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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Richard I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 17, 2008 [EBook #26939]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RICHARD I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Richard I.
+
+ BY JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1902
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight
+ hundred and fifty-seven, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern District
+ of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1885, by BENJAMIN VAUGHAN ABBOTT, AUSTIN ABBOTT,
+ LYMAN ABBOTT, and EDWARD ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The author of this series has made it his special object to confine
+himself very strictly, even in the most minute details which he
+records, to historic truth. The narratives are not tales founded upon
+history, but history itself, without any embellishment, or any
+deviations from the strict truth so far as it can now be discovered by
+an attentive examination of the annals written at the time when the
+events themselves occurred. In writing the narratives, the author has
+endeavored to avail himself of the best sources of information which
+this country affords; and though, of course, there must be in these
+volumes, as in all historical accounts, more or less of imperfection
+and error, there is no intentional embellishment. Nothing is stated,
+not even the most minute and apparently imaginary details, without
+what was deemed good historical authority. The readers, therefore, may
+rely upon the record as the truth, and nothing but the truth, so far
+as an honest purpose and a careful examination have been effectual in
+ascertaining it.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+      I. KING RICHARD'S MOTHER                               13
+
+     II. RICHARD'S EARLY LIFE                                35
+
+    III. FAIR ROSAMOND                                       53
+
+     IV. ACCESSION OF RICHARD TO THE THRONE                  66
+
+      V. THE CORONATION                                      79
+
+     VI. PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE                        89
+
+    VII. THE EMBARKATION                                    101
+
+   VIII. KING RICHARD AT MESSINA                            117
+
+     IX. BERENGARIA                                         143
+
+      X. THE CAMPAIGN IN CYPRUS                             160
+
+     XI. VOYAGE TO ACRE                                     185
+
+    XII. THE ARRIVAL AT ACRE                                196
+
+   XIII. DIFFICULTIES                                       204
+
+    XIV. THE FALL OF ACRE                                   211
+
+     XV. PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADE                            229
+
+    XVI. REVERSES                                           249
+
+   XVII. THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS                       267
+
+  XVIII. THE BATTLE OF JAFFA                                283
+
+    XIX. THE TRUCE                                          297
+
+     XX. THE DEPARTURE FROM PALESTINE                       305
+
+    XXI. RICHARD MADE CAPTIVE                               312
+
+   XXII. THE RETURN TO ENGLAND                              324
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ MAP                                                         14
+
+ PREACHING THE CRUSADES                                      19
+
+ PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.                                  49
+
+ VIEW OF WOODSTOCK                                           55
+
+ FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND                                    64
+
+ PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.                                      90
+
+ RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY                               113
+
+ THE BATTERING-RAM                                          137
+
+ THE BALLISTA                                               139
+
+ THE CATAPULTA                                              140
+
+ THE LETTER                                                 152
+
+ ROUTE OF RICHARD'S FLEET                                   164
+
+ KING RICHARD'S SEAL                                        167
+
+ RAMPARTS OF ACRE                                           189
+
+ THE ASSAULT                                                207
+
+ THROWING SHELLS                                            231
+
+ SALADIN'S PRESENT                                          294
+
+ CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN                             321
+
+
+
+
+KING RICHARD I.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+KING RICHARD'S MOTHER.
+
+1137-1154
+
+Richard the Crusader.--A quarrelsome king.--Richard's
+kingdom.--Union of England and Normandy.--England was a
+possession of Normandy.--Eleanora of Aquitaine.--The
+contemporaries of Eleanora.--Royal match-making.--The
+conditions of the marriage.--Apparent prosperity of
+leanora.--Eleanora's accomplishments.--The Crusades.--A monk
+preaching the Crusades.--The reasons why Louis and Eleanora
+undertook a crusade.--Amazons.--The power of ridicule.--The
+plans and purposes of the female Crusaders.--Antioch.--Meeting
+the Saracens.--Choosing an encampment.--The result of the queen's
+generalship.--A quarrel.--The queen at Jerusalem.--A divorce
+proposed.--The failure of the crusade.--Returning to France.--The
+queen's new lover.--A divorce again proposed.--The motives of
+Henry.--Controversy among historians.--The real motives in the
+divorce.--A violent courtship and a narrow escape.--Geoffrey's
+designs upon Eleanora.--Customs of old times.--Eleanora eluded
+Geoffrey.--She is married to Henry.--Henry's expedition to
+England.--His final coronation.--Eleanora Queen of England.
+
+
+King Richard the First, the Crusader, was a boisterous, reckless, and
+desperate man, and he made a great deal of noise in the world in his
+day. He began his career very early in life by quarreling with his
+father. Indeed, his father, his mother, and all his brothers and
+sisters were engaged, as long as the father lived, in perpetual wars
+against each other, which were waged with the most desperate
+fierceness on all sides. The subject of these quarrels was the
+different possessions which the various branches of the family held or
+claimed in France and in England, each endeavoring to dispossess the
+others. In order to understand the nature of these difficulties, and
+also to comprehend fully what sort of a woman Richard's mother was, we
+must first pay a little attention to the map of the countries over
+which these royal personages held sway.
+
+[Illustration: MAP]
+
+We have already seen, in another volume of this series,[A] how the two
+countries of Normandy on the Continent, and of England, became united
+under one government. England, however, did not conquer and hold
+Normandy; it was Normandy that conquered and held England. The
+relative situation of these two countries is shown on the map.
+Normandy, it will be seen, was situated in the northern part of
+France, being separated from England by the English Channel. Besides
+Normandy, the sovereigns of the country held various other possessions
+in France, and this French portion of the compound realm over which
+they reigned they considered as far the most important portion.
+England was but a sort of appendage to their empire.
+
+[Footnote A: History of William the Conqueror.]
+
+You will see by the map the situation of the River Loire. It rises in
+the centre of France, and flows to the westward, through a country
+which was, even in those days, very fertile and beautiful. South of
+the Loire was a sort of kingdom, then under the dominion of a young
+and beautiful princess named Eleanora. The name of her kingdom was
+Aquitaine. This lady afterward became the mother of Richard. She was
+very celebrated in her day, and has since been greatly renowned in
+history under the name of Eleanora of Aquitaine.
+
+Eleanora received her realm from her grandfather. Her father had gone
+on a crusade with his brother, Eleanora's uncle, Raymond, and had
+been killed in the East. Raymond had made himself master of Antioch.
+We shall presently hear of this Raymond again. The grandfather
+abdicated in Eleanora's favor when she was about fourteen years of
+age. There were two other powerful sovereigns in France at this time,
+Louis, King of France, who reigned in Paris, and Henry, Duke of
+Normandy and King of England. King Louis of France had a son, the
+Prince Louis, who was heir to the crown. Eleanora's grandfather formed
+the scheme of marrying her to this Prince Louis, and thus to unite his
+kingdom to hers. He himself was tired of ruling, and wished to resign
+his power, with a view of spending the rest of his days in penitence
+and prayer. He had been a very wicked man in his day, and now, as he
+was growing old, he was harassed by remorse for his sins, and wished,
+if possible, to make some atonement for them by his penances before he
+died.
+
+So he called all his barons together, and laid his plans before them.
+They consented to them on two conditions. One was, that Eleanora
+should first see Louis, and say whether she was willing to have him
+for her husband. If not, she was not to be compelled to marry him. The
+other condition was, that their country, Aquitaine, was not to be
+combined with the dominions of the King of France after the marriage,
+but was to continue a separate and independent realm, to be governed
+by Louis and Eleanora, not as King and Queen of France, but as Duke
+and Duchess of Aquitaine. Both these conditions were complied with.
+The interview was arranged between Louis and Eleanora, and Eleanora
+concluded that she should like the king for a husband very much. At
+least she said so, and the marriage was concluded.
+
+Indeed, the match thus arranged for Eleanora was, in all worldly
+respects, the most eligible one that could be made. Her husband was
+the heir-apparent to the throne of France. His capital was Paris,
+which was then, as now, the great centre in Europe of all splendor and
+gayety. The father of Louis was old, and not likely to live long;
+indeed, he died very soon after the marriage, and thus Eleanora, when
+scarcely fifteen, became Queen of France as well as Duchess of
+Aquitaine, and was thus raised to the highest pinnacle of worldly
+grandeur.
+
+She was young and beautiful, and very gay in her disposition, and she
+entered at once upon a life of pleasure. She had been well educated.
+She could sing the songs of the Troubadours, which was the
+fashionable music of those days, in a most charming manner. Indeed,
+she composed music herself, and wrote lines to accompany it. She was
+quite celebrated for her learning, on account of her being able both
+to read and write: these were rare accomplishments for ladies in those
+days.
+
+She spent a considerable portion of her time in Paris, at the court of
+her husband, but then she often returned to Aquitaine, where she held
+a sort of court of her own in Bordeaux, which was her capital. She led
+this sort of life for some time, until at length she was induced to
+form a design of going to the East on a crusade. The Crusades were
+military expeditions which went from the western countries of Europe
+to conquer Palestine from the Turks, in order to recover possession of
+Jerusalem and of the sepulchre where the body of Christ was laid.
+
+It had been for some time the practice for the princes and knights,
+and other potentates of France and England, to go on these
+expeditions, on account of the fame and glory which those who
+distinguished themselves acquired. The people were excited, moreover,
+to join the Crusades by the preachings of monks and hermits, who
+harangued them in public places and urged them to go. At these
+assemblages the monks held up symbols of the crucifixion, to inspire
+their zeal, and promised them the special favor of heaven if they
+would go. They said that whoever devoted himself to this great cause
+should surely be pardoned for all the sins and crimes that he had
+committed, whatever they might be; and whenever they heard of the
+commission of any great crimes by potentates or rulers, they would
+seize upon the occasion to urge the guilty persons to go and fight for
+the cross in Palestine, as a means of wiping away their guilt.
+
+[Illustration: PREACHING THE CRUSADES.]
+
+One of these preachers charged such a crime upon Louis, the husband
+of Eleanora. It seems that, in a quarrel which he had with one of his
+neighbors, he had sent an armed force to invade his enemy's dominions,
+and in storming a town a cathedral had been set on fire and burned,
+and fifteen hundred persons, who had taken refuge in it as a
+sanctuary, had perished in the flames. Now it was a very great crime,
+according to the ideas of those times, to violate a sanctuary; and the
+hermit-preacher urged Louis to go on a crusade in order to atone for
+the dreadful guilt he had incurred by not only violating a sanctuary,
+but by overwhelming, in doing it, so many hundreds of innocent women
+and children in the awful suffering of being burned to death. So Louis
+determined to go on a crusade, and Eleanora determined to accompany
+him. Her motive was a love of adventure and a fondness for notoriety.
+She thought that by going out, a young and beautiful princess, at the
+head of an army of Crusaders, into the East, she would make herself a
+renowned heroine in the eyes of the whole world. So she immediately
+commenced her preparations, and by the commanding influence which she
+exerted over the ladies of the court, she soon inspired them all with
+her own romantic ardor.
+
+The ladies at once laid aside their feminine dress, and clothed
+themselves like Amazons, so that they could ride astride on horseback
+like men. All their talk was of arms, and armor, and horses, and
+camps. They endeavored, too, to interest all the men--the princes, and
+barons, and knights that surrounded them--in their plans, and to
+induce them to join the expedition. A great many did so, but there
+were some that shook their heads and seemed inclined to stay at home.
+They knew that so wild and heedless a plan as this could end in
+nothing but disaster. The ladies ridiculed these men for their
+cowardice and want of spirit, and they sent them their distaffs as
+presents. "We have no longer any use for the distaffs," said they,
+"but, as you are intending to stay at home and make women of
+yourselves, we send them to you, so that you may occupy yourselves
+with spinning while we are gone." By such taunts and ridicule as this,
+a great many were shamed into joining the expedition, whose good sense
+made them extremely averse to have any thing to do with it.
+
+The expedition was at length organized and prepared to set forth. It
+was encumbered by the immense quantity of baggage which the queen and
+her party of women insisted on taking. It is true that they had
+assumed the dress of Amazons, but this was only for the camp and the
+field. They expected to enjoy a great many pleasures while they were
+gone, to give and receive a great many entertainments, and to live in
+luxury and splendor in the great cities of the East. So they must
+needs take with them large quantities of baggage, containing dresses
+and stores of female paraphernalia of all kinds. The king remonstrated
+against this folly, but all to no purpose. The ladies thought it very
+hard if, in going on such an expedition, they could not take with them
+the usual little comforts and conveniences appropriate to their sex.
+So it ended with their having their own way.
+
+The caprices and freaks of these women continued to harass and
+interfere with the expedition during the whole course of it. The army
+of Crusaders reached at length a place near Antioch, in Asia Minor,
+where they encountered the Saracens. Antioch was then in the
+possession of the Christians. It was under the command of the Prince
+Raymond, who has already been spoken of as Eleanora's uncle. Raymond
+was a young and very handsome prince, and Eleanora anticipated great
+pleasure in visiting his capital. The expedition had not, however,
+yet reached it, but were advancing through the country, defending
+themselves as well as they could against the troops of Arab horsemen
+that were harassing their march.
+
+The commanders were greatly perplexed in this emergency to know what
+to do with the women, and with their immense train of baggage. The
+king at last sent them on in advance, with all his best troops to
+accompany them. He directed them to go on, and encamp for the night on
+certain high ground which he designated, where they would be safe, he
+said, from an attack by the Arabs. But when they approached the place,
+Eleanora found a green and fertile valley near, which was very
+romantic and beautiful, and she decided at once that this was a much
+prettier place to encamp in than the bare hill above. The officers in
+command of the troops remonstrated in vain. Eleanora and the ladies
+insisted on encamping in the valley. The consequence was, that the
+Arabs came and got possession of the hill, and thus put themselves
+between the division of the army which was with Eleanora and that
+which was advancing under the king. A great battle was fought. The
+French were defeated. A great many thousand men were slain. All the
+provisions for the army were cut off, and all the ladies' baggage was
+seized and plundered by the Arabs. The remainder of the army, with the
+king, and the queen, and the ladies, succeeded in making their escape
+to Antioch, and there Prince Raymond opened the gates and let them in.
+
+As soon as Eleanora and the other ladies recovered a little from their
+fright and fatigue, they began to lead very gay lives in Antioch, and
+before long a serious quarrel broke out between Louis and the queen.
+The cause of this quarrel was Raymond. He was a young and handsome
+man, and he soon began to show such fondness for Eleanora that the
+king's jealousy was aroused, and at length the king discerned, as he
+said, proofs of such a degree of intimacy between them as to fill him
+with rage. He determined to leave Antioch immediately, and take
+Eleanora with him. She was very unwilling to go, but the king was so
+angry that he compelled her to accompany him. So he went away
+abruptly, scarcely bidding Raymond good-by at all, and proceeded with
+Eleanora and nearly all his company to Jerusalem. Eleanora submitted,
+though she was exceedingly out of humor.
+
+The king, too, on his part, was as much out of humor as the queen. He
+determined that he would not allow her to accompany him any more on
+the campaign; so he left her at Jerusalem, a sort of prisoner, while
+he put himself at the head of his army and went forth to prosecute the
+war. By-and-by, when he came back to Jerusalem, and inquired about his
+wife's conduct while he had been gone, he learned some facts in
+respect to the intimacy which she had formed with a prince of the
+country during his absence, that made him more angry than ever. He
+declared that he would sue for a divorce. She was a wicked woman, he
+said, and he would repudiate her.
+
+One of his ministers, however, contrived to appease him, at least so
+far as to induce him to abandon this design. The minister did not
+pretend to say that Eleanora was innocent, or that she did not deserve
+to be repudiated, but he said that if the divorce was to be carried
+into effect, then Louis would lose all claim to Eleanora's
+possessions, for it will be recollected that the dukedom of Aquitaine,
+and the other rich possessions which belonged to Eleanora before her
+marriage, continued entirely separate from the kingdom of France, and
+still belonged to her.
+
+The king and Eleanora had a daughter named Margaret, who was now a
+young child, but who, when she grew up, would inherit both her
+father's and her mother's possessions, and thus, in the end, they
+would be united, if the king and queen continued to live together in
+peace. But this would be all lost, as the minister maintained in his
+argument with the king, in case of a divorce.
+
+"If you are divorced from her," said he, "she will soon be married
+again, and then all her possessions will finally go out of your
+family."
+
+So the king concluded to submit to the shame of his wife's dishonor,
+and still keep her as his wife. But he had now lost all interest in
+the crusade, partly on account of his want of success in it, and
+partly on account of his domestic troubles. So he left the Holy Land,
+and took the queen and the ladies, and the remnant of his troops, back
+again to Paris. Here he and the queen lived very unhappily together
+for about two years.
+
+At the end of this time the queen became involved in new difficulties
+in consequence of her intrigues. The time had passed away so rapidly
+that it was now thirteen years since her marriage, and she was about
+twenty-eight years of age--old enough, one would think, to have
+learned some discretion. After, however, amusing herself with various
+lovers, she at length became enamored of a young prince named Henry
+Plantagenet, who afterward became Henry the Second of England, and was
+the father of Richard, the hero of this history. Henry was at this
+time Duke of Normandy. He came to visit the court of Louis in Paris,
+and here, after a short time, Eleanora conceived the idea of being
+divorced from Louis in order to marry him. Henry was a great deal
+younger than Eleanora, being then only about eighteen years of age;
+but he was very agreeable in his person and manners, and Queen
+Eleanora was quite charmed with him. It was not, however, to be
+expected that he should be so much charmed with her; for, although she
+had been very beautiful, she had now so far passed the period of her
+youth, and had been subjected to so many exposures, that the bloom of
+her early beauty was in a great measure gone. She was now nearly
+thirty years old, having been married twelve or thirteen years. She,
+however, made eager advances to Henry, and finally gave him to
+understand, that if he would consent to marry her, she would obtain a
+divorce from King Louis, and then endow him with all her dominions.
+
+Now there was a strong reason operating upon Henry's mind to accept
+this proposal. He claimed to be entitled to the crown of England. King
+Stephen was at this time reigning in England, but Henry maintained
+that he was a usurper, and he was eager to dispossess him. Eleanora
+represented to Henry that, with all the forces of her dominions, she
+could easily enable him to do that, and so at length the idea of
+making himself a king overcame his natural repugnance to take a wife
+almost twice as old as he was himself, and she, too, the divorced and
+discarded wife of another man. So he agreed to Eleanora's proposal,
+and measures were soon taken to effect the divorce.
+
+There is some dispute among the ancient historians in respect to this
+divorce. Some say that it was the king that originated it, and that
+the cause which he alleged was the freedom of the queen in her love
+for other men, and that Eleanora, when she found that the divorce was
+resolved upon, formed the plan of beguiling young Henry into a
+marriage with her, to save her fall. Others say that the divorce was
+her plan alone, and that the pretext for it was the relationship that
+existed between her and King Louis, for they were in some degree
+related to each other; and the rules of the Church of Rome were very
+strict against such marriages. It is not improbable, however, that the
+real reason of the divorce was that the king desired it on account of
+his wife's loose and irregular character, while Eleanora wished for it
+in order to have a more agreeable husband. She never had liked Louis.
+He was a very grave and even gloomy man, who thought of nothing but
+the Church, and his penances and prayers, so that Eleanora said he was
+more of a monk than a king. This monkish turn of mind had increased
+upon the king since his return from the Crusades. He made it a matter
+of conscience to wear coarse and plain clothes instead of dressing
+handsomely like a king, and he cut off the curls of his hair, which
+had been very beautiful, and shaved his head and his mustaches. This
+procedure disgusted Eleanora completely. She despised her husband
+herself, and ridiculed him to others, saying that he had made himself
+look like an old priest. In a word, all her love for him was entirely
+gone. Both parties being thus very willing to have the marriage
+annulled, they agreed to put it on the ground of their relationship,
+in order to avoid scandal.
+
+At any rate, the marriage was dissolved, and Eleanora set out from
+Paris to return to Bordeaux, the capital of her own country. Henry was
+to meet her on the way. Her road lay along the banks of the Loire.
+Here she stopped for a day or two. The count who ruled this province,
+who was a very gay and handsome man, offered her his hand. He wished
+to add her dominions to his own. Eleanora refused him. The count
+resolved not to take the refusal, and, under some pretext or other, he
+detained her in his castle, resolving to keep her there until she
+should consent. But Eleanora was not a woman to be conquered by such a
+method as this. She pretended to acquiesce in the detention, and to be
+contented, but this was only to put the count off his guard; and then,
+watching her opportunity, she escaped from the castle in the night;
+and getting into a boat, which she had caused to be provided for the
+purpose, she went down the river to the town of Tours, which was some
+distance below, and in the dominions of another sovereign.
+
+In going on from Tours toward her own home, she encountered and
+narrowly escaped another danger. It seems that Geoffrey Plantagenet,
+the brother of Henry, whom she had engaged to marry, conceived the
+design of seizing her and compelling her to marry him instead of his
+brother. It may seem strange that any one should be so unprincipled
+and base as to attempt thus to circumvent his own brother, and take
+away from him his intended wife; but it was not a strange thing at all
+for the members of the royal and princely families of those days to
+act in this manner toward each other. It was the usual and established
+condition of things among these families that the different members of
+them should be perpetually intriguing and manoeuvring one against
+the other, brother against sister, husband against wife, and father
+against son. In a vast number of instances these contentions broke out
+into open war, and the wars thus waged between the nearest relatives
+were of the most desperate and merciless character.
+
+It was therefore a very moderate and inconsiderable deed of brotherly
+hostility on the part of Geoffrey to plan the seizure of his brother's
+intended wife, in order to get possession of her dominions. The plan
+which he formed was to lie in wait for the boat which was to convey
+Eleanora down the river, and seize her as she came by. She, however,
+avoided this snare by turning off into a branch of the river which
+came from the south. You will see the course of the river and the
+situation of this southern branch on the map.[B] The branch which
+Eleanora followed not only took her away from the ambush which
+Geoffrey had laid for her, but conducted her toward her own home,
+where, after meeting with various other adventures, she arrived safely
+at last. Here Henry Plantagenet soon joined her, and they were
+married. The marriage took place only six weeks after her divorce from
+her former husband. This was considered a very scandalous transaction
+throughout, and Eleanora was now considered as having forfeited all
+claims to respectability of character. Still she was a great duchess
+in her own right, and was now wife of the heir-apparent of the English
+throne, and so her character made little difference in the estimation
+in which she was held by the world.
+
+[Footnote B: See page 14.]
+
+From the time of her first engagement with Henry nearly two years had
+elapsed before all the proceedings in relation to the divorce had been
+completed so as to prepare the way for the marriage, and now Eleanora
+was about thirty-two years of age, while Henry was only twenty. Henry
+seems to have felt no love for his wife. He had acceded to her
+proposal to marry him only in order to obtain the assistance which the
+forces of her dominions might supply him in gaining possession of the
+English throne.
+
+Accordingly, about a year after the marriage, a military expedition
+was fitted out to proceed to England. The expedition consisted of
+thirty-six ships, and a large force of fighting men. Henry landed in
+England at the head of this force, and advanced against Stephen. The
+two princes fought for some time without any very decisive success on
+either side, when at length they concluded to settle the quarrel by a
+compromise. It was agreed that Stephen should continue to hold the
+crown as long as he lived, and then that Henry should succeed him.
+When this arrangement had been made, Henry returned to Normandy; and
+then, after two or three years, he heard of Stephen's death. He then
+went immediately to England again, and was universally acknowledged as
+king. Eleanora went with him as queen, and very soon they were crowned
+at Westminster with the greatest possible pomp and parade.
+
+And thus it was that Eleanora of Aquitaine, the mother of Richard, in
+the year eleven hundred and fifty-four, became queen-consort of
+England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+RICHARD'S EARLY LIFE.
+
+1154-1184
+
+The sons and daughters of King Henry.--Rebellions and family
+quarrels.--The appearance of the Queen Eleanora in
+London.--Illuminated portraits.--The queen's attire.--The king's
+attire.--The palace at Bermondsey.--Scenes of festivity.--The
+palace at Oxford.--Its present appearance.--An early
+marriage.--The reason for marrying children four years
+old.--Vice-regencies.--The rebellions of Richard.--Eleanora's
+time of suffering comes.--The queen's flight.--The captivity in
+Winchester.--The message from Henry.--His death.--Remorse.--The
+agonies of a wicked man's death.--Affliction reconciles hostile
+relatives.--Another quarrel.--Richard's long engagement.--The
+sad death of Geoffrey.--Dividing the inheritance.--Portrait
+of King Henry II.--Richard's resistance to his father's
+plans.--Assistance from Philip.--King Henry's reproach of his
+son John.--Lady Rosamond.
+
+
+Almost all the early years of the life of our hero were spent in wars
+which were waged by the different members of his father's family
+against each other. These wars originated in the quarrels that arose
+between the sons and their father in respect to the family property
+and power. Henry had five sons, of whom Richard was the third. He had
+also three daughters. The king held a great variety of possessions,
+having inherited from his father and grandfather, or received through
+his wife, a number of distinct and independent realms. Thus he was
+duke of one country, earl of another, king of a third, and count of a
+fourth. England was his kingdom, Normandy was his great dukedom, and
+he held, besides, various other realms. He was a generous father, and
+he began early by conveying some of these provinces to his sons. But
+they were not contented with the portions that he voluntarily assigned
+them. They called for more. Sometimes the father yielded to these
+unreasonable demands, but yielding only made the young men more
+grasping than before, and at length the father would resist. Then came
+rebellions, and leagues formed by the sons against the father, and the
+musterings of armies, and battles, and sieges. The mother generally
+took part with the sons in these unnatural contests, and in the course
+of them the most revolting spectacles were presented to the eyes of
+the world--of towns belonging to a father sacked and burned by the
+sons, or castles beleaguered, and the garrisons reduced to famine, in
+which a husband was defending himself against the forces of his wife,
+or a sister against those of a brother. Richard himself, who seems to
+have been the most desperate and reckless of the family, began to take
+an active part in these rebellions against his father when he was only
+seventeen years old.
+
+These wars continued, with various temporary interruptions, for many
+years, and whenever at any time a brief peace was made between the
+sons and the father, then the young men would usually fall to
+quarreling among themselves. Indeed, Henry, the oldest of them, said
+that the only possible bond of peace between the brothers seemed to
+be a common war against their father.
+
+Nor did the king live on much better terms with his wife than he did
+with his children. At the time of Eleanora's marriage with Henry, her
+prospects were bright indeed. The people of England, notwithstanding
+the evil reports that were spread in respect to her character,
+received her as their queen with much enthusiasm, and on the occasion
+of her coronation they made a great deal of parade to celebrate the
+event. Her appearance at that time attracted unusual attention. This
+was partly on account of her personal attractions and partly on
+account of her dress. The style of her dress was quite Oriental. She
+had brought home with her from Antioch a great many Eastern fashions,
+and many elegant articles of dress, such as mantles of silk and
+brocade, scarfs, jeweled girdles and bands, and beautiful veils, such
+as are worn at the East. These dresses were made at Constantinople,
+and when displayed by the queen in London they received a great deal
+of admiration.
+
+We can see precisely how the queen looked in these dresses by means of
+illuminated portraits of her contained in the books written at that
+time. It was the custom in those days in writing books--the work of
+which was all executed by hand--to embellish them with what were
+called illuminations. These were small paintings inserted here and
+there upon the page, representing the distinguished personages named
+in the writing. These portraits were painted in very brilliant colors,
+and there are several still remaining that show precisely how Eleanora
+appeared in one of her Oriental dresses. She wears a close head-dress,
+with a circlet of gems over it. There is a gown made with tight
+sleeves, and fastened with full gathers just below the throat, where
+it is confined by a rich collar of gems. Over this is an elegant outer
+robe bordered with fur. The sleeves of the outer robe are very full
+and loose, and are lined with ermine. They open so as to show the
+close sleeves beneath. Over all is a long and beautiful gauze veil.
+
+The dress of the king was very rich and gorgeous too; and so, indeed,
+was that of all the ecclesiastics and other dignitaries that took part
+in the celebration. All London was filled with festivity and rejoicing
+on the occasion, and the queen's heart overflowed with pride and joy.
+
+After the coronation, the king conducted Eleanora to a beautiful
+country residence called Bermondsey, which was at a short distance
+from London, toward the south. Here there was a palace, and gardens,
+and beautiful grounds. The palace was on an elevation which commanded
+a fine view of the capital. Here the queen lived in royal state. She
+had, however, other palaces besides, and she often went to and fro
+among her different residences. She contrived a great many
+entertainments to amuse her court, such as comedies, games, revels,
+and celebrations of all sorts. The king joined with her in these
+schemes of pleasure. One of the historians of the time gives a curious
+account of the appearance of the king and the court in their
+excursions. "When the king sets out of a morning, you see multitudes
+of people running up and down as if they were distracted--horses
+rushing against horses, carriages overturning carriages, players,
+gamesters, cooks, confectioners, morrice-dancers, barbers, courtezans,
+and parasites--making so much noise, and, in a word, such an
+intolerable tumultuous jumble of horse and foot, that you can imagine
+the great abyss hath opened and poured forth all its inhabitants."
+
+It was about three years after Eleanora was crowned Queen of England
+that Richard was born. At the time of his birth, the queen was
+residing at a palace in Oxford. The palace has gone pretty much to
+ruin. The building is now used in part as a work-house. The room where
+Richard was born is roofless and uninhabitable. Nothing even of the
+interior of it remains except some traces of the fire-place. The room,
+however, though thus completely gone to ruin, is a place of
+considerable interest to the English people, who visit it in great
+numbers in order that they may see the place where the great hero was
+born; for, desperate and reckless as Richard's character was, the
+people of England are quite proud of him on account of his undaunted
+bravery.
+
+It is very curious that the first important event of Richard's
+childhood was his marriage. He was married when he was about four
+years old--that is, he was regularly and formally affianced, and a
+ceremony which might be called the marriage ceremony was duly
+performed. His bride was a young child of Louis, King of France. The
+child was about three years old. Her name was Alice. This marriage was
+the result of a sort of bargain between Henry, Richard's father, and
+Louis, the French king. They had had a fierce dispute about the
+portion of another of Louis's children that had been married in the
+same way to one of Richard's brothers named Henry. The English king
+complained that the dowry was not sufficient, and the French king,
+after a long discussion, agreed to make it up by giving another
+province with his daughter Alice to Richard. The reason that induced
+the King of England to effect these marriages was, that the provinces
+that were bestowed with their infant wives as their dowries came into
+his hands as the guardian of their husbands while they were minors,
+and thus extended, as it were, his own dominions.
+
+By this time the realms of King Henry had become very extensive. He
+inherited Normandy, you will recollect, from his ancestors, and he was
+in possession of that country before he became King of England. When
+he was married to Eleanora, he acquired through her a large addition
+to his territory by becoming, jointly with her, the sovereign of her
+realms in the south of France. Then, when he became King of England,
+his power was still more extended, and, finally, by the marriages of
+his sons, the young princes, he received other provinces besides,
+though, of course, he held these last only as the guardian of his
+children. Now, in governing these various realms, the king was
+accustomed to leave his wife and his sons in different portions of
+them, to rule them in his absence, though still under his command.
+They each maintained a sort of court in the city where their father
+left them, but they were expected to govern the several portions of
+the country in strict subjection to their father's general control.
+The boys, however, as they grew older, became more and more
+independent in feeling; and the queen, being a great deal older than
+her husband, and having been, before her marriage, a sovereign in her
+own right, was disposed to be very little submissive to his authority.
+It was under these circumstances that the family quarrels arose that
+led to the wars spoken of at the beginning of the chapter. Richard
+himself, as was there stated, began to raise rebellions against his
+father when he was about seventeen years old.
+
+Whenever, in the course of these wars, the young men found themselves
+worsted in their contests with their father's troops, their resource
+was to fly to Paris, in order to get King Louis to aid them. This
+Louis was always willing to do, for he took great pleasure in the
+dissensions which were thus continually breaking out in Henry's
+family.
+
+Besides these wars, Queen Eleanora had one great and bitter source of
+trouble in a guilty attachment which her husband cherished for a
+beautiful lady more nearly of his own age than his wife was. Her name
+was Rosamond. She is known in history as Fair Rosamond. A full account
+of her will be given in the next chapter. All that is necessary to
+state here is that Queen Eleanora was made very wretched by her
+husband's love for Rosamond, though she had scarcely any right to
+complain, for she had, as it would seem, done all in her power to
+alienate the affections of her husband from herself by the levity of
+her conduct, and by her bold and independent behavior in all respects.
+At last, at one time while she was at Bordeaux, the capital of her
+realm of Aquitaine, she heard rumors that the king was intending to
+obtain a divorce from her, in order that he might openly marry
+Rosamond, and she determined to go back to her former husband, Louis
+of France. The country, however, was full of castles, which were
+garrisoned by Henry's troops, and she was afraid that they would
+prevent her going if they knew of her intention; so she contrived a
+plan of disguising herself in man's clothes, and undertook to make
+her escape in that way. She succeeded in getting away from Bordeaux,
+but her flight was soon discovered, and the officers of the garrison
+immediately sent off a party to pursue her. The pursuers overtook her
+before she had gone far, and brought her back. They treated her quite
+roughly, and kept her a prisoner in Bordeaux until her husband came.
+When Henry arrived he was quite angry with the queen for having thus
+undertaken to go back to her former husband, whom he considered as his
+greatest rival and enemy, and he determined that she should have no
+opportunity to make another such attempt; so he kept a very strict
+watch over her, and subjected her to so much restraint that she
+considered herself a prisoner.
+
+The king had a quarrel also at this time with one of his
+daughters-in-law, and he made her a prisoner too. Soon after this he
+went back to England, taking these two captives in his train. In a
+short time he sent the queen to a certain palace which he had in
+Winchester, and there he kept her confined for sixteen years. It was
+during this period of their mother's captivity that the wars between
+the father and his sons was waged most fiercely.
+
+At length, in the year eleven hundred and eighty-two, in the midst of
+one of the most violent wars that had raged between the king and his
+sons, a message came to the king that his son Henry was very
+dangerously sick, and that he wished his father to come and see him.
+The king was greatly at a loss what to do on receiving this
+communication. His counselors advised him not to go. It was only a
+stratagem, they said, on the part of the young prince, to get his
+father into his camp, and so take him prisoner. So the king concluded
+not to go. He had, however, some misgivings that his son might be
+really sick, and accordingly dispatched an archbishop to him with a
+ring, which he said he sent to him as a token of his forgiveness and
+of his paternal affection. Very soon, however, a second messenger came
+to the king to say that Prince Henry had died. These sad tidings
+overwhelmed the heart of the king with the most poignant grief. He at
+once forgot all the undutiful and disobedient conduct of his son, and
+remembered him only as his dearly-beloved child. He became almost
+broken-hearted.
+
+The prince himself, on his death-bed, was borne down with remorse and
+anguish in thinking of the crimes that he had committed against his
+father. He longed to have his father come and see him before he died.
+The ring which the archbishop was sent to bring to him arrived just in
+time, and the prince pressed it to his lips, and blessed it with tears
+of frantic grief. As the hour of death approached his remorse became
+dreadful. All the attempts made by the priests around his bed to
+soothe and quiet him were unavailing, and at last his agony became so
+great that he compelled them to put a rope around him and drag him
+from his bed to a heap of ashes, placed for the purpose in his room,
+that he might die there. A heap of ashes, he said, was the only fit
+place for such a reprobate as he had been.
+
+So will it be with all undutiful children; when on their death-beds,
+they reflect on their disobedient and rebellious conduct toward the
+father and the mother to whom they owe their being.
+
+It is remarkable how great an effect a death in a family produces in
+reconciling those who before had been at enmity with each other. There
+are many husbands and wives who greatly disagree with each other in
+times of health and prosperity, but who are reconciled and made to
+love each other by adversity and sorrow. Such was the effect produced
+upon the minds of Henry and Eleanora by the death of their son and
+heir. They were both overwhelmed with grief, for the affection which a
+parent bears to a child is never wholly extinguished, however
+undutiful and rebellious a child may be; and the grief which the two
+parents now felt in common brought them to a reconciliation. The king
+seemed disposed to forgive the queen for the offenses, whether real or
+imaginary, which she had committed against him. "Now that our dear son
+is dead and gone," said he, "let us no longer quarrel with each
+other." So he liberated the queen from the restraint which he had
+imposed upon her, and restored her once more to her rank as an English
+queen.
+
+This state of things continued for about a year, and then the old
+spirit of animosity and contention burned up once more as fiercely as
+ever. The king shut up Eleanora again, and a violent quarrel broke out
+between the king and his son Richard.
+
+The cause of this quarrel was connected with the Princess Alice, to
+whom it will be recollected Richard had been betrothed in his infancy.
+Richard claimed that now, since he was of age, his wife ought to be
+given to him, but his father kept her away, and would not allow the
+marriage to be consummated. The king made various excuses and pretexts
+for the delay. Some thought that the real reason was that he wished to
+continue his guardianship and his possession of the dower as long as
+possible, but Richard thought that his father was in love with Alice
+himself, and that he did not intend that he, Richard, should have her
+at all. This difficulty led to new quarrels, in which the king and
+Richard became more exasperated with each other than ever. This state
+of things continued until Richard was thirty-four years old and his
+bride was thirty. Richard was so far bound to her that he could not
+marry any other lady, and his father obstinately persisted in
+preventing his completing the marriage with her.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.]
+
+In the mean time Prince Geoffrey, another of the king's sons, came to
+a miserable end. He was killed in a tournament. He was riding
+furiously in the tournament in the midst of a great number of other
+horsemen, when he was unfortunately thrown from his steed, and trodden
+to death on the ground by the hoofs of the other horses that galloped
+over him. The only two sons that were now left were Richard and John.
+Of these, Richard was now the oldest, and he was, of course, his
+father's heir. King Henry, however, formed a plan for dividing his
+dominions between his two sons, instead of allowing Richard to inherit
+the whole. John was his youngest son, and, as such, the king loved him
+tenderly. So he conceived the idea of leaving to Richard all his
+possessions in France, which constituted the most important part of
+his dominions, and of bestowing the kingdom of England upon John; and,
+in order to make sure of the carrying of this arrangement into effect,
+he proposed crowning John king of England forthwith.
+
+Richard, however, determined to resist this plan. The former king of
+France, Louis the Seventh, was now dead, and his son, Philip the
+Second, the brother of Alice, reigned in his stead. Richard
+immediately set off for Paris, and laid his case before the young
+French king. "I am engaged," said he, "to your sister Alice, and my
+father will not give her to me. Help me to maintain my rights and
+hers."
+
+Philip, like his father, was always ready to do any thing in his power
+to foment dissensions in the family of Henry. So he readily took
+Richard's part in this new quarrel, and he, somehow or other,
+contrived means to induce John to come and join in the rebellion. King
+Henry was overwhelmed with grief when he learned that John, his
+youngest, and now his dearest child, and the last that remained, had
+abandoned him. His grief was mingled with resentment and rage. He
+invoked the bitterest curses on his children's heads, and he caused a
+device to be painted for John and sent to him, representing a young
+eaglet picking out the parent eagle's eyes. This was to typify to him
+his own undutiful and unnatural behavior.
+
+Thus the domestic life which Richard led while he was a young man was
+imbittered by the continual quarrels between the father, the mother,
+and the children. The greatest source of sorrow to his mother,
+however, was the connection which subsisted between the king and the
+Lady Rosamond. The nature and the results of this connection will be
+explained in the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+FAIR ROSAMOND.
+
+1184
+
+The mystery surrounding Fair Rosamond's history.--The valley
+of the Wye.--The clandestine marriage.--The palace of
+Woodstock.--Rosamond's concealed cottage.--The construction
+of a labyrinth.--Deceptive paths.--How Rosamond's concealment
+was discovered by the queen.--The subterranean
+passage.--Uncertainties of the story.--Rosamond retires to the
+convent of Godestow.--The world's sympathy with Rosamond rather
+than with Eleanora.--The question of the validity of the
+marriage.--Burial of Rosamond.--The bishop orders the remains to
+be removed.--The nuns bring back the remains to the chapel
+again.--Rosamond's chamber.--Restoration of the house.
+
+
+During his lifetime King Henry did every thing in his power, of
+course, to keep the circumstances of his connection with Rosamond a
+profound secret, and to mislead people as much as possible in regard
+to her. After his death, too, it was for the interest of his family
+that as little as possible should be known respecting her. Thus it
+happened that, in the absence of all authentic information, a great
+many strange rumors and legends were put in circulation, and at
+length, when the history of those times came to be written, it was
+impossible to separate the false from the true.
+
+The truth, however, so far as it can now be ascertained, seems to be
+something like this: Rosamond was the daughter of an English nobleman
+named Clifford. Lord Clifford lived in a fine old castle situated in
+the valley of the Wye, in a most romantic and beautiful situation. The
+River Wye is in the western part of England. It flows out from among
+the mountains of Wales through a wild and romantic gorge, which,
+after passing the English frontier, expands into a broad, and fertile,
+and most beautiful valley. The castle of Lord Clifford was built at
+the opening of the gorge, and it commanded an enchanting view of the
+valley below.
+
+It was here that Rosamond spent her childhood, and here probably that
+Henry first met her while he was yet a young man. She was extremely
+beautiful, and Henry fell very deeply in love with her. This was while
+they were both very young, and some time before Henry thought of
+Eleanora for his wife. There is some reason to believe that Henry was
+really married to Rosamond, though, if so, the marriage was a private
+one, and the existence of it was kept a profound secret from all the
+world. The real and public marriages of kings and princes are almost
+always determined by reasons of state; and when Henry at last went to
+Paris, and saw Eleanora there, and found, moreover, that she was
+willing to marry him, and to bring him as her dowry all her
+possessions in France, which would so greatly extend his dominions, he
+determined to accede to her desires, and to keep his connection with
+Rosamond, whatever the nature of it might have been, a profound
+secret forever.
+
+So he married Eleanora and brought her to England, and lived with her,
+as has already been described, in the various palaces which belonged
+to him, sometimes in one and sometimes in another.
+
+Among these palaces, one of the most beautiful was that of Woodstock.
+The engraving on the opposite page represents the buildings of the
+palace as they appeared some hundreds of years later than the time
+when Rosamond lived.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF WOODSTOCK.]
+
+In the days of Henry and Rosamond the palace of Woodstock was
+surrounded with very extensive and beautiful gardens and grounds.
+Somewhere upon these grounds the story was that Henry kept Rosamond in
+a concealed cottage. The entrance to the cottage was hidden in the
+depths of an almost impenetrable thicket, and could only be approached
+through a tortuous and intricate path, which led this way and that by
+an infinite number of turns, forming a sort of maze, made purposely to
+bewilder those attempting to pass in and out. Such a place was often
+made in those days in palace-grounds as a sort of ornament, or,
+rather, as an amusing contrivance to interest the guests coming to
+visit the proprietor. It was called a labyrinth. A great many plans of
+labyrinths are found delineated in ancient books. The paths were not
+only so arranged as to twist and turn in every imaginable direction,
+but at every turn there were several branches made so precisely alike
+that there was nothing to distinguish one from the other. Of course,
+one of these roads was the right one, and led to the centre of the
+labyrinth, where there was a house, or a pretty seat with a view, or a
+garden, or a shady bower, or some other object of attraction, to
+reward those who should succeed in getting in. The other paths led
+nowhere, or, rather, they led on through various devious windings in
+all respects similar to those of the true path, until at length they
+came to a sudden stop, and the explorer was obliged to return.
+
+The paths were separated from each other by dense hedges of thorn, or
+by high walls, so that it was impossible to pass from one to another
+except by walking regularly along.
+
+It was in a house, entered through such a labyrinth as this, that
+Rosamond is said to have lived, on the grounds of the palace of
+Woodstock, while Queen Eleanora, as the avowed wife and queen of King
+Henry, occupied the palace itself. Of course, the fact that such a
+lady was hidden on the grounds was kept a profound secret from the
+queen. If this story is true, there were probably other labyrinths on
+the grounds, and this one was so surrounded with trees and hedges,
+which connected it by insensible gradations with the groves and
+thickets of the park, that there was nothing to attract attention to
+it particularly, and thus a lady might have remained concealed in it
+for some time without awakening suspicion.
+
+At any rate, Rosamond did remain, it is supposed for a year or two,
+concealed thus, until at length the queen discovered the secret. The
+story is that the king found his way in and out the labyrinth by means
+of a clew of floss silk, and that the queen one day, when riding with
+the king in the park, observed this clew, a part of which had, in some
+way or other, become attached to his spur. She said nothing, but,
+watching a private opportunity, she followed the clew. It led by a
+very intricate path into the heart of the labyrinth. There the queen
+found a curiously-contrived door. The door was almost wholly concealed
+from view, but the queen discovered it and opened it. She found that
+it led into a subterranean passage. The interest and curiosity of the
+queen were now excited more than ever, and she determined that the
+mystery should be solved. So she followed the passage, and was finally
+led by it to a place beyond the wall of the grounds, where there was a
+house in a very secluded spot surrounded by thickets. Here the queen
+found Rosamond sitting in a bower, and engaged in embroidering.
+
+She was now in a great rage both against Rosamond and against her
+husband. It was generally said that she poisoned Rosamond. The story
+was, that she took a cup of poison with her, and a dagger, and,
+presenting them both to Rosamond, compelled her to choose between
+them, and that Rosamond chose the poison, and, drinking it, died. This
+story, however, was not true, for it is now known that Rosamond lived
+many years after this time, though she was separated from the king. It
+is thought that her connection with the king continued for about two
+years after his marriage with Eleanora. She then left him. It may be
+that she did not know before that time that the king was married. She
+may have supposed that she was herself his lawful wife, as, indeed, it
+is possible that she may actually have been so. At any rate, soon
+after she and Eleanora became acquainted with each other's existence,
+Rosamond retired to a convent, and lived there in complete seclusion
+all the rest of her days.
+
+The name of this convent was Godestow. It was situated near Oxford.
+Rosamond became a great favorite with the nuns while she remained at
+the convent, which was nearly twenty years. During this time the king
+made many donations to the convent for Rosamond's sake, and the
+jealousy of the queen against her beautiful rival, of course,
+continued unabated. It was, indeed, this difficulty in respect to
+Rosamond that was one of the chief causes of the domestic trouble
+which always existed between Henry and the queen. The world at large
+have always been most disposed to sympathize with Rosamond in this
+quarrel. She was nearly of the king's own age, and his attachment to
+her arose, doubtless, from sincere affection; whereas the queen was
+greatly his senior, and had inveigled him, as it were, into a marriage
+with her, through motives of the most calculating and mercenary
+character.
+
+Then, moreover, Rosamond either was, or was supposed to be, a lady of
+great gentleness and loveliness of spirit. She was very kind to the
+poor, and while in the convent she was very assiduously devoted to her
+religious duties. Eleanora, on the other hand, was a very unprincipled
+and heartless woman, and she had been so loose and free in her own
+manner of living too, as every body said and believed, that it was
+with a very ill grace that she could find any fault with her husband.
+
+Thus, under the circumstances of the case, the world has always been
+most inclined to sympathize with Rosamond rather than with the queen.
+The question which we ought to sympathize with depends upon which was
+really the wife of Henry. He may have been truly married to Rosamond,
+or at least some ceremony may have been performed which she honestly
+considered as a marriage. If so, she was innocent, and Henry was
+guilty for having virtually repudiated this marriage in order to
+connect himself with Eleanora for the sake of her kingdom. On the
+other hand, if she were not married to Henry, but used her arts to
+entice him away from his true wife, then she was deeply in fault. It
+is very difficult now to ascertain which of these suppositions is the
+correct one. In either case, Henry himself was guilty, toward the one
+or the other, of treacherously violating his marriage vows--the most
+solemn vows, in some respects, that a man can ever assume.
+
+Rosamond had two children, named William and Geoffrey, and at one time
+in the course of his life Henry seemed to acknowledge that they were
+his only two children, thus admitting the validity of his marriage
+with Rosamond. This admission was contained in an expression which he
+used in addressing William on a field of battle when he came toward
+him at the head of his troop. "William," said he, "you are my true and
+legitimate son. The rest are nobodies." He may, it is true, have only
+intended to speak figuratively in saying this, meaning that William
+was the only one worthy to be considered as his son, or it may be that
+it was an inadvertent and hasty acknowledgment that Rosamond, and not
+Eleanora, was his true wife. As time rolled on, however, and the
+political arrangements arising out of the marriage with Eleanora and
+appointment of her sons to high positions in the state became more and
+more extended, the difficulties which the invalidation of the marriage
+with Eleanora would produce became very great, and immense interests
+were involved in sustaining it. Rosamond's rights, therefore, if she
+had any, were wholly overborne, and she was allowed to linger and die
+in her nunnery as a private person.
+
+When at length she died, the nuns, who had become greatly attached to
+her, caused her to be interred in an honorable manner in the chapel,
+but afterward the bishop of the diocese ordered the remains to be
+removed. He considered Rosamond as having never been married to the
+king, and he said that she was not a proper person to be the subject
+of monumental honors in the chapel of a society of nuns; so he sent
+the remains away, and ordered them to be interred in the common
+burying-ground. If Rosamond was what he supposed her to be, and if he
+removed the remains in a proper and respectful manner, he was right in
+doing what he did. His motive may have been, however, merely a desire
+to please the authorities of his time, who represented, of course, the
+heirs of Eleanora, by sealing the stamp of condemnation on the
+character and position of her rival.
+
+But, though the authorities may have been pleased with the bishop's
+procedure, the nuns were not at all satisfied with it. They not only
+felt a strong personal affection for Rosamond, but, as a sisterhood,
+they felt grateful to her memory on account of the many benefactions
+which the convent had received from Henry on account of her residence
+there. So they seized the first opportunity to take up the remains
+again, which consisted now of dry bones alone, and, after perfuming
+them and inclosing them again in a new coffin, they deposited them
+once more under the pavement of the chapel, and laid a slab, with a
+suitable inscription, over the spot to mark the place of the grave.
+
+[Illustration: FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND.]
+
+The house where Rosamond was concealed at Woodstock was regarded
+afterward with great interest, and there was a chamber in it that was
+for a long time known as Rosamond's Chamber. There remains a letter of
+one of the kings of England, written about a hundred years after this
+time, in which the king gives directions to have this house repaired,
+and particularly to have the chamber restored to a perfect condition.
+His orders are, that "the house beyond the gate in the new wall be
+built again, and that same chamber, called Rosamond's Chamber, be
+restored as before, and crystal plates"--that is, glass for the
+windows--"and marble, and lead be provided for it."
+
+From that day to this the story of Rosamond has been regarded as one
+of the most interesting incidents of English history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ACCESSION OF RICHARD TO THE THRONE.
+
+1189
+
+The reverses of King Henry.--Negotiating a peace.--The
+thunder-storm.--Henry's horsemanship.--The hard conditions of
+peace imposed by Philip and Richard.--The sick king.--His
+distress at the conduct of John.--The palace at Chinon.--The
+imprecations of the dying king.--The heartless conduct of the
+courtiers of the dead king.--Richard following the funeral train
+to the Abbey Fontevraud.--Richard immediately secures the
+succession to the throne.--Sorrow often results in
+happiness.--Eleanora queen regent.--Her change of
+character.--Richard's return to England.--Richard's proposed
+crusade.--John's dissimulation.--A delusion.--The treasures of
+the crown.--Circumstances alter cases.--Accomplices ill
+rewarded.
+
+
+Richard was called to the throne when he was about thirty-two years of
+age by the sudden and unexpected death of his father. The death of his
+father took place under the most mournful circumstances imaginable. In
+the war which Richard and Philip, king of France, had waged against
+him, he had been unsuccessful. He had been defeated in the battles and
+outgeneraled in the manoeuvres, and his barons, one after another,
+had abandoned him and taken part with the rebels. King Henry was an
+extremely passionate man, and the success of his enemies against him
+filled him with rage. This rage was rendered all the more violent by
+the thought that it was through the unnatural ingratitude of his own
+son, Richard, that all these calamities came upon him. In the anguish
+of his despair, he cursed the day of his birth, and uttered dreadful
+maledictions against his children.
+
+At length he was reduced to such an extremity that he was obliged to
+submit to negotiations for peace, on just such terms as his enemies
+thought fit to impose. They made very hard conditions. The first
+attempt at negotiating the peace was made in an open field, where
+Philip and Henry met for the purpose, on horseback, attended by their
+retainers. Richard had the grace to keep away from this meeting, so as
+not to be an actual witness of the humiliation of his father, and so
+Philip and Henry were to conduct the conference by themselves.
+
+The meeting was interrupted by a thunder-storm. At first the two kings
+did not intend to pay any heed to the storm, but to go on with their
+discussions without regarding it. Henry was a very great horseman, and
+spent almost his whole life in riding. One of his historians says that
+he never sat down except upon a saddle, unless it was when he was
+taking his meals. At any rate, he was almost always on horseback. He
+hunted on horseback, he fought on horseback, he traveled on horseback,
+and now he was holding a conference with his enemies on horseback, in
+the midst of a storm of lightning and rain. But his health had now
+become impaired, and his nerves, though they had always seemed to be
+of iron, were beginning to give way under the dreadful shocks to which
+they had been exposed, so that he was now far less able to endure such
+exposures than he had been. At length a clap of thunder broke rattling
+immediately over his head, and the bolt seemed to descend directly
+between him and Philip as they sat upon their horses in the field.
+Henry reeled in the saddle, and would have fallen if his attendants
+had not seized and held him. They found that he was too weak and ill
+to remain any longer on the spot, and so they bore him away to his
+quarters, and then Philip and Richard sent him in writing the
+conditions which they were going to exact from him. The conditions
+were very humiliating indeed. They stripped him of a great portion of
+his possessions, and required him to hold others in subordination to
+Philip and to Richard. Finally, the last of the conditions was, that
+he was to give Richard the kiss of peace, and to banish from his heart
+all sentiments of animosity and anger against him.
+
+Among other articles of the treaty was one binding him to pardon all
+the barons and other chief men who had gone over to Richard's side in
+the rebellion. As they read the articles over to the king, while he
+was lying sick upon his bed, he asked, when they came to this one, to
+see the list of the names, that he might know who they were that had
+thus forsaken him. The name at the head of the list was that of his
+son John--his darling son John, to defend whose rights against the
+aggressions of Richard had been one of his chief motives in carrying
+on the war. The wretched father, on seeing this name, started up from
+his bed and gazed wildly around.
+
+"Is it possible," he cried out, "that John, the child of my heart--he
+whom I have cherished more than all the rest, and for love of whom I
+have drawn down on mine own head all these troubles, has verily
+betrayed me?" They told him that it was even so.
+
+"Then," said he, falling back helplessly on his bed, "then let every
+thing go as it will; I care no longer for myself or for any thing else
+in this world."
+
+All this took place in Normandy, for it was Normandy that had been the
+chief scene of the war between the king and his son. At some little
+distance from the place where the king was now lying sick there was a
+beautiful rural palace, at a place called Chinon, which was situated
+very pleasantly on the banks of a small branch of the Loire. This
+palace was one of the principal summer resorts of the dukes of
+Normandy, and the king caused himself now to be carried there, in
+order to seek repose. But instead of being cheered by the beautiful
+scenes that were around him at Chinon, or reinvigorated by the
+comforts and the attentions which he could there enjoy, he gradually
+sank into hopeless melancholy, and in a few days he began to feel that
+he was about to die. As he grew worse his mind became more and more
+excited, and his attendants from time to time heard him moaning, in
+his anguish, "Oh, shame! shame! I am a conquered king--a conquered
+king! Cursed be the day on which I was born, and cursed be the
+children that I leave behind me!"
+
+The priests at his bedside endeavored to remonstrate with him against
+these imprecations. They told him that it was a dreadful thing for a
+father to curse his own children, and they urged him to retract what
+he had said. But he declared that he would not. He persisted in
+cursing all his children except Geoffrey Clifford, the son of
+Rosamond, who was then at his bedside, and who had never forsaken him.
+The king grew continually more and more excited and disordered in
+mind, until at length he sank into a raving delirium, and in that
+state he died.
+
+A dead king is a very helpless and insignificant object, whatever may
+have been the terror which he inspired while he was alive. As long as
+Henry continued to breathe, the attendants around him paid him great
+deference, and observed every possible form of obsequious respect, for
+they did not know but that he might recover, to live and reign, and
+lord it over them and their fortunes for fifteen or twenty years to
+come; but as soon as the breath was out of his body, all was over.
+Richard, his son, was now king, and from Henry nothing whatever was
+any longer to be hoped or feared. So the mercenary and heartless
+courtiers--the ministers, priests, bishops and barons--began at once
+to strip the body of all the valuables which the king had worn, and
+also to seize and appropriate every thing in the apartments of the
+palace which they could take away. These things were their
+perquisites, they said; it being customary, as they alleged, that the
+personal effects of a deceased king should be divided among those who
+were his attendants when he died. Having secured this plunder, these
+people disappeared, and it was with the utmost difficulty that
+assistance enough could be procured to wrap the body in a
+winding-sheet, and to bring a hearse and horses to bear it away to the
+abbey where it was to be interred. Examples like this--of which the
+history of every monarchy is full--throw a great deal of light upon
+what is called the principle of loyalty in the hearts of those who
+attend upon kings.
+
+While the procession was on the way to the abbey where the body was to
+be buried, it was met by Richard, who, having heard of his father's
+death, came to join in the funeral solemnities. Richard followed the
+train until they arrived at the abbey. It was the Abbey Fontevraud,
+the ancient burial-place of the Norman princes. Arrived at the abbey,
+the body was laid out upon the bier, and the face was uncovered, in
+order that Richard might once more look upon his father's features;
+but the countenance was so distorted with the scowling expression of
+rage and resentment which it had worn during the sufferer's last
+hours, that Richard turned away in horror from the dreadful spectacle.
+
+But Richard soon drove away from his mind the painful thoughts which
+the sight of his father's face must have awakened, and turned his
+attention at once to the business which now pressed upon him. He, of
+course, was heir both to the crown of England and also to all his
+father's possessions in Normandy, and he felt that he must act
+promptly, in order to secure his rights. It is true that there was
+nobody to dispute his claim, unless it was his brother John, for the
+two sons of Rosamond, Geoffrey and William Clifford, did not pretend
+to any rights of inheritance. Richard had some fears of John, and he
+thought it necessary to take decisive measures to guard against any
+plots that John might be disposed to form. He sent at once to England,
+and ordered that his mother should be released from her imprisonment,
+and invested her with power to act as regent there until he should
+come. In the mean time, he himself remained in Normandy, and devoted
+himself to arranging and regulating the affairs of his French
+possessions. This was the wisest course for him to pursue, for there
+was no one in England to dispute his claims to that kingdom. On the
+Continent the case was different. His neighbor, Philip, King of
+France, was ready to take advantage of any opportunity to get
+possession of such provinces on the Continent as might be within his
+reach.
+
+It was certainly a good deed in Richard to liberate his mother from
+her captivity, and to exalt her as he did to a position of
+responsibility and honor. Eleanora fulfilled the trust which he
+reposed in her in a very faithful and successful manner. The long
+period of confinement and suffering which she had endured seems to
+have exerted a very favorable influence upon her mind. Indeed, it is
+very often the case that sorrow and trouble have this effect. A life
+of prosperity and pleasure makes us heartless, selfish, and unfeeling,
+while sorrow softens the heart, and disposes us to compassionate the
+woes of others, and to do what we can to relieve them.
+
+Eleanora was queen regent in England for two months, and during that
+time she employed her power in a very beneficent manner. She released
+many unhappy prisoners, and pardoned many persons who had been
+convicted of political crimes. The truth is that probably, as she
+found herself drawing toward the close of life, and looked back upon
+her past career, and remembered her many crimes, her unfaithfulness to
+both her husbands, and especially her unnatural conduct in instigating
+her sons to rebel against their father, her heart was filled with
+remorse, and she found some relief from her anguish in these tardy
+efforts to relieve suffering which might, in some small degree, repair
+the evils that she had brought upon the land by the insurrections and
+wars of which she had been the cause. She bitterly repented of the
+hostility that she had shown toward her husband, and of the countless
+wrongs that she had inflicted upon him. While he was alive, and she
+was engaged in her contests with him, the excitement that she was
+under blinded her mind; but now that he was dead, her passion
+subsided, and she mourned for him with bitter grief. She distributed
+alms in a very abundant manner to the poor to induce them to pray for
+the repose of his soul. While doing these things she did not neglect
+the affairs of state. She made all the necessary arrangements for the
+immediate administration of the government, and she sent word to all
+the barons, and also to the bishops, and other great public
+functionaries, informing them that Richard was coming to assume the
+government of the realm, and summoning them to assemble and make ready
+to receive him. In about two months Richard came.
+
+Before Richard arrived in England, however, he had formed the plan,
+in connection with Philip, the King of France, of going on a crusade.
+Richard was a wild and desperate man, and he loved fighting for its
+own sake; and inasmuch as now, since his father was dead, and his
+claim to the crown of England, and to all his possessions in Normandy,
+was undisputed, there seemed to be nobody for him to fight at home, he
+conceived the design of organizing a grand expedition to go to the
+Holy Land and fight the Saracens.
+
+John was very much pleased with this idea. "If Richard goes to
+Palestine," said he to himself, "ten to one he will get killed, and
+then I shall be King of England."
+
+So John was ready to do every thing in his power to favor the plan of
+the crusade. He pretended to be very submissive and obedient to his
+brother, and to acknowledge his sovereign power as king. He aided the
+king as much as he could in making his arrangements and in concocting
+all his plans.
+
+The first thing was to provide funds. A great deal of money was
+required for these expeditions. Ships were to be bought and equipped
+for the purpose of transporting the troops to the East. Arms and
+ammunition were to be provided, and large supplies of food. Then the
+princes, and barons, and knights who were to accompany the expedition
+required very expensive armor, and costly trappings and equipments of
+all sorts; for, though the pretense was that they were going out to
+fight for the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre under the influence of
+religious zeal, the real motive which animated them was love of glory
+and display. Thus it happened that the expense which a sovereign
+incurred in fitting out a crusade was enormous.
+
+Accordingly, King Richard, immediately on his arrival in England,
+proceeded at once to Winchester, where his father, King Henry, had
+kept his treasures. Richard found a large sum of money there in gold
+and silver coin, and besides this there were stores of plate, of
+jewelry, and of precious gems of great value. Richard caused all the
+money to be counted in his presence, and an exact inventory to be made
+of all the treasures. He then placed the whole under the charge of
+trusty officers of his own, whom he appointed to take care of them.
+
+The next thing that Richard did was to discard and dismiss all his own
+former friends and adherents--the men who had taken part with him in
+his rebellions against his father. "Men that would join me in
+rebelling against my father," thought he to himself, "would join any
+body else, if they thought they could gain by it, in rebelling against
+me." So he concluded that they were not to be trusted. Indeed now, in
+the altered circumstances in which he was placed, he could see the
+guilt of rebellion and treason, though he had been blind to it before,
+and he actually persecuted and punished some of those who had been his
+confederates in his former crimes. A great many cases analogous to
+this have occurred in English history. Sons have often made themselves
+the centre and soul of all the opposition in the realm against their
+father's government, and have given their fathers a great deal of
+trouble by so doing; but then, in all such cases, the moment that the
+father dies the son immediately places himself at the head of the
+regularly-constituted authorities of the realm, and abandons all his
+old companions and friends, treating them sometimes with great
+severity. His eyes are opened to the wickedness of making opposition
+to the sovereign power now that the sovereign power is vested in
+himself, and he disgraces and punishes his own former friends for the
+crime of having aided him in his undutiful behavior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CORONATION.
+
+1189
+
+The massacre of the Jews.--Their social position.--The history
+of the commercial character of the Jews.--The persecution
+of the Jews in France.--Conciliating the king.--A description
+of the ceremony of coronation.--The ampulla.--The
+coronation.--Presents.--Hostility and jealousy of the people.--An
+altercation.--Hunting out the Jews.--The terrors of the
+massacre.--Indifference of the king.--The mob unchecked.--The
+impunity of the rioters.--King Richard's edict.
+
+
+It was now time that the coronation should take place, and
+arrangements were accordingly made for performing this ceremony with
+great magnificence in Westminster Abbey. The day of the ceremony
+acquired a dreadful celebrity in history in consequence of a great
+massacre of the Jews, which resulted from an insurrection and riot
+that broke out in Westminster and London immediately after the
+crowning of the king. The Jews had been hated and abhorred by all the
+Christian nations of Europe for many ages. Since they were not
+believers in Christianity, they were considered as little better than
+infidels and heathen, and the government that oppressed and persecuted
+them the most was considered as doing the greatest service to the
+cause of religion.
+
+One very curious result followed from the legal disabilities that the
+Jews were under. They could not own land, and they were restricted
+also very much in respect to nearly all the avocations open to other
+men. They consequently learned gradually to become dealers in money
+and in jewels, this being almost the only reputable calling that was
+left open to them. There was another great advantage, too, for them,
+in dealing in property of this kind, and that was, that comprising, as
+such property does, great value in small bulk, it could easily be
+concealed, and removed from place to place whenever it was specially
+endangered by the edicts of governments or the hostility of enemies.
+
+From these and similar reasons the Jews became bankers and
+money-lenders, and they are to this day the richest bankers and the
+greatest money-lenders in the world. The most powerful emperors and
+kings often depend upon them for the supplies that they require to
+carry on their great undertakings or to defray the expenses of their
+wars.
+
+The Jews had gradually increased in numbers and influence in France
+until the time of the accession of Philip, and then he determined to
+extirpate them from the realm; so he issued an edict by which they
+were all banished from the kingdom, their property was confiscated,
+and every person that owed them money was released from all
+obligation to pay them. Of course, a great many of their debtors would
+pay them, notwithstanding this release, from the influence of that
+natural sense of justice which, in all nations and in all ages, has a
+very great control in human hearts; still, there were others who
+would, of course, avail themselves of this opportunity to defraud
+their creditors of what was justly their due; and being obliged, too,
+at the same time, to fly precipitately from the country in consequence
+of the decree of banishment, the poor Jews were reduced to a state of
+extreme distress.
+
+Now the Jews of England, when Henry died and Richard succeeded him,
+began to be afraid that the new king would follow Philip's example,
+and in order to prevent this, and to conciliate Richard's favor, they
+determined to send a delegation to him at Westminster, at the time of
+his coronation, with rich presents which had been procured by
+contributions made by the wealthy. Accordingly, on the day of the
+coronation, when the great crowds of people assembled at Westminster
+to honor the occasion, these Jews came among them.
+
+The ceremony of the coronation was performed in the following manner:
+The king, in entering the church and proceeding up toward the high
+altar, walked upon a rich cloth laid down for him, which had been dyed
+with the famous Tyrian purple. Over his head was a beautifully-wrought
+canopy of silk, supported by four long lances. These lances were borne
+by four great barons of the realm. A great nobleman, the Earl of
+Albemarle, bore the crown, and walked with it before the king as he
+advanced toward the altar. When the earl reached the altar he placed
+the crown upon it. The Archbishop of Canterbury stood before the altar
+to receive the king as he approached, and then administered the usual
+oath to him.
+
+The oath was in three parts:
+
+     1. That all the days of his life he would bear peace, honor,
+     and reverence to God and the Holy Church, and to all the
+     ordinances thereof.
+
+     2. That he would exercise right, justice, and law on the
+     people unto him committed.
+
+     3. That he would abrogate wicked laws and perverse customs,
+     if any such should be brought into his kingdom, and that he
+     would enact good laws, and the same in good faith keep,
+     without mental reservation.
+
+Having taken this oath, the king removed his upper garment, and put
+golden sandals upon his feet, and then was anointed by the archbishop
+with the holy oil on his head, breast, and shoulders. This oil was
+poured from a rich vessel called an _ampulla_.[C]
+
+[Footnote C: The ampulla used now for anointing the English sovereigns
+is in the form of an eagle. It is made of the purest chased gold, and
+weighs about ten ounces. It is deposited in the Tower of London.]
+
+The anointing having been performed, the king received various
+articles of royal dress and decoration from the hands of the great
+nobles around him, who officiated as servitors on the occasion, and
+with their assistance put them on. When thus robed and adorned, he
+advanced up the steps of the altar. As he went up, the archbishop
+adjured him in the name of the living God not to assume the crown
+unless he was fully resolved to keep the oaths that he had sworn.
+Richard again solemnly called God to witness that he would faithfully
+keep them, and then advancing to the altar, he took the crown and put
+it into the hands of the archbishop, who then placed it upon his head,
+and thus the coronation ceremony was completed.
+
+The people who had presents for the king now approached and offered
+them to him. Among them came the Jews. Their presents were very rich
+and valuable, and the king received them very gladly, although in
+announcing the arrangements for the ceremony he had declared that no
+Jew and no woman was to be allowed to be present. Notwithstanding this
+prohibition, the Jewish deputation had come in and offered their
+presents among the rest. There was, however, a great murmuring among
+the crowd in respect to them, and a great desire to drive them out.
+This crowd consisted chiefly, of course, of barons, earls, knights,
+and other great dignitaries of the realm, for very few of the lower
+ranks would be admitted to see the ceremony; and these people, in
+addition to the usual religious prejudice against the Jews, had many
+of them been exasperated against the bankers and money-lenders on
+account of difficulties that they had had with them in relation to
+money that they had borrowed, and to the high interest which they had
+been compelled to pay. Some wise observer of the working of human
+passions has said that men always hate more or less those to whom they
+owe money. This is a reason why there should ordinarily be very few
+pecuniary transactions between friends.
+
+At length, as one of the Jews who was outside was attempting to go
+in, a by-stander at the gate cried out, "Here comes a Jew!" and struck
+at him. This excited the passions of the rest, and they struck and
+pushed the poor Jew in order to drive him back; and at the same time a
+general outcry against the Jews arose, and spread into the interior of
+the hall. The people there, glad of the opportunity afforded them by
+the excitement, began to assault the Jews and drive them out; and as
+they came out at the door beaten and bruised, a rumor was raised that
+they had been expelled by the king's orders. This rumor, as it spread
+through the streets, was soon changed into a report that the king had
+ordered all the unbelievers to be destroyed; and so, whenever a Jew
+was found in the street, a riot was raised about him, he was assaulted
+with sticks and stones, cruelly beaten, and if he was not killed, he
+was driven to seek refuge in his home, wounded and bleeding.
+
+In the mean time, the news that the king had ordered all the Jews to
+be killed spread rapidly over the town, and in the evening crowds
+collected, and after murdering all the Jews that they could find in
+the streets, they gathered round their houses, and finally broke into
+them and killed the inhabitants. In some cases where the houses were
+strong, the Jews barricaded the doors and the mob could not get in. In
+such cases they brought combustibles, and piled them up before the
+windows and doors, and then, setting them on fire, they burned the
+houses to the ground, and men, women, and children were consumed
+together in the flames. If any of the unhappy wretches burning in
+these fires attempted to escape by leaping from the windows, the mob
+below held up spears and lances for them to fall upon.
+
+There were so many of these fires in the course of the night that the
+whole sky was illuminated, and at one time there was danger that the
+flames would spread so as to produce a general conflagration. Indeed,
+as the night passed on, the excitement became more and more violent,
+until at length the streets, in all the quarters where Jews resided,
+were filled with the shouts of the mob, raving in demoniacal phrensy,
+and with the screams of the terrified and dying sufferers, and the
+crackling of the lurid flames in which they were burning.
+
+The king, in the mean time, was carousing with his lords and barons in
+the great banqueting-hall at Westminster, and for a time took no
+notice of these disturbances. He seemed to consider them as of very
+little moment. At length, however, in the course of the night, he sent
+an officer and a few men to suppress the riot. But it was too late.
+The mob paid no heed to remonstrances which came from the leader of so
+small a force, but, on the other hand, threatened to kill the soldiers
+too, if they did not go away. So the officer returned to the king, and
+the riot went on undisturbed until about two o'clock of the next day,
+when it gradually ceased from the mere weariness and exhaustion of the
+people.
+
+A few of the men who had been engaged in this riot were afterward
+brought to trial, and three were hung, not for murdering Jews, but for
+burning some Christian houses, which, either by mistake or accident,
+took fire in the confusion and were burned with the rest. This was all
+that was ever done to punish this dreadful crime.
+
+In justice to King Richard, however, it must be stated that he issued
+an edict after this forbidding that the Jews should be injured or
+maltreated any more. He took the whole people, he said, thenceforth
+under his special protection, and all men were strictly forbidden to
+harm them personally, or to molest them in the possession of their
+property.
+
+And this was the terrible coronation scene which signalized the
+investiture of Richard with the crown and the royal robes of England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE.
+
+1189
+
+Richard was thirty-two years of age at his accession.--His
+ardent desires for distinction in crusades.--Motives
+of the crusaders.--A strange delusion.--The
+preparations.--Navies.--Armies.--Accoutrements.--Customs of
+old times.--Richard's reckless course.--Richard sold lands,
+offices, and titles of honor.--Extortion under pretense of
+public justice.--Creating a regency.--Richard's regents.--John's
+acquiescence.--The time for sailing appointed.--Richard crosses
+the Channel.--Fears of treachery.--The treaty of alliance between
+Richard and Philip.--Completion of the preparations.
+
+
+At the time of his accession to the throne, Richard, as has already
+been remarked, was about thirty-two years of age. On the following
+page you have a portrait of him, with the crown upon his head.
+
+This portrait is taken from a sculpture on his tomb, and is
+undoubtedly a good representation of him as he appeared when he was
+alive.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.]
+
+The first thing that Richard turned his attention to, when he found
+himself securely seated on his throne, was the preparation for a
+crusade. It had been the height of his ambition for a long time to
+lead a crusade. It was undoubtedly through the influence of his
+mother, and of her early conversations with him, that he imbibed his
+extraordinary eagerness to seek adventures in the Holy Land. She had
+been a crusader herself during her first marriage, as has already been
+related in this volume, and she had undoubtedly, in Richard's early
+life, entertained him with a thousand stories of what she had seen,
+and of the romantic adventures which she had met with there. These
+stories, and the various conversations which arose out of them,
+kindled Richard's youthful imagination with ardent desires to go and
+distinguish himself on the same field. These desires had been greatly
+increased as Richard grew up to manhood by observing the exalted
+military glory to which successful crusaders attained. And then,
+besides this, Richard was endued with a sort of reckless and lion-like
+courage, which led him to look upon danger as a sport, and made him
+long for a field where there were plenty of enemies to fight, and
+enemies so abhorred by the whole Christian world that he could indulge
+in the excitement of hatred and rage against them without any
+restraint whatever. He could there satiate himself, too, with the
+luxury of killing men without any misgiving of conscience, or, at
+least, without any condemnation on the part of his fellow-men, for it
+was understood throughout Christendom that the crimes committed
+against the Saracens in the Holy Land were committed in the name of
+Christ. What a strange delusion! To think of honoring the memory of
+the meek and lowly Jesus by utterly disregarding his peaceful precepts
+and his loving and gentle example, and going forth in thousands to the
+work of murder, rapine, and devastation, in order to get possession of
+his tomb.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In preparing for the crusade, the first and most important thing to
+be attended to, in Richard's view, was the raising of money. A great
+deal of money would be required, as has already been intimated, to fit
+out the expedition on the magnificent scale which Richard intended.
+There was a fleet of ships to be built and equipped, and stores of
+provisions to be put on board. There were armies to be levied and
+paid, and immense expenses were to be incurred in the manufacture of
+arms and ammunition. The armor and the arms used in those days,
+especially those worn by knights and noblemen, and the caparisons of
+the horses, were extremely costly. The armor was fashioned with great
+labor and skill out of plates or rings of steel, and the helmets, and
+the bucklers, and the swords, and all the military trappings of the
+horses and horsemen, being fashioned altogether by hand, required
+great labor and skill in the artisan who made them; and then,
+moreover, it was customary to decorate them very profusely with
+embroidery, and gold, and gems. At the present day, men display their
+wealth in the costliness of their houses, and the gorgeousness and
+luxury of the furniture which they contain. It is not considered in
+good taste--except for ladies--to make a display of wealth upon the
+person. In those days, however, the reverse was the case. The knights
+and barons lived in the rudest stone castles, dark and frowning
+without, and meagerly furnished and comfortless within, while all the
+means of display which the owners possessed were lavished in arming
+and decorating themselves and their horses magnificently for the field
+of battle.
+
+For all these things Richard knew that he should require a large sum
+of money, and he proceeded at once to carry into effect the most
+wasteful and reckless measures for obtaining it. His father, Henry the
+Second, had in various ways acquired a great many estates in different
+parts of the kingdom, which estates he had added to the royal domains.
+These Richard at once proceeded to sell to whomsoever would give the
+most for them. In this manner he disposed of a great number of
+castles, fortresses, and towns, so as greatly to diminish the value of
+the crown property. The purchasers of this property, if they had not
+money enough of their own to pay for what they bought, would borrow of
+the Jews. Some of the king's counselors remonstrated with him against
+this wasteful policy, but he replied that he needed money so much for
+the crusade, that, if necessary, he would sell the city of London
+itself to raise it, if he could only find a man rich enough to be the
+purchaser.
+
+After having raised as much money as he could by the sale of the royal
+lands, the next resource to which Richard turned was the sale of
+public offices and titles of honor. He looked about the country for
+wealthy men, and he offered them severally high office on condition of
+their paying large sums of money into the treasury as a consideration
+for them. He sold titles of nobility, too, in the same way. If any man
+who was not rich held a high or important office, he would find some
+pretext for removing him, and then would offer the office for sale.
+One of the historians of those times says that at this period
+Richard's presence-chamber became a regular place of trade--like the
+counting-room of a merchant or an exchange--where every thing that
+could be derived from the bounty of the crown or bestowed by the royal
+prerogative was offered for sale in open market to the man who would
+give the best bargain for it.
+
+Another of the modes which the king adopted for raising money, and in
+some respects the worst of all, was to impose fines as a punishment
+for crime, and then, in order to make the fines produce as much as
+possible, every imaginable pretext was resorted to to charge wealthy
+persons with offenses, with a view of exacting large sums from them as
+the penalty. It was said that a great officer of state was charged
+with some offense, and was put in prison and not released until he had
+paid a fine of three thousand pounds.
+
+One of the worst of these cases was that of his half-brother Geoffrey,
+the son of Rosamond. Geoffrey had been appointed Archbishop of York in
+accordance with the wish that his father Henry had expressed on his
+death-bed. Richard pretended to be displeased with this. Perhaps he
+wished to have had that office to dispose of like the rest. At any
+rate, he exacted a very large sum from Geoffrey as the condition on
+which he would "grant him his peace," as he termed it, and Geoffrey
+paid the money.
+
+When, by these and other similar means, Richard had raised all that he
+could in England, he prepared to cross the Channel into Normandy, in
+order to see what more he could do there. Before he went, however, he
+had first to make arrangements for a regency to govern England while
+he should be away. This is always the custom in monarchical countries.
+Whenever, for any reason, the true sovereign can not personally
+exercise the supreme power, whether from minority, insanity,
+long-continued sickness, or protracted absence from the realm, a
+regency, as it is called, is created to govern the kingdom in his
+stead. The person appointed to act as regent is usually some near
+relation of the king. Richard's brother John hoped to be made regent,
+but this did not suit Richard's views, for he wished to make this
+office the means, as all the others had been, of raising money, and
+John had no money to give. For the same reason, he could not appoint
+his mother, who in other respects would have been a very suitable
+person. So Richard contrived a sort of middle course. He sold the
+nominal regency to two wealthy courtiers, whom he associated together
+for the purpose. One was a bishop, and the other was an earl. It may,
+perhaps, be too much to say that he directly sold them the office,
+but, at any rate, he appointed them jointly to it, and under the
+arrangement that was made he received a large sum of money. He,
+however, stipulated that John, and also his mother, should have a
+large share of influence in deciding upon all the measures of the
+government. John would have been by no means satisfied with this
+divided and uncertain share of power were it not that he was so
+desirous of favoring the expedition in every possible way, in hopes
+that if Richard could once get to the Holy Land he would soon perish
+there, and that then he should be king altogether. It was of
+comparatively little consequence who was regent in the mean time. So
+he resolved to make no objection to any plan that the king might
+propose.
+
+Richard was now ready to cross to Normandy; but just before he went
+there came a deputation from Philip to consult with him in respect to
+the plans of the crusade, and to fix upon the time for setting out.
+The time proposed by Philip was the latter part of March. It was now
+late in the fall. It would not be safe to set out before March on
+account of the inclemency of the season, and Richard supposed that he
+should have ample time to complete his preparations by the time that
+Philip named. So both parties agreed to it, and they took a solemn
+oath on both sides that they would all be ready without fail.
+
+Soon after this Richard took leave of his friends, and, accompanied
+by a long retinue of earls, barons, knights, and other adventurers who
+were to accompany him to the Holy Land, he left England, and crossed
+the Channel to Normandy.
+
+In such cases as this there are always a great many last words to be
+said and a great many last arrangements to be made, and Richard found
+it necessary to see his mother and his brother John again before
+finally taking his departure from Europe. So he sent for them to come
+to Normandy, and there another great council of state was held, at
+which every thing in relation to the internal affairs of his dominions
+was finally arranged. There was still one other danger to be guarded
+against, and that was some treachery on the part of Philip himself. So
+little reliance did these valiant champions of Christianity place in
+each other in those days, that both Richard and Philip, in joining
+together to form this expedition, had many misgivings and suspicions
+in respect to each other's honesty. Undoubtedly neither of them would
+have thought it safe to leave his dominions and go on a crusade unless
+the other had been going too. The one left behind would have been sure
+to have found some pretext, during the absence of his neighbor, to
+invade his dominions and plunder him of some of his possessions. This
+was one reason why the two kings had agreed to go together; and now,
+as an additional safeguard, they made a formal treaty of alliance and
+fraternity, in which they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths to
+stand by each other, and to be faithful and true to each other to the
+last. They agreed that each would defend the life and honor of the
+other on all occasions; that neither would desert the other in the
+hour of danger; and that, in respect to the dominions that they were
+respectively to leave behind them, neither would form any designs
+against the other, but that Philip would cherish and protect the
+rights of Richard even as he would protect his own city of Paris, and
+that Richard would do the like by Philip, even as he would protect his
+own city of Rouen.
+
+It is a curious circumstance that in this treaty Richard should name
+Rouen, and not London, as his principal capital. It confirms what is
+known in many other ways, that the kings of this line, reigning over
+both Normandy and England, considered Normandy as the chief centre of
+their power, and England as subordinate. It may be, however, that one
+reason why Rouen was named in this instance may have been because it
+was nearer to the dominions of the King of France, and so better known
+to him.
+
+This treaty was signed in February, and the preparations were now
+nearly complete for setting forth on the expedition in March, at the
+appointed time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE EMBARKATION.
+
+1190
+
+The plan of embarking the troops.--The English fleet.--The
+French forces.--Richard's rules.--The origin of tarring and
+feathering.--Command of the fleet.--The fleet dispersed
+by a storm.--A delay in Lisbon.--The rendezvous at
+Vezelai.--Devastation by the armies.--Richard goes to
+the East in advance of his fleet.--The rendezvous at
+Messina.--Joanna.--Richard's visit.--King Richard's
+excursions.--Ostia.--A quarrel.--Why Richard quarreled with
+the bishop.--Naples and Vesuvius.--The crypt.--Salerno.--Richard's
+visit there.--The fleet.--Richard pursuing his journey along
+the coast of the Mediterranean.--Richard's tyrannical
+disposition.--Stealing the falcon.--Richard flees to a priory
+to escape the peasants.
+
+
+The plan which Richard had formed for conveying his expedition to the
+Holy Land was to embark it on board a fleet of ships which he was
+sending round to Marseilles for this purpose, with orders to await him
+there. Marseilles is in the south of France, not far from the
+Mediterranean Sea. Richard might have embarked his troops in the
+English Channel; but that, as the reader will see from looking on the
+map of Europe, would require them to take a long sea voyage around the
+coasts of France and Spain, and through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+Richard thought it best to avoid this long circuit for his troops, and
+so he sent the ships round, with no more men on board than necessary
+to manoeuvre them, while he marched his army across France by land.
+
+As for Philip, he had no ships of his own. England was a maritime
+country, and had long possessed a fleet. This fleet had been very much
+increased by the exertions of Henry the Second, Richard's father, who
+had built several new ships, some of them of very large size,
+expressly for the purpose of transporting troops to Palestine. Henry
+himself did not live to execute his plans, and so he left his ships
+for Richard.
+
+France, on the other hand, was not then a maritime country. Most of
+the harbors on the northern coast belonged to Normandy, and even at
+the south the ports did not belong to the King of France. Philip,
+therefore, had no fleet of his own, but he had made arrangements with
+the republic of Genoa to furnish him with ships, and so his plan was
+to march over the mountains to that city and embark there, while
+Richard should go south to Marseilles.
+
+Richard drew up a curious set of rules and regulations for the
+government of this fleet while it was making the passage. Some of the
+rules were the following:
+
+     1. That if any man killed another, the murderer was to be
+     lashed to the dead body and buried alive with it, if the
+     murder was committed in port or on the land. If the crime
+     was committed at sea, then the two bodies, bound together as
+     before, were to be launched overboard.
+
+     2. If any man, with a knife or with any other weapon, struck
+     another so as to draw blood, then he was to be punished by
+     being ducked three times over head and ears by being let
+     down from the yard-arm of the ship into the sea.
+
+     3. For all sorts of profane and abusive language, the
+     punishment was a fine of an ounce of silver for each
+     offense.
+
+     4. Any man convicted of theft, or "pickerie" as it was
+     called, was to have his head shaved and hot pitch poured
+     over it, and upon that the feathers of some pillow or
+     cushion were to be shaken. The offender was then to be
+     turned ashore on the first land that the ship might reach,
+     and there be abandoned to his fate.
+
+The penalty named in this last article is the first instance in which
+any account of the punishment of tarring and feathering is mentioned,
+and this is supposed to be the origin of that extraordinary and very
+cruel mode of punishment.
+
+The king put the fleet under the command of three grand officers of
+his court, and he commanded all his seamen and marines to obey them
+strictly in all things, as they would obey the king himself if he had
+been on board.
+
+The fleet met with a great variety of adventures on its way to
+Marseilles. It had not proceeded far before a great tempest arose,
+and scattered the ships in every direction. At last, a considerable
+number of them succeeded in making their way, in a disabled condition,
+into the Tagus, in order to seek succor in Lisbon. The King of
+Portugal was at this time at war with the Moors, who had come over
+from Africa and invaded his dominions. He proposed to the Crusaders on
+board the ships to wait a little while, and assist him in fighting the
+Moors. "They are as great infidels," said he, "as any that you will
+find in the Holy Land." The commanders of the fleet acceded to this
+proposal, but the crews, when they were landed, soon made so many
+riots in Lisbon, and involved themselves in such frequent and bloody
+affrays with the people of the city, that the King of Portugal was
+soon eager to send them away; so, in due time, they embarked again, in
+order to continue their voyage.
+
+In the mean time, while the fleet was thus going round by sea, Richard
+and Philip were engaged in assembling their forces and making
+preparation to march by land. The two armies, when finally organized,
+came together at a place of rendezvous called Vezelai, where there
+were great plains suitable for the camping-ground of a great military
+force. Vezelai was on the road to Lyons, and the armies, after they
+had met, marched in company to the latter city. The number of troops
+assembled was very great. The united army amounted, it is said, to one
+hundred thousand men. This was a very large force for those days. The
+great difficulty was to find provision for them from day to day during
+the march. Supplies of provisions for such a host can not be carried
+far, so that armies are obliged to live on the produce of the country
+that they march through, which is collected for this purpose by
+foragers from day to day. The allied armies, as they moved slowly on,
+impoverished and distressed the whole country through which they
+passed, by devouring every thing that the people had in store. At
+length, after marching together for some time, they came to the place
+where the roads separated, and King Philip turned off to the left in
+order to proceed through the passes of the Alps toward Genoa, while
+Richard and his hosts proceeded southward toward Marseilles.
+
+When he reached Marseilles, Richard found that his fleet had not
+arrived. The delay was occasioned by the storm, and the subsequent
+detention of the crews at Lisbon. And yet this was very long after
+the time originally appointed for the sailing of the expedition. The
+time first appointed was the last of March; but Philip could not go at
+that time, on account of the death of his queen, which took place just
+before the appointed period. Nor was Richard himself ready. It was not
+until the thirtieth of August that the fleet arrived at Marseilles.
+
+When Richard found that the fleet had not come he was greatly
+disappointed. He had no means of knowing when to expect it, for there
+were no postal or other communications across the country in those
+days, as now, by which tidings could be conveyed to him. He waited
+eight days very impatiently, and then concluded to go on himself
+toward the East, and leave orders for the fleet to follow him. So he
+hired ten large vessels and twenty galleys of the merchants of
+Marseilles, and in these he embarked a portion of his forces, leaving
+the rest to come in the great fleet when it should arrive. They were
+to proceed to Messina in Sicily, where Richard was to join them. With
+the vessels that he had hired he proceeded along the coast to Genoa,
+where he found Philip, the French king, who had arrived there safely
+before him by land.
+
+From Marseilles to Genoa the course lies toward the northeast along
+the coast of France. Thence, in going toward Messina, it turns toward
+the southeast, and follows the coast of Italy. The route may be traced
+very easily on any map of modern Europe. The reason why Messina had
+been appointed as the great intermediate rendezvous of the fleet was
+two-fold. In the first place, it was a convenient port for this
+purpose, being a good harbor, and being favorably situated about
+midway of the voyage. Then, besides, Richard had a sister residing
+there. Her name was Joanna. She had married the king of the country.
+Her husband had died, it is true, and she was, at that time in some
+sense retired from public life. She was, indeed, in some distress, for
+the throne had been seized by a certain Tancred, who was her enemy,
+and, as she maintained, not the rightful successor of her husband. So
+Richard resolved, in stopping at Messina, to inquire into and redress
+his sister's wrongs; or, rather, he thought the occasion offered him a
+favorable opportunity to interfere in the affairs of Sicily, and to
+lord it over the government and people there in his usual arrogant and
+domineering manner.
+
+After waiting a short time at Genoa, Richard set sail again in one of
+his small vessels, and proceeded to the southward along the coast of
+Italy. He touched at several places on the coast, in order to visit
+celebrated cities or other places of interest. He sailed up the River
+Arno, which you will find, on the map, flowing into the Gulf of Genoa
+a little to the northward of Leghorn. There are two renowned cities on
+this river, which are very much visited by tourists and travelers of
+the present day, Florence and Pisa. Pisa is near the mouth of the
+river. Florence is much farther inland. Richard sailed up as far as
+Pisa. After visiting that city, he returned again to the mouth of the
+river, and then proceeded on his way down the coast until he came to
+the Tiber, and entered that river. He landed at Ostia, a small port
+near the mouth of it--the port, in fact, of Rome. One reason why he
+landed at Ostia was that the galley in which he was making the voyage
+required some repairs, and this was a convenient place for making
+them.
+
+Perhaps, too, it was his intention to visit Rome; but while at Ostia
+he became involved in a quarrel with the bishop that resided there,
+which led him at length to leave Ostia abruptly, and to refuse to go
+to Rome. The cause of the quarrel was the bishop's asking him to pay
+some money that he owed the Pope. In all the Catholic countries of
+Europe, in those days, there were certain taxes and fees that were
+collected for the Pope, the income from which was of great importance
+in making up the papal revenues. Now Richard, in his eagerness to
+secure all the money he could obtain in England to supply his wants
+for the crusade, had appropriated to his own use certain of these
+church funds, and the bishop now called upon him to reimburse them.
+This application, as might have been expected, made Richard extremely
+angry. He assailed the bishop with the most violent and abusive
+language, and charged all sorts of corruption and wickedness against
+the papal government itself. These charges may have been true, but the
+occasion of being called upon to pay a debt was not the proper time
+for making them. To make the faults or misconduct of others, whether
+real or pretended, an excuse for not rendering them their just dues,
+is a very base proceeding.
+
+As soon as Richard's galley was repaired, he embarked on board of it
+in a rage, and sailed away. The next point at which he landed was
+Naples.
+
+Richard was greatly delighted with the city of Naples, which, rising
+as it does from the shores of an enchanting bay, and near the base of
+the volcano Vesuvius, has long been celebrated for the romantic beauty
+of its situation. Richard remained at Naples several days. There is an
+account of his going, while there, to perform his devotions in the
+crypt of a church. The crypt is a subterranean apartment beneath the
+church, the floors above it, as well as the pillars and walls of the
+church, being supported by immense piers and arches, which give the
+crypt the appearance of a dungeon. The place is commonly used for
+tombs and places of sepulture for the dead. In the crypt where Richard
+worshiped at Naples, the dead bodies were arranged in niches all
+around the walls. They were dressed as they had been when alive, and
+their countenances, dry and shriveled, were exposed to view,
+presenting a ghastly and horrid spectacle. It was such means as these
+that were resorted to, in the Middle Ages, for making religious
+impressions on the minds of men.
+
+After spending some days in Naples, Richard concluded that he would
+continue his route; but, instead of embarking at once on board his
+galley, he determined to go across the mountains by land to Salerno,
+which town lies on the sea-coast at some distance south of Naples. By
+looking at any map of Italy, you will observe that a great promontory
+puts out into the sea just below Naples, forming the Gulf of Salerno
+on the south side of it. The pass through the mountains which Richard
+followed led across the neck of this promontory. His galley, together
+with the other galleys that accompanied him, he sent round by water.
+There was a great deal to interest him at Salerno, for it was a place
+where many parties of crusaders, Normans among the rest, had landed
+before, and they had built churches and monasteries, and founded
+institutions of learning there, all of which Richard was much
+interested in visiting.
+
+He accordingly remained in Salerno several days, until at length his
+fleet of galleys, which had come round from Naples by sea, arrived.
+Richard, however, in the mean time, had found traveling by land so
+agreeable, that he concluded to continue his journey in that way,
+leaving his fleet to sail down the coast, keeping all the time as near
+as possible to the shore. The king himself rode on upon the land,
+accompanied by a very small troop of attendants. His way led him
+sometimes among the mountains of the interior, and sometimes near the
+margin of the shore. At some points, where the road approached so near
+to the cliffs as to afford a good view of the sea, the fleet of
+galleys were to be seen in the offing prosperously pursuing their
+voyage.
+
+[Illustration: RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY.]
+
+The king went on in this way till he reached Calabria, which is the
+country situated in the southern portion of Italy. The roads here were
+very bad, and as the autumn was now coming on, many of the streams
+became so swollen with rains that it was difficult sometimes for him
+to proceed on his way. At one time, while he was thus journeying, he
+became involved in a difficulty with a party of peasants which was
+extremely discreditable to him, and exhibits his character in a very
+unfavorable light. It seems that he was traveling by an obscure
+country road, in company with only a single attendant, when he
+happened to pass by a village, where he was told a peasant lived who
+had a very fine hunting hawk or falcon. Hunting by means of these
+hawks was a common amusement of the knights and nobles of those days;
+and Richard, when he heard about this hawk, said that a plain
+countryman had no business with such a bird. He declared that he
+would go to his house and take it away from him. This act, so
+characteristic of the despotic arrogance which marked Richard's
+character, shows that the reckless ferocity for which he was so
+renowned was not softened or alleviated by any true and genuine
+nobleness or generosity. For a rich and powerful king thus to rob a
+poor, helpless peasant, and on such a pretext too, was as base a deed
+as we can well conceive a royal personage to perform.
+
+Richard at once proceeded to carry his design into execution. He went
+into the peasant's house, and having, under some pretext or other, got
+possession of the falcon, he began to ride away with the bird on his
+wrist. The peasant called out to him to give him back his bird.
+Richard paid no attention to him, but rode on. The peasant then called
+for help, and other villagers joining him, they followed the king,
+each one having seized in the mean time such weapons as came most
+readily to hand. They surrounded the king in order to take the falcon
+away, while he attempted to beat them off with his sword. Pretty soon
+he broke his sword by a blow which he struck at one of the peasants,
+and then he was in a great measure defenseless. His only safety now
+was in flight. He contrived to force his way through the circle that
+surrounded him, and began to gallop away, followed by his attendant.
+At length he succeeded in reaching a priory, where he was received and
+protected from farther danger, having, in the mean time, given up the
+falcon. When the excitement had subsided he resumed his journey, and
+at length, without any farther adventures, reached the coast at the
+point nearest to Sicily. Here he passed the night in a tent, which he
+pitched upon the rocks on the shore, waiting for arrangements to be
+made on the next day for his public entrance into the harbor of
+Messina, which lay just opposite to him, across the narrow strait that
+here separates the island of Sicily from the main land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+KING RICHARD AT MESSINA.
+
+1190
+
+The triumphal entry into Messina.--The jealousy of the
+Sicilians and the envy of the French.--The winter sets in
+upon Richard and Philip in Sicily.--Winter quarters.--Tancred.--His
+history.--William of Sicily.--Constance.--Oath of
+allegiance.--Joanna's estates in the promontory of Mont
+Gargano.--Tancred seizing the power.--A good
+pretext for war.--Richard's demand.--Tancred's
+response.--Reprisals.--Fortifying a monastery.--Soldiers'
+troubles.--The army provokes a riot in Messina.--The intense
+excitement.--The conference broken up.--Richard's uncontrollable
+passion.--The attack on Messina.--Contest between Philip and
+Richard.--A reconciliation.--Fortifying.--Richard brings
+Tancred to terms.--What Richard required of Tancred.--The
+final conditions of peace.--King Richard's league with
+ancred.--The treaty signed.--Royal trustees are not
+always faithful.--Extravagance of Richard's court.--Spring
+approaching.--Repairing the fleet.--Battering-rams.--Modern
+ordnance.--The methods of war in ancient
+times.--Catapultas.--Ballistas.--Maginalls.--The religious
+observances of tyrants.--Richard's penitence and penance.--Was
+he sincere?
+
+
+Although Richard came down to the Italian shore, opposite to Messina,
+almost unattended and alone, and under circumstances so
+ignoble--fugitive as he was from a party of peasants whom he had
+incensed by an act of petty robbery--he yet made his entry at last
+into the town itself with a great display of pomp and parade. He
+remained on the Italian side of the strait, after he arrived on the
+shore, until he had sent over to Messina, and informed the officers of
+his fleet, which, by the way, had already arrived there, that he had
+come. The whole fleet immediately got ready, and came over to the
+Italian side to take Richard on board and escort him over. Richard
+entered the harbor with his fleet as if he were a conqueror returning
+home. The ships and galleys were all fully manned and gayly decorated,
+and Richard arranged such a number of musicians on the decks of them
+to blow trumpets and horns as the fleet sailed along the shores and
+entered the harbor that the air was filled with the echoes of them,
+and the whole country was called out by the sound. The Sicilians were
+quite alarmed to see so formidable a host of foreign soldiers coming
+among them; and even their allies, the French, were not pleased.
+Philip began to be jealous of Richard's superior power, and to be
+alarmed at his assuming and arrogant demeanor. Philip had arrived in
+Messina some time before this, but his fleet, which was originally an
+inferior one, having consisted of such vessels only as he could hire
+at Genoa, had been greatly injured by storms during the passage, so
+that he had reached Messina in a very crippled condition. And now to
+see Richard coming in apparently so much his superior, and with so
+evident a disposition to make a parade of his superiority, made him
+anxious and uneasy.
+
+The same feeling manifested itself, too, among his troops, and this to
+such a degree as to threaten to break out into open quarrels between
+the soldiers of the two armies.
+
+"It will never answer," thought Philip, "for us both to remain long at
+Messina; so I will set out again myself as soon as I possibly can."
+
+Indeed, there was another very decisive reason for Philip's soon
+continuing his voyage, and that was the necessity of diminishing the
+number of soldiers now at Messina on account of the difficulty of
+finding sustenance for them all. Philip accordingly made all haste to
+refit his fleet and to sail away; but he was again unfortunate. He
+encountered another storm, and was obliged to put back again, and
+before he could be ready a second time the winter set in, and he was
+obliged to give up all hope of leaving Sicily until the spring.
