it
+shall take you: for morning by morning shall it pass over, by day and by
+night: and it shall be a vexation only to understand the report. For the
+bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it: and the covering
+narrower than that he can wrap himself in it. For the Lord shall rise up
+as in Mount Perazim, he shall be wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he
+may do his work, his strange work; and bring to pass his act, his strange
+act. Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for
+I have heard from the Lord God of hosts a consumption even determined upon
+the whole earth," Isa. 28:17-22.
+
+This must synchronize with the final conflict, (symbolized in Rev.
+19:19-21): also with the casting of the vine of the earth into the
+wine-press of God's wrath (14:19), and terminates the battle of
+"Armageddon,"--the "battle of that great day of God Almighty," 16:14.
+
+
+
+
+The Judgment of the Harlot.
+
+
+    "And one of the seven angels, who had the seven bowls, came and
+    talked with me, saying, Come here; I will show thee the judgment
+    of the great harlot who sitteth on many waters; with whom the
+    kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants
+    of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her
+    fornication." Rev. 17:1, 2.
+
+
+The Roman hierarchy had been frequently referred to in the preceding
+visions; but an institution, so interwoven with the history of the
+nations, required a more full and minute symbolization.
+
+The subject of this vision is announced to the revelator, by one of the
+angels who had the seven vials;--very probably, the seventh. The harlot is
+identified as one "that sitteth upon many waters." Ancient Babylon was
+thus addressed: "O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in
+treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness," Jer.
+51:13. She is also described as "The well-favored _harlot_, the mistress
+of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families
+through her witchcrafts," Nahum 3:4. Therefore the harlot whose judgment
+is to be more minutely shown, is the city of the previous vision, which
+received the cup of the wine of God's wrath (16:19), and which probably
+was shown to John on the waters of the Euphrates, (16:12); for the
+reference indicates that she had been thus previously exhibited,--the
+waters on which she was seated, being the people, nations, &c., which
+sustained and defended her idolatries, 17:15. In the vision now to be
+shown John, the Roman hierarchy is symbolized by Babylon; but it is first
+exhibited as:
+
+
+
+
+A Woman on a Scarlet-Colored Beast.
+
+
+    "And he carried me away in spirit into a desert: and I saw a woman
+    seated on a crimson-colored wild beast, full of names of reviling,
+    having seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was arrayed in
+    purple and crimson, and decked with gold and precious stones and
+    pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and
+    the impurities of her fornication; and on her forehead a name was
+    written, A SECRET: BABYLON, THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF THE HARLOTS
+    AND THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken
+    with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the witnesses
+    of Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered greatly." Rev. 17:3-6.
+
+
+    "And the angel said to me, Why dost thou wonder? I will tell thee
+    the secret of the woman, and of the wild beast that carrieth her,
+    which hath the seven heads and the ten horns. The wild beast which
+    thou didst see, was, and is not, and will ascend out of the abyss,
+    and go into destruction; and those who dwell on the earth will
+    wonder, (whose names were not written in the book of life from the
+    foundation of the world,) as they behold the wild beast that was
+    and is not, and will be. And here is the mind having wisdom. The
+    seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth, and
+    they are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is and the other is
+    not yet come; and when he cometh he must remain a little while.
+    And the wild beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth,
+    and is of the seven, and goeth into destruction. And the ten horns
+    which thou didst see are ten kings, who have not yet received a
+    kingdom; but they receive power as kings, one hour, with the wild
+    beast. These have one mind, and will give their power and strength
+    to the wild beast. These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb
+    will overcome them; for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings;
+    and those with him are called, and chosen, and faithful." Rev.
+    17:7-14.
+
+
+    "And he saith to me, The waters which thou didst see, where the
+    harlot sitteth, are peoples, and crowds, and nations, and tongues.
+    And the ten horns which thou didst see, and the wild beast, these
+    will hate the harlot, and will make her desolate and naked, and
+    will eat her flesh, and burn her up with fire. For God hath put it
+    into their hearts to perform his purpose, and to agree, and give
+    their kingdom to the wild beast, until the words of God shall be
+    fulfilled. And the woman whom thou didst see is the great city,
+    which reigneth over the kings of the earth." Rev. 17:15-18.
+
+
+That the woman and city symbolize the same, is shown by the declaration
+that she is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth,
+v. 18. She is also thus indicated by the name of "Babylon," on her
+forehead, and the golden cup in her hand: "Babylon hath been a golden cup
+in the Lord's hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have
+drunken of her wine; therefore are the nations mad," Jer. 51:7. In like
+manner has the church of Rome intoxicated the nations.
+
+"The scarlet-colored beast" on which the woman is seated, is evidently the
+same beast that John saw "rise out of the sea, having seven heads, and ten
+horns," 13:1. The Roman empire had been symbolized by "a great red
+dragon," which also had seven heads and ten horns. In that vision, crowns
+were on the heads of the beast, (12:3); which indicated that Rome, during
+the period thus represented, existed under the forms of government
+symbolized by the heads. These heads, the angel affirms, are the seven
+mountains on which the woman sitteth, (v. 9); and also that they are seven
+kings (v. 10), or forms of government. Mountains also symbolize
+governments, (16:20); and as the heads and mountains are the same, they
+must alike symbolize the seven forms of government under which Rome
+existed previous to its subversion by the northern barbarians,--viz.: 1,
+the kingly; 2, consular; 3, dictatorial; 4, decemviral; 5, tribunitial; 6,
+pagan-imperial; and 7, Christian-imperial. At the time of the explanation
+of this vision to John, the "five" first-named forms had passed away; or,
+as the angel says, had "fallen," v. 10. One then was:--Rome then existed
+under its pagan-imperial, or sixth head. The other, the
+Christian-imperial, had not then come; but after it came, and had
+continued for a time, the Roman empire was subverted by the irruptions of
+northern barbarians. Thus "the beast was;" and then, was not for a season.
+But afterwards it emerged again from the sea (13:1), under an "eight"
+form, which was of the previous seven, 17:11. When it reaeppears, its
+crowns are not upon its heads, but encircle its horns, (13:1); indicating
+that those governments have the ascendency, which are symbolized by the
+"ten horns;" and which, according to the angel, are "ten kings," which had
+not received their kingdom at the time of the vision, v. 12. These were to
+be kings in "one," or the same hour with the beast, and must therefore be
+contemporary kingdoms, while the forms symbolized by the heads, are
+evidently successive. They constitute the government of Rome, in its
+eighth, or decem-regal form; and symbolize the ten kingdoms which arose
+after and out of the subversion of imperial Rome. Under this form, the
+beast goes into perdition, (v. 11):--they continue under various
+combinations, till the end of the world, when they will war with and be
+overcome by the Lamb (v. 14), in the great battle of Armageddon, 19:19-21.
+
+The ten contemporary kingdoms have one mind, (v. 13): they perpetuate the
+kingdom of the beast, by adopting similar laws, pursuing the same line of
+policy, and assuming the same powers that the empire exercised.
+
+The "names of blasphemy" which cover the beast, symbolize its arrogating
+the right to dictate in matters of faith and religious worship, and to
+punish those who dissent from its creed. The Roman hierarchy was supported
+by legal enactments against heretics in all of the ten kingdoms. Those who
+dissented from the church were delivered over to the power of the civil
+arm, which punished by imprisonment, confiscation of goods, bodily
+torture, and death. The exercise of such power, was a blasphemous
+usurpation of the prerogatives of Christ, and an assumption of authority
+over the legislation of God.
+
+On this beast the woman is seated. As its rider, she guides it, and is
+sustained by it. She is its directing power; and while she is thus seated,
+there is no reference to crowns encircling either heads or horns. All rule
+for a time is subservient to her control. Thus were the ten kingdoms
+obedient to the Roman hierarchy,--sustaining, and being controlled by it.
+She crowned their kings, and dethroned them at her pleasure. The religion
+of the church was enforced by the sword of the state; and thus did the
+kings of the earth commit fornication with her,--the idolatries of the
+church being sanctioned by them.
+
+The superb attire of the woman, and the costly gems with which she is
+decked, denote the wealth, luxury, and regal splendor of the hierarchy
+which she symbolizes. The cup, and its abominations in her hand, denote
+the false doctrines with which she would seduce the nations. Her names
+describe her nature, and identify her with Babylon; and her intoxication
+with blood, indicates her blood-thirsty, persecuting character, and the
+delight with which she would exult over the slaughter of the saints.
+
+The Roman hierarchy was not, however, _always_ to retain her supremacy
+over the nations. She was in due time to _fall_ from the position
+symbolized by the woman seated on the beast; and the kings of the earth
+were to hate and burn with fire, her whom they had recognized as their
+mistress, and to whose control they had submitted. The governments which
+have sustained her pretensions, were to cast her off contemptuously. This
+has been in progress of fulfilment from the days of Martin Luther, since
+which her control of the ten kingdoms has been only limited and partial.
+Many of her ecclesiastical estates have been confiscated, and she has been
+deprived of her prerogatives in many countries. There may, perhaps, be
+hereafter a more complete fulfilment of this prediction. It is symbolized
+in the following chapter, by:
+
+
+
+
+The Fall of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And after this, I saw another angel descending from heaven,
+    having great power; and the earth was enlightened by his glory.
+    And he cried with a mighty voice, saying, She is fallen: Babylon
+    the great is fallen, and is become a dwelling of demons, and a
+    prison of every unclean spirit, and a prison of every unclean and
+    hateful bird, for all the nations have drunk of the wine of the
+    fury of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed
+    fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth have become
+    rich through the abundance of her luxury." Rev. 18:1-3.
+
+
+This announcement of the fall of the city, synchronizes with the same
+symbolization in the 14th chapter: "And there followed another angel,
+saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made
+all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication," 14:8. The
+angel, proclaiming her fall, doubtless symbolizes a body of men, who shall
+give utterance to corresponding declarations.
+
+The _epoch_ of this utterance is shown by the identity of this angel with
+that of Rev. 10:1-3. They thus correspond: They both descend from heaven:
+the one is a mighty angel, and the other has great power; the one is
+enveloped with a robe of cloud, his head is arched with the rainbow, his
+face is like the sun, and his feet like fire, and he stands on both earth
+and sea; the other is so glorified, and occupies a position so
+conspicuous, that the earth is enlightened with his glory; and the one
+cries "with a loud voice as when a lion roareth," while the other cries
+"mighty with a strong voice." Thus their position, manner and
+conspicuousness, are alike. What was uttered by the angel of the tenth
+chapter, is not revealed; but the fall of Babylon being announced in the
+eighteenth, it follows that it was the subject of the angel's utterance in
+the tenth.
+
+As the messenger of the tenth chapter appears subsequent to the sixth, and
+before the seventh trumpet; and as, after this epoch, there were to be
+prophesyings "_again_, before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and
+kings" (10:11), it follows that the _time_ then symbolized must be at an
+epoch _anterior_ to the end of the world. A corresponding reason--namely,
+the command to come out of Babylon, and the fulfilment of her plagues and
+sorrows, which are to intervene between the cry of the angel announcing
+her fall and the time of her actual destruction--proves that the mighty
+angel of the 18th of Revelation must also be at an _epoch_ having a
+considerable period between it and the end.
+
+It follows, that when John saw the angel of the eighteenth chapter, and
+"the earth was lightened with his glory," it did not symbolize a _literal_
+but a _moral_ light,--_the light of truth_. And as the enlightening of the
+earth by its promulgation, pre-supposes a previous state of corresponding
+moral _darkness_, it must, as in the tenth chapter, symbolize an _epoch_,
+prominent in the history of the world, as a time when the _darkness_ of
+ignorance, error and superstition, began rapidly to disappear before the
+spread of the _light_ of truth and knowledge.
+
+These considerations point to the epoch of the REFORMATION, when the
+midnight _darkness_ of the _dark ages_ began to be scattered before the
+uprising and onward progress of truth and knowledge. Then appeared a body
+of religious teachers, aided by the newly discovered art of printing, who
+so brought the Scriptures out from their obscurity, opposed the
+pretensions of the Papal hierarchy, and, by the clear teachings of the
+word, so secured the spread of gospel light and liberty, that they might
+appropriately be symbolized by an angel coming down from heaven, and
+enlightening the earth with his glory. The descent from heaven would
+symbolize the heavenly origin of the doctrines promulgated. His mighty
+power, and the strong voice with which he proclaimed his cry, would
+symbolize the greatness and earnestness of the movement, and the mighty
+results to be effected by it. This symbolization, twice given, could only
+be fulfilled by some great and mighty movement, like the Reformation.
+
+The fall of Babylon is distinct from and anterior to its destruction, and
+must correspond with the fall of the woman from her position on the
+beast;--she is no longer to be the director of, and to be sustained by, the
+civil power. The cry of the angel, announcing her fall, as Mr. Elliot
+remarks, seems to be anticipative, and not retrospective. The
+denunciations of the Papacy by the reformers were of a character to fulfil
+this symbolization.
+
+The year 1300, during the pontificate of Boniface VIII., may be regarded
+as marking the highest eminence to which the Papal power ever attained.