+
+The two kings had foreseen this difficulty, and had earnestly
+endeavored to avoid it by making all their arrangements in the first
+instance for setting out from England and France in March, which was
+the earliest possible season for navigating the Mediterranean safely
+with such vessels as they had in those days. But this plan the reader
+will recollect had been frustrated by the death of Philip's queen, and
+the delays attendant upon that event, as well as other delays arising
+from other causes, and it was past midsummer before the expedition was
+ready to take its departure. The kings had still hoped to have reached
+the Holy Land before winter, but now they found themselves stopped on
+the way, and Philip, with many misgivings in respect to the result,
+prepared to make the best arrangements that he could for putting his
+men into winter quarters.
+
+Richard did in the end become involved in difficulties with Philip and
+with the French troops, but the most serious affair which occupied his
+attention was a very extraordinary quarrel which he instigated between
+himself and the king of the country. The name of this king was
+Tancred.
+
+The kingdom of Sicily in those days included not merely the island of
+Sicily, but also nearly all the southern part of Italy--all that part,
+namely, which forms the foot and ankle of Italy, as seen upon the map.
+It has already been said that Richard's sister Joanna some years ago
+married the king of this country. The name of the king whom Joanna
+married was William, and he was now dead. Tancred was his successor,
+though not the regular and rightful heir. In order that the reader may
+understand the nature of the quarrel which broke out between Tancred
+and Richard, it is necessary to explain how it happened that Tancred
+succeeded to the throne.
+
+If William, Joanna's husband, had had a son, he would have been the
+rightful successor; but William had no children, and some time before
+his death he gave up all expectation of ever having any, so he began
+to look around and consider who should be his heir.
+
+He fixed his mind upon a lady, the Princess Constance, who was his
+cousin and his nearest relative. She would have been the heir had it
+not been that the usages of the realm did not allow a woman to reign.
+There was another relative of William, a young man named Tancred. For
+some reasons, William was very unwilling that Tancred should succeed
+him. He knew, however, that the people would be extremely averse to
+receive Constance as their sovereign instead of Tancred, on account of
+her being a woman; but he thought that he might obviate this objection
+in some degree by arranging a marriage for her with some powerful
+prince. This he finally succeeded in doing. The prince whom he chose
+was a son of the Emperor of Germany. His name was Henry. Constance was
+married to him, and after her marriage she left Sicily and went home
+with her husband. William then assembled all his barons, and made them
+take an oath of allegiance to Constance and Henry, as rightful
+sovereigns after his decease. Supposing every thing to be thus
+amicably arranged, he settled himself quietly in his capital, the city
+of Palermo, intending to live there in peace with his wife for the
+remainder of his days.
+
+When he married Joanna, he had given her, for her dower, a large
+territory of rich estates in Italy. These estates were all together,
+and comprised what is called the promontory of Mont Gargano. You will
+see this promontory represented on any map of Italy by a small
+projection on the heel, or, rather, a little way above the heel of the
+foot, on the eastern side of the peninsula. It is nearly opposite to
+Naples. This territory was large, and contained, besides a number of
+valuable landed estates, several castles, with lakes and forests
+adjoining; also two monasteries, with their pastures, woods, and
+vineyards, and several beautiful lakes. These estates, and all the
+income from them, were secured to Joanna forever.
+
+Not very long after William had completed his arrangements for the
+succession, he died unexpectedly, while Constance was away from the
+kingdom, at home with her husband. Immediately a great number of
+competitors started up and claimed the crown. Among them was Tancred.
+Tancred took the field, and, after a desperate contest with his
+rivals, at length carried the day. He considered Joanna, the queen
+dowager, as his enemy, and either confiscated her estates or allowed
+others to seize them. He then took her with him to Palermo, where, as
+Richard was led to believe, he kept her a prisoner. All these things
+happened a few months only before Richard arrived in Messina.
+
+Palermo, as you will see from any map of Sicily, lies near the
+northwest corner of Sicily, and Messina near the northeast. In
+consequence of these occurrences, it happened that when Richard landed
+in Sicily he found his sister, the wife of the former king of the
+country, a widow and a prisoner, and her estates confiscated, while a
+person whom he considered a usurper was on the throne. A better state
+of things to furnish him with a pretext for aggressions on the country
+or the people he could not possibly have desired.
+
+As soon as he had landed his troops, he formed a great encampment for
+them on the sea-shore, outside the town. The place of the encampment
+was bordered at one extremity by the suburbs of the town, and at the
+other extremity was a monastery built on a height. As soon as Richard
+had established himself here, he sent a delegation to Tancred at
+Palermo, demanding that he should release Joanna and send her to him.
+Tancred denied that Joanna had been imprisoned at all, and, at any
+rate, he immediately acceded to her brother's demand that she should
+be sent to him. He placed her on board one of his own royal galleys,
+and caused her to be conveyed in it, with a very honorable escort, to
+Messina, and there delivered up to Richard's care.
+
+In respect to the dower which Richard had demanded that he should
+restore, Tancred commenced giving some explanations in regard to it,
+but Richard was too impatient to listen to them. "We will not wait,"
+said he to his sister, "to hear any talking on the subject; we will go
+and take possession of the territory ourselves."
+
+So he embarked a part of his army on board some ships and transported
+them across the Straits, and, landing on the Italian shore, he seized
+a castle and a portion of territory surrounding it. He put a strong
+garrison in the castle, and gave the command of it to Joanna, while he
+went back to Messina to strengthen the position of the remainder of
+his army there. He thought that the monastery which flanked his
+encampment on the side farthest from the town would make a good
+fortress if he had possession of it, and that, if well fortified, it
+would strengthen very much the defenses of his encampment in case
+Tancred should attempt to molest him. So he at once took possession of
+it. He turned the monks out of doors, removed all the sacred
+implements and emblems, and turned the buildings into a fortress. He
+put in a garrison of soldiers to guard it, and filled the rooms which
+the monks had been accustomed to use for their studies and their
+prayers with stores of arms and ammunition brought in from the ships,
+and with other apparatus of war. His object was to be ready to meet
+Tancred, at a moment's warning, if he should attempt to attack him.
+
+Soon after this a very serious difficulty broke out between the
+soldiers of the army and the people of Messina. There is almost always
+difficulty between the soldiers of an army and the people of any town
+near which the army is encamped. The soldiers, brutal in their
+passions, and standing in awe of none but their own officers, are
+often exceedingly violent and unjust in their demeanor toward unarmed
+and helpless citizens, and the citizens, though they usually endure
+very long and very patiently, sometimes become aroused to resentment
+and retaliation at last. In this case, parties of Richard's soldiers
+went into Messina, and behaved so outrageously toward the inhabitants,
+and especially toward the young women, that the indignation of the
+husbands and fathers was excited to the highest degree. The soldiers
+were attacked in the streets. Several of them were killed. The rest
+fled, and were pursued by the crowd of citizens to the gates. Those
+that escaped went to the camp, breathless with excitement and burning
+with rage, and called upon all their fellow-soldiers to join them and
+revenge their wrongs. A great riot was created, and bands of furious
+men, hastily collected together, advanced toward the city, brandishing
+their arms and uttering furious cries, determined to break through the
+gates and kill every body that they could find. Richard heard of the
+danger just in time to mount his horse and ride to the gates of the
+city, and there to head off the soldiers and drive them back; but they
+were so furious that, for a time, they would not hear him, but still
+pressed on. He was obliged to ride in among them, and actually beat
+them back with his truncheon, before he could compel them to give up
+their design.
+
+The next day a meeting of the chief officers in the two armies, with
+the chief magistrates and some of the principal citizens of Messina,
+was held, to consider what to do to settle this dispute, and to
+prevent future outbreaks of this character. But the state of
+excitement between the two parties was too great to be settled yet in
+any amicable manner. While the conference was proceeding, a great
+crowd of people from the town collected on a rising ground just above
+the place where the conference was sitting. They said they only came
+as spectators. Richard alleged, on the other hand, that they were
+preparing to attack the conference. At any rate, they were excited and
+angry, and assumed a very threatening attitude. Some Normans who
+approached them got into an altercation with them, and at length one
+of the Normans was killed, and the rest cried out, "To arms!" The
+conference broke up in confusion. Richard rushed to the camp and
+called out his men. He was in a state of fury. Philip did all in his
+power to allay the storm and to prevent a combat, and when he found
+that Richard would not listen to him, he declared that he had a great
+mind to join with the Sicilians and fight him. This, however, he did
+not do, but contented himself with doing all he could to calm the
+excitement of his angry ally. But Richard was not to be controlled. He
+rushed on, at the head of his troops, up the hill to the ground where
+the Sicilians were assembled. He attacked them furiously. They were,
+to some extent, armed, but they were not organized, and, of course,
+they could not stand against the charge of the soldiers. They fled in
+confusion toward the city. Richard and his troops followed them,
+killing as many of them as they could in the pursuit. The Sicilians
+crowded into the city and shut the gates. Of course, the whole town
+was now alarmed, and all the people that could fight were marshaled on
+the walls and at the gates to defend themselves.
+
+Richard retired for a brief period till he could bring on a larger
+force, and then made a grand attack on the walls. Several of his
+officers and soldiers were killed by darts and arrows from the
+battlements, but at length the walls were taken by storm, the gates
+were opened, and Richard marched in at the head of his troops. When
+the people were entirely subdued, Richard hung out his flag on a high
+tower in token that he had taken full and formal possession of
+Tancred's capital.
+
+Philip remonstrated against this very strongly, but Richard declared
+that, now that he had got possession of Messina, he would keep
+possession until Tancred came to terms with him in respect to his
+sister Joanna. Philip insisted that he should not do this, but
+threatened to break off the alliance unless Richard would give up the
+town. Finally the matter was compromised by Richard agreeing that he
+would take down the flag and withdraw from the town himself, and for
+the present put it under the government of certain knights that he and
+Philip should jointly appoint for this purpose.
+
+After the excitement of this affair had a little subsided, Richard and
+Philip began to consider how unwise it was for them to quarrel with
+each other, engaged as they were together in an enterprise of such
+magnitude and of so much hazard, and one in which it was impossible
+for them to hope to succeed, unless they continued united, and so they
+became reconciled, or, at least, pretended to be so, and made new vows
+of eternal friendship and brotherhood.
+
+Still, notwithstanding these protestations, Richard went on lording it
+over the Sicilians in the most high-handed manner. Some nobles of
+high rank were so indignant at these proceedings that they left the
+town. Richard immediately confiscated their estates and converted the
+proceeds to his own use. He proceeded to fortify his encampment more
+and more. The monastery which he had forcibly taken from the monks he
+turned into a complete castle. He made battlements on the walls, and
+surrounded the whole with a moat. He also built another castle on the
+hills commanding the town. He acted, in a word, in all respects as if
+he considered himself master of the country. He did not consult Philip
+at all in respect to any of these proceedings, and he paid no
+attention to the remonstrances that Philip from time to time addressed
+to him. Philip was exceedingly angry, but he did not see what he could
+do.
+
+Tancred, too, began to be very much alarmed. He wished to know of
+Richard what it was that he demanded in respect to Joanna. Richard
+said he would consider and let him know. In a short time he made known
+his terms as follows. He said that Tancred must restore to his sister
+all the territories which, as he alleged, had belonged to her, and
+also give her "a golden chair, a golden table twelve feet long and a
+foot and a half broad, two golden supports for the same, four silver
+cups, and four silver dishes." He pretended that, by a custom of the
+realm, she was entitled to these things. He also demanded for himself
+a very large contribution toward the armament and equipment for the
+crusade. It seems that at one period during the lifetime of William,
+Joanna's husband, her father, King Henry of England, was planning a
+crusade, and that William, by a will which he made at that time--so at
+least Richard maintained--had bequeathed a large contribution toward
+the necessary means for fitting it out. The items were these:
+
+     1. Sixty thousand measures of wheat.
+
+     2. The same quantity of barley.
+
+     3. A fleet of a thousand armed galleys, equipped and
+     provisioned for two years.
+
+     4. A silken tent large enough to accommodate two hundred
+     knights sitting at a banquet.
+
+These particulars show on how great a scale these military expeditions
+for conquering the Holy Land were conducted in those days, the above
+list being only a complimentary contribution to one of them by a
+friend of the leader of it.
+
+Richard now maintained that, though his father Henry had died without
+going on the crusade, still he himself was going, and that he, being
+the son, and consequently the representative and heir of Henry, was,
+as such, entitled to receive the bequest; so he called upon Tancred to
+pay it.
+
+After much negotiation, the dispute was settled by Richard's waiving
+these claims, and arranging the matter on a new and different basis.
+He had a nephew named Arthur. Arthur was yet very young, being only
+about two years old; and as Richard had no children of his own, Arthur
+was his presumptive heir. Tancred had a daughter, yet an infant. Now
+it was finally proposed that Arthur and this young daughter of Tancred
+should be affianced, and that Tancred should pay to Richard twenty
+thousand pieces of gold as her dowry! Richard was, of course, to take
+this money as the guardian and trustee of his nephew, and he was to
+engage that, if any thing should occur hereafter to prevent the
+marriage from taking place, he would refund the money. Tancred was
+also to pay Richard twenty thousand pieces of gold besides, in full
+settlement of all claims in behalf of Joanna. These terms were finally
+agreed to on both sides.
+
+Richard also entered into a league, offensive and defensive, with
+Tancred, agreeing to assist him in maintaining his position as King of
+Sicily against all his enemies. This is a very important circumstance
+to be remembered, for the chief of Tancred's enemies was the Emperor
+Henry of Germany, the prince who had married Constance, as has been
+already related. Henry's father had died, and he had become Emperor of
+Germany himself, and he now claimed Sicily as the inheritance of
+Constance his wife, according to the will of King William, Joanna's
+husband. Tancred, he maintained, was a usurper, and, of course, now
+Richard, by his league, offensive and defensive, with Tancred, made
+himself Henry's enemy. This led him into serious difficulty with Henry
+at a subsequent period, as we shall by-and-by see.
+
+The treaty between Richard and Tancred was drawn up in due form and
+duly executed, and it was sent for safe keeping to Rome, and there
+deposited with the Pope. Tancred paid Richard the money, and he
+immediately began to squander it in the most lavish and extravagant
+manner. He expended the infant princess's dower, which he held in
+trust for Arthur, as freely as he did the other money. Indeed, this
+was a very common way, in those days, for great kings to raise money.
+If they had a young son or heir, no matter how young he was, they
+would contract to give him in marriage to the little daughter of some
+other potentate on condition of receiving some town, or castle, or
+province, or large sum of money as dower. The idea was, of course,
+that they were to take this dower in charge for the young prince, to
+keep it for him until he should become old enough to be actually
+married, but in reality they would take possession of the property
+themselves, and convert it at once to their own use.
+
+Richard himself had been affianced in this way in his infancy to
+Alice, the daughter of the then reigning King of France, and the
+sister of Philip, and his father, King Henry the Second, had received
+and appropriated the dowry.
+
+Indeed, in this case, both the sums of money that Richard received
+from Tancred were paid to Richard in trust, or, at least, ought to
+have been so regarded, the one amount being for Arthur, and the other
+for Joanna. Richard himself, in his own name, had no claims on Tancred
+whatever; but as soon as the money came into his hands, he began to
+expend it in the most profuse and lavish manner. He adopted a very
+extravagant and ostentatious style of living. He made costly presents
+to the barons, and knights, and officers of the armies, including the
+French army as well as his own, and gave them most magnificent
+entertainments. Philip thought that he did this to secure popularity,
+and that the presents which he made to the French knights and nobles
+were designed to entice them away from their allegiance and fidelity
+to him, their lawful sovereign. At Christmas he gave a splendid
+entertainment, to which he invited every person of the rank of a
+knight or a gentleman in both armies, and at the close of the feast he
+made a donation in money to each of the guests, the sum being
+different in different cases, according to the rank and station of the
+person who received it.
+
+The king, having thus at last settled his quarrels and established
+himself in something like peace in Sicily, began to turn his attention
+toward the preparations for the spring. Of course, his intention was,
+as soon as the spring should open, to set sail with his fleet and
+army, and proceed toward the Holy Land. He now caused all his ships to
+be examined with a view to ascertain what repairs they needed. Some
+had been injured by the storms which they had encountered on the way
+from Marseilles or by accidents of the sea. Others had become
+worm-eaten and leaky by lying in port. Richard caused them all to be
+put thoroughly in repair. He also caused a number of battering engines
+to be constructed of timber which his men hauled from the forests
+around the base of Mount Ætna. These engines were for assailing the
+walls of the towns and fortresses in the Holy Land.
+
+In modern times walls are always attacked with mortars and cannon. The
+ordnance of the present day will throw shot and shells of prodigious
+weight two or three miles, and these tremendous missiles strike
+against the walls of a fortress with such force as in a short time to
+batter them down, no matter how strong and thick they may be. But in
+those days gunpowder was not in use, and the principal means of
+breaking down a wall was by the battering-ram, which consisted of a
+heavy beam of wood, hung by a rope or chain from a massive frame, and
+then swung against the gate or wall which it was intended to break
+through. In the engraving you see such a ram suspended from the frame,
+with men at work below, impelling it against a gateway.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTERING-RAM.]
+
+Sometimes these battering-rams were very large and heavy, and the men
+drew them back and forth, in striking the wall with them, by means of
+ropes. There are accounts of some battering-rams which weighed forty
+or fifty tons, and required fifteen hundred men to work them.
+
+The men, of course, were very much exposed while engaged in this
+operation, for the people whom they were besieging would gather on the
+walls above, and shoot spears, darts, and arrows at them, and throw
+down stones and other missiles, as you see in the engraving.
+
+[Illustration: THE BALLISTA.]
+
+Then, besides the battering-ram, which, though very efficient against
+walls, was of no service against men, there were other engines made
+in those days which were designed to throw stones or monstrous darts.
+These last were, of course, designed to operate against bodies of men.
+They were made in various forms, and were called catapultas,
+ballistas, maginalls, and by other such names. The force with which
+they operated consisted of springs made by elastic bars of wood,
+twisted ropes, and other such contrivances.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATAPULTA.]
+
+Some were for throwing stones, others for monstrous darts. Of course,
+these engines required for their construction heavy frames of sound
+timber. Richard did not expect to find such timber in the Holy Land,
+nor did he wish to consume the time after he should arrive in making
+them; so he employed the winter in constructing a great number of
+these engines, and in packing them, in parts, on board his galleys.
+
+Richard performed a great religious ceremony, too, while he was at
+Sicily this winter, as a part of the preparation which he deemed it
+necessary to make for the campaign. It is a remarkable fact that every
+great military freebooter that has organized an armed gang of men to
+go forth, and rob and murder his fellow-men, in any age of the world,
+has considered some great religious performance necessary at the
+outset of the work, to prepare the minds of his soldiers for it, and
+to give them the necessary resolution and confidence in it. It was so
+with Alexander. It was so with Xerxes and with Darius. It was so with
+Pyrrhus. It is so substantially at the present day, when, in all wars,
+each side makes itself the champion of heaven in the contest, and
+causes Te Deums to be chanted in their respective churches, now on
+this side and now on that, in pretended gratitude to God for their
+alternate victories.
+
+Richard called a grand convention of all the prelates and monks that
+were with his army, and performed a solemn act of worship. A part of
+the performance consisted of his kneeling personally before the
+priests, confessing his sins and the wicked life that he had led, and
+making very fervent promises to sin no more, and then, after
+submitting to the penances which they enjoined upon him, receiving
+from them pardon and absolution. After the enactment of this
+solemnity, the soldiers felt far more safe and strong in going forth
+to the work which lay before them in the Holy Land than before.
+
+Nor is it certain that in this act Richard was wholly hypocritical and
+insincere. The human heart is a mansion of many chambers, and a
+religious sentiment, in no small degree conscientious and honest,
+though hollow and mistaken, may have strong possession of some of
+them, while others are filled to overflowing with the dear and
+besetting sins, whatever they are, by which the general conduct of the
+man is controlled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+BERENGARIA.
+
+1190
+
+Richard's betrothal to Berengaria--The obstacles which prevented the
+marriage of Richard and Alice.--The first acquaintance of Richard
+and the Princess Berengaria.--The fame of Berengaria.--Her
+accomplishments.--Eleanora sent to King Sancho to ask his daughter
+in marriage.--Berengaria's acceptance.--The expedition to meet
+Richard.--Berengaria at Brindisi with Joanna.--The friendship
+between Joanna and Berengaria.--Tancred receives a letter from
+Philip.--Treachery.--Philip's letter to Tancred.--Richard's opinion
+of it.--The etiquette of dueling.--Richard charges the letter upon
+Philip.--Philip's reply.--Richard's declaration.--Richard and Philip
+compromise their quarrel.--Re-embarkation.--Preparations for the
+marriage.--Richard escorting Philip.--Why the wedding was
+postponed.--Richard puts Joanna and Berengaria in charge of
+Stephen.--The vow to conquer Acre.--Richard's present to Tancred.
+
+
+While Richard was in the kingdom of Sicily during this memorable
+winter, he made a new contract of marriage. The lady was a Spanish
+princess named Berengaria. The circumstances of this betrothment were
+somewhat extraordinary.
+
+The reader will recollect that he had been betrothed in his earliest
+youth to Alice, an infant princess of France. His father had thrown
+him in, as it were, as a sort of makeweight, in arranging some
+compromise with the King of France for the settlement of a quarrel,
+and also to obtain the dower of the young princess for his own use.
+This dower consisted of various castles and estates, which were
+immediately put into the hands of Henry, Richard's father, and which
+he continued to hold as long as he lived, using and enjoying the rents
+and revenues from them as his own property. When Richard grew old
+enough to claim his bride, Henry, under whose custody and charge she
+had been placed, would not give her up to him; and long and serious
+quarrels arose between the father and the son on this account, as has
+already been related in this volume. The most obvious reason for which
+Henry might be supposed unwilling to give up Alice to her affianced
+husband, when he became old enough to be married to her, was, that he
+wished to retain longer the use of the castles and estates that
+constituted her dowry. But, in addition to this, it was surmised by
+many that he had actually fallen in love with her himself, and that he
+was determined that Richard should not have her at all. Richard
+himself believed, or pretended to believe, that this was the case. He
+was consequently very angry, and he justified himself in the wars and
+rebellions that he raised against his father during the lifetime of
+the king by this great wrong which he alleged that his father had done
+him. On the other hand, many persons supposed that Richard did not
+really wish to marry Alice, and that he only made the fact of his
+father's withholding her from him a pretext for his unnatural
+hostility, the real ends and aims of which were objects altogether
+different.
+
+However this may be, when Henry died, and there was no longer any
+thing in the way of his marriage, he showed no desire to consummate
+it. Alice's father, too, had died, and Philip, the present King of
+France, and Richard's ally, was her brother. Philip called upon
+Richard from time to time to complete the marriage, but Richard found
+various pretexts for postponing it, and thus the matter stood when the
+expedition for the Holy Land set sail from Marseilles.
+
+The next reason why Richard did not now wish to carry his marriage
+with Alice into effect was that, in the mean time, while his father
+had been withholding Alice from him, he had seen and fallen in love
+with another lady, the Princess Berengaria. Richard first saw
+Berengaria several years before, at a time when he was with his mother
+in Aquitaine, during the life of his father. The first time that he
+saw her was at a grand tournament which was celebrated in her native
+city in Spain, and which Richard went to attend. The families had been
+well acquainted with each other before, though, until the tournament,
+Richard had never seen Berengaria. Richard had, however, known one of
+her brothers from his boyhood, and they had always been very great
+friends. The father of Berengaria, too, Sancho the Wise, King of
+Navarre, had always been a warm friend of Eleanora, Richard's mother,
+and in the course of the difficulties and quarrels that took place
+between her and her husband, as related in the early chapters of this
+volume, he had rendered her very valuable services. Still, Richard
+never saw Berengaria until she had grown up to womanhood.
+
+He, however, felt a strong desire to see her, for she was quite
+celebrated for her beauty and her accomplishments. The accomplishments
+in which she excelled were chiefly music and poetry. Richard himself
+was greatly interested in these arts, especially in the songs of the
+Troubadours, whose performances always formed a very important part of
+the entertainment at the feasts and tournaments, and other great
+public celebrations of those days.
+
+When Richard came to see Berengaria, he fell deeply in love with her.
+But he could not seek her hand in marriage on account of his
+engagement with Alice. To have given up Alice, and to have entered
+instead into an engagement with her, would have involved both him and
+his mother, and all the family of Berengaria too, in a fierce quarrel
+with the King of France, the father of Alice, and also with his own
+father. These were too serious consequences for him to brave while he
+was still only a prince, and nominally under his father's authority.
+So he did nothing openly, though a strong secret attachment sprang up
+between him and Berengaria, and all desire ever to make Alice his wife
+gradually disappeared.
+
+At length, when his father died, and Richard became King of England,
+he felt at once that the power was now in his own hands, and that he
+would do as he liked in respect to his marriage. Alice's father, too,
+had died, and her brother Philip was now king, and he was not likely
+to feel so strong an interest in resenting any supposed slight to his
+sister as her father would have been. Richard determined, therefore,
+to give up Alice altogether, and ask Berengaria to be his wife. So,
+while he was engaged in England in making his preparations for the
+crusade, and when he was nearly ready to set out, he sent his mother,
+Eleanora, to Navarre to ask Berengaria in marriage of her father, King
+Sancho. He did not, however, give Philip any notice of this change in
+his plans, not wishing to embarrass the alliance that he and Philip
+were forming with any unnecessary difficulties which might interfere
+with the success of it, and retard the preparations for the crusade.
+So, while his mother had gone to Spain to secure Berengaria for him
+as his wife, he himself, in England and Normandy, went on with his
+preparations for the crusade in connection with Philip, just as if the
+original engagement with Alice was going regularly on.
+
+Eleanora was very successful in her mission. Sancho, Berengaria's
+father, was very much pleased with so magnificent an offer as that of
+the hand of Richard, Duke of Normandy and King of England, for his
+daughter. Berengaria herself made no objection. Eleanora said that her
+son had not been able to come himself and claim his bride, on account
+of the necessity that he was under of accompanying his army to the
+East, but she said that he would stop at Messina, and she proposed
+that Berengaria should put herself under her protection, and go and
+join him there.
+
+Berengaria was a lady of an ardent and romantic temperament, and
+nothing could please her better than such a proposal as this. She very
+readily acceded to it, and her father was very willing to intrust her
+to the charge of Eleanora. So the two ladies, with a proper train of
+barons, knights, and other attendants, set out together. They crossed
+the Pyrenees into France, and then, after traversing France, they
+passed over the Alps into Italy. Thence they continued their journey
+down the Italian coast by land, as Richard had done by water, until at
+last they arrived at a place called Brindisi, which is on the coast of
+Italy, not far from Messina. Here they halted, and sent word to
+Richard to inform him of their arrival.
+
+Eleanora thought that Berengaria could not go any farther with
+propriety, for her engagement with Richard was not yet made public.
+Indeed, the betrothal of Richard with Alice still remained nominally
+in force, and a serious difficulty was to be apprehended with Philip
+so soon as the new plans which Richard had formed should be announced
+to him.
+
+Eleanora said that she could not remain long in Italy, but must return
+to Normandy very soon, without waiting for Richard to prepare the way
+for receiving his bride. So she left Berengaria under the charge of
+Joanna, who, being her own--that is, Eleanora's--daughter, was a very
+proper person to be the young lady's protector. Joanna and Berengaria
+immediately conceived a strong attachment for each other, and they
+lived together in a very happy manner. Joanna was glad to have for a
+companion so charming a young lady, and one of so high a rank, and
+Berengaria, on the other hand, was much pleased to be placed under the
+charge of so kind a protector. Joanna, too, having long lived in
+Sicily, could give Berengaria a great deal of interesting intelligence
+about the country and the people, and could answer all the thousand
+questions which she asked about what she heard and saw in the new
+world, as it were, into which she had been ushered.
+
+The two ladies lived, of course, in very close seclusion, but they
+lived so lovingly together that one of the writers of the day, in a
+ballad that he wrote, compared them to two birds in a cage. Speaking
+of Eleanora, he says, in the quaint old English of the day,
+
+     "She beleft Berengere
+     At Richard's costage.
+     Queen Joanne held her dear;
+     They lived as doves in a cage."
+
+The arrival of Berengaria at Brindisi took place in the spring of the
+year, when the time was drawing nigh for the fleets and armaments to
+sail for the East. As yet, Philip knew nothing of Richard's plans in
+respect to this new marriage, but the time had now arrived when
+Richard perceived that they could no longer be concealed. Philip
+entertained suspicions that something wrong was going on, though he
+did not know exactly what. His suspicions made him watchful and
+jealous, and at last they led to a curious train of circumstances,
+which brought matters to a crisis very suddenly.
+
+It seems that at one time, when Richard was paying a visit to Tancred,
+the King of Sicily, Tancred showed him a letter which he said he had
+received from the French king. In this letter, Philip--if, indeed,
+Philip really wrote it--endeavored to excite Tancred's enmity against
+Richard. It was just after the treaty between Tancred and Richard had
+been formed, as related in the last chapter. The letter said that
+Richard was a treacherous man, in whom no reliance could be placed;
+that he had no intention of keeping the treaty that he had made, but
+was laying a scheme for attacking Tancred in his Sicilian dominions;
+and, finally, it closed with an offer on the part of the writer to
+assist Tancred in driving Richard and all his followers out of the
+island.
+
+When Richard read this letter, he was at first in a dreadful rage, and
+he broke out into an explosion of the most violent, profane, and
+passionate language that can be conceived. Presently he looked at the
+letter again, and on reperusing it, and carefully considering its
+contents, he declared that he did not believe that Philip ever wrote
+it. It was a stratagem of Tancred's, he thought, designed to promote a
+quarrel between Richard and his ally. Tancred assured him that Philip
+did write the letter, or, at least, that it was brought to him as
+from Philip by the Duke of Burgundy, one of his principal officers.
+
+"You may ask the Duke of Burgundy," said he, "and if he denies it, I
+will challenge him to a duel through one of my barons."
+
+It was necessary that the parties to a duel, in those days, should be
+of equal rank, so that, if a king had a quarrel with a nobleman of
+another nation, he could only send one of his own noblemen of the same
+rank to be his representative in the combat. But this proposal of
+sending another man to risk his life in maintaining the cause of his
+king on a question of veracity, in which the person so sent had no
+interest whatever, illustrates very curiously the ideas of those
+chivalrous times.
+
+Richard did not go to the Duke of Burgundy, but, taking the letter
+which Tancred had shown him, he waited until he found a good
+opportunity, and then showed it to Philip. The two kings often fell
+into altercations and disputes in their interviews with each other,
+and it was in one of these that Richard produced the letter, offering
+it by way of recrimination to some charges or accusations which Philip
+was making against him. Philip denied having written the letter. It
+was a forgery, he said, and he believed that Richard himself was the
+author of it.
+
+"You are trying every way you can," said he, "to find pretexts for
+quarreling with me, and this is one of your devices. I know what you
+are aiming at: you wish to quarrel with me so as to find some excuse
+for breaking off your marriage with my sister, whom you are bound by a
+most solemn oath to marry. But of this you may be sure, that if you
+abandon her and take any other wife, you will find me, as long as you
+live, your most determined and mortal enemy."
+
+This declaration aroused Richard's temper, and brought the affair at
+once to a crisis. Richard declared to Philip that he never would marry
+his sister.
+
+"My father," said he, "kept her from me for many years because he
+loved her himself, and she returned his love, and now I will never
+have any thing to do with her. I am ready to prove to you the truth of
+what I say."
+
+So Richard brought forward what he called the proofs of the very
+intimate relations which had subsisted between Alice and his father.
+Whether there was any thing genuine or conclusive in these proofs is
+not known. At all events, they made a very deep and painful
+impression on Philip. The disclosure was, as one of the writers of
+those times says, "like a nail driven directly through his heart."
+
+After a while, the two kings concluded to settle the difficulty by a
+sort of compromise. Philip agreed to give up all claims on the part of
+Alice to Richard in consideration of a sum of money which Richard was
+to pay. Richard was to pay two thousand marks[D] a year for five
+years, and was on that condition to be allowed to marry any one he
+chose. He was also to restore to Philip the fortresses and estates
+which had been conveyed to his father as Alice's dowry at the time of
+her betrothment to Richard in her infancy.
+
+[Footnote D: The mark is about three dollars.]
+
+This agreement, being thus made, was confirmed by a great profusion of
+oaths, sworn with all solemnity, and the affair was considered as
+settled.
+
+Still, Richard seems to have been a little disinclined to bring out
+Berengaria at once from her retreat, and let Philip know suddenly how
+far his arrangements for marrying another lady had gone; so he
+concluded to wait, before publicly announcing his intended marriage,
+until Philip should have sailed for the East. Philip was now, indeed,
+nearly ready to go; his fleet and his armament, being smaller than
+Richard's, could be dispatched earlier; so Richard devoted himself
+very earnestly to the work of facilitating and hastening his ally's
+departure, determining that immediately afterward he would bring
+forward his bride and celebrate his marriage.
+
+It is not, however, certain that he kept his intended marriage with
+Berengaria an absolute secret from Philip. There would be no longer
+any special necessity for this after the treaty that had been made.
+But, notwithstanding this agreement, it is not to be supposed that the
+new marriage would be a very agreeable subject for Philip to
+contemplate, or that it would be otherwise than very awkward for him
+to be present on the occasion of the celebration of it; so Richard
+decided that, on all accounts, it was best to postpone the ceremony
+until after Philip had gone.
+
+Philip sailed the very last of March. Richard selected from his fleet
+a few of his most splendid galleys, and with these, filled with a
+chosen company of knights and barons, he accompanied Philip as he left
+the harbor, and sailed with him down the Straits of Messina, with
+trumpets sounding, and flags and banners waving in the air. As soon as
+Philip's fleet reached the open sea, Richard took leave, and set out
+with his galleys on his return; but, instead of going back to Messina,
+he made the best of his way to the port in Italy where Berengaria and
+Joanna were lodging, and there took the ladies, who were all ready,
+expecting him, and embarking them on board a very elegantly adorned
+galley which he had prepared for them, he conducted them to Messina.
+
+Richard would now probably have been immediately married, but it was
+in the season of Lent, and, according to the ideas of those times, it
+would be in some sense a desecration of that holy season of fasting to
+celebrate any such joyous ceremony as a wedding in it; and it would
+not do very well to postpone the sailing of the fleet until after the
+season of Lent should have expired, for the time had already fully
+arrived when it ought to sail, and Philip, with his division of the
+allied force, had already gone; so he concluded to put off his
+marriage till they should reach the next place at which the expedition
+should land.
+
+Berengaria consented to this, and it was arranged that she was to
+accompany the expedition when it should sail, and that at the next
+place of landing, which it was expected would be the island of Rhodes,
+the marriage ceremony should be performed.
+
+As it was not considered quite proper, however, under these
+circumstances, that the princess should sail in the same ship with
+Richard, a very strong and excellent ship was provided for her special
+use, and that of Joanna who was to accompany her, and it was arranged
+that she should sail from the port just before the main body of the
+fleet were ready to commence the voyage. The ship in which the ladies
+and their suite were conveyed was placed under the command of a brave
+and faithful knight named Stephen of Turnham, and the two princesses
+were committed to his special charge.
+
+But, although Richard's regard for the sacred season of Lent would not
+allow of his celebrating the marriage, he made a grand celebration in
+honor of his betrothment to Berengaria before he sailed. At this
+celebration he instituted an order of twenty-four knights. These
+knights bound themselves in a fraternity with the king, and took a
+solemn oath that they would scale the walls of Acre when they reached
+the Holy Land. Acre was one of the strongest and most important
+fortresses in that country, and one which they were intending first to
+attack.
+
+Also, before he went away, Richard made King Tancred a farewell
+present of a very valuable antique sword, which had been found, he
+said, by his father in the tomb of a famous old English knight who had
+lived some centuries before.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CAMPAIGN IN CYPRUS.
+
+1190
+
+The expedition is at last ready to sail from Sicily.--The grand
+spectacle of the embarkation at Messina.--The order of
+sailing.--Trenc-le-mer.--The storm.--Navigation in the twelfth
+century.--Limesol in Cyprus.--The wrecked ships.--King Richard's
+seal.--The wreckers.--Isaac Comnenus.--Law and justice.--Law is
+not the creator, but the protector of property.--Joanna's
+inquiries for her brother.--An alarm.--A retreat.--Richard's
+vessel appears.--Richard's indignation on meeting Joanna's
+vessel.--Richard's contest with King Isaac Comnenus.--The history
+of the law of wrecks.--Richard having landed, Isaac asks
+a truce.--Negotiating.--Richard was a Norman, not an
+Englishman.--Preparing for war.--King Richard's battle-axe.--The
+conquest of Limesol.--Signaling for the queen's galley.--The
+terms of peace which Richard offered to Isaac.--How Richard
+faithlessly took King Isaac a prisoner.--King Richard subjugates
+Cyprus.--The miserable death of King Isaac.--Richard's wedding at
+last.--A coronation.--The king's accoutrement.--Favelle.--The
+appearance of Berengaria.--
+
+
+The time at length fully arrived for the departure of the English
+fleet from Sicily for the purpose of continuing the voyage to the Holy
+Land. Besides the delay which had been occasioned to Richard by
+circumstances connected with his marriage, he had waited also a short
+time for some store-ships to arrive from England with ammunition and
+supplies. When the store-ships at length came, the day for the sailing
+was immediately appointed, the tents were struck, the encampment
+abandoned, and the troops embarked on board the ships of the fleet.
+
+The Sicilians were all greatly excited, as the sailing of the fleet
+drew nigh, with anticipations of the splendor of the spectacle. The
+harbor was filled with ships of every form and size, and the movements
+connected with the embarkation of the troops on board of them, the
+striking of the tents, the packing up of furniture and goods, the
+hurrying of men to and fro, the crowding at the landings, the rapid
+transit of boats back and forth between the ships and the shore, and
+all the other scenes and incidents usually attendant on the
+embarkation of a great army, occupied the attention of the people of
+the country, and filled them with excitement and pleasure. It is
+highly probable, too, that their pleasure was increased by the
+prospect that they were soon to be relieved from the presence of such
+troublesome and unmanageable visitors.
+
+Never was a finer spectacle witnessed than that which was displayed by
+the sailing of the fleet, when the day for the departure of it at
+length arrived. The squadron consisted of nearly two hundred vessels
+in all. There were thirteen great ships, corresponding to what are
+called ships of the line of modern times. Then there were over fifty
+galleys. These were constructed so as to be propelled either by oars
+or by sails. Of course, when the wind was favorable, the sails would
+be used; but in case of calms, or of adverse winds blowing off from
+the land when the vessels were entering port, or of currents drifting
+them into danger, then the oars could be brought into requisition. In
+addition to these ships and galleys, there were about a hundred
+vessels used as transports for the conveyance of provisions, stores,
+tents, and tent equipage, ammunition of all kinds, including the
+frames of the military engines which Richard had caused to be
+constructed in Sicily, and all the other supplies required for the use
+of a great army. Besides these there were a great many other smaller
+vessels, which were used as tenders, lighters, and for other such
+purposes, making a total number of nearly two hundred. In the order of
+sailing, the transports followed the ships and galleys, which were
+more properly the ships of war, and which led the van, in order the
+better to meet any danger which might appear, and the more effectually
+to protect the convoy from it.
+
+Richard sailed at the head of his fleet in a splendid galley, which
+was appropriated to his special use. The name of it was the Sea
+Cutter.[E] There was a huge lantern hoisted in the stern of Richard's
+galley, in order that the rest of the fleet could see and follow her
+in the night.
+
+[Footnote E: _Trenc-le-mer_, literally, _Cut the sea_.]
+
+[Illustration: MAP ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OF KING RICHARD'S
+CRUSADE]
+
+The day of sailing was very fine, and the spectacle, witnessed by the
+Sicilians on shore, who watched the progress of it from every
+projecting point and headland as it moved majestically out of the
+harbor, was extremely grand. For some time the voyage went on very
+prosperously, but at length the sky gradually became overcast, and the
+wind began to blow, and finally a great storm came on before the ships
+had time to seek any shelter. In those days there was no mariner's
+compass, and of course, in a storm, when the sun and stars were
+concealed, there was nothing to be done but for the ship to grope her
+way through the haze and rain for any land which might be near. The
+violence of the wind and the raging of the sea was in this case so
+great that the fleet was soon dispersed, and the vessels were driven
+northward and eastward toward certain islands which lie in that part
+of the Mediterranean, off the coasts of Asia Minor. The three
+principal of these islands, as you will see by the opposite map, are
+Candia, Rhodes, and Cyprus, Cyprus lying farther toward the east.
+
+The ships came very near being wrecked on the coast of Crete, but they
+escaped and were driven onward over the sea, until at length a large
+portion of them found refuge at Rhodes. Others were driven on toward
+Cyprus. Richard's galley was among those that found refuge at Rhodes;
+but, unfortunately, the one in which Berengaria and Joanna were borne
+did not succeed in making a port there, but was swept onward by the
+gale, and, in company with one or two others, was driven to the mouth
+of the harbor of Limesol, which is the principal port of Cyprus, and
+is situated on the south side of the island. The galley in which the
+queen and the princess were embarked, being probably of superior
+construction to the others, and better manned, succeeded in weathering
+the point and getting round into the harbor, but two or three other
+galleys which were with them struck and were wrecked. One of these
+ships was a very important one. It contained the chancellor who bore
+Richard's great seal, besides a number of other knights and crusaders
+of high rank, and many valuable goods. The seal was an object of great
+value. Every king had his own seal, which was used to authenticate his
+public acts. The one which belonged to Richard is represented in the
+following engraving.
+
+As soon as the news of these wrecks spread into the island, the people
+came down in great numbers, and took possession of every thing of
+value which was cast upon the shore as property forfeited to the king
+of the country. The name of this king was Isaac Comnenus.
+
+He claimed that all wrecks cast upon his shores were his property.
+That was the law of the land; it was, in fact, the law of a great many
+countries in those days, especially of such as had maritime coasts
+bordering on navigable waters that were specially exposed to storms.
+
+[Illustration: KING RICHARD'S SEAL.]
+
+Thus, in seizing the wreck of Richard's vessels, King Isaac had the
+law on his side, and all those who, in their theory of government,
+hold it as a principle that law is the foundation of property, and
+that what the law makes right is right, must admit that he had justice
+on his side too. For my part, it seems clear that the right of
+property is anterior to all law, and independent of it. I think that
+the province of law is not to create property, but to protect it, and
+that it may, instead of protecting it, become the greatest violator of
+it. This law providing for the confiscation of property cast in wrecks
+upon a shore, and its forfeiture to the sovereign of the territory, is
+one of the most striking instances of aggression made by law on the
+natural and indefeasible rights of man.
+
+In regard to the galley which contained the queens, that having
+escaped shipwreck, and having safely anchored in the harbor, the king
+had no pretext for molesting it in any way. He learned by some means
+that Queen Joanna was on board the galley; so he sent two boats down
+with a messenger, to inquire whether her majesty would be pleased to
+land.
+
+Stephen of Turnham, the knight who had command of the queen's galley,
+thought it not safe to go on shore, for by doing so Joanna and
+Berengaria would put themselves entirely in King Isaac's power; and
+though it was true that Isaac and the people of Cyprus over whom he
+ruled were Christians, yet they were of the Greek Church, while
+Richard and the English were Roman, and these two churches were
+almost as hostile to each other as the Christians and the Turks.
+Stephen, however, communicated the message from Isaac to Joanna, and
+asked her majesty's pleasure thereupon. She sent back word to the
+messengers that she did not wish to land. She had only come into the
+harbor, she said, to see if she could learn any tidings of her
+brother; she had been separated from him by a great storm at sea,
+which had broken up and dispersed the fleet, and she wished to know
+whether any thing had been seen of him, or of any of his vessels, from
+the shores of that island.
+
+The messengers replied that they did not know any thing about it, and
+so the boats returned back to the town. Soon after this the company on
+board the galley saw some armed vessels coming down the harbor toward
+them. They were alarmed at this sight, and immediately got every thing
+ready for setting off at a moment's notice to withdraw from the
+harbor. It turned out that the king himself was on board one of the
+galleys that was coming down, and this vessel was allowed to come near
+enough for the king to communicate with the people on board Joanna's
+galley. After some ordinary questions had been asked and answered,
+the king, observing that a lady of high rank was standing on the deck
+with Joanna, asked who it was. They answered that it was the Princess
+of Navarre, who was going to be married to Richard. In the reply which
+the king made to this intelligence Stephen of Turnham thought he saw
+such indications of hostility that he deemed it most prudent to
+retire; so the anchor was raised, and the order was given to the
+oarsmen, who had already been stationed at their oars, to "give way,"
+and the oarsmen pulled vigorously at the oars. The galley was
+immediately taken out into the offing. The King of Cyprus did not
+pursue her; so she anchored there quietly, the storm having now nearly
+subsided. Stephen resolved to wait there for a time, hoping that in
+some way or other he might soon receive intelligence from Richard.
+
+Nor was he disappointed. Richard, whose galley, together with the
+principal portion of the fleet, had been driven farther to the
+eastward, had found refuge at Rhodes, and he set off, as soon as the
+storm abated, in pursuit of the missing vessels. He took with him a
+sufficient force to render to the vessels, if he should find them,
+such assistance or protection as might be necessary. At length he
+reached Cyprus, and, on entering the bay, there he beheld the galley
+of Joanna and Berengaria riding safely at anchor in the offing. The
+sea had not yet gone down, and the vessel was rolling and tossing on
+the waves in a fearful manner. Richard was greatly enraged at
+beholding this spectacle, for he at once inferred, by seeing the
+vessel in this uncomfortable situation outside the harbor, that some
+difficulty with the authorities had occurred which prevented her
+seeking refuge and protection within. Accordingly, as soon as he came
+near, he leaped into a boat, although burdened as he was with heavy
+armor of steel, which was a difficult and somewhat dangerous
+operation, and ordered himself to be rowed immediately on board.
+
+When he arrived, after the first greetings were over, he was informed
+by Stephen that three of the vessels of his fleet had been wrecked on
+the coast; that Isaac, the king, had seized them as his lawful prize;
+and that, at that very time, men that he had sent for this purpose
+were plundering the wrecks. Stephen also said that he had at first
+gone into the harbor with his galley, but that the indications of an
+unfriendly feeling on the part of the king were so decided that he
+did not dare to stay, and he had been compelled to come out into the
+offing.
+
+On hearing these things Richard was greatly enraged. He sent a
+messenger on shore to the king to demand peremptorily that he should
+at once leave off plundering the wrecks of the English ships, and that
+he should deliver up to Richard again all the goods that had already
+been taken. To this demand Isaac replied that whatever goods the sea
+cast upon the shores of his island were his property, according to the
+law of the land, and that he should take them without asking leave of
+any body.
+
+When Richard heard this answer, he was rather pleased than displeased
+with it, for it gave him, what he always wanted wherever he went, a
+pretext for quarreling. He said that the goods which Isaac obtained in
+that way he would find would cost him pretty dear, and he immediately
+prepared for war.
+
+In this transaction there is no question that the King of Cyprus,
+though wholly wrong, and guilty of a real and inexcusable violation of
+the rights of property, had yet the law on his side. It was one of
+those cases, of which innumerable examples have existed in all ages of
+the world, where an act which is virtually the robbing of one man by
+another is authorized by law, and is protected by legal sanctions.
+This rule--confiscating property wrecked--was the general law of
+Europe at this time, and Richard, of all men, might have considered
+himself estopped from objecting to it by the fact that it was the law
+in England as well as every where else. By the ancient common law of
+England, all wrecks of every kind became the property of the king. The
+severity of the rule had been slightly mitigated a few reigns before
+Richard's day by a statute which declared that if any living thing
+escaped from the wreck, even were it so much as a dog or a cat, that
+circumstance saved the property from confiscation, and preserved the
+claim of the owner to it. With this modification, the law stood in
+England until a very late period, that all goods thrown from wrecks
+upon the shores became the property of the crown, and it was not until
+comparatively quite a recent period that an English judge decided that
+such a principle, being contrary to justice and common sense, was not
+law; and now wrecked property is restored to whomsoever can prove
+himself to be the owner, on his paying for the expense and trouble of
+saving it.
+
+On receiving the demand which Richard sent him, the King of Cyprus,
+anticipating difficulty, drew up his galleys in order of battle across
+the harbor, and marched troops down to commanding positions on the
+shore, wherever he thought there might be any danger that Richard
+would attempt to land. Richard very soon brought up his forces and
+advanced to attack him. Isaac's troops retreated as Richard advanced.
+Finally they were driven back without much actual contest into the
+town, and Richard then brought his squadron up into harbor and landed.
+Isaac, seeing how much stronger Richard was than he, did not attempt
+any serious resistance, but retired to the citadel. From the citadel
+he sent out a flag of truce demanding a parley.
+
+Richard granted the request, and an interview took place, but it led
+to no result. Richard found that Isaac was not yet absolutely subdued.
+He still asserted his rights, and complained of the gross wrong which
+Richard was perpetrating in invading his dominions, and seeking a
+quarrel with him without cause; but the effect was like that of the
+lamb attempting to resist or recriminate the wolf, which, far from
+bringing the aggressor to reason, only awakens more strongly his
+ferocity and rage. Richard turned toward his attendants, and, uttering
+a profane exclamation, said that Isaac talked like a fool of a Briton.
+
+It is mentioned as a remarkable circumstance by the historians that
+Richard spoke these words in English, and it is said that this was the
+only time in the course of his life that he ever used that language.
+It may seem very strange to the reader that an English king should not
+ordinarily use the English language. But, strictly speaking, Richard
+was not an English king. He was a Norman king. The whole dynasty to
+which he belonged were Norman French in all their relations. Normandy
+they regarded as the chief seat of their empire. There were their
+principal cities--there their most splendid palaces. There they lived
+and reigned, with occasional excursions for comparatively brief
+periods across the Channel. They considered England much as the
+present English sovereigns do Ireland, namely, as a conquered country,
+which had become a possession and a dependency upon the crown, but not
+in any sense the seat of empire, and they utterly despised the native
+inhabitants. In view of these facts, the wonder that Richard, the King
+of England, never spoke the English tongue at once disappears.
+
+The conference broke up, and both sides prepared for war. Isaac,
+finding that he was not strong enough to resist such a horde of
+invaders as Richard brought with him, withdrew from his capital and
+retired to a fortress among the mountains. Richard then easily took
+possession of the town. A moderate force had been left to protect it;
+but Richard, promising his troops plenty of booty when they should get
+into it, led the way, waving his battle-axe in the air.
+
+This battle-axe was a very famous weapon. It was one which Richard had
+caused to be made for himself before leaving England, and it was the
+wonder of the army on account of its size and weight. The object of a
+battle-axe was to break through the steel armor with which the knights
+and warriors of those days were accustomed to cover themselves, and
+which was proof against all ordinary blows. Now Richard was a man of
+prodigious personal strength, and, when fitting out his expedition in
+England, he caused an unusually large and heavy battle-axe to be made
+for himself, by way of showing his men what he could do in swinging a
+heavy weapon. The head of this axe, or hammer, as perhaps it might
+more properly have been called, weighed twenty pounds, and most
+marvelous stories were told of the prodigious force of the blow that
+Richard could strike with it. When it came down on the head of a
+steel-clad knight on his horse, it broke through every thing, they
+said, and crushed man and horse both to the ground.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The assault on Limesol was successful. The people made but a feeble
+resistance. Indeed, they had no weapons which could possibly enable
+them to stand a moment against the Crusaders. They were half naked,
+and their arms were little better than clubs and stones. They were, in
+consequence, very easily driven off the ground, and Richard took
+possession of the city.
+
+He then immediately made a signal for Joanna's galley--which, during
+all this time, had remained at the mouth of the harbor--to advance.
+The galley accordingly came up, and Joanna and the princess were
+received by the whole army at the landing with loud acclamations. They
+were immediately conducted into the town, and there were lodged
+splendidly in the best of Isaac's palaces.
+
+But the contest was not yet ended. The place to which Isaac had
+retreated was a city which he possessed in the interior of the island
+called Nicosia. From this place he sent a messenger to Richard to
+propose another conference, with a view of attempting once more to
+agree upon some terms of peace. Richard agreed to this, and a place of
+meeting was appointed on a plain near Limesol, the port. King Isaac,
+accompanied by a suitable number of attendants, repaired to this
+place, and the conference was opened. Richard was mounted on a
+favorite Spanish charger, and was splendidly dressed in silk and gold.
+He assumed a very lofty bearing and demeanor toward his humbled enemy,
+and informed him in a very summary manner on what terms alone he was
+willing to make peace.
+
+"I will make peace with you," said Richard, "on condition that you
+hold your kingdom henceforth subject to me. You are to deliver up all
+the castles and strongholds to me, and do me homage as your
+acknowledged sovereign. You are also to pay me an ample indemnity in
+gold for the damage you did to my wrecked galleys. I shall expect you,
+moreover, to join me in the crusade. You must accompany me to the
+Holy Land with not less than five hundred foot-soldiers, four hundred
+horsemen, and one hundred full-armed knights. For security that you
+will faithfully fulfill these conditions, you must put the princess,
+your daughter, into my hands as a hostage. Then, in case your conduct
+while in my service in the Holy Land is in all respects perfectly
+satisfactory, I will restore your daughter, and also your castles, to
+you on my return."
+
+Isaac's daughter was a very beautiful young princess. She was
+extremely beloved by her father, and was highly honored by the people
+of the land as the heir to the crown.
+
+These conditions were certainly very hard, but the poor king was in no
+condition to resist any demands that Richard might choose to make.
+With much distress and anguish of mind, he pretended to agree to these
+terms, though he secretly resolved that he could not and would not
+submit to them. Richard suspected his sincerity, and, in utter
+violation of all honorable laws and usages of war, he made him a
+prisoner, and set guards over him to watch him until the stipulations
+should be carried into effect. Isaac contrived to escape from his
+keepers in the night, and, putting himself at the head of such troops
+as he could obtain, prepared for war, with the determination to resist
+to the last extremity.
+
+Richard now resolved to proceed at once to take the necessary measures
+for the complete subjugation of the island. He organized a large body
+of land forces, and directed them to advance into the interior of the
+country, and put down all resistance. At the same time, he placed
+himself at the head of his fleet, and, sailing round the island, he
+took possession of all the towns and fortresses on the shore. He also
+seized every ship and every boat, large and small, that he could find,
+and thus entirely cut off from King Isaac all chance of escaping by
+sea. In the mean time, the unhappy monarch, with the few troops that
+still adhered to him, was driven from place to place, until at last he
+was completely hemmed in, and was compelled to fight or surrender.
+They fought. The result was what might have been expected. Richard was
+victorious. The capital, Limesol, fell into his hands, and the king
+and his daughter were taken prisoners.
+
+The princess was greatly terrified when she was brought into Richard's
+presence. She fell on her knees before him, and cried,
+
+"My lord the king, have mercy upon me!"
+
+Richard put forth his hand to lift her up, and then sent her to
+Berengaria.
+
+"I give her to you," said he, "for an attendant and companion."
+
+The king was almost broken-hearted at having his daughter taken away
+from him. He threw himself at Richard's feet, and begged him, with the
+most earnest entreaty, to restore him his child. Richard paid no heed
+to this request, but ordered Isaac to be taken away. Soon after this
+he sent him across the sea to Tripoli in Syria, and there shut him up
+in the dungeon of a castle, a hopeless prisoner. The unhappy captive
+was secured in his dungeon by chains; but, in honor of his rank, the
+chains, by Richard's directions, were made of silver, overlaid with
+gold. The poor king pined in this place of confinement for four years,
+and then died.
+
+As soon as Isaac had gone, and things had become somewhat settled.
+Richard found himself undisputed master of Cyprus, and he resolved to
+annex the island to his own dominions.
+
+"And now," said he to himself, "it will be a good time for me to be
+married."
+
+So, after making the necessary arrangements for assembling his whole
+fleet again, and repairing the damages which had been sustained by the
+storm, he began to make preparations for the wedding. Berengaria made
+no objection to this. Indeed, the fright which she had suffered at sea
+in being separated from Richard, and the anxiety she had endured when,
+after the storm, she gazed in every direction all around the horizon,
+and could see no signs in any quarter of his ship, and when,
+consequently, she feared that he might be lost, made her extremely
+unwilling to be separated from him again.
+
+The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor, and many
+feasts and entertainments, and public parades, and celebrations
+followed, to commemorate the event. Among the other grand ceremonies
+was a coronation--a double coronation. Richard caused himself to be
+crowned King of Cyprus, and Berengaria Queen of England and of Cyprus
+too.
+
+The dress in which Richard appeared on these occasions is minutely
+described. He wore a rose-colored satin tunic, which was fastened by a
+jeweled belt about his waist. Over this was a mantle of striped silver
+tissue, brocaded with silver half-moons. He wore an elegant and very
+costly sword too. The blade was of Damascus steel, the hilt was of
+gold, and the scabbard was of silver, richly engraved in scales. On
+his head he wore a scarlet bonnet, brocaded in gold with figures of
+animals. He bore in his hand what was called a truncheon, which was a
+sort of sceptre, very splendidly covered and adorned.
+
+He had an elegant horse--a Spanish charger--and wherever he went this
+horse was led before him, with the bits, and stirrups, and all the
+metallic mountings of the saddle and bridle in gold. The crupper was
+adorned with two golden lions, figured with their paws raised in the
+act of striking each other. Richard obtained another horse in Cyprus
+among the spoils that he acquired there, and which afterward became
+his favorite. His name was Favelle, though in some of the old annals
+he is called Faunelle. This horse acquired great fame by the strength
+and courage, and also the great sagacity, that he displayed in the
+various battles that he was engaged in with his master. Indeed, at
+last, he became quite a historical character.
+
+Richard himself was a tall and well-formed man, and altogether a very
+fine-looking man, and in this costume, with his yellow curls and
+bright complexion, he appeared, they said, a perfect model of
+military and manly grace.
+
+There is a representation of Berengaria extant which is supposed to
+show her as she appeared at this time. Her hair is parted in the
+middle in front, and hangs down in long tresses behind. It is covered
+with a veil, open on each side, like a Spanish mantilla. The veil is
+fastened to her head by a royal diadem resplendent with gold and gems,
+and is surmounted with a _fleur de lis_, with so much foliage added to
+it as to give it the appearance of a double crown, in allusion to her
+being the queen both of Cyprus and of England.
+
+The whole time occupied by these transactions in Cyprus was only about
+a month, and now, since every thing had been finished to his
+satisfaction, Richard began to think once more of prosecuting his
+voyage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+VOYAGE TO ACRE.
+
+1190
+
+The different names of Acre.--Order of St. John.--The
+Hospitalers.--Knights of St. John.--Origin of the name of St.
+Jean d'Acre.--The order.--A description of the town of
+Acre.--Philip before Acre.--The siege.--Chasing a Saracen
+vessel.--Desperation.--The terrible Greek fire which the Saracens
+used.--The ship is taken.--A massacre.--Richard's defense.--King
+Richard's cupidity.--The sinking ship.
+
+
+The great landing-point for expeditions of Crusaders to the Holy Land
+was Acre, or Akka, as it is often written. The town was originally
+known as Ptolemais, and the situation of it may be found designated on
+ancient maps under that name. The Turks called it Akka, which name the
+French call Acre. It was also, after a certain time, called St. Jean
+d'Acre. It received this name from a famous military order that was
+founded in the Holy Land in the Middle Ages, called the Knights of St.
+John.
+
+The origin of the order was as follows: About a hundred years before
+the time of Richard's crusade, a company of pious merchants from
+Naples, who went to Jerusalem, took pity, while they were there, on
+the pilgrims who came there to visit the Holy Sepulchre, and who,
+being poor, and very insufficiently provided for the journey, suffered
+a great many privations and hardships. These merchants accordingly
+built and endowed a monastery, and made it the duty of the monks to
+receive and take care of a certain number of these pilgrims.
+
+They named the establishment the Monastery of St. John, and the monks
+themselves were called Hospitalers, their business being to receive
+and show hospitality to the pilgrims. So the monks were sometimes
+designated as the Hospitalers and sometimes the Brothers of St. John.
+
+Other travelers, who came to Jerusalem from time to time, seeing this
+monastery, and observing the good which it was the means of effecting
+for the poor pilgrims, became interested in its welfare, and made
+grants and donations to it, by which, in the course of fifty years, it
+became much enlarged. At length, in process of time, a _military_
+order was connected with it. The pilgrims needed protection in going
+to and fro, as well as food, shelter, and rest at the end of their
+journey, and the military order was formed to furnish this protection.
+The knights of this order were called Knights Hospitalers, and
+sometimes Knights of St. John. The institution continued to grow, and
+finally the seat of it was transferred to Acre, which was a much more
+convenient place for giving succor to the pilgrims, and also for
+fighting the Saracens, who were the great enemies that the pilgrims
+had to fear. From this time the institution was called St. John of
+Acre, as it was before St. John of Jerusalem, and finally its power
+and influence became so predominant in the town that the town itself
+was generally designated by the name of the institution, and it has
+been called St. Jean d'Acre to this day.
+
+The order became at last very numerous. Great numbers of persons
+joined it from all the nations of Europe. They organized a regular
+government. They held fortresses and towns, and other territorial
+possessions of considerable value. They had a fleet, and an army, and
+a rich treasury. In a word, they became, as it were, a government and
+a nation.
+
+The persons belonging to the order were divided into three classes:
+
+     1. _Knights._--These were the armed men. They fought the
+     battles, defended the pilgrims, managed the government, and
+     performed all other similar functions.
+
+     2. _Chaplains._--These were the priests and monks. They
+     conducted worship, and attended, in general, to all the
+     duties of devotion. They were the scholars, too, and acted
+     as secretaries and readers, whenever such duties were
+     required.
+
+     3. _Servitors._--The duty of the servitors was, as their
+     name imports, to take charge of the buildings and grounds
+     belonging to the order, to wait upon the sick, and accompany
+     pilgrims, and to perform, in general, all other duties
+     pertaining to their station.
+
+[Illustration: THE RAMPARTS OF ACRE.]
+
+The town of Acre stood on the shore of the sea, and was very strongly
+fortified. The walls and ramparts were very massive--altogether too
+thick and high to be demolished or scaled by any means of attack known
+in those days. The place had been in possession of the Knights of St.
+John, but in the course of the wars between the Saracens and the
+Crusaders that had prevailed before Richard came, it had fallen into
+the hands of the Saracens, and now the Crusaders were besieging it, in
+hopes to recover possession. They were encamped in thousands on a
+plain outside the town, in a beautiful situation overlooking the sea.
+Still farther back among the mountains were immense hordes of
+Saracens, watching an opportunity to come down upon the plain and
+overwhelm the Christian armies, while they, on the other hand, were
+making continued assaults upon the town, in hopes of carrying it
+by storm, before their enemies on the mountains could attack them. Of
+course, the Crusaders were extremely anxious to have Richard arrive,
+for they knew that he was bringing with him an immense re-enforcement.
+
+Philip, the French king, had already arrived, and he exerted himself
+to the utmost to take the town before Richard should come. But he
+could not succeed. The town resisted all the attempts he could make to
+storm it, and, in the mean time, his position and that of the other
+Crusaders in the camp was becoming very critical, on account of the
+immense numbers of Saracens in the mountains behind them, who were
+gradually advancing their posts and threatening to surround the
+Christians entirely. Philip, therefore, and the forces joined with
+him, were beginning to feel very anxious to see Richard's ships
+drawing near, and from their encampment on the plain they looked out
+over the sea, and watched day after day, earnestly in hopes that they
+might see the advanced ships of Richard's fleet coming into view in
+the offing.
+
+In the mean time, Richard, having sailed from Cyprus, was coming on,
+though he was delayed on his way by an occurrence which he greatly
+gloried in, deeming it doubtless a very brilliant exploit. The case
+was this:
+
+In sailing along with his squadron between Cyprus and the main land,
+he suddenly fell in with a ship of very large size. At first Richard
+and his men wondered what ship it could be. It was soon evident that,
+whatever she was, she was endeavoring to escape. Richard ordered his
+galleys to press on, and he soon found that the strange ship was full
+of Saracens. He immediately ordered his men to advance and board her,
+and he declared to his seamen that if they allowed her to escape he
+would crucify them.
+
+The Saracens, seeing that there was no possibility of escape, and
+having no hope of mercy if they fell into Richard's hands, determined
+to scuttle the ship, and to sink themselves and the vessel together.
+They accordingly cut holes through the bottom as well as they could
+with hatchets, and the water began to pour in. In the mean time,
+Richard's galleys had surrounded the vessel, and a dreadful combat
+ensued. Both parties fought like tigers. The Crusaders were furious to
+get on board before the ship should go down, and the Saracens, though
+they had no expectation of finally defending themselves against their
+enemies, still hoped to keep them back until it should be too late for
+them to obtain any advantage from their victory.
+
+For a time they were quite successful in their resistance, chiefly by
+means of what was called Greek fire. This Greek fire was a celebrated
+means of warfare in those days, and was very terrible in its nature
+and effects. It is not known precisely what it was, or how it was
+made. It was an exceedingly combustible substance, and was to be
+thrown, on fire, at the enemy; and such was its nature, that when once
+in flames nothing could extinguish it; and, besides the heat and
+burning that it produced, it threw out great volumes of poisonous and
+stifling vapors, which suffocated all that came near. The men threw it
+sometimes in balls, sometimes on the ends of darts and arrows, where
+it was enveloped in flax or tow to keep it in its place. It burned
+fiercely and furiously wherever it fell. Even water did not extinguish
+it, and it was said that in this combat the sea all around the
+Saracens' ship seemed on fire, and the decks of the galleys that
+attacked them were blazing with it in every direction. Great numbers
+of Richard's men were killed by it.
+
+But the superiority of numbers on Richard's side was too great, and
+after a time the Saracens were subdued, before the ship had admitted
+water enough through the scuttlings to carry her down. Richard's men
+poured in on board of her in great numbers. They immediately proceeded
+to massacre or throw overboard the men as fast as possible, and to
+seize the stores and transfer them to their own ships. They also did
+all they could to stop the leaks, so as to delay the sinking of the
+ship as long as possible. They had time to transfer to their own
+vessels nearly all the valuable part of the cargo, and to kill and
+drown all the men. Out of twelve or fifteen hundred, only about
+thirty-five were spared.
+
+When, afterward, public sentiment seemed inclined to condemn this
+terrible and inexcusable massacre, Richard defended himself by saying
+that he found on board the vessel a number of jars containing certain
+poisonous reptiles, which he alleged the Saracens were going to take
+to Acre, and there let them loose near the Crusaders' camp to bite the
+soldiers, and that men who could resort to so barbarous a mode of
+warfare as this deserved no quarter. However this may be, the poor
+Saracens received no quarter. It might be supposed that Richard
+deserved some credit for his humanity in saving the thirty-five. But
+his object in saving these was not to show mercy, but to gain
+ransom-money. These thirty-five were the _emirs_, or other officers of
+the Saracens, or persons who looked as if they might be rich or have
+rich friends. When they reached the shore, Richard fixed upon a
+certain sum of money for each of them, and allowed them to send word
+to their friends that if they would raise that money and send it to
+Richard, he would set them at liberty. A great proportion of them were
+thus afterward ransomed, and Richard realized from this source quite a
+large sum.
+
+When Richard's soldiers found that the time for the captured ship to
+sink was drawing nigh, they abandoned her, leaving on board every
+thing that they had not been able to save, and, withdrawing to a safe
+distance, they saw her go down. The sea all around her was covered
+with the bodies of the dead and dying, and also with bales of
+merchandise, broken weapons, fragments of the wreck, and with the
+flickering and exhausted remnants of the Greek fire.
+
+The fleet then got under way again, and pursued its course to Acre.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE ARRIVAL AT ACRE.
+
+1190
+
+The besieging army at Acre.--Motives of the Saracens.--Motives of
+the Christians.--Envyings and jealousy among the besiegers.--King
+of Jerusalem.--A common danger makes a common cause.--The
+terrible loss of life in the siege of Acre.--The unwieldy armor
+of the knights.--King Richard received by the besieging
+army.--Berengaria a bride.--Philip's conciliation.
+
+
+While Richard was thus, with his fleet, drawing near to Acre, the
+armies of the Crusaders that were besieging the town had been for some
+time gradually getting into a very critical situation. This army was
+made up of a great many different bodies of troops, that had come in
+the course of years from all parts of Europe to recover the Holy Land
+from the possession of the unbelievers. There were Germans, and
+French, and Normans, and Italians, and people from the different
+kingdoms of Spain, with knights, and barons, and earls, and bishops,
+and archbishops, and princes, and other dignitaries of all kinds
+without number. With such a heterogeneous mass there could be no
+common bond, nor any general and central authority. They spoke a great
+variety of languages, and were accustomed to very different modes of
+warfare; and the several orders of knights, and the different bodies
+of troops, were continually getting involved in dissensions arising
+from the jealousies and rivalries which they bore to each other. The
+enemy, on the other hand, were united under the command of one great
+and powerful Saracen leader named Saladin.
+
+There was another great difference between the Crusaders and the
+Saracens which was greatly to the advantage of the latter. The
+Saracens were fighting simply to deliver their country from these
+bands of invaders. Thus their object was _one_. If any part of the
+army achieved a success, the other divisions rejoiced at it, for it
+tended to advance them all toward the common end that all had in view.
+On the other hand, the chief end and aim of the Crusaders was to get
+glory to themselves in the estimation of friends and neighbors at
+home, and of Europe in general. It is true that they desired to obtain
+this glory by victories over the unbelievers and the conquest of the
+Holy Land, but these last objects were the means and not the end. The
+_end_, in their view, was their own personal glory. The consequence
+was, that while the Saracens would naturally all rejoice at an
+advantage gained over the enemy by any portion of their army, yet in
+the camp of the Crusaders, if one body of knights performed a great
+deed of strength or bravery which was likely to attract attention in
+Europe, the rest were apt to be disappointed and vexed instead of
+being pleased. They were envious of the fame which the successful
+party had acquired. In a word, when an advantage was gained by any
+particular body of troops, the rest did not think of the benefit to
+the common cause which had thereby been secured, but only of the
+danger that the fame acquired by those who gained it might eclipse or
+outshine their own renown.
+
+The various orders of knights and the commanders of the different
+bodies of troops vied with each other, not only in respect to the
+acquisition of glory, but also in the elegance of their arms, the
+splendor of their tents and banners, the beauty and gorgeous
+caparisons of the horses, and the pomp and parade with which they
+conducted all their movements and operations. The camp was full of
+quarrels, too, among the great leaders in respect to the command of
+the places in the Holy Land which had been conquered in previous
+campaigns. These places, as fast as they had been taken, had been made
+principalities and kingdoms, to give titles of rank to the crusaders
+who had taken them; and, though the places themselves had in many
+instances been lost again, and given up to the Saracens, the titles
+remained to be quarreled about among the Crusaders. There was
+particularly a great quarrel at this time about the title of King of
+Jerusalem. It was a mere empty title, for Jerusalem was in the hands
+of the Saracens, but there were twenty very powerful and influential
+claimants to it, each of whom manoeuvred and intrigued incessantly
+with all the other knights and commanders in the army to gain
+partisans to his side. Thus the camp of the Crusaders, from one cause
+and another, had become one universal scene of rivalry, jealousy, and
+discord.
+
+There was a small approach toward a greater degree of unity of feeling
+just before the time of Richard's arrival, produced by the common
+danger to which they began to see they were exposed. They had been now
+two years besieging Acre, and had accomplished nothing. All the
+furious attempts that they had made to storm the place had been
+unsuccessful. The walls were too thick and solid for the
+battering-rams to make any serious impression upon them, and the
+garrison within were so numerous and so well armed, and they hurled
+down such a tremendous shower of darts, javelins, stones, and other
+missiles of every kind upon all who came near, that immense numbers of
+those who were brought up near the walls to work the engines were
+killed, while the besieged themselves, being protected by the
+battlements on the walls, were comparatively safe.
+
+In the course of the two years during which the siege had now been
+going on, bodies of troops from all parts of Europe had been
+continually coming and going, and as in those days there was far less
+of system and organization in the conduct of military affairs than
+there is now, the camp was constantly kept in a greater or less degree
+of confusion, so that it is impossible to know with certainty how many
+were engaged, and what the actual loss of life had been. The lowest
+estimate is that one hundred and fifty thousand men perished before
+Acre during this siege, and some historians calculate the loss at five
+hundred thousand. The number of deaths was greatly increased by the
+plague, which prevailed at one time among the troops, and committed
+fearful ravages. One thing, however, must be said, in justice to the
+reckless and violent men who commanded these bands, and that is, that
+they did not send their poor, helpless followers, the common
+soldiers, into a danger which they kept out of themselves. It was a
+point of honor with them to take the foremost rank, and to expose
+themselves fully at all times to the worst dangers of the combat. It
+is true that the knights and nobles were better protected by their
+armor than the soldiers. They were generally covered with steel from
+head to foot, and so heavily loaded with it were they, that it was
+only on horseback that they could sustain themselves in battle at all.
+Indeed, it was said that if a full-armed knight, in those days, were,
+from any accident, unhorsed, his armor was so heavy that, if he were
+thrown down upon the ground in his fall, he could not possibly get up
+again without help.
+
+Notwithstanding this protection, however, the knights and commanders
+exposed themselves so much that they suffered in full proportion with
+the rest. It was estimated that during the siege there fell in battle,
+or perished of sickness or fatigue, eighteen or twenty archbishops and
+bishops, forty earls, and no less than five hundred barons, all of
+whose names are recorded. So they obtained what they went
+for--commemoration in history. Whether the reward was worth the price
+they paid for it, in sacrificing every thing like happiness and
+usefulness in life, and throwing themselves, after a few short months
+of furious and angry warfare, into a bloody grave, is a very serious
+question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as Richard's fleet appeared in view, the whole camp was thrown
+into a state of the wildest commotion. The drums were beat, the
+trumpets were sounded, and flags and banners without number were waved
+in the air. The troops were paraded, and when the ships arrived at the
+shore, and Richard and his immediate attendants and followers landed,
+they were received by the commanders of the Crusaders' army on the
+beach with the highest honors, while the soldiers drawn up around
+filled the air with long and loud acclamations.
+
+Berengaria had come from Cyprus, not in Richard's ship, although she
+was now married to him. She had continued in her own galley, and was
+still under the charge of her former guardian, Stephen of Turnham.
+That ship had been fitted up purposely for the use of the queen and
+the princess, and the arrangements on board were more suitable for the
+accommodation of ladies than were those of Richard's ship, which being
+strictly a war vessel, and intended always to be foremost in every
+fight, was arranged solely with a view to the purposes of battle, and
+was therefore not a very suitable place for a bride.
+
+Berengaria and Joanna landed very soon after Richard. Philip was a
+little piqued at the suddenness with which Richard had married another
+lady, so soon after the engagement with Alice had been terminated; but
+he considered how urgent the necessity was that he should now be on
+good terms with his ally, and so he concealed his feelings, and
+received Berengaria himself as she came from her ship, and assisted
+her to land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+DIFFICULTIES.
+
+1191
+
+Richard's arrogance produces dissension in the camp.--The
+progress of the quarrel between Richard and Philip.--The English
+and French armies no longer co-operate.--Preparations for an
+assault.--A repulse.--Reflections.--Dangers of the army.--A
+nominal friendship between real enemies.
+
+
+It was but a very short time after Richard had landed his forces at
+Acre, and had taken his position in the camp on the plain before the
+city, before serious difficulties began to arise between him and
+Philip. This, indeed, might have been easily foreseen. It was
+perfectly certain that, so soon as Richard should enter the camp of
+the Crusaders, he would immediately assume such airs of superiority,
+and attempt to lord it over all the other kings and princes there in
+so reckless and dictatorial a manner, that there could be no peace
+with him except in entire submission to his will.
+
+This was, accordingly, soon found to be the case. He began to quarrel
+with Philip in a very short time, notwithstanding the sincere desire
+that Philip manifested to live on good terms with him. Of course, the
+knights and barons, and, after a time, the common soldiers in the two
+armies, took sides with their respective sovereigns. One great source
+of trouble was, that Richard claimed to be the feudal sovereign of
+Philip himself, on account of some old claims that he advanced, as
+Duke of Normandy, over the French kingdom. This pretension Philip, of
+course, would not admit, and the question gave rise to endless
+disputes and heartburnings.
+
+Presently the quarrel extended to other portions of the army of the
+Crusaders, and the different orders of knights and bodies of soldiers
+espoused, some one side and some the other. The Knights Hospitalers,
+described in a former chapter, who had now become a numerous and very
+powerful force, took Richard's side. Indeed, Richard was personally
+popular among the knights and barons generally, on account of his
+prodigious strength and the many feats of reckless daring that he
+performed. When he went out every body flocked to see him, and the
+whole camp was full of the stories that were told of his wonderful
+exploits. He made use of the distinction which he thus acquired as a
+means of overshadowing Philip's influence and position. This Philip,
+of course, resented, and then the English said that he was envious of
+Richard's superiority; and they attempted to lay the whole blame of
+the quarrel on him, attributing the unfriendly feeling simply to what
+they considered his weak and ungenerous jealousy of a more successful
+and fortunate rival.
+
+However this may be, the disagreement soon became so great that the
+two kings could no longer co-operate together in fighting against
+their common enemy.
+
+Philip planned an assault against the town. He was going to take it by
+storm. Richard did not join him in this attempt. He made it an excuse
+that he was sick at the time. Indeed, he was sick not long after his
+arrival at Acre, but whether his illness really prevented his
+co-operating with Philip in the assault, or was only made use of as a
+pretext, is not quite certain. At any rate, Richard left Philip to
+make the assault alone, and the consequence was that the French troops
+were driven back from the walls with great loss. Richard secretly
+rejoiced at this discomfiture, but Philip was in a great rage.
+
+Not long afterward Richard planned an assault, to be executed with
+_his_ troops alone; for Philip now stood aloof, and refused to aid
+him. Richard had no objection to this; indeed, he rejoiced in an
+opportunity to show the world that he could succeed in accomplishing a
+feat of arms after Philip had attempted it and failed.
+
+[Illustration: THE ASSAULT.]
+
+So he brought forward the engines that he had caused to be built at
+Messina, and set them up. He organized his assaulting columns and
+prepared for the attack. He made the scaling-ladders ready, and
+provided his men with great stores of ammunition; and when the
+appointed day at length arrived, he led his men on to the assault,
+fully confident that he was about to perform an exploit that would
+fill all Europe with his fame.
+
+But, unfortunately for him, he was doomed to disappointment. His men
+were driven back from the walls. The engines were overthrown and
+broken to pieces, or set on fire by flaming javelins sent from the
+walls, and burned to the ground. Vast numbers of his soldiers were
+killed, and at length, all hope of success having disappeared, the
+troops were drawn off, discomfited and excessively chagrined.
+
+The reflections which would naturally follow in the minds of Philip
+and Richard, as they sat in their tents moodily pondering on these
+failures, led them to think that it would be better for them to cease
+quarreling with each other, and to combine their strength against the
+common enemy. Indeed, their situation was now fast becoming very
+critical, inasmuch as every day during which the capture of the town
+was delayed the troops of Saladin on the mountains around them were
+gradually increasing in numbers, and gaining in the strength of their
+position, and they might at any time now be expected to come pouring
+down upon the plain in such force as entirely to overwhelm the whole
+army of the Crusaders.
+
+So Richard and Philip made an agreement with each other that they
+would thenceforth live together on better terms, and endeavor to
+combine their strength against the common enemy, instead of wasting it
+in petty quarrels with each other.
+
+From this time things went on much better in the camp of the allies,
+while yet there was no real or cordial friendship between Richard and
+Philip, or any of their respective partisans. Richard attempted
+secretly to entice away knights and soldiers from Philip's service by
+offering them more money or better rewards than Philip paid them, and
+Philip, when he discovered this, attempted to retaliate by endeavoring
+to buy off, in the same manner, some of Richard's men. In a word, the
+fires of the feud, though covered up and hidden, were burning away
+underneath as fiercely as ever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE FALL OF ACRE.
+
+1191
+
+The distress of the besieged city.--Famine.--Disappointed
+hopes.--The various methods of warfare.--Undermining the
+walls.--The effect on the walls.--A spy in the city.--The letters
+which came on arrows.--A flag of truce.--Terms proposed by the
+Saracens.--Richard's exactions and his threats.--The
+convention.--Hostages.--The ransom of the captives.--Saladin's
+assent.--Richard enters Acre in triumph.--The Archduke of
+Austria's banner.--Philip in trouble.--Philip's secret
+plans.--Title of King of Jerusalem.--Sibylla.--Guy of
+Lusignan.--Isabella.--Conrad of Montferrat.--The positions of
+Richard and Philip respecting the title.--One of Richard's
+compromises.--Philip announces his return.--Richard's objections
+to Philip's return.--Philip's oath to Richard.--Disapprobation of
+King Philip's course.--Saladin is unable to fulfill his
+promises.--Brutality of Richard.--The massacre of the Saracen
+captives.--Richard's exultation.--Supernatural approval.
+
+
+Although the allies failed to reduce Acre by assault, the town was at
+last compelled to submit to them through the distress and misery to
+which the inhabitants and the garrison were finally reduced by famine.
+They bore these sufferings as long as they could, but the time arrived
+at last when they could be endured no longer. They hoped for some
+relief which was to have been sent to them by sea from Cairo, but it
+did not come. They also hoped, day after day, and week after week,
+that Saladin would be strong enough to come down from the mountains,
+and break through the camp of the Crusaders on the plain and rescue
+them. But they were disappointed. The Crusaders had fortified their
+camp in the strongest manner, and then they were so numerous and so
+fully armed that Saladin thought it useless to make any general attack
+upon them with the force that he had under his command.
+
+The siege had continued two years when Philip and Richard arrived.
+They came early in the spring of 1191. Of course, their arrival
+greatly strengthened the camp of the besiegers, and went far to
+extinguish the remaining hopes of the garrison. The commanders,
+however, did not immediately give up, but held out some months longer,
+hoping every day for the arrival of the promised relief from Cairo. In
+the mean time, they continued to endure a succession of the most
+vigorous assaults from the Crusaders, of which very marvelous tales
+are told in the romantic narratives of those times. In these
+narratives we have accounts of the engines which Richard set up
+opposite the walls, and of the efforts made by the besieged to set
+them on fire; of Richard's working, himself, like any common soldier
+in putting these engines together, and in extinguishing the flames
+when they were set on fire; of a vast fire-proof shed which was at
+last contrived to cover and protect the engines--the covering of the
+roof being made fire-proof with green hides; and of a plan which was
+finally adopted, when it was found that the walls could not be beaten
+down by battering-rams, of undermining them with a view of making them
+tumble down by their own weight. In this case, the workmen who
+undermined the walls were protected at their work by sheds built over
+them, and, in order to prevent the walls from falling upon them while
+they were mining, they propped them up with great beams of wood, so
+placed that they could make fires under the beams when they were ready
+for the walls to fall, and then have time to retreat to a safe
+distance before they should be burned through. This plan, however, did
+not succeed; for the walls were so prodigiously thick, and the blocks
+of stone of which they were composed were so firmly bound together,
+that, instead of falling into a mass of ruins, as Richard had
+expected, when the props had been burned through, they only settled
+down bodily on one side into the excavation, and remained nearly as
+good, for all purposes of defense, as ever.
+
+It was said that during the siege Richard and Philip obtained a great
+deal of information in respect to the plans of the Saracens through
+the instrumentality of some secret friend within the city, who
+contrived to find means of continually sending them important
+intelligence. This intelligence related sometimes to the designs of
+the garrison in respect to sorties that they were going to make, or to
+the secret plans that they had formed for procuring supplies of
+provisions or other succor; at other times they related to the
+movements and designs of Saladin, who was outside among the mountains,
+and especially to the attacks that he was contemplating on the allied
+camp. This intelligence was communicated in various ways. The
+principal method was to send a letter by means of an arrow. An arrow
+frequently came down in some part of the allied camp, which, on being
+examined, was found to have a letter wound about the shaft. The letter
+was addressed to Richard, and was, of course, immediately carried to
+his tent. It was always found to contain very important information in
+respect to the condition or plans of the besieged. If a sortie was
+intended from the city, it stated the time and the place, and detailed
+all the arrangements, thus enabling Richard to be on his guard. So, if
+the Saracens were projecting an attack on the lines from within, the
+whole plan of it was fully explained, and, of course, it would then be
+very easy for Richard to frustrate it. The writer of the letters said
+that he was a Christian, but would not say who he was, and the mystery
+was never explained. It is quite possible that there is very little
+truth in the whole story.
+
+At all events, though the assaults which the allies made against the
+walls and bulwarks of the town were none of them wholly successful,
+the general progress of the siege was altogether in their favor, and
+against the poor Saracens shut up within it. The last hope which they
+indulged was that some supplies would come to them by sea; but
+Richard's fleet, which remained at anchor off the town, blockaded the
+port so completely that there was no possibility that any thing could
+get in. The last lingering hope was, therefore, at length abandoned,
+and when the besieged found that they could endure their horrible
+misery no longer, they sent a flag of truce out to the camp of the
+besiegers, with a proposal to negotiate terms of surrender.
+
+Then followed a long negotiation, with displays of haughty arrogance
+on one side, and heart-broken and bitter humiliation on the other. The
+Saracens first proposed what they considered fair and honorable terms,
+and Philip was disposed to accept them; but Richard rejected them with
+scorn. After a vain attempt at resistance, Philip was obliged to
+yield, and to allow his imperious and overbearing ally to have his own
+way. The Saracens wished to stipulate for the lives of the garrison,
+but Richard refused. He told them they must submit unconditionally;
+and, for his part, he did not care, he said, whether they yielded now
+or continued the contest. He should soon be in possession of the city,
+at any rate, and if they held out until he took it by storm, then, of
+course, it would be given up to the unbridled fury of the soldiers,
+who would mercilessly massacre every living thing they should find in
+it, and seize every species of property as plunder. This, he declared,
+was sure to be the end of the siege, and that very soon, unless they
+chose to submit. The Saracens then asked what terms he required of
+them. Richard stated his terms, and they asked for a little time to
+consider them and to confer with Saladin, who, being the sultan, was
+their sovereign, and without his approval they could not act.
+
+So the negotiation was opened, and, after various difficulties and
+delays, a convention was finally agreed upon. The terms were these:
+
+     I. The city was to be surrendered to the allied armies, and
+     all the arms, ammunition, military stores, and property of
+     all kinds which it contained were to be forfeited to the
+     conquerors.
+
+     II. The troops and the people of the town were to be allowed
+     to go free on the payment of a ransom.
+
+     III. The ransom by which the besieged purchased their lives
+     and liberty was to be made up as follows:
+
+          1. The wood of the cross on which Christ was crucified,
+          which was alleged to be in Saladin's possession, was to
+          be restored.
+
+          2. Saladin was to set at liberty the Christian captives
+          which he had taken in the course of the war from various
+          armies of Crusaders, and which he now held as prisoners.
+          The number of these prisoners was about fifteen hundred.
+
+          3. He was to pay two hundred thousand pieces of gold.
+
+     IV. Richard was to retain a large body of men--it was said
+     that there were about five thousand in all--consisting of
+     soldiers of the garrison or inhabitants of the town, as
+     hostages for the fulfillment of these conditions. These men
+     were to be kept forty days, or, if at the end of that time
+     Saladin had not fulfilled the conditions of the surrender,
+     they were all to be put to death.
+
+Perhaps Saladin agreed to these terms, under the pressure of dire
+necessity, compelled as he was to assent to whatever Richard might
+propose by the dreadful extremity to which the town was reduced,
+without sufficiently considering whether he would be really able to
+fulfill his promises. At any rate, these were the promises that he
+made; and as soon as the treaty was duly executed, the gates of Acre
+were opened to the conquerors, while Saladin himself broke up his
+encampment on the mountains, and withdrew his troops farther into the
+interior of the country.
+
+Although the treaty was made and executed in the name of both the
+kings, Richard had taken into his hands almost the whole conduct of
+the negotiation, and now that the army was about to take possession of
+the town, he considered himself the conqueror of it. He entered with
+great parade, assigning to Philip altogether a secondary part in the
+ceremony. He also took possession of the principal palace of the place
+as his quarters, and there established himself with Berengaria and
+Joanna, while he left Philip to take up his residence wherever he
+could. The flags of both monarchs were, however, raised upon the
+walls, and so far Philip's claim to a joint sovereignty over the
+place was acknowledged. But none of the other princes or potentates
+who had been engaged in the siege were allowed to share this honor.
+One of them--the Archduke of Austria--ventured to raise his banner on
+one of the towers, but Richard pulled it down, tore it to pieces, and
+trampled it under his feet.
+
+This, of course, threw the archduke into a dreadful rage, and most of
+the other smaller princes in the army shared the indignation that he
+felt at the grasping disposition which Richard manifested, and at his
+violent and domineering behavior. But they were helpless. Richard was
+stronger than they, and they were compelled to submit.
+
+As for Philip, he had long since begun to find his situation extremely
+disagreeable. He was very sensitive to the overbearing and arrogant
+treatment which he received, but he either had not the force of
+character or the physical strength to resist it. Now, since Acre had
+fallen, he found his situation worse than ever. There was no longer
+any enemy directly before them, and it was only the immediate presence
+of an enemy that had thus far kept Richard within any sort of bounds.
+Philip saw now plainly that if he were to remain in the Holy Land,
+and attempt to continue the war, he could only do it by occupying an
+altogether secondary and subordinate position, and to this he thought
+it was wholly inconsistent with his rights and dignities as an
+independent sovereign to descend; so he began to revolve secretly in
+his mind how he could honorably withdraw from the expedition and
+return home.
+
+While things were in this state, a great quarrel, which had for a long
+time been gradually growing up in the camp of the Crusaders, but had
+been restrained and kept, in some degree, subdued by the excitement of
+the siege, broke out in great violence. The question was who should
+claim the title of King of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was at this time in
+the hands of the Saracens, so that the title was, for the time being
+at least, a mere empty name. Still, there was a very fierce contention
+to decide who should possess it. It seems that it had originally
+descended to a certain lady named Sibylla. It had come down to her as
+the descendant and heir of a very celebrated crusader named Godfrey of
+Bouillon, who was the first king of Jerusalem. He became King of
+Jerusalem by having headed the army of Crusaders that first conquered
+it from the Saracens. This was about a hundred years before the time
+of the taking of Acre. The knights and generals of his army elected
+him King of Jerusalem a short time after he had taken it, and the
+title descended from him to Sibylla.
+
+Sibylla was married to a famous knight named Guy of Lusignan, and he
+claimed the title of King of Jerusalem in right of his wife. This
+claim was acknowledged by the rest of the Crusaders so long as Sibylla
+lived, but at length she died, and then many persons maintained that
+the crown descended to her sister Isabella. Isabella was married to a
+knight named Humphrey of Huron, who had not strength or resolution
+enough to assert his claims. Indeed, he had the reputation of being a
+weak and timid man. Accordingly, another knight, named Conrad of
+Montferrat, conceived the idea of taking his place. He contrived to
+seize and bear away the Lady Isabella, and afterward to procure a
+divorce for her from her husband, and then, finally, he married her
+himself. He now claimed to be King of Jerusalem in right of Isabella,
+while Guy of Lusignan maintained that his right to the crown still
+continued. This was a nice question to be settled by such a rude horde
+of fighting men as these Crusaders were, and some took one side of it
+and some the other, according as their various ideas on the subject of
+rights of succession or their personal partialities inclined them.
+
+Now it happened that Philip and Richard had early taken opposite sides
+in respect to this affair, as indeed they did on almost every other
+subject that came before them. Guy of Lusignan had gone to visit
+Richard while he was in Cyprus, and there, having had the field all to
+himself, had told his story in such a way, and also made such
+proposals and promises, as to enlist Richard in his favor. Richard
+there agreed that he would take Guy's part in the controversy, and he
+furnished him with a sum of money at that time to relieve his
+immediate necessities. He did this with a view of securing Guy, as one
+of his partisans and adherents, in any future difficulties in which he
+might be involved in the course of the campaign.
+
+On the other hand, when Philip arrived at Acre, which it will be
+recollected was some time before Richard came, the friends and
+partisans of Conrad, who were there, at once proceeded to lay Conrad's
+case before him, and they so far succeeded as to lead Philip to commit
+himself on that side. Thus the foundation of a quarrel on this
+subject was laid before Richard landed. The quarrel was kept down,
+however, during the progress of the siege, but when at length the town
+was taken it broke out anew, and the whole body of the Crusaders
+became greatly agitated with it. At length some sort of compromise was
+effected, or at least what was called a compromise, but really, so far
+as the substantial interests involved were concerned, Richard had it
+all his own way. This affair still further alienated Philip's mind
+from his ally, and made him more desirous than ever to abandon the
+enterprise and return home.
+
+Accordingly, after the two kings had been established in Acre a short
+time, Philip announced that he was sick, and unable any longer to
+prosecute the war in person, and that he was intending to return home.
+When this was announced to Richard, he exclaimed,
+
+"Shame on him! eternal shame! and on all his kingdom, if he goes off
+and abandons us now before the work is done."
+
+The work which Richard meant to have done was the complete recovery of
+the Holy Land from the possession of the Saracens. The taking of Acre
+was a great step, but, after all, it was only a beginning. The army
+of the allies was now to march into the interior of the country to
+pursue Saladin, in hopes of conquering him in a general battle, and so
+at length gaining possession of the whole country and recovering
+Jerusalem. Richard, therefore, was very indignant with Philip for
+being disposed to abandon the enterprise while the work to be
+accomplished was only just begun.
+
+There was another reason why Richard was alarmed at the idea of
+Philip's returning home.
+
+"He will take advantage of my absence," said he, "and invade my
+dominions, and so, when I return, I shall find that I have been robbed
+of half my provinces."
+
+So Richard did all he could to dissuade Philip from returning; but at
+length, finding that he could produce no impression on his mind, he
+yielded, and gave a sort of surly consent to the arrangement. "Let him
+go," said he, "if he will. Poor man! He is sick, he says, and I
+suppose he thinks he can not live unless he can see Paris again."
+
+Richard insisted, however, that if Philip went he should leave his
+army behind, or, at least, a large portion of it; so Philip agreed to
+leave ten thousand men. These men were to be under the command of the
+Duke of Burgundy, one of Philip's most distinguished nobles. The duke,
+however, himself was to be subject to the orders of Richard.
+
+Richard also exacted of Philip a solemn oath, that when he had
+returned to France he would not, in any way, molest or invade any of
+his--that is, Richard's--possessions, or make war against any of his
+vassals or allies. This agreement was to continue in force, and to be
+binding upon Philip until forty days after Richard should have himself
+returned from the Crusade.
+
+These things being all thus arranged, Philip began to make his
+preparations openly for embarking on his voyage home. The knights and
+barons, and indeed the whole body of the army, considered Philip's
+leaving them as a very culpable abandonment of the enterprise, and
+they crowded around the place of embarkation when he went on board his
+vessel, and manifested their displeasure with ill-suppressed hisses
+and groans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The time which had been fixed upon for Saladin to comply with the
+stipulations of the surrender was forty days, and this period was now,
+after Philip had gone, drawing rapidly to a close. Saladin found that
+he could not fulfill the conditions to which he had agreed. As the day
+approached he made various excuses and apologies to Richard, and he
+also sent him a number of costly presents, hoping, perhaps, in that
+way to propitiate his favor, and prevent his insisting on the
+execution of the dreadful penalty which had been agreed upon in case
+of default, namely, the slaughter of the five thousand hostages which
+had been left in his hands.
+
+The time at last expired, and the treaty had not been fulfilled.
+Richard, without waiting even a day, determined that the hostages
+should be slain. A rumor was set in circulation that Saladin had put
+to death all his Christian prisoners. This rumor was false, but it
+served its purpose of exasperating the minds of the Crusaders, so as
+to bring the soldiers up well to the necessary pitch of ferocity for
+executing so terrible a work. The slaughter of five thousand
+defenseless and unresisting men, in cold blood, is a very hard work
+for even soldiers to perform, and if such a work is to be done, it is
+always necessary to contrive some means of heating the blood of the
+executioners in order to insure the accomplishment of it. In this
+case, the rumor that Saladin had murdered his Christian prisoners was
+more than sufficient. It wrought up the allied army to such a phrensy
+that the soldiers assembled in crowds, and riotously demanded that the
+Saracen prisoners should be given up to them, in order that they might
+have their revenge.
+
+Accordingly, at the appointed time, Richard gave the command, and the
+whole body of the prisoners were brought out, and conducted to the
+plain beyond the lines of the encampment. A few were reserved. These
+were persons of rank and consideration, who were to be saved in hopes
+that they might have wealthy friends at home who would pay money to
+ransom them. The rest were divided into two portions, one of which was
+committed to the charge of the Duke of Burgundy, and the other Richard
+led himself. The dreadful processions formed by these wretched men
+were followed by the excited soldiery that were to act as their
+executioners, who came crowding on in throngs, waving their swords,
+and filling the air with their ferocious threats and imprecations, and
+exulting in the prospect of having absolutely their fill of the
+pleasure of killing men, without any danger to themselves to mar the
+enjoyment of it.
+
+The massacre was carried into effect in the fullest possible manner;
+and after the men were killed, the Christians occupied themselves in
+cutting open their bodies to find jewels and other articles of value,
+which they pretended that the poor captives had swallowed in order to
+hide them from their enemies.
+
+Instead of being ashamed of this deed, Richard gloried in it. He
+considered it a wonderful proof of his zeal for the cause of Christ.
+The writers of the time praised it. The Saracens, they maintained,
+were the enemies of God, and whoever slew them did God service. One of
+the historians of the time says that angels from heaven appeared to
+Richard at the time, and urged him to persevere to the end, crying
+aloud to him while the massacre was going on, "Kill! kill! Spare them
+not!"
+
+It seems to us at the present day most amazing that the minds of men
+could possibly be so perverted as to think that in performing such
+deeds as this they were sustaining the cause of the meek and gentle
+Jesus of Nazareth, and were the objects of approval and favor with
+God, the common father of us all, who has declared that he has made of
+one blood all the nations of the earth, to live together in peace and
+unity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADE.
+
+1191
+
+Richard leaving Acre.--Modern warfare.--Contrast between modern
+and ancient weapons.--Purifying the places of pagan
+worship.--Revelings of the soldiery.--The object of the Crusades
+was the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre.--Order of the march from
+Acre.--Jaffa.--Trumpeters.--The evening proclamation in
+camp.--The slow march.--Saladin's harassing movements.--The plain
+of Azotus.--The order of battle.--The charge of Richard's
+troops.--To retreat is to be defeated.--Saladin, defeated,
+retires.--Richard at Jaffa again.--Sickness in the army.--Excuses
+for delaying the march.--Lingering at Jaffa.--The judgment of
+historians.--Richard's incursions from Jaffa.--Reconnoitring and
+foraging.--Richard's predatory excursions.--Sir William's
+stratagem.--Sir William's ransom.--Incident of the Knights
+Templars.--Richard's feats of prowess among the Saracens.--The
+Troubadours.--Negotiations for peace.--Saphadin.--A marriage
+proposed.--King Richard offered his sister in marriage to
+Saphadin.
+
+
+The first thing which Richard had now to do, before commencing a march
+into the interior of the country, was to set every thing in order at
+Acre, and to put the place in a good condition of defense, in case it
+should be attacked while he was gone. The walls in many places were to
+be repaired, particularly where they had been undermined by Richard's
+sappers, and in many places, too, they had been broken down or greatly
+damaged by the action of the battering-rams and other engines. In the
+case of sieges prosecuted by means of artillery in modern times, the
+whole interior of the town, as well as the walls, is usually battered
+dreadfully by the shot and shells that are thrown over into it. A
+shell, which is a hollow ball of iron sometimes more than a foot in
+diameter, and with sides two or three inches thick, and filled within
+with gunpowder, is thrown from a mortar, at a distance of some miles,
+high into the air over the town, whence it descends into the streets
+or among the houses. The engraving represents the form of the mortar,
+and the manner in which the shell is thrown from it, though in this
+case the shell represented is directed, not against the town, but is
+thrown from a battery under the walls of the town against the camp or
+the trenches of the besiegers.
+
+[Illustration: THROWING SHELLS.]
+
+These shells, of course, when they descend, come crashing through the
+roofs of the buildings on which they strike, or bury themselves in the
+ground if they fall in the street, and then burst with a terrific
+explosion. A town that has been bombarded in a siege becomes sometimes
+almost a mere mass of ruins. Often the bursting of a shell sets a
+building on fire, and then the dreadful effects of a conflagration are
+added to the horrors of the scene. In ancient sieges, on the other
+hand, none of these terrible agencies could be employed. The
+battering-rams could touch nothing but the walls and the outer towers,
+and it was comparatively very little injury that they could do to
+these. The javelins and arrows, and other light missiles--even those
+that were thrown from the military engines, if by chance they passed
+over the walls and entered the town, could do no serious mischief to
+the buildings there. The worst that could happen from them was the
+wounding or killing of some person in the streets who might, just at
+that moment, be passing by.
+
+In repairing Acre, therefore, and putting it again in a perfect
+condition for defense, nothing but the outer walls required attention.
+Richard set companies of workmen upon these, and before long every
+thing was restored as it was before. There were then some ceremonies
+to be performed within the town, to purify it from the pollution which
+it had sustained by having been in the possession of the Saracens. All
+the Christian churches particularly, and the monasteries and other
+religious houses, were to be thus restored from the desecration which
+they had undergone, and consecrated anew to the service of Christ.
+
+In the mean time, while these works and performances were going on,
+the soldiers gave themselves up to indulgences of every kind. Great
+stores of wine were found in the place, which were bestowed upon the
+troops, and the streets, day and night, were filled with riotous
+revelings. The commanders themselves--the knights and barons--and all
+the other men of rank that pertained to the army, fell into the same
+way, and they were very unwilling that the time should come when they
+were to leave such a place of security and indulgence, and take the
+field again for a march in pursuit of Saladin.
+
+At length, however, the time arrived when the march must be commenced.
+Richard had learned, by means of scouts and spies which he sent out,
+that Saladin was moving to the southward and westward--retreating, in
+fact, toward Jerusalem, which was, of course, the great point that he
+wished to defend. That, indeed, was the great point of attack, for the
+main object which the Crusaders proposed to themselves in invading
+Palestine was to get possession of the sepulchre where Christ was
+buried at Jerusalem. The recovery of the Holy Sepulchre was the
+watchword; and among all the people who were watching the progress of
+the enterprise with so much solicitude, and also among the Crusaders
+themselves, the progress that was made was valued just in proportion
+as it tended to the accomplishment of this end.
+
+Richard set apart a sufficient number of troops for a garrison to hold
+and defend Acre, and then, on taking a census of the remainder of his
+force, found that he had thirty thousand men to march with in pursuit
+of Saladin. He arranged this force in five divisions, and placed each
+under the command of a competent general. There were two very
+celebrated bodies of knights that occupied positions of honor in this
+march. They were the Knights Templars and the Knights of St. John, or
+Hospitalers, the order that has been described in a previous chapter
+of this volume. The Templars led the van of the army, and the
+Hospitalers brought up the rear. The march was commenced on the
+twenty-second of August, which was not far from two months from the
+time that Acre was surrendered.
+
+The course which the army was to take was at first to follow the
+sea-shore toward the southward to Jaffa, a port nearly opposite to
+Jerusalem. It was deemed necessary to take possession of Jaffa before
+going into the interior; and, besides, by moving on along the coast,
+the ships and galleys containing the stores for the army could
+accompany them, and supply them abundantly, from time to time, as they
+might require. By this course, too, they would be drawing nearer to
+Jerusalem, though not directly approaching it.
+
+The arrangements connected with the march of the army were conducted
+with great ceremony and parade. The knights wore their costly armor,
+and were mounted on horses splendidly equipped and caparisoned. In
+many cases the horses themselves were protected, like the riders, with
+an armor of steel. The columns were preceded by trumpeters, who
+awakened innumerable echoes from the mountains, and from the cliffs of
+the shore, with their animating and exciting music, and innumerable
+flags and banners, with the most gorgeous decorations, were waving in
+the air. When the expedition halted at night, heralds passed through
+the several camps to the sound of trumpets, and pausing at each one,
+and giving a signal, all the soldiers in the camp kneeled down upon
+the ground, when the heralds proclaimed in a loud voice three times,
+GOD SAVE THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, and all the soldiers said Amen.
+
+The march was commenced on the twenty-second of August, and it was
+about sixty miles from Acre to Jaffa. Of course, an army of thirty
+thousand men must move very slowly. There is so much time consumed in
+breaking up the encampment in the morning, and in forming it again at
+night, and in giving such a mighty host their rest and food in the
+middle of the day, and the men, moreover, are so loaded with the arms
+and ammunition, and with the necessary supplies of food and clothing
+which they have to carry, that only a very slow progress can be made.
+In this case, too, the march was harassed by Saladin, who hovered on
+the flank of the Crusaders, and followed them all the way, sending
+down small parties from the mountains to attack and cut off
+stragglers, and threatening the column at every exposed point, so as
+to keep them continually on the alert. The necessity of being always
+ready to form in order of battle to meet the enemy, should he suddenly
+come upon them, restricted them very much in their motions, and made a
+great deal of manoeuvring necessary, which, of course, greatly
+increased the fatigue of the soldiers, and very much diminished the
+speed of their progress.
+
+Richard wished much to bring on a general battle, being confident that
+he should conquer if he could engage in it on equal terms. But Saladin
+would not give him an opportunity. He kept the main body of his troops
+sheltered among the mountains, and only advanced slowly, parallel with
+the coast, where he could watch and harass the movements of his
+enemies without coming into any general conflict with them.
+
+This state of things continued for about three weeks, and then at
+last Richard reached Jaffa. The two armies manoeuvred for some time
+in the vicinity of the town, and, finally, they concentrated their
+forces in the neighborhood of a plain near the sea-shore, at a place
+called Azotus, which was some miles beyond Jaffa. Saladin had by this
+time strengthened himself so much that he was ready for battle. He
+accordingly marched on to the attack. He directed his assault, in the
+first instance, on the wing of Richard's army which was formed of the
+French troops that were under the command of the Duke of Burgundy.
+They resisted them successfully and drove them back. Richard watched
+the operation, but for a time took no part in it, except to make
+feigned advances, from time to time, to threaten the enemy, and to
+harass them by compelling them to perform numerous fatiguing
+evolutions. His soldiers, and especially the knights and barons in his
+army, were very impatient at his delaying so long to take an active
+and an efficient part in the contest. But at last, when he found that
+the Saracen troops were wearied, and were beginning to be thrown in a
+little confusion, he gave the signal for a charge, and rode forward at
+the head of the troop, mounted on his famous charger, and flourishing
+his heavy battle-axe in the air.
+
+The onset was terrible. Richard inspirited his whole troop by his
+reckless and headlong bravery, and by the terrible energy with which
+he gave himself to the work of slaughtering all who came in his way.
+The darts and javelins that were shot by the enemy glanced off from
+him without inflicting any wound, being turned aside by the steel
+armor that he wore, while every person that came near enough to him to
+strike him with any other weapon was felled at once to the ground by a
+blow from the ponderous battle-axe. The example which Richard thus set
+was followed by his men, and in a short time the Saracens began every
+where to give way. When, in the case of such a combat, one side begins
+to yield, it is all over with them. When they turn to retreat, they,
+of course, become at once defenseless, and the pursuers press on upon
+them, killing them without mercy and at their pleasure, and with very
+little danger of being killed themselves. A man can fight very well
+while he is pursuing, but scarcely at all when he is pursued.
+
+It was not long before Saladin's army was flying in all directions,
+the Crusaders pressing on upon them every where in their confusion,
+and cutting them down mercilessly in great numbers. The slaughter was
+immense. About seven thousand of the Saracen troops were slain. Among
+them were thirty-two of Saladin's highest and best officers. As soon
+as the Saracens escaped the immediate danger, when the Crusaders had
+given over the pursuit, they rallied, and Saladin formed them again
+into something like order. He then commenced a regular and formal
+retreat into the interior. He first, however, sent detachments to all
+the country around to dismantle the towns, to destroy all stores of
+provisions, and to seize and carry away every thing of value that
+could be of any use to the conquerors. A broad extent of country,
+through which Richard would have to march in advancing toward
+Jerusalem, being thus laid waste, the Saracens withdrew farther into
+the interior, and there Saladin set himself at work to reorganize his
+broken army once more, and to prepare for new plans of resistance to
+the invaders.
+
+Richard withdrew with his army to Jaffa, and, taking possession of the
+town, he established himself there.
+
+It was now September. The season of the year was hot and unhealthy;
+and though the allied army had thus far been victorious, still there
+was a great deal of sickness in the camp, and the soldiers were much
+exhausted by the fatigue which they had endured, and by their exposure
+to the sun. Richard was desirous, notwithstanding this, to take the
+field again, and advance into the interior, so as to follow up the
+victory which had been gained over Saladin at Azotus; but his
+officers, especially those of the French division of the army, under
+the command of the Duke of Burgundy, thought it not safe to move
+forward so soon. "It would be better to remain a short time in Jaffa,"
+they said, "to recruit the army, and to prepare for advancing in a
+more sure and efficient manner.
+
+"Besides," said they, "we need Jaffa for a military post, and it will
+be best to remain here until we shall have repaired the
+fortifications, and put the place in a good condition of defense."
+
+But this was only an excuse. What the army really desired was to enjoy
+repose for a time. They found it much more agreeable to live in ease
+and indulgence within the walls of a town than to march in the hot sun
+across so arid a country, loaded down as they were with heavy armor,
+and kept constantly in a state of anxious and watchful suspense by the
+danger of sudden attacks from the enemy.
+
+Richard acceded to the wishes of the officers, and decided to remain
+for a time in Jaffa. But they, instead of devoting themselves
+energetically to making good again the fortifications of the town,
+went very languidly to the work. They allowed themselves and the men
+to spend their time in inaction and indulgence. In the mean time,
+Saladin had gathered his forces together again, and was drawing fresh
+recruits every day to his standard from the interior of the country.
+He was preparing for more vigorous resistance than ever. Richard has
+been strongly condemned for thus remaining inactive in Jaffa after the
+battle of Azotus. Historians, narrating the account of his campaign,
+say that he ought to have marched at once toward Jerusalem before
+Saladin should have had time to organize any new means of resistance.
+But it is impossible for those who are at a distance from the scene of
+action in such a case, and who have only that partial and imperfect
+account of the facts which can be obtained through the testimony of
+others, to form any reliable judgment on such a question. Whether it
+would be prudent or imprudent for a commander to advance after a
+battle can be known, in general, only to those who are on the ground,
+and who have personal knowledge of all the circumstances of the case.
+
+While Richard remained in Jaffa, he made frequent excursions into the
+surrounding territory at the head of a small troop of adventurous men
+who liked to accompany him. Other small detachments were often sent
+out. These parties went sometimes to collect forage, and sometimes to
+reconnoitre the country with a view of ascertaining Saladin's position
+and plans. Richard took great delight in these excursions, nor were
+they attended with any great danger. At the present day, going out on
+reconnoitring parties is very dangerous service indeed, for men wear
+no armor, and they are liable at any moment to be cut down by a Miniè
+rifle-ball, fired from an unseen hand a mile away. In those days the
+case was very different. There were no missiles that could be thrown
+for a greater distance than a few yards, and for all such the heavy
+steel armor that the knights wore furnished, in general, an ample
+protection. The only serious danger to be feared was that of coming
+unwarily upon a superior party of the enemy lying in ambush to entrap
+the reconnoitrers, and in being surrounded by them. But Richard had so
+much confidence in the power of his horse and in his own prodigious
+personal strength that he had very little fear. So he scoured the
+country in every direction, at the head of a small attendant squadron,
+whenever he pleased, considering such an excursion in the light of
+nothing more than an exciting morning ride.
+
+Of course, after going out many times on such excursions and coming
+back safely, men gradually become less cautious, and expose themselves
+to greater and greater risks. It was so with Richard and his troop,
+and several times they ventured so far as to put themselves in very
+serious peril. Indeed, Richard once or twice very narrowly escaped
+being taken prisoner. At one time he was saved by the generosity of
+one of his knights, named Sir William. The king and his party were
+surprised by a large party of Saracens, and nearly surrounded. For a
+moment it was uncertain whether they would be able to effect their
+retreat. In the midst of the fray, Sir William called out that he was
+the king, and this so far divided the attention of the party as to
+confuse them somewhat, and break the force and concentration of their
+attack, and thus Richard succeeded in making his escape. Sir William,
+however, was taken prisoner and carried to Saladin, but he was
+immediately liberated by Richard's paying the ransom that Saladin
+demanded for him.
+
+At another time word came to him suddenly in the town that a troop of
+Knights Templars were attacked and nearly surrounded by Saracens, and
+that, unless they had help immediately, they would be all cut off.
+Richard immediately seized his armor and began to put it on, and at
+the same time he ordered one of his earls to mount his horse and hurry
+out to the rescue of the Templars with all the horsemen that were
+ready, saying also that he would follow himself, with more men, as
+soon as he could put his armor on. Now the armoring of a knight for
+battle in the Middle Ages was as long an operation as it is at the
+present day for a lady to dress for a ball. The several pieces of
+which the armor was composed were so heavy, and so complicated,
+moreover, in their fastenings, that they could only be put on by means
+of much aid from assistants. While Richard was in the midst of the
+process, another messenger came, saying that the danger of the
+Templars was imminent.
+
+"Then I must go," said Richard, "as I am. I should be unworthy of the
+name of king if I were to abandon those whom I have promised to stand
+by and succor in every danger."
+
+So he leaped upon his horse and rode on alone. On arriving at the
+spot, he plunged into the thickest of the fight, and there he fought
+so furiously, and made such havoc among the Saracens with his
+battle-axe, that they fell back, and the Templars, and also the party
+that had gone out with the earl, were rescued, and made good their
+retreat to the town, leaving only on the field those who had fallen
+before Richard arrived.
+
+Many such adventures as this are recorded in the old histories of this
+campaign, and they were made the subjects of a great number of songs
+and ballads, written and sung by the Troubadours in those days in
+honor of the valiant deeds of the Crusaders.
+
+The armies remained in Jaffa through the whole of the month of
+September. During this time a sort of negotiation was opened between
+Richard and Saladin, with a view to agreeing, if possible, upon some
+terms of peace. The object, on the part of Saladin, in these
+negotiations, was probably delay, for the longer he could continue to
+keep Richard in Jaffa, the stronger he would himself become, and the
+more able to resist Richard's intended march to Jerusalem. Richard
+consented to open these negotiations, not knowing but that some terms
+might possibly be agreed upon by which Saladin would consent to
+restore Jerusalem to the Christians, and thus end the war.
+
+The messenger whom Saladin employed in these negotiations was
+Saphadin, his brother. Saphadin, being provided with a safe-conduct
+for this purpose, passed back and forth between Jaffa and Saladin's
+camp, carrying the propositions and counter-propositions to and fro.
+Saphadin was a very courteous and gentlemanly man, and also a very
+brave soldier, and Richard formed quite a strong friendship for him.
+
+A number of different plans were proposed in the course of the
+negotiation, but there seemed to arise insuperable objections against
+them all. At one time, either at this period or subsequently, when
+Richard returned again to the coast, a project was formed to settle
+the dispute, as quarrels and wars were often settled in those days, by
+a marriage. The plan was for Saladin and Richard to cease their
+hostility to each other, and become friends and allies; the
+consideration for terminating the war being, on Richard's side, that
+he would give his sister Joanna, the ex-queen of Sicily, in marriage
+to Saphadin; and that Saladin, on his part, should relinquish
+Jerusalem to Richard. Whether it was that Joanna would not consent to
+be thus conveyed in a bargain to an Arab chieftain as a part of a
+price paid for a peace, or whether Saladin did not consider her
+majesty as a full equivalent for the surrender of Jerusalem, the plan
+fell through like all the others that had been proposed, and at length
+the negotiations were fully abandoned, and Richard began again to
+prepare for taking the field.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+REVERSES.
+
+1191
+
+Feuds in the Christian army.--The march in November.--The
+army weakened by disease, mutiny, and desertion.--The return
+to Ascalon.--Rebuilding the fortifications.--Saladin presses
+upon the retiring army.--Skirmishing.--Contrivances of the
+enemy to harass the army.--Difficulties which the king met
+with in repairing Ascalon.--The troops unwilling to
+labor.--Resentment of Leopold.--The present which Richard
+made to Berengaria.--Intercession of Leopold.--Richard's
+exasperation.--Richard expels Leopold from Ascalon.--The
+work goes on.--Waiting for re-enforcements.--The Abbot of
+Clairvaux.--The truce.--Courtesy of enemies when not at
+contest.--Presents.--Saladin's present to Richard.--The Christian
+army discouraged.--King Richard uneasy respecting the state
+of England.--Selfishness, not generosity, was the secret
+motive.--Saladin's reason for retaining Jerusalem.--A political
+marriage.--The compromise was opposed by the priests.--The
+scheme of joint occupancy of Jerusalem abandoned.
+
+
+By this time very serious dissensions and difficulties had arisen in
+the army of the Crusaders. There were a great many chieftains who felt
+very independent of each other, and feuds and quarrels of long
+standing broke out anew, and with more violence than ever. There were
+many different opinions, too, in respect to the course which it was
+now best to pursue. Richard, however, contrived yet to maintain some
+sort of authority, and he finally decided to commence his march from
+Jaffa.
+
+It was now November. The fall rains began to set in. The distance to
+Jerusalem was but about thirty-two miles. The army advanced to Ramula,
+which is about fifteen miles from Jaffa, but they endured very great
+hardships and sufferings from the extreme inclemency of the season.
+The soldiers were wet to the skin by drenching rains. Their provisions
+were soaked and spoiled, and their armor was rusted, and much of it
+rendered useless. When they attempted to pitch their tents at night
+at Ramula, the wind tore them from their fastenings, and blew the
+canvas away, so as to deprive them of shelter.
+
+Of course, these disasters increased the discontent in the army, and,
+by making the men impatient and ill-natured, increased the bitterness
+of their quarrels. The army finally advanced, however, as far as
+Bethany, with a forlorn hope of being strong enough, when they should
+arrive there, to attack Jerusalem; but this hope, when the time came,
+Richard was obliged to abandon. The rain and exposure had brought a
+great deal of disease into the camp. The men were dying in great
+numbers. This mortality was increased by famine, for the stores which
+the army had brought with them were spoiled by the rain, and Saladin
+had so laid waste the country that no fresh supplies could be
+obtained. Then, in addition to this, the soldiers, finding their
+sufferings intolerable, and seeing no hope of relief, began to desert
+in great numbers, and Richard finally found that there was no
+alternative for him but to fall back again to the sea-shore.
+
+Instead of going to Jaffa, however, he proceeded to Ascalon. Ascalon
+was a larger and stronger city than Jaffa. At least it had been
+stronger, and its fortifications were more extensive, though the place
+had been dismantled by Saladin before he left the coast. This town, as
+you will see by the map, is situated toward the southern part of
+Palestine, near to the confines of Egypt, and it had been a place of
+importance as a sort of entrepôt of commerce between Egypt and the
+Holy Land. Richard began to think that it would be necessary for him
+to establish his army somewhat permanently in the strong places on the
+coast, and wait until he could obtain re-enforcements from Europe
+before attempting again to advance toward Jerusalem. He thought it
+important, therefore, to take possession of Ascalon, and thus--Acre
+and Jaffa being already strongly garrisoned--the whole coast would be
+secure under his control.
+
+Accordingly, on his retreat from Jerusalem, he proceeded with a large
+portion of his army to Ascalon, and immediately commenced the work of
+repairing the walls and rebuilding the towers, not knowing how soon
+Saladin might be upon him.
+
+Indeed, Saladin and his troops had followed Richard's army on their
+retreat from Bethany, and had pressed them very closely all the way.
+It was at one time quite doubtful whether they would succeed in making
+good their retreat to Ascalon. The Saracen horsemen hovered in great
+numbers on the rear of Richard's army, and made incessant skirmishing
+attacks upon them. Richard placed a strong body of the Knights of St.
+John there to keep them off. These knights were well armed, and they
+were brave and well-trained warriors. They beat back the Saracens
+whenever they came near. Still, many of the knights were killed, and
+straggling parties, from time to time, were cut off, and the whole
+army was kept in a constant state of suspense and excitement, during
+the whole march, by the continual danger of an attack. When, at
+length, they approached the sea-shore, and turned to the south on the
+way to Ascalon, they were a little more safe, for the sea defended
+them on one side. Still, the Saracens turned with them, and hovered
+about their left flank, which was the one that was turned toward the
+land, and harassed the march all the way. The progress of the troops
+was greatly retarded too, as well as made more fatiguing, by the
+presence of such an enemy; for they were not only obliged to move more
+slowly when they were advancing, but they could only halt at night in
+places which were naturally strong and easily to be defended, for fear
+of an assault upon their encampment in the night. During the night,
+too, notwithstanding all the precautions they could take to secure a
+strong and safe position, the men were continually roused from their
+slumbers by an alarm that the Saracens were coming upon them, when
+they would rush from their tents, and seize their arms, and prepare
+for a combat; and then, after a time, they would learn that the
+expected attack was only a feint made by a small body of the enemy
+just to harass them.
+
+It might seem, at first view, that such a warfare as this would weary
+and exhaust the pursuers as much as the pursued, but in reality it is
+not so. In the case of a night alarm, for instance, the whole camp of
+the Crusaders would be aroused from their sleep by it, and kept in a
+state of suspense for an hour or more before the truth could be fully
+ascertained, while to give the alarm would require only a very small
+party from the army of the Saracens, the main body retiring as usual
+to sleep, and sleeping all night undisturbed.
+
+At length Richard reached Ascalon in safety, and posted himself
+within the walls, while Saladin established his camp at a safe
+distance in the interior of the country. Of course, the first thing
+which he found was to be done, as has already been remarked, was to
+repair and strengthen the walls, and it was evident that no time was
+to be lost in accomplishing this work.
+
+But, unfortunately, the character of the materials of which Richard's
+army was composed was not such as to favor any special efficiency in
+conducting an engineering operation. All the knights, and a large
+proportion of the common soldiers, deemed themselves gentlemen. They
+had volunteered to join the crusade from high and romantic notions of
+chivalry and religion. They were perfectly ready, at any time, to
+fight the Saracens, and to kill or be killed, whichever fate the
+fortune of war might assign them; but to bear burdens, to mix mortar,
+and to build walls, were occupations far beneath them; and the only
+way to induce them to take hold of this work seems to have been for
+the knights and officers to set them the example.
+
+Thus, in repairing the walls of Acre, all the highest officers of the
+army, with Richard himself at the head of them, took hold of the work
+with their own hands, and built away on the walls and towers like so
+many masons. Of course, the body of the soldiery had no excuse for
+declining the work, when even the king did not consider himself
+demeaned by it, and the whole army joined in making the reparations
+with great zeal.
+
+But such kind of zeal as this is not often very enduring. The men had
+accomplished this work very well at Acre, but now, in undertaking a
+second operation of the kind, their ardor was found to be somewhat
+subsided. Besides, they were discouraged and disheartened in some
+degree by the results of the fruitless campaign they had made into the
+interior, and worn down by the fatigues they had endured on their
+march. Still, the knights and nobles generally followed Richard's
+example, and worked upon the walls to encourage the soldiery. One,
+however, absolutely refused; this was Leopold, the Archduke of
+Austria, whose flag Richard had pulled down from one of the towers in
+Acre, and trampled upon as it lay on the ground. The archduke had
+never forgiven this insult.
+
+Indeed, this rudeness on the part of Richard was not a solitary
+instance of his enmity. It was only a new step taken in an old
+quarrel. Richard and the duke had been on very ill terms before. The
+reader will perhaps recollect that when Richard was at Cyprus he made
+captive a young princess, the daughter of the king, and that he made a
+present of her, as a handmaid and companion, to Queen Berengaria.
+Berengaria and Joanna, when they left Cyprus, brought the young
+princess with them, and when they were established with the king in
+the palace at Acre, she remained with them. She was treated kindly, it
+is true, and was made a member of the family, but still she was a
+prisoner. Such captives were greatly prized in those days as presents
+for ladies of high rank, who kept them as pets, just as they would, at
+the present day, a beautiful Canary bird or a favorite pony. They
+often made intimate and familiar companions of them, and dressed them
+with great elegance, and surrounded them with every luxury. Still,
+notwithstanding this gilding of their chains, the poor captives
+usually pined away their lives in sorrow, mourning continually to be
+restored to their father and mother, and to their own proper home.
+
+Now it happened that the Archduke of Austria was a relative, by
+marriage, of the King of Cyprus, and the princess was his niece;
+consequently, when she arrived at the camp before Acre as a captive
+in the hands of the queen, as might naturally have been expected, he
+took a great interest in her case. He wished to have her released and
+restored to her father, and he interceded with Richard in her behalf.
+But Richard would not release her. He was not willing to take her away
+from Berengaria. The archduke was angry with the king for this
+refusal, and a quarrel ensued; and it was partly in consequence of
+this quarrel, or, rather, of the exasperation of mind that was
+produced by it, that Richard would not allow the archduke's banner to
+float from the towers of Acre when the city fell into their hands.
+
+The archduke felt very keenly the indignity which Richard thus offered
+him, and though at the time he had no power to revenge it, he
+remembered it, and remained long in a gloomy and resentful frame of
+mind. And now, while Richard was endeavoring to encourage and
+stimulate the soldiers to work on the walls, by inducing the knights
+and barons to join him in setting the example, Leopold refused. He
+said that he was neither the son of a carpenter nor of a mason, that
+he should go to work like a laborer to build walls. Richard was
+enraged at this answer, and, as the story goes, flew at Leopold in
+his passion, and struck and kicked him. He also immediately turned the
+archduke and all his vassals out of the town, declaring that they
+should not share the protection of walls that they would not help to
+build; so they were obliged to encamp without, in company with that
+portion of the army that could not be accommodated within the walls.
+
+But, notwithstanding the bad example set thus by the archduke, far the
+greater portion of the knights, and barons, and high officers of the
+army joined very heartily in the work of building the walls. Even the
+bishops, and abbots, and other monks, as well as the military nobles,
+took hold of the work with great zeal, and the repairs went on much
+more rapidly than could have been expected. During all this time the
+army kept their communications open with the other towns along the
+coast--with Jaffa, and Acre, and other strongholds, so that at length
+the whole shore was well fortified, and secure in their possession.
+
+Saladin, during all this time, had distributed his troops in various
+encampments along the line parallel with the coast, and at some
+distance from it, and for some weeks the two armies remained, in a
+great degree, quiet in their several positions. The Crusaders were
+too much diminished in numbers by the privations and the sickness
+which they had undergone, as well as by the losses they had suffered
+in battle, and too much weakened by their internal dissensions, to go
+out of their strongholds to attack Saladin, while, on the other hand,
+they were too well protected by the walls of the towns to which they
+had retreated for Saladin to attack them. Both sides were waiting for
+re-enforcements. Saladin was indeed continually receiving accessions
+to his army from the interior, and Richard was expecting them from
+Europe. He sent to a distinguished ecclesiastic, named the Abbot of
+Clairvaux, who had a high reputation in Europe, and enjoyed great
+influence at many of the principal courts. In his letter to the abbot,
+he requested him to visit the different courts, and urge upon the
+princes and the people of the different countries the necessity that
+they should come to the rescue of the Christian cause in the Holy
+Land. Unless they were willing, he said, that all hope of regaining
+possession of the Holy Land should be abandoned, they must come with
+large re-enforcements, and that, too, without any delay.
+
+During the period of delay occasioned by these circumstances, there
+was a sort of truce established between the two armies, and the
+knights on each side mingled together frequently on very friendly
+terms. Indeed, it was the pride and glory of soldiers in this
+chivalrous age to treat each other, when not in actual conflict, in a
+very polite and courteous manner, as if they were not animated by any
+personal resentment against their enemies, but only by a spirit of
+fidelity to the prince who commanded them, or to the cause in which
+they were engaged. Accordingly, when, for any reason, the war was for
+a time suspended, the combatants became immediately the best friends
+in the world, and actually vied with each other to see which should
+evince the most generous courtesy toward their opponents.
+
+On the present occasion they often made visits to each other, and they
+arranged tournaments and other military celebrations which were
+attended by the knights and chieftains on both sides. Richard and
+Saladin often sent each other handsome presents. At one time when
+Richard was sick, Saladin sent him a quantity of delicious fruit from
+Damascus. The Damascus gardens have been renowned in every age for the
+peaches, pears, figs, and other fruits which they produce, and
+especially for a peculiar plum, famous through all the East. Saladin
+sent a supply of this fruit to Richard when he heard that he was sick,
+and accompanied his present with very earnest and, perhaps, very
+sincere inquiries in respect to the condition of the patient, and
+expressions of his wishes for his recovery.
+
+The disposition of the two commanders to live on friendly terms with
+each other at this time was increased by the hope which Richard
+entertained that he might, by some possibility, come to an amicable
+agreement with Saladin in respect to Jerusalem, and thus bring the war
+to an end. He was beginning to be thoroughly discontented with his
+situation, and with every thing pertaining to the war. Nothing since
+the first capture of Acre had really gone well. His army had been
+repulsed in its attempt to advance into the interior, and was now
+hemmed in by the enemy on every side, and shut up in a few towns on
+the sea-coast. The men under his command had been greatly diminished
+in numbers, and, though sheltered from the enemy, the force that
+remained was gradually wasting away from the effects of exposure to
+the climate and from fatigue. There was no prospect of any immediate
+re-enforcements arriving from Europe, and no hope, without them, of
+being able to take the field successfully against Saladin.
+
+Besides all this, Richard was very uneasy in respect to the state of
+affairs in his own dominions, in England and in Normandy. He
+distrusted the promises that Philip had made, and was very anxious
+lest he might, when he arrived in France, take advantage of Richard's
+absence, and, under some pretext or other, invade some of his
+provinces. From England he was continually receiving very unfavorable
+tidings. His mother Eleanora, to whom he had committed some general
+oversight of his interests during his absence, was beginning to write
+him alarming letters in respect to certain intrigues which were going
+on in England, and which threatened to deprive him of his English
+kingdom altogether. She urged him to return as soon as possible.
+Richard was exceedingly anxious to comply with this recommendation,
+but he could not abandon his army in the condition in which it then
+was, nor could he honorably withdraw it without having previously come
+to some agreement with Saladin by which the Holy Sepulchre could be
+secured to the possession of the Christians.
+
+This being the state of the case, he had every motive for pressing the
+negotiations, and for cultivating, while they were in progress, the
+most friendly relations possible with Saladin, and for persevering in
+pressing them as long as the least possible hope remained.
+Accordingly, during all this time Richard treated Saladin with the
+greatest courtesy. He sent him many presents, and paid him many polite
+attentions. All this display of urbanity toward each other, on the
+part of these ferocious and bloodthirsty men, has been actually
+attributed by mankind to the instinctive nobleness and generosity of
+the spirit of chivalry; but, in reality, as is indeed too often the
+case with the pretended nobleness and generosity of rude and violent
+men, a cunning and far-seeing selfishness lay at the bottom of it.
+
+In the course of these negotiations, Richard declared to Saladin that
+all which the Christians desired was the possession of Jerusalem and
+the restoration of the true cross, and he said that surely some terms
+could be devised on which Saladin could concede those two points. But
+Saladin replied that Jerusalem was as sacred a place in the eyes of
+Mussulmans, and as dear to them, as it was to the Christians, and
+that they could on no account give it up. In respect to the true
+cross, the Christians, he said, if they could obtain it, would worship
+it in an idolatrous manner, as they did their other relics; and as the
+law of the Prophet in the Koran forbade idolatry, they could not
+conscientiously give it up. "By so doing," said he, "we should be
+accessories to the sin."
+
+It was in consequence of the insuperable objections which arose
+against an absolute surrender of Jerusalem to the Christians that the
+negotiations took the turn which led to the proposal of a marriage
+between the ex-Queen Joanna and Saphadin; for, when Richard found that
+no treaty was possible that would give him full possession of
+Jerusalem, and the letters which he received from England made more
+and more urgent the necessity that he should return, he conceived the
+plan of a sort of joint occupancy of the Holy City by Mussulmans and
+Christians together. This was to be effected by means of the proposed
+marriage. The marriage was to be the token and pledge of a
+surrendering, on both sides, of the bitter fanaticism which had
+hitherto animated them, and of their determination henceforth to live
+in peace, notwithstanding their religious differences. If this state
+of feeling could be once established, there would be no difficulty, it
+was thought, in arranging some sort of mixed government for Jerusalem
+that would secure access to the holy places by both Mussulmans and
+Christians, and accomplish the ends of the war to the satisfaction of
+all.
+
+It was said that Richard proposed this plan, and that both Saladin and
+Saphadin evinced a willingness to accede to it, but that it was
+defeated by the influence of the priests on both sides. The imams
+among the Mussulmans, and the bishops and monks in Richard's army,
+were equally shocked at this plan of making a "compromise of
+principle," as they considered it, and forming a compact between evil
+and good. The men of each party devoutly believed that the cause which
+their side espoused was the cause of God, and that that of the other
+was the cause of Satan, and neither could tolerate for a moment any
+proposal for a union, or an alliance of any kind, between elements so
+utterly antagonistical. And it was in vain, as both commanders knew
+full well, to attempt to carry such an arrangement into effect against
+the conviction of the priests; for they had, on both sides, so great
+an influence over the masses of the people that, without their
+approval, or at least their acquiescence, nothing could be done.
+
+So the plan of an alliance and union between the Christians and the
+Mohammedans, with a view to a joint occupancy and guardianship of the
+holy places in Jerusalem was finally abandoned, and Joanna gave up the
+hope, or was released from the fear, as the case may have been, of
+having a Saracen for a husband.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS.
+
+1191
+
+The conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon.--History of
+the contest for the title of King of Jerusalem.--A delicate
+question.--The Crusaders' motives.--How Richard and Philip took
+sides in the quarrel.--The reason of the importance of the
+quarrel.--The French maintain Conrad's cause.--Richard's bargain
+with Guy.--Richard's reasons for acceding to Conrad's cause.--The
+coronation of Conrad.--His assassination.--The Hassassins.--The
+Old Man of the Mountains and his followers.--The reckless spirit
+of the Hassassins.--Seizure of the murderers.--The torture as a
+means of eliciting evidence.--Conflicting accounts.--Uncertainty
+respecting the motive of Conrad's murder.--False and spurious
+honor.--General opinion of Richard's conduct.--Suspicions of
+Philip.--The events consequent on Conrad's death.--Appearance of
+Count Henry.--He becomes king of Jerusalem.--The question at
+rest.--Dissatisfaction.--The king's proclamation.
+
+
+One of the greatest sources of trouble and difficulty which Richard
+experienced in managing his heterogeneous mass of followers was the
+quarrel which has been already alluded to between the two knights who
+claimed the right to be the King of Jerusalem, whenever possession of
+that city should by any means be obtained. The reader will recollect,
+perhaps, that it has already been stated that a very renowned
+Crusader, named Godfrey of Bouillon, had penetrated, about a hundred
+years before this time, into the interior of the Holy Land, at the
+head of a large army, and there had taken possession of Jerusalem;
+that the earls, and barons, and other prominent knights in his army
+had chosen him king of the city, and fixed the crown and the royal
+title upon him and his descendants forever; that when Jerusalem was
+itself, after a time, lost, the title still remained in Godfrey's
+family, and that it descended to a princess named Sibylla; that a
+knight named Guy of Lusignan married Sibylla, and then claimed the
+title of King of Jerusalem in the right of his wife; that, in process
+of time, Sibylla died, and then one party claimed that the rights of
+her husband, Guy of Lusignan, ceased, since he held them only through
+his wife, and that thenceforward the title and the crown vested in
+Isabella, her sister, who was the next heir; that Isabella, however,
+was married to a man who was too feeble and timid to assert his
+claims; that, consequently, a more bold and unscrupulous knight, named
+Conrad of Montferrat, seized her and carried her off, and afterward
+procured a divorce for her from her former husband, and married her
+himself; and that then a great quarrel arose between Guy of Lusignan,
+the husband of Sibylla, and Conrad of Montferrat, the husband of
+Isabella. This quarrel had now been raging a long time, and all
+attempts to settle it or to compromise it had proved wholly
+unavailing.
+
+The ground which Guy and his friends and adherents took was, that
+while they admitted that Guy held the title of King of Jerusalem in
+the right of his wife, and that his wife was now dead, still, being
+once invested with the crown, it was his for life, and he could not
+justly be deprived of it. After his death it might descend very
+properly to the next heir, but during his lifetime it vested in him.
+
+Conrad, on the other hand, and the friends and adherents who espoused
+his cause, argued that, since Guy had no claim whatever except what
+came in and through his wife, of course, when his wife died, his
+possession ought to terminate. If Sibylla had had children, the crown
+would have descended to one of them; but she being without direct
+heirs, it passed, of right, to Isabella, her sister, and that
+Isabella's husband was entitled to claim and take possession of it in
+her name.
+
+It is obvious that this was a very nice and delicate question, and it
+would have been a very difficult one for a company of gay and reckless
+soldiers like the Crusaders to settle if they had attempted to look at
+it simply as a question of law and right; but the Crusaders seldom
+troubled themselves with examining legal arguments, and still less
+with seeking for and applying principles of justice and right in
+taking sides in the contests that arose among them. The question for
+each man to consider in such cases was simply, "Which side is it most
+for my interests and those of my party that we should espouse? We
+will take that;" or, "Which side are my rivals and enemies, or those
+of their party, going to take? We will take the other."
+
+It was by such considerations as these that the different princes, and
+nobles, and orders of knights in the army decided how they would range
+themselves on this great question. As has already been explained,
+Richard took up the cause of Guy, who claimed through the deceased
+Sibylla. He had been induced to do so, not by any convictions which he
+had formed in respect to the merits of the case, but because Guy had
+come to him while he was in Cyprus, and had made such proposals there
+in respect to a conjunction with him that Richard deemed it for his
+interest to accept them. In a similar way, Conrad had waited upon
+Philip as soon as he arrived before Acre, and had induced him to
+espouse his, Conrad's, side. If there were two orders of knights in
+the army, or two bodies of soldiery, that were at ill-will with each
+other through rivalry, or jealousy, or former quarrels, they would
+always separate on this question of the King of Jerusalem; and just as
+certainly as one of them showed a disposition to take the side of Guy,
+the other would immediately go over to that of Conrad, and then these
+old and half-smothered contentions would break out anew.
+
+Thus this difficulty was not only a serious quarrel itself, but it was
+the means of reviving and giving new force and intensity to a vast
+number of other quarrels.
+
+It may seem strange that a question like this, which related, as it
+would appear, to only an empty title, should have been deemed so
+important; but, in reality, there was something more than the mere
+title at issue. Although, for the time being, the Christians were
+excluded from Jerusalem, they were all continually hoping to be very
+soon restored to the possession of it, and then the king of the city
+would become a very important personage, not only in his own
+estimation and in that of the army of Crusaders, but in that of all
+Christendom. No one knew but that in a few months Jerusalem might come
+into their hands, either by being retaken through force of arms, or by
+being ceded in some way through Richard's negotiations with Saladin;
+and, of course, the greater the probability was that this event would
+happen, the more important the issue of the quarrel became, and the
+more angry with each other, and excited, were the parties to it. Thus
+Richard found that all his plans for getting possession of Jerusalem
+were grievously impeded by these dissensions; for the nearer he came,
+at any time, to the realization of his hopes, the more completely were
+his efforts to secure the end paralyzed by the increased violence and
+bitterness of the quarrel that reigned among his followers.
+
+The principal supporters of the cause of Conrad were the French, and
+they formed so numerous and powerful a portion of the army, and they
+had, withal, so great an influence over other bodies of troops from
+different parts of Europe, that Richard could not successfully resist
+them and maintain Guy's claims, and he finally concluded to give up,
+or to pretend to give up, the contest.
+
+So he made an arrangement with Guy to relinquish his claims on
+condition of his receiving the kingdom of Cyprus instead, the unhappy
+Isaac, the true king of that island, shut up in the Syrian dungeon to
+which Richard had consigned him, being in no condition to resist this
+disposition of his dominions. Richard then agreed that Conrad should
+be acknowledged as King of Jerusalem, and, to seal and settle the
+question, it was determined that he should be crowned forthwith.
+
+It was supposed at the time that one reason which induced Richard to
+give up Guy and adopt Conrad as the future sovereign of the Holy City
+was, that Conrad was a far more able warrior, and a more influential
+and powerful man than Guy, and altogether a more suitable person to be
+left in command of the army in case of Richard's return to England,
+provided, in the mean time, Jerusalem should be taken; and, moreover,
+he was much more likely to succeed as a leader of the troops in a
+march against the city in case Richard were to leave before the
+conquest should be effected. It turned out, however, in the end, as
+will be seen in the sequel, that the views with which Richard adopted
+this plan were of a very different character.
+
+Conrad was already the King of Tyre. The position which he thus held
+was, in fact, one of the elements of his power and influence among the
+Crusaders. It was determined that his coronation as King of Jerusalem
+should take place at Tyre, and, accordingly, as soon as the
+arrangement of the question had been fully and finally agreed upon,
+all parties proceeded to Tyre, and there commenced at once the
+preparations for a magnificent coronation. All the principal
+chieftains and dignitaries of the army that could be spared from the
+other posts along the coast went to Tyre to be present at the
+coronation, the whole army, with the exception of a few malcontents,
+being filled with joy and satisfaction that the question which had so
+long distracted their councils and paralyzed their efforts was now at
+length finally disposed of.
+
+These bright prospects were all, however, suddenly blighted and
+destroyed by an unexpected event, which struck every one with
+consternation, and put all things back into a worse condition than
+before. As Conrad was passing along the streets of Tyre one day, two
+men rushed upon him, and with small daggers, which they plunged into
+his side, slew him. They were so sudden in their movement that all was
+over before any one could come to Conrad's rescue, but the men who
+committed the deed were seized and put to the torture. They belonged
+to a tribe of Arabs called Hassassins.[F] This appellation was taken
+from the Arabic name of the dagger, which was the only armor that they
+wore. Of course, with such a weapon as this, they could do nothing
+effectual in a regular battle with their enemies. Nor was this their
+plan. They never came out and met their enemies in battle. They lived
+among the mountains in a place by themselves, under the command of a
+famous chieftain, whom they called the _Ancient_, and sometimes the
+_Lord of the Mountains_. The Christians called him the _Old Man of the
+Mountains_, and under this name he and his band of followers acquired
+great fame.
+
+[Footnote F: The English word _assassins_ comes from the name of these
+men.]
+
+They were, in fact, not much more than a regularly-organized band of
+robbers and murderers. The men were extremely wily and adroit; they
+could adopt any disguise, and penetrate without suspicion wherever
+they chose to go. They were trained, too, to obey, in the most
+unhesitating and implicit manner, any orders whatever that the
+chieftain gave them. Sometimes they were sent out to rob; sometimes to
+murder an individual enemy, who had, in some way or other, excited the
+anger of the chief. Thus, if any leader of an armed force attempted to
+attack them, or if any officer of government adopted any measures to
+bring them to justice, they would not openly resist, but would fly to
+their dens and fastnesses, and conceal themselves there, and then
+soon afterward the chieftain would send out his emissaries, dressed in
+a suitable disguise, and with their little _hassassins_ under their
+robes, to watch an opportunity and kill the offender. It is true they
+were usually, in such cases, at once seized, and were often put to
+death with horrible tortures; but so great was their enthusiasm in the
+cause of their chief, and so high the exaltation of spirit to which
+the point of honor carried them, that they feared nothing, and were
+never known to shrink from the discharge of what they deemed their
+duty.
+
+The stabs which the two Hassassins gave to Conrad were so effectual
+that he fell dead upon the spot. The people that were near rushed to
+his assistance, and while some gathered round the bleeding body, and
+endeavored to stanch the wounds, others seized the murderers and bore
+them off to the castle. They would have pulled them to pieces by the
+way if they had not desired to reserve them for the torture.
+
+The torture is, of course, in every respect, a wretched way of
+eliciting evidence. So far as it is efficacious at all in eliciting
+declarations, it tends to lead the sufferer, in thinking what he shall
+say, to consider, not what is the truth, but what is most likely to
+satisfy his tormentors and make them release him. Accordingly, men
+under torture say any thing which they suppose their questioners wish
+to hear. At one moment it is one thing, and the next it is another,
+and the men who conduct the examination can usually report from it any
+result they please.
+
+A story gained great credit in the army, and especially among the
+French portion of it, immediately after the examination of these men,
+that they said that they had been hired by Richard himself to kill
+Conrad, and this story produced every where the greatest excitement
+and indignation. On the other hand, the friends of Richard declared
+that the Hassassins had stated that they were sent by their chieftain,
+the Old Man of the Mountain, and that the cause was a quarrel that had
+long been standing between Conrad and him. It is true that there had
+been such a quarrel, and, consequently, that the Old Man would be,
+doubtless, very willing that Conrad should be killed. Indeed, it is
+probable that, if Richard was really the original instigator of the
+murder, he would have made the arrangement for it with the Old Man,
+and not directly with the subordinates. It was, in fact, a part of the
+regular and settled business of this tribe to commit murders for pay.
+The chieftain might have the more readily undertaken this case from
+having already a quarrel of his own with Conrad on hand. It was never
+fully ascertained what the true state of the case was. The Arab
+historians maintain that it was Richard's work. The English writers,
+on the contrary, throw the blame on the Old Man. The English writers
+maintain, moreover, that the deed was one which such a man as Richard
+was very little likely to perform. He was, it is true, they say, a
+very rude and violent man--daring, reckless, and often unjust, and
+even cruel--but he was not treacherous. What he did, he did in the
+open day; and he was wholly incapable of such a deed as pretending
+deceitfully that he would accede to Conrad's claims with a view of
+throwing him off his guard, and then putting him to death by means of
+hired murderers.
+
+This reasoning will seem satisfactory to us or otherwise, according to
+the views we like to entertain in respect to the genuineness of the
+sense of generosity and honor which is so much boasted of as a
+characteristic of the spirit of chivalry. Some persons place great
+reliance upon it, and think that so gallant and courageous a knight
+as Richard must have been incapable of any such deed as a secret
+assassination. Others place very little reliance upon it. They think
+that the generosity and nobleness of mind to which this class of men
+make such great pretension is chiefly a matter of outside show and
+parade, and that, when it serves their purpose, they are generally
+ready to resort to any covert and dishonest means which will help them
+to accomplish their ends, however truly dishonorable such means may
+be, provided they can conceal their agency in them. For my part, I am
+strongly inclined to the latter opinion, and to believe that there is
+nothing in the human heart that we can really rely upon in respect to
+human conduct and character but sound and consistent moral principle.
+
+At any rate, it is unfortunate for Richard's cause that among those
+who were around him at the time, and who knew his character best, the
+prevailing opinion was against him. It was generally believed in the
+army that he was really the secret author of Conrad's death. The event
+produced a prodigious excitement throughout the camp. When the news
+reached Europe, it awakened a very general indignation there,
+especially among those who were inclined to be hostile to Richard.
+Philip, the King of France, professed to be alarmed for his own
+safety. "He has employed murderers to kill Conrad, my friend and
+ally," said he, "and the next thing will be that he will send some of
+the Old Man of the Mountain's emissaries to thrust their daggers into
+me."
+
+So he organized an extra guard to watch at the gates of his palace,
+and to attend him whenever he went out, and gave them special
+instructions to watch against the approach of any suspicious
+strangers. The Emperor of Germany too, and the Archduke of Austria,
+whom Richard had before made his enemies, were filled with rage and
+resentment against him, the effects of which he subsequently felt very
+severely.
+
+In the mean time, the excitement in the camp immediately on the death
+of Conrad became very strong, and it led to serious disturbances. The
+French troops rose in arms and attempted to seize Tyre. Isabella,
+Conrad's wife, in whose name Conrad had held the title to the crown of
+Jerusalem, fled to the citadel, and fortified herself there with such
+troops as adhered to her. The camp was in confusion, and there was
+imminent danger that the two parties into which the army was divided
+would come to open war. At this juncture, a certain nephew of
+Richard's, Count Henry of Champagne, made his appearance. He persuaded
+the people of Tyre to put him in command of the town; and supported as
+he was by Richard's influence, and by the acquiescence of Isabella, he
+succeeded in restoring something like order. Immediately afterward he
+proposed to Isabella that she should marry him. She accepted his
+proposal, and so he became King of Jerusalem in her name.
+
+The French party, and those who had taken the side of Conrad in the
+former quarrel, were greatly exasperated, but as the case now stood
+they were helpless. They had always maintained that Isabella was the
+true sovereign, and it was through her right to the succession, after
+Sibylla's death, that they had claimed the crown for Conrad; and now,
+since Conrad was dead, and Isabella had married Count Henry, they
+could not, with any consistency, deny that the new husband was fully
+entitled to succeed the old. They might resent the murder of Conrad as
+much as they pleased, but it was evident that nothing would bring him
+back to life, and nothing could prevent Count Henry being now
+universally regarded as the King of Jerusalem.
+
+So, after venting for a time a great many loud but fruitless
+complaints, the aggrieved parties allowed their resentment to subside,
+and all acquiesced in acknowledging Henry as King of Jerusalem.
+
+Besides these difficulties, a great deal of uneasiness and discontent
+arose from rumors that Richard was intending to abandon Palestine, and
+return to Normandy and England, thus leaving the army without any
+responsible head. The troops knew very well that whatever semblance of
+authority and subordination then existed was due to the presence of
+Richard, whose high rank and personal qualities as a warrior gave him
+great power over his followers, notwithstanding their many causes of
+complaint against him. They knew, too, that his departure would be the
+signal of universal disorder, and would lead to the total dissolution
+of the army. The complaints and the clamor which arose from this cause
+became so great in all the different towns and fortresses along the
+coast, that, to appease them, Richard issued a proclamation stating
+that he had no intention of leaving the army, but that it was his
+fixed purpose to remain in Palestine at least another year.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE BATTLE OF JAFFA.
+
+1192
+
+The battle of Jaffa.--Richard gives the army
+employment.--Uncomfortable news from England.--Richard's
+resolution.--Account of the country through which the army
+marched.--The approach to Jerusalem.--Hebron.--The prize in
+sight.--Saladin strongly established in Jerusalem.--Richard's
+self-reproaches.--A new expedient.--The proposed march upon
+Cairo.--The hopeless condition of the army.--Saladin at
+Jaffa.--Richard's measures to succor Jaffa.--His fleet arrives
+there.--Landing.--The onset upon the Saracens.--Jaffa
+retaken.--Both sides awaiting assistance.--The Saracens
+defeated.--The story of Saladin's present of horses to his
+enemy.--The romantic story of the treacherous gift.
+
+
+When, at last, the state of Richard's affairs had been reduced, by the
+causes mentioned in the last chapter, to a very low ebb, he suddenly
+succeeded in greatly improving them by a battle. This battle is known
+in history as the battle of Jaffa. It was fought in the early part of
+the summer of 1192.
+
+As soon as he had issued his proclamation declaring to his soldiers
+that he would positively remain in Palestine for a year, he began to
+make preparations for another campaign. The best way, he thought, to
+prevent the army from wasting away its energies in internal conflicts
+between the different divisions of it was to give those energies
+employment against the common enemy; so he put every thing in motion
+for a new march into the interior. He left garrisons in the cities of
+the coast, sufficient, as he judged, to protect them from any force
+which the Saracens were likely to send against them in his absence,
+and forming the remainder in order of march, he set out from his
+head-quarters at Jaffa, and began to advance once more toward
+Jerusalem.
+
+Of course, this movement revived, in some degree, the spirit of his
+army, and awakened in them new hopes. Still, Richard himself was
+extremely uneasy, and his mind was filled with solicitude and anxiety.
+Messengers were continually coming from Europe with intelligence which
+was growing more and more alarming at every arrival. His brother John,
+they said, in England, was forming schemes to take possession of the
+kingdom in his own name. In France, Philip was invading his Norman
+provinces, and was evidently preparing for still greater aggression.
+He must return soon, his mother wrote him, or he would lose all. Of
+course, he was in a great rage at what he called the treachery of
+Philip and John, and burned to get back and make them feel his
+vengeance. But he was so tied up with the embarrassments and
+difficulties that he was surrounded with in the Holy Land, that he
+thought it absolutely necessary to make a desperate effort to strike
+at least one decisive blow before he could possibly leave his army,
+and it was in this desperate state of mind that he set out upon his
+march. It was near the end of May.
+
+The army advanced for several days. They met with not much direct
+opposition from the Saracens, for Saladin had withdrawn to Jerusalem,
+and was employed in strengthening the fortifications there, and making
+every thing ready for Richard's approach. But the difficulties which
+they encountered from other causes, and the sufferings of the army in
+consequence of them, were terrible. The country was dry and barren,
+and the weather hot and unhealthy. The soldiers fell sick in great
+numbers, and those that were well suffered extremely from thirst and
+other privations incident to a march of many days through such a
+country in such a season. There were no trees or shelter of any kind
+to protect them from the scorching rays of the sun, and scarcely any
+water to be found to quench their thirst. The streams were very few,
+and all the wells that could be found were soon drunk dry. Then there
+was great difficulty in respect to provisions. A sufficient supply for
+so many thousands could not be brought up from the coast, and all that
+the country itself had produced--which was, in fact, very little--was
+carried away by the Saracens as Richard advanced. Thus the army found
+itself environed with great difficulties, and before many days it was
+reduced to a condition of actual distress.
+
+The expedition succeeded, however, in advancing to the immediate
+vicinity of Jerusalem. Early in June they encamped at Hebron, which is
+about six miles from Jerusalem, toward the south. Here they halted;
+and Richard remained here some days, weighed down with perplexity and
+distress, and extremely harassed in mind, being wholly unable to
+decide what was best to be done.
+
+From a hill in the neighborhood of Hebron Jerusalem was in sight.
+There lay the prize which he had so long been striving to obtain, all
+before him, and yet he was utterly powerless to take it. For this he
+had been manoeuvring and planning for years. For this he had
+exhausted all the resources of his empire, and had put to imminent
+hazard all the rights and interests of the crown. For this he had left
+his native land, and had brought on, by a voyage of three thousand
+miles, all the fleets and armies of his kingdom; and now, with the
+prize before him, and all Europe looking on to see him grasp it, his
+hand had become powerless, and he must turn back, and go away as he
+came.
+
+Richard saw at once that it must be so; for while, on the one hand,
+his army was well-nigh exhausted, and was reduced to a state of such
+privation and distress as to make it nearly helpless, Saladin was
+established in Jerusalem almost impregnably. While the divisions of
+Richard's army had been quarreling with each other on the sea-coast,
+he had been strengthening the walls and other defenses of the city,
+until they were now more formidable than ever. Richard received
+information, too, that all the wells and cisterns of water around the
+city had been destroyed by the Saracens, so that, if they were to
+advance to the walls and commence a siege, they would soon be obliged
+to raise it, or perish there with thirst. So great was Richard's
+distress of mind under these circumstances, that it is said, when he
+was conducted to the hill from which Jerusalem was to be seen, he
+could not bear to look at it. He held his shield up before his eyes to
+shut out the sight of it, and said that he was not worthy to look upon
+the city, since he had shown himself unable to redeem it.
+
+There was a council of war held to consider what it was best to do. It
+was a council of perplexity and despair. Nobody could tell what it
+was best to do. To go back was disgrace. To go forward was
+destruction; and it was impossible for them to remain where they were.
+
+In his desperation Richard conceived of a new plan, that of marching
+southward and seizing Cairo. The Saracens derived almost all the
+stores of provisions for the use of their armies from Cairo, and
+Hebron was on the road to it. The way was open for Richard's army to
+march in that direction, and, by carrying this plan into execution,
+they would, at least, get something to eat. Besides, it would be a
+mode of withdrawing from Jerusalem that would not be quite a retreat.
+Still, these reasons were wholly insufficient to justify such a
+measure, and it is not probable that Richard seriously entertained the
+plan. It is much more likely that he proposed the idea of a march upon
+Cairo as a means of amusing the minds of his knights and soldiers, and
+diminishing the extreme disappointment and vexation which they must
+have felt in relinquishing the plan of an attack upon Jerusalem, and
+that he intended, after proceeding a short distance on the way toward
+Egypt, to find some pretext for turning down toward the sea-shore, and
+re-establishing himself in his cities on the coast.
+
+At any rate, whether it was the original plan or not, such was the
+result. As soon as the encampment was broken up, and the army
+commenced its march, and the troops learned that the hope of
+recovering the Holy Sepulchre, and all the other lofty aspirations and
+desires which had led them so far, and through so many hardships and
+dangers, were now to be abandoned, they were first enraged, and then
+they sank into a condition of utter recklessness and despair. All
+discipline was at an end. No one seemed now to care what became of the
+expedition or of themselves. The French soldiers, under the Duke of
+Burgundy, revolted openly, and declared they would go no farther. The
+troops from Germany joined them. So Richard gave up the plan, or
+seemed to give it up, and gave orders to march to Acre; and there, at
+last, the army arrived in a state of almost utter dissolution.
+
+In a short time the news came to them that Saladin had followed them
+down, and had seized upon Jaffa. He had taken the town, and shut up
+the garrison in the citadel, whither they had fled for safety; and
+tidings came that, unless Richard very soon came to the rescue, the
+citadel would be compelled to surrender.
+
+Richard immediately ordered that all the troops that were in a
+condition to march should set out immediately, to proceed down the
+coast from Acre to Jaffa. He himself, he said, would hasten on by sea,
+for the wind was fair, and a part of his force, all that he had ships
+enough in readiness to convey, could go much quicker by water than by
+land, besides the advantage of being fresh on their arrival for an
+attack on the enemy. So he assembled as many ships as could be got
+ready, and embarked a select body of troops on board of them. There
+were seven of the ships. He took the command of one of them himself.
+The Duke of Burgundy, with the French troops under his command,
+refused to go.
+
+The little fleet set sail immediately and ran down the coast very
+rapidly. When they came to Jaffa they found that the town was really
+in possession of the Saracens, and that large bodies of the enemy were
+assembled on the shore to prevent the landing of Richard's forces.
+This array appeared so formidable that all the knights and officers on
+board the ships urged Richard not to attempt to attack them, but to
+wait until the body of the army should arrive by land.
+
+But Richard was desperate and reckless. He declared that he _would_
+land; and he uttered an awful imprecation against those who should
+hesitate to follow him. He brought the boats up as near the shore as
+possible, and then, with his battle-axe in his right hand, and his
+shield hung about his neck, so as to have his left hand at liberty, he
+leaped into the water, calling upon the rest to come on. They all
+followed his example, and, as soon as they gained the shore, they made
+a dreadful onset upon the Saracens that were gathered on the beach.
+The Saracens were driven back. Richard made such havoc among them with
+his battle-axe, and the men following him were made so resolute and
+reckless by his example, that the ranks of the enemy were broken
+through, and they fled in all directions.
+
+Richard and his men then rushed on to the gates of the town, and
+almost before the Saracens who were in possession of them could
+recover from their surprise, the gates were seized, those who had been
+stationed at them were slain or driven away, and then Richard and his
+troops, rushing through, closed them, and the Saracens that were
+within the town were shut in. They were soon all overpowered and
+slain, and thus the possession of the town was recovered.
+
+But this was not the end, as Richard and his men knew full well.
+Though they had possession of the town itself, they were surrounded by
+a great army of Saracens, that were hovering around them on the plain,
+and rapidly increasing in numbers; for Saladin had sent orders to the
+interior directing all possible assistance to be sent to him. Richard
+himself, on the other hand, was hourly expecting the arrival of the
+main body of his troops by land.
+
+They arrived the next day, and then came on the great contest.
+Richard's troops, on their arrival, attacked the Saracens from
+without, while he himself, issuing from the gates, assaulted them from
+the side next the town. The Crusaders fought with the utmost
+desperation. They knew very well that it was the crisis of their fate.
+To lose that battle was to lose all. The Saracens, on the other hand,
+were not under any such urgent pressure. If overpowered, they could
+retire again to the mountains, and be as secure as before.
+
+They _were_ overpowered. The battle was fought long and obstinately,
+but at length Richard was victorious, and the Saracens were driven off
+the ground.
+
+[Illustration: SALADIN'S PRESENT.]
+
+Various accounts are given by the different writers who have
+narrated the history of this crusade, of a present of a horse made by
+Saladin to Richard in the course of the war, and the incident has been
+often commented upon as an evidence of the high and generous
+sentiments which animated the combatants in this terrible crusade in
+their personal feelings toward each other. One of the stories makes
+the case an incident of this battle. The Saracens, flying from the
+field, came to Saladin, who was watching the contest, and, in
+conversation with him, they pointed out Richard, who was standing
+among his knights on a small rising ground.
+
+"Why, he is on foot!" exclaimed Saladin. Richard _was_ on foot. His
+favorite charger, Favelle, was killed under him that morning, and as
+he had come from Acre in haste and by sea, there was no other horse at
+hand to supply his place.
+
+Saladin immediately said that that was not as it should be. "The King
+of England," said he, "should not fight on foot like a common
+soldier." He immediately sent over to Richard, with a flag of truce,
+two splendid horses. King Richard accepted the present, and during the
+remainder of the day he fought on one of the horses which his enemy
+had thus sent him.
+
+One account adds a romantic embellishment to this story by saying that
+Saladin sent only one horse at first--the one that he supposed most
+worthy of being sent as a gift from one sovereign to another; but that
+Richard, before mounting him himself, directed one of his knights to
+mount him and give him trial. The knight found the horse wholly
+unmanageable. The animal took the bits between his teeth and galloped
+furiously back to the camp of Saladin, carrying his rider with him, a
+helpless prisoner. Saladin was exceedingly chagrined at this result;
+he was afraid Richard might suppose that he sent him an unruly horse
+from a treacherous design to do him some injury. He accordingly
+received the knight who had been borne so unwillingly to his camp in
+the most courteous manner, and providing another horse for him, he
+dismissed him with presents. He also sent a second horse to Richard,
+more beautiful than the first, and one which he caused Richard to be
+assured that he might rely upon as perfectly well trained.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+THE TRUCE.
+
+1192
+
+Richard and Saladin agree upon a three years' truce.--Richard's
+reason for this course.--The treaty.--The coast.--Ascalon to be
+dismantled.--Pilgrims to Jerusalem protected.--Events consequent
+upon the truce.--Visiting the Holy City.--Saladin restraining
+the Saracens from revenge.--The visit of the bishop to
+Jerusalem.--Saladin's just opinion of King Richard.--The
+institution for the entertainment of pilgrims.
+
+
+The result of the battle of Jaffa greatly strengthened and improved
+the condition of the Crusaders, and in the same proportion it weakened
+and discouraged Saladin and the Saracens. But, after all, instead of
+giving to either party the predominance, it only placed them more
+nearly on a footing of equality than before. It began to be pretty
+plain that neither of the contending parties was strong enough, or
+would soon be likely to be strong enough to accomplish its purposes.
+Richard could not take Jerusalem from Saladin, nor could Saladin drive
+Richard out of the Holy Land.
+
+In this state of things, it was finally agreed upon between Richard
+and Saladin that a truce should be made. The negotiations for this
+truce were protracted through several weeks, and the summer was gone
+before it was concluded. It was a truce for a long period, the
+duration of it being more than three years. Still, it was strictly a
+truce, not a peace, since a termination was assigned to it.
+
+Richard preferred to make a truce rather than a peace for the sake of
+appearances at home. He did not wish that it should be understood
+that, in leaving the Holy Land and returning home, he abandoned all
+design of recovering the Holy Sepulchre. He allowed three years, on
+the supposition that that would be time enough for him to return home,
+to set every thing in order in his dominions, to organize a new
+crusade on a larger scale, and to come back again. In the mean time,
+he reserved, by a stipulation of the treaty, the right to occupy, by
+such portion of his army as he should leave behind, the portion of
+territory on the coast which he had conquered, and which he then held,
+with the exception of one of the cities, which one he was to give up.
+The terms of the treaty, in detail, were as follows:
+
+               STIPULATIONS OF THE TREATY.
+
+     1. The three great cities of Tyre, Acre, and Jaffa, with all
+     the smaller towns and castles on the coast between them,
+     with the territory adjoining, were to be left in the
+     possession of the Christians, and Saladin bound himself that
+     they should not be attacked or molested in any way there
+     during the continuance of the truce.
+
+     2. Ascalon, which lay farther to the south, and was not
+     necessary for the uses of Richard's army, was to be given
+     up; but Saladin was to pay, on receiving it, the estimated
+     cost which Richard had incurred in rebuilding the
+     fortifications. Saladin, however, was not to occupy it
+     himself as a fortified town. It was to be so far dismantled
+     as only to be used as a commercial city.
+
+     3. The Christians bound themselves to remain within their
+     territory in peace, to make no excursions from it for
+     warlike purposes into the interior, nor in any manner to
+     injure or oppress the inhabitants of the surrounding
+     country.
+
+     4. All persons who might desire to go to Jerusalem in a
+     peaceful way as visitors or pilgrims, whether they were
+     knights or soldiers belonging to the army, or actual
+     pilgrims arriving at Acre from the different Christian
+     countries of Europe, were to be allowed to pass freely to
+     and fro, and Saladin bound himself to protect them from all
+     harm.
+
+     5. The truce thus agreed upon was to continue in force three
+     years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three
+     hours; and at the end of that time, each party was released
+     from all obligations arising under the treaty, and either
+     was at liberty immediately to resume the war.
+
+The signing of the treaty was the signal for general rejoicing in all
+divisions of the army. One of the first fruits of it was that the
+knights and soldiers all immediately began to form parties for
+visiting Jerusalem. It was obvious that all could not go at once; and
+Richard told the French soldiers who were under the Duke of Burgundy
+that he did not think they were entitled to go at all. They had done
+nothing, he said, to help on the war, but every thing to embarrass and
+impede it, and now he thought that they did not deserve to enjoy any
+share of the fruits of it.
+
+Three large parties were formed and they proceeded, one after the
+other, to visit the Holy City. There was some difficulty in respect to
+the first party, and it required all Saladin's authority to protect
+them from insult or injury by the Saracen people. The animosity and
+anger which they had been so long cherishing against these invaders of
+their country had not had time to subside, and many of them were very
+eager to avenge the wrongs which they had suffered. The friends and
+relatives of the hostages whom Richard had massacred at Acre were
+particularly excited. They came in a body to Saladin's palace, and,
+falling on their knees before him, begged and implored him to allow
+them to take their revenge on the inhuman murderers, now that they had
+them in their power; but Saladin would not listen to them a moment. He
+refused their prayer in the most absolute and positive manner, and he
+took very effectual measures for protecting the party of Christians
+during the whole duration of their visit.
+
+The question being thus settled that the Christian visitors to
+Jerusalem were to be protected, the excitement among the people
+gradually subsided; and, indeed, before long, the current of feeling
+inclined the other way, so that, when the second party arrived, they
+were received with great kindness. Perhaps the first party had taken
+care to conduct themselves in such a manner during their visit, and in
+going and returning, as to conciliate the good-will of their enemies.
+At any rate, after their visit there was no difficulty, and many in
+the camp, who had been too distrustful of Saracenic faith to venture
+with them, now began to join the other parties that were forming, for
+all had a great curiosity to see the city for the sake of which they
+had encountered so many dangers and toils.
+
+With the third party a bishop ventured to go. It was far more
+dangerous for a high dignitary of the Christian Church to join such an
+expedition than for a knight or a common soldier, both because such a
+man was a more obnoxious object of Mohammedan fanaticism, and thus
+more likely, perhaps, to be attacked, and also because, in case of an
+attack, being unarmed and defenseless, he would be unable to protect
+himself, and be less able even to act efficiently in making his escape
+than a military man, who, as such, was accustomed to all sorts of
+surprises and frays.
+
+The bishop, however, experienced no difficulty. On the contrary, he
+was received with marks of great distinction. Saladin made special
+arrangements to do him honor. He invited him to his palace, and there
+treated him with great respect, and held a long conversation with him.
+In the course of the conversation Saladin desired to know what was
+commonly said of him in the Christian camp.
+
+"What is the common opinion in your army," he asked, "in respect to
+Richard and to me?"
+
+He wished to know which was regarded as the greatest hero.
+
+"My king," replied the bishop, "is regarded the first of all men
+living, both in regard to his valorous deeds and to the generosity of
+his character. That I can not deny. But your fame also is very exalted
+among us; and it is the universal opinion in our army that if you were
+only converted to Christianity, there would not be in the world two
+such princes as Richard and you."
+
+In the course of further conversation Saladin admitted that Richard
+was a great hero, and said that he had a great admiration for him.
+
+"But then," he added, "he does wrong, and acts very unwisely, in
+exposing himself so recklessly to personal danger, when there is no
+sufficient end in view to justify it. To act thus evinces rashness and
+recklessness rather than true courage. For myself, I prefer the
+reputation of wisdom and prudence rather than that of mere blind and
+thoughtless daring."
+
+The bishop, in his conversation with Saladin, represented to him that
+it was necessary for the comfort of the pilgrims who should from time
+to time visit Jerusalem that there should be some public establishment
+to receive and entertain them, and he asked the sultan's permission
+to found such institutions. Saladin acceded to this request, and
+measures were immediately adopted by the bishop to carry the
+arrangement into effect.
+
+Richard himself did not visit Jerusalem. The reason he assigned for
+this was that he was sick at the time. Perhaps the real reason was
+that he could not endure the humiliation of paying a visit, by the
+mere permission of an enemy, to the city which he had so long set his
+heart upon entering triumphantly as a conqueror.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE DEPARTURE FROM PALESTINE.
+
+1192
+
+Richard's reasons for returning home.--Causes of internal
+dissension in England and Normandy.--Longchamp's disguise.--His
+escape from England.--Philip's oath broken.--Pretext for invading
+Normandy.--Proposed marriage of John and Alice.--Richard's return
+unannounced.--Sailing from Palestine.--Richard's apostrophe to the
+Holy Land.
+
+
+One of the chief objects which Richard had in view in concluding the
+truce with Saladin was to be able to have an honorable pretext for
+leaving the Holy Land and setting out on his return to England. He had
+received many letters from his mother urging him to come, and giving
+him alarming accounts of the state of things both in England and
+Normandy.
+
+In England, the reader will perhaps recollect that Richard, when he
+set out on the Crusade, had appointed his brother John regent, in
+connection with his mother Eleanora, but that he had also, in order to
+raise money, appointed several noblemen of high standing and influence
+to offices of responsibility, which they were to exercise, in a great
+measure, independent of John. And, not content with appointing a
+suitable number of these officers, he multiplied them unnecessarily,
+and in some instances conveyed the same jurisdiction, as it were, to
+different persons, thus virtually selling the same office to two
+different men. Of course, this was not done openly and avowedly. The
+transactions were more or less covered up and concealed under
+different disguises. For example, after selling the post of chief
+justiciary, which was an office of great power and emolument, to one
+nobleman, and receiving as much money for it as the nobleman was
+willing to pay, he afterward appointed other noblemen as assistant
+justiciaries, exacting, of course, a large sum of money from each of
+them, and granting them, in consideration of it, much the same powers
+as he had bestowed upon the chief justiciary. Of course, such a
+proceeding as this could only result in continual contentions and
+quarrels among the appointees, to break out as soon as Richard should
+be gone. But the king cared little for that, so long as he could get
+the money.
+
+The quarrels did break out immediately after Richard sailed. There
+were various parties to them. There were Eleanora and John, each
+claiming to be the regent. Then there were two powerful noblemen, both
+maintaining that they had been invested with the supreme power by
+virtue of the offices which they held. The name of one of them was
+Longchamp. He contrived to place himself, for a time, quite at the
+head of affairs, and the whole country was distracted by the wars
+which were waged between him and his partisans and the partisans of
+John. Longchamp was at last defeated, and was obliged to fly from the
+kingdom in disguise. He was found one day by some fishermen's wives,
+on the beach near Dover, in the disguise of an old woman, with a roll
+of cloth under his arm, and a yard-stick in his hand. He was waiting
+for a boat which was to take him across the Channel into France. He
+disguised himself in that way that he might not be known, and when
+seen from behind the metamorphosis was almost complete. The women,
+however, observed something suspicious in the appearance of the
+figure, and so contrived to come nearer and get a peep under the
+bonnet, and there they saw the black beard and whiskers of a man.
+
+Notwithstanding this discovery, Longchamp succeeded in making his
+escape.
+
+As to Normandy, Richard's interests were in still greater danger than
+in England. King Philip had taken the most solemn oaths before he left
+the Holy Land, by which he bound himself not to molest any of
+Richard's dominions, or to take any steps hostile to him, while
+he--that is, Richard--remained away; and that if he should have any
+cause of quarrel against him, he would abstain from all attempts to
+enforce his rights until at least six months after Richard's return.
+It was only on condition of this agreement that Richard would consent
+to remain in Palestine in command of the Crusade, and allow Philip to
+return.
+
+But, notwithstanding this solemn agreement, and all the oaths by which
+it was confirmed, no sooner was Philip safe in France than he
+commenced operations against Richard's dominions. He began to make
+arrangements for an invasion of some of Richard's territories in
+Normandy, under pretext of taking possession again of Alice's dower,
+which it was agreed, by the treaty made at Messina, should be restored
+to him. But it had also been agreed at that treaty that the time for
+the restoration of the dowry should be after Richard's return, so that
+the plans of invasion which Philip was now forming involved clearly a
+very gross breach of faith, committed without any pretense or
+justification whatever. This instance, and multitudes of others like
+it to be found in the histories of those times, show how little there
+was that was genuine and reliable in the lofty sense of honor often
+so highly lauded as one of the characteristics of chivalry.
+
+In justice, however, to all concerned, it must be stated that Philip's
+knights and nobles remonstrated so earnestly against this breach of
+faith, that Philip was compelled to give up his plan, and to content
+himself in his operations against Richard with secret intrigues
+instead of open war. As he knew that John was endeavoring to supplant
+Richard in his kingdom, he sent to him and proposed to join him in
+this plan, and to help him carry it into execution; and he offered him
+the hand of Alice, the princess whom Richard had discarded, to seal
+and secure the alliance. John was quite pleased with this proposal;
+and information of these intrigues, more or less definite, came to
+Richard in Palestine about the time of the battle of Jaffa, from
+Eleanora, who contrived in some way to find out what was going on. The
+tidings threw Richard into a fever of anxiety to leave Palestine and
+return home.
+
+It was about the first of October that Richard set sail from Acre on
+his return, with a small squadron containing his immediate attendants.
+He himself embarked in a war-ship. The queens, taking with them the
+captive princess of Cyprus and the other members of their family,
+went as they came, in a vessel specially arranged for them, and under
+the care of their old protector, Stephen of Turnham. The queens
+embarked first in their vessel and sailed away. Richard followed soon
+afterward. His plan was to leave the coast as quietly and in as
+private a manner as possible. If it were to be understood in France
+and England that he was on his return, he did not know what plans
+might be formed to intercept him. So he kept his departure as much as
+possible a secret, and the more completely to carry out this design,
+he gave up for the voyage all his royal style and pretensions, and
+dressed himself as a simple knight.
+
+The vessels slipped away from the coast, one after another, in the
+evening, in a manner to attract as little attention as possible. They
+made but little progress during the night. In the morning the shore
+was still in view, though fast disappearing. Richard gazed upon it as
+he stood on the deck of his galley, and then took leave of it by
+stretching out his hands and exclaiming,
+
+"Most holy land, farewell! I commend thee to God's keeping and care.
+May He give me life and health to return and rescue thee from the
+hands of the infidel."
+
+The effect of this apostrophe on the by-standers, and on those to whom
+the by-standers reported it, was excellent, and it was probably for
+the sake of this effect that Richard uttered it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+RICHARD MADE CAPTIVE.
+
+1192
+
+The returning Crusaders met by a storm.--Richard's sudden change
+of course.--His route homeward.--King Richard traveling in
+disguise of a pilgrim.--Richard's enemies in Germany.--Fancied
+security.--Richard solicits a passport.--Maynard's answer.--The
+alarm given.--King Richard's flight through Germany.--Richard
+concealed near Vienna.--His messenger.--Torturing the
+messenger.--The king a captive.--The archduke imprisons Richard
+in Tiernsteign.--The emperor buys the prisoner.
+
+
+It was now late in the season, and the autumnal gales had begun to
+blow. It was but a very short time after the vessels left the port
+before so severe a storm came on that the fleet was dispersed, and
+many of the vessels were driven upon the neighboring coasts and
+destroyed. The Crusaders that had been left in Acre and Jaffa were
+rather pleased at this than otherwise. They had been indignant at
+Richard and the knights who were with him for having left them, to
+return home, and they said now that the storm was a judgment from
+Heaven against the men on board the vessels for abandoning their work,
+and going away from the Holy Land, and leaving the tomb and the cross
+of Christ unredeemed. Some of the ships, it is said, were thrown on
+the coasts of Africa, and the seamen and knights, as fast as they
+escaped to the shore, were seized and made slaves.
+
+Richard's ship, and also the one in which the queens were embarked,
+being stronger and better manned than the others, weathered the gale.
+After it was over, the queens' vessel steered for Sicily, where, in
+due time, they arrived in safety.
+
+Richard did not intend to trust himself to go to any place where he
+was known. Accordingly, as soon as he found himself fairly separated
+from all the other vessels, he suddenly changed his course, and turned
+northward toward the mouth of the Adriatic Sea. He landed at the
+island of Corfu.[G] Here he dismissed his ship, and took three small
+galleys instead, to go up to the head of the Adriatic Sea, and thence
+to make his way homeward by land through the heart of Germany.
+
+[Footnote G: For the situation of this island, see the map on page
+164.]
+
+He probably thought that this was the safest and best course that he
+could take. He did not dare to go through France for fear of Philip.
+To go all the way by sea, which would require him to sail out through
+the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic, would require altogether
+too long and dangerous a voyage for so late a season of the year. The
+only alternative left was to attempt to pass through Germany; and, as
+the German powers were hostile to him, it was not safe for him to
+undertake this unless he went in disguise.
+
+So he sailed in the three galleys which he procured in Corfu to the
+head of the Adriatic Sea, and landed at a place called Zara. Here he
+put on the dress of a pilgrim. He had suffered his hair and beard to
+grow long, and this, with the flowing robes of his pilgrim's dress,
+and the crosier which he bore in his hand, completed his disguise.
+
+But, though he might make himself _look_ like a pilgrim, he could not
+act like one. He was well provided with money, and his mode of
+spending it, though it might have been, perhaps, very sparing for a
+king, was very lavish for a pilgrim; and the people, as he passed
+along, wondered who the party of strangers could be. Partly to account
+for the comparative ease and comfort with which he traveled, Richard
+pretended that he was a merchant, and, though making his pilgrimage on
+foot, was by no means poor.
+
+Richard knew very well that he was incurring a great risk in
+attempting to pass through Germany in this way, for the country was
+full of his foes. The Emperor of Germany was his special enemy, on
+account of his having supported Tancred's cause in Sicily, the
+emperor himself, as the husband of the Lady Constance, having been
+designated by the former King of Sicily as his successor. Richard's
+route led, too, through the dominions of the Archduke of Austria, whom
+he had quarreled with and incensed so bitterly in the Holy Land.
+Besides this, there were various chieftains in that part of the
+country, relatives of Conrad of Montferrat, whom every body believed
+that Richard had caused to be murdered.
+
+Richard was thus passing through a country full of enemies, and he
+might naturally be supposed to feel some anxiety about the result;
+but, instead of proceeding cautiously, and watching against the
+dangers that beset him, he went on quite at his ease, believing that
+his good fortune would carry him safely through.
+
+He went on for some days, traveling by lonely roads through the
+mountains, until at length he approached a large town. The governor of
+the town was a man named Maynard, a near relative of Conrad, and it
+seems that in some way or other he had learned that Richard was
+returning to England, and had reason to suppose that he might endeavor
+to pass that way. Richard did not think it prudent to attempt to go
+through the town without a passport, so he sent forward a page whom he
+had in his party to get one. He gave the page a very valuable ruby
+ring to present to the governor, directing him to say that it was a
+present from a pilgrim merchant, who, with a priest and a few other
+attendants, was traveling through the country, and wished for
+permission to go through his town.
+
+The governor took the ring, and after examining it attentively and
+observing its value, he said to the page,
+
+"This is not the present of a pilgrim, but of a prince. Tell your
+master that I know who he is. He is Richard, King of England.
+Nevertheless, he may come and go in peace."
+
+Richard was very much alarmed when the page brought back the message.
+That very night he procured horses for himself and one or two others,
+and drove on as fast as he could go, leaving the rest of the party
+behind. The next day those that were left were all taken prisoners,
+and the news was noised abroad over the country that King Richard was
+passing through in disguise, and a large reward was offered by the
+government for his apprehension. Of course, now every body was on the
+watch for him.
+
+The king, however, succeeded in avoiding observation and going on some
+distance farther, until at length, at a certain town where he stopped,
+he was seen by a knight who had known him in Normandy. The knight at
+once recognized him, but would not betray him. On the contrary, he
+concealed him for the night, and provided for him a fresh horse the
+next day. This horse was a fleet one, so that Richard could gallop
+away upon him and make his escape, in case of any sudden surprise.
+Here Richard dismissed all his remaining attendants except his page,
+and they two set out together.
+
+They traveled three days and three nights, pursuing the most retired
+roads that they could find, and not entering any house during all that
+time. The only rest that they got was by halting at lonely places by
+the road side, in the forests, or among the mountains. In these places
+Richard would remain concealed, while the boy went to a village, if
+there was any village near, to buy food. He generally got very little,
+and sometimes none at all. The horse ate whatever he could find. Thus,
+at the end of the three days, they were all nearly starved.
+
+Besides this, they had lost their way, and were now drawing near to
+the great city of Vienna, the most dangerous place for Richard to
+approach in all the land. He was, however, exhausted with hunger and
+fatigue, and from these and other causes he fell sick, so that he
+could proceed no farther. So he went into a small village near the
+town, and sent the boy in to the market to buy something to eat, and
+also to procure some other comforts which he greatly needed. The
+people in the town observed the peculiar dress of the boy, and his
+foreign air, and their attention was still more excited by noticing
+how plentifully he was supplied with money. They asked him who he was.
+He said he was the servant of a foreign merchant who was traveling
+through the country, and who had been taken sick near by.
+
+The people seemed satisfied with this explanation, and so they let the
+boy go.
+
+Richard was so exhausted and so sick that he could not travel again
+immediately, and so he had occasion, in a day or two, to send the boy
+into town again. This continued for some days, and the curiosity of
+the people became more and more awakened. At last they observed about
+the page some articles of dress such as were only worn by attendants
+upon kings. It is surprising that Richard should have been so
+thoughtless as to have allowed him to wear them. But such was his
+character. The people finally seized the boy, and the authorities
+ordered him to be whipped to make him tell who he was. The boy bore
+the pain very heroically, but at length they threatened to put him to
+the torture, and, among other things, to cut out his tongue, if he did
+not tell. He was so terrified by this that at last he confessed the
+truth and told them where they might find the king.
+
+A band of soldiers was immediately sent to seize him. The story is
+that Richard, at the time when the soldiers arrived, was in the
+kitchen turning the spit to roast the dinner. After surrounding the
+house to prevent the possibility of an escape, the soldiers demanded
+at the door if King Richard was there. The man answered, "No, not
+unless the Templar was he who was turning the spit in the kitchen." So
+the soldiers went in to see. The leader exclaimed, "Yes, that is he:
+take him!" But Richard seized his sword, and, rushing to a position
+where he could defend himself, declared to the soldiers that he would
+not surrender to any but their chief. So the soldiers, deeming it
+desirable to take him alive, paused until they could send for the
+archduke. The archduke had left the Holy Land and returned home some
+time before. Richard, however, did not probably know that he was
+passing through his dominions.
+
+When the archduke came, Richard, knowing that resistance would be of
+no avail, delivered up his sword and became a prisoner.
+
+"You are very fortunate," said Leopold. "In becoming my prisoner, you
+ought to consider yourself as having fallen into the hands of a
+deliverer rather than an enemy. If you had been taken by any of
+Conrad's friends, who are hunting for you every where, you would have
+been instantly torn to pieces, they are so indignant against you."
+
+When the archduke had thus secured Richard, he sent him, for safe
+keeping, to a castle in the country belonging to one of his barons,
+and gave notice to the emperor of what had occurred. The name of the
+castle in which Richard was confined was Tiernsteign.
+
+As soon as the emperor heard that Richard was taken he was overjoyed.
+He immediately sent to Leopold, the archduke, and claimed the prisoner
+as his.
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN.]
+
+"_You_ can not rightfully hold him," said he. "A duke can not
+presume to imprison a king; that duty belongs to an emperor."
+
+But the archduke was not willing to give Richard up. A negotiation
+was, however, opened, and finally he consented to sell his prisoner
+for a large sum of money. The emperor took him away, and what he did
+with him for a long time nobody knew.
+
+In the mean while, during the period occupied by the voyage of Richard
+up the Adriatic, by his long and slow journey by land, and by the time
+of his imprisonment in Tiernsteign, the winter had passed away, and it
+was now the spring of 1193.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+THE RETURN TO ENGLAND.
+
+1193-1199
+
+Conjectures of Richard's friends.--Queen Berengaria in
+Rome.--Richard in prison.--He is discovered by
+Blondel.--Berengaria's distress at the loss of her husband.--The
+people of England sympathize with Richard.--King Richard arraigned
+before the German Diet.--The six charges against the
+king.--Richard's ransom to be divided between the emperor and the
+archduke.--Richard finally reaches England.--Flight of John.--The
+expedition to Normandy.--Ill treatment of Berengaria.--Richard's
+reckless immoralities.--A warning.--Sudden illness.--Recovery.--The
+peasant's discovery of hidden treasures.--Videmar denies the
+story.--Richard shot by Bertrand's arrow.--King Richard's
+reign.--The character of the "lion-hearted."
+
+
+During all this time the people of England were patiently waiting for
+Richard's return, and wondering what had become of him. They knew that
+he had sailed from Palestine in October, and various were the
+conjectures as to his fate. Some thought that he had been shipwrecked;
+others, that he had fallen into the hands of the Moors; but all was
+uncertainty, for no tidings had been heard of him since he sailed from
+Acre. Berengaria had arrived safely at Messina, and after remaining
+there a little time she proceeded on her journey, under the care of
+Stephen, as far as Rome, very anxious all the time about her husband.
+Here she stopped, not daring to go any farther. She felt safe in Rome,
+under the protection of the Pope.
+
+The emperor attempted to keep Richard's imprisonment a secret. On
+removing him from Tiernsteign, he shut him up in one of his own
+castles on the Danube named Durenstein. Here the king was closely
+imprisoned. He did not, however, yield to any depression of spirits in
+view of his hard fate, but spent his time in composing and singing
+songs, and in drinking and carousing with the people of the castle.
+Here he remained during the spring and summer of 1193, and all the
+world were wondering what had become of him.
+
+At length rumors began gradually to circulate in respect to him among
+the neighboring countries, and the conduct of the emperor, in seizing
+and imprisoning him, was very generally condemned. How the
+intelligence first reached England is not precisely known. One story
+is, that a celebrated Troubadour, named Blondel, who had known Richard
+in Palestine, was traveling through Germany, and in his journey he
+passed along the road in front of the castle where Richard was
+confined. As he went he was singing one of his songs. Richard knew the
+song, and so, when the Troubadour had finished a stanza, he sang the
+next one through the bars of his prison window. Blondel recognized the
+voice, and instantly understood that Richard had been made a prisoner.
+He, however, said nothing, but went on, and immediately took measures
+to make known in England what he had learned.
+
+Another account is, that the emperor himself wrote to Philip, King of
+France, informing him of the King of England's imprisonment in one of
+his castles, and that some person betrayed a copy of this letter to
+Richard's friends in England.
+
+It is said that Berengaria received the first intimation in respect to
+Richard's fate by seeing a belt of jewels offered for sale in Rome
+which she knew he had had about his person when he left Acre. She made
+all the inquiry that she could in respect to the belt, but she could
+only learn that Richard must be somewhere in Germany. It was a relief
+to her mind to find that he was alive, but she was greatly distressed
+to think that he was probably a prisoner, and she implored the Pope to
+interpose his aid and procure his release. The Pope did interpose. He
+immediately excommunicated Leopold for having seized Richard and
+imprisoned him, and he threatened to excommunicate the emperor himself
+if he did not release him.
+
+In the mean time, the tidings in respect to Richard's situation
+produced a great excitement throughout England. John was glad to hear
+it, and he hoped most devoutly that his brother would never be
+released. He immediately began to take measures, in concert with
+Philip, to secure the crown to himself. The people, on the other hand,
+were very indignant against the Emperor of Germany, and every one was
+eager to take some efficient measures to secure the king's release. A
+great meeting was called of the barons, the bishops, and all the great
+officers of the realm, at Oxford, where, when they had assembled, they
+renewed their oaths of allegiance to their sovereign, and then
+appointed a delegation, consisting of two abbots, to go and visit the
+king, and confer with him in respect to what was best to be done. They
+chose two ecclesiastics for their messengers, thinking that they would
+be more likely to be allowed to go and come without molestation, than
+knights or barons, or any other military men.
+
+The abbots proceeded to Germany, and there the first interview which
+they had with Richard was on the road, as the emperor was taking him
+to the capital in order to bring him before a great assembly of the
+empire, called the Diet, for the purpose of trial.
+
+Richard was overjoyed to see his friends. He was, however, very much
+vexed when he heard from them of the plans which John and Philip were
+engaged in for dispossessing him of his kingdom. He said, however,
+that he had very little fear of any thing that they could do.
+
+"My brother John," said he, "has not courage enough to accomplish any
+thing. He never will get a kingdom by his valor."
+
+When he arrived at the town where the Diet was to be held, Richard had
+an interview with the emperor. The emperor had two objects in view in
+detaining Richard a prisoner. One was to prevent his having it in his
+power to help Tancred in keeping him, the emperor, out of possession
+of the kingdom of Sicily, and the other was to obtain, when he should
+set him at liberty at last, a large sum of money for a ransom. When he
+told Richard what sum of money he would take, Richard refused the
+offer, saying that he would die rather than degrade his crown by
+submitting to such terms, and impoverishing his kingdom in raising the
+money.
+
+The emperor then, in order to bring a heavier pressure to bear upon
+him, arraigned him before a Diet as a criminal. The following were the
+charges which he brought against him:
+
+     1. That he had formed an alliance with Tancred, the usurper
+     of Sicily, and thus made himself a partaker in Tancred's
+     crimes.
+
+     2. That he had invaded the dominions of Isaac, the Christian
+     king of Cyprus, deposed the king, laid waste his dominions,
+     and plundered his treasures; and, finally, had sent the
+     unhappy king to pine away and die in a Syrian dungeon.
+
+     3. That, while in the Holy Land, he had offered repeated and
+     unpardonable insults to the Archduke of Austria, and,
+     through him, to the whole German nation.
+
+     4. That he had been the cause of the failure of the Crusade,
+     in consequence of the quarrels which he had excited between
+     himself and the French king by his domineering and violent
+     behavior.
+
+     5. That he had employed assassins to murder Conrad of
+     Montferrat.
+
+     6. That, finally, he had betrayed the Christian cause by
+     concluding a base truce with Saladin, and leaving Jerusalem
+     in his hands.
+
+It is possible that the motive which led the emperor to make these
+charges against Richard was not any wish or design to have him
+convicted and punished, but only to impress him more strongly with a
+sense of the danger of his situation, with a view of bringing him to
+consent to the payment of a ransom. At any rate, the trial resulted
+in nothing but a negotiation in respect to the amount of ransom-money
+to be paid.
+
+Finally, a sum was agreed upon. Richard was sent back to his prison,
+and the abbots returned to England to see what could be done in
+respect to raising the money.
+
+The people of England undertook the task not only with willingness,
+but with alacrity. The amount required was nearly a million of
+dollars, which, in those days, was a very large sum even for a kingdom
+to pay. The amount was to be paid in silver. Two thirds of it was to
+go to the emperor, and the other third to the archduke, who, when he
+sold his prisoner to the emperor, had reserved a right to a portion of
+the ransom-money whenever it should be paid.
+
+As soon as two thirds of the whole amount was paid, Richard was to be
+released on condition of his giving hostages as security for the
+remainder.
+
+It took a long time to raise all this money, and various
+embarrassments were created in the course of the transaction by the
+emperor's bad faith, for he changed his terms from time to time,
+demanding more and more as he found that the interest which the
+people of England took in the case would bear. At last, however, in
+February, 1194, about two years after Richard was first imprisoned, a
+sufficient sum arrived to make up the first payment, and Richard was
+set free.
+
+After meeting with various adventures on his journey home, he arrived
+on the English coast about the middle of March.
+
+The people of the country were filled with joy at hearing of his
+return, and they gave him a magnificent reception. One of the German
+barons who came home with him said, when he saw the enthusiasm of the
+people, that if the emperor had known how much interested in his fate
+the people of England were, he would not have let him off with so
+small a ransom.
+
+John was, of course, in great terror when he heard that Richard was
+coming home. He abandoned every thing and fled to Normandy. Richard
+issued a decree that if he did not come back and give himself up
+within forty days, his estates should all be confiscated. John was
+thrown into a state of great perplexity by this, and did not know what
+to do.
+
+As soon as Richard had arranged his affairs a little in England, he
+determined to be crowned again anew, as if his two years of captivity
+had broken the continuity of his reign. Accordingly, a new coronation
+was arranged, and it was celebrated, as the first one had been, with
+the greatest pomp and splendor.
+
+After this Richard determined to proceed to Normandy, with a view of
+there making war upon Philip and punishing him for his treachery. On
+his landing in Normandy, John came to him in a most abject and
+submissive manner, and, throwing himself at his feet, begged his
+forgiveness. Eleanora joined him in the petition. Richard said that,
+out of regard to his mother's wishes, he would pardon him.
+
+"And I hope," said he, "that I shall as easily forget the injuries he
+has done me as he will forget my forbearance in pardoning him."
+
+Poor Berengaria was very illy rewarded for the devotion which she had
+manifested to her husband's interests, and for the efforts she had
+made to secure his release. She had come home from Rome a short time
+before her husband arrived, but he, when he came, manifested no
+interest in rejoining her. Instead of that, he connected himself with
+a number of wicked associates, both male and female, whom he had known
+before he went to the Holy Land, and lived a life of open profligacy
+with them, leaving Berengaria to pine in neglect, alone and forsaken.
+She was almost heart-broken to be thus abandoned, and several of the
+principal ecclesiastics of the kingdom remonstrated very strongly with
+Richard for this wicked conduct. But these remonstrances were of no
+avail. Richard abandoned himself more and more to drunkenness and
+profligacy, until at length his character became truly infamous.
+
+One day in 1195, when he was hunting in the forest of Normandy, he was
+met by a hermit, who boldly expostulated with him on account of the
+wickedness of his life. The hermit told him that, by the course he was
+pursuing, he was grievously offending God, and that, unless he stopped
+short in his course and repented of his sins, he was doomed to be
+brought very soon to a miserable end by a special judgment from
+heaven.
+
+The king pretended not to pay much attention to this prophecy, but not
+long afterward he was suddenly seized with a severe illness, and then
+he became exceedingly alarmed. He sent for all the monks and priests
+within ten miles around to come to him, and began to confess his sins
+with apparently very deep compunction for them, and begged them to
+pray for God's forgiveness. He promised them solemnly that, if God
+would spare his life, he would return to Berengaria, and thenceforth
+be a true and faithful husband to her as long as he lived.
+
+He recovered from his sickness, and he so far kept the vows which he
+had made as to seek a reconciliation with Berengaria, and to live with
+her afterward, ostensibly at least, on good terms.
+
+For three years after this Richard was engaged in wars with Philip
+chiefly on the frontiers between France and Normandy. At last, in the
+midst of this contest, he suddenly came to his death under
+circumstances of a remarkable character. He had heard that a peasant
+in the territory of one of his barons, named Videmar, in plowing in
+the field, had come upon a trap-door in the ground which covered and
+concealed the entrance to a cave, and that, on going down into the
+cave, he had found a number of golden statues, with vases full of
+diamonds, and other treasures, and that the whole had been taken out
+and carried to the Castle Chaluz, belonging to Videmar. Richard
+immediately proceeded to Videmar, and demanded that the treasures
+should be given up to him as the sovereign. Videmar replied that the
+rumor which had been spread was false; that nothing had been found
+but a pot of old Roman coins, which Richard was welcome to have, if he
+desired them. Richard replied that he did not believe that story; and
+that, unless Videmar delivered up the statues and jewels, he would
+storm the castle. Videmar repeated that he had no statues and jewels,
+and so Richard brought up his troops and opened the siege.
+
+During the siege, a knight named Bertrand de Gordon, standing on the
+wall, and seeing Richard on the ground below in a position where he
+thought he could reach him with an arrow, drew his bow and took aim.
+As he shot it he prayed to God to speed it well. The arrow struck
+Richard in the shoulder. In trying to draw it out they broke the
+shaft, thus leaving the barb in the wound. Richard was borne to his
+tent, and a surgeon was sent for to cut out the barb. This made the
+wound greater, and in a short time inflammation set in, mortification
+ensued, and death drew nigh. When he found that all was over with him,
+and that his end had come, he was overwhelmed with remorse, and he
+died at length in anguish and despair.
+
+His death took place in the spring of 1199. He had reigned over
+England ten years, though not one of these years had he spent in that
+kingdom.
+
+Berengaria lived afterward for thirty years.
+
+King Richard the First is known in history as the lion-hearted, and
+well did he deserve the name. It is characteristic of the lion to be
+fierce, reckless, and cruel, intent only in pursuing the aims which
+his own lordly and impetuous appetites and passions demand, without
+the least regard to any rights of others that he may trample under
+foot, or to the sufferings that he may inflict on the innocent and
+helpless. This was Richard's character precisely, and he was proud of
+it. His glory consisted in his reckless and brutal ferocity. He
+pretended to be the champion and defender of the cause of Christ, but
+it is hardly possible to conceive of a character more completely
+antagonistic than his to the just, gentle, and forgiving spirit which
+the precepts of Jesus are calculated to form.
+
+               THE END.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters errors, and to
+ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.
+
+2. The chapter summaries in this text were originally published as
+banners in the page headers, and have been moved to beginning of the
+chapter for the reader's convenience.