+From this period the dominion of the Roman Pontiffs appeared to be
+gradually undermined. Twenty-four years after this date, John Wickliffe
+was born, who, together with his followers, made more vigorous attacks
+upon Babylon itself. Some of these declared Rome to be mystical Babylon,
+and the Pope and church there to be Antichrist. These heralds announced
+the fall of mystical Babylon, as the ancient prophets had done that of
+literal Babylon, long before the event.--Jer. 51:7, 8. Antichrist and
+Babylon are identified in prophecy. In 1518, Luther first suspected their
+application to the Papacy; and, writing to his friend Link, on sending him
+a copy of the acts just published of the conference at Augsburg, he says:
+"My pen is ready to give birth to things much greater. _I know not myself
+whence these thoughts come to me._ I will send you what I write, that you
+may see if I have well conjectured in believing that the _Antichrist_ of
+whom St. Paul speaks now reigns in the court of Rome."
+
+At first, Luther and his companions sought only the reformation of that
+church. They had no idea of dissolving their own connection with it. But
+when the thunders of the Vatican were hurled at them, and they found
+themselves excommunicated as heretics, they came to the conclusion that
+the church of Rome was _the Babylon of the Apocalypse_. Immediately upon
+this conviction, they began to cry, "Babylon is fallen!"
+
+In 1520 appeared a famous book, by Luther, on the "_Babylonish Captivity
+of the Church_," in which he attacked Rome with great skill and courage.
+In Switzerland and England the reformers considered themselves as
+fulfilling this message of the Apocalyptic angel. Elliot says, "They
+_seized on this very prophecy for application; and, for the first time_,
+upon grounds of evidence sound and tenable, concluded on the fact of
+progress having been made up to it, in the evolution of the great mundane
+drama, and on their own chronological place being already far advanced
+under the sixth trumpet, and in near expectancy of the seventh trumpet, of
+the Apocalyptic prophecy."
+
+These denunciations against Mystic Babylon, and protestations against all
+her idolatrous ceremonies and superstitious appendages, were given, by the
+great body of the reformers, within the very bounds of her empire. They
+resulted in her loss of power, and of control over the princes of Europe.
+In 1526, the other monarchs becoming jealous of the power of Charles V.,
+Emperor of Germany, "Pope Clement VII. placed himself at the head of a
+league of the principal states of Italy against him; but their
+ill-directed efforts were productive of new misfortunes. Rome was taken by
+storm, by the troops of the constable, sacked, and the Pope himself made
+prisoner. Charles V. publicly disavowed the proceedings of the constable,
+went into mourning with his court, and carried his hypocrisy so far as to
+order prayers for the deliverance of the Pope. On restoring the holy
+father to liberty, he demanded a ransom of four hundred thousand crowns of
+gold, but was satisfied with a quarter of that sum."--_Ency. Am._, v. 3. p.
+76.
+
+All the Protestant princes of Germany denied the assumptions of the Pope;
+and the powers of western and northern Europe, one after another, denied
+their allegiance to him. In 1798, Pius VI. was taken prisoner by the
+French, under Gen. Berthier, and died in exile. When Berthier entered
+Rome, many of the cardinals "fled from the city on the wings of terror;"
+but those who remained "were disposed still to uphold the authority of the
+Pontiff." Finally, however, "with melancholy voice, they pronounced their
+absolute renunciation of the temporal government."--_Life of Pius VI._ His
+successor resumed his position. But in 1848 Pius IX. fled from his own
+subjects, and was only restored by French arms. Thus gradually the
+Babylonish _woman_ became unseated, and fell from her position on the
+beast; and, instead of guiding and directing the civil power, now only
+exists by sufferance. As a city, also, her supremacy was gone. Being no
+longer the mistress of the nations, or the ruling city, the Papal See is
+in the condition of ancient Babylon when becoming a dependency of the
+Medes and Persians.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, it became gradually more and more
+deserted, until there was a literal fulfilment of the words of Isaiah:
+"Wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full
+of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance
+there. And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate
+houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces," Isa. 13:21, 22. In like
+manner the apocalyptic Babylon, after her fall, and the withdrawal of
+Protestants from her communion, was to become the receptacle of
+corresponding spirits. Her members were to be more impious than before,
+and were to adhere more closely than ever to her idolatrous practices. The
+contrast between these and true Christians would also be more apparent
+from the separation which succeeds her fall, in obedience to:
+
+
+
+
+The Voice From Heaven.
+
+
+    "And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her,
+    my people, that ye partake not of her sins, and that ye receive
+    not of her plagues, for her sins have reached to heaven, and God
+    hath remembered her iniquities! Reward her even as she rendered to
+    you, and double to her according to her works, in the cup which
+    she hath poured out, pour out double to her. By as much as she
+    hath glorified herself, and lived luxuriously, so much torment and
+    mourning give her; for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and
+    am not a widow, and shall see no mourning. On this account, her
+    plagues will come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and
+    she will be burned up with fire; for strong is the Lord God, who
+    judgeth her."--Rev. 18:4-8.
+
+
+So long as the true character of the apostate church was unperceived, she
+would contain many good, as well as a multitude of bad members. The voice
+from heaven, indicates an epoch when there should be a widely extended and
+marked separation between these two classes. Till the time of that
+separation should be indicated, the children of God would be justified in
+continuing members of her communion; but not subsequently. The condition
+of Babylon, at the time of her fall, indicates that the separation must
+take place in near connection with that event; and the cry must
+synchronize with that of the third angel in Rev. 14:9,--which symbolized a
+body of men who should insist on such a separation from the Papacy as that
+here symbolized.
+
+After the discovery that the church of Rome was the Babylon of the
+Apocalypse, the reformers began to call on the people of God to desert her
+communion; and the formation of the reformed churches was the consequence.
+This was preached wherever the Reformation extended, and has been
+continued to the present time. The Protestant churches have proclaimed
+connection with Romanism, an obstacle to salvation; and have called on its
+Christian members to come out from her abominations. Even the name
+"Protestant," was given because of their protestation against the
+corruptions of the Papal See.
+
+After the fall of ancient Babylon, and before her destruction, the people
+were, in like manner, commanded to forsake her. Said Jeremiah: "Flee out
+of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in
+her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord's vengeance; he will render
+unto her a recompense. Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for
+her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. We would have
+healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every
+one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is
+lifted up even to the skies," Jer. 51:6, 8, 9. And Isaiah said: "Go ye
+forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing
+declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The
+Lord hath redeemed his servant Jacob," Isa. 48:20. "Depart ye, depart ye,
+go ye out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go ye out of the midst of
+her; be ye clean, that bear the vessels of the Lord," Isa. 52:11.
+
+Sins reaching to heaven, indicate great wickedness. Thus God said to
+Jonah: "Go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their
+wickedness is come up before me," Jonah 1:2. And he said of old Babylon:
+"Her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies,"
+Jer. 51:9.
+
+
+
+
+The Destruction of Babylon.
+
+
+    "And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and
+    lived luxuriously with her, will weep and wail for her, when they
+    see the smoke of her burning, standing afar off through the fear
+    of her torment, saying, Woe! woe! that great city, Babylon, that
+    mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come! And the
+    merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her; for no one
+    buyeth their merchandise any more; the merchandise of gold, and
+    silver, and precious stones, and pearls, and fine linen, and
+    purple, and silk, and crimson, and all thine wood, and all kinds
+    of vessels of ivory, and all kinds of vessels of most precious
+    wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and cinnamon, and
+    fragrant ointment, and incense, and myrrh, and frankincense, and
+    wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep,
+    and horses, and chariots, and bodies, and souls of men. And the
+    autumnal fruit of thine appetite's desire is departed from thee,
+    and all things dainty and sumptuous are destroyed from thee, and
+    thou wilt find them no more at all. The merchants of these things,
+    who were enriched by her, will stand afar off, through the fear of
+    her torment, weeping and mourning, saying, Woe! woe! that great
+    city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and crimson, and
+    adorned with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! for in one
+    hour such great wealth is destroyed. And every pilot, and every
+    one sailing to any place, and sailors, and as many as trade by
+    sea, stood afar off, and cried, when they saw the smoke of her
+    burning, saying, What city is like the great city? And they cast
+    dust on their heads, and cried out, weeping and mourning, saying,
+    Woe! woe! the great city by which all who had ships on the sea,
+    were made rich through her precious merchandise! for in one hour
+    she is desolated." Rev. 18:9-20.
+
+
+    "Rejoice over her, O heaven, and ye saints and apostles and
+    prophets; for God hath avenged you on her!" Rev. 18:20.
+
+
+    "And a strong angel took up a stone like a great mill-stone, and
+    cast it into the sea, saying, Thus violently, will Babylon, the
+    great city, be cast down, and be no more at all. And the voice of
+    harpers, and musicians, and pipers, and trumpeters, will be heard
+    no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of any art, will be
+    found any more in thee; and the sound of a mill-stone will be
+    heard no more at all in thee; and the light of a lamp will shine
+    no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and the
+    bride will be heard no more at all in thee; for thy merchants were
+    the nobles of the earth; for by thy sorcery all nations were
+    deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of
+    saints, and of all those slain on the earth." Rev. 18:21-24.
+
+
+The punishment of Babylon is proportioned to her wickedness, and is to be
+inflicted partially by the kings of the earth, and partially by other
+agencies. The kings were to hate, and burn her with fire, (17:16); and
+were also, when they should see the smoke of her burnings, to bewail and
+lament for her, 18:9. The former passage indicates their agency in her
+impoverishment, and has been fulfilled in the confiscation of her property
+in France and England, the spoliation of churches and religious houses,
+wherever the arms of Napoleon extended; the dethronement of the Pope, by
+Gen. Berthier, in 1798; the refusal of some of the powers to permit her to
+nominate, within their limits, the candidates for ecclesiastical
+preferment, &c. She is thus made to feel her widowhood,--her divorce from
+the secular arm,--and has mourned the loss of her most devoted children,
+who have forsaken her communion.
+
+Her final destruction is, however, to be _entire_. She is totally to
+disappear, like the sinking of a millstone in the sea. She is to be
+_utterly_ burned with fire; but the lamentation of the kings over her
+burning, indicates that her destruction is to be completed by other
+instrumentality than theirs. Probably the multitude are to be incensed
+against her, and will so manifest their hatred that the governments will
+neither join in it, nor attempt to resist it, for fear that the same
+torment will be inflicted on them, 18:10. But her existence is terminated
+by the brightness of Christ's coming, 2 Thess. 2:8. Her destruction
+precedes that of the kings of the earth, who mourn her end. The merchants
+of the earth, the captains, sailors, &c., symbolize those who bear a
+relation to the hierarchy, analogous to that sustained by such to a great
+commercial emporium. They are those who have the control of her
+preferments, benefices and revenues,--who traffic in her indulgences, and
+thereby become themselves enriched. And these articles of traffic are
+symbolized by the merchandise which, after her destruction, no man would
+buy.
+
+The commerce of this ecclesiastical city, has been immense,--particularly
+in indulgences. The sale of these was reduced to a system, says D'Aubigne,
+by "the celebrated and scandalous Tariff of Indulgences," which went
+through more than forty editions. The least delicate ears would be
+offended by an enumeration of all the horrors it contains. Incest, if not
+detected, was to cost five groats; and six, if it was known. There was a
+stated price for murder, infanticide, adultery, perjury, burglary, &c.
+Polygamy cost six ducats; sacrilege and perjury, nine; murder, eight; and
+witchcraft, two ducats.
+
+The penances of various kinds which were imposed as a punishment for sin,
+might also be compounded for money.
+
+Tetzel, one of Rome's travelling merchants, told the people of Germany
+that for "a quarter of a florin" they might "receive letters of
+indulgence," by means of which they might "introduce into paradise a
+divine and immortal soul, without its running any risk." _Hist. Ref._, pp.
+56, 242.
+
+He also said "Indulgences avail not only for the living but for the dead.
+With twelve groats you can deliver your father from purgatory." "At the
+very instant," said he, "that the money rattles at the bottom of the
+chest, the soul escapes from purgatory, and flies, liberated to heaven."
+This is but a specimen of her vile traffic.
+
+Responding to the command, are heard the voices of much people in heaven,
+
+
+
+
+Rejoicing Over Babylon's Destruction.
+
+
+    "And after this, I heard a loud voice of a mighty crowd in heaven,
+    saying, Praise ye Jehovah! The salvation, and the glory, and the
+    power of our God! For true and righteous are his judgments; for he
+    hath judged the great harlot, who corrupted the earth with her
+    fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her
+    hand! And again they said, Praise ye Jehovah! And her smoke
+    ascendeth for ever and ever. And the twenty-four elders and the
+    four living beings fell down and worshipped God, who sat on the
+    throne, saying, So be it! Praise ye Jehovah!" Rev. 19:1-4.
+
+
+Daniel, in vision, saw the same persecuting power symbolized by a "Little
+Horn," having "eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth speaking great
+things;" and he beheld, "and the same Horn made war with the saints, and
+prevailed against them, until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was
+given to the saints of the Most High, and the time came that the saints
+possessed the kingdom," Dan. 7:8, 21, 22. And Paul testified of "that
+Wicked" who was to be revealed, that he was the "Man of Sin," "whom the
+Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with
+the brightness of his coming," 2 Thess. 2:3-8. The destruction of that
+which was thus symbolized and predicted, must, consequently, be at the
+epoch of Christ's second coming and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God.