+
+3. Footnote G has been changed to refer the reader to page 164, to
+correct a typesetter's error.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Richard I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 17, 2008 [EBook #26939]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RICHARD I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h2>Makers of History</h2>
+
+<h1>Richard I.</h1>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By</span> JACOB ABBOTT</h3>
+
+<h3>WITH ENGRAVINGS</h3>
+
+<p class="gap">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 124px;">
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="124" height="150" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="smallgap">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK AND LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="center">HARPER &amp; BROTHERS PUBLISHERS</p>
+
+<p class="center">1902</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p class="center">
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight
+hundred and fifty-seven, by</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Harper &amp; Brothers</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern District of<br />
+New York.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Copyright, 1885, by <span class="smcap">Benjamin Vaughan Abbott</span>, <span class="smcap">Austin Abbott</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lyman Abbott</span>, and <span class="smcap">Edward Abbott</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>The author of this series has made it his special object to confine
+himself very strictly, even in the most minute details which he
+records, to historic truth. The narratives are not tales founded upon
+history, but history itself, without any embellishment, or any
+deviations from the strict truth so far as it can now be discovered by
+an attentive examination of the annals written at the time when the
+events themselves occurred. In writing the narratives, the author has
+endeavored to avail himself of the best sources of information which
+this country affords; and though, of course, there must be in these
+volumes, as in all historical accounts, more or less of imperfection
+and error, there is no intentional embellishment. Nothing is stated,
+not even the most minute and apparently imaginary details, without
+what was deemed good historical authority. The readers, therefore, may
+rely upon the record as the truth, and nothing but the truth, so far
+as an honest purpose and a careful examination have been effectual in
+ascertaining it.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="CONTENTS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">Chapter</td>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">I.</td>
+<td align="left">KING RICHARD'S MOTHER</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#KING_RICHARD_I">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">II.</td>
+<td align="left">RICHARD'S EARLY LIFE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_II">35</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">III.</td>
+<td align="left">FAIR ROSAMOND</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_III">52</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IV.</td>
+<td align="left">ACCESSION OF RICHARD TO THE THRONE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IV">66</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">V.</td>
+<td align="left">THE CORONATION</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_V">79</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VI.</td>
+<td align="left">PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VI">89</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE EMBARKATION</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VII">101</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VIII.</td>
+<td align="left">KING RICHARD AT MESSINA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VIII">117</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IX.</td>
+<td align="left">BERENGARIA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IX">143</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">X.</td>
+<td align="left">THE CAMPAIGN IN CYPRUS</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_X">160</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XI.</td>
+<td align="left">VOYAGE TO ACRE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XI">185</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE ARRIVAL AT ACRE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XII">196</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XIII.</td>
+<td align="left">DIFFICULTIES</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XIII">204</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XIV.</td>
+<td align="left">THE FALL OF ACRE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XIV">211</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XV.</td>
+<td align="left">PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XV">229</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XVI.</td>
+<td align="left">REVERSES</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XVI">249</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XVII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XVII">267</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XVIII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE BATTLE OF JAFFA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XVIII">283</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XIX.</td>
+<td align="left">THE TRUCE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XIX">297</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XX.</td>
+<td align="left">THE DEPARTURE FROM PALESTINE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XX">305</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XXI.</td>
+<td align="left">RICHARD MADE CAPTIVE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XXI">312</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XXII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE RETURN TO ENGLAND</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XXII">324</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="ENGRAVINGS" id="ENGRAVINGS"></a>ENGRAVINGS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="ENGRAVINGS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">MAP</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PREACHING THE CRUSADES</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF WOODSTOCK</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE BATTERING-RAM</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE BALLISTA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE CATAPULTA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE LETTER</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">ROUTE OF RICHARD'S FLEET</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">KING RICHARD'S SEAL</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">RAMPARTS OF ACRE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE ASSAULT</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THROWING SHELLS</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">SALADIN'S PRESENT</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="KING_RICHARD_I" id="KING_RICHARD_I"></a>KING RICHARD I.</h2>
+
+<h2><a name="Chapter_I" id="Chapter_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">King Richard's Mother.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1137-1154</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard the Crusader.<br />A quarrelsome king.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">K</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ing</span> Richard the First, the Crusader, was a boisterous, reckless, and
+desperate man, and he made a great deal of noise in the world in his
+day. He began his career very early in life by quarreling with his
+father. Indeed, his father, his mother, and all his brothers and
+sisters were engaged, as long as the father lived, in perpetual wars
+against each other, which were waged with the most desperate
+fierceness on all sides. The subject of these quarrels was the
+different possessions which the various branches of the family held or
+claimed in France and in England, each endeavoring to dispossess the
+others. In order to understand the nature of these difficulties, and
+also to comprehend fully what sort of a woman Richard's mother was, we
+must first pay a little attention <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>to the map of the countries over
+which these royal personages held sway.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 284px;">
+<img src="images/i010.jpg" class="jpg ispace" width="284" height="350" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Richard's kingdom.<br />Union of England and Normandy.<br />England was a possession of Normandy.</div>
+
+<p>We have already seen, in another volume of this series,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> how the two
+countries of Normandy on the Continent, and of England, became united
+under one government. England, however, did <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>not conquer and hold
+Normandy; it was Normandy that conquered and held England. The
+relative situation of these two countries is shown on the map.
+Normandy, it will be seen, was situated in the northern part of
+France, being separated from England by the English Channel. Besides
+Normandy, the sovereigns of the country held various other possessions
+in France, and this French portion of the compound realm over which
+they reigned they considered as far the most important portion.
+England was but a sort of appendage to their empire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora of Aquitaine.</div>
+
+<p>You will see by the map the situation of the River Loire. It rises in
+the centre of France, and flows to the westward, through a country
+which was, even in those days, very fertile and beautiful. South of
+the Loire was a sort of kingdom, then under the dominion of a young
+and beautiful princess named Eleanora. The name of her kingdom was
+Aquitaine. This lady afterward became the mother of Richard. She was
+very celebrated in her day, and has since been greatly renowned in
+history under the name of Eleanora of Aquitaine.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The contemporaries of Eleanora.<br />Royal match-making.</div>
+
+<p>Eleanora received her realm from her grandfather. Her father had gone
+on a crusade with his brother, Eleanora's uncle, Raymond, and had
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> been killed in the East. Raymond had made himself master of Antioch.
+We shall presently hear of this Raymond again. The grandfather
+abdicated in Eleanora's favor when she was about fourteen years of
+age. There were two other powerful sovereigns in France at this time,
+Louis, King of France, who reigned in Paris, and Henry, Duke of
+Normandy and King of England. King Louis of France had a son, the
+Prince Louis, who was heir to the crown. Eleanora's grandfather formed
+the scheme of marrying her to this Prince Louis, and thus to unite his
+kingdom to hers. He himself was tired of ruling, and wished to resign
+his power, with a view of spending the rest of his days in penitence
+and prayer. He had been a very wicked man in his day, and now, as he
+was growing old, he was harassed by remorse for his sins, and wished,
+if possible, to make some atonement for them by his penances before he
+died.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The conditions of the marriage.</div>
+
+<p>So he called all his barons together, and laid his plans before them.
+They consented to them on two conditions. One was, that Eleanora
+should first see Louis, and say whether she was willing to have him
+for her husband. If not, she was not to be compelled to marry him. The
+other condition was, that their country, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>Aquitaine, was not to be
+combined with the dominions of the King of France after the marriage,
+but was to continue a separate and independent realm, to be governed
+by Louis and Eleanora, not as King and Queen of France, but as Duke
+and Duchess of Aquitaine. Both these conditions were complied with.
+The interview was arranged between Louis and Eleanora, and Eleanora
+concluded that she should like the king for a husband very much. At
+least she said so, and the marriage was concluded.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apparent prosperity of Eleanora.</div>
+
+<p>Indeed, the match thus arranged for Eleanora was, in all worldly
+respects, the most eligible one that could be made. Her husband was
+the heir-apparent to the throne of France. His capital was Paris,
+which was then, as now, the great centre in Europe of all splendor and
+gayety. The father of Louis was old, and not likely to live long;
+indeed, he died very soon after the marriage, and thus Eleanora, when
+scarcely fifteen, became Queen of France as well as Duchess of
+Aquitaine, and was thus raised to the highest pinnacle of worldly
+grandeur.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora's accomplishments.</div>
+
+<p>She was young and beautiful, and very gay in her disposition, and she
+entered at once upon a life of pleasure. She had been well educated.
+She could sing the songs of the Troubadours, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>which was the
+fashionable music of those days, in a most charming manner. Indeed,
+she composed music herself, and wrote lines to accompany it. She was
+quite celebrated for her learning, on account of her being able both
+to read and write: these were rare accomplishments for ladies in those
+days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Crusades.</div>
+
+<p>She spent a considerable portion of her time in Paris, at the court of
+her husband, but then she often returned to Aquitaine, where she held
+a sort of court of her own in Bordeaux, which was her capital. She led
+this sort of life for some time, until at length she was induced to
+form a design of going to the East on a crusade. The Crusades were
+military expeditions which went from the western countries of Europe
+to conquer Palestine from the Turks, in order to recover possession of
+Jerusalem and of the sepulchre where the body of Christ was laid.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A monk preaching the Crusades.</div>
+
+<p>It had been for some time the practice for the princes and knights,
+and other potentates of France and England, to go on these
+expeditions, on account of the fame and glory which those who
+distinguished themselves acquired. The people were excited, moreover,
+to join the Crusades by the preachings of monks and hermits, who
+harangued them in public places and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>urged them to go. At these
+assemblages the monks held up symbols of the crucifixion, to inspire
+their zeal, and promised them the special favor of heaven if they
+would go. They said that whoever devoted himself to this great cause
+should surely be pardoned for all the sins and crimes that he had
+committed, whatever they might be; and whenever they heard of the
+commission of any great crimes by potentates or rulers, they would
+seize upon the occasion to urge the guilty persons to go and fight for
+the cross in Palestine, as a means of wiping away their guilt.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i015.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="323" alt="PREACHING THE CRUSADES." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PREACHING THE CRUSADES.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The reasons why Louis and Eleanora undertook a crusade.</div>
+
+<p>One of these preachers charged such a crime <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>upon Louis, the husband
+of Eleanora. It seems that, in a quarrel which he had with one of his
+neighbors, he had sent an armed force to invade his enemy's dominions,
+and in storming a town a cathedral had been set on fire and burned,
+and fifteen hundred persons, who had taken refuge in it as a
+sanctuary, had perished in the flames. Now it was a very great crime,
+according to the ideas of those times, to violate a sanctuary; and the
+hermit-preacher urged Louis to go on a crusade in order to atone for
+the dreadful guilt he had incurred by not only violating a sanctuary,
+but by overwhelming, in doing it, so many hundreds of innocent women
+and children in the awful suffering of being burned to death. So Louis
+determined to go on a crusade, and Eleanora determined to accompany
+him. Her motive was a love of adventure and a fondness for notoriety.
+She thought that by going out, a young and beautiful princess, at the
+head of an army of Crusaders, into the East, she would make herself a
+renowned heroine in the eyes of the whole world. So she immediately
+commenced her preparations, and by the commanding influence which she
+exerted over the ladies of the court, she soon inspired them all with
+her own romantic ardor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Amazons.<br />The power of ridicule.</div>
+
+<p>The ladies at once laid aside their feminine dress, and clothed
+themselves like Amazons, so that they could ride astride on horseback
+like men. All their talk was of arms, and armor, and horses, and
+camps. They endeavored, too, to interest all the men&mdash;the princes, and
+barons, and knights that surrounded them&mdash;in their plans, and to
+induce them to join the expedition. A great many did so, but there
+were some that shook their heads and seemed inclined to stay at home.
+They knew that so wild and heedless a plan as this could end in
+nothing but disaster. The ladies ridiculed these men for their
+cowardice and want of spirit, and they sent them their distaffs as
+presents. "We have no longer any use for the distaffs," said they,
+"but, as you are intending to stay at home and make women of
+yourselves, we send them to you, so that you may occupy yourselves
+with spinning while we are gone." By such taunts and ridicule as this,
+a great many were shamed into joining the expedition, whose good sense
+made them extremely averse to have any thing to do with it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The plans and purposes of the female Crusaders.</div>
+
+<p>The expedition was at length organized and prepared to set forth. It
+was encumbered by the immense quantity of baggage which the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>queen and
+her party of women insisted on taking. It is true that they had
+assumed the dress of Amazons, but this was only for the camp and the
+field. They expected to enjoy a great many pleasures while they were
+gone, to give and receive a great many entertainments, and to live in
+luxury and splendor in the great cities of the East. So they must
+needs take with them large quantities of baggage, containing dresses
+and stores of female paraphernalia of all kinds. The king remonstrated
+against this folly, but all to no purpose. The ladies thought it very
+hard if, in going on such an expedition, they could not take with them
+the usual little comforts and conveniences appropriate to their sex.
+So it ended with their having their own way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Antioch.<br />Meeting the Saracens.</div>
+
+<p>The caprices and freaks of these women continued to harass and
+interfere with the expedition during the whole course of it. The army
+of Crusaders reached at length a place near Antioch, in Asia Minor,
+where they encountered the Saracens. Antioch was then in the
+possession of the Christians. It was under the command of the Prince
+Raymond, who has already been spoken of as Eleanora's uncle. Raymond
+was a young and very handsome prince, and Eleanora anticipated great
+pleasure in visiting <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>his capital. The expedition had not, however,
+yet reached it, but were advancing through the country, defending
+themselves as well as they could against the troops of Arab horsemen
+that were harassing their march.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Choosing an encampment.<br />The result of the queen's generalship.</div>
+
+<p>The commanders were greatly perplexed in this emergency to know what
+to do with the women, and with their immense train of baggage. The
+king at last sent them on in advance, with all his best troops to
+accompany them. He directed them to go on, and encamp for the night on
+certain high ground which he designated, where they would be safe, he
+said, from an attack by the Arabs. But when they approached the place,
+Eleanora found a green and fertile valley near, which was very
+romantic and beautiful, and she decided at once that this was a much
+prettier place to encamp in than the bare hill above. The officers in
+command of the troops remonstrated in vain. Eleanora and the ladies
+insisted on encamping in the valley. The consequence was, that the
+Arabs came and got possession of the hill, and thus put themselves
+between the division of the army which was with Eleanora and that
+which was advancing under the king. A great battle was fought. The
+French were defeated. A <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>great many thousand men were slain. All the
+provisions for the army were cut off, and all the ladies' baggage was
+seized and plundered by the Arabs. The remainder of the army, with the
+king, and the queen, and the ladies, succeeded in making their escape
+to Antioch, and there Prince Raymond opened the gates and let them in.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A quarrel.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as Eleanora and the other ladies recovered a little from their
+fright and fatigue, they began to lead very gay lives in Antioch, and
+before long a serious quarrel broke out between Louis and the queen.
+The cause of this quarrel was Raymond. He was a young and handsome
+man, and he soon began to show such fondness for Eleanora that the
+king's jealousy was aroused, and at length the king discerned, as he
+said, proofs of such a degree of intimacy between them as to fill him
+with rage. He determined to leave Antioch immediately, and take
+Eleanora with him. She was very unwilling to go, but the king was so
+angry that he compelled her to accompany him. So he went away
+abruptly, scarcely bidding Raymond good-by at all, and proceeded with
+Eleanora and nearly all his company to Jerusalem. Eleanora submitted,
+though she was exceedingly out of humor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The queen at Jerusalem.<br />A divorce proposed.</div>
+
+<p>The king, too, on his part, was as much out of humor as the queen. He
+determined that he would not allow her to accompany him any more on
+the campaign; so he left her at Jerusalem, a sort of prisoner, while
+he put himself at the head of his army and went forth to prosecute the
+war. By-and-by, when he came back to Jerusalem, and inquired about his
+wife's conduct while he had been gone, he learned some facts in
+respect to the intimacy which she had formed with a prince of the
+country during his absence, that made him more angry than ever. He
+declared that he would sue for a divorce. She was a wicked woman, he
+said, and he would repudiate her.</p>
+
+<p>One of his ministers, however, contrived to appease him, at least so
+far as to induce him to abandon this design. The minister did not
+pretend to say that Eleanora was innocent, or that she did not deserve
+to be repudiated, but he said that if the divorce was to be carried
+into effect, then Louis would lose all claim to Eleanora's
+possessions, for it will be recollected that the dukedom of Aquitaine,
+and the other rich possessions which belonged to Eleanora before her
+marriage, continued entirely separate from the kingdom of France, and
+still belonged to her.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p><p>The king and Eleanora had a daughter named Margaret, who was now a
+young child, but who, when she grew up, would inherit both her
+father's and her mother's possessions, and thus, in the end, they
+would be united, if the king and queen continued to live together in
+peace. But this would be all lost, as the minister maintained in his
+argument with the king, in case of a divorce.</p>
+
+<p>"If you are divorced from her," said he, "she will soon be married
+again, and then all her possessions will finally go out of your
+family."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The failure of the crusade.<br />Returning to France.</div>
+
+<p>So the king concluded to submit to the shame of his wife's dishonor,
+and still keep her as his wife. But he had now lost all interest in
+the crusade, partly on account of his want of success in it, and
+partly on account of his domestic troubles. So he left the Holy Land,
+and took the queen and the ladies, and the remnant of his troops, back
+again to Paris. Here he and the queen lived very unhappily together
+for about two years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The queen's new lover.<br />A divorce again proposed.</div>
+
+<p>At the end of this time the queen became involved in new difficulties
+in consequence of her intrigues. The time had passed away so rapidly
+that it was now thirteen years since her marriage, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>and she was about
+twenty-eight years of age&mdash;old enough, one would think, to have
+learned some discretion. After, however, amusing herself with various
+lovers, she at length became enamored of a young prince named Henry
+Plantagenet, who afterward became Henry the Second of England, and was
+the father of Richard, the hero of this history. Henry was at this
+time Duke of Normandy. He came to visit the court of Louis in Paris,
+and here, after a short time, Eleanora conceived the idea of being
+divorced from Louis in order to marry him. Henry was a great deal
+younger than Eleanora, being then only about eighteen years of age;
+but he was very agreeable in his person and manners, and Queen
+Eleanora was quite charmed with him. It was not, however, to be
+expected that he should be so much charmed with her; for, although she
+had been very beautiful, she had now so far passed the period of her
+youth, and had been subjected to so many exposures, that the bloom of
+her early beauty was in a great measure gone. She was now nearly
+thirty years old, having been married twelve or thirteen years. She,
+however, made eager advances to Henry, and finally gave him to
+understand, that if he would consent to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>marry her, she would obtain a
+divorce from King Louis, and then endow him with all her dominions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The motives of Henry.</div>
+
+<p>Now there was a strong reason operating upon Henry's mind to accept
+this proposal. He claimed to be entitled to the crown of England. King
+Stephen was at this time reigning in England, but Henry maintained
+that he was a usurper, and he was eager to dispossess him. Eleanora
+represented to Henry that, with all the forces of her dominions, she
+could easily enable him to do that, and so at length the idea of
+making himself a king overcame his natural repugnance to take a wife
+almost twice as old as he was himself, and she, too, the divorced and
+discarded wife of another man. So he agreed to Eleanora's proposal,
+and measures were soon taken to effect the divorce.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Controversy among historians.<br />The real motives in the divorce.</div>
+
+<p>There is some dispute among the ancient historians in respect to this
+divorce. Some say that it was the king that originated it, and that
+the cause which he alleged was the freedom of the queen in her love
+for other men, and that Eleanora, when she found that the divorce was
+resolved upon, formed the plan of beguiling young Henry into a
+marriage with her, to save her fall. Others say that the divorce was
+her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>plan alone, and that the pretext for it was the relationship that
+existed between her and King Louis, for they were in some degree
+related to each other; and the rules of the Church of Rome were very
+strict against such marriages. It is not improbable, however, that the
+real reason of the divorce was that the king desired it on account of
+his wife's loose and irregular character, while Eleanora wished for it
+in order to have a more agreeable husband. She never had liked Louis.
+He was a very grave and even gloomy man, who thought of nothing but
+the Church, and his penances and prayers, so that Eleanora said he was
+more of a monk than a king. This monkish turn of mind had increased
+upon the king since his return from the Crusades. He made it a matter
+of conscience to wear coarse and plain clothes instead of dressing
+handsomely like a king, and he cut off the curls of his hair, which
+had been very beautiful, and shaved his head and his mustaches. This
+procedure disgusted Eleanora completely. She despised her husband
+herself, and ridiculed him to others, saying that he had made himself
+look like an old priest. In a word, all her love for him was entirely
+gone. Both parties being thus very willing to have the marriage
+annulled, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>they agreed to put it on the ground of their relationship,
+in order to avoid scandal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A violent courtship and a narrow escape.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, the marriage was dissolved, and Eleanora set out from
+Paris to return to Bordeaux, the capital of her own country. Henry was
+to meet her on the way. Her road lay along the banks of the Loire.
+Here she stopped for a day or two. The count who ruled this province,
+who was a very gay and handsome man, offered her his hand. He wished
+to add her dominions to his own. Eleanora refused him. The count
+resolved not to take the refusal, and, under some pretext or other, he
+detained her in his castle, resolving to keep her there until she
+should consent. But Eleanora was not a woman to be conquered by such a
+method as this. She pretended to acquiesce in the detention, and to be
+contented, but this was only to put the count off his guard; and then,
+watching her opportunity, she escaped from the castle in the night;
+and getting into a boat, which she had caused to be provided for the
+purpose, she went down the river to the town of Tours, which was some
+distance below, and in the dominions of another sovereign.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Geoffrey's designs upon Eleanora.<br />Customs of old times.</div>
+
+<p>In going on from Tours toward her own home, she encountered and
+narrowly escaped another <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>danger. It seems that Geoffrey Plantagenet,
+the brother of Henry, whom she had engaged to marry, conceived the
+design of seizing her and compelling her to marry him instead of his
+brother. It may seem strange that any one should be so unprincipled
+and base as to attempt thus to circumvent his own brother, and take
+away from him his intended wife; but it was not a strange thing at all
+for the members of the royal and princely families of those days to
+act in this manner toward each other. It was the usual and established
+condition of things among these families that the different members of
+them should be perpetually intriguing and man&oelig;uvring one against
+the other, brother against sister, husband against wife, and father
+against son. In a vast number of instances these contentions broke out
+into open war, and the wars thus waged between the nearest relatives
+were of the most desperate and merciless character.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora eluded Geoffrey.</div>
+
+<p>It was therefore a very moderate and inconsiderable deed of brotherly
+hostility on the part of Geoffrey to plan the seizure of his brother's
+intended wife, in order to get possession of her dominions. The plan
+which he formed was to lie in wait for the boat which was to convey
+Eleanora down the river, and seize her as she <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>came by. She, however,
+avoided this snare by turning off into a branch of the river which
+came from the south. You will see the course of the river and the
+situation of this southern branch on the map.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> The branch which
+Eleanora followed not only took her away from the ambush which
+Geoffrey had laid for her, but conducted her toward her own home,
+where, after meeting with various other adventures, she arrived safely
+at last. Here Henry Plantagenet soon joined her, and they were
+married. The marriage took place only six weeks after her divorce from
+her former husband. This was considered a very scandalous transaction
+throughout, and Eleanora was now considered as having forfeited all
+claims to respectability of character. Still she was a great duchess
+in her own right, and was now wife of the heir-apparent of the English
+throne, and so her character made little difference in the estimation
+in which she was held by the world.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">She is married to Henry.</div>
+
+<p>From the time of her first engagement with Henry nearly two years had
+elapsed before all the proceedings in relation to the divorce had been
+completed so as to prepare the way for the marriage, and now Eleanora
+was about thirty-two <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>years of age, while Henry was only twenty. Henry
+seems to have felt no love for his wife. He had acceded to her
+proposal to marry him only in order to obtain the assistance which the
+forces of her dominions might supply him in gaining possession of the
+English throne.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Henry's expedition to England.<br />His final coronation.</div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, about a year after the marriage, a military expedition
+was fitted out to proceed to England. The expedition consisted of
+thirty-six ships, and a large force of fighting men. Henry landed in
+England at the head of this force, and advanced against Stephen. The
+two princes fought for some time without any very decisive success on
+either side, when at length they concluded to settle the quarrel by a
+compromise. It was agreed that Stephen should continue to hold the
+crown as long as he lived, and then that Henry should succeed him.
+When this arrangement had been made, Henry returned to Normandy; and
+then, after two or three years, he heard of Stephen's death. He then
+went immediately to England again, and was universally acknowledged as
+king. Eleanora went with him as queen, and very soon they were crowned
+at Westminster with the greatest possible pomp and parade.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Eleanora Queen of England.</div>
+
+<p>And thus it was that Eleanora of Aquitaine, the mother of Richard, in
+the year eleven hundred and fifty-four, became queen-consort of
+England.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Richard's early Life.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1154-1184</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The sons and daughters of King Henry.<br />Rebellions and family quarrels.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">lmost</span> all the early years of the life of our hero were spent in wars
+which were waged by the different members of his father's family
+against each other. These wars originated in the quarrels that arose
+between the sons and their father in respect to the family property
+and power. Henry had five sons, of whom Richard was the third. He had
+also three daughters. The king held a great variety of possessions,
+having inherited from his father and grandfather, or received through
+his wife, a number of distinct and independent realms. Thus he was
+duke of one country, earl of another, king of a third, and count of a
+fourth. England was his kingdom, Normandy was his great dukedom, and
+he held, besides, various other realms. He was a generous father, and
+he began early by conveying some of these provinces to his sons. But
+they were not contented with the portions that he voluntarily assigned
+them. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>They called for more. Sometimes the father yielded to these
+unreasonable demands, but yielding only made the young men more
+grasping than before, and at length the father would resist. Then came
+rebellions, and leagues formed by the sons against the father, and the
+musterings of armies, and battles, and sieges. The mother generally
+took part with the sons in these unnatural contests, and in the course
+of them the most revolting spectacles were presented to the eyes of
+the world&mdash;of towns belonging to a father sacked and burned by the
+sons, or castles beleaguered, and the garrisons reduced to famine, in
+which a husband was defending himself against the forces of his wife,
+or a sister against those of a brother. Richard himself, who seems to
+have been the most desperate and reckless of the family, began to take
+an active part in these rebellions against his father when he was only
+seventeen years old.</p>
+
+<p>These wars continued, with various temporary interruptions, for many
+years, and whenever at any time a brief peace was made between the
+sons and the father, then the young men would usually fall to
+quarreling among themselves. Indeed, Henry, the oldest of them, said
+that the only possible bond of peace between <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>the brothers seemed to
+be a common war against their father.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The appearance of the Queen Eleanora in London.</div>
+
+<p>Nor did the king live on much better terms with his wife than he did
+with his children. At the time of Eleanora's marriage with Henry, her
+prospects were bright indeed. The people of England, notwithstanding
+the evil reports that were spread in respect to her character,
+received her as their queen with much enthusiasm, and on the occasion
+of her coronation they made a great deal of parade to celebrate the
+event. Her appearance at that time attracted unusual attention. This
+was partly on account of her personal attractions and partly on
+account of her dress. The style of her dress was quite Oriental. She
+had brought home with her from Antioch a great many Eastern fashions,
+and many elegant articles of dress, such as mantles of silk and
+brocade, scarfs, jeweled girdles and bands, and beautiful veils, such
+as are worn at the East. These dresses were made at Constantinople,
+and when displayed by the queen in London they received a great deal
+of admiration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Illuminated portraits.<br />The queen's attire.</div>
+
+<p>We can see precisely how the queen looked in these dresses by means of
+illuminated portraits of her contained in the books written at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>that
+time. It was the custom in those days in writing books&mdash;the work of
+which was all executed by hand&mdash;to embellish them with what were
+called illuminations. These were small paintings inserted here and
+there upon the page, representing the distinguished personages named
+in the writing. These portraits were painted in very brilliant colors,
+and there are several still remaining that show precisely how Eleanora
+appeared in one of her Oriental dresses. She wears a close head-dress,
+with a circlet of gems over it. There is a gown made with tight
+sleeves, and fastened with full gathers just below the throat, where
+it is confined by a rich collar of gems. Over this is an elegant outer
+robe bordered with fur. The sleeves of the outer robe are very full
+and loose, and are lined with ermine. They open so as to show the
+close sleeves beneath. Over all is a long and beautiful gauze veil.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's attire.</div>
+
+<p>The dress of the king was very rich and gorgeous too; and so, indeed,
+was that of all the ecclesiastics and other dignitaries that took part
+in the celebration. All London was filled with festivity and rejoicing
+on the occasion, and the queen's heart overflowed with pride and joy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The palace at Bermondsey.<br />Scenes of festivity.</div>
+
+<p>After the coronation, the king conducted Eleanora <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>to a beautiful
+country residence called Bermondsey, which was at a short distance
+from London, toward the south. Here there was a palace, and gardens,
+and beautiful grounds. The palace was on an elevation which commanded
+a fine view of the capital. Here the queen lived in royal state. She
+had, however, other palaces besides, and she often went to and fro
+among her different residences. She contrived a great many
+entertainments to amuse her court, such as comedies, games, revels,
+and celebrations of all sorts. The king joined with her in these
+schemes of pleasure. One of the historians of the time gives a curious
+account of the appearance of the king and the court in their
+excursions. "When the king sets out of a morning, you see multitudes
+of people running up and down as if they were distracted&mdash;horses
+rushing against horses, carriages overturning carriages, players,
+gamesters, cooks, confectioners, morrice-dancers, barbers, courtezans,
+and parasites&mdash;making so much noise, and, in a word, such an
+intolerable tumultuous jumble of horse and foot, that you can imagine
+the great abyss hath opened and poured forth all its inhabitants."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The palace at Oxford.<br />Its present appearance.</div>
+
+<p>It was about three years after Eleanora was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>crowned Queen of England
+that Richard was born. At the time of his birth, the queen was
+residing at a palace in Oxford. The palace has gone pretty much to
+ruin. The building is now used in part as a work-house. The room where
+Richard was born is roofless and uninhabitable. Nothing even of the
+interior of it remains except some traces of the fire-place. The room,
+however, though thus completely gone to ruin, is a place of
+considerable interest to the English people, who visit it in great
+numbers in order that they may see the place where the great hero was
+born; for, desperate and reckless as Richard's character was, the
+people of England are quite proud of him on account of his undaunted
+bravery.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An early marriage.<br />The reason for marrying children four years old.</div>
+
+<p>It is very curious that the first important event of Richard's
+childhood was his marriage. He was married when he was about four
+years old&mdash;that is, he was regularly and formally affianced, and a
+ceremony which might be called the marriage ceremony was duly
+performed. His bride was a young child of Louis, King of France. The
+child was about three years old. Her name was Alice. This marriage was
+the result of a sort of bargain between Henry, Richard's father, and
+Louis, the French king. They <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>had had a fierce dispute about the
+portion of another of Louis's children that had been married in the
+same way to one of Richard's brothers named Henry. The English king
+complained that the dowry was not sufficient, and the French king,
+after a long discussion, agreed to make it up by giving another
+province with his daughter Alice to Richard. The reason that induced
+the King of England to effect these marriages was, that the provinces
+that were bestowed with their infant wives as their dowries came into
+his hands as the guardian of their husbands while they were minors,
+and thus extended, as it were, his own dominions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vice-regencies.<br />The rebellions of Richard.</div>
+
+<p>By this time the realms of King Henry had become very extensive. He
+inherited Normandy, you will recollect, from his ancestors, and he was
+in possession of that country before he became King of England. When
+he was married to Eleanora, he acquired through her a large addition
+to his territory by becoming, jointly with her, the sovereign of her
+realms in the south of France. Then, when he became King of England,
+his power was still more extended, and, finally, by the marriages of
+his sons, the young princes, he received other provinces besides,
+though, of course, he held these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>last only as the guardian of his
+children. Now, in governing these various realms, the king was
+accustomed to leave his wife and his sons in different portions of
+them, to rule them in his absence, though still under his command.
+They each maintained a sort of court in the city where their father
+left them, but they were expected to govern the several portions of
+the country in strict subjection to their father's general control.
+The boys, however, as they grew older, became more and more
+independent in feeling; and the queen, being a great deal older than
+her husband, and having been, before her marriage, a sovereign in her
+own right, was disposed to be very little submissive to his authority.
+It was under these circumstances that the family quarrels arose that
+led to the wars spoken of at the beginning of the chapter. Richard
+himself, as was there stated, began to raise rebellions against his
+father when he was about seventeen years old.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever, in the course of these wars, the young men found themselves
+worsted in their contests with their father's troops, their resource
+was to fly to Paris, in order to get King Louis to aid them. This
+Louis was always willing to do, for he took great pleasure in the
+dissensions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>which were thus continually breaking out in Henry's
+family.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora's time of suffering comes.<br />The queen's flight.</div>
+
+<p>Besides these wars, Queen Eleanora had one great and bitter source of
+trouble in a guilty attachment which her husband cherished for a
+beautiful lady more nearly of his own age than his wife was. Her name
+was Rosamond. She is known in history as Fair Rosamond. A full account
+of her will be given in the next chapter. All that is necessary to
+state here is that Queen Eleanora was made very wretched by her
+husband's love for Rosamond, though she had scarcely any right to
+complain, for she had, as it would seem, done all in her power to
+alienate the affections of her husband from herself by the levity of
+her conduct, and by her bold and independent behavior in all respects.
+At last, at one time while she was at Bordeaux, the capital of her
+realm of Aquitaine, she heard rumors that the king was intending to
+obtain a divorce from her, in order that he might openly marry
+Rosamond, and she determined to go back to her former husband, Louis
+of France. The country, however, was full of castles, which were
+garrisoned by Henry's troops, and she was afraid that they would
+prevent her going if they knew of her intention; so she contrived a
+plan <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>of disguising herself in man's clothes, and undertook to make
+her escape in that way. She succeeded in getting away from Bordeaux,
+but her flight was soon discovered, and the officers of the garrison
+immediately sent off a party to pursue her. The pursuers overtook her
+before she had gone far, and brought her back. They treated her quite
+roughly, and kept her a prisoner in Bordeaux until her husband came.
+When Henry arrived he was quite angry with the queen for having thus
+undertaken to go back to her former husband, whom he considered as his
+greatest rival and enemy, and he determined that she should have no
+opportunity to make another such attempt; so he kept a very strict
+watch over her, and subjected her to so much restraint that she
+considered herself a prisoner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The captivity in Winchester.</div>
+
+<p>The king had a quarrel also at this time with one of his
+daughters-in-law, and he made her a prisoner too. Soon after this he
+went back to England, taking these two captives in his train. In a
+short time he sent the queen to a certain palace which he had in
+Winchester, and there he kept her confined for sixteen years. It was
+during this period of their mother's captivity that the wars between
+the father and his sons was waged most fiercely.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The message from Henry.<br />His death.</div>
+
+<p>At length, in the year eleven hundred and eighty-two, in the midst of
+one of the most violent wars that had raged between the king and his
+sons, a message came to the king that his son Henry was very
+dangerously sick, and that he wished his father to come and see him.
+The king was greatly at a loss what to do on receiving this
+communication. His counselors advised him not to go. It was only a
+stratagem, they said, on the part of the young prince, to get his
+father into his camp, and so take him prisoner. So the king concluded
+not to go. He had, however, some misgivings that his son might be
+really sick, and accordingly dispatched an archbishop to him with a
+ring, which he said he sent to him as a token of his forgiveness and
+of his paternal affection. Very soon, however, a second messenger came
+to the king to say that Prince Henry had died. These sad tidings
+overwhelmed the heart of the king with the most poignant grief. He at
+once forgot all the undutiful and disobedient conduct of his son, and
+remembered him only as his dearly-beloved child. He became almost
+broken-hearted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Remorse.<br />The agonies of a wicked man's death.</div>
+
+<p>The prince himself, on his death-bed, was borne down with remorse and
+anguish in thinking of the crimes that he had committed against <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>his
+father. He longed to have his father come and see him before he died.
+The ring which the archbishop was sent to bring to him arrived just in
+time, and the prince pressed it to his lips, and blessed it with tears
+of frantic grief. As the hour of death approached his remorse became
+dreadful. All the attempts made by the priests around his bed to
+soothe and quiet him were unavailing, and at last his agony became so
+great that he compelled them to put a rope around him and drag him
+from his bed to a heap of ashes, placed for the purpose in his room,
+that he might die there. A heap of ashes, he said, was the only fit
+place for such a reprobate as he had been.</p>
+
+<p>So will it be with all undutiful children; when on their death-beds,
+they reflect on their disobedient and rebellious conduct toward the
+father and the mother to whom they owe their being.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Affliction reconciles hostile relatives.</div>
+
+<p>It is remarkable how great an effect a death in a family produces in
+reconciling those who before had been at enmity with each other. There
+are many husbands and wives who greatly disagree with each other in
+times of health and prosperity, but who are reconciled and made to
+love each other by adversity and sorrow. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>Such was the effect produced
+upon the minds of Henry and Eleanora by the death of their son and
+heir. They were both overwhelmed with grief, for the affection which a
+parent bears to a child is never wholly extinguished, however
+undutiful and rebellious a child may be; and the grief which the two
+parents now felt in common brought them to a reconciliation. The king
+seemed disposed to forgive the queen for the offenses, whether real or
+imaginary, which she had committed against him. "Now that our dear son
+is dead and gone," said he, "let us no longer quarrel with each
+other." So he liberated the queen from the restraint which he had
+imposed upon her, and restored her once more to her rank as an English
+queen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Another quarrel.</div>
+
+<p>This state of things continued for about a year, and then the old
+spirit of animosity and contention burned up once more as fiercely as
+ever. The king shut up Eleanora again, and a violent quarrel broke out
+between the king and his son Richard.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's long engagement.</div>
+
+<p>The cause of this quarrel was connected with the Princess Alice, to
+whom it will be recollected Richard had been betrothed in his infancy.
+Richard claimed that now, since he was of age, his wife ought to be
+given to him, but his father <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>kept her away, and would not allow the
+marriage to be consummated. The king made various excuses and pretexts
+for the delay. Some thought that the real reason was that he wished to
+continue his guardianship and his possession of the dower as long as
+possible, but Richard thought that his father was in love with Alice
+himself, and that he did not intend that he, Richard, should have her
+at all. This difficulty led to new quarrels, in which the king and
+Richard became more exasperated with each other than ever. This state
+of things continued until Richard was thirty-four years old and his
+bride was thirty. Richard was so far bound to her that he could not
+marry any other lady, and his father obstinately persisted in
+preventing his completing the marriage with her.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Portrait of King Henry II.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 295px;">
+<img src="images/i045.jpg" class="ispace" width="295" height="350" alt="PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The sad death of Geoffrey.<br />Dividing the inheritance.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time Prince Geoffrey, another of the king's sons, came to
+a miserable end. He was killed in a tournament. He was riding
+furiously in the tournament in the midst of a great number of other
+horsemen, when he was unfortunately thrown from his steed, and trodden
+to death on the ground by the hoofs of the other horses that galloped
+over him. The only two sons that were now left were Richard and John.
+Of these, Richard was now the oldest, and he was, of course, his father's heir. King Henry, however, formed
+a plan for dividing his dominions between his two sons, instead of
+allowing Richard to inherit the whole. John was his youngest son, and,
+as such, the king loved him tenderly. So he conceived the idea of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>leaving to Richard all his possessions in France, which constituted
+the most important part of his dominions, and of bestowing the kingdom
+of England upon John; and, in order to make sure of the carrying of
+this arrangement into effect, he proposed crowning John king of
+England forthwith.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's resistance to his father's plans.</div>
+
+<p>Richard, however, determined to resist this plan. The former king of
+France, Louis the Seventh, was now dead, and his son, Philip the
+Second, the brother of Alice, reigned in his stead. Richard
+immediately set off for Paris, and laid his case before the young
+French king. "I am engaged," said he, "to your sister Alice, and my
+father will not give her to me. Help me to maintain my rights and
+hers."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Assistance from Philip.<br />King Henry's reproach of his son John.</div>
+
+<p>Philip, like his father, was always ready to do any thing in his power
+to foment dissensions in the family of Henry. So he readily took
+Richard's part in this new quarrel, and he, somehow or other,
+contrived means to induce John to come and join in the rebellion. King
+Henry was overwhelmed with grief when he learned that John, his
+youngest, and now his dearest child, and the last that remained, had
+abandoned him. His grief was mingled with resentment and rage. He
+invoked the bitterest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>curses on his children's heads, and he caused a
+device to be painted for John and sent to him, representing a young
+eaglet picking out the parent eagle's eyes. This was to typify to him
+his own undutiful and unnatural behavior.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lady Rosamond.</div>
+
+<p>Thus the domestic life which Richard led while he was a young man was
+imbittered by the continual quarrels between the father, the mother,
+and the children. The greatest source of sorrow to his mother,
+however, was the connection which subsisted between the king and the
+Lady Rosamond. The nature and the results of this connection will be
+explained in the next chapter.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_III" id="Chapter_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Fair Rosamond.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1184</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The mystery surrounding Fair Rosamond's history.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">D</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">uring</span> his lifetime King Henry did every thing in his power, of
+course, to keep the circumstances of his connection with Rosamond a
+profound secret, and to mislead people as much as possible in regard
+to her. After his death, too, it was for the interest of his family
+that as little as possible should be known respecting her. Thus it
+happened that, in the absence of all authentic information, a great
+many strange rumors and legends were put in circulation, and at
+length, when the history of those times came to be written, it was
+impossible to separate the false from the true.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The valley of the Wye.</div>
+
+<p>The truth, however, so far as it can now be ascertained, seems to be
+something like this: Rosamond was the daughter of an English nobleman
+named Clifford. Lord Clifford lived in a fine old castle situated in
+the valley of the Wye, in a most romantic and beautiful situation. The
+River Wye is in the western part of England. It flows out from among
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>mountains of Wales through a wild and romantic gorge, which,
+after passing the English frontier, expands into a broad, and fertile,
+and most beautiful valley. The castle of Lord Clifford was built at
+the opening of the gorge, and it commanded an enchanting view of the
+valley below.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The clandestine marriage.</div>
+
+<p>It was here that Rosamond spent her childhood, and here probably that
+Henry first met her while he was yet a young man. She was extremely
+beautiful, and Henry fell very deeply in love with her. This was while
+they were both very young, and some time before Henry thought of
+Eleanora for his wife. There is some reason to believe that Henry was
+really married to Rosamond, though, if so, the marriage was a private
+one, and the existence of it was kept a profound secret from all the
+world. The real and public marriages of kings and princes are almost
+always determined by reasons of state; and when Henry at last went to
+Paris, and saw Eleanora there, and found, moreover, that she was
+willing to marry him, and to bring him as her dowry all her
+possessions in France, which would so greatly extend his dominions, he
+determined to accede to her desires, and to keep his connection with
+Rosamond, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>whatever the nature of it might have been, a profound
+secret forever.</p>
+
+<p>So he married Eleanora and brought her to England, and lived with her,
+as has already been described, in the various palaces which belonged
+to him, sometimes in one and sometimes in another.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The palace of Woodstock.</div>
+
+<p>Among these palaces, one of the most beautiful was that of Woodstock.
+The engraving on the opposite page represents the buildings of the
+palace as they appeared some hundreds of years later than the time
+when Rosamond lived.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i051.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="396" alt="VIEW OF WOODSTOCK." title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIEW OF WOODSTOCK.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Rosamond's concealed cottage.<br />The construction of a labyrinth.<br />Deceptive paths.</div>
+
+<p>In the days of Henry and Rosamond the palace of Woodstock was
+surrounded with very extensive and beautiful gardens and grounds.
+Somewhere upon these grounds the story was that Henry kept Rosamond in
+a concealed cottage. The entrance to the cottage was hidden in the
+depths of an almost impenetrable thicket, and could only be approached
+through a tortuous and intricate path, which led this way and that by
+an infinite number of turns, forming a sort of maze, made purposely to
+bewilder those attempting to pass in and out. Such a place was often
+made in those days in palace-grounds as a sort of ornament, or,
+rather, as an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>amusing contrivance to interest the guests coming to visit the
+proprietor. It was called a labyrinth. A great many plans of
+labyrinths are found delineated in ancient books. The paths were not
+only so arranged as to twist and turn in every imaginable direction,
+but at every turn there were several branches made so precisely alike
+that there was nothing to distinguish one from the other. Of course,
+one of these roads was the right one, and led to the centre of the
+labyrinth, where there was a house, or a pretty seat with a view, or a
+garden, or a shady bower, or some other object of attraction, to
+reward those who should succeed in getting in. The other paths led
+nowhere, or, rather, they led on through various devious windings in
+all respects similar to those of the true path, until at length they
+came to a sudden stop, and the explorer was obliged to return.</p>
+
+<p>The paths were separated from each other by dense hedges of thorn, or
+by high walls, so that it was impossible to pass from one to another
+except by walking regularly along.</p>
+
+<p>It was in a house, entered through such a labyrinth as this, that
+Rosamond is said to have lived, on the grounds of the palace of
+Woodstock, while Queen Eleanora, as the avowed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>wife and queen of King
+Henry, occupied the palace itself. Of course, the fact that such a
+lady was hidden on the grounds was kept a profound secret from the
+queen. If this story is true, there were probably other labyrinths on
+the grounds, and this one was so surrounded with trees and hedges,
+which connected it by insensible gradations with the groves and
+thickets of the park, that there was nothing to attract attention to
+it particularly, and thus a lady might have remained concealed in it
+for some time without awakening suspicion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">How Rosamond's concealment was discovered by the queen.<br />The subterranean passage.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, Rosamond did remain, it is supposed for a year or two,
+concealed thus, until at length the queen discovered the secret. The
+story is that the king found his way in and out the labyrinth by means
+of a clew of floss silk, and that the queen one day, when riding with
+the king in the park, observed this clew, a part of which had, in some
+way or other, become attached to his spur. She said nothing, but,
+watching a private opportunity, she followed the clew. It led by a
+very intricate path into the heart of the labyrinth. There the queen
+found a curiously-contrived door. The door was almost wholly concealed
+from view, but the queen discovered it and opened it. She found that
+it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>led into a subterranean passage. The interest and curiosity of the
+queen were now excited more than ever, and she determined that the
+mystery should be solved. So she followed the passage, and was finally
+led by it to a place beyond the wall of the grounds, where there was a
+house in a very secluded spot surrounded by thickets. Here the queen
+found Rosamond sitting in a bower, and engaged in embroidering.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uncertainties of the story.</div>
+
+<p>She was now in a great rage both against Rosamond and against her
+husband. It was generally said that she poisoned Rosamond. The story
+was, that she took a cup of poison with her, and a dagger, and,
+presenting them both to Rosamond, compelled her to choose between
+them, and that Rosamond chose the poison, and, drinking it, died. This
+story, however, was not true, for it is now known that Rosamond lived
+many years after this time, though she was separated from the king. It
+is thought that her connection with the king continued for about two
+years after his marriage with Eleanora. She then left him. It may be
+that she did not know before that time that the king was married. She
+may have supposed that she was herself his lawful wife, as, indeed, it
+is possible that she may actually have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>so. At any rate, soon
+after she and Eleanora became acquainted with each other's existence,
+Rosamond retired to a convent, and lived there in complete seclusion
+all the rest of her days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rosamond retires to the convent of Godestow.</div>
+
+<p>The name of this convent was Godestow. It was situated near Oxford.
+Rosamond became a great favorite with the nuns while she remained at
+the convent, which was nearly twenty years. During this time the king
+made many donations to the convent for Rosamond's sake, and the
+jealousy of the queen against her beautiful rival, of course,
+continued unabated. It was, indeed, this difficulty in respect to
+Rosamond that was one of the chief causes of the domestic trouble
+which always existed between Henry and the queen. The world at large
+have always been most disposed to sympathize with Rosamond in this
+quarrel. She was nearly of the king's own age, and his attachment to
+her arose, doubtless, from sincere affection; whereas the queen was
+greatly his senior, and had inveigled him, as it were, into a marriage
+with her, through motives of the most calculating and mercenary
+character.</p>
+
+<p>Then, moreover, Rosamond either was, or was supposed to be, a lady of
+great gentleness and loveliness of spirit. She was very kind to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>the
+poor, and while in the convent she was very assiduously devoted to her
+religious duties. Eleanora, on the other hand, was a very unprincipled
+and heartless woman, and she had been so loose and free in her own
+manner of living too, as every body said and believed, that it was
+with a very ill grace that she could find any fault with her husband.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The world's sympathy with Rosamond rather than with
+Eleanora.</div>
+
+<p>Thus, under the circumstances of the case, the world has always been
+most inclined to sympathize with Rosamond rather than with the queen.
+The question which we ought to sympathize with depends upon which was
+really the wife of Henry. He may have been truly married to Rosamond,
+or at least some ceremony may have been performed which she honestly
+considered as a marriage. If so, she was innocent, and Henry was
+guilty for having virtually repudiated this marriage in order to
+connect himself with Eleanora for the sake of her kingdom. On the
+other hand, if she were not married to Henry, but used her arts to
+entice him away from his true wife, then she was deeply in fault. It
+is very difficult now to ascertain which of these suppositions is the
+correct one. In either case, Henry himself was guilty, toward the one
+or the other, of treacherously violating <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>his marriage vows&mdash;the most
+solemn vows, in some respects, that a man can ever assume.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The question of the validity of the marriage.</div>
+
+<p>Rosamond had two children, named William and Geoffrey, and at one time
+in the course of his life Henry seemed to acknowledge that they were
+his only two children, thus admitting the validity of his marriage
+with Rosamond. This admission was contained in an expression which he
+used in addressing William on a field of battle when he came toward
+him at the head of his troop. "William," said he, "you are my true and
+legitimate son. The rest are nobodies." He may, it is true, have only
+intended to speak figuratively in saying this, meaning that William
+was the only one worthy to be considered as his son, or it may be that
+it was an inadvertent and hasty acknowledgment that Rosamond, and not
+Eleanora, was his true wife. As time rolled on, however, and the
+political arrangements arising out of the marriage with Eleanora and
+appointment of her sons to high positions in the state became more and
+more extended, the difficulties which the invalidation of the marriage
+with Eleanora would produce became very great, and immense interests
+were involved in sustaining it. Rosamond's rights, therefore, if she
+had any, were wholly overborne, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>and she was allowed to linger and die
+in her nunnery as a private person.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Burial of Rosamond.<br />The bishop orders the remains to be removed.</div>
+
+<p>When at length she died, the nuns, who had become greatly attached to
+her, caused her to be interred in an honorable manner in the chapel,
+but afterward the bishop of the diocese ordered the remains to be
+removed. He considered Rosamond as having never been married to the
+king, and he said that she was not a proper person to be the subject
+of monumental honors in the chapel of a society of nuns; so he sent
+the remains away, and ordered them to be interred in the common
+burying-ground. If Rosamond was what he supposed her to be, and if he
+removed the remains in a proper and respectful manner, he was right in
+doing what he did. His motive may have been, however, merely a desire
+to please the authorities of his time, who represented, of course, the
+heirs of Eleanora, by sealing the stamp of condemnation on the
+character and position of her rival.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;">
+<img src="images/i060.jpg" class="ispace" width="425" height="500" alt="FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND.</span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The nuns bring back the remains to the chapel again.</div>
+
+<p>But, though the authorities may have been pleased with the bishop's
+procedure, the nuns were not at all satisfied with it. They not only
+felt a strong personal affection for Rosamond, but, as a sisterhood,
+they felt grateful to her memory on account of the many benefactions
+which the convent had received from Henry on account of her residence
+there. So they seized the first opportunity to take up the remains
+again, which consisted now of dry bones alone, and, after perfuming
+them and inclosing them again in a new coffin, they deposited them
+once more under the pavement of the chapel, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>laid a slab, with a
+suitable inscription, over the spot to mark the place of the grave.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rosamond's chamber.<br />Restoration of the house.</div>
+
+<p>The house where Rosamond was concealed at Woodstock was regarded
+afterward with great interest, and there was a chamber in it that was
+for a long time known as Rosamond's Chamber. There remains a letter of
+one of the kings of England, written about a hundred years after this
+time, in which the king gives directions to have this house repaired,
+and particularly to have the chamber restored to a perfect condition.
+His orders are, that "the house beyond the gate in the new wall be
+built again, and that same chamber, called Rosamond's Chamber, be
+restored as before, and crystal plates"&mdash;that is, glass for the
+windows&mdash;"and marble, and lead be provided for it."</p>
+
+<p>From that day to this the story of Rosamond has been regarded as one
+of the most interesting incidents of English history.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IV" id="Chapter_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Accession of Richard to the Throne.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1189</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The reverses of King Henry.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">R</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ichard</span> was called to the throne when he was about thirty-two years of
+age by the sudden and unexpected death of his father. The death of his
+father took place under the most mournful circumstances imaginable. In
+the war which Richard and Philip, king of France, had waged against
+him, he had been unsuccessful. He had been defeated in the battles and
+outgeneraled in the man&oelig;uvres, and his barons, one after another,
+had abandoned him and taken part with the rebels. King Henry was an
+extremely passionate man, and the success of his enemies against him
+filled him with rage. This rage was rendered all the more violent by
+the thought that it was through the unnatural ingratitude of his own
+son, Richard, that all these calamities came upon him. In the anguish
+of his despair, he cursed the day of his birth, and uttered dreadful
+maledictions against his children.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Negotiating a peace.</div>
+
+<p>At length he was reduced to such an extremity that he was obliged to
+submit to negotiations for peace, on just such terms as his enemies
+thought fit to impose. They made very hard conditions. The first
+attempt at negotiating the peace was made in an open field, where
+Philip and Henry met for the purpose, on horseback, attended by their
+retainers. Richard had the grace to keep away from this meeting, so as
+not to be an actual witness of the humiliation of his father, and so
+Philip and Henry were to conduct the conference by themselves.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The thunder-storm.<br />Henry's horsemanship.<br />The hard conditions of peace imposed by Philip and
+Richard.</div>
+
+<p>The meeting was interrupted by a thunder-storm. At first the two kings
+did not intend to pay any heed to the storm, but to go on with their
+discussions without regarding it. Henry was a very great horseman, and
+spent almost his whole life in riding. One of his historians says that
+he never sat down except upon a saddle, unless it was when he was
+taking his meals. At any rate, he was almost always on horseback. He
+hunted on horseback, he fought on horseback, he traveled on horseback,
+and now he was holding a conference with his enemies on horseback, in
+the midst of a storm of lightning and rain. But his health had now
+become impaired, and his nerves, though they had always <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>seemed to be
+of iron, were beginning to give way under the dreadful shocks to which
+they had been exposed, so that he was now far less able to endure such
+exposures than he had been. At length a clap of thunder broke rattling
+immediately over his head, and the bolt seemed to descend directly
+between him and Philip as they sat upon their horses in the field.
+Henry reeled in the saddle, and would have fallen if his attendants
+had not seized and held him. They found that he was too weak and ill
+to remain any longer on the spot, and so they bore him away to his
+quarters, and then Philip and Richard sent him in writing the
+conditions which they were going to exact from him. The conditions
+were very humiliating indeed. They stripped him of a great portion of
+his possessions, and required him to hold others in subordination to
+Philip and to Richard. Finally, the last of the conditions was, that
+he was to give Richard the kiss of peace, and to banish from his heart
+all sentiments of animosity and anger against him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The sick king.</div>
+
+<p>Among other articles of the treaty was one binding him to pardon all
+the barons and other chief men who had gone over to Richard's side in
+the rebellion. As they read the articles <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>over to the king, while he
+was lying sick upon his bed, he asked, when they came to this one, to
+see the list of the names, that he might know who they were that had
+thus forsaken him. The name at the head of the list was that of his
+son John&mdash;his darling son John, to defend whose rights against the
+aggressions of Richard had been one of his chief motives in carrying
+on the war. The wretched father, on seeing this name, started up from
+his bed and gazed wildly around.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His distress at the conduct of John.</div>
+
+<p>"Is it possible," he cried out, "that John, the child of my heart&mdash;he
+whom I have cherished more than all the rest, and for love of whom I
+have drawn down on mine own head all these troubles, has verily
+betrayed me?" They told him that it was even so.</p>
+
+<p>"Then," said he, falling back helplessly on his bed, "then let every
+thing go as it will; I care no longer for myself or for any thing else
+in this world."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The palace at Chinon.<br />The imprecations of the dying king.</div>
+
+<p>All this took place in Normandy, for it was Normandy that had been the
+chief scene of the war between the king and his son. At some little
+distance from the place where the king was now lying sick there was a
+beautiful rural palace, at a place called Chinon, which was situated
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> very pleasantly on the banks of a small branch of the Loire. This
+palace was one of the principal summer resorts of the dukes of
+Normandy, and the king caused himself now to be carried there, in
+order to seek repose. But instead of being cheered by the beautiful
+scenes that were around him at Chinon, or reinvigorated by the
+comforts and the attentions which he could there enjoy, he gradually
+sank into hopeless melancholy, and in a few days he began to feel that
+he was about to die. As he grew worse his mind became more and more
+excited, and his attendants from time to time heard him moaning, in
+his anguish, "Oh, shame! shame! I am a conquered king&mdash;a conquered
+king! Cursed be the day on which I was born, and cursed be the
+children that I leave behind me!"</p>
+
+<p>The priests at his bedside endeavored to remonstrate with him against
+these imprecations. They told him that it was a dreadful thing for a
+father to curse his own children, and they urged him to retract what
+he had said. But he declared that he would not. He persisted in
+cursing all his children except Geoffrey Clifford, the son of
+Rosamond, who was then at his bedside, and who had never forsaken him.
+The king grew continually more and more excited <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>and disordered in
+mind, until at length he sank into a raving delirium, and in that
+state he died.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The heartless conduct of the courtiers of the dead king.</div>
+
+<p>A dead king is a very helpless and insignificant object, whatever may
+have been the terror which he inspired while he was alive. As long as
+Henry continued to breathe, the attendants around him paid him great
+deference, and observed every possible form of obsequious respect, for
+they did not know but that he might recover, to live and reign, and
+lord it over them and their fortunes for fifteen or twenty years to
+come; but as soon as the breath was out of his body, all was over.
+Richard, his son, was now king, and from Henry nothing whatever was
+any longer to be hoped or feared. So the mercenary and heartless
+courtiers&mdash;the ministers, priests, bishops and barons&mdash;began at once
+to strip the body of all the valuables which the king had worn, and
+also to seize and appropriate every thing in the apartments of the
+palace which they could take away. These things were their
+perquisites, they said; it being customary, as they alleged, that the
+personal effects of a deceased king should be divided among those who
+were his attendants when he died. Having secured this plunder, these
+people disappeared, and it was with the utmost difficulty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>that
+assistance enough could be procured to wrap the body in a
+winding-sheet, and to bring a hearse and horses to bear it away to the
+abbey where it was to be interred. Examples like this&mdash;of which the
+history of every monarchy is full&mdash;throw a great deal of light upon
+what is called the principle of loyalty in the hearts of those who
+attend upon kings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard following the funeral train to the Abbey
+Fontevraud.</div>
+
+<p>While the procession was on the way to the abbey where the body was to
+be buried, it was met by Richard, who, having heard of his father's
+death, came to join in the funeral solemnities. Richard followed the
+train until they arrived at the abbey. It was the Abbey Fontevraud,
+the ancient burial-place of the Norman princes. Arrived at the abbey,
+the body was laid out upon the bier, and the face was uncovered, in
+order that Richard might once more look upon his father's features;
+but the countenance was so distorted with the scowling expression of
+rage and resentment which it had worn during the sufferer's last
+hours, that Richard turned away in horror from the dreadful spectacle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard immediately secures the succession to the throne.</div>
+
+<p>But Richard soon drove away from his mind the painful thoughts which
+the sight of his father's face must have awakened, and turned his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>attention at once to the business which now pressed upon him. He, of
+course, was heir both to the crown of England and also to all his
+father's possessions in Normandy, and he felt that he must act
+promptly, in order to secure his rights. It is true that there was
+nobody to dispute his claim, unless it was his brother John, for the
+two sons of Rosamond, Geoffrey and William Clifford, did not pretend
+to any rights of inheritance. Richard had some fears of John, and he
+thought it necessary to take decisive measures to guard against any
+plots that John might be disposed to form. He sent at once to England,
+and ordered that his mother should be released from her imprisonment,
+and invested her with power to act as regent there until he should
+come. In the mean time, he himself remained in Normandy, and devoted
+himself to arranging and regulating the affairs of his French
+possessions. This was the wisest course for him to pursue, for there
+was no one in England to dispute his claims to that kingdom. On the
+Continent the case was different. His neighbor, Philip, King of
+France, was ready to take advantage of any opportunity to get
+possession of such provinces on the Continent as might be within his
+reach.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Sorrow often results in happiness.</div>
+
+<p>It was certainly a good deed in Richard to liberate his mother from
+her captivity, and to exalt her as he did to a position of
+responsibility and honor. Eleanora fulfilled the trust which he
+reposed in her in a very faithful and successful manner. The long
+period of confinement and suffering which she had endured seems to
+have exerted a very favorable influence upon her mind. Indeed, it is
+very often the case that sorrow and trouble have this effect. A life
+of prosperity and pleasure makes us heartless, selfish, and unfeeling,
+while sorrow softens the heart, and disposes us to compassionate the
+woes of others, and to do what we can to relieve them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora queen regent.<br />Her change of character.</div>
+
+<p>Eleanora was queen regent in England for two months, and during that
+time she employed her power in a very beneficent manner. She released
+many unhappy prisoners, and pardoned many persons who had been
+convicted of political crimes. The truth is that probably, as she
+found herself drawing toward the close of life, and looked back upon
+her past career, and remembered her many crimes, her unfaithfulness to
+both her husbands, and especially her unnatural conduct in instigating
+her sons to rebel against their father, her heart was filled <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>with
+remorse, and she found some relief from her anguish in these tardy
+efforts to relieve suffering which might, in some small degree, repair
+the evils that she had brought upon the land by the insurrections and
+wars of which she had been the cause. She bitterly repented of the
+hostility that she had shown toward her husband, and of the countless
+wrongs that she had inflicted upon him. While he was alive, and she
+was engaged in her contests with him, the excitement that she was
+under blinded her mind; but now that he was dead, her passion
+subsided, and she mourned for him with bitter grief. She distributed
+alms in a very abundant manner to the poor to induce them to pray for
+the repose of his soul. While doing these things she did not neglect
+the affairs of state. She made all the necessary arrangements for the
+immediate administration of the government, and she sent word to all
+the barons, and also to the bishops, and other great public
+functionaries, informing them that Richard was coming to assume the
+government of the realm, and summoning them to assemble and make ready
+to receive him. In about two months Richard came.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's return to England.<br />Richard's proposed crusade.</div>
+
+<p>Before Richard arrived in England, however, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>he had formed the plan,
+in connection with Philip, the King of France, of going on a crusade.
+Richard was a wild and desperate man, and he loved fighting for its
+own sake; and inasmuch as now, since his father was dead, and his
+claim to the crown of England, and to all his possessions in Normandy,
+was undisputed, there seemed to be nobody for him to fight at home, he
+conceived the design of organizing a grand expedition to go to the
+Holy Land and fight the Saracens.</p>
+
+<p>John was very much pleased with this idea. "If Richard goes to
+Palestine," said he to himself, "ten to one he will get killed, and
+then I shall be King of England."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">John's dissimulation.</div>
+
+<p>So John was ready to do every thing in his power to favor the plan of
+the crusade. He pretended to be very submissive and obedient to his
+brother, and to acknowledge his sovereign power as king. He aided the
+king as much as he could in making his arrangements and in concocting
+all his plans.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A delusion.</div>
+
+<p>The first thing was to provide funds. A great deal of money was
+required for these expeditions. Ships were to be bought and equipped
+for the purpose of transporting the troops to the East. Arms and
+ammunition <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>were to be provided, and large supplies of food. Then the
+princes, and barons, and knights who were to accompany the expedition
+required very expensive armor, and costly trappings and equipments of
+all sorts; for, though the pretense was that they were going out to
+fight for the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre under the influence of
+religious zeal, the real motive which animated them was love of glory
+and display. Thus it happened that the expense which a sovereign
+incurred in fitting out a crusade was enormous.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The treasures of the crown.</div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, King Richard, immediately on his arrival in England,
+proceeded at once to Winchester, where his father, King Henry, had
+kept his treasures. Richard found a large sum of money there in gold
+and silver coin, and besides this there were stores of plate, of
+jewelry, and of precious gems of great value. Richard caused all the
+money to be counted in his presence, and an exact inventory to be made
+of all the treasures. He then placed the whole under the charge of
+trusty officers of his own, whom he appointed to take care of them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Circumstances alter cases.<br />Accomplices ill rewarded.</div>
+
+<p>The next thing that Richard did was to discard and dismiss all his own
+former friends and adherents&mdash;the men who had taken part with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>him in
+his rebellions against his father. "Men that would join me in
+rebelling against my father," thought he to himself, "would join any
+body else, if they thought they could gain by it, in rebelling against
+me." So he concluded that they were not to be trusted. Indeed now, in
+the altered circumstances in which he was placed, he could see the
+guilt of rebellion and treason, though he had been blind to it before,
+and he actually persecuted and punished some of those who had been his
+confederates in his former crimes. A great many cases analogous to
+this have occurred in English history. Sons have often made themselves
+the centre and soul of all the opposition in the realm against their
+father's government, and have given their fathers a great deal of
+trouble by so doing; but then, in all such cases, the moment that the
+father dies the son immediately places himself at the head of the
+regularly-constituted authorities of the realm, and abandons all his
+old companions and friends, treating them sometimes with great
+severity. His eyes are opened to the wickedness of making opposition
+to the sovereign power now that the sovereign power is vested in
+himself, and he disgraces and punishes his own former friends for the
+crime of having aided him in his undutiful behavior.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_V" id="Chapter_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Coronation.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1189</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The massacre of the Jews.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">t</span> was now time that the coronation should take place, and
+arrangements were accordingly made for performing this ceremony with
+great magnificence in Westminster Abbey. The day of the ceremony
+acquired a dreadful celebrity in history in consequence of a great
+massacre of the Jews, which resulted from an insurrection and riot
+that broke out in Westminster and London immediately after the
+crowning of the king. The Jews had been hated and abhorred by all the
+Christian nations of Europe for many ages. Since they were not
+believers in Christianity, they were considered as little better than
+infidels and heathen, and the government that oppressed and persecuted
+them the most was considered as doing the greatest service to the
+cause of religion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Their social position.<br />The history of the commercial character of the Jews.</div>
+
+<p>One very curious result followed from the legal disabilities that the
+Jews were under. They could not own land, and they were restricted
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> also very much in respect to nearly all the avocations open to other
+men. They consequently learned gradually to become dealers in money
+and in jewels, this being almost the only reputable calling that was
+left open to them. There was another great advantage, too, for them,
+in dealing in property of this kind, and that was, that comprising, as
+such property does, great value in small bulk, it could easily be
+concealed, and removed from place to place whenever it was specially
+endangered by the edicts of governments or the hostility of enemies.</p>
+
+<p>From these and similar reasons the Jews became bankers and
+money-lenders, and they are to this day the richest bankers and the
+greatest money-lenders in the world. The most powerful emperors and
+kings often depend upon them for the supplies that they require to
+carry on their great undertakings or to defray the expenses of their
+wars.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The persecution of the Jews in France.</div>
+
+<p>The Jews had gradually increased in numbers and influence in France
+until the time of the accession of Philip, and then he determined to
+extirpate them from the realm; so he issued an edict by which they
+were all banished from the kingdom, their property was confiscated,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>and every person that owed them money was released from all
+obligation to pay them. Of course, a great many of their debtors would
+pay them, notwithstanding this release, from the influence of that
+natural sense of justice which, in all nations and in all ages, has a
+very great control in human hearts; still, there were others who
+would, of course, avail themselves of this opportunity to defraud
+their creditors of what was justly their due; and being obliged, too,
+at the same time, to fly precipitately from the country in consequence
+of the decree of banishment, the poor Jews were reduced to a state of
+extreme distress.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conciliating the king.</div>
+
+<p>Now the Jews of England, when Henry died and Richard succeeded him,
+began to be afraid that the new king would follow Philip's example,
+and in order to prevent this, and to conciliate Richard's favor, they
+determined to send a delegation to him at Westminster, at the time of
+his coronation, with rich presents which had been procured by
+contributions made by the wealthy. Accordingly, on the day of the
+coronation, when the great crowds of people assembled at Westminster
+to honor the occasion, these Jews came among them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A description of the ceremony of coronation.</div>
+
+<p>The ceremony of the coronation was performed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>in the following manner:
+The king, in entering the church and proceeding up toward the high
+altar, walked upon a rich cloth laid down for him, which had been dyed
+with the famous Tyrian purple. Over his head was a beautifully-wrought
+canopy of silk, supported by four long lances. These lances were borne
+by four great barons of the realm. A great nobleman, the Earl of
+Albemarle, bore the crown, and walked with it before the king as he
+advanced toward the altar. When the earl reached the altar he placed
+the crown upon it. The Archbishop of Canterbury stood before the altar
+to receive the king as he approached, and then administered the usual
+oath to him.</p>
+
+<p>The oath was in three parts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. That all the days of his life he would bear peace, honor,
+and reverence to God and the Holy Church, and to all the
+ordinances thereof.</p>
+
+<p>2. That he would exercise right, justice, and law on the
+people unto him committed.</p>
+
+<p>3. That he would abrogate wicked laws and perverse customs,
+if any such should be brought into his kingdom, and that he
+would enact good laws, and the same in good faith keep,
+without mental reservation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The ampulla.</div>
+
+<p>Having taken this oath, the king removed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>his upper garment, and put
+golden sandals upon his feet, and then was anointed by the archbishop
+with the holy oil on his head, breast, and shoulders. This oil was
+poured from a rich vessel called an <i>ampulla</i>.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The coronation.</div>
+
+<p>The anointing having been performed, the king received various
+articles of royal dress and decoration from the hands of the great
+nobles around him, who officiated as servitors on the occasion, and
+with their assistance put them on. When thus robed and adorned, he
+advanced up the steps of the altar. As he went up, the archbishop
+adjured him in the name of the living God not to assume the crown
+unless he was fully resolved to keep the oaths that he had sworn.
+Richard again solemnly called God to witness that he would faithfully
+keep them, and then advancing to the altar, he took the crown and put
+it into the hands of the archbishop, who then placed it upon his head,
+and thus the coronation ceremony was completed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Presents.<br />Hostility and jealousy of the people.</div>
+
+<p>The people who had presents for the king now approached and offered
+them to him. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>Among them came the Jews. Their presents were very rich
+and valuable, and the king received them very gladly, although in
+announcing the arrangements for the ceremony he had declared that no
+Jew and no woman was to be allowed to be present. Notwithstanding this
+prohibition, the Jewish deputation had come in and offered their
+presents among the rest. There was, however, a great murmuring among
+the crowd in respect to them, and a great desire to drive them out.
+This crowd consisted chiefly, of course, of barons, earls, knights,
+and other great dignitaries of the realm, for very few of the lower
+ranks would be admitted to see the ceremony; and these people, in
+addition to the usual religious prejudice against the Jews, had many
+of them been exasperated against the bankers and money-lenders on
+account of difficulties that they had had with them in relation to
+money that they had borrowed, and to the high interest which they had
+been compelled to pay. Some wise observer of the working of human
+passions has said that men always hate more or less those to whom they
+owe money. This is a reason why there should ordinarily be very few
+pecuniary transactions between friends.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An altercation.</div>
+
+<p>At length, as one of the Jews who was outside <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>was attempting to go
+in, a by-stander at the gate cried out, "Here comes a Jew!" and struck
+at him. This excited the passions of the rest, and they struck and
+pushed the poor Jew in order to drive him back; and at the same time a
+general outcry against the Jews arose, and spread into the interior of
+the hall. The people there, glad of the opportunity afforded them by
+the excitement, began to assault the Jews and drive them out; and as
+they came out at the door beaten and bruised, a rumor was raised that
+they had been expelled by the king's orders. This rumor, as it spread
+through the streets, was soon changed into a report that the king had
+ordered all the unbelievers to be destroyed; and so, whenever a Jew
+was found in the street, a riot was raised about him, he was assaulted
+with sticks and stones, cruelly beaten, and if he was not killed, he
+was driven to seek refuge in his home, wounded and bleeding.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hunting out the Jews.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the news that the king had ordered all the Jews to
+be killed spread rapidly over the town, and in the evening crowds
+collected, and after murdering all the Jews that they could find in
+the streets, they gathered round their houses, and finally broke into
+them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>and killed the inhabitants. In some cases where the houses were
+strong, the Jews barricaded the doors and the mob could not get in. In
+such cases they brought combustibles, and piled them up before the
+windows and doors, and then, setting them on fire, they burned the
+houses to the ground, and men, women, and children were consumed
+together in the flames. If any of the unhappy wretches burning in
+these fires attempted to escape by leaping from the windows, the mob
+below held up spears and lances for them to fall upon.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The terrors of the massacre.</div>
+
+<p>There were so many of these fires in the course of the night that the
+whole sky was illuminated, and at one time there was danger that the
+flames would spread so as to produce a general conflagration. Indeed,
+as the night passed on, the excitement became more and more violent,
+until at length the streets, in all the quarters where Jews resided,
+were filled with the shouts of the mob, raving in demoniacal phrensy,
+and with the screams of the terrified and dying sufferers, and the
+crackling of the lurid flames in which they were burning.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Indifference of the king.<br />The mob unchecked.</div>
+
+<p>The king, in the mean time, was carousing with his lords and barons in
+the great banqueting-hall at Westminster, and for a time took <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>no
+notice of these disturbances. He seemed to consider them as of very
+little moment. At length, however, in the course of the night, he sent
+an officer and a few men to suppress the riot. But it was too late.
+The mob paid no heed to remonstrances which came from the leader of so
+small a force, but, on the other hand, threatened to kill the soldiers
+too, if they did not go away. So the officer returned to the king, and
+the riot went on undisturbed until about two o'clock of the next day,
+when it gradually ceased from the mere weariness and exhaustion of the
+people.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The impunity of the rioters.</div>
+
+<p>A few of the men who had been engaged in this riot were afterward
+brought to trial, and three were hung, not for murdering Jews, but for
+burning some Christian houses, which, either by mistake or accident,
+took fire in the confusion and were burned with the rest. This was all
+that was ever done to punish this dreadful crime.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard's edict.</div>
+
+<p>In justice to King Richard, however, it must be stated that he issued
+an edict after this forbidding that the Jews should be injured or
+maltreated any more. He took the whole people, he said, thenceforth
+under his special protection, and all men were strictly forbidden to
+harm <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>them personally, or to molest them in the possession of their
+property.</p>
+
+<p>And this was the terrible coronation scene which signalized the
+investiture of Richard with the crown and the royal robes of England.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VI" id="Chapter_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Preparations for the Crusade.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1189</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard was thirty-two years of age at his accession.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">t</span> the time of his accession to the throne, Richard, as has already
+been remarked, was about thirty-two years of age. On the following
+page you have a portrait of him, with the crown upon his head.</p>
+
+<p>This portrait is taken from a sculpture on his tomb, and is
+undoubtedly a good representation of him as he appeared when he was
+alive.</p>
+
+<p> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 317px;">
+<img src="images/i086.jpg" class="ispace" width="317" height="350" alt="PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">His ardent desires for distinction in crusades.<br />Motives of the crusaders.<br />A strange delusion.</div>
+
+<p>The first thing that Richard turned his attention to, when he found
+himself securely seated on his throne, was the preparation for a
+crusade. It had been the height of his ambition for a long time to
+lead a crusade. It was undoubtedly through the influence of his
+mother, and of her early conversations with him, that he imbibed his
+extraordinary eagerness to seek adventures in the Holy Land. She had
+been a crusader herself during her first marriage, as has already been
+related in this volume, and she had undoubtedly, in Richard's early
+life, entertained him with a thousand stories of what she had seen,
+and of the romantic adventures which she had met with there. These
+stories, and the various conversations which arose out of them,
+kindled Richard's youthful imagination with ardent desires to go and
+distinguish himself on the same field. These desires had been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>greatly
+increased as Richard grew up to manhood by observing the exalted
+military glory to which successful crusaders attained. And then,
+besides this, Richard was endued with a sort of reckless and lion-like
+courage, which led him to look upon danger as a sport, and made him
+long for a field where there were plenty of enemies to fight, and
+enemies so abhorred by the whole Christian world that he could indulge
+in the excitement of hatred and rage against them without any
+restraint whatever. He could there satiate himself, too, with the
+luxury of killing men without any misgiving of conscience, or, at
+least, without any condemnation on the part of his fellow-men, for it
+was understood throughout Christendom that the crimes committed
+against the Saracens in the Holy Land were committed in the name of
+Christ. What a strange delusion! To think of honoring the memory of
+the meek and lowly Jesus by utterly disregarding his peaceful precepts
+and his loving and gentle example, and going forth in thousands to the
+work of murder, rapine, and devastation, in order to get possession of
+his tomb.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">The preparations.<br />Navies.<br />Armies.<br />Accoutrements.<br />Customs of old times.</div>
+
+<p>In preparing for the crusade, the first and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>most important thing to
+be attended to, in Richard's view, was the raising of money. A great
+deal of money would be required, as has already been intimated, to fit
+out the expedition on the magnificent scale which Richard intended.
+There was a fleet of ships to be built and equipped, and stores of
+provisions to be put on board. There were armies to be levied and
+paid, and immense expenses were to be incurred in the manufacture of
+arms and ammunition. The armor and the arms used in those days,
+especially those worn by knights and noblemen, and the caparisons of
+the horses, were extremely costly. The armor was fashioned with great
+labor and skill out of plates or rings of steel, and the helmets, and
+the bucklers, and the swords, and all the military trappings of the
+horses and horsemen, being fashioned altogether by hand, required
+great labor and skill in the artisan who made them; and then,
+moreover, it was customary to decorate them very profusely with
+embroidery, and gold, and gems. At the present day, men display their
+wealth in the costliness of their houses, and the gorgeousness and
+luxury of the furniture which they contain. It is not considered in
+good taste&mdash;except for ladies&mdash;to make a display of wealth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>upon the
+person. In those days, however, the reverse was the case. The knights
+and barons lived in the rudest stone castles, dark and frowning
+without, and meagerly furnished and comfortless within, while all the
+means of display which the owners possessed were lavished in arming
+and decorating themselves and their horses magnificently for the field
+of battle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's reckless course.</div>
+
+<p>For all these things Richard knew that he should require a large sum
+of money, and he proceeded at once to carry into effect the most
+wasteful and reckless measures for obtaining it. His father, Henry the
+Second, had in various ways acquired a great many estates in different
+parts of the kingdom, which estates he had added to the royal domains.
+These Richard at once proceeded to sell to whomsoever would give the
+most for them. In this manner he disposed of a great number of
+castles, fortresses, and towns, so as greatly to diminish the value of
+the crown property. The purchasers of this property, if they had not
+money enough of their own to pay for what they bought, would borrow of
+the Jews. Some of the king's counselors remonstrated with him against
+this wasteful policy, but he replied that he needed money so much for
+the crusade, that, if necessary, he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>would sell the city of London
+itself to raise it, if he could only find a man rich enough to be the
+purchaser.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard sold lands, offices, and titles of honor.</div>
+
+<p>After having raised as much money as he could by the sale of the royal
+lands, the next resource to which Richard turned was the sale of
+public offices and titles of honor. He looked about the country for
+wealthy men, and he offered them severally high office on condition of
+their paying large sums of money into the treasury as a consideration
+for them. He sold titles of nobility, too, in the same way. If any man
+who was not rich held a high or important office, he would find some
+pretext for removing him, and then would offer the office for sale.
+One of the historians of those times says that at this period
+Richard's presence-chamber became a regular place of trade&mdash;like the
+counting-room of a merchant or an exchange&mdash;where every thing that
+could be derived from the bounty of the crown or bestowed by the royal
+prerogative was offered for sale in open market to the man who would
+give the best bargain for it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Extortion under pretense of public justice.</div>
+
+<p>Another of the modes which the king adopted for raising money, and in
+some respects the worst of all, was to impose fines as a punishment
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>for crime, and then, in order to make the fines produce as much as
+possible, every imaginable pretext was resorted to to charge wealthy
+persons with offenses, with a view of exacting large sums from them as
+the penalty. It was said that a great officer of state was charged
+with some offense, and was put in prison and not released until he had
+paid a fine of three thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<p>One of the worst of these cases was that of his half-brother Geoffrey,
+the son of Rosamond. Geoffrey had been appointed Archbishop of York in
+accordance with the wish that his father Henry had expressed on his
+death-bed. Richard pretended to be displeased with this. Perhaps he
+wished to have had that office to dispose of like the rest. At any
+rate, he exacted a very large sum from Geoffrey as the condition on
+which he would "grant him his peace," as he termed it, and Geoffrey
+paid the money.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Creating a regency.<br />Richard's regents.<br />John's acquiescence.</div>
+
+<p>When, by these and other similar means, Richard had raised all that he
+could in England, he prepared to cross the Channel into Normandy, in
+order to see what more he could do there. Before he went, however, he
+had first to make arrangements for a regency to govern England <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>while
+he should be away. This is always the custom in monarchical countries.
+Whenever, for any reason, the true sovereign can not personally
+exercise the supreme power, whether from minority, insanity,
+long-continued sickness, or protracted absence from the realm, a
+regency, as it is called, is created to govern the kingdom in his
+stead. The person appointed to act as regent is usually some near
+relation of the king. Richard's brother John hoped to be made regent,
+but this did not suit Richard's views, for he wished to make this
+office the means, as all the others had been, of raising money, and
+John had no money to give. For the same reason, he could not appoint
+his mother, who in other respects would have been a very suitable
+person. So Richard contrived a sort of middle course. He sold the
+nominal regency to two wealthy courtiers, whom he associated together
+for the purpose. One was a bishop, and the other was an earl. It may,
+perhaps, be too much to say that he directly sold them the office,
+but, at any rate, he appointed them jointly to it, and under the
+arrangement that was made he received a large sum of money. He,
+however, stipulated that John, and also his mother, should have a
+large <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>share of influence in deciding upon all the measures of the
+government. John would have been by no means satisfied with this
+divided and uncertain share of power were it not that he was so
+desirous of favoring the expedition in every possible way, in hopes
+that if Richard could once get to the Holy Land he would soon perish
+there, and that then he should be king altogether. It was of
+comparatively little consequence who was regent in the mean time. So
+he resolved to make no objection to any plan that the king might
+propose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The time for sailing appointed.</div>
+
+<p>Richard was now ready to cross to Normandy; but just before he went
+there came a deputation from Philip to consult with him in respect to
+the plans of the crusade, and to fix upon the time for setting out.
+The time proposed by Philip was the latter part of March. It was now
+late in the fall. It would not be safe to set out before March on
+account of the inclemency of the season, and Richard supposed that he
+should have ample time to complete his preparations by the time that
+Philip named. So both parties agreed to it, and they took a solemn
+oath on both sides that they would all be ready without fail.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard crosses the Channel.</div>
+
+<p>Soon after this Richard took leave of his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>friends, and, accompanied
+by a long retinue of earls, barons, knights, and other adventurers who
+were to accompany him to the Holy Land, he left England, and crossed
+the Channel to Normandy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fears of treachery.<br />The treaty of alliance between Richard and Philip.</div>
+
+<p>In such cases as this there are always a great many last words to be
+said and a great many last arrangements to be made, and Richard found
+it necessary to see his mother and his brother John again before
+finally taking his departure from Europe. So he sent for them to come
+to Normandy, and there another great council of state was held, at
+which every thing in relation to the internal affairs of his dominions
+was finally arranged. There was still one other danger to be guarded
+against, and that was some treachery on the part of Philip himself. So
+little reliance did these valiant champions of Christianity place in
+each other in those days, that both Richard and Philip, in joining
+together to form this expedition, had many misgivings and suspicions
+in respect to each other's honesty. Undoubtedly neither of them would
+have thought it safe to leave his dominions and go on a crusade unless
+the other had been going too. The one left behind would have been sure
+to have found some pretext, during the absence <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>of his neighbor, to
+invade his dominions and plunder him of some of his possessions. This
+was one reason why the two kings had agreed to go together; and now,
+as an additional safeguard, they made a formal treaty of alliance and
+fraternity, in which they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths to
+stand by each other, and to be faithful and true to each other to the
+last. They agreed that each would defend the life and honor of the
+other on all occasions; that neither would desert the other in the
+hour of danger; and that, in respect to the dominions that they were
+respectively to leave behind them, neither would form any designs
+against the other, but that Philip would cherish and protect the
+rights of Richard even as he would protect his own city of Paris, and
+that Richard would do the like by Philip, even as he would protect his
+own city of Rouen.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious circumstance that in this treaty Richard should name
+Rouen, and not London, as his principal capital. It confirms what is
+known in many other ways, that the kings of this line, reigning over
+both Normandy and England, considered Normandy as the chief centre of
+their power, and England as subordinate. It may be, however, that one
+reason <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>why Rouen was named in this instance may have been because it
+was nearer to the dominions of the King of France, and so better known
+to him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Completion of the preparations.</div>
+
+<p>This treaty was signed in February, and the preparations were now
+nearly complete for setting forth on the expedition in March, at the
+appointed time.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VII" id="Chapter_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Embarkation.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The plan of embarking the troops.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> plan which Richard had formed for conveying his expedition to the
+Holy Land was to embark it on board a fleet of ships which he was
+sending round to Marseilles for this purpose, with orders to await him
+there. Marseilles is in the south of France, not far from the
+Mediterranean Sea. Richard might have embarked his troops in the
+English Channel; but that, as the reader will see from looking on the
+map of Europe, would require them to take a long sea voyage around the
+coasts of France and Spain, and through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+Richard thought it best to avoid this long circuit for his troops, and
+so he sent the ships round, with no more men on board than necessary
+to man&oelig;uvre them, while he marched his army across France by land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The English fleet.</div>
+
+<p>As for Philip, he had no ships of his own. England was a maritime
+country, and had long possessed a fleet. This fleet had been very much
+increased by the exertions of Henry the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>Second, Richard's father, who
+had built several new ships, some of them of very large size,
+expressly for the purpose of transporting troops to Palestine. Henry
+himself did not live to execute his plans, and so he left his ships
+for Richard.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The French forces.</div>
+
+<p>France, on the other hand, was not then a maritime country. Most of
+the harbors on the northern coast belonged to Normandy, and even at
+the south the ports did not belong to the King of France. Philip,
+therefore, had no fleet of his own, but he had made arrangements with
+the republic of Genoa to furnish him with ships, and so his plan was
+to march over the mountains to that city and embark there, while
+Richard should go south to Marseilles.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's rules.</div>
+
+<p>Richard drew up a curious set of rules and regulations for the
+government of this fleet while it was making the passage. Some of the
+rules were the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. That if any man killed another, the murderer was to be
+lashed to the dead body and buried alive with it, if the
+murder was committed in port or on the land. If the crime
+was committed at sea, then the two bodies, bound together as
+before, were to be launched overboard.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>2. If any man, with a knife or with any other weapon, struck
+another so as to draw blood, then he was to be punished by
+being ducked three times over head and ears by being let
+down from the yard-arm of the ship into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>3. For all sorts of profane and abusive language, the
+punishment was a fine of an ounce of silver for each
+offense.</p>
+
+<p>4. Any man convicted of theft, or "pickerie" as it was
+called, was to have his head shaved and hot pitch poured
+over it, and upon that the feathers of some pillow or
+cushion were to be shaken. The offender was then to be
+turned ashore on the first land that the ship might reach,
+and there be abandoned to his fate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The origin of tarring and feathering.</div>
+
+<p>The penalty named in this last article is the first instance in which
+any account of the punishment of tarring and feathering is mentioned,
+and this is supposed to be the origin of that extraordinary and very
+cruel mode of punishment.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Command of the fleet.</div>
+
+<p>The king put the fleet under the command of three grand officers of
+his court, and he commanded all his seamen and marines to obey them
+strictly in all things, as they would obey the king himself if he had
+been on board.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The fleet dispersed by a storm.<br />A delay in Lisbon.</div>
+
+<p>The fleet met with a great variety of adventures on its way to
+Marseilles. It had not proceeded <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>far before a great tempest arose,
+and scattered the ships in every direction. At last, a considerable
+number of them succeeded in making their way, in a disabled condition,
+into the Tagus, in order to seek succor in Lisbon. The King of
+Portugal was at this time at war with the Moors, who had come over
+from Africa and invaded his dominions. He proposed to the Crusaders on
+board the ships to wait a little while, and assist him in fighting the
+Moors. "They are as great infidels," said he, "as any that you will
+find in the Holy Land." The commanders of the fleet acceded to this
+proposal, but the crews, when they were landed, soon made so many
+riots in Lisbon, and involved themselves in such frequent and bloody
+affrays with the people of the city, that the King of Portugal was
+soon eager to send them away; so, in due time, they embarked again, in
+order to continue their voyage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The rendezvous at Vezelai.<br />Devastation by the armies.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, while the fleet was thus going round by sea, Richard
+and Philip were engaged in assembling their forces and making
+preparation to march by land. The two armies, when finally organized,
+came together at a place of rendezvous called Vezelai, where there
+were great plains suitable for the camping-ground of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>a great military
+force. Vezelai was on the road to Lyons, and the armies, after they
+had met, marched in company to the latter city. The number of troops
+assembled was very great. The united army amounted, it is said, to one
+hundred thousand men. This was a very large force for those days. The
+great difficulty was to find provision for them from day to day during
+the march. Supplies of provisions for such a host can not be carried
+far, so that armies are obliged to live on the produce of the country
+that they march through, which is collected for this purpose by
+foragers from day to day. The allied armies, as they moved slowly on,
+impoverished and distressed the whole country through which they
+passed, by devouring every thing that the people had in store. At
+length, after marching together for some time, they came to the place
+where the roads separated, and King Philip turned off to the left in
+order to proceed through the passes of the Alps toward Genoa, while
+Richard and his hosts proceeded southward toward Marseilles.</p>
+
+<p>When he reached Marseilles, Richard found that his fleet had not
+arrived. The delay was occasioned by the storm, and the subsequent
+detention of the crews at Lisbon. And yet this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>was very long after
+the time originally appointed for the sailing of the expedition. The
+time first appointed was the last of March; but Philip could not go at
+that time, on account of the death of his queen, which took place just
+before the appointed period. Nor was Richard himself ready. It was not
+until the thirtieth of August that the fleet arrived at Marseilles.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard goes to the East in advance of his fleet.</div>
+
+<p>When Richard found that the fleet had not come he was greatly
+disappointed. He had no means of knowing when to expect it, for there
+were no postal or other communications across the country in those
+days, as now, by which tidings could be conveyed to him. He waited
+eight days very impatiently, and then concluded to go on himself
+toward the East, and leave orders for the fleet to follow him. So he
+hired ten large vessels and twenty galleys of the merchants of
+Marseilles, and in these he embarked a portion of his forces, leaving
+the rest to come in the great fleet when it should arrive. They were
+to proceed to Messina in Sicily, where Richard was to join them. With
+the vessels that he had hired he proceeded along the coast to Genoa,
+where he found Philip, the French king, who had arrived there safely
+before him by land.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The rendezvous at Messina.<br />Joanna.<br />Richard's visit.</div>
+
+<p>From Marseilles to Genoa the course lies toward the northeast along
+the coast of France. Thence, in going toward Messina, it turns toward
+the southeast, and follows the coast of Italy. The route may be traced
+very easily on any map of modern Europe. The reason why Messina had
+been appointed as the great intermediate rendezvous of the fleet was
+two-fold. In the first place, it was a convenient port for this
+purpose, being a good harbor, and being favorably situated about
+midway of the voyage. Then, besides, Richard had a sister residing
+there. Her name was Joanna. She had married the king of the country.
+Her husband had died, it is true, and she was, at that time in some
+sense retired from public life. She was, indeed, in some distress, for
+the throne had been seized by a certain Tancred, who was her enemy,
+and, as she maintained, not the rightful successor of her husband. So
+Richard resolved, in stopping at Messina, to inquire into and redress
+his sister's wrongs; or, rather, he thought the occasion offered him a
+favorable opportunity to interfere in the affairs of Sicily, and to
+lord it over the government and people there in his usual arrogant and
+domineering manner.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">King Richard's excursions.<br />Ostia.</div>
+
+<p>After waiting a short time at Genoa, Richard set sail again in one of
+his small vessels, and proceeded to the southward along the coast of
+Italy. He touched at several places on the coast, in order to visit
+celebrated cities or other places of interest. He sailed up the River
+Arno, which you will find, on the map, flowing into the Gulf of Genoa
+a little to the northward of Leghorn. There are two renowned cities on
+this river, which are very much visited by tourists and travelers of
+the present day, Florence and Pisa. Pisa is near the mouth of the
+river. Florence is much farther inland. Richard sailed up as far as
+Pisa. After visiting that city, he returned again to the mouth of the
+river, and then proceeded on his way down the coast until he came to
+the Tiber, and entered that river. He landed at Ostia, a small port
+near the mouth of it&mdash;the port, in fact, of Rome. One reason why he
+landed at Ostia was that the galley in which he was making the voyage
+required some repairs, and this was a convenient place for making
+them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A quarrel.<br />Why Richard quarreled with the bishop.</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps, too, it was his intention to visit Rome; but while at Ostia
+he became involved in a quarrel with the bishop that resided there,
+which led him at length to leave Ostia abruptly, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>and to refuse to go
+to Rome. The cause of the quarrel was the bishop's asking him to pay
+some money that he owed the Pope. In all the Catholic countries of
+Europe, in those days, there were certain taxes and fees that were
+collected for the Pope, the income from which was of great importance
+in making up the papal revenues. Now Richard, in his eagerness to
+secure all the money he could obtain in England to supply his wants
+for the crusade, had appropriated to his own use certain of these
+church funds, and the bishop now called upon him to reimburse them.
+This application, as might have been expected, made Richard extremely
+angry. He assailed the bishop with the most violent and abusive
+language, and charged all sorts of corruption and wickedness against
+the papal government itself. These charges may have been true, but the
+occasion of being called upon to pay a debt was not the proper time
+for making them. To make the faults or misconduct of others, whether
+real or pretended, an excuse for not rendering them their just dues,
+is a very base proceeding.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Richard's galley was repaired, he embarked on board of it
+in a rage, and sailed away. The next point at which he landed was
+Naples.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Naples and Vesuvius.<br />The crypt.</div>
+
+<p>Richard was greatly delighted with the city of Naples, which, rising
+as it does from the shores of an enchanting bay, and near the base of
+the volcano Vesuvius, has long been celebrated for the romantic beauty
+of its situation. Richard remained at Naples several days. There is an
+account of his going, while there, to perform his devotions in the
+crypt of a church. The crypt is a subterranean apartment beneath the
+church, the floors above it, as well as the pillars and walls of the
+church, being supported by immense piers and arches, which give the
+crypt the appearance of a dungeon. The place is commonly used for
+tombs and places of sepulture for the dead. In the crypt where Richard
+worshiped at Naples, the dead bodies were arranged in niches all
+around the walls. They were dressed as they had been when alive, and
+their countenances, dry and shriveled, were exposed to view,
+presenting a ghastly and horrid spectacle. It was such means as these
+that were resorted to, in the Middle Ages, for making religious
+impressions on the minds of men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Salerno.<br />Richard's visit there.</div>
+
+<p>After spending some days in Naples, Richard concluded that he would
+continue his route; but, instead of embarking at once on board his
+galley, he determined to go across the mountains <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>by land to Salerno,
+which town lies on the sea-coast at some distance south of Naples. By
+looking at any map of Italy, you will observe that a great promontory
+puts out into the sea just below Naples, forming the Gulf of Salerno
+on the south side of it. The pass through the mountains which Richard
+followed led across the neck of this promontory. His galley, together
+with the other galleys that accompanied him, he sent round by water.
+There was a great deal to interest him at Salerno, for it was a place
+where many parties of crusaders, Normans among the rest, had landed
+before, and they had built churches and monasteries, and founded
+institutions of learning there, all of which Richard was much
+interested in visiting.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The fleet.<br />Richard pursuing his journey along the coast of the
+Mediterranean.</div>
+
+<p>He accordingly remained in Salerno several days, until at length his
+fleet of galleys, which had come round from Naples by sea, arrived.
+Richard, however, in the mean time, had found traveling by land so
+agreeable, that he concluded to continue his journey in that way,
+leaving his fleet to sail down the coast, keeping all the time as near
+as possible to the shore. The king himself rode on upon the land,
+accompanied by a very small troop of attendants. His way led him
+sometimes among the mountains of the interior, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>and sometimes near the
+margin of the shore. At some points, where the road approached so near
+to the cliffs as to afford a good view of the sea, the fleet of
+galleys were to be seen in the offing prosperously pursuing their
+voyage.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i109.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="294" alt="RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Richard's tyrannical disposition.</div>
+
+<p>The king went on in this way till he reached Calabria, which is the
+country situated in the southern portion of Italy. The roads here were
+very bad, and as the autumn was now coming on, many of the streams
+became so swollen with rains that it was difficult sometimes for him
+to proceed on his way. At one time, while he was thus journeying, he
+became involved in a difficulty with a party of peasants which was
+extremely discreditable to him, and exhibits his character in a very
+unfavorable light. It seems that he was traveling by an obscure
+country road, in company with only a single attendant, when he
+happened to pass by a village, where he was told a peasant lived who
+had a very fine hunting hawk or falcon. Hunting by means of these
+hawks was a common amusement of the knights and nobles of those days;
+and Richard, when he heard about this hawk, said that a plain
+countryman had no business with such a bird. He declared that he would
+go to his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>house and take it away from him. This act, so characteristic of the
+despotic arrogance which marked Richard's character, shows that the
+reckless ferocity for which he was so renowned was not softened or
+alleviated by any true and genuine nobleness or generosity. For a rich
+and powerful king thus to rob a poor, helpless peasant, and on such a
+pretext too, was as base a deed as we can well conceive a royal
+personage to perform.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stealing the falcon.<br />Richard flees to a priory to escape the peasants.</div>
+
+<p>Richard at once proceeded to carry his design into execution. He went
+into the peasant's house, and having, under some pretext or other, got
+possession of the falcon, he began to ride away with the bird on his
+wrist. The peasant called out to him to give him back his bird.
+Richard paid no attention to him, but rode on. The peasant then called
+for help, and other villagers joining him, they followed the king,
+each one having seized in the mean time such weapons as came most
+readily to hand. They surrounded the king in order to take the falcon
+away, while he attempted to beat them off with his sword. Pretty soon
+he broke his sword by a blow which he struck at one of the peasants,
+and then he was in a great measure defenseless. His only safety now
+was in flight. He contrived <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>to force his way through the circle that
+surrounded him, and began to gallop away, followed by his attendant.
+At length he succeeded in reaching a priory, where he was received and
+protected from farther danger, having, in the mean time, given up the
+falcon. When the excitement had subsided he resumed his journey, and
+at length, without any farther adventures, reached the coast at the
+point nearest to Sicily. Here he passed the night in a tent, which he
+pitched upon the rocks on the shore, waiting for arrangements to be
+made on the next day for his public entrance into the harbor of
+Messina, which lay just opposite to him, across the narrow strait that
+here separates the island of Sicily from the main land.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VIII" id="Chapter_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">King Richard at Messina.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The triumphal entry into Messina.<br />The jealousy of the Sicilians and the envy of the French.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">lthough</span> Richard came down to the Italian shore, opposite to Messina,
+almost unattended and alone, and under circumstances so
+ignoble&mdash;fugitive as he was from a party of peasants whom he had
+incensed by an act of petty robbery&mdash;he yet made his entry at last
+into the town itself with a great display of pomp and parade. He
+remained on the Italian side of the strait, after he arrived on the
+shore, until he had sent over to Messina, and informed the officers of
+his fleet, which, by the way, had already arrived there, that he had
+come. The whole fleet immediately got ready, and came over to the
+Italian side to take Richard on board and escort him over. Richard
+entered the harbor with his fleet as if he were a conqueror returning
+home. The ships and galleys were all fully manned and gayly decorated,
+and Richard arranged such a number of musicians on the decks of them
+to blow trumpets and horns as the fleet sailed along the shores and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> entered the harbor that the air was filled with the echoes of them,
+and the whole country was called out by the sound. The Sicilians were
+quite alarmed to see so formidable a host of foreign soldiers coming
+among them; and even their allies, the French, were not pleased.