+
+It is also at the epoch anticipated by "the souls of them that were slain
+for the word of God and for the testimony which they held," who, from
+under the altar, on the opening of the "fifth seal," "cried with a loud
+voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and
+avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?" 6:9, 10. The epoch
+which they anticipated not having then arrived, "white robes were given
+unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest
+yet for a little season, until their fellow servants also, and their
+brethren that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled"
+(6:11),--_i.e._, till their number should be filled up. As the destruction
+of that hierarchy, in which "was found the blood of prophets and of saints
+and of all that were slain upon the earth" (18:24), had just been
+symbolized (in the 18th chap.), and as these rejoicings are because God
+"hath judged the great whore which did corrupt the earth with her
+fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand"
+(19:2), it follows that the epoch here symbolized is that to which the
+saints were to wait, and that they are now to be crowned with their
+reward.
+
+As the destruction of Babylon is a little anterior to that of the beast
+and false prophet (19:20), and is to be destroyed by the brightness of
+Christ's coming (2 Thess. 2:8), at a time when the kingdom is to be given
+to the saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:22), it explains how it is that the
+kingdom is set up in the days of the kings symbolized by the divided toes
+of Nebuchadnezzar's image: symbolic of the same as the horns of the beast
+in Dan. 7:7, 24, and Rev. 17:3, 12, 16; for "in the days of these kings
+shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed,
+and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in
+pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever," Dan.
+2:44.
+
+The kingdom is therefore commenced previous to the descent of the Lord to
+the earth, by the saints being caught up to meet him in the air. "For the
+Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the
+archangel and the trump of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first;
+then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them
+in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with
+the Lord," 1 Thess. 4:16, 17.
+
+This epoch, then, is that of the sounding of the seventh trumpet; for "in
+the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound,
+the mystery of God shall be finished, as he hath declared to his servants
+the prophets," 10:7. This mystery Paul thus explains: "Now this I say,
+brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, neither
+doth corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery: We
+shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the
+twinkling of an eye, _at the last trump_: for the trumpet shall sound, and
+the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed," 1 Cor.
+15:50-54. This "saying" was thus written by Isaiah,--"He will swallow up
+death in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away tears from off all
+faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the
+earth; for the Lord hath spoken it. And it shall be said in that day, Lo,
+this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the
+Lord; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his
+salvation," Isa. 25:8, 9. It follows, then, that the voices heard in
+heaven, shouting "Alleluia," and ascribing "salvation, and glory, and
+honor, and power, unto the Lord our God" (v. 1), synchronize with those
+heard when "the seventh angel sounded: and there were great voices in
+heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our
+Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.--And the
+four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon
+their faces and worshipped God, saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God
+Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to
+thee thy great power, and hast reigned: And the nations were angry, and
+thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged,
+and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to
+the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest
+destroy them which destroy the earth," Rev. 11:15-18.
+
+The time of the dead being come that they should be judged, and the saints
+rewarded, is another evidence that this epoch is that of the second advent
+and kingdom of Christ, "who shall judge the quick and the dead at his
+appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1. Consequently it must synchronize with
+that of:
+
+
+
+
+The Marriage of the Lamb.
+
+
+    "And a voice came from the throne saying, Praise our God, all ye
+    his servants, and ye that fear him, both the small and the great!
+    And I heard a voice like that of a great crowd, and like the voice
+    of many waters, and like the voice of mighty thunders, saying,
+    Praise ye Jehovah! for the Lord God Almighty reigneth. Let us
+    rejoice and exult, and give glory up him: for the marriage of the
+    Lamb hath come, and his wife hath prepared herself! And it was
+    granted to her to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: (for
+    the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints.) And he saith
+    to me, Write, Happy are those called to the marriage-supper of the
+    Lamb. And he saith to me, These are the true words of God. And I
+    fell before his feet to worship him. And he saith to me, See thou
+    do it not: I am thy fellow-servant and one of thy brethren, who
+    have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of
+    Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." Rev. 19:5-10.
+
+
+The marriage of the Lamb is at the epoch when "the kingdoms of this world
+are to become our Lord's and his Christ's"--when the Lord God Almighty
+takes to himself his great power and reigns, 11:15, 17. Therefore, in
+connection, are heard the mighty thunderings, saying, "Alleluia; for the
+Lord God Omnipotent reigneth," 9:16. This scripture, then, corresponds
+with that in Matt. 24:30, 31, when "they shall see the Son of Man coming
+in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory; and he shall send his
+angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his
+elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other." For,
+"when the Son of Man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with
+him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: and before him shall
+be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another as a
+shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats--the one on his right hand and
+the other on his left," Matt. 25:31, 32. Those on his right, we learn from
+1 Cor. 15:51, and 1 Thess. 4:16, 17, are the elect, gathered by the angels
+from all parts under heaven, who are caught up to meet the Lord in the
+air--and those on the left are consequently the living wicked, who are to
+be slain by the sword which proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lamb,
+19:21.
+
+_The wife_ who "hath made herself ready," is shown by the foregoing
+scriptures to be, undoubtedly, the church triumphant--the redeemed, who
+have been raised out from among the dead, and the living saints, caught up
+together to meet the Lord in the air; to welcome him in his coming to
+reign. These constitute the bride, the Lamb's wife; for as "the husband is
+the head of the wife," even so "Christ is the head of the church," Eph.
+5:23. He "loved the church, and gave himself for it, that he might
+sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, that he
+might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle,
+or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish," Eph.
+5:25-27. This accords with God's ancient promises to his people. Thus
+Isaiah saith: "Thy Maker is thy husband; the Lord of hosts is his name,
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel: the Lord of the whole earth shall
+he be called," Isa. 54:5. Also Hosea: "And it shall be at that day, saith
+the Lord, that thou shalt call me Ishi," my husband; "and shalt call me no
+more Baali," my Lord. "And I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness,
+and in judgment, and in loving kindness, and in mercies. I will even
+betroth thee unto me in faithfulness; and thou shalt know the Lord," Hos.
+2:16, 19. Thus is the church "espoused to one husband," to be presented
+"as a chaste virgin to Christ," 2 Cor. 11:2.
+
+The epoch of this presentation being here symbolized, it synchronizes with
+that part of the parable of the "ten virgins which took their lamps and
+went forth to meet the Bridegroom," when, the Bridegroom having come,
+"they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and the door was
+shut"--those left without, afterwards crying in vain for admittance, Matt.
+25:10. The wife had been made ready by its having been "granted that she
+should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white--[_mar._ 'bright']; for
+the fine linen is the righteousness of the saints," 19:8. Such were the
+"white robes" given to those who cried from under the altar (6:11), and
+who afterwards, at an epoch synchronizing with the marriage of the Lamb,
+appeared, "a great multitude which no man could number, of all nations,
+and kindreds, and people, and tongues," who "stood before the throne, and
+before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands, and
+cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon
+the throne, and unto the Lamb," 7:9, 10. These were they of whom one of
+the elders asked, saying, "What are these which are arrayed in white
+robes? and whence came they?" and who was answered: "These are they which
+came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes and made them
+white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the throne of
+God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the
+throne shall dwell among them. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst
+any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb
+which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them
+unto living fountains of waters; and God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes," 7:13-17. These had complied with the condition to the
+promise: "He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment;
+and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will
+confess his name before the Father and before his holy angels," 3:5.
+"These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were
+redeemed from among men, being the first fruits unto God and to the Lamb,"
+14:4.
+
+"Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb,"
+19:9. Truly are they blessed; for "they shall hunger no more, neither
+thirst any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat," 7:16.
+They attain the promised blessing: "Blessed and holy is he that hath part
+in the first resurrection," 20:6. "And God shall wipe away all tears from
+their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying,
+neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+away," 21:4. So entranced was the apocalyptic seer at these symbols of the
+glorified redeemed, that he fell at his feet to worship the angel who
+showed him these things. But his fellow servant shrank back from the
+reception of homage, and pointed to God as the only object of adoration.
+
+The union of the saints to Christ in the clouds of heaven being
+symbolized, they receive the gracious welcome: "Come, ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world," Matt. 25:34. But first it is necessary to redeem the "purchased
+possession" (Eph. 1:14), to reconquer the revolted province, which, since
+the fall, has been subject to "the god of this world" (2 Cor. 4:4), the
+"prince of the power of the air" (Eph. 2:2), to rescue it from the
+dominion of the usurper, and deliver it from its present mis-rule "up to
+God the Father" (1 Cor. 15:24), who will bestow it on One who is worthy to
+wear its crown. For when Daniel saw that "the judgment was set and the
+books were opened," he also "saw in the night visions, and, behold, one
+like the Son of man came in the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient
+of days, and they brought him near before him; and there was given him
+dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations and
+languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion,
+which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be
+destroyed," Dan. 7:10, 13, 14. He comes, then, to dispossess the usurper,
+and to take possession of his kingdom. The next representation, then,
+symbolizes the coming of:
+
+
+
+
+The King and his Armies.
+
+
+    "And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse: and he who
+    sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he
+    judgeth and maketh war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on
+    his head were many diadems; and he had a name written which no one
+    knew except himself. And he was clothed with a garment dipped in
+    blood: and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies in
+    heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in fine linen, white
+    and clean. And from his mouth goeth forth a sharp sword, that he
+    may smite the nations with it: and he will rule them with a rod of
+    iron: and he treadeth the wine-press of the furious wrath of God,
+    the Almighty. And he hath on his garment and on his thigh a name
+    written, KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS." Rev. 19:11-16.
+
+
+According to the significance of symbolic language, Christ is here
+represented as coming personally. The heavens open and he appears in
+resplendent majesty, in accordance with the predictions respecting his
+second advent. When the clouds of heaven had received the ascending
+Saviour, the shining ones who stood by said to the gazing disciples, "This
+same Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like
+manner as ye have seen him go into heaven," Acts 1:11. "And they shall see
+the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory,"
+Matt. 24:30. "Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him,
+and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail
+because of him," Rev. 1:7.
+
+The white horse of the King, and those of his armies, are symbols of the
+pomp and grandeur of their descent, and show that they will triumph in
+victory.
+
+The names ascribed to the descending Monarch are applicable only to
+Christ. He was "the Faithful and True Witness" who commanded John to write
+"to the angel of the church of the Laodiceans," (3:14); for he who
+commanded John to "write in a book and send it unto the seven churches" of
+Asia (1:11), was the One whom John saw "in the midst of the seven
+candlesticks, like unto the Son of man" (1:13), and who announced himself
+as "the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord,
+which is, and which was, and which is to come--the Almighty," 1:8. "The
+Word of God," was the "Word" that was "in the beginning," that "was with
+God," and that "was God," the same that was "in the beginning with God,"
+and which "was made flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, the
+glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth,"
+John 1:1-14. Jesus is "the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the
+world," (_Ib._, 29); and "the Lamb" "is Lord of lords and King of kings,"
+17:14. It is "Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first
+begotten of the dead, and the Prince of the kings of the earth," (1:5);
+and he alone is possessed of that incomprehensible "Name" which no man
+knoweth, and which he hath promised to write on "him that overcometh,"
+3:12.
+
+That the visible and personal coming of Christ, and not any providential
+interposition, is here symbolized, is self-evident. For, while no created
+object can adequately symbolize Him, it would derogate from the dignity of
+his character and position to be a symbol of some inferior object. In all
+mere providential interpositions, foreshown by symbolic imagery, the
+predicted events are represented by corresponding acts of symbolic agents.
+War between nations is symbolized by beasts, representatives of the
+nations, contending with each other. (See Dan. 8th chap.) Pestilence and
+famine are symbolized by analogous results, and not by Christ's appearing.
+When, therefore, he is seen coming in person, it must symbolize his
+personal advent.
+
+His eyes "as a flame of fire," show his identity with the one "like unto
+the Son of man" in the "midst of the seven candlesticks" (1:13), the
+author of the message to "the church in Thyatira;" which "things saith the
+Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet like
+unto fine brass," 2:18.
+
+His "many crowns" are symbols of his sovereignty. Rome undivided and
+mistress of the world, when symbolized by the seven-headed and ten-horned
+dragon, is represented with the crowns on the heads, which were the seven
+successive kinds of government by which its sovereignty was enforced,
+12:3, and 17:9, 10. But when its imperial had given place to its
+decem-regal form, and it is to be shown under the government of ten
+contemporaneous kingdoms, "the crowns," the symbols of sovereignty, are
+represented as encircling the "horns" of the beast, 13:1. So, when "the
+King of kings" cometh, to take to himself his great power, and to reign,
+and "the kingdoms of this world are become those of our Lord and of his
+Christ" (11:15, 17), He, "the head of all principality and power" (Col.
+2:10), at whose name "every knee should bow" (Phil. 2:9), is shown the
+wearer of "many crowns."
+
+"Come, then, and, added to thy many crowns,
+Receive yet one, the crown of all the Earth,
+Thou who alone art worthy! It was thine
+By ancient covenant, ere nature's birth;
+And thou hast made it thine by purchase since,
+And overpaid its value with thy blood."