+Philip began to be jealous of Richard's superior power, and to be
+alarmed at his assuming and arrogant demeanor. Philip had arrived in
+Messina some time before this, but his fleet, which was originally an
+inferior one, having consisted of such vessels only as he could hire
+at Genoa, had been greatly injured by storms during the passage, so
+that he had reached Messina in a very crippled condition. And now to
+see Richard coming in apparently so much his superior, and with so
+evident a disposition to make a parade of his superiority, made him
+anxious and uneasy.</p>
+
+<p>The same feeling manifested itself, too, among his troops, and this to
+such a degree as to threaten to break out into open quarrels between
+the soldiers of the two armies.</p>
+
+<p>"It will never answer," thought Philip, "for us both to remain long at
+Messina; so I will set out again myself as soon as I possibly can."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The winter sets in upon Richard and Philip in Sicily.</div>
+
+<p>Indeed, there was another very decisive reason for Philip's soon
+continuing his voyage, and that was the necessity of diminishing the
+number of soldiers now at Messina on account of the difficulty of
+finding sustenance for them all. Philip accordingly made all haste to
+refit his fleet and to sail away; but he was again unfortunate. He
+encountered another storm, and was obliged to put back again, and
+before he could be ready a second time the winter set in, and he was
+obliged to give up all hope of leaving Sicily until the spring.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Winter quarters.</div>
+
+<p>The two kings had foreseen this difficulty, and had earnestly
+endeavored to avoid it by making all their arrangements in the first
+instance for setting out from England and France in March, which was
+the earliest possible season for navigating the Mediterranean safely
+with such vessels as they had in those days. But this plan the reader
+will recollect had been frustrated by the death of Philip's queen, and
+the delays attendant upon that event, as well as other delays arising
+from other causes, and it was past midsummer before the expedition was
+ready to take its departure. The kings had still hoped to have reached
+the Holy Land before winter, but now they found themselves <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>stopped on
+the way, and Philip, with many misgivings in respect to the result,
+prepared to make the best arrangements that he could for putting his
+men into winter quarters.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tancred.</div>
+
+<p>Richard did in the end become involved in difficulties with Philip and
+with the French troops, but the most serious affair which occupied his
+attention was a very extraordinary quarrel which he instigated between
+himself and the king of the country. The name of this king was
+Tancred.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His history.</div>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Sicily in those days included not merely the island of
+Sicily, but also nearly all the southern part of Italy&mdash;all that part,
+namely, which forms the foot and ankle of Italy, as seen upon the map.
+It has already been said that Richard's sister Joanna some years ago
+married the king of this country. The name of the king whom Joanna
+married was William, and he was now dead. Tancred was his successor,
+though not the regular and rightful heir. In order that the reader may
+understand the nature of the quarrel which broke out between Tancred
+and Richard, it is necessary to explain how it happened that Tancred
+succeeded to the throne.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">William of Sicily.</div>
+
+<p>If William, Joanna's husband, had had a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>son, he would have been the
+rightful successor; but William had no children, and some time before
+his death he gave up all expectation of ever having any, so he began
+to look around and consider who should be his heir.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Constance.<br />Oath of allegiance.</div>
+
+<p>He fixed his mind upon a lady, the Princess Constance, who was his
+cousin and his nearest relative. She would have been the heir had it
+not been that the usages of the realm did not allow a woman to reign.
+There was another relative of William, a young man named Tancred. For
+some reasons, William was very unwilling that Tancred should succeed
+him. He knew, however, that the people would be extremely averse to
+receive Constance as their sovereign instead of Tancred, on account of
+her being a woman; but he thought that he might obviate this objection
+in some degree by arranging a marriage for her with some powerful
+prince. This he finally succeeded in doing. The prince whom he chose
+was a son of the Emperor of Germany. His name was Henry. Constance was
+married to him, and after her marriage she left Sicily and went home
+with her husband. William then assembled all his barons, and made them
+take an oath of allegiance to Constance and Henry, as rightful
+sovereigns <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>after his decease. Supposing every thing to be thus
+amicably arranged, he settled himself quietly in his capital, the city
+of Palermo, intending to live there in peace with his wife for the
+remainder of his days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Joanna's estates in the promontory of Mont Gargano.</div>
+
+<p>When he married Joanna, he had given her, for her dower, a large
+territory of rich estates in Italy. These estates were all together,
+and comprised what is called the promontory of Mont Gargano. You will
+see this promontory represented on any map of Italy by a small
+projection on the heel, or, rather, a little way above the heel of the
+foot, on the eastern side of the peninsula. It is nearly opposite to
+Naples. This territory was large, and contained, besides a number of
+valuable landed estates, several castles, with lakes and forests
+adjoining; also two monasteries, with their pastures, woods, and
+vineyards, and several beautiful lakes. These estates, and all the
+income from them, were secured to Joanna forever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tancred seizing the power.</div>
+
+<p>Not very long after William had completed his arrangements for the
+succession, he died unexpectedly, while Constance was away from the
+kingdom, at home with her husband. Immediately a great number of
+competitors started up and claimed the crown. Among them was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>Tancred.
+Tancred took the field, and, after a desperate contest with his
+rivals, at length carried the day. He considered Joanna, the queen
+dowager, as his enemy, and either confiscated her estates or allowed
+others to seize them. He then took her with him to Palermo, where, as
+Richard was led to believe, he kept her a prisoner. All these things
+happened a few months only before Richard arrived in Messina.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A good pretext for war.</div>
+
+<p>Palermo, as you will see from any map of Sicily, lies near the
+northwest corner of Sicily, and Messina near the northeast. In
+consequence of these occurrences, it happened that when Richard landed
+in Sicily he found his sister, the wife of the former king of the
+country, a widow and a prisoner, and her estates confiscated, while a
+person whom he considered a usurper was on the throne. A better state
+of things to furnish him with a pretext for aggressions on the country
+or the people he could not possibly have desired.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's demand.<br />Tancred's response.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as he had landed his troops, he formed a great encampment for
+them on the sea-shore, outside the town. The place of the encampment
+was bordered at one extremity by the suburbs of the town, and at the
+other extremity was a monastery built on a height. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>As soon as Richard
+had established himself here, he sent a delegation to Tancred at
+Palermo, demanding that he should release Joanna and send her to him.
+Tancred denied that Joanna had been imprisoned at all, and, at any
+rate, he immediately acceded to her brother's demand that she should
+be sent to him. He placed her on board one of his own royal galleys,
+and caused her to be conveyed in it, with a very honorable escort, to
+Messina, and there delivered up to Richard's care.</p>
+
+<p>In respect to the dower which Richard had demanded that he should
+restore, Tancred commenced giving some explanations in regard to it,
+but Richard was too impatient to listen to them. "We will not wait,"
+said he to his sister, "to hear any talking on the subject; we will go
+and take possession of the territory ourselves."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Reprisals.<br />Fortifying a monastery.</div>
+
+<p>So he embarked a part of his army on board some ships and transported
+them across the Straits, and, landing on the Italian shore, he seized
+a castle and a portion of territory surrounding it. He put a strong
+garrison in the castle, and gave the command of it to Joanna, while he
+went back to Messina to strengthen the position of the remainder of
+his army there. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>He thought that the monastery which flanked his
+encampment on the side farthest from the town would make a good
+fortress if he had possession of it, and that, if well fortified, it
+would strengthen very much the defenses of his encampment in case
+Tancred should attempt to molest him. So he at once took possession of
+it. He turned the monks out of doors, removed all the sacred
+implements and emblems, and turned the buildings into a fortress. He
+put in a garrison of soldiers to guard it, and filled the rooms which
+the monks had been accustomed to use for their studies and their
+prayers with stores of arms and ammunition brought in from the ships,
+and with other apparatus of war. His object was to be ready to meet
+Tancred, at a moment's warning, if he should attempt to attack him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Soldiers' troubles.<br />The army provokes a riot in Messina.</div>
+
+<p>Soon after this a very serious difficulty broke out between the
+soldiers of the army and the people of Messina. There is almost always
+difficulty between the soldiers of an army and the people of any town
+near which the army is encamped. The soldiers, brutal in their
+passions, and standing in awe of none but their own officers, are
+often exceedingly violent and unjust in their demeanor toward unarmed
+and helpless <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>citizens, and the citizens, though they usually endure
+very long and very patiently, sometimes become aroused to resentment
+and retaliation at last. In this case, parties of Richard's soldiers
+went into Messina, and behaved so outrageously toward the inhabitants,
+and especially toward the young women, that the indignation of the
+husbands and fathers was excited to the highest degree. The soldiers
+were attacked in the streets. Several of them were killed. The rest
+fled, and were pursued by the crowd of citizens to the gates. Those
+that escaped went to the camp, breathless with excitement and burning
+with rage, and called upon all their fellow-soldiers to join them and
+revenge their wrongs. A great riot was created, and bands of furious
+men, hastily collected together, advanced toward the city, brandishing
+their arms and uttering furious cries, determined to break through the
+gates and kill every body that they could find. Richard heard of the
+danger just in time to mount his horse and ride to the gates of the
+city, and there to head off the soldiers and drive them back; but they
+were so furious that, for a time, they would not hear him, but still
+pressed on. He was obliged to ride in among them, and actually beat
+them back with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>his truncheon, before he could compel them to give up
+their design.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The intense excitement.<br />The conference broken up.<br />Richard's uncontrollable passion.</div>
+
+<p>The next day a meeting of the chief officers in the two armies, with
+the chief magistrates and some of the principal citizens of Messina,
+was held, to consider what to do to settle this dispute, and to
+prevent future outbreaks of this character. But the state of
+excitement between the two parties was too great to be settled yet in
+any amicable manner. While the conference was proceeding, a great
+crowd of people from the town collected on a rising ground just above
+the place where the conference was sitting. They said they only came
+as spectators. Richard alleged, on the other hand, that they were
+preparing to attack the conference. At any rate, they were excited and
+angry, and assumed a very threatening attitude. Some Normans who
+approached them got into an altercation with them, and at length one
+of the Normans was killed, and the rest cried out, "To arms!" The
+conference broke up in confusion. Richard rushed to the camp and
+called out his men. He was in a state of fury. Philip did all in his
+power to allay the storm and to prevent a combat, and when he found
+that Richard would not listen to him, he declared that he had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>a great
+mind to join with the Sicilians and fight him. This, however, he did
+not do, but contented himself with doing all he could to calm the
+excitement of his angry ally. But Richard was not to be controlled. He
+rushed on, at the head of his troops, up the hill to the ground where
+the Sicilians were assembled. He attacked them furiously. They were,
+to some extent, armed, but they were not organized, and, of course,
+they could not stand against the charge of the soldiers. They fled in
+confusion toward the city. Richard and his troops followed them,
+killing as many of them as they could in the pursuit. The Sicilians
+crowded into the city and shut the gates. Of course, the whole town
+was now alarmed, and all the people that could fight were marshaled on
+the walls and at the gates to defend themselves.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The attack on Messina.</div>
+
+<p>Richard retired for a brief period till he could bring on a larger
+force, and then made a grand attack on the walls. Several of his
+officers and soldiers were killed by darts and arrows from the
+battlements, but at length the walls were taken by storm, the gates
+were opened, and Richard marched in at the head of his troops. When
+the people were entirely subdued, Richard hung out his flag on a high
+tower in token <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>that he had taken full and formal possession of
+Tancred's capital.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Contest between Philip and Richard.</div>
+
+<p>Philip remonstrated against this very strongly, but Richard declared
+that, now that he had got possession of Messina, he would keep
+possession until Tancred came to terms with him in respect to his
+sister Joanna. Philip insisted that he should not do this, but
+threatened to break off the alliance unless Richard would give up the
+town. Finally the matter was compromised by Richard agreeing that he
+would take down the flag and withdraw from the town himself, and for
+the present put it under the government of certain knights that he and
+Philip should jointly appoint for this purpose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A reconciliation.</div>
+
+<p>After the excitement of this affair had a little subsided, Richard and
+Philip began to consider how unwise it was for them to quarrel with
+each other, engaged as they were together in an enterprise of such
+magnitude and of so much hazard, and one in which it was impossible
+for them to hope to succeed, unless they continued united, and so they
+became reconciled, or, at least, pretended to be so, and made new vows
+of eternal friendship and brotherhood.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fortifying.</div>
+
+<p>Still, notwithstanding these protestations, Richard went on lording it
+over the Sicilians <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>in the most high-handed manner. Some nobles of
+high rank were so indignant at these proceedings that they left the
+town. Richard immediately confiscated their estates and converted the
+proceeds to his own use. He proceeded to fortify his encampment more
+and more. The monastery which he had forcibly taken from the monks he
+turned into a complete castle. He made battlements on the walls, and
+surrounded the whole with a moat. He also built another castle on the
+hills commanding the town. He acted, in a word, in all respects as if
+he considered himself master of the country. He did not consult Philip
+at all in respect to any of these proceedings, and he paid no
+attention to the remonstrances that Philip from time to time addressed
+to him. Philip was exceedingly angry, but he did not see what he could
+do.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard brings Tancred to terms.<br />What Richard required of Tancred.</div>
+
+<p>Tancred, too, began to be very much alarmed. He wished to know of
+Richard what it was that he demanded in respect to Joanna. Richard
+said he would consider and let him know. In a short time he made known
+his terms as follows. He said that Tancred must restore to his sister
+all the territories which, as he alleged, had belonged to her, and
+also give her "a golden chair, a golden table twelve feet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>long and a
+foot and a half broad, two golden supports for the same, four silver
+cups, and four silver dishes." He pretended that, by a custom of the
+realm, she was entitled to these things. He also demanded for himself
+a very large contribution toward the armament and equipment for the
+crusade. It seems that at one period during the lifetime of William,
+Joanna's husband, her father, King Henry of England, was planning a
+crusade, and that William, by a will which he made at that time&mdash;so at
+least Richard maintained&mdash;had bequeathed a large contribution toward
+the necessary means for fitting it out. The items were these:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Sixty thousand measures of wheat.</p>
+
+<p>2. The same quantity of barley.</p>
+
+<p>3. A fleet of a thousand armed galleys, equipped and
+provisioned for two years.</p>
+
+<p>4. A silken tent large enough to accommodate two hundred
+knights sitting at a banquet.</p></div>
+
+<p>These particulars show on how great a scale these military expeditions
+for conquering the Holy Land were conducted in those days, the above
+list being only a complimentary contribution to one of them by a
+friend of the leader of it.</p>
+
+<p>Richard now maintained that, though his father <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>Henry had died without
+going on the crusade, still he himself was going, and that he, being
+the son, and consequently the representative and heir of Henry, was,
+as such, entitled to receive the bequest; so he called upon Tancred to
+pay it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The final conditions of peace.</div>
+
+<p>After much negotiation, the dispute was settled by Richard's waiving
+these claims, and arranging the matter on a new and different basis.
+He had a nephew named Arthur. Arthur was yet very young, being only
+about two years old; and as Richard had no children of his own, Arthur
+was his presumptive heir. Tancred had a daughter, yet an infant. Now
+it was finally proposed that Arthur and this young daughter of Tancred
+should be affianced, and that Tancred should pay to Richard twenty
+thousand pieces of gold as her dowry! Richard was, of course, to take
+this money as the guardian and trustee of his nephew, and he was to
+engage that, if any thing should occur hereafter to prevent the
+marriage from taking place, he would refund the money. Tancred was
+also to pay Richard twenty thousand pieces of gold besides, in full
+settlement of all claims in behalf of Joanna. These terms were finally
+agreed to on both sides.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">King Richard's league with Tancred.</div>
+
+<p>Richard also entered into a league, offensive and defensive, with
+Tancred, agreeing to assist him in maintaining his position as King of
+Sicily against all his enemies. This is a very important circumstance
+to be remembered, for the chief of Tancred's enemies was the Emperor
+Henry of Germany, the prince who had married Constance, as has been
+already related. Henry's father had died, and he had become Emperor of
+Germany himself, and he now claimed Sicily as the inheritance of
+Constance his wife, according to the will of King William, Joanna's
+husband. Tancred, he maintained, was a usurper, and, of course, now
+Richard, by his league, offensive and defensive, with Tancred, made
+himself Henry's enemy. This led him into serious difficulty with Henry
+at a subsequent period, as we shall by-and-by see.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The treaty signed.<br />Royal trustees are not always faithful.</div>
+
+<p>The treaty between Richard and Tancred was drawn up in due form and
+duly executed, and it was sent for safe keeping to Rome, and there
+deposited with the Pope. Tancred paid Richard the money, and he
+immediately began to squander it in the most lavish and extravagant
+manner. He expended the infant princess's dower, which he held in
+trust for Arthur, as freely as he did the other money. Indeed, this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>was a very common way, in those days, for great kings to raise money.
+If they had a young son or heir, no matter how young he was, they
+would contract to give him in marriage to the little daughter of some
+other potentate on condition of receiving some town, or castle, or
+province, or large sum of money as dower. The idea was, of course,
+that they were to take this dower in charge for the young prince, to
+keep it for him until he should become old enough to be actually
+married, but in reality they would take possession of the property
+themselves, and convert it at once to their own use.</p>
+
+<p>Richard himself had been affianced in this way in his infancy to
+Alice, the daughter of the then reigning King of France, and the
+sister of Philip, and his father, King Henry the Second, had received
+and appropriated the dowry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Extravagance of Richard's court.</div>
+
+<p>Indeed, in this case, both the sums of money that Richard received
+from Tancred were paid to Richard in trust, or, at least, ought to
+have been so regarded, the one amount being for Arthur, and the other
+for Joanna. Richard himself, in his own name, had no claims on Tancred
+whatever; but as soon as the money came into his hands, he began to
+expend it in the most profuse and lavish manner. He adopted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>a very
+extravagant and ostentatious style of living. He made costly presents
+to the barons, and knights, and officers of the armies, including the
+French army as well as his own, and gave them most magnificent
+entertainments. Philip thought that he did this to secure popularity,
+and that the presents which he made to the French knights and nobles
+were designed to entice them away from their allegiance and fidelity
+to him, their lawful sovereign. At Christmas he gave a splendid
+entertainment, to which he invited every person of the rank of a
+knight or a gentleman in both armies, and at the close of the feast he
+made a donation in money to each of the guests, the sum being
+different in different cases, according to the rank and station of the
+person who received it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Spring approaching.<br />Repairing the fleet.<br />Battering-rams.</div>
+
+<p>The king, having thus at last settled his quarrels and established
+himself in something like peace in Sicily, began to turn his attention
+toward the preparations for the spring. Of course, his intention was,
+as soon as the spring should open, to set sail with his fleet and
+army, and proceed toward the Holy Land. He now caused all his ships to
+be examined with a view to ascertain what repairs they needed. Some
+had been injured by the storms which they had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>encountered on the way
+from Marseilles or by accidents of the sea. Others had become
+worm-eaten and leaky by lying in port. Richard caused them all to be
+put thoroughly in repair. He also caused a number of battering engines
+to be constructed of timber which his men hauled from the forests
+around the base of Mount &AElig;tna. These engines were for assailing the
+walls of the towns and fortresses in the Holy Land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Modern ordnance.</div>
+
+<p>In modern times walls are always attacked with mortars and cannon. The
+ordnance of the present day will throw shot and shells of prodigious
+weight two or three miles, and these tremendous missiles strike
+against the walls of a fortress with such force as in a short time to
+batter them down, no matter how strong and thick they may be. But in
+those days gunpowder was not in use, and the principal means of
+breaking down a wall was by the battering-ram, which consisted of a
+heavy beam of wood, hung by a rope or chain from a massive frame, and
+then swung against the gate or wall which it was intended to break
+through. In the engraving you see such a ram suspended from the frame,
+with men at work below, impelling it against a gateway.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137-8]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;">
+<img src="images/i133.jpg" class="ispace" width="352" height="500" alt="THE BATTERING-RAM." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE BATTERING-RAM.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The methods of war in ancient times.</div>
+
+<p>Sometimes these battering-rams were very large and heavy, and the men
+drew them back and forth, in striking the wall with them, by means of
+ropes. There are accounts of some battering-rams which weighed forty
+or fifty tons, and required fifteen hundred men to work them.</p>
+
+<p>The men, of course, were very much exposed while engaged in this
+operation, for the people whom they were besieging would gather on the
+walls above, and shoot spears, darts, and arrows at them, and throw
+down stones and other missiles, as you see in the engraving.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i135.jpg" class="ispace" width="400" height="252" alt="THE BALLISTA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE BALLISTA.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Catapultas.<br />Ballistas.<br />Maginalls.</div>
+
+<p>Then, besides the battering-ram, which, though very efficient against
+walls, was of no service against men, there were other engines <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>made
+in those days which were designed to throw stones or monstrous darts.
+These last were, of course, designed to operate against bodies of men.
+They were made in various forms, and were called catapultas,
+ballistas, maginalls, and by other such names. The force with which
+they operated consisted of springs made by elastic bars of wood,
+twisted ropes, and other such contrivances.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i136.jpg" class="ispace" width="400" height="315" alt="THE CATAPULTA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CATAPULTA.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some were for throwing stones, others for monstrous darts. Of course,
+these engines required for their construction heavy frames of sound
+timber. Richard did not expect to find such timber in the Holy Land,
+nor did he wish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>to consume the time after he should arrive in making
+them; so he employed the winter in constructing a great number of
+these engines, and in packing them, in parts, on board his galleys.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The religious observances of tyrants.</div>
+
+<p>Richard performed a great religious ceremony, too, while he was at
+Sicily this winter, as a part of the preparation which he deemed it
+necessary to make for the campaign. It is a remarkable fact that every
+great military freebooter that has organized an armed gang of men to
+go forth, and rob and murder his fellow-men, in any age of the world,
+has considered some great religious performance necessary at the
+outset of the work, to prepare the minds of his soldiers for it, and
+to give them the necessary resolution and confidence in it. It was so
+with Alexander. It was so with Xerxes and with Darius. It was so with
+Pyrrhus. It is so substantially at the present day, when, in all wars,
+each side makes itself the champion of heaven in the contest, and
+causes Te Deums to be chanted in their respective churches, now on
+this side and now on that, in pretended gratitude to God for their
+alternate victories.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's penitence and penance.</div>
+
+<p>Richard called a grand convention of all the prelates and monks that
+were with his army, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>and performed a solemn act of worship. A part of
+the performance consisted of his kneeling personally before the
+priests, confessing his sins and the wicked life that he had led, and
+making very fervent promises to sin no more, and then, after
+submitting to the penances which they enjoined upon him, receiving
+from them pardon and absolution. After the enactment of this
+solemnity, the soldiers felt far more safe and strong in going forth
+to the work which lay before them in the Holy Land than before.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Was he sincere?</div>
+
+<p>Nor is it certain that in this act Richard was wholly hypocritical and
+insincere. The human heart is a mansion of many chambers, and a
+religious sentiment, in no small degree conscientious and honest,
+though hollow and mistaken, may have strong possession of some of
+them, while others are filled to overflowing with the dear and
+besetting sins, whatever they are, by which the general conduct of the
+man is controlled.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IX" id="Chapter_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Berengaria.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's betrothal to Berengaria.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">W</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">hile</span> Richard was in the kingdom of Sicily during this memorable
+winter, he made a new contract of marriage. The lady was a Spanish
+princess named Berengaria. The circumstances of this betrothment were
+somewhat extraordinary.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The obstacles which prevented the marriage of Richard and
+Alice.</div>
+
+<p>The reader will recollect that he had been betrothed in his earliest
+youth to Alice, an infant princess of France. His father had thrown
+him in, as it were, as a sort of makeweight, in arranging some
+compromise with the King of France for the settlement of a quarrel,
+and also to obtain the dower of the young princess for his own use.
+This dower consisted of various castles and estates, which were
+immediately put into the hands of Henry, Richard's father, and which
+he continued to hold as long as he lived, using and enjoying the rents
+and revenues from them as his own property. When Richard grew old
+enough to claim his bride, Henry, under whose custody and charge she
+had been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>placed, would not give her up to him; and long and serious
+quarrels arose between the father and the son on this account, as has
+already been related in this volume. The most obvious reason for which
+Henry might be supposed unwilling to give up Alice to her affianced
+husband, when he became old enough to be married to her, was, that he
+wished to retain longer the use of the castles and estates that
+constituted her dowry. But, in addition to this, it was surmised by
+many that he had actually fallen in love with her himself, and that he
+was determined that Richard should not have her at all. Richard
+himself believed, or pretended to believe, that this was the case. He
+was consequently very angry, and he justified himself in the wars and
+rebellions that he raised against his father during the lifetime of
+the king by this great wrong which he alleged that his father had done
+him. On the other hand, many persons supposed that Richard did not
+really wish to marry Alice, and that he only made the fact of his
+father's withholding her from him a pretext for his unnatural
+hostility, the real ends and aims of which were objects altogether
+different.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, when Henry died, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>there was no longer any
+thing in the way of his marriage, he showed no desire to consummate
+it. Alice's father, too, had died, and Philip, the present King of
+France, and Richard's ally, was her brother. Philip called upon
+Richard from time to time to complete the marriage, but Richard found
+various pretexts for postponing it, and thus the matter stood when the
+expedition for the Holy Land set sail from Marseilles.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The first acquaintance of Richard and the Princess
+Berengaria.</div>
+
+<p>The next reason why Richard did not now wish to carry his marriage
+with Alice into effect was that, in the mean time, while his father
+had been withholding Alice from him, he had seen and fallen in love
+with another lady, the Princess Berengaria. Richard first saw
+Berengaria several years before, at a time when he was with his mother
+in Aquitaine, during the life of his father. The first time that he
+saw her was at a grand tournament which was celebrated in her native
+city in Spain, and which Richard went to attend. The families had been
+well acquainted with each other before, though, until the tournament,
+Richard had never seen Berengaria. Richard had, however, known one of
+her brothers from his boyhood, and they had always been very great
+friends. The father of Berengaria, too, Sancho the Wise, King of
+Navarre, had always <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>been a warm friend of Eleanora, Richard's mother,
+and in the course of the difficulties and quarrels that took place
+between her and her husband, as related in the early chapters of this
+volume, he had rendered her very valuable services. Still, Richard
+never saw Berengaria until she had grown up to womanhood.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The fame of Berengaria.<br />Her accomplishments.</div>
+
+<p>He, however, felt a strong desire to see her, for she was quite
+celebrated for her beauty and her accomplishments. The accomplishments
+in which she excelled were chiefly music and poetry. Richard himself
+was greatly interested in these arts, especially in the songs of the
+Troubadours, whose performances always formed a very important part of
+the entertainment at the feasts and tournaments, and other great
+public celebrations of those days.</p>
+
+<p>When Richard came to see Berengaria, he fell deeply in love with her.
+But he could not seek her hand in marriage on account of his
+engagement with Alice. To have given up Alice, and to have entered
+instead into an engagement with her, would have involved both him and
+his mother, and all the family of Berengaria too, in a fierce quarrel
+with the King of France, the father of Alice, and also with his own
+father. These were too serious consequences <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>for him to brave while he
+was still only a prince, and nominally under his father's authority.
+So he did nothing openly, though a strong secret attachment sprang up
+between him and Berengaria, and all desire ever to make Alice his wife
+gradually disappeared.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eleanora sent to King Sancho to ask his daughter in
+marriage.</div>
+
+<p>At length, when his father died, and Richard became King of England,
+he felt at once that the power was now in his own hands, and that he
+would do as he liked in respect to his marriage. Alice's father, too,
+had died, and her brother Philip was now king, and he was not likely
+to feel so strong an interest in resenting any supposed slight to his
+sister as her father would have been. Richard determined, therefore,
+to give up Alice altogether, and ask Berengaria to be his wife. So,
+while he was engaged in England in making his preparations for the
+crusade, and when he was nearly ready to set out, he sent his mother,
+Eleanora, to Navarre to ask Berengaria in marriage of her father, King
+Sancho. He did not, however, give Philip any notice of this change in
+his plans, not wishing to embarrass the alliance that he and Philip
+were forming with any unnecessary difficulties which might interfere
+with the success of it, and retard the preparations for the crusade.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>So, while his mother had gone to Spain to secure Berengaria for him
+as his wife, he himself, in England and Normandy, went on with his
+preparations for the crusade in connection with Philip, just as if the
+original engagement with Alice was going regularly on.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Berengaria's acceptance.</div>
+
+<p>Eleanora was very successful in her mission. Sancho, Berengaria's
+father, was very much pleased with so magnificent an offer as that of
+the hand of Richard, Duke of Normandy and King of England, for his
+daughter. Berengaria herself made no objection. Eleanora said that her
+son had not been able to come himself and claim his bride, on account
+of the necessity that he was under of accompanying his army to the
+East, but she said that he would stop at Messina, and she proposed
+that Berengaria should put herself under her protection, and go and
+join him there.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The expedition to meet Richard.</div>
+
+<p>Berengaria was a lady of an ardent and romantic temperament, and
+nothing could please her better than such a proposal as this. She very
+readily acceded to it, and her father was very willing to intrust her
+to the charge of Eleanora. So the two ladies, with a proper train of
+barons, knights, and other attendants, set out together. They crossed
+the Pyrenees into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>France, and then, after traversing France, they
+passed over the Alps into Italy. Thence they continued their journey
+down the Italian coast by land, as Richard had done by water, until at
+last they arrived at a place called Brindisi, which is on the coast of
+Italy, not far from Messina. Here they halted, and sent word to
+Richard to inform him of their arrival.</p>
+
+<p>Eleanora thought that Berengaria could not go any farther with
+propriety, for her engagement with Richard was not yet made public.
+Indeed, the betrothal of Richard with Alice still remained nominally
+in force, and a serious difficulty was to be apprehended with Philip
+so soon as the new plans which Richard had formed should be announced
+to him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Berengaria at Brindisi with Joanna.<br />The friendship between Joanna and Berengaria.</div>
+
+<p>Eleanora said that she could not remain long in Italy, but must return
+to Normandy very soon, without waiting for Richard to prepare the way
+for receiving his bride. So she left Berengaria under the charge of
+Joanna, who, being her own&mdash;that is, Eleanora's&mdash;daughter, was a very
+proper person to be the young lady's protector. Joanna and Berengaria
+immediately conceived a strong attachment for each other, and they
+lived together in a very happy manner. Joanna was glad to have for a
+companion <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>so charming a young lady, and one of so high a rank, and
+Berengaria, on the other hand, was much pleased to be placed under the
+charge of so kind a protector. Joanna, too, having long lived in
+Sicily, could give Berengaria a great deal of interesting intelligence
+about the country and the people, and could answer all the thousand
+questions which she asked about what she heard and saw in the new
+world, as it were, into which she had been ushered.</p>
+
+<p>The two ladies lived, of course, in very close seclusion, but they
+lived so lovingly together that one of the writers of the day, in a
+ballad that he wrote, compared them to two birds in a cage. Speaking
+of Eleanora, he says, in the quaint old English of the day,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<span class="i10">"She beleft Berengere</span>
+<span class="i10">At Richard's costage.</span>
+<span class="i10">Queen Joanne held her dear;</span>
+<span class="i10">They lived as doves in a cage."</span></div>
+
+<p>The arrival of Berengaria at Brindisi took place in the spring of the
+year, when the time was drawing nigh for the fleets and armaments to
+sail for the East. As yet, Philip knew nothing of Richard's plans in
+respect to this new marriage, but the time had now arrived when
+Richard perceived that they could no longer be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>concealed. Philip
+entertained suspicions that something wrong was going on, though he
+did not know exactly what. His suspicions made him watchful and
+jealous, and at last they led to a curious train of circumstances,
+which brought matters to a crisis very suddenly.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tancred receives a letter from Philip.<br />Treachery.</div>
+
+<p>It seems that at one time, when Richard was paying a visit to Tancred,
+the King of Sicily, Tancred showed him a letter which he said he had
+received from the French king. In this letter, Philip&mdash;if, indeed,
+Philip really wrote it&mdash;endeavored to excite Tancred's enmity against
+Richard. It was just after the treaty between Tancred and Richard had
+been formed, as related in the last chapter. The letter said that
+Richard was a treacherous man, in whom no reliance could be placed;
+that he had no intention of keeping the treaty that he had made, but
+was laying a scheme for attacking Tancred in his Sicilian dominions;
+and, finally, it closed with an offer on the part of the writer to
+assist Tancred in driving Richard and all his followers out of the
+island.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;">
+<img src="images/i148.jpg" class="ispace" width="382" height="400" alt="THE LETTER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE LETTER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Philip's letter to Tancred.<br />Richard's opinion of it.</div>
+
+<p>When Richard read this letter, he was at first in a dreadful rage, and
+he broke out into an explosion of the most violent, profane, and
+passionate language that can be conceived. Presently he looked at the
+letter again, and on reperusing it, and carefully considering its
+contents, he declared that he did not believe that Philip ever wrote
+it. It was a stratagem of Tancred's, he thought, designed to promote a
+quarrel between Richard and his ally. Tancred assured him that Philip
+did write the letter, or, at least, that it was brought to him as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>from Philip by the Duke of Burgundy, one of his principal officers.</p>
+
+<p>"You may ask the Duke of Burgundy," said he, "and if he denies it, I
+will challenge him to a duel through one of my barons."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The etiquette of dueling.</div>
+
+<p>It was necessary that the parties to a duel, in those days, should be
+of equal rank, so that, if a king had a quarrel with a nobleman of
+another nation, he could only send one of his own noblemen of the same
+rank to be his representative in the combat. But this proposal of
+sending another man to risk his life in maintaining the cause of his
+king on a question of veracity, in which the person so sent had no
+interest whatever, illustrates very curiously the ideas of those
+chivalrous times.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard charges the letter upon Philip.</div>
+
+<p>Richard did not go to the Duke of Burgundy, but, taking the letter
+which Tancred had shown him, he waited until he found a good
+opportunity, and then showed it to Philip. The two kings often fell
+into altercations and disputes in their interviews with each other,
+and it was in one of these that Richard produced the letter, offering
+it by way of recrimination to some charges or accusations which Philip
+was making against him. Philip denied having written the letter. It
+was a forgery, he said, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>he believed that Richard himself was the
+author of it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip's reply.</div>
+
+<p>"You are trying every way you can," said he, "to find pretexts for
+quarreling with me, and this is one of your devices. I know what you
+are aiming at: you wish to quarrel with me so as to find some excuse
+for breaking off your marriage with my sister, whom you are bound by a
+most solemn oath to marry. But of this you may be sure, that if you
+abandon her and take any other wife, you will find me, as long as you
+live, your most determined and mortal enemy."</p>
+
+<p>This declaration aroused Richard's temper, and brought the affair at
+once to a crisis. Richard declared to Philip that he never would marry
+his sister.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's declaration.</div>
+
+<p>"My father," said he, "kept her from me for many years because he
+loved her himself, and she returned his love, and now I will never
+have any thing to do with her. I am ready to prove to you the truth of
+what I say."</p>
+
+<p>So Richard brought forward what he called the proofs of the very
+intimate relations which had subsisted between Alice and his father.
+Whether there was any thing genuine or conclusive in these proofs is
+not known. At all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>events, they made a very deep and painful
+impression on Philip. The disclosure was, as one of the writers of
+those times says, "like a nail driven directly through his heart."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard and Philip compromise their quarrel.</div>
+
+<p>After a while, the two kings concluded to settle the difficulty by a
+sort of compromise. Philip agreed to give up all claims on the part of
+Alice to Richard in consideration of a sum of money which Richard was
+to pay. Richard was to pay two thousand marks<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> a year for five
+years, and was on that condition to be allowed to marry any one he
+chose. He was also to restore to Philip the fortresses and estates
+which had been conveyed to his father as Alice's dowry at the time of
+her betrothment to Richard in her infancy.</p>
+
+<p>This agreement, being thus made, was confirmed by a great profusion of
+oaths, sworn with all solemnity, and the affair was considered as
+settled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Re-embarkation.</div>
+
+<p>Still, Richard seems to have been a little disinclined to bring out
+Berengaria at once from her retreat, and let Philip know suddenly how
+far his arrangements for marrying another lady had gone; so he
+concluded to wait, before publicly announcing his intended marriage,
+until <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>Philip should have sailed for the East. Philip was now, indeed,
+nearly ready to go; his fleet and his armament, being smaller than
+Richard's, could be dispatched earlier; so Richard devoted himself
+very earnestly to the work of facilitating and hastening his ally's
+departure, determining that immediately afterward he would bring
+forward his bride and celebrate his marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparations for the marriage.</div>
+
+<p>It is not, however, certain that he kept his intended marriage with
+Berengaria an absolute secret from Philip. There would be no longer
+any special necessity for this after the treaty that had been made.
+But, notwithstanding this agreement, it is not to be supposed that the
+new marriage would be a very agreeable subject for Philip to
+contemplate, or that it would be otherwise than very awkward for him
+to be present on the occasion of the celebration of it; so Richard
+decided that, on all accounts, it was best to postpone the ceremony
+until after Philip had gone.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard escorting Philip.</div>
+
+<p>Philip sailed the very last of March. Richard selected from his fleet
+a few of his most splendid galleys, and with these, filled with a
+chosen company of knights and barons, he accompanied Philip as he left
+the harbor, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>sailed with him down the Straits of Messina, with
+trumpets sounding, and flags and banners waving in the air. As soon as
+Philip's fleet reached the open sea, Richard took leave, and set out
+with his galleys on his return; but, instead of going back to Messina,
+he made the best of his way to the port in Italy where Berengaria and
+Joanna were lodging, and there took the ladies, who were all ready,
+expecting him, and embarking them on board a very elegantly adorned
+galley which he had prepared for them, he conducted them to Messina.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Why the wedding was postponed.</div>
+
+<p>Richard would now probably have been immediately married, but it was
+in the season of Lent, and, according to the ideas of those times, it
+would be in some sense a desecration of that holy season of fasting to
+celebrate any such joyous ceremony as a wedding in it; and it would
+not do very well to postpone the sailing of the fleet until after the
+season of Lent should have expired, for the time had already fully
+arrived when it ought to sail, and Philip, with his division of the
+allied force, had already gone; so he concluded to put off his
+marriage till they should reach the next place at which the expedition
+should land.</p>
+
+<p>Berengaria consented to this, and it was arranged <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>that she was to
+accompany the expedition when it should sail, and that at the next
+place of landing, which it was expected would be the island of Rhodes,
+the marriage ceremony should be performed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard puts Joanna and Berengaria in charge of Stephen.</div>
+
+<p>As it was not considered quite proper, however, under these
+circumstances, that the princess should sail in the same ship with
+Richard, a very strong and excellent ship was provided for her special
+use, and that of Joanna who was to accompany her, and it was arranged
+that she should sail from the port just before the main body of the
+fleet were ready to commence the voyage. The ship in which the ladies
+and their suite were conveyed was placed under the command of a brave
+and faithful knight named Stephen of Turnham, and the two princesses
+were committed to his special charge.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The vow to conquer Acre.</div>
+
+<p>But, although Richard's regard for the sacred season of Lent would not
+allow of his celebrating the marriage, he made a grand celebration in
+honor of his betrothment to Berengaria before he sailed. At this
+celebration he instituted an order of twenty-four knights. These
+knights bound themselves in a fraternity with the king, and took a
+solemn oath that they would scale the walls of Acre when they reached
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>the Holy Land. Acre was one of the strongest and most important
+fortresses in that country, and one which they were intending first to
+attack.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's present to Tancred.</div>
+
+<p>Also, before he went away, Richard made King Tancred a farewell
+present of a very valuable antique sword, which had been found, he
+said, by his father in the tomb of a famous old English knight who had
+lived some centuries before.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_X" id="Chapter_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Campaign in Cyprus.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The expedition is at last ready to sail from Sicily.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> time at length fully arrived for the departure of the English
+fleet from Sicily for the purpose of continuing the voyage to the Holy
+Land. Besides the delay which had been occasioned to Richard by
+circumstances connected with his marriage, he had waited also a short
+time for some store-ships to arrive from England with ammunition and
+supplies. When the store-ships at length came, the day for the sailing
+was immediately appointed, the tents were struck, the encampment
+abandoned, and the troops embarked on board the ships of the fleet.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The grand spectacle of the embarkation at Messina.</div>
+
+<p>The Sicilians were all greatly excited, as the sailing of the fleet
+drew nigh, with anticipations of the splendor of the spectacle. The
+harbor was filled with ships of every form and size, and the movements
+connected with the embarkation of the troops on board of them, the
+striking of the tents, the packing up of furniture and goods, the
+hurrying of men to and fro, the crowding <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>at the landings, the rapid
+transit of boats back and forth between the ships and the shore, and
+all the other scenes and incidents usually attendant on the
+embarkation of a great army, occupied the attention of the people of
+the country, and filled them with excitement and pleasure. It is
+highly probable, too, that their pleasure was increased by the
+prospect that they were soon to be relieved from the presence of such
+troublesome and unmanageable visitors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The order of sailing.</div>
+
+<p>Never was a finer spectacle witnessed than that which was displayed by
+the sailing of the fleet, when the day for the departure of it at
+length arrived. The squadron consisted of nearly two hundred vessels
+in all. There were thirteen great ships, corresponding to what are
+called ships of the line of modern times. Then there were over fifty
+galleys. These were constructed so as to be propelled either by oars
+or by sails. Of course, when the wind was favorable, the sails would
+be used; but in case of calms, or of adverse winds blowing off from
+the land when the vessels were entering port, or of currents drifting
+them into danger, then the oars could be brought into requisition. In
+addition to these ships and galleys, there were about a hundred
+vessels used as transports for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>the conveyance of provisions, stores,
+tents, and tent equipage, ammunition of all kinds, including the
+frames of the military engines which Richard had caused to be
+constructed in Sicily, and all the other supplies required for the use
+of a great army. Besides these there were a great many other smaller
+vessels, which were used as tenders, lighters, and for other such
+purposes, making a total number of nearly two hundred. In the order of
+sailing, the transports followed the ships and galleys, which were
+more properly the ships of war, and which led the van, in order the
+better to meet any danger which might appear, and the more effectually
+to protect the convoy from it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trenc-le-mer.</div>
+
+<p>Richard sailed at the head of his fleet in a splendid galley, which
+was appropriated to his special use. The name of it was the Sea
+Cutter.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> There was a huge lantern hoisted in the stern of Richard's
+galley, in order that the rest of the fleet could see and follow her
+in the night.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 163-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i160.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="325" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The storm.<br />Navigation in the twelfth century.</div>
+
+<p>The day of sailing was very fine, and the spectacle, witnessed by the
+Sicilians on shore, who watched the progress of it from every
+projecting point and headland as it moved majestically out of the
+harbor, was extremely grand. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>For some time the voyage went on very prosperously, but at length the
+sky gradually became overcast, and the wind began to blow, and finally
+a great storm came on before the ships had time to seek any shelter.
+In those days there was no mariner's compass, and of course, in a
+storm, when the sun and stars were concealed, there was nothing to be
+done but for the ship to grope her way through the haze and rain for
+any land which might be near. The violence of the wind and the raging
+of the sea was in this case so great that the fleet was soon
+dispersed, and the vessels were driven northward and eastward toward
+certain islands which lie in that part of the Mediterranean, off the
+coasts of Asia Minor. The three principal of these islands, as you
+will see by the opposite map, are Candia, Rhodes, and Cyprus, Cyprus
+lying farther toward the east.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Limesol in Cyprus.<br />The wrecked ships.<br />King Richard's seal.</div>
+
+<p>The ships came very near being wrecked on the coast of Crete, but they
+escaped and were driven onward over the sea, until at length a large
+portion of them found refuge at Rhodes. Others were driven on toward
+Cyprus. Richard's galley was among those that found refuge at Rhodes;
+but, unfortunately, the one in which Berengaria and Joanna were borne
+did not succeed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>in making a port there, but was swept onward by the
+gale, and, in company with one or two others, was driven to the mouth
+of the harbor of Limesol, which is the principal port of Cyprus, and
+is situated on the south side of the island. The galley in which the
+queen and the princess were embarked, being probably of superior
+construction to the others, and better manned, succeeded in weathering
+the point and getting round into the harbor, but two or three other
+galleys which were with them struck and were wrecked. One of these
+ships was a very important one. It contained the chancellor who bore
+Richard's great seal, besides a number of other knights and crusaders
+of high rank, and many valuable goods. The seal was an object of great
+value. Every king had his own seal, which was used to authenticate his
+public acts. The one which belonged to Richard is represented in the
+following engraving.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The wreckers.<br />Isaac Comnenus.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the news of these wrecks spread into the island, the people
+came down in great numbers, and took possession of every thing of
+value which was cast upon the shore as property forfeited to the king
+of the country. The name of this king was Isaac Comnenus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Law and justice.</div>
+
+<p>He claimed that all wrecks cast upon his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>shores were his property.
+That was the law of the land; it was, in fact, the law of a great many
+countries in those days, especially of such as had maritime coasts
+bordering on navigable waters that were specially exposed to storms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 297px;">
+<img src="images/i163.jpg" class="ispace" width="297" height="300" alt="KING RICHARD&#39;S SEAL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">KING RICHARD&#39;S SEAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Law is not the creator, but the protector of property.</div>
+
+<p>Thus, in seizing the wreck of Richard's vessels, King Isaac had the
+law on his side, and all those who, in their theory of government,
+hold it as a principle that law is the foundation of property, and
+that what the law makes right is right, must admit that he had justice
+on his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>side too. For my part, it seems clear that the right of
+property is anterior to all law, and independent of it. I think that
+the province of law is not to create property, but to protect it, and
+that it may, instead of protecting it, become the greatest violator of
+it. This law providing for the confiscation of property cast in wrecks
+upon a shore, and its forfeiture to the sovereign of the territory, is
+one of the most striking instances of aggression made by law on the
+natural and indefeasible rights of man.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the galley which contained the queens, that having
+escaped shipwreck, and having safely anchored in the harbor, the king
+had no pretext for molesting it in any way. He learned by some means
+that Queen Joanna was on board the galley; so he sent two boats down
+with a messenger, to inquire whether her majesty would be pleased to
+land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Joanna's inquiries for her brother.</div>
+
+<p>Stephen of Turnham, the knight who had command of the queen's galley,
+thought it not safe to go on shore, for by doing so Joanna and
+Berengaria would put themselves entirely in King Isaac's power; and
+though it was true that Isaac and the people of Cyprus over whom he
+ruled were Christians, yet they were of the Greek Church, while
+Richard and the English <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>were Roman, and these two churches were
+almost as hostile to each other as the Christians and the Turks.
+Stephen, however, communicated the message from Isaac to Joanna, and
+asked her majesty's pleasure thereupon. She sent back word to the
+messengers that she did not wish to land. She had only come into the
+harbor, she said, to see if she could learn any tidings of her
+brother; she had been separated from him by a great storm at sea,
+which had broken up and dispersed the fleet, and she wished to know
+whether any thing had been seen of him, or of any of his vessels, from
+the shores of that island.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An alarm.<br />A retreat.</div>
+
+<p>The messengers replied that they did not know any thing about it, and
+so the boats returned back to the town. Soon after this the company on
+board the galley saw some armed vessels coming down the harbor toward
+them. They were alarmed at this sight, and immediately got every thing
+ready for setting off at a moment's notice to withdraw from the
+harbor. It turned out that the king himself was on board one of the
+galleys that was coming down, and this vessel was allowed to come near
+enough for the king to communicate with the people on board Joanna's
+galley. After some ordinary <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>questions had been asked and answered,
+the king, observing that a lady of high rank was standing on the deck
+with Joanna, asked who it was. They answered that it was the Princess
+of Navarre, who was going to be married to Richard. In the reply which
+the king made to this intelligence Stephen of Turnham thought he saw
+such indications of hostility that he deemed it most prudent to
+retire; so the anchor was raised, and the order was given to the
+oarsmen, who had already been stationed at their oars, to "give way,"
+and the oarsmen pulled vigorously at the oars. The galley was
+immediately taken out into the offing. The King of Cyprus did not
+pursue her; so she anchored there quietly, the storm having now nearly
+subsided. Stephen resolved to wait there for a time, hoping that in
+some way or other he might soon receive intelligence from Richard.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's vessel appears.<br />Richard's indignation on meeting Joanna's vessel.</div>
+
+<p>Nor was he disappointed. Richard, whose galley, together with the
+principal portion of the fleet, had been driven farther to the
+eastward, had found refuge at Rhodes, and he set off, as soon as the
+storm abated, in pursuit of the missing vessels. He took with him a
+sufficient force to render to the vessels, if he should find them,
+such assistance or protection as might <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>be necessary. At length he
+reached Cyprus, and, on entering the bay, there he beheld the galley
+of Joanna and Berengaria riding safely at anchor in the offing. The
+sea had not yet gone down, and the vessel was rolling and tossing on
+the waves in a fearful manner. Richard was greatly enraged at
+beholding this spectacle, for he at once inferred, by seeing the
+vessel in this uncomfortable situation outside the harbor, that some
+difficulty with the authorities had occurred which prevented her
+seeking refuge and protection within. Accordingly, as soon as he came
+near, he leaped into a boat, although burdened as he was with heavy
+armor of steel, which was a difficult and somewhat dangerous
+operation, and ordered himself to be rowed immediately on board.</p>
+
+<p>When he arrived, after the first greetings were over, he was informed
+by Stephen that three of the vessels of his fleet had been wrecked on
+the coast; that Isaac, the king, had seized them as his lawful prize;
+and that, at that very time, men that he had sent for this purpose
+were plundering the wrecks. Stephen also said that he had at first
+gone into the harbor with his galley, but that the indications of an
+unfriendly feeling on the part of the king were so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>decided that he
+did not dare to stay, and he had been compelled to come out into the
+offing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's contest with King Isaac Comnenus.</div>
+
+<p>On hearing these things Richard was greatly enraged. He sent a
+messenger on shore to the king to demand peremptorily that he should
+at once leave off plundering the wrecks of the English ships, and that
+he should deliver up to Richard again all the goods that had already
+been taken. To this demand Isaac replied that whatever goods the sea
+cast upon the shores of his island were his property, according to the
+law of the land, and that he should take them without asking leave of
+any body.</p>
+
+<p>When Richard heard this answer, he was rather pleased than displeased
+with it, for it gave him, what he always wanted wherever he went, a
+pretext for quarreling. He said that the goods which Isaac obtained in
+that way he would find would cost him pretty dear, and he immediately
+prepared for war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The history of the law of wrecks.</div>
+
+<p>In this transaction there is no question that the King of Cyprus,
+though wholly wrong, and guilty of a real and inexcusable violation of
+the rights of property, had yet the law on his side. It was one of
+those cases, of which innumerable examples have existed in all ages of
+the world, where an act which is virtually the robbing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>of one man by
+another is authorized by law, and is protected by legal sanctions.
+This rule&mdash;confiscating property wrecked&mdash;was the general law of
+Europe at this time, and Richard, of all men, might have considered
+himself estopped from objecting to it by the fact that it was the law
+in England as well as every where else. By the ancient common law of
+England, all wrecks of every kind became the property of the king. The
+severity of the rule had been slightly mitigated a few reigns before
+Richard's day by a statute which declared that if any living thing
+escaped from the wreck, even were it so much as a dog or a cat, that
+circumstance saved the property from confiscation, and preserved the
+claim of the owner to it. With this modification, the law stood in
+England until a very late period, that all goods thrown from wrecks
+upon the shores became the property of the crown, and it was not until
+comparatively quite a recent period that an English judge decided that
+such a principle, being contrary to justice and common sense, was not
+law; and now wrecked property is restored to whomsoever can prove
+himself to be the owner, on his paying for the expense and trouble of
+saving it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Richard having landed, Isaac asks a truce.</div>
+
+<p>On receiving the demand which Richard sent him, the King of Cyprus,
+anticipating difficulty, drew up his galleys in order of battle across
+the harbor, and marched troops down to commanding positions on the
+shore, wherever he thought there might be any danger that Richard
+would attempt to land. Richard very soon brought up his forces and
+advanced to attack him. Isaac's troops retreated as Richard advanced.
+Finally they were driven back without much actual contest into the
+town, and Richard then brought his squadron up into harbor and landed.
+Isaac, seeing how much stronger Richard was than he, did not attempt
+any serious resistance, but retired to the citadel. From the citadel
+he sent out a flag of truce demanding a parley.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Negotiating.</div>
+
+<p>Richard granted the request, and an interview took place, but it led
+to no result. Richard found that Isaac was not yet absolutely subdued.
+He still asserted his rights, and complained of the gross wrong which
+Richard was perpetrating in invading his dominions, and seeking a
+quarrel with him without cause; but the effect was like that of the
+lamb attempting to resist or recriminate the wolf, which, far from
+bringing the aggressor to reason, only awakens <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>more strongly his
+ferocity and rage. Richard turned toward his attendants, and, uttering
+a profane exclamation, said that Isaac talked like a fool of a Briton.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard was a Norman, not an Englishman.</div>
+
+<p>It is mentioned as a remarkable circumstance by the historians that
+Richard spoke these words in English, and it is said that this was the
+only time in the course of his life that he ever used that language.
+It may seem very strange to the reader that an English king should not
+ordinarily use the English language. But, strictly speaking, Richard
+was not an English king. He was a Norman king. The whole dynasty to
+which he belonged were Norman French in all their relations. Normandy
+they regarded as the chief seat of their empire. There were their
+principal cities&mdash;there their most splendid palaces. There they lived
+and reigned, with occasional excursions for comparatively brief
+periods across the Channel. They considered England much as the
+present English sovereigns do Ireland, namely, as a conquered country,
+which had become a possession and a dependency upon the crown, but not
+in any sense the seat of empire, and they utterly despised the native
+inhabitants. In view of these facts, the wonder that Richard, the King
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>of England, never spoke the English tongue at once disappears.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparing for war.</div>
+
+<p>The conference broke up, and both sides prepared for war. Isaac,
+finding that he was not strong enough to resist such a horde of
+invaders as Richard brought with him, withdrew from his capital and
+retired to a fortress among the mountains. Richard then easily took
+possession of the town. A moderate force had been left to protect it;
+but Richard, promising his troops plenty of booty when they should get
+into it, led the way, waving his battle-axe in the air.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard's battle-axe.</div>
+
+<p>This battle-axe was a very famous weapon. It was one which Richard had
+caused to be made for himself before leaving England, and it was the
+wonder of the army on account of its size and weight. The object of a
+battle-axe was to break through the steel armor with which the knights
+and warriors of those days were accustomed to cover themselves, and
+which was proof against all ordinary blows. Now Richard was a man of
+prodigious personal strength, and, when fitting out his expedition in
+England, he caused an unusually large and heavy battle-axe to be made
+for himself, by way of showing his men what he could do in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>swinging a
+heavy weapon. The head of this axe, or hammer, as perhaps it might
+more properly have been called, weighed twenty pounds, and most
+marvelous stories were told of the prodigious force of the blow that
+Richard could strike with it. When it came down on the head of a
+steel-clad knight on his horse, it broke through every thing, they
+said, and crushed man and horse both to the ground.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">The conquest of Limesol.</div>
+
+<p>The assault on Limesol was successful. The people made but a feeble
+resistance. Indeed, they had no weapons which could possibly enable
+them to stand a moment against the Crusaders. They were half naked,
+and their arms were little better than clubs and stones. They were, in
+consequence, very easily driven off the ground, and Richard took
+possession of the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Signaling for the queen's galley.</div>
+
+<p>He then immediately made a signal for Joanna's galley&mdash;which, during
+all this time, had remained at the mouth of the harbor&mdash;to advance.
+The galley accordingly came up, and Joanna and the princess were
+received by the whole army at the landing with loud acclamations. They
+were immediately conducted into the town, and there were lodged
+splendidly in the best of Isaac's palaces.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p><p>But the contest was not yet ended. The place to which Isaac had
+retreated was a city which he possessed in the interior of the island
+called Nicosia. From this place he sent a messenger to Richard to
+propose another conference, with a view of attempting once more to
+agree upon some terms of peace. Richard agreed to this, and a place of
+meeting was appointed on a plain near Limesol, the port. King Isaac,
+accompanied by a suitable number of attendants, repaired to this
+place, and the conference was opened. Richard was mounted on a
+favorite Spanish charger, and was splendidly dressed in silk and gold.
+He assumed a very lofty bearing and demeanor toward his humbled enemy,
+and informed him in a very summary manner on what terms alone he was
+willing to make peace.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The terms of peace which Richard offered to Isaac.</div>
+
+<p>"I will make peace with you," said Richard, "on condition that you
+hold your kingdom henceforth subject to me. You are to deliver up all
+the castles and strongholds to me, and do me homage as your
+acknowledged sovereign. You are also to pay me an ample indemnity in
+gold for the damage you did to my wrecked galleys. I shall expect you,
+moreover, to join me in the crusade. You must accompany me <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>to the
+Holy Land with not less than five hundred foot-soldiers, four hundred
+horsemen, and one hundred full-armed knights. For security that you
+will faithfully fulfill these conditions, you must put the princess,
+your daughter, into my hands as a hostage. Then, in case your conduct
+while in my service in the Holy Land is in all respects perfectly
+satisfactory, I will restore your daughter, and also your castles, to
+you on my return."</p>
+
+<p>Isaac's daughter was a very beautiful young princess. She was
+extremely beloved by her father, and was highly honored by the people
+of the land as the heir to the crown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">How Richard faithlessly took King Isaac a prisoner.</div>
+
+<p>These conditions were certainly very hard, but the poor king was in no
+condition to resist any demands that Richard might choose to make.
+With much distress and anguish of mind, he pretended to agree to these
+terms, though he secretly resolved that he could not and would not
+submit to them. Richard suspected his sincerity, and, in utter
+violation of all honorable laws and usages of war, he made him a
+prisoner, and set guards over him to watch him until the stipulations
+should be carried into effect. Isaac contrived to escape from his
+keepers in the night, and, putting himself at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>the head of such troops
+as he could obtain, prepared for war, with the determination to resist
+to the last extremity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard subjugates Cyprus.</div>
+
+<p>Richard now resolved to proceed at once to take the necessary measures
+for the complete subjugation of the island. He organized a large body
+of land forces, and directed them to advance into the interior of the
+country, and put down all resistance. At the same time, he placed
+himself at the head of his fleet, and, sailing round the island, he
+took possession of all the towns and fortresses on the shore. He also
+seized every ship and every boat, large and small, that he could find,
+and thus entirely cut off from King Isaac all chance of escaping by
+sea. In the mean time, the unhappy monarch, with the few troops that
+still adhered to him, was driven from place to place, until at last he
+was completely hemmed in, and was compelled to fight or surrender.
+They fought. The result was what might have been expected. Richard was
+victorious. The capital, Limesol, fell into his hands, and the king
+and his daughter were taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The princess was greatly terrified when she was brought into Richard's
+presence. She fell on her knees before him, and cried,</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p><p>"My lord the king, have mercy upon me!"</p>
+
+<p>Richard put forth his hand to lift her up, and then sent her to
+Berengaria.</p>
+
+<p>"I give her to you," said he, "for an attendant and companion."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The miserable death of King Isaac.</div>
+
+<p>The king was almost broken-hearted at having his daughter taken away
+from him. He threw himself at Richard's feet, and begged him, with the
+most earnest entreaty, to restore him his child. Richard paid no heed
+to this request, but ordered Isaac to be taken away. Soon after this
+he sent him across the sea to Tripoli in Syria, and there shut him up
+in the dungeon of a castle, a hopeless prisoner. The unhappy captive
+was secured in his dungeon by chains; but, in honor of his rank, the
+chains, by Richard's directions, were made of silver, overlaid with
+gold. The poor king pined in this place of confinement for four years,
+and then died.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Isaac had gone, and things had become somewhat settled.
+Richard found himself undisputed master of Cyprus, and he resolved to
+annex the island to his own dominions.</p>
+
+<p>"And now," said he to himself, "it will be a good time for me to be
+married."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's wedding at last.</div>
+
+<p>So, after making the necessary arrangements <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>for assembling his whole
+fleet again, and repairing the damages which had been sustained by the
+storm, he began to make preparations for the wedding. Berengaria made
+no objection to this. Indeed, the fright which she had suffered at sea
+in being separated from Richard, and the anxiety she had endured when,
+after the storm, she gazed in every direction all around the horizon,
+and could see no signs in any quarter of his ship, and when,
+consequently, she feared that he might be lost, made her extremely
+unwilling to be separated from him again.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A coronation.</div>
+
+<p>The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor, and many
+feasts and entertainments, and public parades, and celebrations
+followed, to commemorate the event. Among the other grand ceremonies
+was a coronation&mdash;a double coronation. Richard caused himself to be
+crowned King of Cyprus, and Berengaria Queen of England and of Cyprus
+too.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's accoutrement.</div>
+
+<p>The dress in which Richard appeared on these occasions is minutely
+described. He wore a rose-colored satin tunic, which was fastened by a
+jeweled belt about his waist. Over this was a mantle of striped silver
+tissue, brocaded with silver half-moons. He wore an elegant and very
+costly sword too. The blade <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>was of Damascus steel, the hilt was of
+gold, and the scabbard was of silver, richly engraved in scales. On
+his head he wore a scarlet bonnet, brocaded in gold with figures of
+animals. He bore in his hand what was called a truncheon, which was a
+sort of sceptre, very splendidly covered and adorned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Favelle.</div>
+
+<p>He had an elegant horse&mdash;a Spanish charger&mdash;and wherever he went this
+horse was led before him, with the bits, and stirrups, and all the
+metallic mountings of the saddle and bridle in gold. The crupper was
+adorned with two golden lions, figured with their paws raised in the
+act of striking each other. Richard obtained another horse in Cyprus
+among the spoils that he acquired there, and which afterward became
+his favorite. His name was Favelle, though in some of the old annals
+he is called Faunelle. This horse acquired great fame by the strength
+and courage, and also the great sagacity, that he displayed in the
+various battles that he was engaged in with his master. Indeed, at
+last, he became quite a historical character.</p>
+
+<p>Richard himself was a tall and well-formed man, and altogether a very
+fine-looking man, and in this costume, with his yellow curls and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>bright complexion, he appeared, they said, a perfect model of
+military and manly grace.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The appearance of Berengaria.</div>
+
+<p>There is a representation of Berengaria extant which is supposed to
+show her as she appeared at this time. Her hair is parted in the
+middle in front, and hangs down in long tresses behind. It is covered
+with a veil, open on each side, like a Spanish mantilla. The veil is
+fastened to her head by a royal diadem resplendent with gold and gems,
+and is surmounted with a <i>fleur de lis</i>, with so much foliage added to
+it as to give it the appearance of a double crown, in allusion to her
+being the queen both of Cyprus and of England.</p>
+
+<p>The whole time occupied by these transactions in Cyprus was only about
+a month, and now, since every thing had been finished to his
+satisfaction, Richard began to think once more of prosecuting his
+voyage.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XI" id="Chapter_XI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Voyage to Acre.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The different names of Acre.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> great landing-point for expeditions of Crusaders to the Holy Land
+was Acre, or Akka, as it is often written. The town was originally
+known as Ptolemais, and the situation of it may be found designated on
+ancient maps under that name. The Turks called it Akka, which name the
+French call Acre. It was also, after a certain time, called St. Jean
+d'Acre. It received this name from a famous military order that was
+founded in the Holy Land in the Middle Ages, called the Knights of St.
+John.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Order of St. John.</div>
+
+<p>The origin of the order was as follows: About a hundred years before
+the time of Richard's crusade, a company of pious merchants from
+Naples, who went to Jerusalem, took pity, while they were there, on
+the pilgrims who came there to visit the Holy Sepulchre, and who,
+being poor, and very insufficiently provided for the journey, suffered
+a great many privations and hardships. These merchants accordingly
+built <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>and endowed a monastery, and made it the duty of the monks to
+receive and take care of a certain number of these pilgrims.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Hospitalers.</div>
+
+<p>They named the establishment the Monastery of St. John, and the monks
+themselves were called Hospitalers, their business being to receive
+and show hospitality to the pilgrims. So the monks were sometimes
+designated as the Hospitalers and sometimes the Brothers of St. John.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Knights of St. John.<br />Origin of the name of St. Jean d'Acre.</div>
+
+<p>Other travelers, who came to Jerusalem from time to time, seeing this
+monastery, and observing the good which it was the means of effecting
+for the poor pilgrims, became interested in its welfare, and made
+grants and donations to it, by which, in the course of fifty years, it
+became much enlarged. At length, in process of time, a <i>military</i>
+order was connected with it. The pilgrims needed protection in going
+to and fro, as well as food, shelter, and rest at the end of their
+journey, and the military order was formed to furnish this protection.
+The knights of this order were called Knights Hospitalers, and
+sometimes Knights of St. John. The institution continued to grow, and
+finally the seat of it was transferred to Acre, which was a much more
+convenient place for giving succor to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>pilgrims, and also for
+fighting the Saracens, who were the great enemies that the pilgrims
+had to fear. From this time the institution was called St. John of
+Acre, as it was before St. John of Jerusalem, and finally its power
+and influence became so predominant in the town that the town itself
+was generally designated by the name of the institution, and it has
+been called St. Jean d'Acre to this day.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The order.</div>
+
+<p>The order became at last very numerous. Great numbers of persons
+joined it from all the nations of Europe. They organized a regular
+government. They held fortresses and towns, and other territorial
+possessions of considerable value. They had a fleet, and an army, and
+a rich treasury. In a word, they became, as it were, a government and
+a nation.</p>
+
+<p>The persons belonging to the order were divided into three classes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. <i>Knights.</i>&mdash;These were the armed men. They fought the
+battles, defended the pilgrims, managed the government, and
+performed all other similar functions.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Chaplains.</i>&mdash;These were the priests and monks. They
+conducted worship, and attended, in general, to all the
+duties of devotion. They were the scholars, too, and acted
+as secretaries <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>and readers, whenever such duties were
+required.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Servitors.</i>&mdash;The duty of the servitors was, as their
+name imports, to take charge of the buildings and grounds
+belonging to the order, to wait upon the sick, and accompany
+pilgrims, and to perform, in general, all other duties
+pertaining to their station.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189-90]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;">
+<img src="images/i185.jpg" class="ispace" width="438" height="350" alt="THE RAMPARTS OF ACRE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE RAMPARTS OF ACRE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">A description of the town of Acre.</div>
+
+<p>The town of Acre stood on the shore of the sea, and was very strongly
+fortified. The walls and ramparts were very massive&mdash;altogether too
+thick and high to be demolished or scaled by any means of attack known
+in those days. The place had been in possession of the Knights of St.
+John, but in the course of the wars between the Saracens and the
+Crusaders that had prevailed before Richard came, it had fallen into
+the hands of the Saracens, and now the Crusaders were besieging it, in
+hopes to recover possession. They were encamped in thousands on a
+plain outside the town, in a beautiful situation overlooking the sea.
+Still farther back among the mountains were immense hordes of
+Saracens, watching an opportunity to come down upon the plain and
+overwhelm the Christian armies, while they, on the other hand, were
+making continued assaults upon the town, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>hopes of carrying it by storm, before their enemies on the mountains
+could attack them. Of course, the Crusaders were extremely anxious to
+have Richard arrive, for they knew that he was bringing with him an
+immense re-enforcement.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip before Acre.<br />The siege.</div>
+
+<p>Philip, the French king, had already arrived, and he exerted himself
+to the utmost to take the town before Richard should come. But he
+could not succeed. The town resisted all the attempts he could make to
+storm it, and, in the mean time, his position and that of the other
+Crusaders in the camp was becoming very critical, on account of the
+immense numbers of Saracens in the mountains behind them, who were
+gradually advancing their posts and threatening to surround the
+Christians entirely. Philip, therefore, and the forces joined with
+him, were beginning to feel very anxious to see Richard's ships
+drawing near, and from their encampment on the plain they looked out
+over the sea, and watched day after day, earnestly in hopes that they
+might see the advanced ships of Richard's fleet coming into view in
+the offing.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Richard, having sailed from Cyprus, was coming on,
+though he was delayed on his way by an occurrence which he greatly
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>gloried in, deeming it doubtless a very brilliant exploit. The case
+was this:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Chasing a Saracen vessel.</div>
+
+<p>In sailing along with his squadron between Cyprus and the main land,
+he suddenly fell in with a ship of very large size. At first Richard
+and his men wondered what ship it could be. It was soon evident that,
+whatever she was, she was endeavoring to escape. Richard ordered his
+galleys to press on, and he soon found that the strange ship was full
+of Saracens. He immediately ordered his men to advance and board her,
+and he declared to his seamen that if they allowed her to escape he
+would crucify them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Desperation.</div>
+
+<p>The Saracens, seeing that there was no possibility of escape, and
+having no hope of mercy if they fell into Richard's hands, determined
+to scuttle the ship, and to sink themselves and the vessel together.
+They accordingly cut holes through the bottom as well as they could
+with hatchets, and the water began to pour in. In the mean time,
+Richard's galleys had surrounded the vessel, and a dreadful combat
+ensued. Both parties fought like tigers. The Crusaders were furious to
+get on board before the ship should go down, and the Saracens, though
+they had no expectation of finally defending themselves <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>against their
+enemies, still hoped to keep them back until it should be too late for
+them to obtain any advantage from their victory.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The terrible Greek fire which the Saracens used.</div>
+
+<p>For a time they were quite successful in their resistance, chiefly by
+means of what was called Greek fire. This Greek fire was a celebrated
+means of warfare in those days, and was very terrible in its nature
+and effects. It is not known precisely what it was, or how it was
+made. It was an exceedingly combustible substance, and was to be
+thrown, on fire, at the enemy; and such was its nature, that when once
+in flames nothing could extinguish it; and, besides the heat and
+burning that it produced, it threw out great volumes of poisonous and
+stifling vapors, which suffocated all that came near. The men threw it
+sometimes in balls, sometimes on the ends of darts and arrows, where
+it was enveloped in flax or tow to keep it in its place. It burned
+fiercely and furiously wherever it fell. Even water did not extinguish
+it, and it was said that in this combat the sea all around the
+Saracens' ship seemed on fire, and the decks of the galleys that
+attacked them were blazing with it in every direction. Great numbers
+of Richard's men were killed by it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The ship is taken.<br />A massacre.</div>
+
+<p>But the superiority of numbers on Richard's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>side was too great, and
+after a time the Saracens were subdued, before the ship had admitted
+water enough through the scuttlings to carry her down. Richard's men
+poured in on board of her in great numbers. They immediately proceeded
+to massacre or throw overboard the men as fast as possible, and to
+seize the stores and transfer them to their own ships. They also did
+all they could to stop the leaks, so as to delay the sinking of the
+ship as long as possible. They had time to transfer to their own
+vessels nearly all the valuable part of the cargo, and to kill and
+drown all the men. Out of twelve or fifteen hundred, only about
+thirty-five were spared.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's defense.<br />King Richard's cupidity.</div>
+
+<p>When, afterward, public sentiment seemed inclined to condemn this
+terrible and inexcusable massacre, Richard defended himself by saying
+that he found on board the vessel a number of jars containing certain
+poisonous reptiles, which he alleged the Saracens were going to take
+to Acre, and there let them loose near the Crusaders' camp to bite the
+soldiers, and that men who could resort to so barbarous a mode of
+warfare as this deserved no quarter. However this may be, the poor
+Saracens received no quarter. It might be supposed that Richard
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> deserved some credit for his humanity in saving the thirty-five. But
+his object in saving these was not to show mercy, but to gain
+ransom-money. These thirty-five were the <i>emirs</i>, or other officers of
+the Saracens, or persons who looked as if they might be rich or have
+rich friends. When they reached the shore, Richard fixed upon a
+certain sum of money for each of them, and allowed them to send word
+to their friends that if they would raise that money and send it to
+Richard, he would set them at liberty. A great proportion of them were
+thus afterward ransomed, and Richard realized from this source quite a
+large sum.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The sinking ship.</div>
+
+<p>When Richard's soldiers found that the time for the captured ship to
+sink was drawing nigh, they abandoned her, leaving on board every
+thing that they had not been able to save, and, withdrawing to a safe
+distance, they saw her go down. The sea all around her was covered
+with the bodies of the dead and dying, and also with bales of
+merchandise, broken weapons, fragments of the wreck, and with the
+flickering and exhausted remnants of the Greek fire.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet then got under way again, and pursued its course to Acre.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XII" id="Chapter_XII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Arrival at Acre.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1190</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The besieging army at Acre.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">W</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">hile</span> Richard was thus, with his fleet, drawing near to Acre, the
+armies of the Crusaders that were besieging the town had been for some
+time gradually getting into a very critical situation. This army was
+made up of a great many different bodies of troops, that had come in
+the course of years from all parts of Europe to recover the Holy Land
+from the possession of the unbelievers. There were Germans, and
+French, and Normans, and Italians, and people from the different
+kingdoms of Spain, with knights, and barons, and earls, and bishops,
+and archbishops, and princes, and other dignitaries of all kinds
+without number. With such a heterogeneous mass there could be no
+common bond, nor any general and central authority. They spoke a great
+variety of languages, and were accustomed to very different modes of
+warfare; and the several orders of knights, and the different bodies
+of troops, were continually getting involved in dissensions arising
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>from the jealousies and rivalries which they bore to each other. The
+enemy, on the other hand, were united under the command of one great
+and powerful Saracen leader named Saladin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Motives of the Saracens.<br />Motives of the Christians.</div>
+
+<p>There was another great difference between the Crusaders and the
+Saracens which was greatly to the advantage of the latter. The
+Saracens were fighting simply to deliver their country from these
+bands of invaders. Thus their object was <i>one</i>. If any part of the
+army achieved a success, the other divisions rejoiced at it, for it
+tended to advance them all toward the common end that all had in view.
+On the other hand, the chief end and aim of the Crusaders was to get
+glory to themselves in the estimation of friends and neighbors at
+home, and of Europe in general. It is true that they desired to obtain
+this glory by victories over the unbelievers and the conquest of the
+Holy Land, but these last objects were the means and not the end. The
+<i>end</i>, in their view, was their own personal glory. The consequence
+was, that while the Saracens would naturally all rejoice at an
+advantage gained over the enemy by any portion of their army, yet in
+the camp of the Crusaders, if one body of knights performed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>a great
+deed of strength or bravery which was likely to attract attention in
+Europe, the rest were apt to be disappointed and vexed instead of
+being pleased. They were envious of the fame which the successful
+party had acquired. In a word, when an advantage was gained by any
+particular body of troops, the rest did not think of the benefit to
+the common cause which had thereby been secured, but only of the
+danger that the fame acquired by those who gained it might eclipse or
+outshine their own renown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Envyings and jealousy among the besiegers.<br />King of Jerusalem.</div>
+
+<p>The various orders of knights and the commanders of the different
+bodies of troops vied with each other, not only in respect to the
+acquisition of glory, but also in the elegance of their arms, the
+splendor of their tents and banners, the beauty and gorgeous
+caparisons of the horses, and the pomp and parade with which they
+conducted all their movements and operations. The camp was full of
+quarrels, too, among the great leaders in respect to the command of
+the places in the Holy Land which had been conquered in previous
+campaigns. These places, as fast as they had been taken, had been made
+principalities and kingdoms, to give titles of rank to the crusaders
+who had taken them; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>and, though the places themselves had in many
+instances been lost again, and given up to the Saracens, the titles
+remained to be quarreled about among the Crusaders. There was
+particularly a great quarrel at this time about the title of King of
+Jerusalem. It was a mere empty title, for Jerusalem was in the hands
+of the Saracens, but there were twenty very powerful and influential
+claimants to it, each of whom man&oelig;uvred and intrigued incessantly
+with all the other knights and commanders in the army to gain
+partisans to his side. Thus the camp of the Crusaders, from one cause
+and another, had become one universal scene of rivalry, jealousy, and
+discord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A common danger makes a common cause.</div>
+
+<p>There was a small approach toward a greater degree of unity of feeling
+just before the time of Richard's arrival, produced by the common
+danger to which they began to see they were exposed. They had been now
+two years besieging Acre, and had accomplished nothing. All the
+furious attempts that they had made to storm the place had been
+unsuccessful. The walls were too thick and solid for the
+battering-rams to make any serious impression upon them, and the
+garrison within were so numerous and so well armed, and they hurled
+down <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>such a tremendous shower of darts, javelins, stones, and other
+missiles of every kind upon all who came near, that immense numbers of
+those who were brought up near the walls to work the engines were
+killed, while the besieged themselves, being protected by the
+battlements on the walls, were comparatively safe.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The terrible loss of life in the siege of Acre.<br />The unwieldy armor of the knights.</div>
+
+<p>In the course of the two years during which the siege had now been
+going on, bodies of troops from all parts of Europe had been
+continually coming and going, and as in those days there was far less
+of system and organization in the conduct of military affairs than
+there is now, the camp was constantly kept in a greater or less degree
+of confusion, so that it is impossible to know with certainty how many
+were engaged, and what the actual loss of life had been. The lowest
+estimate is that one hundred and fifty thousand men perished before
+Acre during this siege, and some historians calculate the loss at five
+hundred thousand. The number of deaths was greatly increased by the
+plague, which prevailed at one time among the troops, and committed
+fearful ravages. One thing, however, must be said, in justice to the
+reckless and violent men who commanded these bands, and that is, that
+they did not send their poor, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>helpless followers, the common
+soldiers, into a danger which they kept out of themselves. It was a
+point of honor with them to take the foremost rank, and to expose
+themselves fully at all times to the worst dangers of the combat. It
+is true that the knights and nobles were better protected by their
+armor than the soldiers. They were generally covered with steel from
+head to foot, and so heavily loaded with it were they, that it was
+only on horseback that they could sustain themselves in battle at all.
+Indeed, it was said that if a full-armed knight, in those days, were,
+from any accident, unhorsed, his armor was so heavy that, if he were
+thrown down upon the ground in his fall, he could not possibly get up
+again without help.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this protection, however, the knights and commanders
+exposed themselves so much that they suffered in full proportion with
+the rest. It was estimated that during the siege there fell in battle,
+or perished of sickness or fatigue, eighteen or twenty archbishops and
+bishops, forty earls, and no less than five hundred barons, all of
+whose names are recorded. So they obtained what they went
+for&mdash;commemoration in history. Whether the reward was worth the price
+they paid for it, in sacrificing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>every thing like happiness and
+usefulness in life, and throwing themselves, after a few short months
+of furious and angry warfare, into a bloody grave, is a very serious
+question.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard received by the besieging army.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as Richard's fleet appeared in view, the whole camp was thrown
+into a state of the wildest commotion. The drums were beat, the
+trumpets were sounded, and flags and banners without number were waved
+in the air. The troops were paraded, and when the ships arrived at the
+shore, and Richard and his immediate attendants and followers landed,
+they were received by the commanders of the Crusaders' army on the
+beach with the highest honors, while the soldiers drawn up around
+filled the air with long and loud acclamations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Berengaria a bride.</div>
+
+<p>Berengaria had come from Cyprus, not in Richard's ship, although she
+was now married to him. She had continued in her own galley, and was
+still under the charge of her former guardian, Stephen of Turnham.
+That ship had been fitted up purposely for the use of the queen and
+the princess, and the arrangements on board were more suitable for the
+accommodation of ladies than were those of Richard's ship, which being
+strictly a war vessel, and intended always <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>to be foremost in every
+fight, was arranged solely with a view to the purposes of battle, and
+was therefore not a very suitable place for a bride.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip's conciliation.</div>
+
+<p>Berengaria and Joanna landed very soon after Richard. Philip was a
+little piqued at the suddenness with which Richard had married another
+lady, so soon after the engagement with Alice had been terminated; but
+he considered how urgent the necessity was that he should now be on
+good terms with his ally, and so he concealed his feelings, and
+received Berengaria himself as she came from her ship, and assisted
+her to land.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XIII" id="Chapter_XIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Difficulties.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1191</h3>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">t</span> was but a very short time after Richard had landed his forces at
+Acre, and had taken his position in the camp on the plain before the
+city, before serious difficulties began to arise between him and
+Philip. This, indeed, might have been easily foreseen. It was
+perfectly certain that, so soon as Richard should enter the camp of
+the Crusaders, he would immediately assume such airs of superiority,
+and attempt to lord it over all the other kings and princes there in
+so reckless and dictatorial a manner, that there could be no peace
+with him except in entire submission to his will.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's arrogance produces dissension in the camp.</div>
+
+<p>This was, accordingly, soon found to be the case. He began to quarrel
+with Philip in a very short time, notwithstanding the sincere desire
+that Philip manifested to live on good terms with him. Of course, the
+knights and barons, and, after a time, the common soldiers in the two
+armies, took sides with their respective sovereigns. One great source
+of trouble was, that Richard claimed to be the feudal sovereign <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>of
+Philip himself, on account of some old claims that he advanced, as
+Duke of Normandy, over the French kingdom. This pretension Philip, of
+course, would not admit, and the question gave rise to endless
+disputes and heartburnings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The progress of the quarrel between Richard and Philip.</div>
+
+<p>Presently the quarrel extended to other portions of the army of the
+Crusaders, and the different orders of knights and bodies of soldiers
+espoused, some one side and some the other. The Knights Hospitalers,
+described in a former chapter, who had now become a numerous and very
+powerful force, took Richard's side. Indeed, Richard was personally
+popular among the knights and barons generally, on account of his
+prodigious strength and the many feats of reckless daring that he
+performed. When he went out every body flocked to see him, and the
+whole camp was full of the stories that were told of his wonderful
+exploits. He made use of the distinction which he thus acquired as a
+means of overshadowing Philip's influence and position. This Philip,
+of course, resented, and then the English said that he was envious of
+Richard's superiority; and they attempted to lay the whole blame of
+the quarrel on him, attributing the unfriendly feeling simply to what
+they considered his weak and ungenerous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>jealousy of a more successful
+and fortunate rival.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, the disagreement soon became so great that the
+two kings could no longer co-operate together in fighting against
+their common enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The English and French armies no longer co-operate.</div>
+
+<p>Philip planned an assault against the town. He was going to take it by
+storm. Richard did not join him in this attempt. He made it an excuse
+that he was sick at the time. Indeed, he was sick not long after his
+arrival at Acre, but whether his illness really prevented his
+co-operating with Philip in the assault, or was only made use of as a
+pretext, is not quite certain. At any rate, Richard left Philip to
+make the assault alone, and the consequence was that the French troops
+were driven back from the walls with great loss. Richard secretly
+rejoiced at this discomfiture, but Philip was in a great rage.</p>
+
+<p>Not long afterward Richard planned an assault, to be executed with
+<i>his</i> troops alone; for Philip now stood aloof, and refused to aid
+him. Richard had no objection to this; indeed, he rejoiced in an
+opportunity to show the world that he could succeed in accomplishing a
+feat of arms after Philip had attempted it and failed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207-8]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i203.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="288" alt="THE ASSAULT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE ASSAULT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Preparations for an assault.</div>
+
+<p>So he brought forward the engines that he had caused to be built at
+Messina, and set them up. He organized his assaulting columns and
+prepared for the attack. He made the scaling-ladders ready, and
+provided his men with great stores of ammunition; and when the
+appointed day at length arrived, he led his men on to the assault,
+fully confident that he was about to perform an exploit that would
+fill all Europe with his fame.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A repulse.</div>
+
+<p>But, unfortunately for him, he was doomed to disappointment. His men
+were driven back from the walls. The engines were overthrown and
+broken to pieces, or set on fire by flaming javelins sent from the
+walls, and burned to the ground. Vast numbers of his soldiers were
+killed, and at length, all hope of success having disappeared, the
+troops were drawn off, discomfited and excessively chagrined.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Reflections.<br />Dangers of the army.</div>
+
+<p>The reflections which would naturally follow in the minds of Philip
+and Richard, as they sat in their tents moodily pondering on these
+failures, led them to think that it would be better for them to cease
+quarreling with each other, and to combine their strength against the
+common enemy. Indeed, their situation was now fast becoming very
+critical, inasmuch as every <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>day during which the capture of the town
+was delayed the troops of Saladin on the mountains around them were
+gradually increasing in numbers, and gaining in the strength of their
+position, and they might at any time now be expected to come pouring
+down upon the plain in such force as entirely to overwhelm the whole
+army of the Crusaders.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A nominal friendship between real enemies.</div>
+
+<p>So Richard and Philip made an agreement with each other that they
+would thenceforth live together on better terms, and endeavor to
+combine their strength against the common enemy, instead of wasting it
+in petty quarrels with each other.</p>
+
+<p>From this time things went on much better in the camp of the allies,
+while yet there was no real or cordial friendship between Richard and
+Philip, or any of their respective partisans. Richard attempted
+secretly to entice away knights and soldiers from Philip's service by
+offering them more money or better rewards than Philip paid them, and
+Philip, when he discovered this, attempted to retaliate by endeavoring
+to buy off, in the same manner, some of Richard's men. In a word, the
+fires of the feud, though covered up and hidden, were burning away
+underneath as fiercely as ever.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XIV" id="Chapter_XIV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XIV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Fall of Acre.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1191</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The distress of the besieged city.<br />Famine.<br />Disappointed hopes.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">lthough</span> the allies failed to reduce Acre by assault, the town was at
+last compelled to submit to them through the distress and misery to
+which the inhabitants and the garrison were finally reduced by famine.
+They bore these sufferings as long as they could, but the time arrived
+at last when they could be endured no longer. They hoped for some
+relief which was to have been sent to them by sea from Cairo, but it
+did not come. They also hoped, day after day, and week after week,
+that Saladin would be strong enough to come down from the mountains,
+and break through the camp of the Crusaders on the plain and rescue
+them. But they were disappointed. The Crusaders had fortified their
+camp in the strongest manner, and then they were so numerous and so
+fully armed that Saladin thought it useless to make any general attack
+upon them with the force that he had under his command.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The various methods of warfare.<br />Undermining the walls.<br />The effect on the walls.</div>
+
+<p>The siege had continued two years when <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>Philip and Richard arrived.
+They came early in the spring of 1191. Of course, their arrival
+greatly strengthened the camp of the besiegers, and went far to
+extinguish the remaining hopes of the garrison. The commanders,
+however, did not immediately give up, but held out some months longer,
+hoping every day for the arrival of the promised relief from Cairo. In
+the mean time, they continued to endure a succession of the most
+vigorous assaults from the Crusaders, of which very marvelous tales
+are told in the romantic narratives of those times. In these
+narratives we have accounts of the engines which Richard set up
+opposite the walls, and of the efforts made by the besieged to set
+them on fire; of Richard's working, himself, like any common soldier
+in putting these engines together, and in extinguishing the flames
+when they were set on fire; of a vast fire-proof shed which was at
+last contrived to cover and protect the engines&mdash;the covering of the
+roof being made fire-proof with green hides; and of a plan which was
+finally adopted, when it was found that the walls could not be beaten
+down by battering-rams, of undermining them with a view of making them
+tumble down by their own weight. In this case, the workmen who
+undermined the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>walls were protected at their work by sheds built over
+them, and, in order to prevent the walls from falling upon them while
+they were mining, they propped them up with great beams of wood, so
+placed that they could make fires under the beams when they were ready
+for the walls to fall, and then have time to retreat to a safe
+distance before they should be burned through. This plan, however, did
+not succeed; for the walls were so prodigiously thick, and the blocks
+of stone of which they were composed were so firmly bound together,
+that, instead of falling into a mass of ruins, as Richard had
+expected, when the props had been burned through, they only settled
+down bodily on one side into the excavation, and remained nearly as
+good, for all purposes of defense, as ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A spy in the city.<br />The letters which came on arrows.</div>
+
+<p>It was said that during the siege Richard and Philip obtained a great
+deal of information in respect to the plans of the Saracens through
+the instrumentality of some secret friend within the city, who
+contrived to find means of continually sending them important
+intelligence. This intelligence related sometimes to the designs of
+the garrison in respect to sorties that they were going to make, or to
+the secret plans that they had formed for procuring supplies of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> provisions or other succor; at other times they related to the
+movements and designs of Saladin, who was outside among the mountains,
+and especially to the attacks that he was contemplating on the allied
+camp. This intelligence was communicated in various ways. The
+principal method was to send a letter by means of an arrow. An arrow
+frequently came down in some part of the allied camp, which, on being
+examined, was found to have a letter wound about the shaft. The letter
+was addressed to Richard, and was, of course, immediately carried to
+his tent. It was always found to contain very important information in
+respect to the condition or plans of the besieged. If a sortie was
+intended from the city, it stated the time and the place, and detailed
+all the arrangements, thus enabling Richard to be on his guard. So, if
+the Saracens were projecting an attack on the lines from within, the
+whole plan of it was fully explained, and, of course, it would then be
+very easy for Richard to frustrate it. The writer of the letters said
+that he was a Christian, but would not say who he was, and the mystery
+was never explained. It is quite possible that there is very little
+truth in the whole story.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">A flag of truce.</div>
+
+<p>At all events, though the assaults which the allies made against the
+walls and bulwarks of the town were none of them wholly successful,
+the general progress of the siege was altogether in their favor, and
+against the poor Saracens shut up within it. The last hope which they
+indulged was that some supplies would come to them by sea; but
+Richard's fleet, which remained at anchor off the town, blockaded the
+port so completely that there was no possibility that any thing could
+get in. The last lingering hope was, therefore, at length abandoned,
+and when the besieged found that they could endure their horrible
+misery no longer, they sent a flag of truce out to the camp of the
+besiegers, with a proposal to negotiate terms of surrender.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms proposed by the Saracens.<br />Richard's exactions and his threats.</div>
+
+<p>Then followed a long negotiation, with displays of haughty arrogance
+on one side, and heart-broken and bitter humiliation on the other. The
+Saracens first proposed what they considered fair and honorable terms,
+and Philip was disposed to accept them; but Richard rejected them with
+scorn. After a vain attempt at resistance, Philip was obliged to
+yield, and to allow his imperious and overbearing ally to have his own
+way. The Saracens wished to stipulate for the lives of the garrison,
+but Richard <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>refused. He told them they must submit unconditionally;
+and, for his part, he did not care, he said, whether they yielded now
+or continued the contest. He should soon be in possession of the city,
+at any rate, and if they held out until he took it by storm, then, of
+course, it would be given up to the unbridled fury of the soldiers,
+who would mercilessly massacre every living thing they should find in
+it, and seize every species of property as plunder. This, he declared,
+was sure to be the end of the siege, and that very soon, unless they
+chose to submit. The Saracens then asked what terms he required of
+them. Richard stated his terms, and they asked for a little time to
+consider them and to confer with Saladin, who, being the sultan, was
+their sovereign, and without his approval they could not act.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The convention.<br />Hostages.<br />The ransom of the captives.</div>
+
+<p>So the negotiation was opened, and, after various difficulties and
+delays, a convention was finally agreed upon. The terms were these:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I. The city was to be surrendered to the allied armies, and
+all the arms, ammunition, military stores, and property of
+all kinds which it contained were to be forfeited to the
+conquerors.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>II. The troops and the people of the town were to be allowed
+to go free on the payment of a ransom.</p>
+
+<p>III. The ransom by which the besieged purchased their lives
+and liberty was to be made up as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+1. The wood of the cross on which Christ
+was crucified, which was alleged to be in Saladin's
+possession, was to be restored.<br /><br />
+
+2. Saladin was to set at liberty the Christian
+captives which he had taken in the course
+of the war from various armies
+of Crusaders, and which he now held as prisoners. The
+number of these prisoners was about fifteen hundred.<br /><br />
+
+3. He was to pay two hundred thousand pieces of gold.</p>
+
+<p>IV. Richard was to retain a large body of men&mdash;it was said
+that there were about five thousand in all&mdash;consisting of
+soldiers of the garrison or inhabitants of the town, as
+hostages for the fulfillment of these conditions. These men
+were to be kept forty days, or, if at the end of that time
+Saladin had not fulfilled the conditions of the surrender,
+they were all to be put to death.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Saladin's assent.</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps Saladin agreed to these terms, under the pressure of dire
+necessity, compelled as he was to assent to whatever Richard might
+propose by the dreadful extremity to which the town was reduced,
+without sufficiently considering whether he would be really able to
+fulfill his promises. At any rate, these were the promises that he
+made; and as soon as the treaty was duly executed, the gates of Acre
+were opened to the conquerors, while Saladin himself broke up his
+encampment on the mountains, and withdrew his troops farther into the
+interior of the country.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard enters Acre in triumph.<br />The Archduke of Austria's banner.</div>
+
+<p>Although the treaty was made and executed in the name of both the
+kings, Richard had taken into his hands almost the whole conduct of
+the negotiation, and now that the army was about to take possession of
+the town, he considered himself the conqueror of it. He entered with
+great parade, assigning to Philip altogether a secondary part in the
+ceremony. He also took possession of the principal palace of the place
+as his quarters, and there established himself with Berengaria and
+Joanna, while he left Philip to take up his residence wherever he
+could. The flags of both monarchs were, however, raised upon the
+walls, and so far Philip's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>claim to a joint sovereignty over the
+place was acknowledged. But none of the other princes or potentates
+who had been engaged in the siege were allowed to share this honor.
+One of them&mdash;the Archduke of Austria&mdash;ventured to raise his banner on
+one of the towers, but Richard pulled it down, tore it to pieces, and
+trampled it under his feet.</p>
+
+<p>This, of course, threw the archduke into a dreadful rage, and most of
+the other smaller princes in the army shared the indignation that he
+felt at the grasping disposition which Richard manifested, and at his
+violent and domineering behavior. But they were helpless. Richard was
+stronger than they, and they were compelled to submit.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip in trouble.<br />Philip's secret plans.</div>
+
+<p>As for Philip, he had long since begun to find his situation extremely
+disagreeable. He was very sensitive to the overbearing and arrogant
+treatment which he received, but he either had not the force of
+character or the physical strength to resist it. Now, since Acre had
+fallen, he found his situation worse than ever. There was no longer
+any enemy directly before them, and it was only the immediate presence
+of an enemy that had thus far kept Richard within any sort of bounds.
+Philip saw now <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>plainly that if he were to remain in the Holy Land,
+and attempt to continue the war, he could only do it by occupying an
+altogether secondary and subordinate position, and to this he thought
+it was wholly inconsistent with his rights and dignities as an
+independent sovereign to descend; so he began to revolve secretly in
+his mind how he could honorably withdraw from the expedition and
+return home.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Title of King of Jerusalem.<br />Sibylla.</div>
+
+<p>While things were in this state, a great quarrel, which had for a long
+time been gradually growing up in the camp of the Crusaders, but had
+been restrained and kept, in some degree, subdued by the excitement of
+the siege, broke out in great violence. The question was who should
+claim the title of King of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was at this time in
+the hands of the Saracens, so that the title was, for the time being
+at least, a mere empty name. Still, there was a very fierce contention
+to decide who should possess it. It seems that it had originally
+descended to a certain lady named Sibylla. It had come down to her as
+the descendant and heir of a very celebrated crusader named Godfrey of
+Bouillon, who was the first king of Jerusalem. He became King of
+Jerusalem by having headed the army of Crusaders that first <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>conquered
+it from the Saracens. This was about a hundred years before the time
+of the taking of Acre. The knights and generals of his army elected
+him King of Jerusalem a short time after he had taken it, and the
+title descended from him to Sibylla.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Guy of Lusignan.<br />Isabella.<br />Conrad of Montferrat.</div>
+
+<p>Sibylla was married to a famous knight named Guy of Lusignan, and he
+claimed the title of King of Jerusalem in right of his wife. This
+claim was acknowledged by the rest of the Crusaders so long as Sibylla
+lived, but at length she died, and then many persons maintained that
+the crown descended to her sister Isabella. Isabella was married to a
+knight named Humphrey of Huron, who had not strength or resolution
+enough to assert his claims. Indeed, he had the reputation of being a
+weak and timid man. Accordingly, another knight, named Conrad of
+Montferrat, conceived the idea of taking his place. He contrived to
+seize and bear away the Lady Isabella, and afterward to procure a
+divorce for her from her husband, and then, finally, he married her
+himself. He now claimed to be King of Jerusalem in right of Isabella,
+while Guy of Lusignan maintained that his right to the crown still
+continued. This was a nice question to be settled by such a rude horde
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>fighting men as these Crusaders were, and some took one side of it
+and some the other, according as their various ideas on the subject of
+rights of succession or their personal partialities inclined them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The positions of Richard and Philip respecting the title.</div>
+
+<p>Now it happened that Philip and Richard had early taken opposite sides
+in respect to this affair, as indeed they did on almost every other
+subject that came before them. Guy of Lusignan had gone to visit
+Richard while he was in Cyprus, and there, having had the field all to
+himself, had told his story in such a way, and also made such
+proposals and promises, as to enlist Richard in his favor. Richard
+there agreed that he would take Guy's part in the controversy, and he
+furnished him with a sum of money at that time to relieve his
+immediate necessities. He did this with a view of securing Guy, as one
+of his partisans and adherents, in any future difficulties in which he
+might be involved in the course of the campaign.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">One of Richard's compromises.</div>
+
+<p>On the other hand, when Philip arrived at Acre, which it will be
+recollected was some time before Richard came, the friends and
+partisans of Conrad, who were there, at once proceeded to lay Conrad's
+case before him, and they so far succeeded as to lead Philip to commit
+himself <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>on that side. Thus the foundation of a quarrel on this
+subject was laid before Richard landed. The quarrel was kept down,
+however, during the progress of the siege, but when at length the town
+was taken it broke out anew, and the whole body of the Crusaders
+became greatly agitated with it. At length some sort of compromise was
+effected, or at least what was called a compromise, but really, so far
+as the substantial interests involved were concerned, Richard had it
+all his own way. This affair still further alienated Philip's mind
+from his ally, and made him more desirous than ever to abandon the
+enterprise and return home.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip announces his return.</div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, after the two kings had been established in Acre a short
+time, Philip announced that he was sick, and unable any longer to
+prosecute the war in person, and that he was intending to return home.
+When this was announced to Richard, he exclaimed,</p>
+
+<p>"Shame on him! eternal shame! and on all his kingdom, if he goes off
+and abandons us now before the work is done."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's objections to Philip's return.</div>
+
+<p>The work which Richard meant to have done was the complete recovery of
+the Holy Land from the possession of the Saracens. The taking of Acre
+was a great step, but, after all, it was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>only a beginning. The army
+of the allies was now to march into the interior of the country to
+pursue Saladin, in hopes of conquering him in a general battle, and so
+at length gaining possession of the whole country and recovering
+Jerusalem. Richard, therefore, was very indignant with Philip for
+being disposed to abandon the enterprise while the work to be
+accomplished was only just begun.</p>
+
+<p>There was another reason why Richard was alarmed at the idea of
+Philip's returning home.</p>
+
+<p>"He will take advantage of my absence," said he, "and invade my
+dominions, and so, when I return, I shall find that I have been robbed
+of half my provinces."</p>
+
+<p>So Richard did all he could to dissuade Philip from returning; but at
+length, finding that he could produce no impression on his mind, he
+yielded, and gave a sort of surly consent to the arrangement. "Let him
+go," said he, "if he will. Poor man! He is sick, he says, and I
+suppose he thinks he can not live unless he can see Paris again."</p>
+
+<p>Richard insisted, however, that if Philip went he should leave his
+army behind, or, at least, a large portion of it; so Philip agreed to
+leave ten thousand men. These men were to be under <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>the command of the
+Duke of Burgundy, one of Philip's most distinguished nobles. The duke,
+however, himself was to be subject to the orders of Richard.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip's oath to Richard.</div>
+
+<p>Richard also exacted of Philip a solemn oath, that when he had
+returned to France he would not, in any way, molest or invade any of
+his&mdash;that is, Richard's&mdash;possessions, or make war against any of his
+vassals or allies. This agreement was to continue in force, and to be
+binding upon Philip until forty days after Richard should have himself
+returned from the Crusade.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disapprobation of King Philip's course.</div>
+
+<p>These things being all thus arranged, Philip began to make his
+preparations openly for embarking on his voyage home. The knights and
+barons, and indeed the whole body of the army, considered Philip's
+leaving them as a very culpable abandonment of the enterprise, and
+they crowded around the place of embarkation when he went on board his
+vessel, and manifested their displeasure with ill-suppressed hisses
+and groans.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin is unable to fulfill his promises.</div>
+
+<p>The time which had been fixed upon for Saladin to comply with the
+stipulations of the surrender was forty days, and this period was now,
+after Philip had gone, drawing rapidly to a close. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>Saladin found that
+he could not fulfill the conditions to which he had agreed. As the day
+approached he made various excuses and apologies to Richard, and he
+also sent him a number of costly presents, hoping, perhaps, in that
+way to propitiate his favor, and prevent his insisting on the
+execution of the dreadful penalty which had been agreed upon in case
+of default, namely, the slaughter of the five thousand hostages which
+had been left in his hands.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Brutality of Richard.</div>
+
+<p>The time at last expired, and the treaty had not been fulfilled.
+Richard, without waiting even a day, determined that the hostages
+should be slain. A rumor was set in circulation that Saladin had put
+to death all his Christian prisoners. This rumor was false, but it
+served its purpose of exasperating the minds of the Crusaders, so as
+to bring the soldiers up well to the necessary pitch of ferocity for
+executing so terrible a work. The slaughter of five thousand
+defenseless and unresisting men, in cold blood, is a very hard work
+for even soldiers to perform, and if such a work is to be done, it is
+always necessary to contrive some means of heating the blood of the
+executioners in order to insure the accomplishment of it. In this
+case, the rumor that Saladin had murdered his Christian <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>prisoners was
+more than sufficient. It wrought up the allied army to such a phrensy
+that the soldiers assembled in crowds, and riotously demanded that the
+Saracen prisoners should be given up to them, in order that they might
+have their revenge.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The massacre of the Saracen captives.</div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, at the appointed time, Richard gave the command, and the
+whole body of the prisoners were brought out, and conducted to the
+plain beyond the lines of the encampment. A few were reserved. These
+were persons of rank and consideration, who were to be saved in hopes
+that they might have wealthy friends at home who would pay money to
+ransom them. The rest were divided into two portions, one of which was
+committed to the charge of the Duke of Burgundy, and the other Richard
+led himself. The dreadful processions formed by these wretched men
+were followed by the excited soldiery that were to act as their
+executioners, who came crowding on in throngs, waving their swords,
+and filling the air with their ferocious threats and imprecations, and
+exulting in the prospect of having absolutely their fill of the
+pleasure of killing men, without any danger to themselves to mar the
+enjoyment of it.</p>
+
+<p>The massacre was carried into effect in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>fullest possible manner;
+and after the men were killed, the Christians occupied themselves in
+cutting open their bodies to find jewels and other articles of value,
+which they pretended that the poor captives had swallowed in order to
+hide them from their enemies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's exultation.<br />Supernatural approval.</div>
+
+<p>Instead of being ashamed of this deed, Richard gloried in it. He
+considered it a wonderful proof of his zeal for the cause of Christ.
+The writers of the time praised it. The Saracens, they maintained,
+were the enemies of God, and whoever slew them did God service. One of
+the historians of the time says that angels from heaven appeared to
+Richard at the time, and urged him to persevere to the end, crying
+aloud to him while the massacre was going on, "Kill! kill! Spare them
+not!"</p>
+
+<p>It seems to us at the present day most amazing that the minds of men
+could possibly be so perverted as to think that in performing such
+deeds as this they were sustaining the cause of the meek and gentle
+Jesus of Nazareth, and were the objects of approval and favor with
+God, the common father of us all, who has declared that he has made of
+one blood all the nations of the earth, to live together in peace and
+unity.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XV" id="Chapter_XV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Progress of the Crusade.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1191</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard leaving Acre.<br />Modern warfare.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> first thing which Richard had now to do, before commencing a march
+into the interior of the country, was to set every thing in order at
+Acre, and to put the place in a good condition of defense, in case it
+should be attacked while he was gone. The walls in many places were to
+be repaired, particularly where they had been undermined by Richard's
+sappers, and in many places, too, they had been broken down or greatly
+damaged by the action of the battering-rams and other engines. In the
+case of sieges prosecuted by means of artillery in modern times, the
+whole interior of the town, as well as the walls, is usually battered
+dreadfully by the shot and shells that are thrown over into it. A
+shell, which is a hollow ball of iron sometimes more than a foot in
+diameter, and with sides two or three inches thick, and filled within
+with gunpowder, is thrown from a mortar, at a distance of some miles,
+high into the air over the town, whence <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>it descends into the streets
+or among the houses. The engraving represents the form of the mortar,
+and the manner in which the shell is thrown from it, though in this
+case the shell represented is directed, not against the town, but is
+thrown from a battery under the walls of the town against the camp or
+the trenches of the besiegers.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i227.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="344" alt="THROWING SHELLS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THROWING SHELLS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Contrast between modern and ancient weapons.</div>
+
+<p>These shells, of course, when they descend, come crashing through the
+roofs of the buildings on which they strike, or bury themselves in the
+ground if they fall in the street, and then burst with a terrific
+explosion. A town that has been bombarded in a siege becomes sometimes
+almost a mere mass of ruins. Often the bursting of a shell sets a
+building on fire, and then the dreadful effects of a conflagration are
+added to the horrors of the scene. In ancient sieges, on the other
+hand, none of these terrible agencies could be employed. The
+battering-rams could touch nothing but the walls and the outer towers,
+and it was comparatively very little injury that they could do to
+these. The javelins and arrows, and other light missiles&mdash;even those
+that were thrown from the military engines, if by chance they passed
+over the walls and entered the town, could do no serious mischief to
+the buildings there. The worst that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>could happen from them was the wounding or killing of some person in
+the streets who might, just at that moment, be passing by.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Purifying the places of pagan worship.</div>
+
+<p>In repairing Acre, therefore, and putting it again in a perfect
+condition for defense, nothing but the outer walls required attention.
+Richard set companies of workmen upon these, and before long every
+thing was restored as it was before. There were then some ceremonies
+to be performed within the town, to purify it from the pollution which
+it had sustained by having been in the possession of the Saracens. All
+the Christian churches particularly, and the monasteries and other
+religious houses, were to be thus restored from the desecration which
+they had undergone, and consecrated anew to the service of Christ.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Revelings of the soldiery.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, while these works and performances were going on,
+the soldiers gave themselves up to indulgences of every kind. Great
+stores of wine were found in the place, which were bestowed upon the
+troops, and the streets, day and night, were filled with riotous
+revelings. The commanders themselves&mdash;the knights and barons&mdash;and all
+the other men of rank that pertained to the army, fell into the same
+way, and they were very unwilling that the time should <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>come when they
+were to leave such a place of security and indulgence, and take the
+field again for a march in pursuit of Saladin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The object of the Crusades was the recovery of the Holy
+Sepulchre.</div>
+
+<p>At length, however, the time arrived when the march must be commenced.
+Richard had learned, by means of scouts and spies which he sent out,
+that Saladin was moving to the southward and westward&mdash;retreating, in
+fact, toward Jerusalem, which was, of course, the great point that he
+wished to defend. That, indeed, was the great point of attack, for the
+main object which the Crusaders proposed to themselves in invading
+Palestine was to get possession of the sepulchre where Christ was
+buried at Jerusalem. The recovery of the Holy Sepulchre was the
+watchword; and among all the people who were watching the progress of
+the enterprise with so much solicitude, and also among the Crusaders
+themselves, the progress that was made was valued just in proportion
+as it tended to the accomplishment of this end.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Order of the march from Acre.</div>
+
+<p>Richard set apart a sufficient number of troops for a garrison to hold
+and defend Acre, and then, on taking a census of the remainder of his
+force, found that he had thirty thousand men to march with in pursuit
+of Saladin. He arranged this force in five divisions, and placed each
+under the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>command of a competent general. There were two very
+celebrated bodies of knights that occupied positions of honor in this
+march. They were the Knights Templars and the Knights of St. John, or
+Hospitalers, the order that has been described in a previous chapter
+of this volume. The Templars led the van of the army, and the
+Hospitalers brought up the rear. The march was commenced on the
+twenty-second of August, which was not far from two months from the
+time that Acre was surrendered.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jaffa.</div>
+
+<p>The course which the army was to take was at first to follow the
+sea-shore toward the southward to Jaffa, a port nearly opposite to
+Jerusalem. It was deemed necessary to take possession of Jaffa before
+going into the interior; and, besides, by moving on along the coast,
+the ships and galleys containing the stores for the army could
+accompany them, and supply them abundantly, from time to time, as they
+might require. By this course, too, they would be drawing nearer to
+Jerusalem, though not directly approaching it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trumpeters.<br />The evening proclamation in camp.</div>
+
+<p>The arrangements connected with the march of the army were conducted
+with great ceremony and parade. The knights wore their costly armor,
+and were mounted on horses splendidly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>equipped and caparisoned. In
+many cases the horses themselves were protected, like the riders, with
+an armor of steel. The columns were preceded by trumpeters, who
+awakened innumerable echoes from the mountains, and from the cliffs of
+the shore, with their animating and exciting music, and innumerable
+flags and banners, with the most gorgeous decorations, were waving in
+the air. When the expedition halted at night, heralds passed through
+the several camps to the sound of trumpets, and pausing at each one,
+and giving a signal, all the soldiers in the camp kneeled down upon
+the ground, when the heralds proclaimed in a loud voice three times,
+<span class="smcap">God save the Holy Sepulchre</span>, and all the soldiers said Amen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The slow march.<br />Saladin's harassing movements.</div>
+
+<p>The march was commenced on the twenty-second of August, and it was
+about sixty miles from Acre to Jaffa. Of course, an army of thirty
+thousand men must move very slowly. There is so much time consumed in
+breaking up the encampment in the morning, and in forming it again at
+night, and in giving such a mighty host their rest and food in the
+middle of the day, and the men, moreover, are so loaded with the arms
+and ammunition, and with the necessary supplies of food and clothing
+which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>they have to carry, that only a very slow progress can be made.
+In this case, too, the march was harassed by Saladin, who hovered on
+the flank of the Crusaders, and followed them all the way, sending
+down small parties from the mountains to attack and cut off
+stragglers, and threatening the column at every exposed point, so as
+to keep them continually on the alert. The necessity of being always
+ready to form in order of battle to meet the enemy, should he suddenly
+come upon them, restricted them very much in their motions, and made a
+great deal of man&oelig;uvring necessary, which, of course, greatly
+increased the fatigue of the soldiers, and very much diminished the
+speed of their progress.</p>
+
+<p>Richard wished much to bring on a general battle, being confident that
+he should conquer if he could engage in it on equal terms. But Saladin
+would not give him an opportunity. He kept the main body of his troops
+sheltered among the mountains, and only advanced slowly, parallel with
+the coast, where he could watch and harass the movements of his
+enemies without coming into any general conflict with them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The plain of Azotus.<br />The order of battle.</div>
+
+<p>This state of things continued for about three <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>weeks, and then at
+last Richard reached Jaffa. The two armies man&oelig;uvred for some time
+in the vicinity of the town, and, finally, they concentrated their
+forces in the neighborhood of a plain near the sea-shore, at a place
+called Azotus, which was some miles beyond Jaffa. Saladin had by this
+time strengthened himself so much that he was ready for battle. He
+accordingly marched on to the attack. He directed his assault, in the
+first instance, on the wing of Richard's army which was formed of the
+French troops that were under the command of the Duke of Burgundy.
+They resisted them successfully and drove them back. Richard watched
+the operation, but for a time took no part in it, except to make
+feigned advances, from time to time, to threaten the enemy, and to
+harass them by compelling them to perform numerous fatiguing
+evolutions. His soldiers, and especially the knights and barons in his
+army, were very impatient at his delaying so long to take an active
+and an efficient part in the contest. But at last, when he found that
+the Saracen troops were wearied, and were beginning to be thrown in a
+little confusion, he gave the signal for a charge, and rode forward at
+the head of the troop, mounted on his famous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>charger, and flourishing
+his heavy battle-axe in the air.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The charge of Richard's troops.<br />To retreat is to be defeated.</div>
+
+<p>The onset was terrible. Richard inspirited his whole troop by his
+reckless and headlong bravery, and by the terrible energy with which
+he gave himself to the work of slaughtering all who came in his way.
+The darts and javelins that were shot by the enemy glanced off from
+him without inflicting any wound, being turned aside by the steel
+armor that he wore, while every person that came near enough to him to
+strike him with any other weapon was felled at once to the ground by a
+blow from the ponderous battle-axe. The example which Richard thus set
+was followed by his men, and in a short time the Saracens began every
+where to give way. When, in the case of such a combat, one side begins
+to yield, it is all over with them. When they turn to retreat, they,
+of course, become at once defenseless, and the pursuers press on upon
+them, killing them without mercy and at their pleasure, and with very
+little danger of being killed themselves. A man can fight very well
+while he is pursuing, but scarcely at all when he is pursued.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin, defeated, retires.</div>
+
+<p>It was not long before Saladin's army was flying in all directions,
+the Crusaders pressing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>on upon them every where in their confusion,
+and cutting them down mercilessly in great numbers. The slaughter was
+immense. About seven thousand of the Saracen troops were slain. Among
+them were thirty-two of Saladin's highest and best officers. As soon
+as the Saracens escaped the immediate danger, when the Crusaders had
+given over the pursuit, they rallied, and Saladin formed them again
+into something like order. He then commenced a regular and formal
+retreat into the interior. He first, however, sent detachments to all
+the country around to dismantle the towns, to destroy all stores of
+provisions, and to seize and carry away every thing of value that
+could be of any use to the conquerors. A broad extent of country,
+through which Richard would have to march in advancing toward
+Jerusalem, being thus laid waste, the Saracens withdrew farther into
+the interior, and there Saladin set himself at work to reorganize his
+broken army once more, and to prepare for new plans of resistance to
+the invaders.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard at Jaffa again.</div>
+
+<p>Richard withdrew with his army to Jaffa, and, taking possession of the
+town, he established himself there.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sickness in the army.<br />Excuses for delaying the march.</div>
+
+<p>It was now September. The season of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>year was hot and unhealthy;
+and though the allied army had thus far been victorious, still there
+was a great deal of sickness in the camp, and the soldiers were much
+exhausted by the fatigue which they had endured, and by their exposure
+to the sun. Richard was desirous, notwithstanding this, to take the
+field again, and advance into the interior, so as to follow up the
+victory which had been gained over Saladin at Azotus; but his
+officers, especially those of the French division of the army, under
+the command of the Duke of Burgundy, thought it not safe to move
+forward so soon. "It would be better to remain a short time in Jaffa,"
+they said, "to recruit the army, and to prepare for advancing in a
+more sure and efficient manner.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides," said they, "we need Jaffa for a military post, and it will
+be best to remain here until we shall have repaired the
+fortifications, and put the place in a good condition of defense."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lingering at Jaffa.</div>
+
+<p>But this was only an excuse. What the army really desired was to enjoy
+repose for a time. They found it much more agreeable to live in ease
+and indulgence within the walls of a town than to march in the hot sun
+across so arid a country, loaded down as they were with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>heavy armor,
+and kept constantly in a state of anxious and watchful suspense by the
+danger of sudden attacks from the enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The judgment of historians.</div>
+
+<p>Richard acceded to the wishes of the officers, and decided to remain
+for a time in Jaffa. But they, instead of devoting themselves
+energetically to making good again the fortifications of the town,
+went very languidly to the work. They allowed themselves and the men
+to spend their time in inaction and indulgence. In the mean time,
+Saladin had gathered his forces together again, and was drawing fresh
+recruits every day to his standard from the interior of the country.
+He was preparing for more vigorous resistance than ever. Richard has
+been strongly condemned for thus remaining inactive in Jaffa after the
+battle of Azotus. Historians, narrating the account of his campaign,
+say that he ought to have marched at once toward Jerusalem before
+Saladin should have had time to organize any new means of resistance.
+But it is impossible for those who are at a distance from the scene of
+action in such a case, and who have only that partial and imperfect
+account of the facts which can be obtained through the testimony of
+others, to form any reliable judgment on such a question. Whether it
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>would be prudent or imprudent for a commander to advance after a
+battle can be known, in general, only to those who are on the ground,
+and who have personal knowledge of all the circumstances of the case.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's incursions from Jaffa.<br />Reconnoitring and foraging.</div>
+
+<p>While Richard remained in Jaffa, he made frequent excursions into the
+surrounding territory at the head of a small troop of adventurous men
+who liked to accompany him. Other small detachments were often sent
+out. These parties went sometimes to collect forage, and sometimes to
+reconnoitre the country with a view of ascertaining Saladin's position
+and plans. Richard took great delight in these excursions, nor were
+they attended with any great danger. At the present day, going out on
+reconnoitring parties is very dangerous service indeed, for men wear
+no armor, and they are liable at any moment to be cut down by a Mini&egrave;
+rifle-ball, fired from an unseen hand a mile away. In those days the
+case was very different. There were no missiles that could be thrown
+for a greater distance than a few yards, and for all such the heavy
+steel armor that the knights wore furnished, in general, an ample
+protection. The only serious danger to be feared was that of coming
+unwarily upon a superior party of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>the enemy lying in ambush to entrap
+the reconnoitrers, and in being surrounded by them. But Richard had so
+much confidence in the power of his horse and in his own prodigious
+personal strength that he had very little fear. So he scoured the
+country in every direction, at the head of a small attendant squadron,
+whenever he pleased, considering such an excursion in the light of
+nothing more than an exciting morning ride.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's predatory excursions.<br />Sir William's stratagem.<br />Sir William's ransom.</div>
+
+<p>Of course, after going out many times on such excursions and coming
+back safely, men gradually become less cautious, and expose themselves
+to greater and greater risks. It was so with Richard and his troop,
+and several times they ventured so far as to put themselves in very
+serious peril. Indeed, Richard once or twice very narrowly escaped
+being taken prisoner. At one time he was saved by the generosity of
+one of his knights, named Sir William. The king and his party were
+surprised by a large party of Saracens, and nearly surrounded. For a
+moment it was uncertain whether they would be able to effect their
+retreat. In the midst of the fray, Sir William called out that he was
+the king, and this so far divided the attention of the party as to
+confuse them somewhat, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>and break the force and concentration of their
+attack, and thus Richard succeeded in making his escape. Sir William,
+however, was taken prisoner and carried to Saladin, but he was
+immediately liberated by Richard's paying the ransom that Saladin
+demanded for him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Incident of the Knights Templars.</div>
+
+<p>At another time word came to him suddenly in the town that a troop of
+Knights Templars were attacked and nearly surrounded by Saracens, and
+that, unless they had help immediately, they would be all cut off.
+Richard immediately seized his armor and began to put it on, and at
+the same time he ordered one of his earls to mount his horse and hurry
+out to the rescue of the Templars with all the horsemen that were
+ready, saying also that he would follow himself, with more men, as
+soon as he could put his armor on. Now the armoring of a knight for
+battle in the Middle Ages was as long an operation as it is at the
+present day for a lady to dress for a ball. The several pieces of
+which the armor was composed were so heavy, and so complicated,
+moreover, in their fastenings, that they could only be put on by means
+of much aid from assistants. While Richard was in the midst of the
+process, another messenger came, saying that the danger of the
+Templars was imminent.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p><p>"Then I must go," said Richard, "as I am. I should be unworthy of the
+name of king if I were to abandon those whom I have promised to stand
+by and succor in every danger."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's feats of prowess among the Saracens.</div>
+
+<p>So he leaped upon his horse and rode on alone. On arriving at the
+spot, he plunged into the thickest of the fight, and there he fought
+so furiously, and made such havoc among the Saracens with his
+battle-axe, that they fell back, and the Templars, and also the party
+that had gone out with the earl, were rescued, and made good their
+retreat to the town, leaving only on the field those who had fallen
+before Richard arrived.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Troubadours.</div>
+
+<p>Many such adventures as this are recorded in the old histories of this
+campaign, and they were made the subjects of a great number of songs
+and ballads, written and sung by the Troubadours in those days in
+honor of the valiant deeds of the Crusaders.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Negotiations for peace.</div>
+
+<p>The armies remained in Jaffa through the whole of the month of
+September. During this time a sort of negotiation was opened between
+Richard and Saladin, with a view to agreeing, if possible, upon some
+terms of peace. The object, on the part of Saladin, in these
+negotiations, was probably delay, for the longer he could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>continue to
+keep Richard in Jaffa, the stronger he would himself become, and the
+more able to resist Richard's intended march to Jerusalem. Richard
+consented to open these negotiations, not knowing but that some terms
+might possibly be agreed upon by which Saladin would consent to
+restore Jerusalem to the Christians, and thus end the war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saphadin.</div>
+
+<p>The messenger whom Saladin employed in these negotiations was
+Saphadin, his brother. Saphadin, being provided with a safe-conduct
+for this purpose, passed back and forth between Jaffa and Saladin's
+camp, carrying the propositions and counter-propositions to and fro.
+Saphadin was a very courteous and gentlemanly man, and also a very
+brave soldier, and Richard formed quite a strong friendship for him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A marriage proposed.<br />King Richard offered his sister in marriage to Saphadin.</div>
+
+<p>A number of different plans were proposed in the course of the
+negotiation, but there seemed to arise insuperable objections against
+them all. At one time, either at this period or subsequently, when
+Richard returned again to the coast, a project was formed to settle
+the dispute, as quarrels and wars were often settled in those days, by
+a marriage. The plan was for Saladin and Richard to cease their
+hostility to each other, and become friends and allies; the
+consideration <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>for terminating the war being, on Richard's side, that
+he would give his sister Joanna, the ex-queen of Sicily, in marriage
+to Saphadin; and that Saladin, on his part, should relinquish
+Jerusalem to Richard. Whether it was that Joanna would not consent to
+be thus conveyed in a bargain to an Arab chieftain as a part of a
+price paid for a peace, or whether Saladin did not consider her
+majesty as a full equivalent for the surrender of Jerusalem, the plan
+fell through like all the others that had been proposed, and at length
+the negotiations were fully abandoned, and Richard began again to
+prepare for taking the field.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XVI" id="Chapter_XVI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XVI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Reverses.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1191</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Feuds in the Christian army.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">B</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">y</span> this time very serious dissensions and difficulties had arisen in
+the army of the Crusaders. There were a great many chieftains who felt
+very independent of each other, and feuds and quarrels of long
+standing broke out anew, and with more violence than ever. There were
+many different opinions, too, in respect to the course which it was
+now best to pursue. Richard, however, contrived yet to maintain some
+sort of authority, and he finally decided to commence his march from
+Jaffa.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The march in November.</div>
+
+<p>It was now November. The fall rains began to set in. The distance to
+Jerusalem was but about thirty-two miles. The army advanced to Ramula,
+which is about fifteen miles from Jaffa, but they endured very great
+hardships and sufferings from the extreme inclemency of the season.
+The soldiers were wet to the skin by drenching rains. Their provisions
+were soaked and spoiled, and their armor was rusted, and much of it
+rendered useless. When they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>attempted to pitch their tents at night
+at Ramula, the wind tore them from their fastenings, and blew the
+canvas away, so as to deprive them of shelter.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The army weakened by disease, mutiny, and desertion.</div>
+
+<p>Of course, these disasters increased the discontent in the army, and,
+by making the men impatient and ill-natured, increased the bitterness
+of their quarrels. The army finally advanced, however, as far as
+Bethany, with a forlorn hope of being strong enough, when they should
+arrive there, to attack Jerusalem; but this hope, when the time came,
+Richard was obliged to abandon. The rain and exposure had brought a
+great deal of disease into the camp. The men were dying in great
+numbers. This mortality was increased by famine, for the stores which
+the army had brought with them were spoiled by the rain, and Saladin
+had so laid waste the country that no fresh supplies could be
+obtained. Then, in addition to this, the soldiers, finding their
+sufferings intolerable, and seeing no hope of relief, began to desert
+in great numbers, and Richard finally found that there was no
+alternative for him but to fall back again to the sea-shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The return to Ascalon.</div>
+
+<p>Instead of going to Jaffa, however, he proceeded to Ascalon. Ascalon
+was a larger and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>stronger city than Jaffa. At least it had been
+stronger, and its fortifications were more extensive, though the place
+had been dismantled by Saladin before he left the coast. This town, as
+you will see by the map, is situated toward the southern part of
+Palestine, near to the confines of Egypt, and it had been a place of
+importance as a sort of entrep&ocirc;t of commerce between Egypt and the
+Holy Land. Richard began to think that it would be necessary for him
+to establish his army somewhat permanently in the strong places on the
+coast, and wait until he could obtain re-enforcements from Europe
+before attempting again to advance toward Jerusalem. He thought it
+important, therefore, to take possession of Ascalon, and thus&mdash;Acre
+and Jaffa being already strongly garrisoned&mdash;the whole coast would be
+secure under his control.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rebuilding the fortifications.</div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, on his retreat from Jerusalem, he proceeded with a large
+portion of his army to Ascalon, and immediately commenced the work of
+repairing the walls and rebuilding the towers, not knowing how soon
+Saladin might be upon him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin presses upon the retiring army.<br />Skirmishing.</div>
+
+<p>Indeed, Saladin and his troops had followed Richard's army on their
+retreat from Bethany, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>and had pressed them very closely all the way.
+It was at one time quite doubtful whether they would succeed in making
+good their retreat to Ascalon. The Saracen horsemen hovered in great
+numbers on the rear of Richard's army, and made incessant skirmishing
+attacks upon them. Richard placed a strong body of the Knights of St.
+John there to keep them off. These knights were well armed, and they
+were brave and well-trained warriors. They beat back the Saracens
+whenever they came near. Still, many of the knights were killed, and
+straggling parties, from time to time, were cut off, and the whole
+army was kept in a constant state of suspense and excitement, during
+the whole march, by the continual danger of an attack. When, at
+length, they approached the sea-shore, and turned to the south on the
+way to Ascalon, they were a little more safe, for the sea defended
+them on one side. Still, the Saracens turned with them, and hovered
+about their left flank, which was the one that was turned toward the
+land, and harassed the march all the way. The progress of the troops
+was greatly retarded too, as well as made more fatiguing, by the
+presence of such an enemy; for they were not only obliged to move more
+slowly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>when they were advancing, but they could only halt at night in
+places which were naturally strong and easily to be defended, for fear
+of an assault upon their encampment in the night. During the night,
+too, notwithstanding all the precautions they could take to secure a
+strong and safe position, the men were continually roused from their
+slumbers by an alarm that the Saracens were coming upon them, when
+they would rush from their tents, and seize their arms, and prepare
+for a combat; and then, after a time, they would learn that the
+expected attack was only a feint made by a small body of the enemy
+just to harass them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Contrivances of the enemy to harass the army.</div>
+
+<p>It might seem, at first view, that such a warfare as this would weary
+and exhaust the pursuers as much as the pursued, but in reality it is
+not so. In the case of a night alarm, for instance, the whole camp of
+the Crusaders would be aroused from their sleep by it, and kept in a
+state of suspense for an hour or more before the truth could be fully
+ascertained, while to give the alarm would require only a very small
+party from the army of the Saracens, the main body retiring as usual
+to sleep, and sleeping all night undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p>At length Richard reached Ascalon in safety, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>and posted himself
+within the walls, while Saladin established his camp at a safe
+distance in the interior of the country. Of course, the first thing
+which he found was to be done, as has already been remarked, was to
+repair and strengthen the walls, and it was evident that no time was
+to be lost in accomplishing this work.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Difficulties which the king met with in repairing Ascalon.</div>
+
+<p>But, unfortunately, the character of the materials of which Richard's
+army was composed was not such as to favor any special efficiency in
+conducting an engineering operation. All the knights, and a large
+proportion of the common soldiers, deemed themselves gentlemen. They
+had volunteered to join the crusade from high and romantic notions of
+chivalry and religion. They were perfectly ready, at any time, to
+fight the Saracens, and to kill or be killed, whichever fate the
+fortune of war might assign them; but to bear burdens, to mix mortar,
+and to build walls, were occupations far beneath them; and the only
+way to induce them to take hold of this work seems to have been for
+the knights and officers to set them the example.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The troops unwilling to labor.</div>
+
+<p>Thus, in repairing the walls of Acre, all the highest officers of the
+army, with Richard himself at the head of them, took hold of the work
+with their own hands, and built away on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>walls and towers like so
+many masons. Of course, the body of the soldiery had no excuse for
+declining the work, when even the king did not consider himself
+demeaned by it, and the whole army joined in making the reparations
+with great zeal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Resentment of Leopold.</div>
+
+<p>But such kind of zeal as this is not often very enduring. The men had
+accomplished this work very well at Acre, but now, in undertaking a
+second operation of the kind, their ardor was found to be somewhat
+subsided. Besides, they were discouraged and disheartened in some
+degree by the results of the fruitless campaign they had made into the
+interior, and worn down by the fatigues they had endured on their
+march. Still, the knights and nobles generally followed Richard's
+example, and worked upon the walls to encourage the soldiery. One,
+however, absolutely refused; this was Leopold, the Archduke of
+Austria, whose flag Richard had pulled down from one of the towers in
+Acre, and trampled upon as it lay on the ground. The archduke had
+never forgiven this insult.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The present which Richard made to Berengaria.</div>
+
+<p>Indeed, this rudeness on the part of Richard was not a solitary
+instance of his enmity. It was only a new step taken in an old
+quarrel. Richard and the duke had been on very ill <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>terms before. The
+reader will perhaps recollect that when Richard was at Cyprus he made
+captive a young princess, the daughter of the king, and that he made a
+present of her, as a handmaid and companion, to Queen Berengaria.
+Berengaria and Joanna, when they left Cyprus, brought the young
+princess with them, and when they were established with the king in
+the palace at Acre, she remained with them. She was treated kindly, it
+is true, and was made a member of the family, but still she was a
+prisoner. Such captives were greatly prized in those days as presents
+for ladies of high rank, who kept them as pets, just as they would, at
+the present day, a beautiful Canary bird or a favorite pony. They
+often made intimate and familiar companions of them, and dressed them
+with great elegance, and surrounded them with every luxury. Still,
+notwithstanding this gilding of their chains, the poor captives
+usually pined away their lives in sorrow, mourning continually to be
+restored to their father and mother, and to their own proper home.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Intercession of Leopold.<br />Richard's exasperation.</div>
+
+<p>Now it happened that the Archduke of Austria was a relative, by
+marriage, of the King of Cyprus, and the princess was his niece;
+consequently, when she arrived at the camp before <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>Acre as a captive
+in the hands of the queen, as might naturally have been expected, he
+took a great interest in her case. He wished to have her released and
+restored to her father, and he interceded with Richard in her behalf.
+But Richard would not release her. He was not willing to take her away
+from Berengaria. The archduke was angry with the king for this
+refusal, and a quarrel ensued; and it was partly in consequence of
+this quarrel, or, rather, of the exasperation of mind that was
+produced by it, that Richard would not allow the archduke's banner to
+float from the towers of Acre when the city fell into their hands.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard expels Leopold from Ascalon.</div>
+
+<p>The archduke felt very keenly the indignity which Richard thus offered
+him, and though at the time he had no power to revenge it, he
+remembered it, and remained long in a gloomy and resentful frame of
+mind. And now, while Richard was endeavoring to encourage and
+stimulate the soldiers to work on the walls, by inducing the knights
+and barons to join him in setting the example, Leopold refused. He
+said that he was neither the son of a carpenter nor of a mason, that
+he should go to work like a laborer to build walls. Richard was
+enraged at this answer, and, as the story goes, flew at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>Leopold in
+his passion, and struck and kicked him. He also immediately turned the
+archduke and all his vassals out of the town, declaring that they
+should not share the protection of walls that they would not help to
+build; so they were obliged to encamp without, in company with that
+portion of the army that could not be accommodated within the walls.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The work goes on.</div>
+
+<p>But, notwithstanding the bad example set thus by the archduke, far the
+greater portion of the knights, and barons, and high officers of the
+army joined very heartily in the work of building the walls. Even the
+bishops, and abbots, and other monks, as well as the military nobles,
+took hold of the work with great zeal, and the repairs went on much
+more rapidly than could have been expected. During all this time the
+army kept their communications open with the other towns along the
+coast&mdash;with Jaffa, and Acre, and other strongholds, so that at length
+the whole shore was well fortified, and secure in their possession.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Waiting for re-enforcements.<br />The Abbot of Clairvaux.</div>
+
+<p>Saladin, during all this time, had distributed his troops in various
+encampments along the line parallel with the coast, and at some
+distance from it, and for some weeks the two armies remained, in a
+great degree, quiet in their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>several positions. The Crusaders were
+too much diminished in numbers by the privations and the sickness
+which they had undergone, as well as by the losses they had suffered
+in battle, and too much weakened by their internal dissensions, to go
+out of their strongholds to attack Saladin, while, on the other hand,
+they were too well protected by the walls of the towns to which they
+had retreated for Saladin to attack them. Both sides were waiting for
+re-enforcements. Saladin was indeed continually receiving accessions
+to his army from the interior, and Richard was expecting them from
+Europe. He sent to a distinguished ecclesiastic, named the Abbot of
+Clairvaux, who had a high reputation in Europe, and enjoyed great
+influence at many of the principal courts. In his letter to the abbot,
+he requested him to visit the different courts, and urge upon the
+princes and the people of the different countries the necessity that
+they should come to the rescue of the Christian cause in the Holy
+Land. Unless they were willing, he said, that all hope of regaining
+possession of the Holy Land should be abandoned, they must come with
+large re-enforcements, and that, too, without any delay.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The truce.<br />Courtesy of enemies when not at contest.</div>
+
+<p>During the period of delay occasioned by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>these circumstances, there
+was a sort of truce established between the two armies, and the
+knights on each side mingled together frequently on very friendly
+terms. Indeed, it was the pride and glory of soldiers in this
+chivalrous age to treat each other, when not in actual conflict, in a
+very polite and courteous manner, as if they were not animated by any
+personal resentment against their enemies, but only by a spirit of
+fidelity to the prince who commanded them, or to the cause in which
+they were engaged. Accordingly, when, for any reason, the war was for
+a time suspended, the combatants became immediately the best friends
+in the world, and actually vied with each other to see which should
+evince the most generous courtesy toward their opponents.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Presents.<br />Saladin's present to Richard.</div>
+
+<p>On the present occasion they often made visits to each other, and they
+arranged tournaments and other military celebrations which were
+attended by the knights and chieftains on both sides. Richard and
+Saladin often sent each other handsome presents. At one time when
+Richard was sick, Saladin sent him a quantity of delicious fruit from
+Damascus. The Damascus gardens have been renowned in every age for the
+peaches, pears, figs, and other fruits <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>which they produce, and
+especially for a peculiar plum, famous through all the East. Saladin
+sent a supply of this fruit to Richard when he heard that he was sick,
+and accompanied his present with very earnest and, perhaps, very
+sincere inquiries in respect to the condition of the patient, and
+expressions of his wishes for his recovery.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Christian army discouraged.</div>
+
+<p>The disposition of the two commanders to live on friendly terms with
+each other at this time was increased by the hope which Richard
+entertained that he might, by some possibility, come to an amicable
+agreement with Saladin in respect to Jerusalem, and thus bring the war
+to an end. He was beginning to be thoroughly discontented with his
+situation, and with every thing pertaining to the war. Nothing since
+the first capture of Acre had really gone well. His army had been
+repulsed in its attempt to advance into the interior, and was now
+hemmed in by the enemy on every side, and shut up in a few towns on
+the sea-coast. The men under his command had been greatly diminished
+in numbers, and, though sheltered from the enemy, the force that
+remained was gradually wasting away from the effects of exposure to
+the climate and from fatigue. There was no prospect of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>any immediate
+re-enforcements arriving from Europe, and no hope, without them, of
+being able to take the field successfully against Saladin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard uneasy respecting the state of England.</div>
+
+<p>Besides all this, Richard was very uneasy in respect to the state of
+affairs in his own dominions, in England and in Normandy. He
+distrusted the promises that Philip had made, and was very anxious
+lest he might, when he arrived in France, take advantage of Richard's
+absence, and, under some pretext or other, invade some of his
+provinces. From England he was continually receiving very unfavorable
+tidings. His mother Eleanora, to whom he had committed some general
+oversight of his interests during his absence, was beginning to write
+him alarming letters in respect to certain intrigues which were going
+on in England, and which threatened to deprive him of his English
+kingdom altogether. She urged him to return as soon as possible.
+Richard was exceedingly anxious to comply with this recommendation,
+but he could not abandon his army in the condition in which it then
+was, nor could he honorably withdraw it without having previously come
+to some agreement with Saladin by which the Holy Sepulchre could be
+secured to the possession of the Christians.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Selfishness, not generosity, was the secret motive.</div>
+
+<p>This being the state of the case, he had every motive for pressing the
+negotiations, and for cultivating, while they were in progress, the
+most friendly relations possible with Saladin, and for persevering in
+pressing them as long as the least possible hope remained.
+Accordingly, during all this time Richard treated Saladin with the
+greatest courtesy. He sent him many presents, and paid him many polite
+attentions. All this display of urbanity toward each other, on the
+part of these ferocious and bloodthirsty men, has been actually
+attributed by mankind to the instinctive nobleness and generosity of
+the spirit of chivalry; but, in reality, as is indeed too often the
+case with the pretended nobleness and generosity of rude and violent
+men, a cunning and far-seeing selfishness lay at the bottom of it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin's reason for retaining Jerusalem.</div>
+
+<p>In the course of these negotiations, Richard declared to Saladin that
+all which the Christians desired was the possession of Jerusalem and
+the restoration of the true cross, and he said that surely some terms
+could be devised on which Saladin could concede those two points. But
+Saladin replied that Jerusalem was as sacred a place in the eyes of
+Mussulmans, and as dear to them, as it was to the Christians, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>that they could on no account give it up. In respect to the true
+cross, the Christians, he said, if they could obtain it, would worship
+it in an idolatrous manner, as they did their other relics; and as the
+law of the Prophet in the Koran forbade idolatry, they could not
+conscientiously give it up. "By so doing," said he, "we should be
+accessories to the sin."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A political marriage.</div>
+
+<p>It was in consequence of the insuperable objections which arose
+against an absolute surrender of Jerusalem to the Christians that the
+negotiations took the turn which led to the proposal of a marriage
+between the ex-Queen Joanna and Saphadin; for, when Richard found that
+no treaty was possible that would give him full possession of
+Jerusalem, and the letters which he received from England made more
+and more urgent the necessity that he should return, he conceived the
+plan of a sort of joint occupancy of the Holy City by Mussulmans and
+Christians together. This was to be effected by means of the proposed
+marriage. The marriage was to be the token and pledge of a
+surrendering, on both sides, of the bitter fanaticism which had
+hitherto animated them, and of their determination henceforth to live
+in peace, notwithstanding their religious differences. If this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>state
+of feeling could be once established, there would be no difficulty, it
+was thought, in arranging some sort of mixed government for Jerusalem
+that would secure access to the holy places by both Mussulmans and
+Christians, and accomplish the ends of the war to the satisfaction of
+all.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The compromise was opposed by the priests.</div>
+
+<p>It was said that Richard proposed this plan, and that both Saladin and
+Saphadin evinced a willingness to accede to it, but that it was
+defeated by the influence of the priests on both sides. The imams
+among the Mussulmans, and the bishops and monks in Richard's army,
+were equally shocked at this plan of making a "compromise of
+principle," as they considered it, and forming a compact between evil
+and good. The men of each party devoutly believed that the cause which
+their side espoused was the cause of God, and that that of the other
+was the cause of Satan, and neither could tolerate for a moment any
+proposal for a union, or an alliance of any kind, between elements so
+utterly antagonistical. And it was in vain, as both commanders knew
+full well, to attempt to carry such an arrangement into effect against
+the conviction of the priests; for they had, on both sides, so great
+an influence over the masses of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>people that, without their
+approval, or at least their acquiescence, nothing could be done.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The scheme of joint occupancy of Jerusalem abandoned.</div>
+
+<p>So the plan of an alliance and union between the Christians and the
+Mohammedans, with a view to a joint occupancy and guardianship of the
+holy places in Jerusalem was finally abandoned, and Joanna gave up the
+hope, or was released from the fear, as the case may have been, of
+having a Saracen for a husband.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XVII" id="Chapter_XVII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XVII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The old Man of the Mountains.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1191</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon.<br />History of the contest for the title of King of Jerusalem.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">O</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ne</span> of the greatest sources of trouble and difficulty which Richard
+experienced in managing his heterogeneous mass of followers was the
+quarrel which has been already alluded to between the two knights who
+claimed the right to be the King of Jerusalem, whenever possession of
+that city should by any means be obtained. The reader will recollect,
+perhaps, that it has already been stated that a very renowned
+Crusader, named Godfrey of Bouillon, had penetrated, about a hundred
+years before this time, into the interior of the Holy Land, at the
+head of a large army, and there had taken possession of Jerusalem;
+that the earls, and barons, and other prominent knights in his army
+had chosen him king of the city, and fixed the crown and the royal
+title upon him and his descendants forever; that when Jerusalem was
+itself, after a time, lost, the title still remained in Godfrey's
+family, and that it descended <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>to a princess named Sibylla; that a
+knight named Guy of Lusignan married Sibylla, and then claimed the
+title of King of Jerusalem in the right of his wife; that, in process
+of time, Sibylla died, and then one party claimed that the rights of
+her husband, Guy of Lusignan, ceased, since he held them only through
+his wife, and that thenceforward the title and the crown vested in
+Isabella, her sister, who was the next heir; that Isabella, however,
+was married to a man who was too feeble and timid to assert his
+claims; that, consequently, a more bold and unscrupulous knight, named
+Conrad of Montferrat, seized her and carried her off, and afterward
+procured a divorce for her from her former husband, and married her
+himself; and that then a great quarrel arose between Guy of Lusignan,
+the husband of Sibylla, and Conrad of Montferrat, the husband of
+Isabella. This quarrel had now been raging a long time, and all
+attempts to settle it or to compromise it had proved wholly
+unavailing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A delicate question.</div>
+
+<p>The ground which Guy and his friends and adherents took was, that
+while they admitted that Guy held the title of King of Jerusalem in
+the right of his wife, and that his wife was now dead, still, being
+once invested with the crown, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>it was his for life, and he could not
+justly be deprived of it. After his death it might descend very
+properly to the next heir, but during his lifetime it vested in him.</p>
+
+<p>Conrad, on the other hand, and the friends and adherents who espoused
+his cause, argued that, since Guy had no claim whatever except what
+came in and through his wife, of course, when his wife died, his
+possession ought to terminate. If Sibylla had had children, the crown
+would have descended to one of them; but she being without direct
+heirs, it passed, of right, to Isabella, her sister, and that
+Isabella's husband was entitled to claim and take possession of it in
+her name.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Crusaders' motives.</div>
+
+<p>It is obvious that this was a very nice and delicate question, and it
+would have been a very difficult one for a company of gay and reckless
+soldiers like the Crusaders to settle if they had attempted to look at
+it simply as a question of law and right; but the Crusaders seldom
+troubled themselves with examining legal arguments, and still less
+with seeking for and applying principles of justice and right in
+taking sides in the contests that arose among them. The question for
+each man to consider in such cases was simply, "Which side is it most
+for my interests <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>and those of my party that we should espouse? We
+will take that;" or, "Which side are my rivals and enemies, or those
+of their party, going to take? We will take the other."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">How Richard and Philip took sides in the quarrel.</div>
+
+<p>It was by such considerations as these that the different princes, and
+nobles, and orders of knights in the army decided how they would range
+themselves on this great question. As has already been explained,
+Richard took up the cause of Guy, who claimed through the deceased
+Sibylla. He had been induced to do so, not by any convictions which he
+had formed in respect to the merits of the case, but because Guy had
+come to him while he was in Cyprus, and had made such proposals there
+in respect to a conjunction with him that Richard deemed it for his
+interest to accept them. In a similar way, Conrad had waited upon
+Philip as soon as he arrived before Acre, and had induced him to
+espouse his, Conrad's, side. If there were two orders of knights in
+the army, or two bodies of soldiery, that were at ill-will with each
+other through rivalry, or jealousy, or former quarrels, they would
+always separate on this question of the King of Jerusalem; and just as
+certainly as one of them showed a disposition to take the side of Guy,
+the other would immediately go <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>over to that of Conrad, and then these
+old and half-smothered contentions would break out anew.</p>
+
+<p>Thus this difficulty was not only a serious quarrel itself, but it was
+the means of reviving and giving new force and intensity to a vast
+number of other quarrels.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The reason of the importance of the quarrel.</div>
+
+<p>It may seem strange that a question like this, which related, as it
+would appear, to only an empty title, should have been deemed so
+important; but, in reality, there was something more than the mere
+title at issue. Although, for the time being, the Christians were
+excluded from Jerusalem, they were all continually hoping to be very
+soon restored to the possession of it, and then the king of the city
+would become a very important personage, not only in his own
+estimation and in that of the army of Crusaders, but in that of all
+Christendom. No one knew but that in a few months Jerusalem might come
+into their hands, either by being retaken through force of arms, or by
+being ceded in some way through Richard's negotiations with Saladin;
+and, of course, the greater the probability was that this event would
+happen, the more important the issue of the quarrel became, and the
+more angry with each other, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>excited, were the parties to it. Thus
+Richard found that all his plans for getting possession of Jerusalem
+were grievously impeded by these dissensions; for the nearer he came,
+at any time, to the realization of his hopes, the more completely were
+his efforts to secure the end paralyzed by the increased violence and
+bitterness of the quarrel that reigned among his followers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The French maintain Conrad's cause.</div>
+
+<p>The principal supporters of the cause of Conrad were the French, and
+they formed so numerous and powerful a portion of the army, and they
+had, withal, so great an influence over other bodies of troops from
+different parts of Europe, that Richard could not successfully resist
+them and maintain Guy's claims, and he finally concluded to give up,
+or to pretend to give up, the contest.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's bargain with Guy.</div>
+
+<p>So he made an arrangement with Guy to relinquish his claims on
+condition of his receiving the kingdom of Cyprus instead, the unhappy
+Isaac, the true king of that island, shut up in the Syrian dungeon to
+which Richard had consigned him, being in no condition to resist this
+disposition of his dominions. Richard then agreed that Conrad should
+be acknowledged as King of Jerusalem, and, to seal and settle the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>question, it was determined that he should be crowned forthwith.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's reasons for acceding to Conrad's cause.</div>
+
+<p>It was supposed at the time that one reason which induced Richard to
+give up Guy and adopt Conrad as the future sovereign of the Holy City
+was, that Conrad was a far more able warrior, and a more influential
+and powerful man than Guy, and altogether a more suitable person to be
+left in command of the army in case of Richard's return to England,
+provided, in the mean time, Jerusalem should be taken; and, moreover,
+he was much more likely to succeed as a leader of the troops in a
+march against the city in case Richard were to leave before the
+conquest should be effected. It turned out, however, in the end, as
+will be seen in the sequel, that the views with which Richard adopted
+this plan were of a very different character.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The coronation of Conrad.</div>
+
+<p>Conrad was already the King of Tyre. The position which he thus held
+was, in fact, one of the elements of his power and influence among the
+Crusaders. It was determined that his coronation as King of Jerusalem
+should take place at Tyre, and, accordingly, as soon as the
+arrangement of the question had been fully and finally agreed upon,
+all parties proceeded to Tyre, and there commenced at once the
+preparations <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>for a magnificent coronation. All the principal
+chieftains and dignitaries of the army that could be spared from the
+other posts along the coast went to Tyre to be present at the
+coronation, the whole army, with the exception of a few malcontents,
+being filled with joy and satisfaction that the question which had so
+long distracted their councils and paralyzed their efforts was now at
+length finally disposed of.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His assassination.<br />The Hassassins.<br />The Old Man of the Mountains and his followers.</div>
+
+<p>These bright prospects were all, however, suddenly blighted and
+destroyed by an unexpected event, which struck every one with
+consternation, and put all things back into a worse condition than
+before. As Conrad was passing along the streets of Tyre one day, two
+men rushed upon him, and with small daggers, which they plunged into
+his side, slew him. They were so sudden in their movement that all was
+over before any one could come to Conrad's rescue, but the men who
+committed the deed were seized and put to the torture. They belonged
+to a tribe of Arabs called Hassassins.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> This appellation was taken
+from the Arabic name of the dagger, which was the only armor that they
+wore. Of course, with such a weapon as this, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>they could do nothing
+effectual in a regular battle with their enemies. Nor was this their
+plan. They never came out and met their enemies in battle. They lived
+among the mountains in a place by themselves, under the command of a
+famous chieftain, whom they called the <i>Ancient</i>, and sometimes the
+<i>Lord of the Mountains</i>. The Christians called him the <i>Old Man of the
+Mountains</i>, and under this name he and his band of followers acquired
+great fame.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The reckless spirit of the Hassassins.</div>
+
+<p>They were, in fact, not much more than a regularly-organized band of
+robbers and murderers. The men were extremely wily and adroit; they
+could adopt any disguise, and penetrate without suspicion wherever
+they chose to go. They were trained, too, to obey, in the most
+unhesitating and implicit manner, any orders whatever that the
+chieftain gave them. Sometimes they were sent out to rob; sometimes to
+murder an individual enemy, who had, in some way or other, excited the
+anger of the chief. Thus, if any leader of an armed force attempted to
+attack them, or if any officer of government adopted any measures to
+bring them to justice, they would not openly resist, but would fly to
+their dens and fastnesses, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>conceal themselves there, and then
+soon afterward the chieftain would send out his emissaries, dressed in
+a suitable disguise, and with their little <i>hassassins</i> under their
+robes, to watch an opportunity and kill the offender. It is true they
+were usually, in such cases, at once seized, and were often put to
+death with horrible tortures; but so great was their enthusiasm in the
+cause of their chief, and so high the exaltation of spirit to which
+the point of honor carried them, that they feared nothing, and were
+never known to shrink from the discharge of what they deemed their
+duty.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Seizure of the murderers.</div>
+
+<p>The stabs which the two Hassassins gave to Conrad were so effectual
+that he fell dead upon the spot. The people that were near rushed to
+his assistance, and while some gathered round the bleeding body, and
+endeavored to stanch the wounds, others seized the murderers and bore
+them off to the castle. They would have pulled them to pieces by the
+way if they had not desired to reserve them for the torture.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The torture as a means of eliciting evidence.<br />Conflicting accounts.</div>
+
+<p>The torture is, of course, in every respect, a wretched way of
+eliciting evidence. So far as it is efficacious at all in eliciting
+declarations, it tends to lead the sufferer, in thinking what he shall
+say, to consider, not what is the truth, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>but what is most likely to
+satisfy his tormentors and make them release him. Accordingly, men
+under torture say any thing which they suppose their questioners wish
+to hear. At one moment it is one thing, and the next it is another,
+and the men who conduct the examination can usually report from it any
+result they please.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uncertainty respecting the motive of Conrad's murder.</div>
+
+<p>A story gained great credit in the army, and especially among the
+French portion of it, immediately after the examination of these men,
+that they said that they had been hired by Richard himself to kill
+Conrad, and this story produced every where the greatest excitement
+and indignation. On the other hand, the friends of Richard declared
+that the Hassassins had stated that they were sent by their chieftain,
+the Old Man of the Mountain, and that the cause was a quarrel that had
+long been standing between Conrad and him. It is true that there had
+been such a quarrel, and, consequently, that the Old Man would be,
+doubtless, very willing that Conrad should be killed. Indeed, it is
+probable that, if Richard was really the original instigator of the
+murder, he would have made the arrangement for it with the Old Man,
+and not directly with the subordinates. It was, in fact, a part of the
+regular and settled business <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>of this tribe to commit murders for pay.
+The chieftain might have the more readily undertaken this case from
+having already a quarrel of his own with Conrad on hand. It was never
+fully ascertained what the true state of the case was. The Arab
+historians maintain that it was Richard's work. The English writers,
+on the contrary, throw the blame on the Old Man. The English writers
+maintain, moreover, that the deed was one which such a man as Richard
+was very little likely to perform. He was, it is true, they say, a
+very rude and violent man&mdash;daring, reckless, and often unjust, and
+even cruel&mdash;but he was not treacherous. What he did, he did in the
+open day; and he was wholly incapable of such a deed as pretending
+deceitfully that he would accede to Conrad's claims with a view of
+throwing him off his guard, and then putting him to death by means of
+hired murderers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">False and spurious honor.</div>
+
+<p>This reasoning will seem satisfactory to us or otherwise, according to
+the views we like to entertain in respect to the genuineness of the
+sense of generosity and honor which is so much boasted of as a
+characteristic of the spirit of chivalry. Some persons place great
+reliance upon it, and think that so gallant and courageous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>a knight
+as Richard must have been incapable of any such deed as a secret
+assassination. Others place very little reliance upon it. They think
+that the generosity and nobleness of mind to which this class of men
+make such great pretension is chiefly a matter of outside show and
+parade, and that, when it serves their purpose, they are generally
+ready to resort to any covert and dishonest means which will help them
+to accomplish their ends, however truly dishonorable such means may
+be, provided they can conceal their agency in them. For my part, I am
+strongly inclined to the latter opinion, and to believe that there is
+nothing in the human heart that we can really rely upon in respect to
+human conduct and character but sound and consistent moral principle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">General opinion of Richard's conduct.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, it is unfortunate for Richard's cause that among those
+who were around him at the time, and who knew his character best, the
+prevailing opinion was against him. It was generally believed in the
+army that he was really the secret author of Conrad's death. The event
+produced a prodigious excitement throughout the camp. When the news
+reached Europe, it awakened a very general indignation there,
+especially among those who were inclined <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>to be hostile to Richard.
+Philip, the King of France, professed to be alarmed for his own
+safety. "He has employed murderers to kill Conrad, my friend and
+ally," said he, "and the next thing will be that he will send some of
+the Old Man of the Mountain's emissaries to thrust their daggers into
+me."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Suspicions of Philip.</div>
+
+<p>So he organized an extra guard to watch at the gates of his palace,
+and to attend him whenever he went out, and gave them special
+instructions to watch against the approach of any suspicious
+strangers. The Emperor of Germany too, and the Archduke of Austria,
+whom Richard had before made his enemies, were filled with rage and
+resentment against him, the effects of which he subsequently felt very
+severely.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The events consequent on Conrad's death.<br />Appearance of Count Henry.<br />He becomes king of Jerusalem.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the excitement in the camp immediately on the death
+of Conrad became very strong, and it led to serious disturbances. The
+French troops rose in arms and attempted to seize Tyre. Isabella,
+Conrad's wife, in whose name Conrad had held the title to the crown of
+Jerusalem, fled to the citadel, and fortified herself there with such
+troops as adhered to her. The camp was in confusion, and there was
+imminent danger that the two parties into which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>the army was divided
+would come to open war. At this juncture, a certain nephew of
+Richard's, Count Henry of Champagne, made his appearance. He persuaded
+the people of Tyre to put him in command of the town; and supported as
+he was by Richard's influence, and by the acquiescence of Isabella, he
+succeeded in restoring something like order. Immediately afterward he
+proposed to Isabella that she should marry him. She accepted his
+proposal, and so he became King of Jerusalem in her name.</p>
+
+<p>The French party, and those who had taken the side of Conrad in the
+former quarrel, were greatly exasperated, but as the case now stood
+they were helpless. They had always maintained that Isabella was the
+true sovereign, and it was through her right to the succession, after
+Sibylla's death, that they had claimed the crown for Conrad; and now,
+since Conrad was dead, and Isabella had married Count Henry, they
+could not, with any consistency, deny that the new husband was fully
+entitled to succeed the old. They might resent the murder of Conrad as
+much as they pleased, but it was evident that nothing would bring him
+back to life, and nothing could prevent Count Henry being now
+universally regarded as the King of Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The question at rest.</div>
+
+<p>So, after venting for a time a great many loud but fruitless
+complaints, the aggrieved parties allowed their resentment to subside,
+and all acquiesced in acknowledging Henry as King of Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dissatisfaction.<br />The king's proclamation.</div>
+
+<p>Besides these difficulties, a great deal of uneasiness and discontent
+arose from rumors that Richard was intending to abandon Palestine, and
+return to Normandy and England, thus leaving the army without any
+responsible head. The troops knew very well that whatever semblance of
+authority and subordination then existed was due to the presence of
+Richard, whose high rank and personal qualities as a warrior gave him
+great power over his followers, notwithstanding their many causes of
+complaint against him. They knew, too, that his departure would be the
+signal of universal disorder, and would lead to the total dissolution
+of the army. The complaints and the clamor which arose from this cause
+became so great in all the different towns and fortresses along the
+coast, that, to appease them, Richard issued a proclamation stating
+that he had no intention of leaving the army, but that it was his
+fixed purpose to remain in Palestine at least another year.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XVIII" id="Chapter_XVIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XVIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Battle of Jaffa.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1192</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The battle of Jaffa.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">W</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">hen,</span> at last, the state of Richard's affairs had been reduced, by the
+causes mentioned in the last chapter, to a very low ebb, he suddenly
+succeeded in greatly improving them by a battle. This battle is known
+in history as the battle of Jaffa. It was fought in the early part of
+the summer of 1192.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard gives the army employment.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as he had issued his proclamation declaring to his soldiers
+that he would positively remain in Palestine for a year, he began to
+make preparations for another campaign. The best way, he thought, to
+prevent the army from wasting away its energies in internal conflicts
+between the different divisions of it was to give those energies
+employment against the common enemy; so he put every thing in motion
+for a new march into the interior. He left garrisons in the cities of
+the coast, sufficient, as he judged, to protect them from any force
+which the Saracens were likely to send against them in his absence,
+and forming the remainder in order of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>march, he set out from his
+head-quarters at Jaffa, and began to advance once more toward
+Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uncomfortable news from England.<br />Richard's resolution.</div>
+
+<p>Of course, this movement revived, in some degree, the spirit of his
+army, and awakened in them new hopes. Still, Richard himself was
+extremely uneasy, and his mind was filled with solicitude and anxiety.
+Messengers were continually coming from Europe with intelligence which
+was growing more and more alarming at every arrival. His brother John,
+they said, in England, was forming schemes to take possession of the
+kingdom in his own name. In France, Philip was invading his Norman
+provinces, and was evidently preparing for still greater aggression.
+He must return soon, his mother wrote him, or he would lose all. Of
+course, he was in a great rage at what he called the treachery of
+Philip and John, and burned to get back and make them feel his
+vengeance. But he was so tied up with the embarrassments and
+difficulties that he was surrounded with in the Holy Land, that he
+thought it absolutely necessary to make a desperate effort to strike
+at least one decisive blow before he could possibly leave his army,
+and it was in this desperate state of mind that he set out upon his
+march. It was near the end of May.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Account of the country through which the army marched.</div>
+
+<p>The army advanced for several days. They met with not much direct
+opposition from the Saracens, for Saladin had withdrawn to Jerusalem,
+and was employed in strengthening the fortifications there, and making
+every thing ready for Richard's approach. But the difficulties which
+they encountered from other causes, and the sufferings of the army in
+consequence of them, were terrible. The country was dry and barren,
+and the weather hot and unhealthy. The soldiers fell sick in great
+numbers, and those that were well suffered extremely from thirst and
+other privations incident to a march of many days through such a
+country in such a season. There were no trees or shelter of any kind
+to protect them from the scorching rays of the sun, and scarcely any
+water to be found to quench their thirst. The streams were very few,
+and all the wells that could be found were soon drunk dry. Then there
+was great difficulty in respect to provisions. A sufficient supply for
+so many thousands could not be brought up from the coast, and all that
+the country itself had produced&mdash;which was, in fact, very little&mdash;was
+carried away by the Saracens as Richard advanced. Thus the army found
+itself environed with great difficulties, and before <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>many days it was
+reduced to a condition of actual distress.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The approach to Jerusalem.<br />Hebron.</div>
+
+<p>The expedition succeeded, however, in advancing to the immediate
+vicinity of Jerusalem. Early in June they encamped at Hebron, which is
+about six miles from Jerusalem, toward the south. Here they halted;
+and Richard remained here some days, weighed down with perplexity and
+distress, and extremely harassed in mind, being wholly unable to
+decide what was best to be done.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The prize in sight.</div>
+
+<p>From a hill in the neighborhood of Hebron Jerusalem was in sight.
+There lay the prize which he had so long been striving to obtain, all
+before him, and yet he was utterly powerless to take it. For this he
+had been man&oelig;uvring and planning for years. For this he had
+exhausted all the resources of his empire, and had put to imminent
+hazard all the rights and interests of the crown. For this he had left
+his native land, and had brought on, by a voyage of three thousand
+miles, all the fleets and armies of his kingdom; and now, with the
+prize before him, and all Europe looking on to see him grasp it, his
+hand had become powerless, and he must turn back, and go away as he
+came.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Saladin strongly established in Jerusalem.<br />Richard's self-reproaches.</div>
+
+<p>Richard saw at once that it must be so; for while, on the one hand,
+his army was well-nigh exhausted, and was reduced to a state of such
+privation and distress as to make it nearly helpless, Saladin was
+established in Jerusalem almost impregnably. While the divisions of
+Richard's army had been quarreling with each other on the sea-coast,
+he had been strengthening the walls and other defenses of the city,
+until they were now more formidable than ever. Richard received
+information, too, that all the wells and cisterns of water around the
+city had been destroyed by the Saracens, so that, if they were to
+advance to the walls and commence a siege, they would soon be obliged
+to raise it, or perish there with thirst. So great was Richard's
+distress of mind under these circumstances, that it is said, when he
+was conducted to the hill from which Jerusalem was to be seen, he
+could not bear to look at it. He held his shield up before his eyes to
+shut out the sight of it, and said that he was not worthy to look upon
+the city, since he had shown himself unable to redeem it.</p>
+
+<p>There was a council of war held to consider what it was best to do. It
+was a council of perplexity and despair. Nobody could tell what <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>it
+was best to do. To go back was disgrace. To go forward was
+destruction; and it was impossible for them to remain where they were.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A new expedient.<br />The proposed march upon Cairo.</div>
+
+<p>In his desperation Richard conceived of a new plan, that of marching
+southward and seizing Cairo. The Saracens derived almost all the
+stores of provisions for the use of their armies from Cairo, and
+Hebron was on the road to it. The way was open for Richard's army to
+march in that direction, and, by carrying this plan into execution,
+they would, at least, get something to eat. Besides, it would be a
+mode of withdrawing from Jerusalem that would not be quite a retreat.
+Still, these reasons were wholly insufficient to justify such a
+measure, and it is not probable that Richard seriously entertained the
+plan. It is much more likely that he proposed the idea of a march upon
+Cairo as a means of amusing the minds of his knights and soldiers, and
+diminishing the extreme disappointment and vexation which they must
+have felt in relinquishing the plan of an attack upon Jerusalem, and
+that he intended, after proceeding a short distance on the way toward
+Egypt, to find some pretext for turning down toward the sea-shore, and
+re-establishing himself in his cities on the coast.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The hopeless condition of the army.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, whether it was the original plan or not, such was the
+result. As soon as the encampment was broken up, and the army
+commenced its march, and the troops learned that the hope of
+recovering the Holy Sepulchre, and all the other lofty aspirations and
+desires which had led them so far, and through so many hardships and
+dangers, were now to be abandoned, they were first enraged, and then
+they sank into a condition of utter recklessness and despair. All
+discipline was at an end. No one seemed now to care what became of the
+expedition or of themselves. The French soldiers, under the Duke of
+Burgundy, revolted openly, and declared they would go no farther. The
+troops from Germany joined them. So Richard gave up the plan, or
+seemed to give it up, and gave orders to march to Acre; and there, at
+last, the army arrived in a state of almost utter dissolution.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin at Jaffa.</div>
+
+<p>In a short time the news came to them that Saladin had followed them
+down, and had seized upon Jaffa. He had taken the town, and shut up
+the garrison in the citadel, whither they had fled for safety; and
+tidings came that, unless Richard very soon came to the rescue, the
+citadel would be compelled to surrender.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Richard's measures to succor Jaffa.</div>
+
+<p>Richard immediately ordered that all the troops that were in a
+condition to march should set out immediately, to proceed down the
+coast from Acre to Jaffa. He himself, he said, would hasten on by sea,
+for the wind was fair, and a part of his force, all that he had ships
+enough in readiness to convey, could go much quicker by water than by
+land, besides the advantage of being fresh on their arrival for an
+attack on the enemy. So he assembled as many ships as could be got
+ready, and embarked a select body of troops on board of them. There
+were seven of the ships. He took the command of one of them himself.
+The Duke of Burgundy, with the French troops under his command,
+refused to go.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His fleet arrives there.</div>
+
+<p>The little fleet set sail immediately and ran down the coast very
+rapidly. When they came to Jaffa they found that the town was really
+in possession of the Saracens, and that large bodies of the enemy were
+assembled on the shore to prevent the landing of Richard's forces.
+This array appeared so formidable that all the knights and officers on
+board the ships urged Richard not to attempt to attack them, but to
+wait until the body of the army should arrive by land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Landing.</div>
+
+<p>But Richard was desperate and reckless. He declared that he <i>would</i>
+land; and he uttered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>an awful imprecation against those who should
+hesitate to follow him. He brought the boats up as near the shore as
+possible, and then, with his battle-axe in his right hand, and his
+shield hung about his neck, so as to have his left hand at liberty, he
+leaped into the water, calling upon the rest to come on. They all
+followed his example, and, as soon as they gained the shore, they made
+a dreadful onset upon the Saracens that were gathered on the beach.
+The Saracens were driven back. Richard made such havoc among them with
+his battle-axe, and the men following him were made so resolute and
+reckless by his example, that the ranks of the enemy were broken
+through, and they fled in all directions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The onset upon the Saracens.<br />Jaffa retaken.</div>
+
+<p>Richard and his men then rushed on to the gates of the town, and
+almost before the Saracens who were in possession of them could
+recover from their surprise, the gates were seized, those who had been
+stationed at them were slain or driven away, and then Richard and his
+troops, rushing through, closed them, and the Saracens that were
+within the town were shut in. They were soon all overpowered and
+slain, and thus the possession of the town was recovered.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Both sides awaiting assistance.</div>
+
+<p>But this was not the end, as Richard and his men knew full well.
+Though they had possession of the town itself, they were surrounded by
+a great army of Saracens, that were hovering around them on the plain,
+and rapidly increasing in numbers; for Saladin had sent orders to the
+interior directing all possible assistance to be sent to him. Richard
+himself, on the other hand, was hourly expecting the arrival of the
+main body of his troops by land.</p>
+
+<p>They arrived the next day, and then came on the great contest.
+Richard's troops, on their arrival, attacked the Saracens from
+without, while he himself, issuing from the gates, assaulted them from
+the side next the town. The Crusaders fought with the utmost
+desperation. They knew very well that it was the crisis of their fate.
+To lose that battle was to lose all. The Saracens, on the other hand,
+were not under any such urgent pressure. If overpowered, they could
+retire again to the mountains, and be as secure as before.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Saracens defeated.</div>
+
+<p>They <i>were</i> overpowered. The battle was fought long and obstinately,
+but at length Richard was victorious, and the Saracens were driven off
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 293-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i290.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="285" alt="SALADIN&#39;S PRESENT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SALADIN&#39;S PRESENT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The story of Saladin's present of horses to his enemy.</div>
+
+<p>Various accounts are given by the different <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>writers who have narrated the history of this crusade, of a present of
+a horse made by Saladin to Richard in the course of the war, and the
+incident has been often commented upon as an evidence of the high and
+generous sentiments which animated the combatants in this terrible
+crusade in their personal feelings toward each other. One of the
+stories makes the case an incident of this battle. The Saracens,
+flying from the field, came to Saladin, who was watching the contest,
+and, in conversation with him, they pointed out Richard, who was
+standing among his knights on a small rising ground.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, he is on foot!" exclaimed Saladin. Richard <i>was</i> on foot. His
+favorite charger, Favelle, was killed under him that morning, and as
+he had come from Acre in haste and by sea, there was no other horse at
+hand to supply his place.</p>
+
+<p>Saladin immediately said that that was not as it should be. "The King
+of England," said he, "should not fight on foot like a common
+soldier." He immediately sent over to Richard, with a flag of truce,
+two splendid horses. King Richard accepted the present, and during the
+remainder of the day he fought on one of the horses which his enemy
+had thus sent him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The romantic story of the treacherous gift.</div>
+
+<p>One account adds a romantic embellishment to this story by saying that
+Saladin sent only one horse at first&mdash;the one that he supposed most
+worthy of being sent as a gift from one sovereign to another; but that
+Richard, before mounting him himself, directed one of his knights to
+mount him and give him trial. The knight found the horse wholly
+unmanageable. The animal took the bits between his teeth and galloped
+furiously back to the camp of Saladin, carrying his rider with him, a
+helpless prisoner. Saladin was exceedingly chagrined at this result;
+he was afraid Richard might suppose that he sent him an unruly horse
+from a treacherous design to do him some injury. He accordingly
+received the knight who had been borne so unwillingly to his camp in
+the most courteous manner, and providing another horse for him, he
+dismissed him with presents. He also sent a second horse to Richard,
+more beautiful than the first, and one which he caused Richard to be
+assured that he might rely upon as perfectly well trained.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XIX" id="Chapter_XIX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XIX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Truce.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1192</h3>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> result of the battle of Jaffa greatly strengthened and improved
+the condition of the Crusaders, and in the same proportion it weakened
+and discouraged Saladin and the Saracens. But, after all, instead of
+giving to either party the predominance, it only placed them more
+nearly on a footing of equality than before. It began to be pretty
+plain that neither of the contending parties was strong enough, or
+would soon be likely to be strong enough to accomplish its purposes.
+Richard could not take Jerusalem from Saladin, nor could Saladin drive
+Richard out of the Holy Land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard and Saladin agree upon a three years' truce.</div>
+
+<p>In this state of things, it was finally agreed upon between Richard
+and Saladin that a truce should be made. The negotiations for this
+truce were protracted through several weeks, and the summer was gone
+before it was concluded. It was a truce for a long period, the
+duration of it being more than three years. Still, it was strictly a
+truce, not a peace, since a termination was assigned to it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Richard's reason for this course.<br />The treaty.</div>
+
+<p>Richard preferred to make a truce rather than a peace for the sake of
+appearances at home. He did not wish that it should be understood
+that, in leaving the Holy Land and returning home, he abandoned all
+design of recovering the Holy Sepulchre. He allowed three years, on
+the supposition that that would be time enough for him to return home,
+to set every thing in order in his dominions, to organize a new
+crusade on a larger scale, and to come back again. In the mean time,
+he reserved, by a stipulation of the treaty, the right to occupy, by
+such portion of his army as he should leave behind, the portion of
+territory on the coast which he had conquered, and which he then held,
+with the exception of one of the cities, which one he was to give up.
+The terms of the treaty, in detail, were as follows:</p>
+
+<h4>STIPULATIONS OF THE TREATY.</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The coast.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. The three great cities of Tyre, Acre, and Jaffa, with all
+the smaller towns and castles on the coast between them,
+with the territory adjoining, were to be left in the
+possession of the Christians, and Saladin bound himself that
+they should not be attacked or molested in any way there
+during the continuance of the truce.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ascalon to be dismantled.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>2. Ascalon, which lay farther to the south, and was not
+necessary for the uses of Richard's army, was to be given
+up; but Saladin was to pay, on receiving it, the estimated
+cost which Richard had incurred in rebuilding the
+fortifications. Saladin, however, was not to occupy it
+himself as a fortified town. It was to be so far dismantled
+as only to be used as a commercial city.</p>
+
+<p>3. The Christians bound themselves to remain within their
+territory in peace, to make no excursions from it for
+warlike purposes into the interior, nor in any manner to
+injure or oppress the inhabitants of the surrounding
+country.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pilgrims to Jerusalem protected.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>4. All persons who might desire to go to Jerusalem in a
+peaceful way as visitors or pilgrims, whether they were
+knights or soldiers belonging to the army, or actual
+pilgrims arriving at Acre from the different Christian
+countries of Europe, were to be allowed to pass freely to
+and fro, and Saladin bound himself to protect them from all
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>5. The truce thus agreed upon was to continue in force three
+years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three
+hours; and at the end of that time, each party was released
+from all obligations arising under the treaty, and either
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>was at liberty immediately to resume the war.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Events consequent upon the truce.</div>
+
+<p>The signing of the treaty was the signal for general rejoicing in all
+divisions of the army. One of the first fruits of it was that the
+knights and soldiers all immediately began to form parties for
+visiting Jerusalem. It was obvious that all could not go at once; and
+Richard told the French soldiers who were under the Duke of Burgundy
+that he did not think they were entitled to go at all. They had done
+nothing, he said, to help on the war, but every thing to embarrass and
+impede it, and now he thought that they did not deserve to enjoy any
+share of the fruits of it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Visiting the Holy City.<br />Saladin restraining the Saracens from revenge.</div>
+
+<p>Three large parties were formed and they proceeded, one after the
+other, to visit the Holy City. There was some difficulty in respect to
+the first party, and it required all Saladin's authority to protect
+them from insult or injury by the Saracen people. The animosity and
+anger which they had been so long cherishing against these invaders of
+their country had not had time to subside, and many of them were very
+eager to avenge the wrongs which they had suffered. The friends and
+relatives of the hostages whom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>Richard had massacred at Acre were
+particularly excited. They came in a body to Saladin's palace, and,
+falling on their knees before him, begged and implored him to allow
+them to take their revenge on the inhuman murderers, now that they had
+them in their power; but Saladin would not listen to them a moment. He
+refused their prayer in the most absolute and positive manner, and he
+took very effectual measures for protecting the party of Christians
+during the whole duration of their visit.</p>
+
+<p>The question being thus settled that the Christian visitors to
+Jerusalem were to be protected, the excitement among the people
+gradually subsided; and, indeed, before long, the current of feeling
+inclined the other way, so that, when the second party arrived, they
+were received with great kindness. Perhaps the first party had taken
+care to conduct themselves in such a manner during their visit, and in
+going and returning, as to conciliate the good-will of their enemies.
+At any rate, after their visit there was no difficulty, and many in
+the camp, who had been too distrustful of Saracenic faith to venture
+with them, now began to join the other parties that were forming, for
+all had a great curiosity to see the city for the sake of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>which they
+had encountered so many dangers and toils.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The visit of the bishop to Jerusalem.</div>
+
+<p>With the third party a bishop ventured to go. It was far more
+dangerous for a high dignitary of the Christian Church to join such an
+expedition than for a knight or a common soldier, both because such a
+man was a more obnoxious object of Mohammedan fanaticism, and thus
+more likely, perhaps, to be attacked, and also because, in case of an
+attack, being unarmed and defenseless, he would be unable to protect
+himself, and be less able even to act efficiently in making his escape
+than a military man, who, as such, was accustomed to all sorts of
+surprises and frays.</p>
+
+<p>The bishop, however, experienced no difficulty. On the contrary, he
+was received with marks of great distinction. Saladin made special
+arrangements to do him honor. He invited him to his palace, and there
+treated him with great respect, and held a long conversation with him.
+In the course of the conversation Saladin desired to know what was
+commonly said of him in the Christian camp.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the common opinion in your army," he asked, "in respect to
+Richard and to me?"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p><p>He wished to know which was regarded as the greatest hero.</p>
+
+<p>"My king," replied the bishop, "is regarded the first of all men
+living, both in regard to his valorous deeds and to the generosity of
+his character. That I can not deny. But your fame also is very exalted
+among us; and it is the universal opinion in our army that if you were
+only converted to Christianity, there would not be in the world two
+such princes as Richard and you."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Saladin's just opinion of King Richard.</div>
+
+<p>In the course of further conversation Saladin admitted that Richard
+was a great hero, and said that he had a great admiration for him.</p>
+
+<p>"But then," he added, "he does wrong, and acts very unwisely, in
+exposing himself so recklessly to personal danger, when there is no
+sufficient end in view to justify it. To act thus evinces rashness and
+recklessness rather than true courage. For myself, I prefer the
+reputation of wisdom and prudence rather than that of mere blind and
+thoughtless daring."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The institution for the entertainment of pilgrims.</div>
+
+<p>The bishop, in his conversation with Saladin, represented to him that
+it was necessary for the comfort of the pilgrims who should from time
+to time visit Jerusalem that there should be some public establishment
+to receive and entertain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>them, and he asked the sultan's permission
+to found such institutions. Saladin acceded to this request, and
+measures were immediately adopted by the bishop to carry the
+arrangement into effect.</p>
+
+<p>Richard himself did not visit Jerusalem. The reason he assigned for
+this was that he was sick at the time. Perhaps the real reason was
+that he could not endure the humiliation of paying a visit, by the
+mere permission of an enemy, to the city which he had so long set his
+heart upon entering triumphantly as a conqueror.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XX" id="Chapter_XX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Departure from Palestine.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1192</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's reasons for returning home.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">O</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ne</span> of the chief objects which Richard had in view in concluding the
+truce with Saladin was to be able to have an honorable pretext for
+leaving the Holy Land and setting out on his return to England. He had
+received many letters from his mother urging him to come, and giving
+him alarming accounts of the state of things both in England and
+Normandy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Causes of internal dissension in England and Normandy.</div>
+
+<p>In England, the reader will perhaps recollect that Richard, when he
+set out on the Crusade, had appointed his brother John regent, in
+connection with his mother Eleanora, but that he had also, in order to
+raise money, appointed several noblemen of high standing and influence
+to offices of responsibility, which they were to exercise, in a great
+measure, independent of John. And, not content with appointing a
+suitable number of these officers, he multiplied them unnecessarily,
+and in some instances conveyed the same jurisdiction, as it were, to
+different persons, thus virtually selling the same <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>office to two
+different men. Of course, this was not done openly and avowedly. The
+transactions were more or less covered up and concealed under
+different disguises. For example, after selling the post of chief
+justiciary, which was an office of great power and emolument, to one
+nobleman, and receiving as much money for it as the nobleman was
+willing to pay, he afterward appointed other noblemen as assistant
+justiciaries, exacting, of course, a large sum of money from each of
+them, and granting them, in consideration of it, much the same powers
+as he had bestowed upon the chief justiciary. Of course, such a
+proceeding as this could only result in continual contentions and
+quarrels among the appointees, to break out as soon as Richard should
+be gone. But the king cared little for that, so long as he could get
+the money.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Longchamp's disguise.<br />His escape from England.</div>
+
+<p>The quarrels did break out immediately after Richard sailed. There
+were various parties to them. There were Eleanora and John, each
+claiming to be the regent. Then there were two powerful noblemen, both
+maintaining that they had been invested with the supreme power by
+virtue of the offices which they held. The name of one of them was
+Longchamp. He contrived to place himself, for a time, quite at the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>head of affairs, and the whole country was distracted by the wars
+which were waged between him and his partisans and the partisans of
+John. Longchamp was at last defeated, and was obliged to fly from the
+kingdom in disguise. He was found one day by some fishermen's wives,
+on the beach near Dover, in the disguise of an old woman, with a roll
+of cloth under his arm, and a yard-stick in his hand. He was waiting
+for a boat which was to take him across the Channel into France. He
+disguised himself in that way that he might not be known, and when
+seen from behind the metamorphosis was almost complete. The women,
+however, observed something suspicious in the appearance of the
+figure, and so contrived to come nearer and get a peep under the
+bonnet, and there they saw the black beard and whiskers of a man.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this discovery, Longchamp succeeded in making his
+escape.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philip's oath broken.</div>
+
+<p>As to Normandy, Richard's interests were in still greater danger than
+in England. King Philip had taken the most solemn oaths before he left
+the Holy Land, by which he bound himself not to molest any of
+Richard's dominions, or to take any steps hostile to him, while
+he&mdash;that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>is, Richard&mdash;remained away; and that if he should have any
+cause of quarrel against him, he would abstain from all attempts to
+enforce his rights until at least six months after Richard's return.
+It was only on condition of this agreement that Richard would consent
+to remain in Palestine in command of the Crusade, and allow Philip to
+return.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pretext for invading Normandy.</div>
+
+<p>But, notwithstanding this solemn agreement, and all the oaths by which
+it was confirmed, no sooner was Philip safe in France than he
+commenced operations against Richard's dominions. He began to make
+arrangements for an invasion of some of Richard's territories in
+Normandy, under pretext of taking possession again of Alice's dower,
+which it was agreed, by the treaty made at Messina, should be restored
+to him. But it had also been agreed at that treaty that the time for
+the restoration of the dowry should be after Richard's return, so that
+the plans of invasion which Philip was now forming involved clearly a
+very gross breach of faith, committed without any pretense or
+justification whatever. This instance, and multitudes of others like
+it to be found in the histories of those times, show how little there
+was that was genuine and reliable in the lofty sense <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>of honor often
+so highly lauded as one of the characteristics of chivalry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proposed marriage of John and Alice.</div>
+
+<p>In justice, however, to all concerned, it must be stated that Philip's
+knights and nobles remonstrated so earnestly against this breach of
+faith, that Philip was compelled to give up his plan, and to content
+himself in his operations against Richard with secret intrigues
+instead of open war. As he knew that John was endeavoring to supplant
+Richard in his kingdom, he sent to him and proposed to join him in
+this plan, and to help him carry it into execution; and he offered him
+the hand of Alice, the princess whom Richard had discarded, to seal
+and secure the alliance. John was quite pleased with this proposal;
+and information of these intrigues, more or less definite, came to
+Richard in Palestine about the time of the battle of Jaffa, from
+Eleanora, who contrived in some way to find out what was going on. The
+tidings threw Richard into a fever of anxiety to leave Palestine and
+return home.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's return unannounced.</div>
+
+<p>It was about the first of October that Richard set sail from Acre on
+his return, with a small squadron containing his immediate attendants.
+He himself embarked in a war-ship. The queens, taking with them the
+captive princess <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>of Cyprus and the other members of their family,
+went as they came, in a vessel specially arranged for them, and under
+the care of their old protector, Stephen of Turnham. The queens
+embarked first in their vessel and sailed away. Richard followed soon
+afterward. His plan was to leave the coast as quietly and in as
+private a manner as possible. If it were to be understood in France
+and England that he was on his return, he did not know what plans
+might be formed to intercept him. So he kept his departure as much as
+possible a secret, and the more completely to carry out this design,
+he gave up for the voyage all his royal style and pretensions, and
+dressed himself as a simple knight.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sailing from Palestine.<br />Richard's apostrophe to the Holy Land.</div>
+
+<p>The vessels slipped away from the coast, one after another, in the
+evening, in a manner to attract as little attention as possible. They
+made but little progress during the night. In the morning the shore
+was still in view, though fast disappearing. Richard gazed upon it as
+he stood on the deck of his galley, and then took leave of it by
+stretching out his hands and exclaiming,</p>
+
+<p>"Most holy land, farewell! I commend thee to God's keeping and care.
+May He give <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>me life and health to return and rescue thee from the
+hands of the infidel."</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this apostrophe on the by-standers, and on those to whom
+the by-standers reported it, was excellent, and it was probably for
+the sake of this effect that Richard uttered it.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XXI" id="Chapter_XXI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XXI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Richard made Captive.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1192</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The returning Crusaders met by a storm.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">t</span> was now late in the season, and the autumnal gales had begun to
+blow. It was but a very short time after the vessels left the port
+before so severe a storm came on that the fleet was dispersed, and
+many of the vessels were driven upon the neighboring coasts and
+destroyed. The Crusaders that had been left in Acre and Jaffa were
+rather pleased at this than otherwise. They had been indignant at
+Richard and the knights who were with him for having left them, to
+return home, and they said now that the storm was a judgment from
+Heaven against the men on board the vessels for abandoning their work,
+and going away from the Holy Land, and leaving the tomb and the cross
+of Christ unredeemed. Some of the ships, it is said, were thrown on
+the coasts of Africa, and the seamen and knights, as fast as they
+escaped to the shore, were seized and made slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Richard's ship, and also the one in which the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>queens were embarked,
+being stronger and better manned than the others, weathered the gale.
+After it was over, the queens' vessel steered for Sicily, where, in
+due time, they arrived in safety.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's sudden change of course.</div>
+
+<p>Richard did not intend to trust himself to go to any place where he
+was known. Accordingly, as soon as he found himself fairly separated
+from all the other vessels, he suddenly changed his course, and turned
+northward toward the mouth of the Adriatic Sea. He landed at the
+island of Corfu.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> Here he dismissed his ship, and took three small
+galleys instead, to go up to the head of the Adriatic Sea, and thence
+to make his way homeward by land through the heart of Germany.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His route homeward.</div>
+
+<p>He probably thought that this was the safest and best course that he
+could take. He did not dare to go through France for fear of Philip.
+To go all the way by sea, which would require him to sail out through
+the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic, would require altogether
+too long and dangerous a voyage for so late a season of the year. The
+only alternative left was to attempt to pass through Germany; and, as
+the German powers were hostile <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>to him, it was not safe for him to
+undertake this unless he went in disguise.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard traveling in disguise of a pilgrim.</div>
+
+<p>So he sailed in the three galleys which he procured in Corfu to the
+head of the Adriatic Sea, and landed at a place called Zara. Here he
+put on the dress of a pilgrim. He had suffered his hair and beard to
+grow long, and this, with the flowing robes of his pilgrim's dress,
+and the crosier which he bore in his hand, completed his disguise.</p>
+
+<p>But, though he might make himself <i>look</i> like a pilgrim, he could not
+act like one. He was well provided with money, and his mode of
+spending it, though it might have been, perhaps, very sparing for a
+king, was very lavish for a pilgrim; and the people, as he passed
+along, wondered who the party of strangers could be. Partly to account
+for the comparative ease and comfort with which he traveled, Richard
+pretended that he was a merchant, and, though making his pilgrimage on
+foot, was by no means poor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's enemies in Germany.</div>
+
+<p>Richard knew very well that he was incurring a great risk in
+attempting to pass through Germany in this way, for the country was
+full of his foes. The Emperor of Germany was his special enemy, on
+account of his having supported <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>Tancred's cause in Sicily, the
+emperor himself, as the husband of the Lady Constance, having been
+designated by the former King of Sicily as his successor. Richard's
+route led, too, through the dominions of the Archduke of Austria, whom
+he had quarreled with and incensed so bitterly in the Holy Land.
+Besides this, there were various chieftains in that part of the
+country, relatives of Conrad of Montferrat, whom every body believed
+that Richard had caused to be murdered.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fancied security.</div>
+
+<p>Richard was thus passing through a country full of enemies, and he
+might naturally be supposed to feel some anxiety about the result;
+but, instead of proceeding cautiously, and watching against the
+dangers that beset him, he went on quite at his ease, believing that
+his good fortune would carry him safely through.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard solicits a passport.</div>
+
+<p>He went on for some days, traveling by lonely roads through the
+mountains, until at length he approached a large town. The governor of
+the town was a man named Maynard, a near relative of Conrad, and it
+seems that in some way or other he had learned that Richard was
+returning to England, and had reason to suppose that he might endeavor
+to pass that way. Richard did not think it prudent to attempt to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>go
+through the town without a passport, so he sent forward a page whom he
+had in his party to get one. He gave the page a very valuable ruby
+ring to present to the governor, directing him to say that it was a
+present from a pilgrim merchant, who, with a priest and a few other
+attendants, was traveling through the country, and wished for
+permission to go through his town.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Maynard's answer.</div>
+
+<p>The governor took the ring, and after examining it attentively and
+observing its value, he said to the page,</p>
+
+<p>"This is not the present of a pilgrim, but of a prince. Tell your
+master that I know who he is. He is Richard, King of England.
+Nevertheless, he may come and go in peace."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The alarm given.</div>
+
+<p>Richard was very much alarmed when the page brought back the message.
+That very night he procured horses for himself and one or two others,
+and drove on as fast as he could go, leaving the rest of the party
+behind. The next day those that were left were all taken prisoners,
+and the news was noised abroad over the country that King Richard was
+passing through in disguise, and a large reward was offered by the
+government for his apprehension. Of course, now every body was on the
+watch for him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">King Richard's flight through Germany.</div>
+
+<p>The king, however, succeeded in avoiding observation and going on some
+distance farther, until at length, at a certain town where he stopped,
+he was seen by a knight who had known him in Normandy. The knight at
+once recognized him, but would not betray him. On the contrary, he
+concealed him for the night, and provided for him a fresh horse the
+next day. This horse was a fleet one, so that Richard could gallop
+away upon him and make his escape, in case of any sudden surprise.
+Here Richard dismissed all his remaining attendants except his page,
+and they two set out together.</p>
+
+<p>They traveled three days and three nights, pursuing the most retired
+roads that they could find, and not entering any house during all that
+time. The only rest that they got was by halting at lonely places by
+the road side, in the forests, or among the mountains. In these places
+Richard would remain concealed, while the boy went to a village, if
+there was any village near, to buy food. He generally got very little,
+and sometimes none at all. The horse ate whatever he could find. Thus,
+at the end of the three days, they were all nearly starved.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard concealed near Vienna.<br />His messenger.</div>
+
+<p>Besides this, they had lost their way, and were now drawing near to
+the great city of Vienna, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>the most dangerous place for Richard to
+approach in all the land. He was, however, exhausted with hunger and
+fatigue, and from these and other causes he fell sick, so that he
+could proceed no farther. So he went into a small village near the
+town, and sent the boy in to the market to buy something to eat, and
+also to procure some other comforts which he greatly needed. The
+people in the town observed the peculiar dress of the boy, and his
+foreign air, and their attention was still more excited by noticing
+how plentifully he was supplied with money. They asked him who he was.
+He said he was the servant of a foreign merchant who was traveling
+through the country, and who had been taken sick near by.</p>
+
+<p>The people seemed satisfied with this explanation, and so they let the
+boy go.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Torturing the messenger.</div>
+
+<p>Richard was so exhausted and so sick that he could not travel again
+immediately, and so he had occasion, in a day or two, to send the boy
+into town again. This continued for some days, and the curiosity of
+the people became more and more awakened. At last they observed about
+the page some articles of dress such as were only worn by attendants
+upon kings. It is surprising that Richard should <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>have been so
+thoughtless as to have allowed him to wear them. But such was his
+character. The people finally seized the boy, and the authorities
+ordered him to be whipped to make him tell who he was. The boy bore
+the pain very heroically, but at length they threatened to put him to
+the torture, and, among other things, to cut out his tongue, if he did
+not tell. He was so terrified by this that at last he confessed the
+truth and told them where they might find the king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king a captive.</div>
+
+<p>A band of soldiers was immediately sent to seize him. The story is
+that Richard, at the time when the soldiers arrived, was in the
+kitchen turning the spit to roast the dinner. After surrounding the
+house to prevent the possibility of an escape, the soldiers demanded
+at the door if King Richard was there. The man answered, "No, not
+unless the Templar was he who was turning the spit in the kitchen." So
+the soldiers went in to see. The leader exclaimed, "Yes, that is he:
+take him!" But Richard seized his sword, and, rushing to a position
+where he could defend himself, declared to the soldiers that he would
+not surrender to any but their chief. So the soldiers, deeming it
+desirable to take him alive, paused until they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>could send for the
+archduke. The archduke had left the Holy Land and returned home some
+time before. Richard, however, did not probably know that he was
+passing through his dominions.</p>
+
+<p>When the archduke came, Richard, knowing that resistance would be of
+no avail, delivered up his sword and became a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>"You are very fortunate," said Leopold. "In becoming my prisoner, you
+ought to consider yourself as having fallen into the hands of a
+deliverer rather than an enemy. If you had been taken by any of
+Conrad's friends, who are hunting for you every where, you would have
+been instantly torn to pieces, they are so indignant against you."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The archduke imprisons Richard in Tiernsteign.</div>
+
+<p>When the archduke had thus secured Richard, he sent him, for safe
+keeping, to a castle in the country belonging to one of his barons,
+and gave notice to the emperor of what had occurred. The name of the
+castle in which Richard was confined was Tiernsteign.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the emperor heard that Richard was taken he was overjoyed.
+He immediately sent to Leopold, the archduke, and claimed the prisoner
+as his.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i317.jpg" class="ispace" width="500" height="346" alt="CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"<i>You</i> can not rightfully hold him," said he. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>"A duke can not presume to imprison a king; that duty belongs to an
+emperor."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The emperor buys the prisoner.</div>
+
+<p>But the archduke was not willing to give Richard up. A negotiation
+was, however, opened, and finally he consented to sell his prisoner
+for a large sum of money. The emperor took him away, and what he did
+with him for a long time nobody knew.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, during the period occupied by the voyage of Richard
+up the Adriatic, by his long and slow journey by land, and by the time
+of his imprisonment in Tiernsteign, the winter had passed away, and it
+was now the spring of 1193.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XXII" id="Chapter_XXII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XXII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Return to England.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1193-1199</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conjectures of Richard's friends.<br />Queen Berengaria in Rome.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">D</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">uring</span> all this time the people of England were patiently waiting for
+Richard's return, and wondering what had become of him. They knew that
+he had sailed from Palestine in October, and various were the
+conjectures as to his fate. Some thought that he had been shipwrecked;
+others, that he had fallen into the hands of the Moors; but all was
+uncertainty, for no tidings had been heard of him since he sailed from
+Acre. Berengaria had arrived safely at Messina, and after remaining
+there a little time she proceeded on her journey, under the care of
+Stephen, as far as Rome, very anxious all the time about her husband.
+Here she stopped, not daring to go any farther. She felt safe in Rome,
+under the protection of the Pope.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard in prison.</div>
+
+<p>The emperor attempted to keep Richard's imprisonment a secret. On
+removing him from Tiernsteign, he shut him up in one of his own
+castles on the Danube named Durenstein. Here <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>the king was closely
+imprisoned. He did not, however, yield to any depression of spirits in
+view of his hard fate, but spent his time in composing and singing
+songs, and in drinking and carousing with the people of the castle.
+Here he remained during the spring and summer of 1193, and all the
+world were wondering what had become of him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He is discovered by Blondel.</div>
+
+<p>At length rumors began gradually to circulate in respect to him among
+the neighboring countries, and the conduct of the emperor, in seizing
+and imprisoning him, was very generally condemned. How the
+intelligence first reached England is not precisely known. One story
+is, that a celebrated Troubadour, named Blondel, who had known Richard
+in Palestine, was traveling through Germany, and in his journey he
+passed along the road in front of the castle where Richard was
+confined. As he went he was singing one of his songs. Richard knew the
+song, and so, when the Troubadour had finished a stanza, he sang the
+next one through the bars of his prison window. Blondel recognized the
+voice, and instantly understood that Richard had been made a prisoner.
+He, however, said nothing, but went on, and immediately took measures
+to make known in England what he had learned.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p><p>Another account is, that the emperor himself wrote to Philip, King of
+France, informing him of the King of England's imprisonment in one of
+his castles, and that some person betrayed a copy of this letter to
+Richard's friends in England.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Berengaria's distress at the loss of her husband.</div>
+
+<p>It is said that Berengaria received the first intimation in respect to
+Richard's fate by seeing a belt of jewels offered for sale in Rome
+which she knew he had had about his person when he left Acre. She made
+all the inquiry that she could in respect to the belt, but she could
+only learn that Richard must be somewhere in Germany. It was a relief
+to her mind to find that he was alive, but she was greatly distressed
+to think that he was probably a prisoner, and she implored the Pope to
+interpose his aid and procure his release. The Pope did interpose. He
+immediately excommunicated Leopold for having seized Richard and
+imprisoned him, and he threatened to excommunicate the emperor himself
+if he did not release him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The people of England sympathize with Richard.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the tidings in respect to Richard's situation
+produced a great excitement throughout England. John was glad to hear
+it, and he hoped most devoutly that his brother would never be
+released. He immediately began <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>to take measures, in concert with
+Philip, to secure the crown to himself. The people, on the other hand,
+were very indignant against the Emperor of Germany, and every one was
+eager to take some efficient measures to secure the king's release. A
+great meeting was called of the barons, the bishops, and all the great
+officers of the realm, at Oxford, where, when they had assembled, they
+renewed their oaths of allegiance to their sovereign, and then
+appointed a delegation, consisting of two abbots, to go and visit the
+king, and confer with him in respect to what was best to be done. They
+chose two ecclesiastics for their messengers, thinking that they would
+be more likely to be allowed to go and come without molestation, than
+knights or barons, or any other military men.</p>
+
+<p>The abbots proceeded to Germany, and there the first interview which
+they had with Richard was on the road, as the emperor was taking him
+to the capital in order to bring him before a great assembly of the
+empire, called the Diet, for the purpose of trial.</p>
+
+<p>Richard was overjoyed to see his friends. He was, however, very much
+vexed when he heard from them of the plans which John and Philip were
+engaged in for dispossessing him <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>of his kingdom. He said, however,
+that he had very little fear of any thing that they could do.</p>
+
+<p>"My brother John," said he, "has not courage enough to accomplish any
+thing. He never will get a kingdom by his valor."</p>
+
+<p>When he arrived at the town where the Diet was to be held, Richard had
+an interview with the emperor. The emperor had two objects in view in
+detaining Richard a prisoner. One was to prevent his having it in his
+power to help Tancred in keeping him, the emperor, out of possession
+of the kingdom of Sicily, and the other was to obtain, when he should
+set him at liberty at last, a large sum of money for a ransom. When he
+told Richard what sum of money he would take, Richard refused the
+offer, saying that he would die rather than degrade his crown by
+submitting to such terms, and impoverishing his kingdom in raising the
+money.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard arraigned before the German Diet.<br />The six charges against the king.</div>
+
+<p>The emperor then, in order to bring a heavier pressure to bear upon
+him, arraigned him before a Diet as a criminal. The following were the
+charges which he brought against him:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. That he had formed an alliance with Tancred, the usurper
+of Sicily, and thus made himself a partaker in Tancred's
+crimes.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>2. That he had invaded the dominions of Isaac, the Christian
+king of Cyprus, deposed the king, laid waste his dominions,
+and plundered his treasures; and, finally, had sent the
+unhappy king to pine away and die in a Syrian dungeon.</p>
+
+<p>3. That, while in the Holy Land, he had offered repeated and
+unpardonable insults to the Archduke of Austria, and,
+through him, to the whole German nation.</p>
+
+<p>4. That he had been the cause of the failure of the Crusade,
+in consequence of the quarrels which he had excited between
+himself and the French king by his domineering and violent
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>5. That he had employed assassins to murder Conrad of
+Montferrat.</p>
+
+<p>6. That, finally, he had betrayed the Christian cause by
+concluding a base truce with Saladin, and leaving Jerusalem
+in his hands.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is possible that the motive which led the emperor to make these
+charges against Richard was not any wish or design to have him
+convicted and punished, but only to impress him more strongly with a
+sense of the danger of his situation, with a view of bringing him to
+consent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>to the payment of a ransom. At any rate, the trial resulted
+in nothing but a negotiation in respect to the amount of ransom-money
+to be paid.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, a sum was agreed upon. Richard was sent back to his prison,
+and the abbots returned to England to see what could be done in
+respect to raising the money.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard's ransom to be divided between the emperor and the
+archduke.</div>
+
+<p>The people of England undertook the task not only with willingness,
+but with alacrity. The amount required was nearly a million of
+dollars, which, in those days, was a very large sum even for a kingdom
+to pay. The amount was to be paid in silver. Two thirds of it was to
+go to the emperor, and the other third to the archduke, who, when he
+sold his prisoner to the emperor, had reserved a right to a portion of
+the ransom-money whenever it should be paid.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as two thirds of the whole amount was paid, Richard was to be
+released on condition of his giving hostages as security for the
+remainder.</p>
+
+<p>It took a long time to raise all this money, and various
+embarrassments were created in the course of the transaction by the
+emperor's bad faith, for he changed his terms from time to time,
+demanding more and more as he found <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>that the interest which the
+people of England took in the case would bear. At last, however, in
+February, 1194, about two years after Richard was first imprisoned, a
+sufficient sum arrived to make up the first payment, and Richard was
+set free.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard finally reaches England.</div>
+
+<p>After meeting with various adventures on his journey home, he arrived
+on the English coast about the middle of March.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the country were filled with joy at hearing of his
+return, and they gave him a magnificent reception. One of the German
+barons who came home with him said, when he saw the enthusiasm of the
+people, that if the emperor had known how much interested in his fate
+the people of England were, he would not have let him off with so
+small a ransom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Flight of John.</div>
+
+<p>John was, of course, in great terror when he heard that Richard was
+coming home. He abandoned every thing and fled to Normandy. Richard
+issued a decree that if he did not come back and give himself up
+within forty days, his estates should all be confiscated. John was
+thrown into a state of great perplexity by this, and did not know what
+to do.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Richard had arranged his affairs a little in England, he
+determined to be crowned <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>again anew, as if his two years of captivity
+had broken the continuity of his reign. Accordingly, a new coronation
+was arranged, and it was celebrated, as the first one had been, with
+the greatest pomp and splendor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The expedition to Normandy.</div>
+
+<p>After this Richard determined to proceed to Normandy, with a view of
+there making war upon Philip and punishing him for his treachery. On
+his landing in Normandy, John came to him in a most abject and
+submissive manner, and, throwing himself at his feet, begged his
+forgiveness. Eleanora joined him in the petition. Richard said that,
+out of regard to his mother's wishes, he would pardon him.</p>
+
+<p>"And I hope," said he, "that I shall as easily forget the injuries he
+has done me as he will forget my forbearance in pardoning him."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ill treatment of Berengaria.<br />Richard's reckless immoralities.</div>
+
+<p>Poor Berengaria was very illy rewarded for the devotion which she had
+manifested to her husband's interests, and for the efforts she had
+made to secure his release. She had come home from Rome a short time
+before her husband arrived, but he, when he came, manifested no
+interest in rejoining her. Instead of that, he connected himself with
+a number of wicked associates, both male and female, whom he had known
+before he went to the Holy Land, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>lived a life of open profligacy
+with them, leaving Berengaria to pine in neglect, alone and forsaken.