+          _Cowper's Task._
+
+His "vesture dipped in blood" is symbolic of his coming to tread "the
+wine-press of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God" (19:15), when he
+shall "smite the nations," and "rule them with a rod of iron," (_Ib._)
+Thus Isaiah prophesied: "Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed
+garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in
+the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to
+save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him
+that treadeth in the wine-fat? I have trodden the wine-press alone; and of
+the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger,
+and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my
+garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For the day of vengeance is in
+my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come. And I looked, and there was
+none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold: therefore mine
+own arm brought salvation unto me; and my fury, it upheld me. And I will
+tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I
+will bring down their strength to the earth," Isa. 63:1-6.
+
+The "armies" which follow him, symbolize the attending saints and angels
+who will accompany his advent. They are all "clothed in fine linen, white
+and clean," which constituted the wedding garments of those who were
+called to the marriage-supper of the Lamb, and which was worn by those who
+had washed their robes, and made them white in his blood, (7:14); "for the
+fine linen is the righteousness of saints," 19:8. The righteous being
+caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air (1 Thess. 4:17), "when
+Christ, who is our life shall appear," they will "appear with him in
+glory," (Col. 3:4); so that "the Lord my God shall come and all the saints
+with thee," Zech. 14:5. "Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of
+these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints, to
+execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them
+of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all
+their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him," Jude
+14, 15.
+
+Not only saints, but angels also, will attend his coming. For "when the
+Son of man shall come in his glory," there will be "all the holy angels
+with him," Matt. 25:31. "He cometh in the glory of his Father, with the
+holy angels," Mark 8:38. "The Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven
+with his mighty angels," 2 Thess. 1:7.
+
+The "sharp sword," going out of his mouth, must be a symbol of his word.
+He speaks, and it is done, Psa. 33:9. "For the word of God is quick and
+powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the
+dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is
+a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart," Heb. 4:12. As "he
+shall smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of
+his lips shall he slay the wicked," (Isa. 11:4); and as "the Lord shall
+consume" "that Wicked" one "with the spirit of his mouth" (2 Thess. 2:8),
+it follows that the sword proceeding out of his mouth is a symbol of the
+words he shall speak for their destruction; for with it he smites the
+nations, 19:15. And this he does when he comes to "rule them with a rod of
+iron" (_Ib._) and tread them in "the wine-press" of the wrath of God. This
+brings us to the object of his coming, which is to "judge and make war,"
+19:11.
+
+And first, "To judge." This proves, that Christ's second advent is here
+symbolized; for, as before quoted, he is to "judge the quick and the dead
+at his appearing and kingdom," 2 Tim. 4:1. This is at the sounding of the
+seventh trumpet, for then is "the time of the dead that they should be
+judged," 11:18. "With righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove
+with equity for the meek of the earth," when he "shall smite the earth
+with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay
+the wicked," Isa. 11:4. "Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be
+glad; let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof. Let the field be joyful,
+and all that is therein: then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice
+before the Lord: for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the
+world with righteousness, and the people with truth," Psa. 96:11-13. He
+cometh "to execute judgment upon all," Jude 15.
+
+To "make war." That this is another object of his coming, is shown by:
+
+
+
+
+The Final Conflict.
+
+
+    "And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud
+    voice, saying to all the birds flying in the midst of heaven,
+    Come! gather yourselves to the great supper of God; that ye may
+    eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of commanders, and the flesh
+    of the mighty, and the flesh of the horses, and of those who sit
+    on them, and the flesh of all, both free and bond, both small and
+    great. And I saw the wild beast, and the kings of the earth, and
+    their armies, gathered to make war with him, who sat on the horse,
+    and with his army. And the wild beast was taken, and with him the
+    false prophet, who wrought signs in his sight, with which he had
+    deceived those who received the mark of the wild beast, and those
+    who worshipped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake
+    of fire burning with brimstone. And the rest were slain with the
+    sword of him who sat on the horse, which sword goeth forth from
+    his mouth; and all the birds were filled with their flesh." Rev.
+    19:17-21.
+
+
+The contest being between the Lord and his armies on the one part, and the
+wicked nations on the other, the angel seen standing in the sun and
+performing an important act in connection with the Lord's army, must
+represent one of his attending angels; for the acts to be performed are to
+be by their instrumentality: "In the end of this world, the Son of man
+shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all
+things that offend, and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a
+furnace of fire," Matt. 13:40-42.
+
+His crying to the fowls of heaven to come and sup on the bodies of the
+slain, is indicative of the certainty of victory and of the entire
+overthrow of those who war against the Lamb. As birds gather on fields of
+slaughter to feast on the slain, so a cry to "all the fowls of heaven" is
+expressive of the extent and thoroughness of the destruction to be
+inflicted. It is the same cry which is made in Ezekiel, 39:17, when the
+armies of Gog are slain on the mountains of Israel. The beast and the
+kings of the earth symbolize the various governments in the world. The
+"beast" is that which had seven heads and ten horns (13:1, and 17:3), and
+was a symbol of Rome in its decem-regal form. It was said of this beast,
+it shall "go into perdition," (17:8); so that under some manifestation, it
+must continue till the end of the world: the earth being "reserved unto
+fire against the day of judgement, and perdition of ungodly men," 2 Pet.
+3:7. As only in its divided form, the Roman empire continues till then,
+the beast is here significant of the divisions represented by its ten
+horns--the governments of modern Europe. "These shall war with the Lamb,
+and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords and King of
+kings; and they that are with him are called and chosen and faithful,"
+17:14.
+
+"The false prophet," which is taken with the beast, is described as the
+one "that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that
+had received the mark of the beast and them that worshipped his image," v.
+20. This identifies him as the two-horned beast of Rev. 13. (13:11-17).
+The two-horned beast being a representative of the Eastern Roman empire,
+when that was subverted by the Turks it became the seat of the false
+prophet,--the Mahometan hierarchy.
+
+The kings of the earth must be the remaining governments which are not
+represented by those two. By their subsequently warring with the Lamb, it
+follows that the previous resurrection and translation of the saints does
+not produce a cessation of all government. Those events may not be
+apparent to all eyes; or they may serve only to madden the unbelieving,
+and to make them more desperate in their infidelity.
+
+They gather their armies to war against the Lamb. They resist his
+authority. They will not have Him to reign over them. They are instigated
+to oppose him by "unclean spirits like frogs" (16:13), which are the
+spirits of devils [_demons_, understood by the Jews to be spirits of the
+wicked dead] working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth
+and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of
+God Almighty, _Ib._ v. 14. This is when Christ is to "come as a thief;"
+and they are to be gathered "into a place called in the Hebrew tongue
+Armageddon," 16:15, 16. This was the name of the valley at the foot of
+Mount Megiddo (Judg. 5:19), which was famous as a valley of slaughter. In
+it Jehu fought against Ahaziah and Joram, and slew both the kings of
+Israel and Judah, 2 Kings 9:27. It was afterwards memorable for the death
+of king Josiah, when Pharaoh-necho fought against him, (2 Kings 23:29); so
+that the mourning as "in the valley of Megiddon," became a proverbial
+expression in Israel for great mourning, Zech. 12:11,12. It is therefore
+significantly applied to the final battle.
+
+Thus do "the kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take
+counsel together against the Lord, and against his Anointed;" but "He that
+sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision."
+For the decree has gone forth: "I shall give thee the heathen for thine
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. Thou
+shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
+potter's vessel," Ps. 2:2-9. In this victory the saints, also, have a
+part; for it is written: "He that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto
+the end, to him will I give power over the nations, and he shall rule them
+with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to
+shivers: even as I received of my Father," 2:26, 27.
+
+As thus predicted, in this final conflict the nations are smitten, 19:15.
+Those symbolized by the beast and false prophet are cast alive into the
+burning flame; _i.e._, the individuals constituting the bodies of those
+beasts are cast therein: their governments cease when taken by the Lamb
+and his armies. This is in accordance with what Daniel saw, who "beheld,
+even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed and given to the
+burning flame," Dan. 7:11.
+
+"The remnant" also are slain; so that there are none left alive on the
+earth of all the wicked. Thus Daniel interpreted to king Nebuchadnezzar
+his dream: "Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which
+smote the image [representing the governments of earth] upon his feet,
+that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron,
+the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together,
+and became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floors; and the wind
+carried them away, that no place was found for them," Dan. 2:34, 35. It
+will "break in pieces, and consume all these kingdoms" (_Ib._), according
+to the prediction: "The nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall
+perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted," Isa. 60:12. "And this
+shall be the plague wherewith the Lord will smite all the people which
+have fought against Jerusalem: Their flesh shall consume away while they
+stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes,
+and their tongues shall consume away in their mouth," Zech. 14:12. "For,
+behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud,
+yea, and all that do wickedly shall be stubble, and the day that cometh
+shall burn them up, saith the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them
+neither root nor branch," Mal. 4:1. "Behold, the day of the Lord cometh,
+cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he
+shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it," Isa. 13:9. Thus will the
+Saviour come "in flaming fire, taking vengeance on them that know not God,
+and obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; who shall be punished
+with everlasting destruction, from the presence of the Lord, and from the
+glory of his power, when he comes to be glorified in his saints, and to be
+admired in all them that believe in that day," (2 Thess. 1:8-10): saying
+to the nations on his left, "Depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting
+fire, prepared for the devil and his angels," Matt. 25:41. Thus will he
+"gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do
+iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be
+wailing and gnashing of teeth," _Ib._, 13:41, 42. The destruction of all
+the wicked from the earth is followed by:
+
+
+
+
+The Binding of Satan.
+
+
+    "And I saw an angel descending from heaven, having the key of the
+    abyss and a great chain in his hand. And he seized the dragon, the
+    old serpent, who is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand
+    years, and cast him into the abyss, and shut him up, and set a
+    seal over him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till
+    the thousand years were completed; and after that, he must be
+    loosed a short time." Rev. 20:1-3.
+
+
+The angel descending from heaven, must be a representative of his own
+order; for at this epoch there are no other orders of beings for him to be
+a representative of. He therefore symbolizes the angels who are
+commissioned to "gather out of his kingdom all things that offend," Matt.
+13:41.
+
+The "key," "pit," and "chain," symbolize the instruments of restraint and
+confinement to which Satan is to be subjected; and his being bound and
+confined symbolize his restraint.
+
+The "Dragon" is expressly called "that old serpent, which is the Devil and
+Satan." With the appendages of heads and horns--symbols of political
+sovereignty--he is used in Rev. 12:3, as a symbol of the Roman civil power,
+under Pagan rule; and in verse 7, when divested of political insignia, of
+the pagan hierarchy. But now, as the beast, another symbol of Roman civil
+rule, has been cast into "the lake of fire and brimstone," and the
+"remnant" are "slain with the sword" (19:21), there are no analogous
+powers remaining on earth for him to be a representative of, and
+consequently he is here represented as a symbol of himself.
+
+Of his identity there can be no question: He is "that Old Serpent," who,
+being "more subtle than any beast of the field which the Lord God had
+made" (Gen. 3:1), "beguiled Eve through his subtlety," 2 Cor. 11:3. He is
+also the Devil, by whom our Saviour was tempted in the wilderness, (Matt.
+4:1-12); and the Satan, whose working is "with all power and signs and
+lying wonders," 2 Thess. 2:9. He is our adversary the devil, who, "as a
+roaring lion, walketh about seeking whom he may devour," (1 Pet. 5:8); and
+against whom we are to guard continually, "lest Satan should get an
+advantage of us," 2 Cor. 2:11.
+
+Coeval with the fall, the promise was given that his head should in due
+time be bruised, and he is not ignorant of his doom; for when the legion
+saw the Saviour about to dispossess them of the two men among the tombs,
+they recognized him as "the Son of God," and cried, "Art thou come hither
+to torment us before _the time_?" (Matt. 8:29); "and they besought him,
+that he would not command them to go out into the _deep_,"--the _pit_, or
+_abyss_, Luke 8:31. The epoch when he should be there confined, is also
+shown by Isaiah to be when "the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the
+inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity," when "the earth also shall
+disclose her blood, and no more cover her slain," Isa. 26:21. For "in that
+day the Lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish
+leviathan [the dragon], the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked
+serpent," _Ib._ 27:1. This synchronizes with the slaying of the remnant
+with the sword, when Satan is bound and cast into the _abyss_, to continue
+there a thousand years.
+
+His being bound and confined must symbolize his dejection to a position
+where he can have no possible influence over the nations during the time
+he is bound. It can be no _partial_ restraint, as some theologians hold;
+for that is contrary to the conditions of the symbolic representation. His
+restraint is full, complete, and entire. Consequently his influence, for
+the time being, will have entirely ceased. The period of his confinement,
+therefore, cannot be one of partial exemption from sin; but the living
+will be perfectly free from all its contagious influences. He is to
+deceive the nations _no more_, till the thousand years shall be fulfilled.
+
+"The nations" who are freed from his influences, and also those whom he is
+subsequently to deceive, are not, necessarily, organized political bodies,
+under civil rulers, as they now exist. The original term, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is
+defined by Robinson to be "a multitude, people, race, belonging and living
+together." At this epoch, the national organizations having disappeared,
+and the people constituting them being translated or slain, the only
+nations remaining will be "the nations of them which are saved" (21:24),
+over whom the influence of Satan will have ceased forever; and those
+constituting "the rest of the dead" (20:5), who will not live again till
+the end of the thousand years--at the very time when Satan is to be loosed
+from his prison to go out to deceive them, 20:7, 8.
+
+
+
+
+The Cleansing of the Earth.
+
+
+There is, in the Apocalypse, no symbolic representation of the act of the
+cleansing of the earth, yet various scriptures show that it is at the
+epoch of the second advent, and of the establishment of the kingdom of
+God. If so, it follows the destruction of the wicked and the binding of
+Satan, while the raised and transfigured saints--constituting "the
+bride"--are still with the Lord in the clouds of heaven (19:7-9), where
+they were caught up to meet him in the air, 1 Thess. 4:17.
+
+A restoration of the earth, in connection with the first resurrection, is
+in accordance with the testimony of scripture, and was the opinion of the
+ancients. We read in Isaiah: "Behold, I create new heavens and a new
+earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind," Isa.
+65:17.
+
+"As for my opinion," saith R. Menasse, a Jewish Rabbi, "I think that after
+six thousand years, the world shall be destroyed, upon one certain day, or
+in one hour; that the arches of heaven shall make a stand as immovable;
+that there will be no more generation or corruption; and that all things
+by the resurrection shall be renovated, and return to a better condition."
+He also assures us that "this, without doubt, is the opinion of the most
+learned Aben Ezra," who looked for it in the new earth of Isa. 65:17.
+
+"Man shall be restored in that time, namely, in the days of the Messiah,
+to that state in which he was before the first man sinned."--_R. Moses
+Nachmanides in Duet. § 45._
+
+"Although all things were created perfect, yet when the first man sinned,
+they were corrupted, and will not again return to their congruous state
+till PHEREZ (_i.e._, the MESSIAH) comes." "There are six things which
+shall be restored to their primitive state, viz.: the splendor of man, his
+life, the height of his stature, the fruits of the earth, the fruits of
+the trees, and the luminaries, (the sun, moon, and stars.)"--_R. Berakyah_,
+in the _name of R. Samuel--Bereshith Rabba, Fol. 11, Col. 3_.
+
+"In that time (_i.e._, of the Messiah) the whole work of creation shall be
+changed for the better, and shall return into its perfect and pure state,
+as it was in the time of the first man, before he had sinned."--_R. Becai,
+in Shilcan Orba, Fol. 9, Col. 4, p. 360._
+
+"Theopompus, who flourished three hundred and forty years B. C., relates
+that the Persian Magi taught that the present state of things would
+continue 6000 years; after which _hades_, or death, would be destroyed,
+and men would live happy," &c. "The opinion of the ancient Jews, on this
+head, may be gathered from the statement of one of their Rabbins, who
+said, 'The world endures 6000 years, and in the thousand, or millennium
+that follows, the enemies of God would be destroyed.' It was in like
+manner a tradition of the house of Elias, a holy man, who lived about B.
+C. 200, that the world was to endure 6000 years, and that the righteous,
+whom God should raise up, would not be turned again into dust. That, by
+this resurrection, he meant a resurrection prior to the millennium, is
+manifest from what follows.... It is worthy of remark, that the two
+ancient authors, whose words have just been quoted, speak of the seventh
+millennium as 'that day'--the day in which God will renew the world, and in
+which he alone shall be exalted."--_Dis. on Mill. by Bishop Russell, Prof.
+Eccl. Hist. in the Scottish Epis. Ch._
+
+"The Divine institution of a sabbatical, or seventh year's solemnity among
+the Jews, has a plain typical reference to the seventh chiliad, or
+millenary of the world, according to the well known tradition among the
+Jewish doctors, adopted by many in every age of the Christian Church, that
+this world will attain to its limit at the end of 6000 years."--_Mede._
+
+"The observance of the Sabbath is essential to the faith; for such only as
+observe the Sabbath confess that the earth will be renewed: because He who
+created it out of nothing will renew it."--_David Kimchi, on Isa. 55:5,
+quoted by Mede._
+
+"In as many days as this world was made, in so many thousand years it is
+perfected; for if the day of the Lord be as it were a 1000 years, and in
+six days those things that are made were finished, it is manifest that the
+perfecting of those things is in the 6000th year, when anti-Christ,
+reigning 1260 years, shall have wasted all things in the world, ... then
+shall the Lord come from heaven in the clouds, with the glory of his
+Father." _Irenaeus, Bish. of Lyons, A. D. 178._
+
+"In six thousand years, the Lord will bring all things to an end, ... when
+iniquity shall be no more, all things being renewed by the Lord."--_Epst.
+of Barnabas, sec. 14, 15._
+
+"Let philosophers know, who number thousands of years, ages since the
+beginning of the world, that the 6000th year is not yet concluded or
+ended. But that number being fulfilled, of necessity there must be an end,
+and the state of human things must be transformed into that which is
+better."--_Lactantius, B. of Divine Inst., A. D. 310._
+
+Thomas Burnet (Theory of Earth, Lon. 1697) states "that it was the
+received opinion of the primitive church from the days of the apostles to
+the council of Nice, that this earth would continue 6000 years, when the
+resurrection of the just, and conflagration of the earth, would usher in
+the millennium and reign of Christ on earth."
+
+"God's blessing the Sabbath day, and resting on it from all his works, was
+a type of that glorious rest that the saints shall have when the six days
+of this world are fully ended.... He will finish the toil and travail of
+his saints, with the burden of the beasts and the curse of the ground, and
+bring all into rest for a thousand years.... None ever saw this world as
+it was in its first creation but Adam and his wife, neither will any see
+it until the manifestation of the children of God; _i.e._, until the
+redemption or resurrection of the saints."--_John Bunyan's Works, vol. 6,
+pp. 301, 329._
+
+"I expect with Paul a reparation of _all_ the evils caused by sin, for
+which he represents the creatures as groaning and travailing."--_John
+Calvin, in his __"__Institutes.__"_
+
+The reformation of the earth "never was, nor yet shall be, till the
+righteous King and Judge appear for the restoration of all things."--_John
+Knox._
+
+  "The groans of nature in this nether world,
+Which heaven has heard for ages, have an end.
+Foretold by prophets, and by poets sung,
+Whose fire was kindled at the prophet's lamp,
+The time of rest, the promised Sabbath, comes:
+Six thousand years of sorrow have well nigh
+Fulfilled their tardy and disastrous course
+Over a sinful world; and what remains
+Of this tempestuous state of human things,
+Is merely as the working of a sea
+Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest;
+For HE, whose car the winds are, and the clouds
+The dust that waits upon his sultry march,
+When sin hath moved him, and his wrath is hot,
+Shall visit earth in mercy; shall descend,
+Propitious, in his chariot paved with love;
+And what his storms have blasted and defaced
+For man's _revolt_, shall with a smile _repair_."
+      _Cowper's Task._
+
+The above are only a few of many extracts which might be made, showing the
+faith of the church in past ages; but which are of no weight, only as they
+are in accordance with the harmony of scriptural testimony.
+
+When man sinned, this earth was cursed for his sake. The Lord said to him,
+"Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the
+days of thy life; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth unto thee,
+and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in the sweat of thy face shalt
+thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou
+taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return," Gen. 3:17-19.
+
+Such was the curse to which the whole creation was subjected because man
+sinned. "For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but
+by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope," Rom. 8:20. And this
+hope is for a removal of the curse thus inflicted, and a restoration of
+all things to their original condition.
+
+As the earth was subjected to the curse at the time when man was made
+subject to death, the removal of the former would naturally be expected at
+the epoch of the fulfillment of the promise to the just: "I will ransom
+them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death I
+will be thy plagues; O grave I will be thy destruction," Hos. 13:14. And
+thus Paul testifies: "For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth
+for the manifestation of the sons of God, ... Because the creature itself,
+also, shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious
+liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation
+groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. And not only they, but
+ourselves also, which have the first fruits of the Spirit, even we
+ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the
+redemption of our body," Rom. 8:19, 21-23.
+
+The removal of the curse removes also its consequences. Thus it is
+promised: "Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of
+the briar shall come up the myrtle tree," Isa. 55:13. "The inhabitant
+shall not say I am sick: the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven
+their iniquity," Isa. 33:24. "He will swallow up death in victory; and the
+Lord God will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his
+people will he take away from off all the earth; for the Lord hath spoken
+it," Isa. 25:8. "For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth," Isa.
+65:17. "And there shall be no more curse," Rev. 22:3. "For the Lord shall
+comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her
+wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord; joy and
+gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody,"
+Isa. 51:3.
+
+The removal of the curse is called "the regeneration" (Matt. 19:28), "the
+times of refreshing," and of "restitution;" which Peter places at the
+advent of Christ: "whom the heavens must receive until the times of
+restitution(10) of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all
+his holy prophets since the world began," Acts 3:21. He also places it at
+"the perdition of ungodly men," which must synchronize with the epoch when
+the beast "goeth into perdition" (17:11), and "the remnant" are "slain
+with the sword," (19:21); "when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from
+heaven, with his mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them
+that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ,"
+2 Thess. 1:7, 8. Says Peter: "The heavens and the earth, which are now, by
+the same word ['whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with
+water, perished' v.6] are kept in store, reserved unto fire, against the
+day of judgment, and perdition of ungodly men.... But the day of the Lord
+will come, as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass
+away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat,
+the earth also; and the works that are therein shall be burned up....
+Nevertheless, we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new
+earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness," _i.e._, "righteous
+persons"--_Horsely_, 2 Pet. 3:7-13. This harmonizes with the day that
+"cometh that shall burn as an oven," when "all the proud, yea, and all
+that do wickedly" shall be burned up, and become "ashes under the soles"
+of those on whom "shall the Sun of righteousness arise," (Mal. 4:1-3);
+which must be the time intervening between the resurrection of the
+righteous and that of the wicked. This also harmonizes with the testimony
+of our Saviour, that when, "in the end of this world," He "shall send
+forth his angels and gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and
+them which do iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire; ...
+_then_ shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their
+Father," Matt. 13:40-43.
+
+The earth being cleansed, and all things made new, it will have been
+prepared for the "dwelling" of "righteous persons" (2 Pet. 3:13),
+who,--having "put on incorruption" (1 Cor. 15:53), and been "caught up ...
+in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" (1 Thess. 4:17), where,
+constituting "the bride," "the Lamb's wife," they were "called unto the
+marriage supper of the Lamb" (19:7-9),--will descend from heaven to take
+possession. Thus John writes, that one of the angels said to him: "Come
+hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. And he carried me
+away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and he showed me that
+great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God," 21:9,
+10.
+
+"Lo, what a glorious sight appears
+  To our believing eyes:
+The earth and seas are passed away,
+  And the old rolling skies!
+
+From the third heaven where God resides,
+  That holy, happy place,
+The New Jerusalem comes down
+  Adorned with shining grace.
+
+Attending angels shout for joy,
+  And the bright armies sing,
+Mortals, behold the sacred seat
+  Of your descending King."--_Watts._
+
+
+
+
+The Kingdom given to the Saints at the resurrection of the just.
+
+
+    "And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given
+    for them: and I saw the persons of those beheaded for the
+    testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and those, who had
+    not worshipped the wild beast, nor his image, nor had received the
+    mark on their forehead, or on their hand; and they lived and
+    reigned with Christ the thousand years. But the rest of the dead
+    lived not until the thousand years were completed. This is the
+    first resurrection. Happy and holy is he, who bath part in the
+    first resurrection: on such, the second death hath no power, but
+    they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign with him
+    a thousand years!" Rev. 20:4-6.
+
+
+"Thrones" are symbols of power. As the saints are to reign with Christ on
+the renewed earth, in obedience to the invitation: "Come ye blessed of my
+Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
+world," (Matt. 25:34); their being inducted into the kingdom is symbolized
+by their being seated on thrones. Thus they sing in the "new song,"
+addressed to Christ: "Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy
+blood, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation, and hast
+made us unto our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth,"
+5:9, 10. In the first chapter, also, all who ascribe praises to "Him that
+loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood," also add: "and
+hath made us kings and priests unto God, and his Father," 1:5, 6.
+
+All the saints being thus exalted to kingly and priestly dignity,
+symbolizes the exalted rank they are to hold in the new creation--the
+symbols of their station being taken from the most exalted offices known
+on earth. Thus God said to ancient Israel: "Ye shall be unto me a kingdom
+of priests, and a holy nation," (Ex. 19:6); and the Christian church is
+addressed as "a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a
+peculiar people," 1 Pet. 2:9.
+
+The time when the saints shall reign on the earth is in connection with
+the destruction of the "little horn" of Daniel's "fourth beast," which, as
+he saw, "made war with the saints and prevailed against them, until the
+Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the Most
+High, and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom," Dan. 7:21,
+22. "The saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the
+kingdom forever, even forever and ever," _Ib._ v. 18. "And the kingdom and
+dominion and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be
+given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an
+everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him," _Ib._ v.