+She was almost heart-broken to be thus abandoned, and several of the
+principal ecclesiastics of the kingdom remonstrated very strongly with
+Richard for this wicked conduct. But these remonstrances were of no
+avail. Richard abandoned himself more and more to drunkenness and
+profligacy, until at length his character became truly infamous.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A warning.</div>
+
+<p>One day in 1195, when he was hunting in the forest of Normandy, he was
+met by a hermit, who boldly expostulated with him on account of the
+wickedness of his life. The hermit told him that, by the course he was
+pursuing, he was grievously offending God, and that, unless he stopped
+short in his course and repented of his sins, he was doomed to be
+brought very soon to a miserable end by a special judgment from
+heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sudden illness.</div>
+
+<p>The king pretended not to pay much attention to this prophecy, but not
+long afterward he was suddenly seized with a severe illness, and then
+he became exceedingly alarmed. He sent for all the monks and priests
+within ten miles around to come to him, and began to confess his sins
+with apparently very deep compunction <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>for them, and begged them to
+pray for God's forgiveness. He promised them solemnly that, if God
+would spare his life, he would return to Berengaria, and thenceforth
+be a true and faithful husband to her as long as he lived.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Recovery.</div>
+
+<p>He recovered from his sickness, and he so far kept the vows which he
+had made as to seek a reconciliation with Berengaria, and to live with
+her afterward, ostensibly at least, on good terms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The peasant's discovery of hidden treasures.<br />Videmar denies the story.</div>
+
+<p>For three years after this Richard was engaged in wars with Philip
+chiefly on the frontiers between France and Normandy. At last, in the
+midst of this contest, he suddenly came to his death under
+circumstances of a remarkable character. He had heard that a peasant
+in the territory of one of his barons, named Videmar, in plowing in
+the field, had come upon a trap-door in the ground which covered and
+concealed the entrance to a cave, and that, on going down into the
+cave, he had found a number of golden statues, with vases full of
+diamonds, and other treasures, and that the whole had been taken out
+and carried to the Castle Chaluz, belonging to Videmar. Richard
+immediately proceeded to Videmar, and demanded that the treasures
+should be given up to him as the sovereign. Videmar replied that the
+rumor which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>had been spread was false; that nothing had been found
+but a pot of old Roman coins, which Richard was welcome to have, if he
+desired them. Richard replied that he did not believe that story; and
+that, unless Videmar delivered up the statues and jewels, he would
+storm the castle. Videmar repeated that he had no statues and jewels,
+and so Richard brought up his troops and opened the siege.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Richard shot by Bertrand's arrow.</div>
+
+<p>During the siege, a knight named Bertrand de Gordon, standing on the
+wall, and seeing Richard on the ground below in a position where he
+thought he could reach him with an arrow, drew his bow and took aim.
+As he shot it he prayed to God to speed it well. The arrow struck
+Richard in the shoulder. In trying to draw it out they broke the
+shaft, thus leaving the barb in the wound. Richard was borne to his
+tent, and a surgeon was sent for to cut out the barb. This made the
+wound greater, and in a short time inflammation set in, mortification
+ensued, and death drew nigh. When he found that all was over with him,
+and that his end had come, he was overwhelmed with remorse, and he
+died at length in anguish and despair.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Richard's reign.</div>
+
+<p>His death took place in the spring of 1199. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>He had reigned over
+England ten years, though not one of these years had he spent in that
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Berengaria lived afterward for thirty years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The character of the "lion-hearted."</div>
+
+<p>King Richard the First is known in history as the lion-hearted, and
+well did he deserve the name. It is characteristic of the lion to be
+fierce, reckless, and cruel, intent only in pursuing the aims which
+his own lordly and impetuous appetites and passions demand, without
+the least regard to any rights of others that he may trample under
+foot, or to the sufferings that he may inflict on the innocent and
+helpless. This was Richard's character precisely, and he was proud of
+it. His glory consisted in his reckless and brutal ferocity. He
+pretended to be the champion and defender of the cause of Christ, but
+it is hardly possible to conceive of a character more completely
+antagonistic than his to the just, gentle, and forgiving spirit which
+the precepts of Jesus are calculated to form.</p>
+
+<h3>THE END.</h3>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Footnotes:</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/25848"> History of William the Conqueror.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The ampulla used now for anointing the English sovereigns
+is in the form of an eagle. It is made of the purest chased gold, and
+weighs about ten ounces. It is deposited in the Tower of London.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> The mark is about three dollars.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> <i>Trenc-le-mer</i>, literally, <i>Cut the sea</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> The English word <i>assassins</i> comes from the name of these
+men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> For the situation of this island, see the map on page
+<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</span></h3>
+
+<p>1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors, and to ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.</p>
+
+<p>2. The sidenotes used in this text were originally published as banners in the page headers, and have been moved to the relevant paragraph
+for the reader's convenience.</p>
+
+<p>3. Footnote G, on page <a href="#Page_313">313</a> has been corrected to refer the reader to the map on page 164, not the map on page 14.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Richard I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 17, 2008 [EBook #26939]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RICHARD I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Richard I.
+
+ BY JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1902
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight
+ hundred and fifty-seven, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern District
+ of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1885, by BENJAMIN VAUGHAN ABBOTT, AUSTIN ABBOTT,
+ LYMAN ABBOTT, and EDWARD ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The author of this series has made it his special object to confine
+himself very strictly, even in the most minute details which he
+records, to historic truth. The narratives are not tales founded upon
+history, but history itself, without any embellishment, or any
+deviations from the strict truth so far as it can now be discovered by
+an attentive examination of the annals written at the time when the
+events themselves occurred. In writing the narratives, the author has
+endeavored to avail himself of the best sources of information which
+this country affords; and though, of course, there must be in these
+volumes, as in all historical accounts, more or less of imperfection
+and error, there is no intentional embellishment. Nothing is stated,
+not even the most minute and apparently imaginary details, without
+what was deemed good historical authority. The readers, therefore, may
+rely upon the record as the truth, and nothing but the truth, so far
+as an honest purpose and a careful examination have been effectual in
+ascertaining it.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+      I. KING RICHARD'S MOTHER                               13
+
+     II. RICHARD'S EARLY LIFE                                35
+
+    III. FAIR ROSAMOND                                       53
+
+     IV. ACCESSION OF RICHARD TO THE THRONE                  66
+
+      V. THE CORONATION                                      79
+
+     VI. PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE                        89
+
+    VII. THE EMBARKATION                                    101
+
+   VIII. KING RICHARD AT MESSINA                            117
+
+     IX. BERENGARIA                                         143
+
+      X. THE CAMPAIGN IN CYPRUS                             160
+
+     XI. VOYAGE TO ACRE                                     185
+
+    XII. THE ARRIVAL AT ACRE                                196
+
+   XIII. DIFFICULTIES                                       204
+
+    XIV. THE FALL OF ACRE                                   211
+
+     XV. PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADE                            229
+
+    XVI. REVERSES                                           249
+
+   XVII. THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS                       267
+
+  XVIII. THE BATTLE OF JAFFA                                283
+
+    XIX. THE TRUCE                                          297
+
+     XX. THE DEPARTURE FROM PALESTINE                       305
+
+    XXI. RICHARD MADE CAPTIVE                               312
+
+   XXII. THE RETURN TO ENGLAND                              324
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ MAP                                                         14
+
+ PREACHING THE CRUSADES                                      19
+
+ PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.                                  49
+
+ VIEW OF WOODSTOCK                                           55
+
+ FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND                                    64
+
+ PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.                                      90
+
+ RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY                               113
+
+ THE BATTERING-RAM                                          137
+
+ THE BALLISTA                                               139
+
+ THE CATAPULTA                                              140
+
+ THE LETTER                                                 152
+
+ ROUTE OF RICHARD'S FLEET                                   164
+
+ KING RICHARD'S SEAL                                        167
+
+ RAMPARTS OF ACRE                                           189
+
+ THE ASSAULT                                                207
+
+ THROWING SHELLS                                            231
+
+ SALADIN'S PRESENT                                          294
+
+ CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN                             321
+
+
+
+
+KING RICHARD I.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+KING RICHARD'S MOTHER.
+
+1137-1154
+
+Richard the Crusader.--A quarrelsome king.--Richard's
+kingdom.--Union of England and Normandy.--England was a
+possession of Normandy.--Eleanora of Aquitaine.--The
+contemporaries of Eleanora.--Royal match-making.--The
+conditions of the marriage.--Apparent prosperity of
+leanora.--Eleanora's accomplishments.--The Crusades.--A monk
+preaching the Crusades.--The reasons why Louis and Eleanora
+undertook a crusade.--Amazons.--The power of ridicule.--The
+plans and purposes of the female Crusaders.--Antioch.--Meeting
+the Saracens.--Choosing an encampment.--The result of the queen's
+generalship.--A quarrel.--The queen at Jerusalem.--A divorce
+proposed.--The failure of the crusade.--Returning to France.--The
+queen's new lover.--A divorce again proposed.--The motives of
+Henry.--Controversy among historians.--The real motives in the
+divorce.--A violent courtship and a narrow escape.--Geoffrey's
+designs upon Eleanora.--Customs of old times.--Eleanora eluded
+Geoffrey.--She is married to Henry.--Henry's expedition to
+England.--His final coronation.--Eleanora Queen of England.
+
+
+King Richard the First, the Crusader, was a boisterous, reckless, and
+desperate man, and he made a great deal of noise in the world in his
+day. He began his career very early in life by quarreling with his
+father. Indeed, his father, his mother, and all his brothers and
+sisters were engaged, as long as the father lived, in perpetual wars
+against each other, which were waged with the most desperate
+fierceness on all sides. The subject of these quarrels was the
+different possessions which the various branches of the family held or
+claimed in France and in England, each endeavoring to dispossess the
+others. In order to understand the nature of these difficulties, and
+also to comprehend fully what sort of a woman Richard's mother was, we
+must first pay a little attention to the map of the countries over
+which these royal personages held sway.
+
+[Illustration: MAP]
+
+We have already seen, in another volume of this series,[A] how the two
+countries of Normandy on the Continent, and of England, became united
+under one government. England, however, did not conquer and hold
+Normandy; it was Normandy that conquered and held England. The
+relative situation of these two countries is shown on the map.
+Normandy, it will be seen, was situated in the northern part of
+France, being separated from England by the English Channel. Besides
+Normandy, the sovereigns of the country held various other possessions
+in France, and this French portion of the compound realm over which
+they reigned they considered as far the most important portion.
+England was but a sort of appendage to their empire.
+
+[Footnote A: History of William the Conqueror.]
+
+You will see by the map the situation of the River Loire. It rises in
+the centre of France, and flows to the westward, through a country
+which was, even in those days, very fertile and beautiful. South of
+the Loire was a sort of kingdom, then under the dominion of a young
+and beautiful princess named Eleanora. The name of her kingdom was
+Aquitaine. This lady afterward became the mother of Richard. She was
+very celebrated in her day, and has since been greatly renowned in
+history under the name of Eleanora of Aquitaine.
+
+Eleanora received her realm from her grandfather. Her father had gone
+on a crusade with his brother, Eleanora's uncle, Raymond, and had
+been killed in the East. Raymond had made himself master of Antioch.
+We shall presently hear of this Raymond again. The grandfather
+abdicated in Eleanora's favor when she was about fourteen years of
+age. There were two other powerful sovereigns in France at this time,
+Louis, King of France, who reigned in Paris, and Henry, Duke of
+Normandy and King of England. King Louis of France had a son, the
+Prince Louis, who was heir to the crown. Eleanora's grandfather formed
+the scheme of marrying her to this Prince Louis, and thus to unite his
+kingdom to hers. He himself was tired of ruling, and wished to resign
+his power, with a view of spending the rest of his days in penitence
+and prayer. He had been a very wicked man in his day, and now, as he
+was growing old, he was harassed by remorse for his sins, and wished,
+if possible, to make some atonement for them by his penances before he
+died.
+
+So he called all his barons together, and laid his plans before them.
+They consented to them on two conditions. One was, that Eleanora
+should first see Louis, and say whether she was willing to have him
+for her husband. If not, she was not to be compelled to marry him. The
+other condition was, that their country, Aquitaine, was not to be
+combined with the dominions of the King of France after the marriage,
+but was to continue a separate and independent realm, to be governed
+by Louis and Eleanora, not as King and Queen of France, but as Duke
+and Duchess of Aquitaine. Both these conditions were complied with.
+The interview was arranged between Louis and Eleanora, and Eleanora
+concluded that she should like the king for a husband very much. At
+least she said so, and the marriage was concluded.
+
+Indeed, the match thus arranged for Eleanora was, in all worldly
+respects, the most eligible one that could be made. Her husband was
+the heir-apparent to the throne of France. His capital was Paris,
+which was then, as now, the great centre in Europe of all splendor and
+gayety. The father of Louis was old, and not likely to live long;
+indeed, he died very soon after the marriage, and thus Eleanora, when
+scarcely fifteen, became Queen of France as well as Duchess of
+Aquitaine, and was thus raised to the highest pinnacle of worldly
+grandeur.
+
+She was young and beautiful, and very gay in her disposition, and she
+entered at once upon a life of pleasure. She had been well educated.
+She could sing the songs of the Troubadours, which was the
+fashionable music of those days, in a most charming manner. Indeed,
+she composed music herself, and wrote lines to accompany it. She was
+quite celebrated for her learning, on account of her being able both
+to read and write: these were rare accomplishments for ladies in those
+days.
+
+She spent a considerable portion of her time in Paris, at the court of
+her husband, but then she often returned to Aquitaine, where she held
+a sort of court of her own in Bordeaux, which was her capital. She led
+this sort of life for some time, until at length she was induced to
+form a design of going to the East on a crusade. The Crusades were
+military expeditions which went from the western countries of Europe
+to conquer Palestine from the Turks, in order to recover possession of
+Jerusalem and of the sepulchre where the body of Christ was laid.
+
+It had been for some time the practice for the princes and knights,
+and other potentates of France and England, to go on these
+expeditions, on account of the fame and glory which those who
+distinguished themselves acquired. The people were excited, moreover,
+to join the Crusades by the preachings of monks and hermits, who
+harangued them in public places and urged them to go. At these
+assemblages the monks held up symbols of the crucifixion, to inspire
+their zeal, and promised them the special favor of heaven if they
+would go. They said that whoever devoted himself to this great cause
+should surely be pardoned for all the sins and crimes that he had
+committed, whatever they might be; and whenever they heard of the
+commission of any great crimes by potentates or rulers, they would
+seize upon the occasion to urge the guilty persons to go and fight for
+the cross in Palestine, as a means of wiping away their guilt.
+
+[Illustration: PREACHING THE CRUSADES.]
+
+One of these preachers charged such a crime upon Louis, the husband
+of Eleanora. It seems that, in a quarrel which he had with one of his
+neighbors, he had sent an armed force to invade his enemy's dominions,
+and in storming a town a cathedral had been set on fire and burned,
+and fifteen hundred persons, who had taken refuge in it as a
+sanctuary, had perished in the flames. Now it was a very great crime,
+according to the ideas of those times, to violate a sanctuary; and the
+hermit-preacher urged Louis to go on a crusade in order to atone for
+the dreadful guilt he had incurred by not only violating a sanctuary,
+but by overwhelming, in doing it, so many hundreds of innocent women
+and children in the awful suffering of being burned to death. So Louis
+determined to go on a crusade, and Eleanora determined to accompany
+him. Her motive was a love of adventure and a fondness for notoriety.
+She thought that by going out, a young and beautiful princess, at the
+head of an army of Crusaders, into the East, she would make herself a
+renowned heroine in the eyes of the whole world. So she immediately
+commenced her preparations, and by the commanding influence which she
+exerted over the ladies of the court, she soon inspired them all with
+her own romantic ardor.
+
+The ladies at once laid aside their feminine dress, and clothed
+themselves like Amazons, so that they could ride astride on horseback
+like men. All their talk was of arms, and armor, and horses, and
+camps. They endeavored, too, to interest all the men--the princes, and
+barons, and knights that surrounded them--in their plans, and to
+induce them to join the expedition. A great many did so, but there
+were some that shook their heads and seemed inclined to stay at home.
+They knew that so wild and heedless a plan as this could end in
+nothing but disaster. The ladies ridiculed these men for their
+cowardice and want of spirit, and they sent them their distaffs as
+presents. "We have no longer any use for the distaffs," said they,
+"but, as you are intending to stay at home and make women of
+yourselves, we send them to you, so that you may occupy yourselves
+with spinning while we are gone." By such taunts and ridicule as this,
+a great many were shamed into joining the expedition, whose good sense
+made them extremely averse to have any thing to do with it.
+
+The expedition was at length organized and prepared to set forth. It
+was encumbered by the immense quantity of baggage which the queen and
+her party of women insisted on taking. It is true that they had
+assumed the dress of Amazons, but this was only for the camp and the
+field. They expected to enjoy a great many pleasures while they were
+gone, to give and receive a great many entertainments, and to live in
+luxury and splendor in the great cities of the East. So they must
+needs take with them large quantities of baggage, containing dresses
+and stores of female paraphernalia of all kinds. The king remonstrated
+against this folly, but all to no purpose. The ladies thought it very
+hard if, in going on such an expedition, they could not take with them
+the usual little comforts and conveniences appropriate to their sex.
+So it ended with their having their own way.
+
+The caprices and freaks of these women continued to harass and
+interfere with the expedition during the whole course of it. The army
+of Crusaders reached at length a place near Antioch, in Asia Minor,
+where they encountered the Saracens. Antioch was then in the
+possession of the Christians. It was under the command of the Prince
+Raymond, who has already been spoken of as Eleanora's uncle. Raymond
+was a young and very handsome prince, and Eleanora anticipated great
+pleasure in visiting his capital. The expedition had not, however,
+yet reached it, but were advancing through the country, defending
+themselves as well as they could against the troops of Arab horsemen
+that were harassing their march.
+
+The commanders were greatly perplexed in this emergency to know what
+to do with the women, and with their immense train of baggage. The
+king at last sent them on in advance, with all his best troops to
+accompany them. He directed them to go on, and encamp for the night on
+certain high ground which he designated, where they would be safe, he
+said, from an attack by the Arabs. But when they approached the place,
+Eleanora found a green and fertile valley near, which was very
+romantic and beautiful, and she decided at once that this was a much
+prettier place to encamp in than the bare hill above. The officers in
+command of the troops remonstrated in vain. Eleanora and the ladies
+insisted on encamping in the valley. The consequence was, that the
+Arabs came and got possession of the hill, and thus put themselves
+between the division of the army which was with Eleanora and that
+which was advancing under the king. A great battle was fought. The
+French were defeated. A great many thousand men were slain. All the
+provisions for the army were cut off, and all the ladies' baggage was
+seized and plundered by the Arabs. The remainder of the army, with the
+king, and the queen, and the ladies, succeeded in making their escape
+to Antioch, and there Prince Raymond opened the gates and let them in.
+
+As soon as Eleanora and the other ladies recovered a little from their
+fright and fatigue, they began to lead very gay lives in Antioch, and
+before long a serious quarrel broke out between Louis and the queen.
+The cause of this quarrel was Raymond. He was a young and handsome
+man, and he soon began to show such fondness for Eleanora that the
+king's jealousy was aroused, and at length the king discerned, as he
+said, proofs of such a degree of intimacy between them as to fill him
+with rage. He determined to leave Antioch immediately, and take
+Eleanora with him. She was very unwilling to go, but the king was so
+angry that he compelled her to accompany him. So he went away
+abruptly, scarcely bidding Raymond good-by at all, and proceeded with
+Eleanora and nearly all his company to Jerusalem. Eleanora submitted,
+though she was exceedingly out of humor.
+
+The king, too, on his part, was as much out of humor as the queen. He
+determined that he would not allow her to accompany him any more on
+the campaign; so he left her at Jerusalem, a sort of prisoner, while
+he put himself at the head of his army and went forth to prosecute the
+war. By-and-by, when he came back to Jerusalem, and inquired about his
+wife's conduct while he had been gone, he learned some facts in
+respect to the intimacy which she had formed with a prince of the
+country during his absence, that made him more angry than ever. He
+declared that he would sue for a divorce. She was a wicked woman, he
+said, and he would repudiate her.
+
+One of his ministers, however, contrived to appease him, at least so
+far as to induce him to abandon this design. The minister did not
+pretend to say that Eleanora was innocent, or that she did not deserve
+to be repudiated, but he said that if the divorce was to be carried
+into effect, then Louis would lose all claim to Eleanora's
+possessions, for it will be recollected that the dukedom of Aquitaine,
+and the other rich possessions which belonged to Eleanora before her
+marriage, continued entirely separate from the kingdom of France, and
+still belonged to her.
+
+The king and Eleanora had a daughter named Margaret, who was now a
+young child, but who, when she grew up, would inherit both her
+father's and her mother's possessions, and thus, in the end, they
+would be united, if the king and queen continued to live together in
+peace. But this would be all lost, as the minister maintained in his
+argument with the king, in case of a divorce.
+
+"If you are divorced from her," said he, "she will soon be married
+again, and then all her possessions will finally go out of your
+family."
+
+So the king concluded to submit to the shame of his wife's dishonor,
+and still keep her as his wife. But he had now lost all interest in
+the crusade, partly on account of his want of success in it, and
+partly on account of his domestic troubles. So he left the Holy Land,
+and took the queen and the ladies, and the remnant of his troops, back
+again to Paris. Here he and the queen lived very unhappily together
+for about two years.
+
+At the end of this time the queen became involved in new difficulties
+in consequence of her intrigues. The time had passed away so rapidly
+that it was now thirteen years since her marriage, and she was about
+twenty-eight years of age--old enough, one would think, to have
+learned some discretion. After, however, amusing herself with various
+lovers, she at length became enamored of a young prince named Henry
+Plantagenet, who afterward became Henry the Second of England, and was
+the father of Richard, the hero of this history. Henry was at this
+time Duke of Normandy. He came to visit the court of Louis in Paris,
+and here, after a short time, Eleanora conceived the idea of being
+divorced from Louis in order to marry him. Henry was a great deal
+younger than Eleanora, being then only about eighteen years of age;
+but he was very agreeable in his person and manners, and Queen
+Eleanora was quite charmed with him. It was not, however, to be
+expected that he should be so much charmed with her; for, although she
+had been very beautiful, she had now so far passed the period of her
+youth, and had been subjected to so many exposures, that the bloom of
+her early beauty was in a great measure gone. She was now nearly
+thirty years old, having been married twelve or thirteen years. She,
+however, made eager advances to Henry, and finally gave him to
+understand, that if he would consent to marry her, she would obtain a
+divorce from King Louis, and then endow him with all her dominions.
+
+Now there was a strong reason operating upon Henry's mind to accept
+this proposal. He claimed to be entitled to the crown of England. King
+Stephen was at this time reigning in England, but Henry maintained
+that he was a usurper, and he was eager to dispossess him. Eleanora
+represented to Henry that, with all the forces of her dominions, she
+could easily enable him to do that, and so at length the idea of
+making himself a king overcame his natural repugnance to take a wife
+almost twice as old as he was himself, and she, too, the divorced and
+discarded wife of another man. So he agreed to Eleanora's proposal,
+and measures were soon taken to effect the divorce.
+
+There is some dispute among the ancient historians in respect to this
+divorce. Some say that it was the king that originated it, and that
+the cause which he alleged was the freedom of the queen in her love
+for other men, and that Eleanora, when she found that the divorce was
+resolved upon, formed the plan of beguiling young Henry into a
+marriage with her, to save her fall. Others say that the divorce was
+her plan alone, and that the pretext for it was the relationship that
+existed between her and King Louis, for they were in some degree
+related to each other; and the rules of the Church of Rome were very
+strict against such marriages. It is not improbable, however, that the
+real reason of the divorce was that the king desired it on account of
+his wife's loose and irregular character, while Eleanora wished for it
+in order to have a more agreeable husband. She never had liked Louis.
+He was a very grave and even gloomy man, who thought of nothing but
+the Church, and his penances and prayers, so that Eleanora said he was
+more of a monk than a king. This monkish turn of mind had increased
+upon the king since his return from the Crusades. He made it a matter
+of conscience to wear coarse and plain clothes instead of dressing
+handsomely like a king, and he cut off the curls of his hair, which
+had been very beautiful, and shaved his head and his mustaches. This
+procedure disgusted Eleanora completely. She despised her husband
+herself, and ridiculed him to others, saying that he had made himself
+look like an old priest. In a word, all her love for him was entirely
+gone. Both parties being thus very willing to have the marriage
+annulled, they agreed to put it on the ground of their relationship,
+in order to avoid scandal.
+
+At any rate, the marriage was dissolved, and Eleanora set out from
+Paris to return to Bordeaux, the capital of her own country. Henry was
+to meet her on the way. Her road lay along the banks of the Loire.
+Here she stopped for a day or two. The count who ruled this province,
+who was a very gay and handsome man, offered her his hand. He wished
+to add her dominions to his own. Eleanora refused him. The count
+resolved not to take the refusal, and, under some pretext or other, he
+detained her in his castle, resolving to keep her there until she
+should consent. But Eleanora was not a woman to be conquered by such a
+method as this. She pretended to acquiesce in the detention, and to be
+contented, but this was only to put the count off his guard; and then,
+watching her opportunity, she escaped from the castle in the night;
+and getting into a boat, which she had caused to be provided for the
+purpose, she went down the river to the town of Tours, which was some
+distance below, and in the dominions of another sovereign.
+
+In going on from Tours toward her own home, she encountered and
+narrowly escaped another danger. It seems that Geoffrey Plantagenet,
+the brother of Henry, whom she had engaged to marry, conceived the
+design of seizing her and compelling her to marry him instead of his
+brother. It may seem strange that any one should be so unprincipled
+and base as to attempt thus to circumvent his own brother, and take
+away from him his intended wife; but it was not a strange thing at all
+for the members of the royal and princely families of those days to
+act in this manner toward each other. It was the usual and established
+condition of things among these families that the different members of
+them should be perpetually intriguing and manoeuvring one against
+the other, brother against sister, husband against wife, and father
+against son. In a vast number of instances these contentions broke out
+into open war, and the wars thus waged between the nearest relatives
+were of the most desperate and merciless character.
+
+It was therefore a very moderate and inconsiderable deed of brotherly
+hostility on the part of Geoffrey to plan the seizure of his brother's
+intended wife, in order to get possession of her dominions. The plan
+which he formed was to lie in wait for the boat which was to convey
+Eleanora down the river, and seize her as she came by. She, however,
+avoided this snare by turning off into a branch of the river which
+came from the south. You will see the course of the river and the
+situation of this southern branch on the map.[B] The branch which
+Eleanora followed not only took her away from the ambush which
+Geoffrey had laid for her, but conducted her toward her own home,
+where, after meeting with various other adventures, she arrived safely
+at last. Here Henry Plantagenet soon joined her, and they were
+married. The marriage took place only six weeks after her divorce from
+her former husband. This was considered a very scandalous transaction
+throughout, and Eleanora was now considered as having forfeited all
+claims to respectability of character. Still she was a great duchess
+in her own right, and was now wife of the heir-apparent of the English
+throne, and so her character made little difference in the estimation
+in which she was held by the world.
+
+[Footnote B: See page 14.]
+
+From the time of her first engagement with Henry nearly two years had
+elapsed before all the proceedings in relation to the divorce had been
+completed so as to prepare the way for the marriage, and now Eleanora
+was about thirty-two years of age, while Henry was only twenty. Henry
+seems to have felt no love for his wife. He had acceded to her
+proposal to marry him only in order to obtain the assistance which the
+forces of her dominions might supply him in gaining possession of the
+English throne.
+
+Accordingly, about a year after the marriage, a military expedition
+was fitted out to proceed to England. The expedition consisted of
+thirty-six ships, and a large force of fighting men. Henry landed in
+England at the head of this force, and advanced against Stephen. The
+two princes fought for some time without any very decisive success on
+either side, when at length they concluded to settle the quarrel by a
+compromise. It was agreed that Stephen should continue to hold the
+crown as long as he lived, and then that Henry should succeed him.
+When this arrangement had been made, Henry returned to Normandy; and
+then, after two or three years, he heard of Stephen's death. He then
+went immediately to England again, and was universally acknowledged as
+king. Eleanora went with him as queen, and very soon they were crowned
+at Westminster with the greatest possible pomp and parade.
+
+And thus it was that Eleanora of Aquitaine, the mother of Richard, in
+the year eleven hundred and fifty-four, became queen-consort of
+England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+RICHARD'S EARLY LIFE.
+
+1154-1184
+
+The sons and daughters of King Henry.--Rebellions and family
+quarrels.--The appearance of the Queen Eleanora in
+London.--Illuminated portraits.--The queen's attire.--The king's
+attire.--The palace at Bermondsey.--Scenes of festivity.--The
+palace at Oxford.--Its present appearance.--An early
+marriage.--The reason for marrying children four years
+old.--Vice-regencies.--The rebellions of Richard.--Eleanora's
+time of suffering comes.--The queen's flight.--The captivity in
+Winchester.--The message from Henry.--His death.--Remorse.--The
+agonies of a wicked man's death.--Affliction reconciles hostile
+relatives.--Another quarrel.--Richard's long engagement.--The
+sad death of Geoffrey.--Dividing the inheritance.--Portrait
+of King Henry II.--Richard's resistance to his father's
+plans.--Assistance from Philip.--King Henry's reproach of his
+son John.--Lady Rosamond.
+
+
+Almost all the early years of the life of our hero were spent in wars
+which were waged by the different members of his father's family
+against each other. These wars originated in the quarrels that arose
+between the sons and their father in respect to the family property
+and power. Henry had five sons, of whom Richard was the third. He had
+also three daughters. The king held a great variety of possessions,
+having inherited from his father and grandfather, or received through
+his wife, a number of distinct and independent realms. Thus he was
+duke of one country, earl of another, king of a third, and count of a
+fourth. England was his kingdom, Normandy was his great dukedom, and
+he held, besides, various other realms. He was a generous father, and
+he began early by conveying some of these provinces to his sons. But
+they were not contented with the portions that he voluntarily assigned
+them. They called for more. Sometimes the father yielded to these
+unreasonable demands, but yielding only made the young men more
+grasping than before, and at length the father would resist. Then came
+rebellions, and leagues formed by the sons against the father, and the
+musterings of armies, and battles, and sieges. The mother generally
+took part with the sons in these unnatural contests, and in the course
+of them the most revolting spectacles were presented to the eyes of
+the world--of towns belonging to a father sacked and burned by the
+sons, or castles beleaguered, and the garrisons reduced to famine, in
+which a husband was defending himself against the forces of his wife,
+or a sister against those of a brother. Richard himself, who seems to
+have been the most desperate and reckless of the family, began to take
+an active part in these rebellions against his father when he was only
+seventeen years old.
+
+These wars continued, with various temporary interruptions, for many
+years, and whenever at any time a brief peace was made between the
+sons and the father, then the young men would usually fall to
+quarreling among themselves. Indeed, Henry, the oldest of them, said
+that the only possible bond of peace between the brothers seemed to
+be a common war against their father.
+
+Nor did the king live on much better terms with his wife than he did
+with his children. At the time of Eleanora's marriage with Henry, her
+prospects were bright indeed. The people of England, notwithstanding
+the evil reports that were spread in respect to her character,
+received her as their queen with much enthusiasm, and on the occasion
+of her coronation they made a great deal of parade to celebrate the
+event. Her appearance at that time attracted unusual attention. This
+was partly on account of her personal attractions and partly on
+account of her dress. The style of her dress was quite Oriental. She
+had brought home with her from Antioch a great many Eastern fashions,
+and many elegant articles of dress, such as mantles of silk and
+brocade, scarfs, jeweled girdles and bands, and beautiful veils, such
+as are worn at the East. These dresses were made at Constantinople,
+and when displayed by the queen in London they received a great deal
+of admiration.
+
+We can see precisely how the queen looked in these dresses by means of
+illuminated portraits of her contained in the books written at that
+time. It was the custom in those days in writing books--the work of
+which was all executed by hand--to embellish them with what were
+called illuminations. These were small paintings inserted here and
+there upon the page, representing the distinguished personages named
+in the writing. These portraits were painted in very brilliant colors,
+and there are several still remaining that show precisely how Eleanora
+appeared in one of her Oriental dresses. She wears a close head-dress,
+with a circlet of gems over it. There is a gown made with tight
+sleeves, and fastened with full gathers just below the throat, where
+it is confined by a rich collar of gems. Over this is an elegant outer
+robe bordered with fur. The sleeves of the outer robe are very full
+and loose, and are lined with ermine. They open so as to show the
+close sleeves beneath. Over all is a long and beautiful gauze veil.
+
+The dress of the king was very rich and gorgeous too; and so, indeed,
+was that of all the ecclesiastics and other dignitaries that took part
+in the celebration. All London was filled with festivity and rejoicing
+on the occasion, and the queen's heart overflowed with pride and joy.
+
+After the coronation, the king conducted Eleanora to a beautiful
+country residence called Bermondsey, which was at a short distance
+from London, toward the south. Here there was a palace, and gardens,
+and beautiful grounds. The palace was on an elevation which commanded
+a fine view of the capital. Here the queen lived in royal state. She
+had, however, other palaces besides, and she often went to and fro
+among her different residences. She contrived a great many
+entertainments to amuse her court, such as comedies, games, revels,
+and celebrations of all sorts. The king joined with her in these
+schemes of pleasure. One of the historians of the time gives a curious
+account of the appearance of the king and the court in their
+excursions. "When the king sets out of a morning, you see multitudes
+of people running up and down as if they were distracted--horses
+rushing against horses, carriages overturning carriages, players,
+gamesters, cooks, confectioners, morrice-dancers, barbers, courtezans,
+and parasites--making so much noise, and, in a word, such an
+intolerable tumultuous jumble of horse and foot, that you can imagine
+the great abyss hath opened and poured forth all its inhabitants."
+
+It was about three years after Eleanora was crowned Queen of England
+that Richard was born. At the time of his birth, the queen was
+residing at a palace in Oxford. The palace has gone pretty much to
+ruin. The building is now used in part as a work-house. The room where
+Richard was born is roofless and uninhabitable. Nothing even of the
+interior of it remains except some traces of the fire-place. The room,
+however, though thus completely gone to ruin, is a place of
+considerable interest to the English people, who visit it in great
+numbers in order that they may see the place where the great hero was
+born; for, desperate and reckless as Richard's character was, the
+people of England are quite proud of him on account of his undaunted
+bravery.
+
+It is very curious that the first important event of Richard's
+childhood was his marriage. He was married when he was about four
+years old--that is, he was regularly and formally affianced, and a
+ceremony which might be called the marriage ceremony was duly
+performed. His bride was a young child of Louis, King of France. The
+child was about three years old. Her name was Alice. This marriage was
+the result of a sort of bargain between Henry, Richard's father, and
+Louis, the French king. They had had a fierce dispute about the
+portion of another of Louis's children that had been married in the
+same way to one of Richard's brothers named Henry. The English king
+complained that the dowry was not sufficient, and the French king,
+after a long discussion, agreed to make it up by giving another
+province with his daughter Alice to Richard. The reason that induced
+the King of England to effect these marriages was, that the provinces
+that were bestowed with their infant wives as their dowries came into
+his hands as the guardian of their husbands while they were minors,
+and thus extended, as it were, his own dominions.
+
+By this time the realms of King Henry had become very extensive. He
+inherited Normandy, you will recollect, from his ancestors, and he was
+in possession of that country before he became King of England. When
+he was married to Eleanora, he acquired through her a large addition
+to his territory by becoming, jointly with her, the sovereign of her
+realms in the south of France. Then, when he became King of England,
+his power was still more extended, and, finally, by the marriages of
+his sons, the young princes, he received other provinces besides,
+though, of course, he held these last only as the guardian of his
+children. Now, in governing these various realms, the king was
+accustomed to leave his wife and his sons in different portions of
+them, to rule them in his absence, though still under his command.
+They each maintained a sort of court in the city where their father
+left them, but they were expected to govern the several portions of
+the country in strict subjection to their father's general control.
+The boys, however, as they grew older, became more and more
+independent in feeling; and the queen, being a great deal older than
+her husband, and having been, before her marriage, a sovereign in her
+own right, was disposed to be very little submissive to his authority.
+It was under these circumstances that the family quarrels arose that
+led to the wars spoken of at the beginning of the chapter. Richard
+himself, as was there stated, began to raise rebellions against his
+father when he was about seventeen years old.
+
+Whenever, in the course of these wars, the young men found themselves
+worsted in their contests with their father's troops, their resource
+was to fly to Paris, in order to get King Louis to aid them. This
+Louis was always willing to do, for he took great pleasure in the
+dissensions which were thus continually breaking out in Henry's
+family.
+
+Besides these wars, Queen Eleanora had one great and bitter source of
+trouble in a guilty attachment which her husband cherished for a
+beautiful lady more nearly of his own age than his wife was. Her name
+was Rosamond. She is known in history as Fair Rosamond. A full account
+of her will be given in the next chapter. All that is necessary to
+state here is that Queen Eleanora was made very wretched by her
+husband's love for Rosamond, though she had scarcely any right to
+complain, for she had, as it would seem, done all in her power to
+alienate the affections of her husband from herself by the levity of
+her conduct, and by her bold and independent behavior in all respects.
+At last, at one time while she was at Bordeaux, the capital of her
+realm of Aquitaine, she heard rumors that the king was intending to
+obtain a divorce from her, in order that he might openly marry
+Rosamond, and she determined to go back to her former husband, Louis
+of France. The country, however, was full of castles, which were
+garrisoned by Henry's troops, and she was afraid that they would
+prevent her going if they knew of her intention; so she contrived a
+plan of disguising herself in man's clothes, and undertook to make
+her escape in that way. She succeeded in getting away from Bordeaux,
+but her flight was soon discovered, and the officers of the garrison
+immediately sent off a party to pursue her. The pursuers overtook her
+before she had gone far, and brought her back. They treated her quite
+roughly, and kept her a prisoner in Bordeaux until her husband came.
+When Henry arrived he was quite angry with the queen for having thus
+undertaken to go back to her former husband, whom he considered as his
+greatest rival and enemy, and he determined that she should have no
+opportunity to make another such attempt; so he kept a very strict
+watch over her, and subjected her to so much restraint that she
+considered herself a prisoner.
+
+The king had a quarrel also at this time with one of his
+daughters-in-law, and he made her a prisoner too. Soon after this he
+went back to England, taking these two captives in his train. In a
+short time he sent the queen to a certain palace which he had in
+Winchester, and there he kept her confined for sixteen years. It was
+during this period of their mother's captivity that the wars between
+the father and his sons was waged most fiercely.
+
+At length, in the year eleven hundred and eighty-two, in the midst of
+one of the most violent wars that had raged between the king and his
+sons, a message came to the king that his son Henry was very
+dangerously sick, and that he wished his father to come and see him.
+The king was greatly at a loss what to do on receiving this
+communication. His counselors advised him not to go. It was only a
+stratagem, they said, on the part of the young prince, to get his
+father into his camp, and so take him prisoner. So the king concluded
+not to go. He had, however, some misgivings that his son might be
+really sick, and accordingly dispatched an archbishop to him with a
+ring, which he said he sent to him as a token of his forgiveness and
+of his paternal affection. Very soon, however, a second messenger came
+to the king to say that Prince Henry had died. These sad tidings
+overwhelmed the heart of the king with the most poignant grief. He at
+once forgot all the undutiful and disobedient conduct of his son, and
+remembered him only as his dearly-beloved child. He became almost
+broken-hearted.
+
+The prince himself, on his death-bed, was borne down with remorse and
+anguish in thinking of the crimes that he had committed against his
+father. He longed to have his father come and see him before he died.
+The ring which the archbishop was sent to bring to him arrived just in
+time, and the prince pressed it to his lips, and blessed it with tears
+of frantic grief. As the hour of death approached his remorse became
+dreadful. All the attempts made by the priests around his bed to
+soothe and quiet him were unavailing, and at last his agony became so
+great that he compelled them to put a rope around him and drag him
+from his bed to a heap of ashes, placed for the purpose in his room,
+that he might die there. A heap of ashes, he said, was the only fit
+place for such a reprobate as he had been.
+
+So will it be with all undutiful children; when on their death-beds,
+they reflect on their disobedient and rebellious conduct toward the
+father and the mother to whom they owe their being.
+
+It is remarkable how great an effect a death in a family produces in
+reconciling those who before had been at enmity with each other. There
+are many husbands and wives who greatly disagree with each other in
+times of health and prosperity, but who are reconciled and made to
+love each other by adversity and sorrow. Such was the effect produced
+upon the minds of Henry and Eleanora by the death of their son and
+heir. They were both overwhelmed with grief, for the affection which a
+parent bears to a child is never wholly extinguished, however
+undutiful and rebellious a child may be; and the grief which the two
+parents now felt in common brought them to a reconciliation. The king
+seemed disposed to forgive the queen for the offenses, whether real or
+imaginary, which she had committed against him. "Now that our dear son
+is dead and gone," said he, "let us no longer quarrel with each
+other." So he liberated the queen from the restraint which he had
+imposed upon her, and restored her once more to her rank as an English
+queen.
+
+This state of things continued for about a year, and then the old
+spirit of animosity and contention burned up once more as fiercely as
+ever. The king shut up Eleanora again, and a violent quarrel broke out
+between the king and his son Richard.
+
+The cause of this quarrel was connected with the Princess Alice, to
+whom it will be recollected Richard had been betrothed in his infancy.
+Richard claimed that now, since he was of age, his wife ought to be
+given to him, but his father kept her away, and would not allow the
+marriage to be consummated. The king made various excuses and pretexts
+for the delay. Some thought that the real reason was that he wished to
+continue his guardianship and his possession of the dower as long as
+possible, but Richard thought that his father was in love with Alice
+himself, and that he did not intend that he, Richard, should have her
+at all. This difficulty led to new quarrels, in which the king and
+Richard became more exasperated with each other than ever. This state
+of things continued until Richard was thirty-four years old and his
+bride was thirty. Richard was so far bound to her that he could not
+marry any other lady, and his father obstinately persisted in
+preventing his completing the marriage with her.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF KING HENRY II.]
+
+In the mean time Prince Geoffrey, another of the king's sons, came to
+a miserable end. He was killed in a tournament. He was riding
+furiously in the tournament in the midst of a great number of other
+horsemen, when he was unfortunately thrown from his steed, and trodden
+to death on the ground by the hoofs of the other horses that galloped
+over him. The only two sons that were now left were Richard and John.
+Of these, Richard was now the oldest, and he was, of course, his
+father's heir. King Henry, however, formed a plan for dividing his
+dominions between his two sons, instead of allowing Richard to inherit
+the whole. John was his youngest son, and, as such, the king loved him
+tenderly. So he conceived the idea of leaving to Richard all his
+possessions in France, which constituted the most important part of
+his dominions, and of bestowing the kingdom of England upon John; and,
+in order to make sure of the carrying of this arrangement into effect,
+he proposed crowning John king of England forthwith.
+
+Richard, however, determined to resist this plan. The former king of
+France, Louis the Seventh, was now dead, and his son, Philip the
+Second, the brother of Alice, reigned in his stead. Richard
+immediately set off for Paris, and laid his case before the young
+French king. "I am engaged," said he, "to your sister Alice, and my
+father will not give her to me. Help me to maintain my rights and
+hers."
+
+Philip, like his father, was always ready to do any thing in his power
+to foment dissensions in the family of Henry. So he readily took
+Richard's part in this new quarrel, and he, somehow or other,
+contrived means to induce John to come and join in the rebellion. King
+Henry was overwhelmed with grief when he learned that John, his
+youngest, and now his dearest child, and the last that remained, had
+abandoned him. His grief was mingled with resentment and rage. He
+invoked the bitterest curses on his children's heads, and he caused a
+device to be painted for John and sent to him, representing a young
+eaglet picking out the parent eagle's eyes. This was to typify to him
+his own undutiful and unnatural behavior.
+
+Thus the domestic life which Richard led while he was a young man was
+imbittered by the continual quarrels between the father, the mother,
+and the children. The greatest source of sorrow to his mother,
+however, was the connection which subsisted between the king and the
+Lady Rosamond. The nature and the results of this connection will be
+explained in the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+FAIR ROSAMOND.
+
+1184
+
+The mystery surrounding Fair Rosamond's history.--The valley
+of the Wye.--The clandestine marriage.--The palace of
+Woodstock.--Rosamond's concealed cottage.--The construction
+of a labyrinth.--Deceptive paths.--How Rosamond's concealment
+was discovered by the queen.--The subterranean
+passage.--Uncertainties of the story.--Rosamond retires to the
+convent of Godestow.--The world's sympathy with Rosamond rather
+than with Eleanora.--The question of the validity of the
+marriage.--Burial of Rosamond.--The bishop orders the remains to
+be removed.--The nuns bring back the remains to the chapel
+again.--Rosamond's chamber.--Restoration of the house.
+
+
+During his lifetime King Henry did every thing in his power, of
+course, to keep the circumstances of his connection with Rosamond a
+profound secret, and to mislead people as much as possible in regard
+to her. After his death, too, it was for the interest of his family
+that as little as possible should be known respecting her. Thus it
+happened that, in the absence of all authentic information, a great
+many strange rumors and legends were put in circulation, and at
+length, when the history of those times came to be written, it was
+impossible to separate the false from the true.
+
+The truth, however, so far as it can now be ascertained, seems to be
+something like this: Rosamond was the daughter of an English nobleman
+named Clifford. Lord Clifford lived in a fine old castle situated in
+the valley of the Wye, in a most romantic and beautiful situation. The
+River Wye is in the western part of England. It flows out from among
+the mountains of Wales through a wild and romantic gorge, which,
+after passing the English frontier, expands into a broad, and fertile,
+and most beautiful valley. The castle of Lord Clifford was built at
+the opening of the gorge, and it commanded an enchanting view of the
+valley below.
+
+It was here that Rosamond spent her childhood, and here probably that
+Henry first met her while he was yet a young man. She was extremely
+beautiful, and Henry fell very deeply in love with her. This was while
+they were both very young, and some time before Henry thought of
+Eleanora for his wife. There is some reason to believe that Henry was
+really married to Rosamond, though, if so, the marriage was a private
+one, and the existence of it was kept a profound secret from all the
+world. The real and public marriages of kings and princes are almost
+always determined by reasons of state; and when Henry at last went to
+Paris, and saw Eleanora there, and found, moreover, that she was
+willing to marry him, and to bring him as her dowry all her
+possessions in France, which would so greatly extend his dominions, he
+determined to accede to her desires, and to keep his connection with
+Rosamond, whatever the nature of it might have been, a profound
+secret forever.
+
+So he married Eleanora and brought her to England, and lived with her,
+as has already been described, in the various palaces which belonged
+to him, sometimes in one and sometimes in another.
+
+Among these palaces, one of the most beautiful was that of Woodstock.
+The engraving on the opposite page represents the buildings of the
+palace as they appeared some hundreds of years later than the time
+when Rosamond lived.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF WOODSTOCK.]
+
+In the days of Henry and Rosamond the palace of Woodstock was
+surrounded with very extensive and beautiful gardens and grounds.
+Somewhere upon these grounds the story was that Henry kept Rosamond in
+a concealed cottage. The entrance to the cottage was hidden in the
+depths of an almost impenetrable thicket, and could only be approached
+through a tortuous and intricate path, which led this way and that by
+an infinite number of turns, forming a sort of maze, made purposely to
+bewilder those attempting to pass in and out. Such a place was often
+made in those days in palace-grounds as a sort of ornament, or,
+rather, as an amusing contrivance to interest the guests coming to
+visit the proprietor. It was called a labyrinth. A great many plans of
+labyrinths are found delineated in ancient books. The paths were not
+only so arranged as to twist and turn in every imaginable direction,
+but at every turn there were several branches made so precisely alike
+that there was nothing to distinguish one from the other. Of course,
+one of these roads was the right one, and led to the centre of the
+labyrinth, where there was a house, or a pretty seat with a view, or a
+garden, or a shady bower, or some other object of attraction, to
+reward those who should succeed in getting in. The other paths led
+nowhere, or, rather, they led on through various devious windings in
+all respects similar to those of the true path, until at length they
+came to a sudden stop, and the explorer was obliged to return.
+
+The paths were separated from each other by dense hedges of thorn, or
+by high walls, so that it was impossible to pass from one to another
+except by walking regularly along.
+
+It was in a house, entered through such a labyrinth as this, that
+Rosamond is said to have lived, on the grounds of the palace of
+Woodstock, while Queen Eleanora, as the avowed wife and queen of King
+Henry, occupied the palace itself. Of course, the fact that such a
+lady was hidden on the grounds was kept a profound secret from the
+queen. If this story is true, there were probably other labyrinths on
+the grounds, and this one was so surrounded with trees and hedges,
+which connected it by insensible gradations with the groves and
+thickets of the park, that there was nothing to attract attention to
+it particularly, and thus a lady might have remained concealed in it
+for some time without awakening suspicion.
+
+At any rate, Rosamond did remain, it is supposed for a year or two,
+concealed thus, until at length the queen discovered the secret. The
+story is that the king found his way in and out the labyrinth by means
+of a clew of floss silk, and that the queen one day, when riding with
+the king in the park, observed this clew, a part of which had, in some
+way or other, become attached to his spur. She said nothing, but,
+watching a private opportunity, she followed the clew. It led by a
+very intricate path into the heart of the labyrinth. There the queen
+found a curiously-contrived door. The door was almost wholly concealed
+from view, but the queen discovered it and opened it. She found that
+it led into a subterranean passage. The interest and curiosity of the
+queen were now excited more than ever, and she determined that the
+mystery should be solved. So she followed the passage, and was finally
+led by it to a place beyond the wall of the grounds, where there was a
+house in a very secluded spot surrounded by thickets. Here the queen
+found Rosamond sitting in a bower, and engaged in embroidering.
+
+She was now in a great rage both against Rosamond and against her
+husband. It was generally said that she poisoned Rosamond. The story
+was, that she took a cup of poison with her, and a dagger, and,
+presenting them both to Rosamond, compelled her to choose between
+them, and that Rosamond chose the poison, and, drinking it, died. This
+story, however, was not true, for it is now known that Rosamond lived
+many years after this time, though she was separated from the king. It
+is thought that her connection with the king continued for about two
+years after his marriage with Eleanora. She then left him. It may be
+that she did not know before that time that the king was married. She
+may have supposed that she was herself his lawful wife, as, indeed, it
+is possible that she may actually have been so. At any rate, soon
+after she and Eleanora became acquainted with each other's existence,
+Rosamond retired to a convent, and lived there in complete seclusion
+all the rest of her days.
+
+The name of this convent was Godestow. It was situated near Oxford.
+Rosamond became a great favorite with the nuns while she remained at
+the convent, which was nearly twenty years. During this time the king
+made many donations to the convent for Rosamond's sake, and the
+jealousy of the queen against her beautiful rival, of course,
+continued unabated. It was, indeed, this difficulty in respect to
+Rosamond that was one of the chief causes of the domestic trouble
+which always existed between Henry and the queen. The world at large
+have always been most disposed to sympathize with Rosamond in this
+quarrel. She was nearly of the king's own age, and his attachment to
+her arose, doubtless, from sincere affection; whereas the queen was
+greatly his senior, and had inveigled him, as it were, into a marriage
+with her, through motives of the most calculating and mercenary
+character.
+
+Then, moreover, Rosamond either was, or was supposed to be, a lady of
+great gentleness and loveliness of spirit. She was very kind to the
+poor, and while in the convent she was very assiduously devoted to her
+religious duties. Eleanora, on the other hand, was a very unprincipled
+and heartless woman, and she had been so loose and free in her own
+manner of living too, as every body said and believed, that it was
+with a very ill grace that she could find any fault with her husband.
+
+Thus, under the circumstances of the case, the world has always been
+most inclined to sympathize with Rosamond rather than with the queen.
+The question which we ought to sympathize with depends upon which was
+really the wife of Henry. He may have been truly married to Rosamond,
+or at least some ceremony may have been performed which she honestly
+considered as a marriage. If so, she was innocent, and Henry was
+guilty for having virtually repudiated this marriage in order to
+connect himself with Eleanora for the sake of her kingdom. On the
+other hand, if she were not married to Henry, but used her arts to
+entice him away from his true wife, then she was deeply in fault. It
+is very difficult now to ascertain which of these suppositions is the
+correct one. In either case, Henry himself was guilty, toward the one
+or the other, of treacherously violating his marriage vows--the most
+solemn vows, in some respects, that a man can ever assume.
+
+Rosamond had two children, named William and Geoffrey, and at one time
+in the course of his life Henry seemed to acknowledge that they were
+his only two children, thus admitting the validity of his marriage
+with Rosamond. This admission was contained in an expression which he
+used in addressing William on a field of battle when he came toward
+him at the head of his troop. "William," said he, "you are my true and
+legitimate son. The rest are nobodies." He may, it is true, have only
+intended to speak figuratively in saying this, meaning that William
+was the only one worthy to be considered as his son, or it may be that
+it was an inadvertent and hasty acknowledgment that Rosamond, and not
+Eleanora, was his true wife. As time rolled on, however, and the
+political arrangements arising out of the marriage with Eleanora and
+appointment of her sons to high positions in the state became more and
+more extended, the difficulties which the invalidation of the marriage
+with Eleanora would produce became very great, and immense interests
+were involved in sustaining it. Rosamond's rights, therefore, if she
+had any, were wholly overborne, and she was allowed to linger and die
+in her nunnery as a private person.
+
+When at length she died, the nuns, who had become greatly attached to
+her, caused her to be interred in an honorable manner in the chapel,
+but afterward the bishop of the diocese ordered the remains to be
+removed. He considered Rosamond as having never been married to the
+king, and he said that she was not a proper person to be the subject
+of monumental honors in the chapel of a society of nuns; so he sent
+the remains away, and ordered them to be interred in the common
+burying-ground. If Rosamond was what he supposed her to be, and if he
+removed the remains in a proper and respectful manner, he was right in
+doing what he did. His motive may have been, however, merely a desire
+to please the authorities of his time, who represented, of course, the
+heirs of Eleanora, by sealing the stamp of condemnation on the
+character and position of her rival.
+
+But, though the authorities may have been pleased with the bishop's
+procedure, the nuns were not at all satisfied with it. They not only
+felt a strong personal affection for Rosamond, but, as a sisterhood,
+they felt grateful to her memory on account of the many benefactions
+which the convent had received from Henry on account of her residence
+there. So they seized the first opportunity to take up the remains
+again, which consisted now of dry bones alone, and, after perfuming
+them and inclosing them again in a new coffin, they deposited them
+once more under the pavement of the chapel, and laid a slab, with a
+suitable inscription, over the spot to mark the place of the grave.
+
+[Illustration: FINAL BURIAL OF ROSAMOND.]
+
+The house where Rosamond was concealed at Woodstock was regarded
+afterward with great interest, and there was a chamber in it that was
+for a long time known as Rosamond's Chamber. There remains a letter of
+one of the kings of England, written about a hundred years after this
+time, in which the king gives directions to have this house repaired,
+and particularly to have the chamber restored to a perfect condition.
+His orders are, that "the house beyond the gate in the new wall be
+built again, and that same chamber, called Rosamond's Chamber, be
+restored as before, and crystal plates"--that is, glass for the
+windows--"and marble, and lead be provided for it."
+
+From that day to this the story of Rosamond has been regarded as one
+of the most interesting incidents of English history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ACCESSION OF RICHARD TO THE THRONE.
+
+1189
+
+The reverses of King Henry.--Negotiating a peace.--The
+thunder-storm.--Henry's horsemanship.--The hard conditions of
+peace imposed by Philip and Richard.--The sick king.--His
+distress at the conduct of John.--The palace at Chinon.--The
+imprecations of the dying king.--The heartless conduct of the
+courtiers of the dead king.--Richard following the funeral train
+to the Abbey Fontevraud.--Richard immediately secures the
+succession to the throne.--Sorrow often results in
+happiness.--Eleanora queen regent.--Her change of
+character.--Richard's return to England.--Richard's proposed
+crusade.--John's dissimulation.--A delusion.--The treasures of
+the crown.--Circumstances alter cases.--Accomplices ill
+rewarded.
+
+
+Richard was called to the throne when he was about thirty-two years of
+age by the sudden and unexpected death of his father. The death of his
+father took place under the most mournful circumstances imaginable. In
+the war which Richard and Philip, king of France, had waged against
+him, he had been unsuccessful. He had been defeated in the battles and
+outgeneraled in the manoeuvres, and his barons, one after another,
+had abandoned him and taken part with the rebels. King Henry was an
+extremely passionate man, and the success of his enemies against him
+filled him with rage. This rage was rendered all the more violent by
+the thought that it was through the unnatural ingratitude of his own
+son, Richard, that all these calamities came upon him. In the anguish
+of his despair, he cursed the day of his birth, and uttered dreadful
+maledictions against his children.
+
+At length he was reduced to such an extremity that he was obliged to
+submit to negotiations for peace, on just such terms as his enemies
+thought fit to impose. They made very hard conditions. The first
+attempt at negotiating the peace was made in an open field, where
+Philip and Henry met for the purpose, on horseback, attended by their
+retainers. Richard had the grace to keep away from this meeting, so as
+not to be an actual witness of the humiliation of his father, and so
+Philip and Henry were to conduct the conference by themselves.
+
+The meeting was interrupted by a thunder-storm. At first the two kings
+did not intend to pay any heed to the storm, but to go on with their
+discussions without regarding it. Henry was a very great horseman, and
+spent almost his whole life in riding. One of his historians says that
+he never sat down except upon a saddle, unless it was when he was
+taking his meals. At any rate, he was almost always on horseback. He
+hunted on horseback, he fought on horseback, he traveled on horseback,
+and now he was holding a conference with his enemies on horseback, in
+the midst of a storm of lightning and rain. But his health had now
+become impaired, and his nerves, though they had always seemed to be
+of iron, were beginning to give way under the dreadful shocks to which
+they had been exposed, so that he was now far less able to endure such
+exposures than he had been. At length a clap of thunder broke rattling
+immediately over his head, and the bolt seemed to descend directly
+between him and Philip as they sat upon their horses in the field.
+Henry reeled in the saddle, and would have fallen if his attendants
+had not seized and held him. They found that he was too weak and ill
+to remain any longer on the spot, and so they bore him away to his
+quarters, and then Philip and Richard sent him in writing the
+conditions which they were going to exact from him. The conditions
+were very humiliating indeed. They stripped him of a great portion of
+his possessions, and required him to hold others in subordination to
+Philip and to Richard. Finally, the last of the conditions was, that
+he was to give Richard the kiss of peace, and to banish from his heart
+all sentiments of animosity and anger against him.
+
+Among other articles of the treaty was one binding him to pardon all
+the barons and other chief men who had gone over to Richard's side in
+the rebellion. As they read the articles over to the king, while he
+was lying sick upon his bed, he asked, when they came to this one, to
+see the list of the names, that he might know who they were that had
+thus forsaken him. The name at the head of the list was that of his
+son John--his darling son John, to defend whose rights against the
+aggressions of Richard had been one of his chief motives in carrying
+on the war. The wretched father, on seeing this name, started up from
+his bed and gazed wildly around.
+
+"Is it possible," he cried out, "that John, the child of my heart--he
+whom I have cherished more than all the rest, and for love of whom I
+have drawn down on mine own head all these troubles, has verily
+betrayed me?" They told him that it was even so.
+
+"Then," said he, falling back helplessly on his bed, "then let every
+thing go as it will; I care no longer for myself or for any thing else
+in this world."
+
+All this took place in Normandy, for it was Normandy that had been the
+chief scene of the war between the king and his son. At some little
+distance from the place where the king was now lying sick there was a
+beautiful rural palace, at a place called Chinon, which was situated
+very pleasantly on the banks of a small branch of the Loire. This
+palace was one of the principal summer resorts of the dukes of
+Normandy, and the king caused himself now to be carried there, in
+order to seek repose. But instead of being cheered by the beautiful
+scenes that were around him at Chinon, or reinvigorated by the
+comforts and the attentions which he could there enjoy, he gradually
+sank into hopeless melancholy, and in a few days he began to feel that
+he was about to die. As he grew worse his mind became more and more
+excited, and his attendants from time to time heard him moaning, in
+his anguish, "Oh, shame! shame! I am a conquered king--a conquered
+king! Cursed be the day on which I was born, and cursed be the
+children that I leave behind me!"
+
+The priests at his bedside endeavored to remonstrate with him against
+these imprecations. They told him that it was a dreadful thing for a
+father to curse his own children, and they urged him to retract what
+he had said. But he declared that he would not. He persisted in
+cursing all his children except Geoffrey Clifford, the son of
+Rosamond, who was then at his bedside, and who had never forsaken him.
+The king grew continually more and more excited and disordered in
+mind, until at length he sank into a raving delirium, and in that
+state he died.
+
+A dead king is a very helpless and insignificant object, whatever may
+have been the terror which he inspired while he was alive. As long as
+Henry continued to breathe, the attendants around him paid him great
+deference, and observed every possible form of obsequious respect, for
+they did not know but that he might recover, to live and reign, and
+lord it over them and their fortunes for fifteen or twenty years to
+come; but as soon as the breath was out of his body, all was over.
+Richard, his son, was now king, and from Henry nothing whatever was
+any longer to be hoped or feared. So the mercenary and heartless
+courtiers--the ministers, priests, bishops and barons--began at once
+to strip the body of all the valuables which the king had worn, and
+also to seize and appropriate every thing in the apartments of the
+palace which they could take away. These things were their
+perquisites, they said; it being customary, as they alleged, that the
+personal effects of a deceased king should be divided among those who
+were his attendants when he died. Having secured this plunder, these
+people disappeared, and it was with the utmost difficulty that
+assistance enough could be procured to wrap the body in a
+winding-sheet, and to bring a hearse and horses to bear it away to the
+abbey where it was to be interred. Examples like this--of which the
+history of every monarchy is full--throw a great deal of light upon
+what is called the principle of loyalty in the hearts of those who
+attend upon kings.
+
+While the procession was on the way to the abbey where the body was to
+be buried, it was met by Richard, who, having heard of his father's
+death, came to join in the funeral solemnities. Richard followed the
+train until they arrived at the abbey. It was the Abbey Fontevraud,
+the ancient burial-place of the Norman princes. Arrived at the abbey,
+the body was laid out upon the bier, and the face was uncovered, in
+order that Richard might once more look upon his father's features;
+but the countenance was so distorted with the scowling expression of
+rage and resentment which it had worn during the sufferer's last
+hours, that Richard turned away in horror from the dreadful spectacle.
+
+But Richard soon drove away from his mind the painful thoughts which
+the sight of his father's face must have awakened, and turned his
+attention at once to the business which now pressed upon him. He, of
+course, was heir both to the crown of England and also to all his
+father's possessions in Normandy, and he felt that he must act
+promptly, in order to secure his rights. It is true that there was
+nobody to dispute his claim, unless it was his brother John, for the
+two sons of Rosamond, Geoffrey and William Clifford, did not pretend
+to any rights of inheritance. Richard had some fears of John, and he
+thought it necessary to take decisive measures to guard against any
+plots that John might be disposed to form. He sent at once to England,
+and ordered that his mother should be released from her imprisonment,
+and invested her with power to act as regent there until he should
+come. In the mean time, he himself remained in Normandy, and devoted
+himself to arranging and regulating the affairs of his French
+possessions. This was the wisest course for him to pursue, for there
+was no one in England to dispute his claims to that kingdom. On the
+Continent the case was different. His neighbor, Philip, King of
+France, was ready to take advantage of any opportunity to get
+possession of such provinces on the Continent as might be within his
+reach.
+
+It was certainly a good deed in Richard to liberate his mother from
+her captivity, and to exalt her as he did to a position of
+responsibility and honor. Eleanora fulfilled the trust which he
+reposed in her in a very faithful and successful manner. The long
+period of confinement and suffering which she had endured seems to
+have exerted a very favorable influence upon her mind. Indeed, it is
+very often the case that sorrow and trouble have this effect. A life
+of prosperity and pleasure makes us heartless, selfish, and unfeeling,
+while sorrow softens the heart, and disposes us to compassionate the
+woes of others, and to do what we can to relieve them.
+
+Eleanora was queen regent in England for two months, and during that
+time she employed her power in a very beneficent manner. She released
+many unhappy prisoners, and pardoned many persons who had been
+convicted of political crimes. The truth is that probably, as she
+found herself drawing toward the close of life, and looked back upon
+her past career, and remembered her many crimes, her unfaithfulness to
+both her husbands, and especially her unnatural conduct in instigating
+her sons to rebel against their father, her heart was filled with
+remorse, and she found some relief from her anguish in these tardy
+efforts to relieve suffering which might, in some small degree, repair
+the evils that she had brought upon the land by the insurrections and
+wars of which she had been the cause. She bitterly repented of the
+hostility that she had shown toward her husband, and of the countless
+wrongs that she had inflicted upon him. While he was alive, and she
+was engaged in her contests with him, the excitement that she was
+under blinded her mind; but now that he was dead, her passion
+subsided, and she mourned for him with bitter grief. She distributed
+alms in a very abundant manner to the poor to induce them to pray for
+the repose of his soul. While doing these things she did not neglect
+the affairs of state. She made all the necessary arrangements for the
+immediate administration of the government, and she sent word to all
+the barons, and also to the bishops, and other great public
+functionaries, informing them that Richard was coming to assume the
+government of the realm, and summoning them to assemble and make ready
+to receive him. In about two months Richard came.
+
+Before Richard arrived in England, however, he had formed the plan,
+in connection with Philip, the King of France, of going on a crusade.
+Richard was a wild and desperate man, and he loved fighting for its
+own sake; and inasmuch as now, since his father was dead, and his
+claim to the crown of England, and to all his possessions in Normandy,
+was undisputed, there seemed to be nobody for him to fight at home, he
+conceived the design of organizing a grand expedition to go to the
+Holy Land and fight the Saracens.
+
+John was very much pleased with this idea. "If Richard goes to
+Palestine," said he to himself, "ten to one he will get killed, and
+then I shall be King of England."
+
+So John was ready to do every thing in his power to favor the plan of
+the crusade. He pretended to be very submissive and obedient to his
+brother, and to acknowledge his sovereign power as king. He aided the
+king as much as he could in making his arrangements and in concocting
+all his plans.
+
+The first thing was to provide funds. A great deal of money was
+required for these expeditions. Ships were to be bought and equipped
+for the purpose of transporting the troops to the East. Arms and
+ammunition were to be provided, and large supplies of food. Then the
+princes, and barons, and knights who were to accompany the expedition
+required very expensive armor, and costly trappings and equipments of
+all sorts; for, though the pretense was that they were going out to
+fight for the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre under the influence of
+religious zeal, the real motive which animated them was love of glory
+and display. Thus it happened that the expense which a sovereign
+incurred in fitting out a crusade was enormous.
+
+Accordingly, King Richard, immediately on his arrival in England,
+proceeded at once to Winchester, where his father, King Henry, had
+kept his treasures. Richard found a large sum of money there in gold
+and silver coin, and besides this there were stores of plate, of
+jewelry, and of precious gems of great value. Richard caused all the
+money to be counted in his presence, and an exact inventory to be made
+of all the treasures. He then placed the whole under the charge of
+trusty officers of his own, whom he appointed to take care of them.
+
+The next thing that Richard did was to discard and dismiss all his own
+former friends and adherents--the men who had taken part with him in
+his rebellions against his father. "Men that would join me in
+rebelling against my father," thought he to himself, "would join any
+body else, if they thought they could gain by it, in rebelling against
+me." So he concluded that they were not to be trusted. Indeed now, in
+the altered circumstances in which he was placed, he could see the
+guilt of rebellion and treason, though he had been blind to it before,
+and he actually persecuted and punished some of those who had been his
+confederates in his former crimes. A great many cases analogous to
+this have occurred in English history. Sons have often made themselves
+the centre and soul of all the opposition in the realm against their
+father's government, and have given their fathers a great deal of
+trouble by so doing; but then, in all such cases, the moment that the
+father dies the son immediately places himself at the head of the
+regularly-constituted authorities of the realm, and abandons all his
+old companions and friends, treating them sometimes with great
+severity. His eyes are opened to the wickedness of making opposition
+to the sovereign power now that the sovereign power is vested in
+himself, and he disgraces and punishes his own former friends for the
+crime of having aided him in his undutiful behavior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CORONATION.
+
+1189
+
+The massacre of the Jews.--Their social position.--The history
+of the commercial character of the Jews.--The persecution
+of the Jews in France.--Conciliating the king.--A description
+of the ceremony of coronation.--The ampulla.--The
+coronation.--Presents.--Hostility and jealousy of the people.--An
+altercation.--Hunting out the Jews.--The terrors of the
+massacre.--Indifference of the king.--The mob unchecked.--The
+impunity of the rioters.--King Richard's edict.
+
+
+It was now time that the coronation should take place, and
+arrangements were accordingly made for performing this ceremony with
+great magnificence in Westminster Abbey. The day of the ceremony
+acquired a dreadful celebrity in history in consequence of a great
+massacre of the Jews, which resulted from an insurrection and riot
+that broke out in Westminster and London immediately after the
+crowning of the king. The Jews had been hated and abhorred by all the
+Christian nations of Europe for many ages. Since they were not
+believers in Christianity, they were considered as little better than
+infidels and heathen, and the government that oppressed and persecuted
+them the most was considered as doing the greatest service to the
+cause of religion.
+
+One very curious result followed from the legal disabilities that the
+Jews were under. They could not own land, and they were restricted
+also very much in respect to nearly all the avocations open to other
+men. They consequently learned gradually to become dealers in money
+and in jewels, this being almost the only reputable calling that was
+left open to them. There was another great advantage, too, for them,
+in dealing in property of this kind, and that was, that comprising, as
+such property does, great value in small bulk, it could easily be
+concealed, and removed from place to place whenever it was specially
+endangered by the edicts of governments or the hostility of enemies.
+
+From these and similar reasons the Jews became bankers and
+money-lenders, and they are to this day the richest bankers and the
+greatest money-lenders in the world. The most powerful emperors and
+kings often depend upon them for the supplies that they require to
+carry on their great undertakings or to defray the expenses of their
+wars.
+
+The Jews had gradually increased in numbers and influence in France
+until the time of the accession of Philip, and then he determined to
+extirpate them from the realm; so he issued an edict by which they
+were all banished from the kingdom, their property was confiscated,
+and every person that owed them money was released from all
+obligation to pay them. Of course, a great many of their debtors would
+pay them, notwithstanding this release, from the influence of that
+natural sense of justice which, in all nations and in all ages, has a
+very great control in human hearts; still, there were others who
+would, of course, avail themselves of this opportunity to defraud
+their creditors of what was justly their due; and being obliged, too,
+at the same time, to fly precipitately from the country in consequence
+of the decree of banishment, the poor Jews were reduced to a state of
+extreme distress.
+
+Now the Jews of England, when Henry died and Richard succeeded him,
+began to be afraid that the new king would follow Philip's example,
+and in order to prevent this, and to conciliate Richard's favor, they
+determined to send a delegation to him at Westminster, at the time of
+his coronation, with rich presents which had been procured by
+contributions made by the wealthy. Accordingly, on the day of the
+coronation, when the great crowds of people assembled at Westminster
+to honor the occasion, these Jews came among them.
+
+The ceremony of the coronation was performed in the following manner:
+The king, in entering the church and proceeding up toward the high
+altar, walked upon a rich cloth laid down for him, which had been dyed
+with the famous Tyrian purple. Over his head was a beautifully-wrought
+canopy of silk, supported by four long lances. These lances were borne
+by four great barons of the realm. A great nobleman, the Earl of
+Albemarle, bore the crown, and walked with it before the king as he
+advanced toward the altar. When the earl reached the altar he placed
+the crown upon it. The Archbishop of Canterbury stood before the altar
+to receive the king as he approached, and then administered the usual
+oath to him.
+
+The oath was in three parts:
+
+     1. That all the days of his life he would bear peace, honor,
+     and reverence to God and the Holy Church, and to all the
+     ordinances thereof.
+
+     2. That he would exercise right, justice, and law on the
+     people unto him committed.
+
+     3. That he would abrogate wicked laws and perverse customs,
+     if any such should be brought into his kingdom, and that he
+     would enact good laws, and the same in good faith keep,
+     without mental reservation.
+
+Having taken this oath, the king removed his upper garment, and put
+golden sandals upon his feet, and then was anointed by the archbishop
+with the holy oil on his head, breast, and shoulders. This oil was
+poured from a rich vessel called an _ampulla_.[C]
+
+[Footnote C: The ampulla used now for anointing the English sovereigns
+is in the form of an eagle. It is made of the purest chased gold, and
+weighs about ten ounces. It is deposited in the Tower of London.]
+
+The anointing having been performed, the king received various
+articles of royal dress and decoration from the hands of the great
+nobles around him, who officiated as servitors on the occasion, and
+with their assistance put them on. When thus robed and adorned, he
+advanced up the steps of the altar. As he went up, the archbishop
+adjured him in the name of the living God not to assume the crown
+unless he was fully resolved to keep the oaths that he had sworn.
+Richard again solemnly called God to witness that he would faithfully
+keep them, and then advancing to the altar, he took the crown and put
+it into the hands of the archbishop, who then placed it upon his head,
+and thus the coronation ceremony was completed.
+
+The people who had presents for the king now approached and offered
+them to him. Among them came the Jews. Their presents were very rich
+and valuable, and the king received them very gladly, although in
+announcing the arrangements for the ceremony he had declared that no
+Jew and no woman was to be allowed to be present. Notwithstanding this
+prohibition, the Jewish deputation had come in and offered their
+presents among the rest. There was, however, a great murmuring among
+the crowd in respect to them, and a great desire to drive them out.
+This crowd consisted chiefly, of course, of barons, earls, knights,
+and other great dignitaries of the realm, for very few of the lower
+ranks would be admitted to see the ceremony; and these people, in
+addition to the usual religious prejudice against the Jews, had many
+of them been exasperated against the bankers and money-lenders on
+account of difficulties that they had had with them in relation to
+money that they had borrowed, and to the high interest which they had
+been compelled to pay. Some wise observer of the working of human
+passions has said that men always hate more or less those to whom they
+owe money. This is a reason why there should ordinarily be very few
+pecuniary transactions between friends.
+
+At length, as one of the Jews who was outside was attempting to go
+in, a by-stander at the gate cried out, "Here comes a Jew!" and struck
+at him. This excited the passions of the rest, and they struck and
+pushed the poor Jew in order to drive him back; and at the same time a
+general outcry against the Jews arose, and spread into the interior of
+the hall. The people there, glad of the opportunity afforded them by
+the excitement, began to assault the Jews and drive them out; and as
+they came out at the door beaten and bruised, a rumor was raised that
+they had been expelled by the king's orders. This rumor, as it spread
+through the streets, was soon changed into a report that the king had
+ordered all the unbelievers to be destroyed; and so, whenever a Jew
+was found in the street, a riot was raised about him, he was assaulted
+with sticks and stones, cruelly beaten, and if he was not killed, he
+was driven to seek refuge in his home, wounded and bleeding.
+
+In the mean time, the news that the king had ordered all the Jews to
+be killed spread rapidly over the town, and in the evening crowds
+collected, and after murdering all the Jews that they could find in
+the streets, they gathered round their houses, and finally broke into
+them and killed the inhabitants. In some cases where the houses were
+strong, the Jews barricaded the doors and the mob could not get in. In
+such cases they brought combustibles, and piled them up before the
+windows and doors, and then, setting them on fire, they burned the
+houses to the ground, and men, women, and children were consumed
+together in the flames. If any of the unhappy wretches burning in
+these fires attempted to escape by leaping from the windows, the mob
+below held up spears and lances for them to fall upon.
+
+There were so many of these fires in the course of the night that the
+whole sky was illuminated, and at one time there was danger that the
+flames would spread so as to produce a general conflagration. Indeed,
+as the night passed on, the excitement became more and more violent,
+until at length the streets, in all the quarters where Jews resided,
+were filled with the shouts of the mob, raving in demoniacal phrensy,
+and with the screams of the terrified and dying sufferers, and the
+crackling of the lurid flames in which they were burning.
+
+The king, in the mean time, was carousing with his lords and barons in
+the great banqueting-hall at Westminster, and for a time took no
+notice of these disturbances. He seemed to consider them as of very
+little moment. At length, however, in the course of the night, he sent
+an officer and a few men to suppress the riot. But it was too late.
+The mob paid no heed to remonstrances which came from the leader of so
+small a force, but, on the other hand, threatened to kill the soldiers
+too, if they did not go away. So the officer returned to the king, and
+the riot went on undisturbed until about two o'clock of the next day,
+when it gradually ceased from the mere weariness and exhaustion of the
+people.
+
+A few of the men who had been engaged in this riot were afterward
+brought to trial, and three were hung, not for murdering Jews, but for
+burning some Christian houses, which, either by mistake or accident,
+took fire in the confusion and were burned with the rest. This was all
+that was ever done to punish this dreadful crime.
+
+In justice to King Richard, however, it must be stated that he issued
+an edict after this forbidding that the Jews should be injured or
+maltreated any more. He took the whole people, he said, thenceforth
+under his special protection, and all men were strictly forbidden to
+harm them personally, or to molest them in the possession of their
+property.
+
+And this was the terrible coronation scene which signalized the
+investiture of Richard with the crown and the royal robes of England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE.
+
+1189
+
+Richard was thirty-two years of age at his accession.--His
+ardent desires for distinction in crusades.--Motives
+of the crusaders.--A strange delusion.--The
+preparations.--Navies.--Armies.--Accoutrements.--Customs of
+old times.--Richard's reckless course.--Richard sold lands,
+offices, and titles of honor.--Extortion under pretense of
+public justice.--Creating a regency.--Richard's regents.--John's
+acquiescence.--The time for sailing appointed.--Richard crosses
+the Channel.--Fears of treachery.--The treaty of alliance between
+Richard and Philip.--Completion of the preparations.
+
+
+At the time of his accession to the throne, Richard, as has already
+been remarked, was about thirty-two years of age. On the following
+page you have a portrait of him, with the crown upon his head.
+
+This portrait is taken from a sculpture on his tomb, and is
+undoubtedly a good representation of him as he appeared when he was
+alive.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF RICHARD I.]
+
+The first thing that Richard turned his attention to, when he found
+himself securely seated on his throne, was the preparation for a
+crusade. It had been the height of his ambition for a long time to
+lead a crusade. It was undoubtedly through the influence of his
+mother, and of her early conversations with him, that he imbibed his
+extraordinary eagerness to seek adventures in the Holy Land. She had
+been a crusader herself during her first marriage, as has already been
+related in this volume, and she had undoubtedly, in Richard's early
+life, entertained him with a thousand stories of what she had seen,
+and of the romantic adventures which she had met with there. These
+stories, and the various conversations which arose out of them,
+kindled Richard's youthful imagination with ardent desires to go and
+distinguish himself on the same field. These desires had been greatly
+increased as Richard grew up to manhood by observing the exalted
+military glory to which successful crusaders attained. And then,
+besides this, Richard was endued with a sort of reckless and lion-like
+courage, which led him to look upon danger as a sport, and made him
+long for a field where there were plenty of enemies to fight, and
+enemies so abhorred by the whole Christian world that he could indulge
+in the excitement of hatred and rage against them without any
+restraint whatever. He could there satiate himself, too, with the
+luxury of killing men without any misgiving of conscience, or, at
+least, without any condemnation on the part of his fellow-men, for it
+was understood throughout Christendom that the crimes committed
+against the Saracens in the Holy Land were committed in the name of
+Christ. What a strange delusion! To think of honoring the memory of
+the meek and lowly Jesus by utterly disregarding his peaceful precepts
+and his loving and gentle example, and going forth in thousands to the
+work of murder, rapine, and devastation, in order to get possession of
+his tomb.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In preparing for the crusade, the first and most important thing to
+be attended to, in Richard's view, was the raising of money. A great
+deal of money would be required, as has already been intimated, to fit
+out the expedition on the magnificent scale which Richard intended.
+There was a fleet of ships to be built and equipped, and stores of
+provisions to be put on board. There were armies to be levied and
+paid, and immense expenses were to be incurred in the manufacture of
+arms and ammunition. The armor and the arms used in those days,
+especially those worn by knights and noblemen, and the caparisons of
+the horses, were extremely costly. The armor was fashioned with great
+labor and skill out of plates or rings of steel, and the helmets, and
+the bucklers, and the swords, and all the military trappings of the
+horses and horsemen, being fashioned altogether by hand, required
+great labor and skill in the artisan who made them; and then,
+moreover, it was customary to decorate them very profusely with
+embroidery, and gold, and gems. At the present day, men display their
+wealth in the costliness of their houses, and the gorgeousness and
+luxury of the furniture which they contain. It is not considered in
+good taste--except for ladies--to make a display of wealth upon the
+person. In those days, however, the reverse was the case. The knights
+and barons lived in the rudest stone castles, dark and frowning
+without, and meagerly furnished and comfortless within, while all the
+means of display which the owners possessed were lavished in arming
+and decorating themselves and their horses magnificently for the field
+of battle.
+
+For all these things Richard knew that he should require a large sum
+of money, and he proceeded at once to carry into effect the most
+wasteful and reckless measures for obtaining it. His father, Henry the
+Second, had in various ways acquired a great many estates in different
+parts of the kingdom, which estates he had added to the royal domains.
+These Richard at once proceeded to sell to whomsoever would give the
+most for them. In this manner he disposed of a great number of
+castles, fortresses, and towns, so as greatly to diminish the value of
+the crown property. The purchasers of this property, if they had not
+money enough of their own to pay for what they bought, would borrow of
+the Jews. Some of the king's counselors remonstrated with him against
+this wasteful policy, but he replied that he needed money so much for
+the crusade, that, if necessary, he would sell the city of London
+itself to raise it, if he could only find a man rich enough to be the
+purchaser.
+
+After having raised as much money as he could by the sale of the royal
+lands, the next resource to which Richard turned was the sale of
+public offices and titles of honor. He looked about the country for
+wealthy men, and he offered them severally high office on condition of
+their paying large sums of money into the treasury as a consideration
+for them. He sold titles of nobility, too, in the same way. If any man
+who was not rich held a high or important office, he would find some
+pretext for removing him, and then would offer the office for sale.
+One of the historians of those times says that at this period
+Richard's presence-chamber became a regular place of trade--like the
+counting-room of a merchant or an exchange--where every thing that
+could be derived from the bounty of the crown or bestowed by the royal
+prerogative was offered for sale in open market to the man who would
+give the best bargain for it.
+
+Another of the modes which the king adopted for raising money, and in
+some respects the worst of all, was to impose fines as a punishment
+for crime, and then, in order to make the fines produce as much as
+possible, every imaginable pretext was resorted to to charge wealthy
+persons with offenses, with a view of exacting large sums from them as
+the penalty. It was said that a great officer of state was charged
+with some offense, and was put in prison and not released until he had
+paid a fine of three thousand pounds.
+
+One of the worst of these cases was that of his half-brother Geoffrey,
+the son of Rosamond. Geoffrey had been appointed Archbishop of York in
+accordance with the wish that his father Henry had expressed on his
+death-bed. Richard pretended to be displeased with this. Perhaps he
+wished to have had that office to dispose of like the rest. At any
+rate, he exacted a very large sum from Geoffrey as the condition on
+which he would "grant him his peace," as he termed it, and Geoffrey
+paid the money.
+
+When, by these and other similar means, Richard had raised all that he
+could in England, he prepared to cross the Channel into Normandy, in
+order to see what more he could do there. Before he went, however, he
+had first to make arrangements for a regency to govern England while
+he should be away. This is always the custom in monarchical countries.
+Whenever, for any reason, the true sovereign can not personally
+exercise the supreme power, whether from minority, insanity,
+long-continued sickness, or protracted absence from the realm, a
+regency, as it is called, is created to govern the kingdom in his
+stead. The person appointed to act as regent is usually some near
+relation of the king. Richard's brother John hoped to be made regent,
+but this did not suit Richard's views, for he wished to make this
+office the means, as all the others had been, of raising money, and
+John had no money to give. For the same reason, he could not appoint
+his mother, who in other respects would have been a very suitable
+person. So Richard contrived a sort of middle course. He sold the
+nominal regency to two wealthy courtiers, whom he associated together
+for the purpose. One was a bishop, and the other was an earl. It may,
+perhaps, be too much to say that he directly sold them the office,
+but, at any rate, he appointed them jointly to it, and under the
+arrangement that was made he received a large sum of money. He,
+however, stipulated that John, and also his mother, should have a
+large share of influence in deciding upon all the measures of the
+government. John would have been by no means satisfied with this
+divided and uncertain share of power were it not that he was so
+desirous of favoring the expedition in every possible way, in hopes
+that if Richard could once get to the Holy Land he would soon perish
+there, and that then he should be king altogether. It was of
+comparatively little consequence who was regent in the mean time. So
+he resolved to make no objection to any plan that the king might
+propose.
+
+Richard was now ready to cross to Normandy; but just before he went
+there came a deputation from Philip to consult with him in respect to
+the plans of the crusade, and to fix upon the time for setting out.
+The time proposed by Philip was the latter part of March. It was now
+late in the fall. It would not be safe to set out before March on
+account of the inclemency of the season, and Richard supposed that he
+should have ample time to complete his preparations by the time that
+Philip named. So both parties agreed to it, and they took a solemn
+oath on both sides that they would all be ready without fail.
+
+Soon after this Richard took leave of his friends, and, accompanied
+by a long retinue of earls, barons, knights, and other adventurers who
+were to accompany him to the Holy Land, he left England, and crossed
+the Channel to Normandy.
+
+In such cases as this there are always a great many last words to be
+said and a great many last arrangements to be made, and Richard found
+it necessary to see his mother and his brother John again before
+finally taking his departure from Europe. So he sent for them to come
+to Normandy, and there another great council of state was held, at
+which every thing in relation to the internal affairs of his dominions
+was finally arranged. There was still one other danger to be guarded
+against, and that was some treachery on the part of Philip himself. So
+little reliance did these valiant champions of Christianity place in
+each other in those days, that both Richard and Philip, in joining
+together to form this expedition, had many misgivings and suspicions
+in respect to each other's honesty. Undoubtedly neither of them would
+have thought it safe to leave his dominions and go on a crusade unless
+the other had been going too. The one left behind would have been sure
+to have found some pretext, during the absence of his neighbor, to
+invade his dominions and plunder him of some of his possessions. This
+was one reason why the two kings had agreed to go together; and now,
+as an additional safeguard, they made a formal treaty of alliance and
+fraternity, in which they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths to
+stand by each other, and to be faithful and true to each other to the
+last. They agreed that each would defend the life and honor of the
+other on all occasions; that neither would desert the other in the
+hour of danger; and that, in respect to the dominions that they were
+respectively to leave behind them, neither would form any designs
+against the other, but that Philip would cherish and protect the
+rights of Richard even as he would protect his own city of Paris, and
+that Richard would do the like by Philip, even as he would protect his
+own city of Rouen.
+
+It is a curious circumstance that in this treaty Richard should name
+Rouen, and not London, as his principal capital. It confirms what is
+known in many other ways, that the kings of this line, reigning over
+both Normandy and England, considered Normandy as the chief centre of
+their power, and England as subordinate. It may be, however, that one
+reason why Rouen was named in this instance may have been because it
+was nearer to the dominions of the King of France, and so better known
+to him.
+
+This treaty was signed in February, and the preparations were now
+nearly complete for setting forth on the expedition in March, at the
+appointed time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE EMBARKATION.
+
+1190
+
+The plan of embarking the troops.--The English fleet.--The
+French forces.--Richard's rules.--The origin of tarring and
+feathering.--Command of the fleet.--The fleet dispersed
+by a storm.--A delay in Lisbon.--The rendezvous at
+Vezelai.--Devastation by the armies.--Richard goes to
+the East in advance of his fleet.--The rendezvous at
+Messina.--Joanna.--Richard's visit.--King Richard's
+excursions.--Ostia.--A quarrel.--Why Richard quarreled with
+the bishop.--Naples and Vesuvius.--The crypt.--Salerno.--Richard's
+visit there.--The fleet.--Richard pursuing his journey along
+the coast of the Mediterranean.--Richard's tyrannical
+disposition.--Stealing the falcon.--Richard flees to a priory
+to escape the peasants.
+
+
+The plan which Richard had formed for conveying his expedition to the
+Holy Land was to embark it on board a fleet of ships which he was
+sending round to Marseilles for this purpose, with orders to await him
+there. Marseilles is in the south of France, not far from the
+Mediterranean Sea. Richard might have embarked his troops in the
+English Channel; but that, as the reader will see from looking on the
+map of Europe, would require them to take a long sea voyage around the
+coasts of France and Spain, and through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+Richard thought it best to avoid this long circuit for his troops, and
+so he sent the ships round, with no more men on board than necessary
+to manoeuvre them, while he marched his army across France by land.
+
+As for Philip, he had no ships of his own. England was a maritime
+country, and had long possessed a fleet. This fleet had been very much
+increased by the exertions of Henry the Second, Richard's father, who
+had built several new ships, some of them of very large size,
+expressly for the purpose of transporting troops to Palestine. Henry
+himself did not live to execute his plans, and so he left his ships
+for Richard.
+
+France, on the other hand, was not then a maritime country. Most of
+the harbors on the northern coast belonged to Normandy, and even at
+the south the ports did not belong to the King of France. Philip,
+therefore, had no fleet of his own, but he had made arrangements with
+the republic of Genoa to furnish him with ships, and so his plan was
+to march over the mountains to that city and embark there, while
+Richard should go south to Marseilles.
+
+Richard drew up a curious set of rules and regulations for the
+government of this fleet while it was making the passage. Some of the
+rules were the following:
+
+     1. That if any man killed another, the murderer was to be
+     lashed to the dead body and buried alive with it, if the
+     murder was committed in port or on the land. If the crime
+     was committed at sea, then the two bodies, bound together as
+     before, were to be launched overboard.
+
+     2. If any man, with a knife or with any other weapon, struck
+     another so as to draw blood, then he was to be punished by
+     being ducked three times over head and ears by being let
+     down from the yard-arm of the ship into the sea.
+
+     3. For all sorts of profane and abusive language, the
+     punishment was a fine of an ounce of silver for each
+     offense.
+
+     4. Any man convicted of theft, or "pickerie" as it was
+     called, was to have his head shaved and hot pitch poured
+     over it, and upon that the feathers of some pillow or
+     cushion were to be shaken. The offender was then to be
+     turned ashore on the first land that the ship might reach,
+     and there be abandoned to his fate.
+
+The penalty named in this last article is the first instance in which
+any account of the punishment of tarring and feathering is mentioned,
+and this is supposed to be the origin of that extraordinary and very
+cruel mode of punishment.
+
+The king put the fleet under the command of three grand officers of
+his court, and he commanded all his seamen and marines to obey them
+strictly in all things, as they would obey the king himself if he had
+been on board.
+
+The fleet met with a great variety of adventures on its way to
+Marseilles. It had not proceeded far before a great tempest arose,
+and scattered the ships in every direction. At last, a considerable
+number of them succeeded in making their way, in a disabled condition,
+into the Tagus, in order to seek succor in Lisbon. The King of
+Portugal was at this time at war with the Moors, who had come over
+from Africa and invaded his dominions. He proposed to the Crusaders on
+board the ships to wait a little while, and assist him in fighting the
+Moors. "They are as great infidels," said he, "as any that you will
+find in the Holy Land." The commanders of the fleet acceded to this
+proposal, but the crews, when they were landed, soon made so many
+riots in Lisbon, and involved themselves in such frequent and bloody
+affrays with the people of the city, that the King of Portugal was
+soon eager to send them away; so, in due time, they embarked again, in
+order to continue their voyage.
+
+In the mean time, while the fleet was thus going round by sea, Richard
+and Philip were engaged in assembling their forces and making
+preparation to march by land. The two armies, when finally organized,
+came together at a place of rendezvous called Vezelai, where there
+were great plains suitable for the camping-ground of a great military
+force. Vezelai was on the road to Lyons, and the armies, after they
+had met, marched in company to the latter city. The number of troops
+assembled was very great. The united army amounted, it is said, to one
+hundred thousand men. This was a very large force for those days. The
+great difficulty was to find provision for them from day to day during
+the march. Supplies of provisions for such a host can not be carried
+far, so that armies are obliged to live on the produce of the country
+that they march through, which is collected for this purpose by
+foragers from day to day. The allied armies, as they moved slowly on,
+impoverished and distressed the whole country through which they
+passed, by devouring every thing that the people had in store. At
+length, after marching together for some time, they came to the place
+where the roads separated, and King Philip turned off to the left in
+order to proceed through the passes of the Alps toward Genoa, while
+Richard and his hosts proceeded southward toward Marseilles.
+
+When he reached Marseilles, Richard found that his fleet had not
+arrived. The delay was occasioned by the storm, and the subsequent
+detention of the crews at Lisbon. And yet this was very long after
+the time originally appointed for the sailing of the expedition. The
+time first appointed was the last of March; but Philip could not go at
+that time, on account of the death of his queen, which took place just
+before the appointed period. Nor was Richard himself ready. It was not
+until the thirtieth of August that the fleet arrived at Marseilles.
+
+When Richard found that the fleet had not come he was greatly
+disappointed. He had no means of knowing when to expect it, for there
+were no postal or other communications across the country in those
+days, as now, by which tidings could be conveyed to him. He waited
+eight days very impatiently, and then concluded to go on himself
+toward the East, and leave orders for the fleet to follow him. So he
+hired ten large vessels and twenty galleys of the merchants of
+Marseilles, and in these he embarked a portion of his forces, leaving
+the rest to come in the great fleet when it should arrive. They were
+to proceed to Messina in Sicily, where Richard was to join them. With
+the vessels that he had hired he proceeded along the coast to Genoa,
+where he found Philip, the French king, who had arrived there safely
+before him by land.
+
+From Marseilles to Genoa the course lies toward the northeast along
+the coast of France. Thence, in going toward Messina, it turns toward
+the southeast, and follows the coast of Italy. The route may be traced
+very easily on any map of modern Europe. The reason why Messina had
+been appointed as the great intermediate rendezvous of the fleet was
+two-fold. In the first place, it was a convenient port for this
+purpose, being a good harbor, and being favorably situated about
+midway of the voyage. Then, besides, Richard had a sister residing
+there. Her name was Joanna. She had married the king of the country.
+Her husband had died, it is true, and she was, at that time in some
+sense retired from public life. She was, indeed, in some distress, for
+the throne had been seized by a certain Tancred, who was her enemy,
+and, as she maintained, not the rightful successor of her husband. So
+Richard resolved, in stopping at Messina, to inquire into and redress
+his sister's wrongs; or, rather, he thought the occasion offered him a
+favorable opportunity to interfere in the affairs of Sicily, and to
+lord it over the government and people there in his usual arrogant and
+domineering manner.
+
+After waiting a short time at Genoa, Richard set sail again in one of
+his small vessels, and proceeded to the southward along the coast of
+Italy. He touched at several places on the coast, in order to visit
+celebrated cities or other places of interest. He sailed up the River
+Arno, which you will find, on the map, flowing into the Gulf of Genoa
+a little to the northward of Leghorn. There are two renowned cities on
+this river, which are very much visited by tourists and travelers of
+the present day, Florence and Pisa. Pisa is near the mouth of the
+river. Florence is much farther inland. Richard sailed up as far as
+Pisa. After visiting that city, he returned again to the mouth of the
+river, and then proceeded on his way down the coast until he came to
+the Tiber, and entered that river. He landed at Ostia, a small port
+near the mouth of it--the port, in fact, of Rome. One reason why he
+landed at Ostia was that the galley in which he was making the voyage
+required some repairs, and this was a convenient place for making
+them.
+
+Perhaps, too, it was his intention to visit Rome; but while at Ostia
+he became involved in a quarrel with the bishop that resided there,
+which led him at length to leave Ostia abruptly, and to refuse to go
+to Rome. The cause of the quarrel was the bishop's asking him to pay
+some money that he owed the Pope. In all the Catholic countries of
+Europe, in those days, there were certain taxes and fees that were
+collected for the Pope, the income from which was of great importance
+in making up the papal revenues. Now Richard, in his eagerness to
+secure all the money he could obtain in England to supply his wants
+for the crusade, had appropriated to his own use certain of these
+church funds, and the bishop now called upon him to reimburse them.
+This application, as might have been expected, made Richard extremely
+angry. He assailed the bishop with the most violent and abusive
+language, and charged all sorts of corruption and wickedness against
+the papal government itself. These charges may have been true, but the
+occasion of being called upon to pay a debt was not the proper time
+for making them. To make the faults or misconduct of others, whether
+real or pretended, an excuse for not rendering them their just dues,
+is a very base proceeding.
+
+As soon as Richard's galley was repaired, he embarked on board of it
+in a rage, and sailed away. The next point at which he landed was
+Naples.
+
+Richard was greatly delighted with the city of Naples, which, rising
+as it does from the shores of an enchanting bay, and near the base of
+the volcano Vesuvius, has long been celebrated for the romantic beauty
+of its situation. Richard remained at Naples several days. There is an
+account of his going, while there, to perform his devotions in the
+crypt of a church. The crypt is a subterranean apartment beneath the
+church, the floors above it, as well as the pillars and walls of the
+church, being supported by immense piers and arches, which give the
+crypt the appearance of a dungeon. The place is commonly used for
+tombs and places of sepulture for the dead. In the crypt where Richard
+worshiped at Naples, the dead bodies were arranged in niches all
+around the walls. They were dressed as they had been when alive, and
+their countenances, dry and shriveled, were exposed to view,
+presenting a ghastly and horrid spectacle. It was such means as these
+that were resorted to, in the Middle Ages, for making religious
+impressions on the minds of men.
+
+After spending some days in Naples, Richard concluded that he would
+continue his route; but, instead of embarking at once on board his
+galley, he determined to go across the mountains by land to Salerno,
+which town lies on the sea-coast at some distance south of Naples. By
+looking at any map of Italy, you will observe that a great promontory
+puts out into the sea just below Naples, forming the Gulf of Salerno
+on the south side of it. The pass through the mountains which Richard
+followed led across the neck of this promontory. His galley, together
+with the other galleys that accompanied him, he sent round by water.
+There was a great deal to interest him at Salerno, for it was a place
+where many parties of crusaders, Normans among the rest, had landed
+before, and they had built churches and monasteries, and founded
+institutions of learning there, all of which Richard was much
+interested in visiting.
+
+He accordingly remained in Salerno several days, until at length his
+fleet of galleys, which had come round from Naples by sea, arrived.