+27. "And they shall reign forever and ever," 22:5. Thus the Saviour said:
+"Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you
+the kingdom," Luke 12:32.
+
+Those who receive the kingdom are symbolized by the souls of martyrs, &c.,
+living again and reigning with Christ. The symbol includes, with the
+martyred saints, those who had stood aloof from the worship of the beast
+and his image, and those who had not received his mark; who are shown by a
+parallel scripture to represent all who are redeemed to God "out of every
+kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation," 5:9, 10. Some of these were
+symbolized, under the fifth seal, as crying from under the altar in
+anticipation of this day, 6:9. Now, with "their fellow servants," they
+receive their reward.
+
+The souls of the departed living again, can only symbolize those who have
+been subjected to death, and are again raised. Consequently they are the
+subjects of a real resurrection. And this is shown by the explanation of
+the symbol, which affirms that, "This is the first resurrection."
+
+It is denied by many that a literal resurrection is here taught; but in so
+doing they deny the faith of the church in its best and purest ages. In
+the first two centuries after Christ, there was not an individual, who
+believed in any resurrection of the dead whose name or memory has survived
+to the present time, who denied that the resurrection of the just is here
+taught.
+
+Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes Papias, who he admits was a
+disciple of St. John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying that "after
+the resurrection of the dead the kingdom of Christ shall be established
+corporeally on this earth." And Jerome, another opposer, quotes from him
+that "he had the apostles for his authors; and that he considered what
+Andrew, what Peter said, what Philip, what Thomas said, and other
+disciples of the Lord."
+
+Polycarp was another of John's disciples; and Irenaeus testifies in an
+epistle to Florinus, that he had seen Polycarp, "who related his
+conversation with John and others who had seen the Lord, and how he
+related their sayings, and the things he had heard of them concerning the
+Lord, both concerning his miracles and doctrine, as he had received them
+from the Lord of life; all of which Polycarp related agreeable to the
+scriptures." Following such a teacher, Irenaeus taught that at the
+resurrection of the just, the meek should inherit the earth; and that then
+would be fulfilled the promise which God made to Abraham.
+
+Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that, "A certain man _among us_, whose
+name is John, being one of the twelve apostles of Christ, in that
+Revelation which was shown him, prophesied that those who believe in our
+Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem." He affirms that
+himself "and many others are of this mind"--"that Christ shall reign
+personally on earth;" and that "all who were accounted orthodox so
+believed."
+
+Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a custom for Christians to pray
+that they might have part in the first resurrection. And Cyprian, about
+220, says that Christians "had a thirst for martyrdom that they might
+obtain a better resurrection."
+
+Mosheim assures us that the opinion "that Christ was to come and reign
+1000 years among men," had, before the time of Origen, about the middle of
+the 3d century, "met with no opposition." And it is the testimony of
+ecclesiastical historians, that the first who opposed it, seeing no way of
+avoiding the meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied the authenticity of
+the Apocalypse, and claimed that it was written by one Cerenthus, a
+heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining what they called "his fiction
+of the reign of Christ on earth." This doctrine is not _now_ evaded in
+this way, but by spiritualizing the language of the Apocalypse, and thus
+finding a meaning in it which is not expressed by any of the admitted laws
+of language. Theologians who thus reason make the first resurrection the
+conversion of the world. But those who are affirmed to be raised, are
+persons who have lived and are dead. If the resurrection is a mere
+metaphor, then the martyrs must have metaphorically died, and must have
+comprised only those who had been previously converted and were fallen
+away. The rest of the dead must then be understood as persons morally
+dead, which would be inconsistent with the idea of a converted world.
+Those who were raised being those who were previously converted, they must
+have been literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable of such is
+a literal resurrection.
+
+The Bible teaches such a resurrection of the righteous prior to that of
+the wicked. Thus the Psalmist says of them: "Like sheep they are laid in
+the grave; death shall feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion
+over them in the morning." But of himself he says: "But God will redeem my
+soul from the power of the grave," Psa. 49:14, 15. Of the wicked Isaiah
+testifies: "They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they
+shall not rise," _i.e._ with the righteous; but to Zion he says: "Thy dead
+men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and
+sing, ye that dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and
+the earth shall cast out her dead," Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import is
+the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time when Michael shall stand up,
+and "thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written
+in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall
+awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting life, and some, [the
+unawakened, shall be] to shame and everlasting contempt," Dan. 12:1, 2.
+Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the precise rendering of the original.
+
+The New Testament also teaches a resurrection of the just, in distinction
+from that of the wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made alive, that
+it will be "every man in his own order," or band--"Christ the first fruits;
+afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming," 1 Cor. 15:23. None
+others are spoken of as being raised at that epoch. When the Lord descends
+from heaven with a shout, at the trump of God, not the entire mass of the
+dead, but "the dead in Christ shall rise first," before the righteous
+living are changed, 1 Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority in the
+resurrection of the righteous, Paul teaches that the worthies who died in
+faith "accepted not deliverance, that they might obtain _a better_
+resurrection," (Heb. 11:13); and himself, he says, counted all things loss
+for Christ, "if by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the
+dead," (Phil. 3:11); which is "the resurrection from among the dead"--it
+being a resurrection to which some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour
+taught: while "they that have done good shall come forth _at_ [as it is
+literally] the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil at the
+resurrection of damnation" (John 5:29), the two are not co-etaneous; for
+the righteous shall be "recompensed at the resurrection _of the just_,"
+Lu. 14:14. That must be the resurrection of which those are the subjects
+who receive the kingdom; for "flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom
+of God," 1 Cor. 15:50. While "the children of this world marry and are
+given in marriage," "they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that
+world, and the resurrection _from_ the dead, neither marry, nor are given
+in marriage; neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the
+angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the
+resurrection," Lu. 20:34-36.
+
+The children of the resurrection thus include all who attain unto that
+world, which, consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and of which the
+righteous dead and the living saints are made equal subjects, according to
+Paul's "mystery:" "We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in
+a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet
+shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be
+changed," _i.e._, to the same incorruptible state to which the dead are
+raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the righteous will alike "bear the
+image of the heavenly" (v. 49) when they "shall be caught up together" (1
+Thess. 4:16) "to meet the Lord in the air."
+
+The resurrection state is that to which the ancients looked for the
+restoration of Israel.
+
+Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have lived just after the second
+temple was built, applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who seemed likely
+to die without seeing the glory of Israel, saying: "As I live, saith
+Jehovah, I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the dead; and I will
+gather you with all Israel."
+
+The Sadducees are reported to have asked Rabbi Gamaliel, the preceptor of
+Paul, whence he would prove that God would raise the dead, who quoted
+Deut. 9:21: "Which land the Lord sware that he would give to your
+_fathers_." He argued, as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob had it not, and as God
+cannot lie, that they must be raised from the dead to inherit it.
+
+Rabbi Simai, though of later date, argues the same from Ex. 6:4, insisting
+that the law asserts in this place the resurrection from the dead, when it
+said: "And also I have established my covenant with them, to give them the
+Canaan;" for, he adds, "it is not said to _you_, but to them."
+
+Mennasseh Ben Israel says: "It is plain that Abraham and the rest of the
+patriarchs did not possess that land; it follows, therefore, that they
+must be raised in order to enjoy the promised good, as otherwise the
+promises of God would be vain and false."--_De Resurrec. Mort., L. i., c.
+1. § 4._
+
+Rabbi Saahias Gaion, commenting on Dan. 12:2, says: "This is the
+resuscitation of the dead Israel, whose lot is eternal life, and those who
+shall not awake are the forsakers of Jehovah."
+
+"In the world to come," says the Sahar, fol. 81, "the blessed God will
+vivify the dead and raise them from their dust, so that they shall be no
+more an earthly structure."
+
+Thus "Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should
+after receive for an inheritance ... sojourned in the land of promise, as
+in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles, with Isaac and Jacob, the
+heirs with him of the same promise; for he looked for a city which hath
+foundations, whose builder and maker is God," Heb. 11:8-10. While he dwelt
+in that land, God "gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to
+set his foot on; yet he promised that he would give it to _him_ for a
+possession, and to his seed after him," Acts 7:5. This was also true of
+all those "who died in faith, not having received the promises, but having
+seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and
+confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth,"--desiring "a
+better country, that is, a heavenly" (Heb. 11:13-16), "not accepting
+deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection" (v. 35), "God
+having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not
+be made perfect," v. 40.
+
+When the promises are thus made good to Israel, all who are of the faith
+of Abraham will participate in the same promises. For "Christ hath
+redeemed us from the curse of the law ... that the blessing of Abraham
+might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ." "And if ye be Christ's,
+then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise," Gal.
+3:13, 14, 29. So the Saviour said to the Jews: "Many shall come from the
+east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in
+the kingdom of heaven; but the children of the kingdom [unregenerate Jews]
+shall be cast into outer darkness," Matt. 8:11, 12. And then, as the
+Saviour said to the twelve: "Ye which have followed me, in the
+regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye
+also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel,"
+Matt. 19:28.
+
+"The rest of the dead," who live not again till the thousand years are
+ended, must be the wicked dead; for, the righteous being raised, no other
+dead ones remain. They include all the wicked, who have died in all ages,
+and "the remnant" who "are slain with the sword" (19:21), when the kingdom
+is cleansed from all things that offend.
+
+"The thousand years" to intervene between the two resurrections, are
+regarded by some as a symbol of 360,000 years. There seems to be no
+necessity for such an interpretation. When time is symbolized, it is
+always proportioned to the duration of the other symbols used. Thus, in
+Dan. 8th, when beasts symbolize kingdoms, it would have been incongruous
+to have specified the duration of the vision in literal years; for beasts
+do not continue during centuries, as the kingdoms symbolized by them have
+done. But days are proportioned to years, as beasts are to kingdoms; so
+that there is a fitness in symbolizing the years foreshadowed in that
+vision, by 2300 days; between which measure of time and the duration of
+the existence of beasts, there is a perfect congruity.
+
+In the 4th of Daniel, where the cutting down of a tree is used to
+symbolize the loss of the king's reason, there is no such disproportion
+between the duration of man's existence and that of a tree, as there is
+between the life of a beast and that of an empire. And therefore there is
+no incongruity if the time specified is a symbol of literal time, _i.e._,
+if a time is used to symbolize a year. In this case, the seven years could
+not have been symbolized by seven days; for there is no marked
+disproportion between the duration of the other symbols in connection, and
+the things symbolized; and had days been used, days must have been
+understood in the fulfilment.
+
+There might be either 1000 years, or 360,000, between the first and second
+resurrections, without conflicting with any other Scripture. But there is
+no disproportion between the other symbols and the things symbolized,--the
+living again of the martyrs in vision, and their actual resurrection; and
+therefore the 1000 years need not, by any parallel usage or law of
+language, be understood, to be other than a literal thousand.
+
+
+
+
+The Wicked Raised, and Satan Loosed
+
+
+    "And when the thousand years are completed, Satan will be loosed
+    out of his prison, and will go out to deceive the nations in the
+    four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them to
+    battle: the number of whom is like the sand of the sea. And they
+    ascended on the breadth of the earth, and encompassed the camp of
+    the saints, and the beloved city: and fire descended from God out
+    of heaven, and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them,
+    was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where both the wild
+    beast and the false prophet are, and will be tormented day and
+    night for ever and ever. And I saw a great white throne, and him
+    who sat on it; from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away,
+    and a place was not for them. And I saw the dead, the small and
+    the great, standing before God; and the books were opened: and
+    another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead
+    were judged from the things written in the books, according to
+    their works. And the sea gave up the dead in it; and death and the
+    pit gave up the dead in them: and they were judged every one
+    according to their works. And death and the pit were cast into the
+    lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. And
+    whoever was not found written in the book of life, was cast into
+    the lake of fire." Rev. 20:7-15.
+
+
+Verses 11-15 contain the record of the symbolization John saw, of what was
+to transpire at the end of the thousand years; while verses 7-10 appear to
+be explanatory of events which would then be fulfilled. This explanation,
+previous to the exhibition of the symbolization, is appropriate in the
+connection, and makes more forcible the fact that "the rest of the dead
+lived not again until the thousand years were finished."
+
+As the rest of the dead live not till the end of the thousand years, they
+come forth at "the resurrection of damnation," at the end of a thousand
+years of the reign of the saints on the earth, and at the epoch when Satan
+was to be loosed from his prison. As all who had part in the first
+resurrection were to be exempted from the power of the second death, the
+nations who are then deceived by Satan, must be the nations composing the
+rest of the dead, who live again at that epoch.
+
+Their number "as the sand of the sea," and their coming from "the four
+quarters of the earth," show that they are no obscure people, living
+unknown to the saints; and their existence can only be accounted for by
+the event of a resurrection of the wicked.
+
+Their names, "Gog and Magog,"--those applied to the ancient enemies of
+Israel, (Ezek. 38:38),--are appropriate titles to designate the subjects of
+the second resurrection.
+
+They encompass the camp of the saints, and the beloved city--showing that
+the city descends at the commencement of the thousand years--but there is
+no battle: before they are permitted to harm the saints, fire from heaven
+devours them; and the devil that thought to lead them against the holy
+city, is cast into the lake of fire, where the beast and false prophet
+were cast at the commencement of the millennium.
+
+In connection with the resurrection of the wicked, is their judgment--not
+following necessarily in the precise order of the record. The "small and
+great" who stand before God, are not small and large persons, but those
+from all stations and ranks in society. The king and the beggar equally
+receive according to their deserts: They are the bond and the free, the
+high and the low, the rich and the poor, including those who fought
+against the Lamb, and were overcome by Him, 19:18.
+
+The open books symbolize the record of their evil deeds, for which they
+are to be judged. And the "book of Life" is opened to symbolize that the
+names of those who are judged are not there recorded, and that
+consequently they are justly condemned. To "him that overcometh," the
+Saviour promised "I will not blot his name out of this book of life," 3:3.
+
+The sea, death, and hell giving up their dead, indicates that all of the
+"rest of the dead" are here resurrected, and that none are left out from
+among whom these are raised, as these were, from whom came forth the
+subjects of the first resurrection.
+
+The casting of death and hell into the lake of fire, symbolizes the
+casting in of those who were within their domains; and "the lake of fire,"
+symbolizes the place into which--the impenitent are consigned--which is the
+"second death."
+
+
+
+
+The New Creation.
+
+
+    "And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and
+    the first earth were passed away; and the sea was no more. And I
+    saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, descending out of heaven, from
+    God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband." Rev. 21:1, 2.
+
+
+The new heaven and new earth are symbols of the new order of things. The
+old heavens and earth having been dissolved, their elements melting with
+fervent heat (2 Pet. 3:12), the "new heavens and the new earth, wherein
+dwelleth righteousness," for which Peter looked, succeed to their place.
+So much more resplendent are these than the former, that those "shall not
+be remembered, nor come into mind," _i.e._, to be desired, Isa. 65:17.
+This is the eternal state in which we are commanded to be "glad and
+rejoice forever," when God shall "create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her
+people a joy." Then "the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her,
+nor the voice of crying." There "the elect shall long enjoy the work of
+their hands;" for "as the days of a tree, are the days of my people,"
+saith the Lord; who has also declared that, "as the new heavens and the
+new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, so shall your seed
+and your name remain," Isa. 66:22.
+
+The sea is now "no more," in the same sense that the first heavens and
+earth are passed away--all having disappeared in the conflagration, and
+given place to the "restitution of all things spoken of by the mouth of
+all the holy prophets," Acts 3:21. Whether the new creation will comprise
+both sea and dry land, as was first created (Gen. 1:10), is not here
+decided; but there is no reason to suppose that this characteristic of the
+original creation will be forever obliterated.
+
+The new Jerusalem descends, adorned as a bride for her husband. She is
+shown in the 19th chapter to be "arrayed in fine linen, clean and white"--a
+symbol of "the righteousness of the saints." As the corrupt Roman
+hierarchy was symbolized by an adulterous woman (17:3), and also by the
+corrupt city of Babylon (18:2), so symbols of an opposite character--a
+chaste bride, and the new Jerusalem--are chosen representatives of the
+church triumphant, whose Maker is her husband.
+
+Mr. Lord very justly remarks: "The descent of the city is to take place at
+the commencement of the millennium, manifestly from the representation
+that the marriage of the Lamb was come, and that his wife had prepared
+herself, immediately after the destruction of great Babylon, (19:7, 8);
+from the exhibition of the risen and glorified saints, as seated on
+thrones, and reigning with Christ during the thousand years; and from the
+representation of the beloved city as on earth at the revolt of Gog and
+Magog, after the close of the thousand years."--"_Ex. Apoc._" p. 529.
+
+"Jerusalem, my happy home,
+  O how I long for thee;
+When shall my sorrows have an end?
+  Thy joys when shall I see?
+
+"When shall these eyes thy heaven-built walls
+  And pearly gates behold!
+Thy bulwarks with salvation strong,
+  And streets of shining gold?
+
+"O when, thou city of my God,
+  Shall I thy courts ascend,
+Where congregations ne'er break up,
+  And Sabbaths have no end?"
+
+
+
+
+The Tabernacle of God with Men.
+
+
+    "And I heard a loud voice out of heaven, saying, Behold, the
+    tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and
+    they will be his people, and God himself will be with them, even
+    their God. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and
+    there will be no more death, nor mourning, nor crying out, nor
+    will there be any more pain: for the former things are passed
+    away. And he who sat on the throne said, Behold, I make all things
+    new. And he said, Write, for these words are faithful and true.
+    And he said to me, It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
+    beginning and the end. I will give to him, who thirsteth, from the
+    fountain of the water of life freely. He, who overcometh, will
+    inherit these things; and I will be his God, and he will be my
+    son. But the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, and
+    murderers, and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all
+    liars, will have their part in the lake burning with fire and
+    brimstone, which is the second death." Rev. 21:3-8.
+
+
+The utterances of the "great voice out of heaven" are not what John saw,
+but are what he heard; and are therefore to be interpreted, not by the
+laws of symbols, but by those of tropes and literal language.
+
+The "tabernacle of God with men" is explained in the same connection to be
+his "dwelling with them."
+
+"When our Saviour was incarnate, and vouchsafed to dwell amongst the
+children of men, the same phrase is used by this same author, _Eskeenoose_
+(John 1:14), 'The Word was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us: and we
+beheld his glory,' etc. We read it, he dwelt amongst us: but rendered more
+closely, it is, he set his tabernacle amongst us. And that which the
+Hebrews call the _Shekinah_, or divine presence (Maimon, Mor. Nev. par. 1,
+chap. 25), comes from a word of the like signification, and found with the
+Greek word here used. Therefore there will be a _Shekinah_ in that kingdom
+of Christ."--_Tho. Burnett._
+
+When Israel first entered the wilderness, God entered into a _covenant_
+with them (Ex. 19:3-8), in consequence of which he said to Moses, "Let
+them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them," (Ex. 25:8)--the
+pattern of which was shown Moses in the mount; and when completed "the
+glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle" (Ex. 40:34), and there "the Lord
+talked with Moses," Ex. 33:9. Thus did God dwell among them while they
+were in a probationary state; but he indicated a more intimate connection
+with them, by promising, if they were obedient to his statutes in all
+things, that "I will set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not
+abhor you. And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall
+be my people," Lev. 26:11, 12. This promise was not fulfilled to the Jews,
+because of their sins; but Paul quotes it (2 Cor. 6:16), and applies it as
+a promise still to be made good to the church of Christ. Thus, the "Word"
+that "was God," who was made flesh and tabernacled among us at his
+incarnation, is again to come and dwell with us in his human tabernacle,
+as at his first advent. Then will God enter into a new covenant with his
+people, as he has said: "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I
+will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of
+Judah; not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers, in
+the day that I took them by the hand, to bring them out of the land of
+Egypt, which my covenant they brake, although I was a husband unto them,
+saith the Lord; but this shall be the covenant that I will make with the
+house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in
+their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God,
+and they shall be my people. And they shall teach no more every man his
+neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall
+all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the
+Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no
+more," Jer. 31:31-34.
+
+As the saints, before the resurrection of "the rest of the dead," "reign
+with Christ 1000 years," (20:4); it follows that during that period the
+tabernacle of God is with men, when he dwells among them, which is an
+additional evidence that "the restitution of all things" (Acts 3:21) is at
+the commencement of the millennium.
+
+This is a tearless state--all tears being then wiped from every eye. Isaiah
+predicted, when "He will swallow up death in victory," that "the Lord God
+will wipe away tears from off all faces: and the rebuke of his people
+shall he take away from off all the earth: for the Lord hath spoken it.
+And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for
+him, and he will save us: this is the Lord; we have waited for him, we
+will be glad and rejoice in his salvation," Isa. 25:8, 9. The commencement
+of the tearless state is thus placed by Isaiah at the resurrection, and at
+the appearance of Christ; which is confirmed by Paul, in his inspired
+commentary on the same, who affirms that at the last trump, "when this
+corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put
+on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written,
+Death is swallowed up in victory," 1 Cor. 15:54. This state was also
+promised to the entire company "which came out of great tribulation, and
+have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.
+Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night
+in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them.
+They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall the sun
+light on them, nor any heat. For the Lamb, which is in the midst of the
+throne, shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of
+waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes," Rev. 7:14-17.
+
+There shall then "be no more death"--for that "last enemy shall be
+destroyed" (1 Cor. 15:26), and there shall be nothing to "hurt nor
+destroy, in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord." Death will have been
+swallowed up in victory, (Isa. 25:8)--the redeemed having been ransomed
+"from the power of the grave," Hos. 13:14. "Neither can they die any more:
+for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the
+children of the resurrection," Luke 20:36.
+
+After the destruction of death, there shall be "neither sorrow, nor
+crying, neither shall there be any more pain." This was to be when "the
+ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and
+everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and
+sorrow and sighing shall flee away," Isa. 35:10. And one of these songs
+was to be: "Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out
+of every kindred and tongue, and people and nation; and hast made us unto
+our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth," Rev. 5:9,10.
+
+Then, everything which distinguishes the present world from that, will
+have passed away; for all things will be created anew. These words,
+uttered by Him who is the "Alpha and Omega," are no rhetorical flourishes,
+nor mere figures of speech, but contain the exact and literal truth, and
+are not to be set aside as unmeaning figures. For He who sat upon the
+throne has declared: "These words are true and faithful." Faithful is He
+who hath promised, and he will surely make good his words--bestowing on the
+righteous the inheritance of all things; and on the wicked, their fearful
+doom.
+
+
+
+
+The New Jerusalem.
+
+
+    "And there came to me one of the seven angels, who had the seven
+    bowls full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying,
+    Come, I will shew thee the bride, the wife of the Lamb. And he
+    carried me away in spirit to a vast and high mountain, and shewed
+    me the holy city Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
+    having the glory of God. Her light was like a most precious stone,
+    like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; having a wall vast and
+    high, and having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and
+    names written on the gates, which are the names of the twelve
+    tribes of the sons of Israel. On the east, three gates; on the
+    north, three gates; on the south, three gates; and on the west,
+    three gates. And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and
+    on them, the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. And
+    he, who talked with me, had a golden measuring-reed to measure the
+    city, and its gates, and its wall. And the city lieth square, and
+    the length is as much as the breadth: and he measured the city
+    with the measuring-reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length, and
+    the breadth, and the height of it are equal. And he measured its
+    wall, a hundred and forty-four cubits, according to the measure of
+    a man, that is, of the angel. And the structure of its wall was
+    jasper: and the city was pure gold, like clear glass. And the
+    foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind
+    of precious stone. The first foundation was a jasper; the second,
+    a sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; the
+    fifth, a sardonyx; the sixth, a sardius; the seventh, a
+    chrysolite; the eighth, a beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a
+    chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.
+    And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; each one of the gates was
+    of one pearl; and the wide street of the city was pure gold, like
+    transparent glass." Rev. 21:9-21.
+
+
+    "And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal,
+    proceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb. In the midst of
+    its wide street, and on each side of the river, was the tree of
+    life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit monthly,
+    and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
+    And there will be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the
+    Lamb will be in it; and his servants will serve him: and they will
+    see his face; and his name will be on their foreheads. And there
+    will be no night there; and they have no need of the light of a
+    lamp, nor of the light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them
+    light: and they will reign forever and ever." Rev. 22:1-5.
+
+
+Objects of great interest, of which only a passing glance was permitted in
+previous visions, are again and again presented, until their relative
+glory is sufficiently manifested. Thus the new earth was considered worthy
+of being the subject of a special vision; and now the Bride, the Lamb's
+wife, although before referred to, is again made the subject of a special
+vision, under the symbol of a city, explained to be the bride.
+
+The descent of the city, to harmonize with corresponding scriptures, has
+been shown to be at the commencement of the millennium, when those who are
+called to the marriage supper of the Lamb descend from the clouds of
+heaven, to receive "an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that
+fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you ... ready to be revealed in
+the last time," 1 Pet. 4:5.
+
+"The glory of the Lord," which is the light of the city, is explained to
+be "the Lamb" (21:23), which "is the light thereof." "In him was life, and
+the life was the light of men." "That was the true light which lighteth
+every man that cometh into the world," John 1:4, 9. In Him dwelleth all
+the fulness of the Godhead bodily (Col. 2:9), so that as the Holy Shekineh
+illumined the pathway of ancient Israel, the nations of the redeemed will
+walk in the light of His glory.
+
+The gates of the city correspond with the number of the tribes of Israel;
+and the "names of the apostles" are in its foundations. Thus Paul affirms
+that the "fellow citizens" of "the household of God" are built upon the
+foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the
+chief corner-stone, Eph. 2:20.
+
+The dimensions of the city are in length equal to the breadth--and 1500
+miles in circumference, or 375 miles square. The length is in all parts
+equal; and so is the breadth, and the height,--the latter being 216 feet.
+
+Its splendor is fully equal to all that inspiration has recorded
+respecting those on whom the Lord will have "everlasting kindness;" and to
+whom he saith: "O thou afflicted, tossed with the tempest, and not
+comforted! behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors, and lay thy
+foundations with sapphires. And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy
+gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. And all thy
+children shall be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the peace of thy
+children. In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far
+from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall
+not come near thee," Isa. 54:11-14. "Therefore thy gates shall be open
+continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto
+thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought. For
+the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those
+nations shall be utterly wasted. The glory of Lebanon shall come unto
+thee, the fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the box together, to beautify the
+place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. The
+sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and
+all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy
+feet; and they shall call thee, The city of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy
+One of Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and hated, so that no man
+went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many
+generations. Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck
+the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the Lord am thy Saviour
+and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. For brass I will bring gold,
+and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron:
+I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness.
+Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction
+within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates
+Praise. The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness
+shall the moon give light unto thee: but the Lord shall be unto thee an
+everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy sun shall no more go down;
+neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the Lord shall be thine
+everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. Thy people
+also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land forever, the
+branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. A
+little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I the
+Lord will hasten it in his time," Isa. 60:11-22.
+
+  O scenes surpassing fable, and yet true,
+Scenes of accomplish'd bliss! which who can see,
+Though but in distant prospect, and not feel
+His soul refresh'd with foretaste of the joy?
+Rivers of gladness water all the Earth,
+And clothe all climes with beauty. The reproach
+Of barrenness is past. The fruitful field
+Laughs with abundance; and the land, once lean,
+Or fertile only in its own disgrace,
+Exults to see its thistly curse repeal'd.
+The various seasons woven into one,
+And that one season an eternal spring,
+The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence;
+For there is none to covet: all are full.
+The lion, and the libbard, and the bear,
+Graze with the fearless flocks; all bask at noon
+Together, or all gambol in the shade
+Of the same grove, and drink one common stream.
+Antipathies are none. No foe to man
+Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees,
+And smiles to see, her infant's playful hand
+Stretch'd forth to dally with the crested worm,
+To stroke his azure neck, or to receive
+The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.
+All creatures worship man, and all mankind
+One Lord, one Father. Error has no place;
+That creeping pestilence is driv'n away:
+The breath of Heav'n has chas'd it. In the heart
+No passion touches a discordant string,
+But all is harmony and love. Disease
+Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood
+Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.
+One song employs all nations; and all cry,
+"Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!"
+The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
+Shout to each other, and the mountain-tops
+From distant mountains catch the flying joy;
+Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
+Earth rolls the rapturous Hosanna round.
+Behold the measure of the promise fill'd!
+See Salem built, the labor of a God!
+Bright as a sun the sacred city shines:
+All kingdoms and all princes of the Earth
+Flock to that light; the glory of all lands
+Flows into her; unbounded is her joy,
+And endless her increase. Thy rams are there,
+Nebaioth, and the flocks of Kedar there:
+The looms of Ormus, and the mines of Ind,
+And Saba's spicy groves, pay tribute there.
+Praise is in all her gates; upon her walls,
+And in her streets, and in her spacious courts,
+Is heard salvation. Eastern Java there
+Kneels with the native of the farthest west;
+And AEthiopia spreads abroad the hand,
+And worships. Her report has travel'd forth
+Into all lands. From ev'ry clime they come
+To see thy beauty, and to share thy joy,
+O Sion! an assembly such as Earth
+Saw never, such as Heav'n stoops down to see.
+  Thus Heav'nward all things tend. For all were once
+Perfect, and all must be at length restor'd,
+So God has greatly purpos'd: who would else
+In his dishonor'd works himself endure
+Dishonor, and be wrong'd without redress.
+Haste then, and wheel away a shatter'd world,
+Ye slow-revolving seasons! we would see
+(A sight to which our eyes are strangers yet)
+A world that does not dread and hate his laws,
+And suffer for its crime; would learn how fair
+The creature is, that God pronounces good,
+How pleasant in itself what pleases him.--_Cowper._
+
+
+
+
+Final Admonitions.
+
+
+    "And he said to me, These words are faithful and true. And the
+    Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to
+    shew his servants the things, which must shortly take place. And
+    behold, I come quickly: happy is he, who keepeth the words of the
+    prophecy of this book. And I John saw and heard these things. And
+    when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet
+    of the angel who shewed me these things. And he saith to me, See
+    thou do it not: I am thy fellow-servant, and one of thy brethren
+    the prophets, and one of those, who keep the words of this book:
+    worship God. And he saith to me, Seal not up the words of the
+    prophecy of this book: for the season is near. He, who is unjust,
+    let him be unjust still: and he, who is filthy, let him be filthy
+    still: and he, who is righteous, let him perform righteousness
+    still: and he, who is holy, let him be holy still. Behold, I come
+    quickly; and my reward is with me, to give each one as his work
+    shall be. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last,
+    the beginning and the end. Happy are those, who do his
+    commandments, that they may have the privilege of the tree of
+    life, and may enter through the gates into the city. For without
+    are the Sodomites, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the
+    murderers, and the idolaters, and whoever loveth and practiseth
+    falsehood. I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify to you these
+    things in the congregations. I am the root and the offspring of
+    David, the bright morning-star. And the Spirit and the bride say,
+    Come! And let him, who heareth, say, Come! And let him, who
+    thirsteth, come. And whoever will, let him take the water of life
+    freely.
+
+
+    "I testify to every one, who heareth the words of the prophecy of
+    this book, If any one shall add to these things, God will add to
+    him the plagues written in this book: and if any one shall take
+    away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take
+    away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, and
+    from the things written in this book. He, who testifieth these
+    things, saith, Surely I come quickly. So be it, come, O Lord
+    Jesus!
+
+
+    "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all the saints." Rev.
+    22:6-21.
+
+
+With the representation of the city, the symbols of the Apocalypse are
+terminated. What follows are the words of Christ. The import of these is
+guarded by his declaration that they are "true and faithful." There is a
+reality and definiteness in them, which will not admit of their being
+added to, or taken from. So that any attempt to fritter away their
+meaning, will be followed by the curses written in the book, and a loss of
+the blessings therein promised.
+
+The command not to seal this prophecy, is in contrast with the close of
+Daniel's prophecy, which was "closed up and sealed till the time of the
+end," Dan. 12:9. The Apocalypse, as its name imports, being an "unveiling"
+of the obscurities of Daniel, the seal from the former was removed--the
+time of the end, in that sense, being equivalent to the last days, or the
+gospel dispensation.
+
+The time was "at hand," when the great series of predicted events was to
+commence. As he that was unjust was to be unjust still, and he that was
+righteous was thus to remain, it follows that the visions therein
+recorded, continue down to the close of probation; and that the new earth
+is one of everlasting reward, wherein is to be fulfilled the promise:
+"Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth," Matt. 5:3.
+
+In this connection the Saviour answers the question, which so perplexed
+the Pharisees: If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? Matt.
+22:45. Being the Root from whence David sprang, and in his humanity
+David's offspring, he was both his Lord and son.
+
+The invitation appended is one of the most endearing that it is possible
+to conceive of, and the threats are the most terrific. These are given for
+the admonition of all; and yet how many will turn away from the study of
+the book, which commences with a blessing on him "that readeth, and they
+that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are
+written therein," (1:3); and closes with an invitation for all to come and
+"take of the water of life freely." It is no mystical record, and there is
+nothing equivocal in its predictions. Neither is it to be fulfilled in the
+distant future; for "He which testifieth these things saith: Surely I come
+quickly." And shall not every one who loves his Lord respond, "Even so;
+come, Lord Jesus."
+
+"The Church has waited long
+  Her absent Lord to see;
+And still in loneliness she waits,
+  A friendless stranger she.
+Age after age has gone,
+  Sun after sun has set,
+And still, in weeds of widowhood,
+  She weeps, a mourner yet."
+
+"The whole creation groans,
+  And waits to hear that voice
+That shall restore her comeliness,
+  And make her wastes rejoice.
+Come, Lord, and wipe away
+  The curse, the sin, the stain,
+And make this blighted world of ours
+  Thine own fair world again.
+Come, then, Lord Jesus, come!"
+
+_Rev. H. A. Bonar_, (_Eng._)
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD EARTH.
+
+
+Old Mother EARTH is wan and pale,
+  Her face is wrinkled sore;
+Her locks are blanched, her heart is cold,
+  Her garments stiff with gore;
+With furrowed brow and dim sad eyes,
+  With trembling steps and slow,
+She marks the course that first she trod
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+The Earth is old, the Earth is cold,
+  She shivers and complains;
+How many Winters fierce and chill
+  Have racked her limbs with pains!
+Drear tempests, lightning, flood and flame
+  Have scarred her visage so,
+That scarce we deem she shone so fair,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Yet comely was the youthful Earth,
+  And lightly tripped along
+To music from a starry choir,
+  Whose sweet celestial song
+Through Nature's temple echoed wild,
+  And soft as streamlets flow,
+Where sister spheres replied with her,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+And many happy children there
+  Upon her breast reclined,
+The young Earth smiled with aspect fair,
+  The heavens were bright and kind;
+The azure cope above her head
+  In love seemed bending low,
+O happy was the youthful Earth,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Alas! those children of the Earth
+  With hate began to burn,
+And Murder stained her beauteous robe,
+  And bade the young Earth mourn.
+And ages, heavy ages, still
+  Have bowed with gathering woe
+The form of her whose life was joy,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! drear Earth! thy tender heart
+  Bewails thy chosen ones;
+Thou look'st upon the myriad graves
+  That hide their gathered bones;
+For them, by day and night, thy tears
+  Unceasingly must flow;
+Death chilled the fountain-head of life
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Old Earth! old Earth! above thy head
+  The heavens are dark and chill,
+The sun looks coldly on thee now,
+  The stars shine pale and still;
+No more the heavenly symphonies
+  Through listening ether flow,
+Which swelled upon creation's ear,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Weep not in bitter grief, O Earth!
+  Weep not in hopelessness!
+From out the heavens "a still small voice"
+  Whispers returning peace.
+Thy tears are precious in the sight
+  Of ONE who marks their flow,
+Who purposes of mercy formed,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy days of grief are numbered all,
+  Their sum will soon be told:
+The joy of youth, the smile of God,
+  Shall bless thee as of old;
+Shall shed a purer, holier light
+  Upon thy peaceful brow,
+Than beamed upon thy morning hour
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+Thy chosen ones shall live again,
+  A countless, tearless throng,
+To wake creation's voice anew,
+  And swell the choral song.
+Go, Earth! go wipe thy falling tears,
+  Forget thy heavy woe:
+Hope died not with thy first-born sons,
+  Six thousand years ago!
+
+KNICKERBOCKER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The first Advent was, according to the best-settled chronological
+      data, about four thousand one hundred and twenty years from
+      creation.
+
+    2 See margin of Whiting's Testament. Lord has it, "when he can be
+      ready to sound."
+
+    3 The constitutional language was, "By the authority of the senate,
+      and consent of the soldiers."--_Gibbon_, vol. I., p. 44.
+
+    4 This is given on the authority of the London Quarterly Journal of
+      Prophecy, for 1852, p. 330, which states that the edict will be
+      found in the "Theodosian Code, XVII. to XX."
+
+    5 "Ubi cogniti fuerint illius haeresis sectatores, ne receptaculum iis
+      quisquam in terra sua praebere praesumat: sed nec in venditione aut
+      emptione aliqua cum iis omnino commercium habeatur."--_Hard._, vi.
+      ii. 1597.
+
+    6 The following philological law or canon of criticism is universally
+      admitted, and all dictionaries, grammars, and translations, are
+      formed in accordance with it:
+
+      "Every word not specially explained or defined in a particular
+      sense, by any standard writer of any particular age and country, is
+      to be taken and applied in the current or commonly received
+      signification of that country and age in which the writer lived and
+      wrote."--_Campbell._
+
+    7 This possession by demons is similar to the mode by which pretended
+      spirits claim that they communicate through mediums. One of them,
+      purporting to be the spirit of a departed son of Adin Ballou, in
+      answer to the question, by his father, "Can you describe how you are
+      able to write through a medium?" says, "I feel as though I enter
+      into her for the time being, or as if my spirit entered into her. I
+      am disencumbered of my spiritual form, and take hers. More than one
+      spirit can enter the medium at once. The mediums all go into the
+      trance by means of several spirits entering the body at one
+      time."--_Spiritual Telegraph, May 8, 1852._
+
+    8 The word is _demon_ or _demons_ in all the instances referred to.
+
+    9 Necromancy is derived from the Greek words _nekros_, dead, and
+      _mantis_, a diviner. The Greek, _Necromantia_, is defined: "The
+      revealing future events by communication with the dead; necromancy."
+      And Nekromantis: "One who reveals future events by communication
+      with the dead; a necromancer."
+
+   10 This is in the Syriac, "Until the fulness of the time of all
+      things." Irenaeus says, "Till the time of the exhibition or disposal
+      of all things;" and OEcumenius, "Till the time of all things does
+      come to an end;" and we have the suffrage of Thesychius and
+      Phavorinus, that "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 'the consummation' of
+      a thing."--_Whitby._
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE***
+
+
+
+CREDITS
+
+
+September 16,  2008
+
+            Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1
+            Produced by Heiko Evermann, David King, and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. (This
+            file was produced from scanned images of public domain
+            material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG
+
+
+This file should be named 26639.txt or 26639.zip.
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+
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+    http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/6/6/3/26639/
+
+
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+
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