+Richard, however, in the mean time, had found traveling by land so
+agreeable, that he concluded to continue his journey in that way,
+leaving his fleet to sail down the coast, keeping all the time as near
+as possible to the shore. The king himself rode on upon the land,
+accompanied by a very small troop of attendants. His way led him
+sometimes among the mountains of the interior, and sometimes near the
+margin of the shore. At some points, where the road approached so near
+to the cliffs as to afford a good view of the sea, the fleet of
+galleys were to be seen in the offing prosperously pursuing their
+voyage.
+
+[Illustration: RICHARD PURSUING HIS JOURNEY.]
+
+The king went on in this way till he reached Calabria, which is the
+country situated in the southern portion of Italy. The roads here were
+very bad, and as the autumn was now coming on, many of the streams
+became so swollen with rains that it was difficult sometimes for him
+to proceed on his way. At one time, while he was thus journeying, he
+became involved in a difficulty with a party of peasants which was
+extremely discreditable to him, and exhibits his character in a very
+unfavorable light. It seems that he was traveling by an obscure
+country road, in company with only a single attendant, when he
+happened to pass by a village, where he was told a peasant lived who
+had a very fine hunting hawk or falcon. Hunting by means of these
+hawks was a common amusement of the knights and nobles of those days;
+and Richard, when he heard about this hawk, said that a plain
+countryman had no business with such a bird. He declared that he
+would go to his house and take it away from him. This act, so
+characteristic of the despotic arrogance which marked Richard's
+character, shows that the reckless ferocity for which he was so
+renowned was not softened or alleviated by any true and genuine
+nobleness or generosity. For a rich and powerful king thus to rob a
+poor, helpless peasant, and on such a pretext too, was as base a deed
+as we can well conceive a royal personage to perform.
+
+Richard at once proceeded to carry his design into execution. He went
+into the peasant's house, and having, under some pretext or other, got
+possession of the falcon, he began to ride away with the bird on his
+wrist. The peasant called out to him to give him back his bird.
+Richard paid no attention to him, but rode on. The peasant then called
+for help, and other villagers joining him, they followed the king,
+each one having seized in the mean time such weapons as came most
+readily to hand. They surrounded the king in order to take the falcon
+away, while he attempted to beat them off with his sword. Pretty soon
+he broke his sword by a blow which he struck at one of the peasants,
+and then he was in a great measure defenseless. His only safety now
+was in flight. He contrived to force his way through the circle that
+surrounded him, and began to gallop away, followed by his attendant.
+At length he succeeded in reaching a priory, where he was received and
+protected from farther danger, having, in the mean time, given up the
+falcon. When the excitement had subsided he resumed his journey, and
+at length, without any farther adventures, reached the coast at the
+point nearest to Sicily. Here he passed the night in a tent, which he
+pitched upon the rocks on the shore, waiting for arrangements to be
+made on the next day for his public entrance into the harbor of
+Messina, which lay just opposite to him, across the narrow strait that
+here separates the island of Sicily from the main land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+KING RICHARD AT MESSINA.
+
+1190
+
+The triumphal entry into Messina.--The jealousy of the
+Sicilians and the envy of the French.--The winter sets in
+upon Richard and Philip in Sicily.--Winter quarters.--Tancred.--His
+history.--William of Sicily.--Constance.--Oath of
+allegiance.--Joanna's estates in the promontory of Mont
+Gargano.--Tancred seizing the power.--A good
+pretext for war.--Richard's demand.--Tancred's
+response.--Reprisals.--Fortifying a monastery.--Soldiers'
+troubles.--The army provokes a riot in Messina.--The intense
+excitement.--The conference broken up.--Richard's uncontrollable
+passion.--The attack on Messina.--Contest between Philip and
+Richard.--A reconciliation.--Fortifying.--Richard brings
+Tancred to terms.--What Richard required of Tancred.--The
+final conditions of peace.--King Richard's league with
+ancred.--The treaty signed.--Royal trustees are not
+always faithful.--Extravagance of Richard's court.--Spring
+approaching.--Repairing the fleet.--Battering-rams.--Modern
+ordnance.--The methods of war in ancient
+times.--Catapultas.--Ballistas.--Maginalls.--The religious
+observances of tyrants.--Richard's penitence and penance.--Was
+he sincere?
+
+
+Although Richard came down to the Italian shore, opposite to Messina,
+almost unattended and alone, and under circumstances so
+ignoble--fugitive as he was from a party of peasants whom he had
+incensed by an act of petty robbery--he yet made his entry at last
+into the town itself with a great display of pomp and parade. He
+remained on the Italian side of the strait, after he arrived on the
+shore, until he had sent over to Messina, and informed the officers of
+his fleet, which, by the way, had already arrived there, that he had
+come. The whole fleet immediately got ready, and came over to the
+Italian side to take Richard on board and escort him over. Richard
+entered the harbor with his fleet as if he were a conqueror returning
+home. The ships and galleys were all fully manned and gayly decorated,
+and Richard arranged such a number of musicians on the decks of them
+to blow trumpets and horns as the fleet sailed along the shores and
+entered the harbor that the air was filled with the echoes of them,
+and the whole country was called out by the sound. The Sicilians were
+quite alarmed to see so formidable a host of foreign soldiers coming
+among them; and even their allies, the French, were not pleased.
+Philip began to be jealous of Richard's superior power, and to be
+alarmed at his assuming and arrogant demeanor. Philip had arrived in
+Messina some time before this, but his fleet, which was originally an
+inferior one, having consisted of such vessels only as he could hire
+at Genoa, had been greatly injured by storms during the passage, so
+that he had reached Messina in a very crippled condition. And now to
+see Richard coming in apparently so much his superior, and with so
+evident a disposition to make a parade of his superiority, made him
+anxious and uneasy.
+
+The same feeling manifested itself, too, among his troops, and this to
+such a degree as to threaten to break out into open quarrels between
+the soldiers of the two armies.
+
+"It will never answer," thought Philip, "for us both to remain long at
+Messina; so I will set out again myself as soon as I possibly can."
+
+Indeed, there was another very decisive reason for Philip's soon
+continuing his voyage, and that was the necessity of diminishing the
+number of soldiers now at Messina on account of the difficulty of
+finding sustenance for them all. Philip accordingly made all haste to
+refit his fleet and to sail away; but he was again unfortunate. He
+encountered another storm, and was obliged to put back again, and
+before he could be ready a second time the winter set in, and he was
+obliged to give up all hope of leaving Sicily until the spring.
+
+The two kings had foreseen this difficulty, and had earnestly
+endeavored to avoid it by making all their arrangements in the first
+instance for setting out from England and France in March, which was
+the earliest possible season for navigating the Mediterranean safely
+with such vessels as they had in those days. But this plan the reader
+will recollect had been frustrated by the death of Philip's queen, and
+the delays attendant upon that event, as well as other delays arising
+from other causes, and it was past midsummer before the expedition was
+ready to take its departure. The kings had still hoped to have reached
+the Holy Land before winter, but now they found themselves stopped on
+the way, and Philip, with many misgivings in respect to the result,
+prepared to make the best arrangements that he could for putting his
+men into winter quarters.
+
+Richard did in the end become involved in difficulties with Philip and
+with the French troops, but the most serious affair which occupied his
+attention was a very extraordinary quarrel which he instigated between
+himself and the king of the country. The name of this king was
+Tancred.
+
+The kingdom of Sicily in those days included not merely the island of
+Sicily, but also nearly all the southern part of Italy--all that part,
+namely, which forms the foot and ankle of Italy, as seen upon the map.
+It has already been said that Richard's sister Joanna some years ago
+married the king of this country. The name of the king whom Joanna
+married was William, and he was now dead. Tancred was his successor,
+though not the regular and rightful heir. In order that the reader may
+understand the nature of the quarrel which broke out between Tancred
+and Richard, it is necessary to explain how it happened that Tancred
+succeeded to the throne.
+
+If William, Joanna's husband, had had a son, he would have been the
+rightful successor; but William had no children, and some time before
+his death he gave up all expectation of ever having any, so he began
+to look around and consider who should be his heir.
+
+He fixed his mind upon a lady, the Princess Constance, who was his
+cousin and his nearest relative. She would have been the heir had it
+not been that the usages of the realm did not allow a woman to reign.
+There was another relative of William, a young man named Tancred. For
+some reasons, William was very unwilling that Tancred should succeed
+him. He knew, however, that the people would be extremely averse to
+receive Constance as their sovereign instead of Tancred, on account of
+her being a woman; but he thought that he might obviate this objection
+in some degree by arranging a marriage for her with some powerful
+prince. This he finally succeeded in doing. The prince whom he chose
+was a son of the Emperor of Germany. His name was Henry. Constance was
+married to him, and after her marriage she left Sicily and went home
+with her husband. William then assembled all his barons, and made them
+take an oath of allegiance to Constance and Henry, as rightful
+sovereigns after his decease. Supposing every thing to be thus
+amicably arranged, he settled himself quietly in his capital, the city
+of Palermo, intending to live there in peace with his wife for the
+remainder of his days.
+
+When he married Joanna, he had given her, for her dower, a large
+territory of rich estates in Italy. These estates were all together,
+and comprised what is called the promontory of Mont Gargano. You will
+see this promontory represented on any map of Italy by a small
+projection on the heel, or, rather, a little way above the heel of the
+foot, on the eastern side of the peninsula. It is nearly opposite to
+Naples. This territory was large, and contained, besides a number of
+valuable landed estates, several castles, with lakes and forests
+adjoining; also two monasteries, with their pastures, woods, and
+vineyards, and several beautiful lakes. These estates, and all the
+income from them, were secured to Joanna forever.
+
+Not very long after William had completed his arrangements for the
+succession, he died unexpectedly, while Constance was away from the
+kingdom, at home with her husband. Immediately a great number of
+competitors started up and claimed the crown. Among them was Tancred.
+Tancred took the field, and, after a desperate contest with his
+rivals, at length carried the day. He considered Joanna, the queen
+dowager, as his enemy, and either confiscated her estates or allowed
+others to seize them. He then took her with him to Palermo, where, as
+Richard was led to believe, he kept her a prisoner. All these things
+happened a few months only before Richard arrived in Messina.
+
+Palermo, as you will see from any map of Sicily, lies near the
+northwest corner of Sicily, and Messina near the northeast. In
+consequence of these occurrences, it happened that when Richard landed
+in Sicily he found his sister, the wife of the former king of the
+country, a widow and a prisoner, and her estates confiscated, while a
+person whom he considered a usurper was on the throne. A better state
+of things to furnish him with a pretext for aggressions on the country
+or the people he could not possibly have desired.
+
+As soon as he had landed his troops, he formed a great encampment for
+them on the sea-shore, outside the town. The place of the encampment
+was bordered at one extremity by the suburbs of the town, and at the
+other extremity was a monastery built on a height. As soon as Richard
+had established himself here, he sent a delegation to Tancred at
+Palermo, demanding that he should release Joanna and send her to him.
+Tancred denied that Joanna had been imprisoned at all, and, at any
+rate, he immediately acceded to her brother's demand that she should
+be sent to him. He placed her on board one of his own royal galleys,
+and caused her to be conveyed in it, with a very honorable escort, to
+Messina, and there delivered up to Richard's care.
+
+In respect to the dower which Richard had demanded that he should
+restore, Tancred commenced giving some explanations in regard to it,
+but Richard was too impatient to listen to them. "We will not wait,"
+said he to his sister, "to hear any talking on the subject; we will go
+and take possession of the territory ourselves."
+
+So he embarked a part of his army on board some ships and transported
+them across the Straits, and, landing on the Italian shore, he seized
+a castle and a portion of territory surrounding it. He put a strong
+garrison in the castle, and gave the command of it to Joanna, while he
+went back to Messina to strengthen the position of the remainder of
+his army there. He thought that the monastery which flanked his
+encampment on the side farthest from the town would make a good
+fortress if he had possession of it, and that, if well fortified, it
+would strengthen very much the defenses of his encampment in case
+Tancred should attempt to molest him. So he at once took possession of
+it. He turned the monks out of doors, removed all the sacred
+implements and emblems, and turned the buildings into a fortress. He
+put in a garrison of soldiers to guard it, and filled the rooms which
+the monks had been accustomed to use for their studies and their
+prayers with stores of arms and ammunition brought in from the ships,
+and with other apparatus of war. His object was to be ready to meet
+Tancred, at a moment's warning, if he should attempt to attack him.
+
+Soon after this a very serious difficulty broke out between the
+soldiers of the army and the people of Messina. There is almost always
+difficulty between the soldiers of an army and the people of any town
+near which the army is encamped. The soldiers, brutal in their
+passions, and standing in awe of none but their own officers, are
+often exceedingly violent and unjust in their demeanor toward unarmed
+and helpless citizens, and the citizens, though they usually endure
+very long and very patiently, sometimes become aroused to resentment
+and retaliation at last. In this case, parties of Richard's soldiers
+went into Messina, and behaved so outrageously toward the inhabitants,
+and especially toward the young women, that the indignation of the
+husbands and fathers was excited to the highest degree. The soldiers
+were attacked in the streets. Several of them were killed. The rest
+fled, and were pursued by the crowd of citizens to the gates. Those
+that escaped went to the camp, breathless with excitement and burning
+with rage, and called upon all their fellow-soldiers to join them and
+revenge their wrongs. A great riot was created, and bands of furious
+men, hastily collected together, advanced toward the city, brandishing
+their arms and uttering furious cries, determined to break through the
+gates and kill every body that they could find. Richard heard of the
+danger just in time to mount his horse and ride to the gates of the
+city, and there to head off the soldiers and drive them back; but they
+were so furious that, for a time, they would not hear him, but still
+pressed on. He was obliged to ride in among them, and actually beat
+them back with his truncheon, before he could compel them to give up
+their design.
+
+The next day a meeting of the chief officers in the two armies, with
+the chief magistrates and some of the principal citizens of Messina,
+was held, to consider what to do to settle this dispute, and to
+prevent future outbreaks of this character. But the state of
+excitement between the two parties was too great to be settled yet in
+any amicable manner. While the conference was proceeding, a great
+crowd of people from the town collected on a rising ground just above
+the place where the conference was sitting. They said they only came
+as spectators. Richard alleged, on the other hand, that they were
+preparing to attack the conference. At any rate, they were excited and
+angry, and assumed a very threatening attitude. Some Normans who
+approached them got into an altercation with them, and at length one
+of the Normans was killed, and the rest cried out, "To arms!" The
+conference broke up in confusion. Richard rushed to the camp and
+called out his men. He was in a state of fury. Philip did all in his
+power to allay the storm and to prevent a combat, and when he found
+that Richard would not listen to him, he declared that he had a great
+mind to join with the Sicilians and fight him. This, however, he did
+not do, but contented himself with doing all he could to calm the
+excitement of his angry ally. But Richard was not to be controlled. He
+rushed on, at the head of his troops, up the hill to the ground where
+the Sicilians were assembled. He attacked them furiously. They were,
+to some extent, armed, but they were not organized, and, of course,
+they could not stand against the charge of the soldiers. They fled in
+confusion toward the city. Richard and his troops followed them,
+killing as many of them as they could in the pursuit. The Sicilians
+crowded into the city and shut the gates. Of course, the whole town
+was now alarmed, and all the people that could fight were marshaled on
+the walls and at the gates to defend themselves.
+
+Richard retired for a brief period till he could bring on a larger
+force, and then made a grand attack on the walls. Several of his
+officers and soldiers were killed by darts and arrows from the
+battlements, but at length the walls were taken by storm, the gates
+were opened, and Richard marched in at the head of his troops. When
+the people were entirely subdued, Richard hung out his flag on a high
+tower in token that he had taken full and formal possession of
+Tancred's capital.
+
+Philip remonstrated against this very strongly, but Richard declared
+that, now that he had got possession of Messina, he would keep
+possession until Tancred came to terms with him in respect to his
+sister Joanna. Philip insisted that he should not do this, but
+threatened to break off the alliance unless Richard would give up the
+town. Finally the matter was compromised by Richard agreeing that he
+would take down the flag and withdraw from the town himself, and for
+the present put it under the government of certain knights that he and
+Philip should jointly appoint for this purpose.
+
+After the excitement of this affair had a little subsided, Richard and
+Philip began to consider how unwise it was for them to quarrel with
+each other, engaged as they were together in an enterprise of such
+magnitude and of so much hazard, and one in which it was impossible
+for them to hope to succeed, unless they continued united, and so they
+became reconciled, or, at least, pretended to be so, and made new vows
+of eternal friendship and brotherhood.
+
+Still, notwithstanding these protestations, Richard went on lording it
+over the Sicilians in the most high-handed manner. Some nobles of
+high rank were so indignant at these proceedings that they left the
+town. Richard immediately confiscated their estates and converted the
+proceeds to his own use. He proceeded to fortify his encampment more
+and more. The monastery which he had forcibly taken from the monks he
+turned into a complete castle. He made battlements on the walls, and
+surrounded the whole with a moat. He also built another castle on the
+hills commanding the town. He acted, in a word, in all respects as if
+he considered himself master of the country. He did not consult Philip
+at all in respect to any of these proceedings, and he paid no
+attention to the remonstrances that Philip from time to time addressed
+to him. Philip was exceedingly angry, but he did not see what he could
+do.
+
+Tancred, too, began to be very much alarmed. He wished to know of
+Richard what it was that he demanded in respect to Joanna. Richard
+said he would consider and let him know. In a short time he made known
+his terms as follows. He said that Tancred must restore to his sister
+all the territories which, as he alleged, had belonged to her, and
+also give her "a golden chair, a golden table twelve feet long and a
+foot and a half broad, two golden supports for the same, four silver
+cups, and four silver dishes." He pretended that, by a custom of the
+realm, she was entitled to these things. He also demanded for himself
+a very large contribution toward the armament and equipment for the
+crusade. It seems that at one period during the lifetime of William,
+Joanna's husband, her father, King Henry of England, was planning a
+crusade, and that William, by a will which he made at that time--so at
+least Richard maintained--had bequeathed a large contribution toward
+the necessary means for fitting it out. The items were these:
+
+     1. Sixty thousand measures of wheat.
+
+     2. The same quantity of barley.
+
+     3. A fleet of a thousand armed galleys, equipped and
+     provisioned for two years.
+
+     4. A silken tent large enough to accommodate two hundred
+     knights sitting at a banquet.
+
+These particulars show on how great a scale these military expeditions
+for conquering the Holy Land were conducted in those days, the above
+list being only a complimentary contribution to one of them by a
+friend of the leader of it.
+
+Richard now maintained that, though his father Henry had died without
+going on the crusade, still he himself was going, and that he, being
+the son, and consequently the representative and heir of Henry, was,
+as such, entitled to receive the bequest; so he called upon Tancred to
+pay it.
+
+After much negotiation, the dispute was settled by Richard's waiving
+these claims, and arranging the matter on a new and different basis.
+He had a nephew named Arthur. Arthur was yet very young, being only
+about two years old; and as Richard had no children of his own, Arthur
+was his presumptive heir. Tancred had a daughter, yet an infant. Now
+it was finally proposed that Arthur and this young daughter of Tancred
+should be affianced, and that Tancred should pay to Richard twenty
+thousand pieces of gold as her dowry! Richard was, of course, to take
+this money as the guardian and trustee of his nephew, and he was to
+engage that, if any thing should occur hereafter to prevent the
+marriage from taking place, he would refund the money. Tancred was
+also to pay Richard twenty thousand pieces of gold besides, in full
+settlement of all claims in behalf of Joanna. These terms were finally
+agreed to on both sides.
+
+Richard also entered into a league, offensive and defensive, with
+Tancred, agreeing to assist him in maintaining his position as King of
+Sicily against all his enemies. This is a very important circumstance
+to be remembered, for the chief of Tancred's enemies was the Emperor
+Henry of Germany, the prince who had married Constance, as has been
+already related. Henry's father had died, and he had become Emperor of
+Germany himself, and he now claimed Sicily as the inheritance of
+Constance his wife, according to the will of King William, Joanna's
+husband. Tancred, he maintained, was a usurper, and, of course, now
+Richard, by his league, offensive and defensive, with Tancred, made
+himself Henry's enemy. This led him into serious difficulty with Henry
+at a subsequent period, as we shall by-and-by see.
+
+The treaty between Richard and Tancred was drawn up in due form and
+duly executed, and it was sent for safe keeping to Rome, and there
+deposited with the Pope. Tancred paid Richard the money, and he
+immediately began to squander it in the most lavish and extravagant
+manner. He expended the infant princess's dower, which he held in
+trust for Arthur, as freely as he did the other money. Indeed, this
+was a very common way, in those days, for great kings to raise money.
+If they had a young son or heir, no matter how young he was, they
+would contract to give him in marriage to the little daughter of some
+other potentate on condition of receiving some town, or castle, or
+province, or large sum of money as dower. The idea was, of course,
+that they were to take this dower in charge for the young prince, to
+keep it for him until he should become old enough to be actually
+married, but in reality they would take possession of the property
+themselves, and convert it at once to their own use.
+
+Richard himself had been affianced in this way in his infancy to
+Alice, the daughter of the then reigning King of France, and the
+sister of Philip, and his father, King Henry the Second, had received
+and appropriated the dowry.
+
+Indeed, in this case, both the sums of money that Richard received
+from Tancred were paid to Richard in trust, or, at least, ought to
+have been so regarded, the one amount being for Arthur, and the other
+for Joanna. Richard himself, in his own name, had no claims on Tancred
+whatever; but as soon as the money came into his hands, he began to
+expend it in the most profuse and lavish manner. He adopted a very
+extravagant and ostentatious style of living. He made costly presents
+to the barons, and knights, and officers of the armies, including the
+French army as well as his own, and gave them most magnificent
+entertainments. Philip thought that he did this to secure popularity,
+and that the presents which he made to the French knights and nobles
+were designed to entice them away from their allegiance and fidelity
+to him, their lawful sovereign. At Christmas he gave a splendid
+entertainment, to which he invited every person of the rank of a
+knight or a gentleman in both armies, and at the close of the feast he
+made a donation in money to each of the guests, the sum being
+different in different cases, according to the rank and station of the
+person who received it.
+
+The king, having thus at last settled his quarrels and established
+himself in something like peace in Sicily, began to turn his attention
+toward the preparations for the spring. Of course, his intention was,
+as soon as the spring should open, to set sail with his fleet and
+army, and proceed toward the Holy Land. He now caused all his ships to
+be examined with a view to ascertain what repairs they needed. Some
+had been injured by the storms which they had encountered on the way
+from Marseilles or by accidents of the sea. Others had become
+worm-eaten and leaky by lying in port. Richard caused them all to be
+put thoroughly in repair. He also caused a number of battering engines
+to be constructed of timber which his men hauled from the forests
+around the base of Mount AEtna. These engines were for assailing the
+walls of the towns and fortresses in the Holy Land.
+
+In modern times walls are always attacked with mortars and cannon. The
+ordnance of the present day will throw shot and shells of prodigious
+weight two or three miles, and these tremendous missiles strike
+against the walls of a fortress with such force as in a short time to
+batter them down, no matter how strong and thick they may be. But in
+those days gunpowder was not in use, and the principal means of
+breaking down a wall was by the battering-ram, which consisted of a
+heavy beam of wood, hung by a rope or chain from a massive frame, and
+then swung against the gate or wall which it was intended to break
+through. In the engraving you see such a ram suspended from the frame,
+with men at work below, impelling it against a gateway.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTERING-RAM.]
+
+Sometimes these battering-rams were very large and heavy, and the men
+drew them back and forth, in striking the wall with them, by means of
+ropes. There are accounts of some battering-rams which weighed forty
+or fifty tons, and required fifteen hundred men to work them.
+
+The men, of course, were very much exposed while engaged in this
+operation, for the people whom they were besieging would gather on the
+walls above, and shoot spears, darts, and arrows at them, and throw
+down stones and other missiles, as you see in the engraving.
+
+[Illustration: THE BALLISTA.]
+
+Then, besides the battering-ram, which, though very efficient against
+walls, was of no service against men, there were other engines made
+in those days which were designed to throw stones or monstrous darts.
+These last were, of course, designed to operate against bodies of men.
+They were made in various forms, and were called catapultas,
+ballistas, maginalls, and by other such names. The force with which
+they operated consisted of springs made by elastic bars of wood,
+twisted ropes, and other such contrivances.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATAPULTA.]
+
+Some were for throwing stones, others for monstrous darts. Of course,
+these engines required for their construction heavy frames of sound
+timber. Richard did not expect to find such timber in the Holy Land,
+nor did he wish to consume the time after he should arrive in making
+them; so he employed the winter in constructing a great number of
+these engines, and in packing them, in parts, on board his galleys.
+
+Richard performed a great religious ceremony, too, while he was at
+Sicily this winter, as a part of the preparation which he deemed it
+necessary to make for the campaign. It is a remarkable fact that every
+great military freebooter that has organized an armed gang of men to
+go forth, and rob and murder his fellow-men, in any age of the world,
+has considered some great religious performance necessary at the
+outset of the work, to prepare the minds of his soldiers for it, and
+to give them the necessary resolution and confidence in it. It was so
+with Alexander. It was so with Xerxes and with Darius. It was so with
+Pyrrhus. It is so substantially at the present day, when, in all wars,
+each side makes itself the champion of heaven in the contest, and
+causes Te Deums to be chanted in their respective churches, now on
+this side and now on that, in pretended gratitude to God for their
+alternate victories.
+
+Richard called a grand convention of all the prelates and monks that
+were with his army, and performed a solemn act of worship. A part of
+the performance consisted of his kneeling personally before the
+priests, confessing his sins and the wicked life that he had led, and
+making very fervent promises to sin no more, and then, after
+submitting to the penances which they enjoined upon him, receiving
+from them pardon and absolution. After the enactment of this
+solemnity, the soldiers felt far more safe and strong in going forth
+to the work which lay before them in the Holy Land than before.
+
+Nor is it certain that in this act Richard was wholly hypocritical and
+insincere. The human heart is a mansion of many chambers, and a
+religious sentiment, in no small degree conscientious and honest,
+though hollow and mistaken, may have strong possession of some of
+them, while others are filled to overflowing with the dear and
+besetting sins, whatever they are, by which the general conduct of the
+man is controlled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+BERENGARIA.
+
+1190
+
+Richard's betrothal to Berengaria--The obstacles which prevented the
+marriage of Richard and Alice.--The first acquaintance of Richard
+and the Princess Berengaria.--The fame of Berengaria.--Her
+accomplishments.--Eleanora sent to King Sancho to ask his daughter
+in marriage.--Berengaria's acceptance.--The expedition to meet
+Richard.--Berengaria at Brindisi with Joanna.--The friendship
+between Joanna and Berengaria.--Tancred receives a letter from
+Philip.--Treachery.--Philip's letter to Tancred.--Richard's opinion
+of it.--The etiquette of dueling.--Richard charges the letter upon
+Philip.--Philip's reply.--Richard's declaration.--Richard and Philip
+compromise their quarrel.--Re-embarkation.--Preparations for the
+marriage.--Richard escorting Philip.--Why the wedding was
+postponed.--Richard puts Joanna and Berengaria in charge of
+Stephen.--The vow to conquer Acre.--Richard's present to Tancred.
+
+
+While Richard was in the kingdom of Sicily during this memorable
+winter, he made a new contract of marriage. The lady was a Spanish
+princess named Berengaria. The circumstances of this betrothment were
+somewhat extraordinary.
+
+The reader will recollect that he had been betrothed in his earliest
+youth to Alice, an infant princess of France. His father had thrown
+him in, as it were, as a sort of makeweight, in arranging some
+compromise with the King of France for the settlement of a quarrel,
+and also to obtain the dower of the young princess for his own use.
+This dower consisted of various castles and estates, which were
+immediately put into the hands of Henry, Richard's father, and which
+he continued to hold as long as he lived, using and enjoying the rents
+and revenues from them as his own property. When Richard grew old
+enough to claim his bride, Henry, under whose custody and charge she
+had been placed, would not give her up to him; and long and serious
+quarrels arose between the father and the son on this account, as has
+already been related in this volume. The most obvious reason for which
+Henry might be supposed unwilling to give up Alice to her affianced
+husband, when he became old enough to be married to her, was, that he
+wished to retain longer the use of the castles and estates that
+constituted her dowry. But, in addition to this, it was surmised by
+many that he had actually fallen in love with her himself, and that he
+was determined that Richard should not have her at all. Richard
+himself believed, or pretended to believe, that this was the case. He
+was consequently very angry, and he justified himself in the wars and
+rebellions that he raised against his father during the lifetime of
+the king by this great wrong which he alleged that his father had done
+him. On the other hand, many persons supposed that Richard did not
+really wish to marry Alice, and that he only made the fact of his
+father's withholding her from him a pretext for his unnatural
+hostility, the real ends and aims of which were objects altogether
+different.
+
+However this may be, when Henry died, and there was no longer any
+thing in the way of his marriage, he showed no desire to consummate
+it. Alice's father, too, had died, and Philip, the present King of
+France, and Richard's ally, was her brother. Philip called upon
+Richard from time to time to complete the marriage, but Richard found
+various pretexts for postponing it, and thus the matter stood when the
+expedition for the Holy Land set sail from Marseilles.
+
+The next reason why Richard did not now wish to carry his marriage
+with Alice into effect was that, in the mean time, while his father
+had been withholding Alice from him, he had seen and fallen in love
+with another lady, the Princess Berengaria. Richard first saw
+Berengaria several years before, at a time when he was with his mother
+in Aquitaine, during the life of his father. The first time that he
+saw her was at a grand tournament which was celebrated in her native
+city in Spain, and which Richard went to attend. The families had been
+well acquainted with each other before, though, until the tournament,
+Richard had never seen Berengaria. Richard had, however, known one of
+her brothers from his boyhood, and they had always been very great
+friends. The father of Berengaria, too, Sancho the Wise, King of
+Navarre, had always been a warm friend of Eleanora, Richard's mother,
+and in the course of the difficulties and quarrels that took place
+between her and her husband, as related in the early chapters of this
+volume, he had rendered her very valuable services. Still, Richard
+never saw Berengaria until she had grown up to womanhood.
+
+He, however, felt a strong desire to see her, for she was quite
+celebrated for her beauty and her accomplishments. The accomplishments
+in which she excelled were chiefly music and poetry. Richard himself
+was greatly interested in these arts, especially in the songs of the
+Troubadours, whose performances always formed a very important part of
+the entertainment at the feasts and tournaments, and other great
+public celebrations of those days.
+
+When Richard came to see Berengaria, he fell deeply in love with her.
+But he could not seek her hand in marriage on account of his
+engagement with Alice. To have given up Alice, and to have entered
+instead into an engagement with her, would have involved both him and
+his mother, and all the family of Berengaria too, in a fierce quarrel
+with the King of France, the father of Alice, and also with his own
+father. These were too serious consequences for him to brave while he
+was still only a prince, and nominally under his father's authority.
+So he did nothing openly, though a strong secret attachment sprang up
+between him and Berengaria, and all desire ever to make Alice his wife
+gradually disappeared.
+
+At length, when his father died, and Richard became King of England,
+he felt at once that the power was now in his own hands, and that he
+would do as he liked in respect to his marriage. Alice's father, too,
+had died, and her brother Philip was now king, and he was not likely
+to feel so strong an interest in resenting any supposed slight to his
+sister as her father would have been. Richard determined, therefore,
+to give up Alice altogether, and ask Berengaria to be his wife. So,
+while he was engaged in England in making his preparations for the
+crusade, and when he was nearly ready to set out, he sent his mother,
+Eleanora, to Navarre to ask Berengaria in marriage of her father, King
+Sancho. He did not, however, give Philip any notice of this change in
+his plans, not wishing to embarrass the alliance that he and Philip
+were forming with any unnecessary difficulties which might interfere
+with the success of it, and retard the preparations for the crusade.
+So, while his mother had gone to Spain to secure Berengaria for him
+as his wife, he himself, in England and Normandy, went on with his
+preparations for the crusade in connection with Philip, just as if the
+original engagement with Alice was going regularly on.
+
+Eleanora was very successful in her mission. Sancho, Berengaria's
+father, was very much pleased with so magnificent an offer as that of
+the hand of Richard, Duke of Normandy and King of England, for his
+daughter. Berengaria herself made no objection. Eleanora said that her
+son had not been able to come himself and claim his bride, on account
+of the necessity that he was under of accompanying his army to the
+East, but she said that he would stop at Messina, and she proposed
+that Berengaria should put herself under her protection, and go and
+join him there.
+
+Berengaria was a lady of an ardent and romantic temperament, and
+nothing could please her better than such a proposal as this. She very
+readily acceded to it, and her father was very willing to intrust her
+to the charge of Eleanora. So the two ladies, with a proper train of
+barons, knights, and other attendants, set out together. They crossed
+the Pyrenees into France, and then, after traversing France, they
+passed over the Alps into Italy. Thence they continued their journey
+down the Italian coast by land, as Richard had done by water, until at
+last they arrived at a place called Brindisi, which is on the coast of
+Italy, not far from Messina. Here they halted, and sent word to
+Richard to inform him of their arrival.
+
+Eleanora thought that Berengaria could not go any farther with
+propriety, for her engagement with Richard was not yet made public.
+Indeed, the betrothal of Richard with Alice still remained nominally
+in force, and a serious difficulty was to be apprehended with Philip
+so soon as the new plans which Richard had formed should be announced
+to him.
+
+Eleanora said that she could not remain long in Italy, but must return
+to Normandy very soon, without waiting for Richard to prepare the way
+for receiving his bride. So she left Berengaria under the charge of
+Joanna, who, being her own--that is, Eleanora's--daughter, was a very
+proper person to be the young lady's protector. Joanna and Berengaria
+immediately conceived a strong attachment for each other, and they
+lived together in a very happy manner. Joanna was glad to have for a
+companion so charming a young lady, and one of so high a rank, and
+Berengaria, on the other hand, was much pleased to be placed under the
+charge of so kind a protector. Joanna, too, having long lived in
+Sicily, could give Berengaria a great deal of interesting intelligence
+about the country and the people, and could answer all the thousand
+questions which she asked about what she heard and saw in the new
+world, as it were, into which she had been ushered.
+
+The two ladies lived, of course, in very close seclusion, but they
+lived so lovingly together that one of the writers of the day, in a
+ballad that he wrote, compared them to two birds in a cage. Speaking
+of Eleanora, he says, in the quaint old English of the day,
+
+     "She beleft Berengere
+     At Richard's costage.
+     Queen Joanne held her dear;
+     They lived as doves in a cage."
+
+The arrival of Berengaria at Brindisi took place in the spring of the
+year, when the time was drawing nigh for the fleets and armaments to
+sail for the East. As yet, Philip knew nothing of Richard's plans in
+respect to this new marriage, but the time had now arrived when
+Richard perceived that they could no longer be concealed. Philip
+entertained suspicions that something wrong was going on, though he
+did not know exactly what. His suspicions made him watchful and
+jealous, and at last they led to a curious train of circumstances,
+which brought matters to a crisis very suddenly.
+
+It seems that at one time, when Richard was paying a visit to Tancred,
+the King of Sicily, Tancred showed him a letter which he said he had
+received from the French king. In this letter, Philip--if, indeed,
+Philip really wrote it--endeavored to excite Tancred's enmity against
+Richard. It was just after the treaty between Tancred and Richard had
+been formed, as related in the last chapter. The letter said that
+Richard was a treacherous man, in whom no reliance could be placed;
+that he had no intention of keeping the treaty that he had made, but
+was laying a scheme for attacking Tancred in his Sicilian dominions;
+and, finally, it closed with an offer on the part of the writer to
+assist Tancred in driving Richard and all his followers out of the
+island.
+
+When Richard read this letter, he was at first in a dreadful rage, and
+he broke out into an explosion of the most violent, profane, and
+passionate language that can be conceived. Presently he looked at the
+letter again, and on reperusing it, and carefully considering its
+contents, he declared that he did not believe that Philip ever wrote
+it. It was a stratagem of Tancred's, he thought, designed to promote a
+quarrel between Richard and his ally. Tancred assured him that Philip
+did write the letter, or, at least, that it was brought to him as
+from Philip by the Duke of Burgundy, one of his principal officers.
+
+"You may ask the Duke of Burgundy," said he, "and if he denies it, I
+will challenge him to a duel through one of my barons."
+
+It was necessary that the parties to a duel, in those days, should be
+of equal rank, so that, if a king had a quarrel with a nobleman of
+another nation, he could only send one of his own noblemen of the same
+rank to be his representative in the combat. But this proposal of
+sending another man to risk his life in maintaining the cause of his
+king on a question of veracity, in which the person so sent had no
+interest whatever, illustrates very curiously the ideas of those
+chivalrous times.
+
+Richard did not go to the Duke of Burgundy, but, taking the letter
+which Tancred had shown him, he waited until he found a good
+opportunity, and then showed it to Philip. The two kings often fell
+into altercations and disputes in their interviews with each other,
+and it was in one of these that Richard produced the letter, offering
+it by way of recrimination to some charges or accusations which Philip
+was making against him. Philip denied having written the letter. It
+was a forgery, he said, and he believed that Richard himself was the
+author of it.
+
+"You are trying every way you can," said he, "to find pretexts for
+quarreling with me, and this is one of your devices. I know what you
+are aiming at: you wish to quarrel with me so as to find some excuse
+for breaking off your marriage with my sister, whom you are bound by a
+most solemn oath to marry. But of this you may be sure, that if you
+abandon her and take any other wife, you will find me, as long as you
+live, your most determined and mortal enemy."
+
+This declaration aroused Richard's temper, and brought the affair at
+once to a crisis. Richard declared to Philip that he never would marry
+his sister.
+
+"My father," said he, "kept her from me for many years because he
+loved her himself, and she returned his love, and now I will never
+have any thing to do with her. I am ready to prove to you the truth of
+what I say."
+
+So Richard brought forward what he called the proofs of the very
+intimate relations which had subsisted between Alice and his father.
+Whether there was any thing genuine or conclusive in these proofs is
+not known. At all events, they made a very deep and painful
+impression on Philip. The disclosure was, as one of the writers of
+those times says, "like a nail driven directly through his heart."
+
+After a while, the two kings concluded to settle the difficulty by a
+sort of compromise. Philip agreed to give up all claims on the part of
+Alice to Richard in consideration of a sum of money which Richard was
+to pay. Richard was to pay two thousand marks[D] a year for five
+years, and was on that condition to be allowed to marry any one he
+chose. He was also to restore to Philip the fortresses and estates
+which had been conveyed to his father as Alice's dowry at the time of
+her betrothment to Richard in her infancy.
+
+[Footnote D: The mark is about three dollars.]
+
+This agreement, being thus made, was confirmed by a great profusion of
+oaths, sworn with all solemnity, and the affair was considered as
+settled.
+
+Still, Richard seems to have been a little disinclined to bring out
+Berengaria at once from her retreat, and let Philip know suddenly how
+far his arrangements for marrying another lady had gone; so he
+concluded to wait, before publicly announcing his intended marriage,
+until Philip should have sailed for the East. Philip was now, indeed,
+nearly ready to go; his fleet and his armament, being smaller than
+Richard's, could be dispatched earlier; so Richard devoted himself
+very earnestly to the work of facilitating and hastening his ally's
+departure, determining that immediately afterward he would bring
+forward his bride and celebrate his marriage.
+
+It is not, however, certain that he kept his intended marriage with
+Berengaria an absolute secret from Philip. There would be no longer
+any special necessity for this after the treaty that had been made.
+But, notwithstanding this agreement, it is not to be supposed that the
+new marriage would be a very agreeable subject for Philip to
+contemplate, or that it would be otherwise than very awkward for him
+to be present on the occasion of the celebration of it; so Richard
+decided that, on all accounts, it was best to postpone the ceremony
+until after Philip had gone.
+
+Philip sailed the very last of March. Richard selected from his fleet
+a few of his most splendid galleys, and with these, filled with a
+chosen company of knights and barons, he accompanied Philip as he left
+the harbor, and sailed with him down the Straits of Messina, with
+trumpets sounding, and flags and banners waving in the air. As soon as
+Philip's fleet reached the open sea, Richard took leave, and set out
+with his galleys on his return; but, instead of going back to Messina,
+he made the best of his way to the port in Italy where Berengaria and
+Joanna were lodging, and there took the ladies, who were all ready,
+expecting him, and embarking them on board a very elegantly adorned
+galley which he had prepared for them, he conducted them to Messina.
+
+Richard would now probably have been immediately married, but it was
+in the season of Lent, and, according to the ideas of those times, it
+would be in some sense a desecration of that holy season of fasting to
+celebrate any such joyous ceremony as a wedding in it; and it would
+not do very well to postpone the sailing of the fleet until after the
+season of Lent should have expired, for the time had already fully
+arrived when it ought to sail, and Philip, with his division of the
+allied force, had already gone; so he concluded to put off his
+marriage till they should reach the next place at which the expedition
+should land.
+
+Berengaria consented to this, and it was arranged that she was to
+accompany the expedition when it should sail, and that at the next
+place of landing, which it was expected would be the island of Rhodes,
+the marriage ceremony should be performed.
+
+As it was not considered quite proper, however, under these
+circumstances, that the princess should sail in the same ship with
+Richard, a very strong and excellent ship was provided for her special
+use, and that of Joanna who was to accompany her, and it was arranged
+that she should sail from the port just before the main body of the
+fleet were ready to commence the voyage. The ship in which the ladies
+and their suite were conveyed was placed under the command of a brave
+and faithful knight named Stephen of Turnham, and the two princesses
+were committed to his special charge.
+
+But, although Richard's regard for the sacred season of Lent would not
+allow of his celebrating the marriage, he made a grand celebration in
+honor of his betrothment to Berengaria before he sailed. At this
+celebration he instituted an order of twenty-four knights. These
+knights bound themselves in a fraternity with the king, and took a
+solemn oath that they would scale the walls of Acre when they reached
+the Holy Land. Acre was one of the strongest and most important
+fortresses in that country, and one which they were intending first to
+attack.
+
+Also, before he went away, Richard made King Tancred a farewell
+present of a very valuable antique sword, which had been found, he
+said, by his father in the tomb of a famous old English knight who had
+lived some centuries before.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CAMPAIGN IN CYPRUS.
+
+1190
+
+The expedition is at last ready to sail from Sicily.--The grand
+spectacle of the embarkation at Messina.--The order of
+sailing.--Trenc-le-mer.--The storm.--Navigation in the twelfth
+century.--Limesol in Cyprus.--The wrecked ships.--King Richard's
+seal.--The wreckers.--Isaac Comnenus.--Law and justice.--Law is
+not the creator, but the protector of property.--Joanna's
+inquiries for her brother.--An alarm.--A retreat.--Richard's
+vessel appears.--Richard's indignation on meeting Joanna's
+vessel.--Richard's contest with King Isaac Comnenus.--The history
+of the law of wrecks.--Richard having landed, Isaac asks
+a truce.--Negotiating.--Richard was a Norman, not an
+Englishman.--Preparing for war.--King Richard's battle-axe.--The
+conquest of Limesol.--Signaling for the queen's galley.--The
+terms of peace which Richard offered to Isaac.--How Richard
+faithlessly took King Isaac a prisoner.--King Richard subjugates
+Cyprus.--The miserable death of King Isaac.--Richard's wedding at
+last.--A coronation.--The king's accoutrement.--Favelle.--The
+appearance of Berengaria.--
+
+
+The time at length fully arrived for the departure of the English
+fleet from Sicily for the purpose of continuing the voyage to the Holy
+Land. Besides the delay which had been occasioned to Richard by
+circumstances connected with his marriage, he had waited also a short
+time for some store-ships to arrive from England with ammunition and
+supplies. When the store-ships at length came, the day for the sailing
+was immediately appointed, the tents were struck, the encampment
+abandoned, and the troops embarked on board the ships of the fleet.
+
+The Sicilians were all greatly excited, as the sailing of the fleet
+drew nigh, with anticipations of the splendor of the spectacle. The
+harbor was filled with ships of every form and size, and the movements
+connected with the embarkation of the troops on board of them, the
+striking of the tents, the packing up of furniture and goods, the
+hurrying of men to and fro, the crowding at the landings, the rapid
+transit of boats back and forth between the ships and the shore, and
+all the other scenes and incidents usually attendant on the
+embarkation of a great army, occupied the attention of the people of
+the country, and filled them with excitement and pleasure. It is
+highly probable, too, that their pleasure was increased by the
+prospect that they were soon to be relieved from the presence of such
+troublesome and unmanageable visitors.
+
+Never was a finer spectacle witnessed than that which was displayed by
+the sailing of the fleet, when the day for the departure of it at
+length arrived. The squadron consisted of nearly two hundred vessels
+in all. There were thirteen great ships, corresponding to what are
+called ships of the line of modern times. Then there were over fifty
+galleys. These were constructed so as to be propelled either by oars
+or by sails. Of course, when the wind was favorable, the sails would
+be used; but in case of calms, or of adverse winds blowing off from
+the land when the vessels were entering port, or of currents drifting
+them into danger, then the oars could be brought into requisition. In
+addition to these ships and galleys, there were about a hundred
+vessels used as transports for the conveyance of provisions, stores,
+tents, and tent equipage, ammunition of all kinds, including the
+frames of the military engines which Richard had caused to be
+constructed in Sicily, and all the other supplies required for the use
+of a great army. Besides these there were a great many other smaller
+vessels, which were used as tenders, lighters, and for other such
+purposes, making a total number of nearly two hundred. In the order of
+sailing, the transports followed the ships and galleys, which were
+more properly the ships of war, and which led the van, in order the
+better to meet any danger which might appear, and the more effectually
+to protect the convoy from it.
+
+Richard sailed at the head of his fleet in a splendid galley, which
+was appropriated to his special use. The name of it was the Sea
+Cutter.[E] There was a huge lantern hoisted in the stern of Richard's
+galley, in order that the rest of the fleet could see and follow her
+in the night.
+
+[Footnote E: _Trenc-le-mer_, literally, _Cut the sea_.]
+
+[Illustration: MAP ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OF KING RICHARD'S
+CRUSADE]
+
+The day of sailing was very fine, and the spectacle, witnessed by the
+Sicilians on shore, who watched the progress of it from every
+projecting point and headland as it moved majestically out of the
+harbor, was extremely grand. For some time the voyage went on very
+prosperously, but at length the sky gradually became overcast, and the
+wind began to blow, and finally a great storm came on before the ships
+had time to seek any shelter. In those days there was no mariner's
+compass, and of course, in a storm, when the sun and stars were
+concealed, there was nothing to be done but for the ship to grope her
+way through the haze and rain for any land which might be near. The
+violence of the wind and the raging of the sea was in this case so
+great that the fleet was soon dispersed, and the vessels were driven
+northward and eastward toward certain islands which lie in that part
+of the Mediterranean, off the coasts of Asia Minor. The three
+principal of these islands, as you will see by the opposite map, are
+Candia, Rhodes, and Cyprus, Cyprus lying farther toward the east.
+
+The ships came very near being wrecked on the coast of Crete, but they
+escaped and were driven onward over the sea, until at length a large
+portion of them found refuge at Rhodes. Others were driven on toward
+Cyprus. Richard's galley was among those that found refuge at Rhodes;
+but, unfortunately, the one in which Berengaria and Joanna were borne
+did not succeed in making a port there, but was swept onward by the
+gale, and, in company with one or two others, was driven to the mouth
+of the harbor of Limesol, which is the principal port of Cyprus, and
+is situated on the south side of the island. The galley in which the
+queen and the princess were embarked, being probably of superior
+construction to the others, and better manned, succeeded in weathering
+the point and getting round into the harbor, but two or three other
+galleys which were with them struck and were wrecked. One of these
+ships was a very important one. It contained the chancellor who bore
+Richard's great seal, besides a number of other knights and crusaders
+of high rank, and many valuable goods. The seal was an object of great
+value. Every king had his own seal, which was used to authenticate his
+public acts. The one which belonged to Richard is represented in the
+following engraving.
+
+As soon as the news of these wrecks spread into the island, the people
+came down in great numbers, and took possession of every thing of
+value which was cast upon the shore as property forfeited to the king
+of the country. The name of this king was Isaac Comnenus.
+
+He claimed that all wrecks cast upon his shores were his property.
+That was the law of the land; it was, in fact, the law of a great many
+countries in those days, especially of such as had maritime coasts
+bordering on navigable waters that were specially exposed to storms.
+
+[Illustration: KING RICHARD'S SEAL.]
+
+Thus, in seizing the wreck of Richard's vessels, King Isaac had the
+law on his side, and all those who, in their theory of government,
+hold it as a principle that law is the foundation of property, and
+that what the law makes right is right, must admit that he had justice
+on his side too. For my part, it seems clear that the right of
+property is anterior to all law, and independent of it. I think that
+the province of law is not to create property, but to protect it, and
+that it may, instead of protecting it, become the greatest violator of
+it. This law providing for the confiscation of property cast in wrecks
+upon a shore, and its forfeiture to the sovereign of the territory, is
+one of the most striking instances of aggression made by law on the
+natural and indefeasible rights of man.
+
+In regard to the galley which contained the queens, that having
+escaped shipwreck, and having safely anchored in the harbor, the king
+had no pretext for molesting it in any way. He learned by some means
+that Queen Joanna was on board the galley; so he sent two boats down
+with a messenger, to inquire whether her majesty would be pleased to
+land.
+
+Stephen of Turnham, the knight who had command of the queen's galley,
+thought it not safe to go on shore, for by doing so Joanna and
+Berengaria would put themselves entirely in King Isaac's power; and
+though it was true that Isaac and the people of Cyprus over whom he
+ruled were Christians, yet they were of the Greek Church, while
+Richard and the English were Roman, and these two churches were
+almost as hostile to each other as the Christians and the Turks.
+Stephen, however, communicated the message from Isaac to Joanna, and
+asked her majesty's pleasure thereupon. She sent back word to the
+messengers that she did not wish to land. She had only come into the
+harbor, she said, to see if she could learn any tidings of her
+brother; she had been separated from him by a great storm at sea,
+which had broken up and dispersed the fleet, and she wished to know
+whether any thing had been seen of him, or of any of his vessels, from
+the shores of that island.
+
+The messengers replied that they did not know any thing about it, and
+so the boats returned back to the town. Soon after this the company on
+board the galley saw some armed vessels coming down the harbor toward
+them. They were alarmed at this sight, and immediately got every thing
+ready for setting off at a moment's notice to withdraw from the
+harbor. It turned out that the king himself was on board one of the
+galleys that was coming down, and this vessel was allowed to come near
+enough for the king to communicate with the people on board Joanna's
+galley. After some ordinary questions had been asked and answered,
+the king, observing that a lady of high rank was standing on the deck
+with Joanna, asked who it was. They answered that it was the Princess
+of Navarre, who was going to be married to Richard. In the reply which
+the king made to this intelligence Stephen of Turnham thought he saw
+such indications of hostility that he deemed it most prudent to
+retire; so the anchor was raised, and the order was given to the
+oarsmen, who had already been stationed at their oars, to "give way,"
+and the oarsmen pulled vigorously at the oars. The galley was
+immediately taken out into the offing. The King of Cyprus did not
+pursue her; so she anchored there quietly, the storm having now nearly
+subsided. Stephen resolved to wait there for a time, hoping that in
+some way or other he might soon receive intelligence from Richard.
+
+Nor was he disappointed. Richard, whose galley, together with the
+principal portion of the fleet, had been driven farther to the
+eastward, had found refuge at Rhodes, and he set off, as soon as the
+storm abated, in pursuit of the missing vessels. He took with him a
+sufficient force to render to the vessels, if he should find them,
+such assistance or protection as might be necessary. At length he
+reached Cyprus, and, on entering the bay, there he beheld the galley
+of Joanna and Berengaria riding safely at anchor in the offing. The
+sea had not yet gone down, and the vessel was rolling and tossing on
+the waves in a fearful manner. Richard was greatly enraged at
+beholding this spectacle, for he at once inferred, by seeing the
+vessel in this uncomfortable situation outside the harbor, that some
+difficulty with the authorities had occurred which prevented her
+seeking refuge and protection within. Accordingly, as soon as he came
+near, he leaped into a boat, although burdened as he was with heavy
+armor of steel, which was a difficult and somewhat dangerous
+operation, and ordered himself to be rowed immediately on board.
+
+When he arrived, after the first greetings were over, he was informed
+by Stephen that three of the vessels of his fleet had been wrecked on
+the coast; that Isaac, the king, had seized them as his lawful prize;
+and that, at that very time, men that he had sent for this purpose
+were plundering the wrecks. Stephen also said that he had at first
+gone into the harbor with his galley, but that the indications of an
+unfriendly feeling on the part of the king were so decided that he
+did not dare to stay, and he had been compelled to come out into the
+offing.
+
+On hearing these things Richard was greatly enraged. He sent a
+messenger on shore to the king to demand peremptorily that he should
+at once leave off plundering the wrecks of the English ships, and that
+he should deliver up to Richard again all the goods that had already
+been taken. To this demand Isaac replied that whatever goods the sea
+cast upon the shores of his island were his property, according to the
+law of the land, and that he should take them without asking leave of
+any body.
+
+When Richard heard this answer, he was rather pleased than displeased
+with it, for it gave him, what he always wanted wherever he went, a
+pretext for quarreling. He said that the goods which Isaac obtained in
+that way he would find would cost him pretty dear, and he immediately
+prepared for war.
+
+In this transaction there is no question that the King of Cyprus,
+though wholly wrong, and guilty of a real and inexcusable violation of
+the rights of property, had yet the law on his side. It was one of
+those cases, of which innumerable examples have existed in all ages of
+the world, where an act which is virtually the robbing of one man by
+another is authorized by law, and is protected by legal sanctions.
+This rule--confiscating property wrecked--was the general law of
+Europe at this time, and Richard, of all men, might have considered
+himself estopped from objecting to it by the fact that it was the law
+in England as well as every where else. By the ancient common law of
+England, all wrecks of every kind became the property of the king. The
+severity of the rule had been slightly mitigated a few reigns before
+Richard's day by a statute which declared that if any living thing
+escaped from the wreck, even were it so much as a dog or a cat, that
+circumstance saved the property from confiscation, and preserved the
+claim of the owner to it. With this modification, the law stood in
+England until a very late period, that all goods thrown from wrecks
+upon the shores became the property of the crown, and it was not until
+comparatively quite a recent period that an English judge decided that
+such a principle, being contrary to justice and common sense, was not
+law; and now wrecked property is restored to whomsoever can prove
+himself to be the owner, on his paying for the expense and trouble of
+saving it.
+
+On receiving the demand which Richard sent him, the King of Cyprus,
+anticipating difficulty, drew up his galleys in order of battle across
+the harbor, and marched troops down to commanding positions on the
+shore, wherever he thought there might be any danger that Richard
+would attempt to land. Richard very soon brought up his forces and
+advanced to attack him. Isaac's troops retreated as Richard advanced.
+Finally they were driven back without much actual contest into the
+town, and Richard then brought his squadron up into harbor and landed.
+Isaac, seeing how much stronger Richard was than he, did not attempt
+any serious resistance, but retired to the citadel. From the citadel
+he sent out a flag of truce demanding a parley.
+
+Richard granted the request, and an interview took place, but it led
+to no result. Richard found that Isaac was not yet absolutely subdued.
+He still asserted his rights, and complained of the gross wrong which
+Richard was perpetrating in invading his dominions, and seeking a
+quarrel with him without cause; but the effect was like that of the
+lamb attempting to resist or recriminate the wolf, which, far from
+bringing the aggressor to reason, only awakens more strongly his
+ferocity and rage. Richard turned toward his attendants, and, uttering
+a profane exclamation, said that Isaac talked like a fool of a Briton.
+
+It is mentioned as a remarkable circumstance by the historians that
+Richard spoke these words in English, and it is said that this was the
+only time in the course of his life that he ever used that language.
+It may seem very strange to the reader that an English king should not
+ordinarily use the English language. But, strictly speaking, Richard
+was not an English king. He was a Norman king. The whole dynasty to
+which he belonged were Norman French in all their relations. Normandy
+they regarded as the chief seat of their empire. There were their
+principal cities--there their most splendid palaces. There they lived
+and reigned, with occasional excursions for comparatively brief
+periods across the Channel. They considered England much as the
+present English sovereigns do Ireland, namely, as a conquered country,
+which had become a possession and a dependency upon the crown, but not
+in any sense the seat of empire, and they utterly despised the native
+inhabitants. In view of these facts, the wonder that Richard, the King
+of England, never spoke the English tongue at once disappears.
+
+The conference broke up, and both sides prepared for war. Isaac,
+finding that he was not strong enough to resist such a horde of
+invaders as Richard brought with him, withdrew from his capital and
+retired to a fortress among the mountains. Richard then easily took
+possession of the town. A moderate force had been left to protect it;
+but Richard, promising his troops plenty of booty when they should get
+into it, led the way, waving his battle-axe in the air.
+
+This battle-axe was a very famous weapon. It was one which Richard had
+caused to be made for himself before leaving England, and it was the
+wonder of the army on account of its size and weight. The object of a
+battle-axe was to break through the steel armor with which the knights
+and warriors of those days were accustomed to cover themselves, and
+which was proof against all ordinary blows. Now Richard was a man of
+prodigious personal strength, and, when fitting out his expedition in
+England, he caused an unusually large and heavy battle-axe to be made
+for himself, by way of showing his men what he could do in swinging a
+heavy weapon. The head of this axe, or hammer, as perhaps it might
+more properly have been called, weighed twenty pounds, and most
+marvelous stories were told of the prodigious force of the blow that
+Richard could strike with it. When it came down on the head of a
+steel-clad knight on his horse, it broke through every thing, they
+said, and crushed man and horse both to the ground.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The assault on Limesol was successful. The people made but a feeble
+resistance. Indeed, they had no weapons which could possibly enable
+them to stand a moment against the Crusaders. They were half naked,
+and their arms were little better than clubs and stones. They were, in
+consequence, very easily driven off the ground, and Richard took
+possession of the city.
+
+He then immediately made a signal for Joanna's galley--which, during
+all this time, had remained at the mouth of the harbor--to advance.
+The galley accordingly came up, and Joanna and the princess were
+received by the whole army at the landing with loud acclamations. They
+were immediately conducted into the town, and there were lodged
+splendidly in the best of Isaac's palaces.
+
+But the contest was not yet ended. The place to which Isaac had
+retreated was a city which he possessed in the interior of the island
+called Nicosia. From this place he sent a messenger to Richard to
+propose another conference, with a view of attempting once more to
+agree upon some terms of peace. Richard agreed to this, and a place of
+meeting was appointed on a plain near Limesol, the port. King Isaac,
+accompanied by a suitable number of attendants, repaired to this
+place, and the conference was opened. Richard was mounted on a
+favorite Spanish charger, and was splendidly dressed in silk and gold.
+He assumed a very lofty bearing and demeanor toward his humbled enemy,
+and informed him in a very summary manner on what terms alone he was
+willing to make peace.
+
+"I will make peace with you," said Richard, "on condition that you
+hold your kingdom henceforth subject to me. You are to deliver up all
+the castles and strongholds to me, and do me homage as your
+acknowledged sovereign. You are also to pay me an ample indemnity in
+gold for the damage you did to my wrecked galleys. I shall expect you,
+moreover, to join me in the crusade. You must accompany me to the
+Holy Land with not less than five hundred foot-soldiers, four hundred
+horsemen, and one hundred full-armed knights. For security that you
+will faithfully fulfill these conditions, you must put the princess,
+your daughter, into my hands as a hostage. Then, in case your conduct
+while in my service in the Holy Land is in all respects perfectly
+satisfactory, I will restore your daughter, and also your castles, to
+you on my return."
+
+Isaac's daughter was a very beautiful young princess. She was
+extremely beloved by her father, and was highly honored by the people
+of the land as the heir to the crown.
+
+These conditions were certainly very hard, but the poor king was in no
+condition to resist any demands that Richard might choose to make.
+With much distress and anguish of mind, he pretended to agree to these
+terms, though he secretly resolved that he could not and would not
+submit to them. Richard suspected his sincerity, and, in utter
+violation of all honorable laws and usages of war, he made him a
+prisoner, and set guards over him to watch him until the stipulations
+should be carried into effect. Isaac contrived to escape from his
+keepers in the night, and, putting himself at the head of such troops
+as he could obtain, prepared for war, with the determination to resist
+to the last extremity.
+
+Richard now resolved to proceed at once to take the necessary measures
+for the complete subjugation of the island. He organized a large body
+of land forces, and directed them to advance into the interior of the
+country, and put down all resistance. At the same time, he placed
+himself at the head of his fleet, and, sailing round the island, he
+took possession of all the towns and fortresses on the shore. He also
+seized every ship and every boat, large and small, that he could find,
+and thus entirely cut off from King Isaac all chance of escaping by
+sea. In the mean time, the unhappy monarch, with the few troops that
+still adhered to him, was driven from place to place, until at last he
+was completely hemmed in, and was compelled to fight or surrender.
+They fought. The result was what might have been expected. Richard was
+victorious. The capital, Limesol, fell into his hands, and the king
+and his daughter were taken prisoners.
+
+The princess was greatly terrified when she was brought into Richard's
+presence. She fell on her knees before him, and cried,
+
+"My lord the king, have mercy upon me!"
+
+Richard put forth his hand to lift her up, and then sent her to
+Berengaria.
+
+"I give her to you," said he, "for an attendant and companion."
+
+The king was almost broken-hearted at having his daughter taken away
+from him. He threw himself at Richard's feet, and begged him, with the
+most earnest entreaty, to restore him his child. Richard paid no heed
+to this request, but ordered Isaac to be taken away. Soon after this
+he sent him across the sea to Tripoli in Syria, and there shut him up
+in the dungeon of a castle, a hopeless prisoner. The unhappy captive
+was secured in his dungeon by chains; but, in honor of his rank, the
+chains, by Richard's directions, were made of silver, overlaid with
+gold. The poor king pined in this place of confinement for four years,
+and then died.
+
+As soon as Isaac had gone, and things had become somewhat settled.
+Richard found himself undisputed master of Cyprus, and he resolved to
+annex the island to his own dominions.
+
+"And now," said he to himself, "it will be a good time for me to be
+married."
+
+So, after making the necessary arrangements for assembling his whole
+fleet again, and repairing the damages which had been sustained by the
+storm, he began to make preparations for the wedding. Berengaria made
+no objection to this. Indeed, the fright which she had suffered at sea
+in being separated from Richard, and the anxiety she had endured when,
+after the storm, she gazed in every direction all around the horizon,
+and could see no signs in any quarter of his ship, and when,
+consequently, she feared that he might be lost, made her extremely
+unwilling to be separated from him again.
+
+The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor, and many
+feasts and entertainments, and public parades, and celebrations
+followed, to commemorate the event. Among the other grand ceremonies
+was a coronation--a double coronation. Richard caused himself to be
+crowned King of Cyprus, and Berengaria Queen of England and of Cyprus
+too.
+
+The dress in which Richard appeared on these occasions is minutely
+described. He wore a rose-colored satin tunic, which was fastened by a
+jeweled belt about his waist. Over this was a mantle of striped silver
+tissue, brocaded with silver half-moons. He wore an elegant and very
+costly sword too. The blade was of Damascus steel, the hilt was of
+gold, and the scabbard was of silver, richly engraved in scales. On
+his head he wore a scarlet bonnet, brocaded in gold with figures of
+animals. He bore in his hand what was called a truncheon, which was a
+sort of sceptre, very splendidly covered and adorned.
+
+He had an elegant horse--a Spanish charger--and wherever he went this
+horse was led before him, with the bits, and stirrups, and all the
+metallic mountings of the saddle and bridle in gold. The crupper was
+adorned with two golden lions, figured with their paws raised in the
+act of striking each other. Richard obtained another horse in Cyprus
+among the spoils that he acquired there, and which afterward became
+his favorite. His name was Favelle, though in some of the old annals
+he is called Faunelle. This horse acquired great fame by the strength
+and courage, and also the great sagacity, that he displayed in the
+various battles that he was engaged in with his master. Indeed, at
+last, he became quite a historical character.
+
+Richard himself was a tall and well-formed man, and altogether a very
+fine-looking man, and in this costume, with his yellow curls and
+bright complexion, he appeared, they said, a perfect model of
+military and manly grace.
+
+There is a representation of Berengaria extant which is supposed to
+show her as she appeared at this time. Her hair is parted in the
+middle in front, and hangs down in long tresses behind. It is covered
+with a veil, open on each side, like a Spanish mantilla. The veil is
+fastened to her head by a royal diadem resplendent with gold and gems,
+and is surmounted with a _fleur de lis_, with so much foliage added to
+it as to give it the appearance of a double crown, in allusion to her
+being the queen both of Cyprus and of England.
+
+The whole time occupied by these transactions in Cyprus was only about
+a month, and now, since every thing had been finished to his
+satisfaction, Richard began to think once more of prosecuting his
+voyage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+VOYAGE TO ACRE.
+
+1190
+
+The different names of Acre.--Order of St. John.--The
+Hospitalers.--Knights of St. John.--Origin of the name of St.
+Jean d'Acre.--The order.--A description of the town of
+Acre.--Philip before Acre.--The siege.--Chasing a Saracen
+vessel.--Desperation.--The terrible Greek fire which the Saracens
+used.--The ship is taken.--A massacre.--Richard's defense.--King
+Richard's cupidity.--The sinking ship.
+
+
+The great landing-point for expeditions of Crusaders to the Holy Land
+was Acre, or Akka, as it is often written. The town was originally
+known as Ptolemais, and the situation of it may be found designated on
+ancient maps under that name. The Turks called it Akka, which name the
+French call Acre. It was also, after a certain time, called St. Jean
+d'Acre. It received this name from a famous military order that was
+founded in the Holy Land in the Middle Ages, called the Knights of St.
+John.
+
+The origin of the order was as follows: About a hundred years before
+the time of Richard's crusade, a company of pious merchants from
+Naples, who went to Jerusalem, took pity, while they were there, on
+the pilgrims who came there to visit the Holy Sepulchre, and who,
+being poor, and very insufficiently provided for the journey, suffered
+a great many privations and hardships. These merchants accordingly
+built and endowed a monastery, and made it the duty of the monks to
+receive and take care of a certain number of these pilgrims.
+
+They named the establishment the Monastery of St. John, and the monks
+themselves were called Hospitalers, their business being to receive
+and show hospitality to the pilgrims. So the monks were sometimes
+designated as the Hospitalers and sometimes the Brothers of St. John.
+
+Other travelers, who came to Jerusalem from time to time, seeing this
+monastery, and observing the good which it was the means of effecting
+for the poor pilgrims, became interested in its welfare, and made
+grants and donations to it, by which, in the course of fifty years, it
+became much enlarged. At length, in process of time, a _military_
+order was connected with it. The pilgrims needed protection in going
+to and fro, as well as food, shelter, and rest at the end of their
+journey, and the military order was formed to furnish this protection.
+The knights of this order were called Knights Hospitalers, and
+sometimes Knights of St. John. The institution continued to grow, and
+finally the seat of it was transferred to Acre, which was a much more
+convenient place for giving succor to the pilgrims, and also for
+fighting the Saracens, who were the great enemies that the pilgrims
+had to fear. From this time the institution was called St. John of
+Acre, as it was before St. John of Jerusalem, and finally its power
+and influence became so predominant in the town that the town itself
+was generally designated by the name of the institution, and it has
+been called St. Jean d'Acre to this day.
+
+The order became at last very numerous. Great numbers of persons
+joined it from all the nations of Europe. They organized a regular
+government. They held fortresses and towns, and other territorial
+possessions of considerable value. They had a fleet, and an army, and
+a rich treasury. In a word, they became, as it were, a government and
+a nation.
+
+The persons belonging to the order were divided into three classes:
+
+     1. _Knights._--These were the armed men. They fought the
+     battles, defended the pilgrims, managed the government, and
+     performed all other similar functions.
+
+     2. _Chaplains._--These were the priests and monks. They
+     conducted worship, and attended, in general, to all the
+     duties of devotion. They were the scholars, too, and acted
+     as secretaries and readers, whenever such duties were
+     required.
+
+     3. _Servitors._--The duty of the servitors was, as their
+     name imports, to take charge of the buildings and grounds
+     belonging to the order, to wait upon the sick, and accompany
+     pilgrims, and to perform, in general, all other duties
+     pertaining to their station.
+
+[Illustration: THE RAMPARTS OF ACRE.]
+
+The town of Acre stood on the shore of the sea, and was very strongly
+fortified. The walls and ramparts were very massive--altogether too
+thick and high to be demolished or scaled by any means of attack known
+in those days. The place had been in possession of the Knights of St.
+John, but in the course of the wars between the Saracens and the
+Crusaders that had prevailed before Richard came, it had fallen into
+the hands of the Saracens, and now the Crusaders were besieging it, in
+hopes to recover possession. They were encamped in thousands on a
+plain outside the town, in a beautiful situation overlooking the sea.
+Still farther back among the mountains were immense hordes of
+Saracens, watching an opportunity to come down upon the plain and
+overwhelm the Christian armies, while they, on the other hand, were
+making continued assaults upon the town, in hopes of carrying it
+by storm, before their enemies on the mountains could attack them. Of
+course, the Crusaders were extremely anxious to have Richard arrive,
+for they knew that he was bringing with him an immense re-enforcement.
+
+Philip, the French king, had already arrived, and he exerted himself
+to the utmost to take the town before Richard should come. But he
+could not succeed. The town resisted all the attempts he could make to
+storm it, and, in the mean time, his position and that of the other
+Crusaders in the camp was becoming very critical, on account of the
+immense numbers of Saracens in the mountains behind them, who were
+gradually advancing their posts and threatening to surround the
+Christians entirely. Philip, therefore, and the forces joined with
+him, were beginning to feel very anxious to see Richard's ships
+drawing near, and from their encampment on the plain they looked out
+over the sea, and watched day after day, earnestly in hopes that they
+might see the advanced ships of Richard's fleet coming into view in
+the offing.
+
+In the mean time, Richard, having sailed from Cyprus, was coming on,
+though he was delayed on his way by an occurrence which he greatly
+gloried in, deeming it doubtless a very brilliant exploit. The case
+was this:
+
+In sailing along with his squadron between Cyprus and the main land,
+he suddenly fell in with a ship of very large size. At first Richard
+and his men wondered what ship it could be. It was soon evident that,
+whatever she was, she was endeavoring to escape. Richard ordered his
+galleys to press on, and he soon found that the strange ship was full
+of Saracens. He immediately ordered his men to advance and board her,
+and he declared to his seamen that if they allowed her to escape he
+would crucify them.
+
+The Saracens, seeing that there was no possibility of escape, and
+having no hope of mercy if they fell into Richard's hands, determined
+to scuttle the ship, and to sink themselves and the vessel together.
+They accordingly cut holes through the bottom as well as they could
+with hatchets, and the water began to pour in. In the mean time,
+Richard's galleys had surrounded the vessel, and a dreadful combat
+ensued. Both parties fought like tigers. The Crusaders were furious to
+get on board before the ship should go down, and the Saracens, though
+they had no expectation of finally defending themselves against their
+enemies, still hoped to keep them back until it should be too late for
+them to obtain any advantage from their victory.
+
+For a time they were quite successful in their resistance, chiefly by
+means of what was called Greek fire. This Greek fire was a celebrated
+means of warfare in those days, and was very terrible in its nature
+and effects. It is not known precisely what it was, or how it was
+made. It was an exceedingly combustible substance, and was to be
+thrown, on fire, at the enemy; and such was its nature, that when once
+in flames nothing could extinguish it; and, besides the heat and
+burning that it produced, it threw out great volumes of poisonous and
+stifling vapors, which suffocated all that came near. The men threw it
+sometimes in balls, sometimes on the ends of darts and arrows, where
+it was enveloped in flax or tow to keep it in its place. It burned
+fiercely and furiously wherever it fell. Even water did not extinguish
+it, and it was said that in this combat the sea all around the
+Saracens' ship seemed on fire, and the decks of the galleys that
+attacked them were blazing with it in every direction. Great numbers
+of Richard's men were killed by it.
+
+But the superiority of numbers on Richard's side was too great, and
+after a time the Saracens were subdued, before the ship had admitted
+water enough through the scuttlings to carry her down. Richard's men
+poured in on board of her in great numbers. They immediately proceeded
+to massacre or throw overboard the men as fast as possible, and to
+seize the stores and transfer them to their own ships. They also did
+all they could to stop the leaks, so as to delay the sinking of the
+ship as long as possible. They had time to transfer to their own
+vessels nearly all the valuable part of the cargo, and to kill and
+drown all the men. Out of twelve or fifteen hundred, only about
+thirty-five were spared.
+
+When, afterward, public sentiment seemed inclined to condemn this
+terrible and inexcusable massacre, Richard defended himself by saying
+that he found on board the vessel a number of jars containing certain
+poisonous reptiles, which he alleged the Saracens were going to take
+to Acre, and there let them loose near the Crusaders' camp to bite the
+soldiers, and that men who could resort to so barbarous a mode of
+warfare as this deserved no quarter. However this may be, the poor
+Saracens received no quarter. It might be supposed that Richard
+deserved some credit for his humanity in saving the thirty-five. But
+his object in saving these was not to show mercy, but to gain
+ransom-money. These thirty-five were the _emirs_, or other officers of
+the Saracens, or persons who looked as if they might be rich or have
+rich friends. When they reached the shore, Richard fixed upon a
+certain sum of money for each of them, and allowed them to send word
+to their friends that if they would raise that money and send it to
+Richard, he would set them at liberty. A great proportion of them were
+thus afterward ransomed, and Richard realized from this source quite a
+large sum.
+
+When Richard's soldiers found that the time for the captured ship to
+sink was drawing nigh, they abandoned her, leaving on board every
+thing that they had not been able to save, and, withdrawing to a safe
+distance, they saw her go down. The sea all around her was covered
+with the bodies of the dead and dying, and also with bales of
+merchandise, broken weapons, fragments of the wreck, and with the
+flickering and exhausted remnants of the Greek fire.
+
+The fleet then got under way again, and pursued its course to Acre.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE ARRIVAL AT ACRE.
+
+1190
+
+The besieging army at Acre.--Motives of the Saracens.--Motives of
+the Christians.--Envyings and jealousy among the besiegers.--King
+of Jerusalem.--A common danger makes a common cause.--The
+terrible loss of life in the siege of Acre.--The unwieldy armor
+of the knights.--King Richard received by the besieging
+army.--Berengaria a bride.--Philip's conciliation.
+
+
+While Richard was thus, with his fleet, drawing near to Acre, the
+armies of the Crusaders that were besieging the town had been for some
+time gradually getting into a very critical situation. This army was
+made up of a great many different bodies of troops, that had come in
+the course of years from all parts of Europe to recover the Holy Land
+from the possession of the unbelievers. There were Germans, and
+French, and Normans, and Italians, and people from the different
+kingdoms of Spain, with knights, and barons, and earls, and bishops,
+and archbishops, and princes, and other dignitaries of all kinds
+without number. With such a heterogeneous mass there could be no
+common bond, nor any general and central authority. They spoke a great
+variety of languages, and were accustomed to very different modes of
+warfare; and the several orders of knights, and the different bodies
+of troops, were continually getting involved in dissensions arising
+from the jealousies and rivalries which they bore to each other. The
+enemy, on the other hand, were united under the command of one great
+and powerful Saracen leader named Saladin.
+
+There was another great difference between the Crusaders and the
+Saracens which was greatly to the advantage of the latter. The
+Saracens were fighting simply to deliver their country from these
+bands of invaders. Thus their object was _one_. If any part of the
+army achieved a success, the other divisions rejoiced at it, for it
+tended to advance them all toward the common end that all had in view.
+On the other hand, the chief end and aim of the Crusaders was to get
+glory to themselves in the estimation of friends and neighbors at
+home, and of Europe in general. It is true that they desired to obtain
+this glory by victories over the unbelievers and the conquest of the
+Holy Land, but these last objects were the means and not the end. The
+_end_, in their view, was their own personal glory. The consequence
+was, that while the Saracens would naturally all rejoice at an
+advantage gained over the enemy by any portion of their army, yet in
+the camp of the Crusaders, if one body of knights performed a great
+deed of strength or bravery which was likely to attract attention in
+Europe, the rest were apt to be disappointed and vexed instead of
+being pleased. They were envious of the fame which the successful
+party had acquired. In a word, when an advantage was gained by any
+particular body of troops, the rest did not think of the benefit to
+the common cause which had thereby been secured, but only of the
+danger that the fame acquired by those who gained it might eclipse or
+outshine their own renown.
+
+The various orders of knights and the commanders of the different
+bodies of troops vied with each other, not only in respect to the
+acquisition of glory, but also in the elegance of their arms, the
+splendor of their tents and banners, the beauty and gorgeous
+caparisons of the horses, and the pomp and parade with which they
+conducted all their movements and operations. The camp was full of
+quarrels, too, among the great leaders in respect to the command of
+the places in the Holy Land which had been conquered in previous
+campaigns. These places, as fast as they had been taken, had been made
+principalities and kingdoms, to give titles of rank to the crusaders
+who had taken them; and, though the places themselves had in many
+instances been lost again, and given up to the Saracens, the titles
+remained to be quarreled about among the Crusaders. There was
+particularly a great quarrel at this time about the title of King of
+Jerusalem. It was a mere empty title, for Jerusalem was in the hands
+of the Saracens, but there were twenty very powerful and influential
+claimants to it, each of whom manoeuvred and intrigued incessantly
+with all the other knights and commanders in the army to gain
+partisans to his side. Thus the camp of the Crusaders, from one cause
+and another, had become one universal scene of rivalry, jealousy, and
+discord.
+
+There was a small approach toward a greater degree of unity of feeling
+just before the time of Richard's arrival, produced by the common
+danger to which they began to see they were exposed. They had been now
+two years besieging Acre, and had accomplished nothing. All the
+furious attempts that they had made to storm the place had been
+unsuccessful. The walls were too thick and solid for the
+battering-rams to make any serious impression upon them, and the
+garrison within were so numerous and so well armed, and they hurled
+down such a tremendous shower of darts, javelins, stones, and other
+missiles of every kind upon all who came near, that immense numbers of
+those who were brought up near the walls to work the engines were
+killed, while the besieged themselves, being protected by the
+battlements on the walls, were comparatively safe.
+
+In the course of the two years during which the siege had now been
+going on, bodies of troops from all parts of Europe had been
+continually coming and going, and as in those days there was far less
+of system and organization in the conduct of military affairs than
+there is now, the camp was constantly kept in a greater or less degree
+of confusion, so that it is impossible to know with certainty how many
+were engaged, and what the actual loss of life had been. The lowest
+estimate is that one hundred and fifty thousand men perished before
+Acre during this siege, and some historians calculate the loss at five
+hundred thousand. The number of deaths was greatly increased by the
+plague, which prevailed at one time among the troops, and committed
+fearful ravages. One thing, however, must be said, in justice to the
+reckless and violent men who commanded these bands, and that is, that
+they did not send their poor, helpless followers, the common
+soldiers, into a danger which they kept out of themselves. It was a
+point of honor with them to take the foremost rank, and to expose
+themselves fully at all times to the worst dangers of the combat. It
+is true that the knights and nobles were better protected by their
+armor than the soldiers. They were generally covered with steel from
+head to foot, and so heavily loaded with it were they, that it was
+only on horseback that they could sustain themselves in battle at all.
+Indeed, it was said that if a full-armed knight, in those days, were,
+from any accident, unhorsed, his armor was so heavy that, if he were
+thrown down upon the ground in his fall, he could not possibly get up
+again without help.
+
+Notwithstanding this protection, however, the knights and commanders
+exposed themselves so much that they suffered in full proportion with
+the rest. It was estimated that during the siege there fell in battle,
+or perished of sickness or fatigue, eighteen or twenty archbishops and
+bishops, forty earls, and no less than five hundred barons, all of
+whose names are recorded. So they obtained what they went
+for--commemoration in history. Whether the reward was worth the price
+they paid for it, in sacrificing every thing like happiness and
+usefulness in life, and throwing themselves, after a few short months
+of furious and angry warfare, into a bloody grave, is a very serious
+question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as Richard's fleet appeared in view, the whole camp was thrown
+into a state of the wildest commotion. The drums were beat, the
+trumpets were sounded, and flags and banners without number were waved
+in the air. The troops were paraded, and when the ships arrived at the
+shore, and Richard and his immediate attendants and followers landed,
+they were received by the commanders of the Crusaders' army on the
+beach with the highest honors, while the soldiers drawn up around
+filled the air with long and loud acclamations.
+
+Berengaria had come from Cyprus, not in Richard's ship, although she
+was now married to him. She had continued in her own galley, and was
+still under the charge of her former guardian, Stephen of Turnham.
+That ship had been fitted up purposely for the use of the queen and
+the princess, and the arrangements on board were more suitable for the
+accommodation of ladies than were those of Richard's ship, which being
+strictly a war vessel, and intended always to be foremost in every
+fight, was arranged solely with a view to the purposes of battle, and
+was therefore not a very suitable place for a bride.
+
+Berengaria and Joanna landed very soon after Richard. Philip was a
+little piqued at the suddenness with which Richard had married another
+lady, so soon after the engagement with Alice had been terminated; but
+he considered how urgent the necessity was that he should now be on
+good terms with his ally, and so he concealed his feelings, and
+received Berengaria himself as she came from her ship, and assisted
+her to land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+DIFFICULTIES.
+
+1191
+
+Richard's arrogance produces dissension in the camp.--The
+progress of the quarrel between Richard and Philip.--The English
+and French armies no longer co-operate.--Preparations for an
+assault.--A repulse.--Reflections.--Dangers of the army.--A
+nominal friendship between real enemies.
+
+
+It was but a very short time after Richard had landed his forces at
+Acre, and had taken his position in the camp on the plain before the
+city, before serious difficulties began to arise between him and
+Philip. This, indeed, might have been easily foreseen. It was
+perfectly certain that, so soon as Richard should enter the camp of
+the Crusaders, he would immediately assume such airs of superiority,
+and attempt to lord it over all the other kings and princes there in
+so reckless and dictatorial a manner, that there could be no peace
+with him except in entire submission to his will.
+
+This was, accordingly, soon found to be the case. He began to quarrel
+with Philip in a very short time, notwithstanding the sincere desire
+that Philip manifested to live on good terms with him. Of course, the
+knights and barons, and, after a time, the common soldiers in the two
+armies, took sides with their respective sovereigns. One great source
+of trouble was, that Richard claimed to be the feudal sovereign of
+Philip himself, on account of some old claims that he advanced, as
+Duke of Normandy, over the French kingdom. This pretension Philip, of
+course, would not admit, and the question gave rise to endless
+disputes and heartburnings.
+
+Presently the quarrel extended to other portions of the army of the
+Crusaders, and the different orders of knights and bodies of soldiers
+espoused, some one side and some the other. The Knights Hospitalers,
+described in a former chapter, who had now become a numerous and very
+powerful force, took Richard's side. Indeed, Richard was personally
+popular among the knights and barons generally, on account of his
+prodigious strength and the many feats of reckless daring that he
+performed. When he went out every body flocked to see him, and the
+whole camp was full of the stories that were told of his wonderful
+exploits. He made use of the distinction which he thus acquired as a
+means of overshadowing Philip's influence and position. This Philip,
+of course, resented, and then the English said that he was envious of
+Richard's superiority; and they attempted to lay the whole blame of
+the quarrel on him, attributing the unfriendly feeling simply to what
+they considered his weak and ungenerous jealousy of a more successful
+and fortunate rival.
+
+However this may be, the disagreement soon became so great that the
+two kings could no longer co-operate together in fighting against
+their common enemy.
+
+Philip planned an assault against the town. He was going to take it by
+storm. Richard did not join him in this attempt. He made it an excuse
+that he was sick at the time. Indeed, he was sick not long after his
+arrival at Acre, but whether his illness really prevented his
+co-operating with Philip in the assault, or was only made use of as a
+pretext, is not quite certain. At any rate, Richard left Philip to
+make the assault alone, and the consequence was that the French troops
+were driven back from the walls with great loss. Richard secretly
+rejoiced at this discomfiture, but Philip was in a great rage.
+
+Not long afterward Richard planned an assault, to be executed with
+_his_ troops alone; for Philip now stood aloof, and refused to aid
+him. Richard had no objection to this; indeed, he rejoiced in an
+opportunity to show the world that he could succeed in accomplishing a
+feat of arms after Philip had attempted it and failed.
+
+[Illustration: THE ASSAULT.]
+
+So he brought forward the engines that he had caused to be built at
+Messina, and set them up. He organized his assaulting columns and
+prepared for the attack. He made the scaling-ladders ready, and
+provided his men with great stores of ammunition; and when the
+appointed day at length arrived, he led his men on to the assault,
+fully confident that he was about to perform an exploit that would
+fill all Europe with his fame.
+
+But, unfortunately for him, he was doomed to disappointment. His men
+were driven back from the walls. The engines were overthrown and
+broken to pieces, or set on fire by flaming javelins sent from the
+walls, and burned to the ground. Vast numbers of his soldiers were
+killed, and at length, all hope of success having disappeared, the
+troops were drawn off, discomfited and excessively chagrined.
+
+The reflections which would naturally follow in the minds of Philip
+and Richard, as they sat in their tents moodily pondering on these
+failures, led them to think that it would be better for them to cease
+quarreling with each other, and to combine their strength against the
+common enemy. Indeed, their situation was now fast becoming very
+critical, inasmuch as every day during which the capture of the town
+was delayed the troops of Saladin on the mountains around them were
+gradually increasing in numbers, and gaining in the strength of their
+position, and they might at any time now be expected to come pouring
+down upon the plain in such force as entirely to overwhelm the whole
+army of the Crusaders.
+
+So Richard and Philip made an agreement with each other that they
+would thenceforth live together on better terms, and endeavor to
+combine their strength against the common enemy, instead of wasting it
+in petty quarrels with each other.
+
+From this time things went on much better in the camp of the allies,
+while yet there was no real or cordial friendship between Richard and
+Philip, or any of their respective partisans. Richard attempted
+secretly to entice away knights and soldiers from Philip's service by
+offering them more money or better rewards than Philip paid them, and
+Philip, when he discovered this, attempted to retaliate by endeavoring
+to buy off, in the same manner, some of Richard's men. In a word, the
+fires of the feud, though covered up and hidden, were burning away
+underneath as fiercely as ever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE FALL OF ACRE.
+
+1191
+
+The distress of the besieged city.--Famine.--Disappointed
+hopes.--The various methods of warfare.--Undermining the
+walls.--The effect on the walls.--A spy in the city.--The letters
+which came on arrows.--A flag of truce.--Terms proposed by the
+Saracens.--Richard's exactions and his threats.--The
+convention.--Hostages.--The ransom of the captives.--Saladin's
+assent.--Richard enters Acre in triumph.--The Archduke of
+Austria's banner.--Philip in trouble.--Philip's secret
+plans.--Title of King of Jerusalem.--Sibylla.--Guy of
+Lusignan.--Isabella.--Conrad of Montferrat.--The positions of
+Richard and Philip respecting the title.--One of Richard's
+compromises.--Philip announces his return.--Richard's objections
+to Philip's return.--Philip's oath to Richard.--Disapprobation of
+King Philip's course.--Saladin is unable to fulfill his
+promises.--Brutality of Richard.--The massacre of the Saracen
+captives.--Richard's exultation.--Supernatural approval.
+
+
+Although the allies failed to reduce Acre by assault, the town was at
+last compelled to submit to them through the distress and misery to
+which the inhabitants and the garrison were finally reduced by famine.
+They bore these sufferings as long as they could, but the time arrived
+at last when they could be endured no longer. They hoped for some
+relief which was to have been sent to them by sea from Cairo, but it
+did not come. They also hoped, day after day, and week after week,
+that Saladin would be strong enough to come down from the mountains,
+and break through the camp of the Crusaders on the plain and rescue
+them. But they were disappointed. The Crusaders had fortified their
+camp in the strongest manner, and then they were so numerous and so
+fully armed that Saladin thought it useless to make any general attack
+upon them with the force that he had under his command.
+
+The siege had continued two years when Philip and Richard arrived.
+They came early in the spring of 1191. Of course, their arrival
+greatly strengthened the camp of the besiegers, and went far to
+extinguish the remaining hopes of the garrison. The commanders,
+however, did not immediately give up, but held out some months longer,
+hoping every day for the arrival of the promised relief from Cairo. In
+the mean time, they continued to endure a succession of the most
+vigorous assaults from the Crusaders, of which very marvelous tales
+are told in the romantic narratives of those times. In these
+narratives we have accounts of the engines which Richard set up
+opposite the walls, and of the efforts made by the besieged to set
+them on fire; of Richard's working, himself, like any common soldier
+in putting these engines together, and in extinguishing the flames
+when they were set on fire; of a vast fire-proof shed which was at
+last contrived to cover and protect the engines--the covering of the
+roof being made fire-proof with green hides; and of a plan which was
+finally adopted, when it was found that the walls could not be beaten
+down by battering-rams, of undermining them with a view of making them
+tumble down by their own weight. In this case, the workmen who
+undermined the walls were protected at their work by sheds built over
+them, and, in order to prevent the walls from falling upon them while
+they were mining, they propped them up with great beams of wood, so
+placed that they could make fires under the beams when they were ready
+for the walls to fall, and then have time to retreat to a safe
+distance before they should be burned through. This plan, however, did
+not succeed; for the walls were so prodigiously thick, and the blocks
+of stone of which they were composed were so firmly bound together,
+that, instead of falling into a mass of ruins, as Richard had
+expected, when the props had been burned through, they only settled
+down bodily on one side into the excavation, and remained nearly as
+good, for all purposes of defense, as ever.
+
+It was said that during the siege Richard and Philip obtained a great
+deal of information in respect to the plans of the Saracens through
+the instrumentality of some secret friend within the city, who
+contrived to find means of continually sending them important
+intelligence. This intelligence related sometimes to the designs of
+the garrison in respect to sorties that they were going to make, or to
+the secret plans that they had formed for procuring supplies of
+provisions or other succor; at other times they related to the
+movements and designs of Saladin, who was outside among the mountains,
+and especially to the attacks that he was contemplating on the allied
+camp. This intelligence was communicated in various ways. The
+principal method was to send a letter by means of an arrow. An arrow
+frequently came down in some part of the allied camp, which, on being
+examined, was found to have a letter wound about the shaft. The letter
+was addressed to Richard, and was, of course, immediately carried to
+his tent. It was always found to contain very important information in
+respect to the condition or plans of the besieged. If a sortie was
+intended from the city, it stated the time and the place, and detailed
+all the arrangements, thus enabling Richard to be on his guard. So, if
+the Saracens were projecting an attack on the lines from within, the
+whole plan of it was fully explained, and, of course, it would then be
+very easy for Richard to frustrate it. The writer of the letters said
+that he was a Christian, but would not say who he was, and the mystery
+was never explained. It is quite possible that there is very little
+truth in the whole story.
+
+At all events, though the assaults which the allies made against the
+walls and bulwarks of the town were none of them wholly successful,
+the general progress of the siege was altogether in their favor, and
+against the poor Saracens shut up within it. The last hope which they
+indulged was that some supplies would come to them by sea; but
+Richard's fleet, which remained at anchor off the town, blockaded the
+port so completely that there was no possibility that any thing could
+get in. The last lingering hope was, therefore, at length abandoned,
+and when the besieged found that they could endure their horrible
+misery no longer, they sent a flag of truce out to the camp of the
+besiegers, with a proposal to negotiate terms of surrender.
+
+Then followed a long negotiation, with displays of haughty arrogance
+on one side, and heart-broken and bitter humiliation on the other. The
+Saracens first proposed what they considered fair and honorable terms,
+and Philip was disposed to accept them; but Richard rejected them with
+scorn. After a vain attempt at resistance, Philip was obliged to
+yield, and to allow his imperious and overbearing ally to have his own
+way. The Saracens wished to stipulate for the lives of the garrison,
+but Richard refused. He told them they must submit unconditionally;
+and, for his part, he did not care, he said, whether they yielded now
+or continued the contest. He should soon be in possession of the city,
+at any rate, and if they held out until he took it by storm, then, of
+course, it would be given up to the unbridled fury of the soldiers,
+who would mercilessly massacre every living thing they should find in
+it, and seize every species of property as plunder. This, he declared,
+was sure to be the end of the siege, and that very soon, unless they
+chose to submit. The Saracens then asked what terms he required of
+them. Richard stated his terms, and they asked for a little time to
+consider them and to confer with Saladin, who, being the sultan, was
+their sovereign, and without his approval they could not act.
+
+So the negotiation was opened, and, after various difficulties and
+delays, a convention was finally agreed upon. The terms were these:
+
+     I. The city was to be surrendered to the allied armies, and
+     all the arms, ammunition, military stores, and property of
+     all kinds which it contained were to be forfeited to the
+     conquerors.
+
+     II. The troops and the people of the town were to be allowed
+     to go free on the payment of a ransom.
+
+     III. The ransom by which the besieged purchased their lives
+     and liberty was to be made up as follows:
+
+          1. The wood of the cross on which Christ was crucified,
+          which was alleged to be in Saladin's possession, was to
+          be restored.
+
+          2. Saladin was to set at liberty the Christian captives
+          which he had taken in the course of the war from various
+          armies of Crusaders, and which he now held as prisoners.
+          The number of these prisoners was about fifteen hundred.
+
+          3. He was to pay two hundred thousand pieces of gold.
+
+     IV. Richard was to retain a large body of men--it was said
+     that there were about five thousand in all--consisting of
+     soldiers of the garrison or inhabitants of the town, as
+     hostages for the fulfillment of these conditions. These men
+     were to be kept forty days, or, if at the end of that time
+     Saladin had not fulfilled the conditions of the surrender,
+     they were all to be put to death.
+
+Perhaps Saladin agreed to these terms, under the pressure of dire
+necessity, compelled as he was to assent to whatever Richard might
+propose by the dreadful extremity to which the town was reduced,
+without sufficiently considering whether he would be really able to
+fulfill his promises. At any rate, these were the promises that he
+made; and as soon as the treaty was duly executed, the gates of Acre
+were opened to the conquerors, while Saladin himself broke up his
+encampment on the mountains, and withdrew his troops farther into the
+interior of the country.
+
+Although the treaty was made and executed in the name of both the
+kings, Richard had taken into his hands almost the whole conduct of
+the negotiation, and now that the army was about to take possession of
+the town, he considered himself the conqueror of it. He entered with
+great parade, assigning to Philip altogether a secondary part in the
+ceremony. He also took possession of the principal palace of the place
+as his quarters, and there established himself with Berengaria and
+Joanna, while he left Philip to take up his residence wherever he
+could. The flags of both monarchs were, however, raised upon the
+walls, and so far Philip's claim to a joint sovereignty over the
+place was acknowledged. But none of the other princes or potentates
+who had been engaged in the siege were allowed to share this honor.
+One of them--the Archduke of Austria--ventured to raise his banner on
+one of the towers, but Richard pulled it down, tore it to pieces, and
+trampled it under his feet.
+
+This, of course, threw the archduke into a dreadful rage, and most of
+the other smaller princes in the army shared the indignation that he
+felt at the grasping disposition which Richard manifested, and at his
+violent and domineering behavior. But they were helpless. Richard was
+stronger than they, and they were compelled to submit.
+
+As for Philip, he had long since begun to find his situation extremely
+disagreeable. He was very sensitive to the overbearing and arrogant
+treatment which he received, but he either had not the force of
+character or the physical strength to resist it. Now, since Acre had
+fallen, he found his situation worse than ever. There was no longer
+any enemy directly before them, and it was only the immediate presence
+of an enemy that had thus far kept Richard within any sort of bounds.
+Philip saw now plainly that if he were to remain in the Holy Land,
+and attempt to continue the war, he could only do it by occupying an
+altogether secondary and subordinate position, and to this he thought
+it was wholly inconsistent with his rights and dignities as an
+independent sovereign to descend; so he began to revolve secretly in
+his mind how he could honorably withdraw from the expedition and
+return home.
+
+While things were in this state, a great quarrel, which had for a long
+time been gradually growing up in the camp of the Crusaders, but had
+been restrained and kept, in some degree, subdued by the excitement of
+the siege, broke out in great violence. The question was who should
+claim the title of King of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was at this time in
+the hands of the Saracens, so that the title was, for the time being
+at least, a mere empty name. Still, there was a very fierce contention
+to decide who should possess it. It seems that it had originally
+descended to a certain lady named Sibylla. It had come down to her as
+the descendant and heir of a very celebrated crusader named Godfrey of
+Bouillon, who was the first king of Jerusalem. He became King of
+Jerusalem by having headed the army of Crusaders that first conquered
+it from the Saracens. This was about a hundred years before the time
+of the taking of Acre. The knights and generals of his army elected
+him King of Jerusalem a short time after he had taken it, and the
+title descended from him to Sibylla.
+
+Sibylla was married to a famous knight named Guy of Lusignan, and he
+claimed the title of King of Jerusalem in right of his wife. This
+claim was acknowledged by the rest of the Crusaders so long as Sibylla
+lived, but at length she died, and then many persons maintained that
+the crown descended to her sister Isabella. Isabella was married to a
+knight named Humphrey of Huron, who had not strength or resolution
+enough to assert his claims. Indeed, he had the reputation of being a
+weak and timid man. Accordingly, another knight, named Conrad of
+Montferrat, conceived the idea of taking his place. He contrived to
+seize and bear away the Lady Isabella, and afterward to procure a
+divorce for her from her husband, and then, finally, he married her
+himself. He now claimed to be King of Jerusalem in right of Isabella,
+while Guy of Lusignan maintained that his right to the crown still
+continued. This was a nice question to be settled by such a rude horde
+of fighting men as these Crusaders were, and some took one side of it
+and some the other, according as their various ideas on the subject of
+rights of succession or their personal partialities inclined them.
+
+Now it happened that Philip and Richard had early taken opposite sides
+in respect to this affair, as indeed they did on almost every other
+subject that came before them. Guy of Lusignan had gone to visit
+Richard while he was in Cyprus, and there, having had the field all to
+himself, had told his story in such a way, and also made such
+proposals and promises, as to enlist Richard in his favor. Richard
+there agreed that he would take Guy's part in the controversy, and he
+furnished him with a sum of money at that time to relieve his
+immediate necessities. He did this with a view of securing Guy, as one
+of his partisans and adherents, in any future difficulties in which he
+might be involved in the course of the campaign.
+
+On the other hand, when Philip arrived at Acre, which it will be
+recollected was some time before Richard came, the friends and
+partisans of Conrad, who were there, at once proceeded to lay Conrad's
+case before him, and they so far succeeded as to lead Philip to commit
+himself on that side. Thus the foundation of a quarrel on this
+subject was laid before Richard landed. The quarrel was kept down,
+however, during the progress of the siege, but when at length the town
+was taken it broke out anew, and the whole body of the Crusaders
+became greatly agitated with it. At length some sort of compromise was
+effected, or at least what was called a compromise, but really, so far
+as the substantial interests involved were concerned, Richard had it
+all his own way. This affair still further alienated Philip's mind
+from his ally, and made him more desirous than ever to abandon the
+enterprise and return home.
+
+Accordingly, after the two kings had been established in Acre a short
+time, Philip announced that he was sick, and unable any longer to
+prosecute the war in person, and that he was intending to return home.
+When this was announced to Richard, he exclaimed,
+
+"Shame on him! eternal shame! and on all his kingdom, if he goes off
+and abandons us now before the work is done."
+
+The work which Richard meant to have done was the complete recovery of
+the Holy Land from the possession of the Saracens. The taking of Acre
+was a great step, but, after all, it was only a beginning. The army
+of the allies was now to march into the interior of the country to
+pursue Saladin, in hopes of conquering him in a general battle, and so
+at length gaining possession of the whole country and recovering
+Jerusalem. Richard, therefore, was very indignant with Philip for
+being disposed to abandon the enterprise while the work to be
+accomplished was only just begun.
+
+There was another reason why Richard was alarmed at the idea of
+Philip's returning home.
+
+"He will take advantage of my absence," said he, "and invade my
+dominions, and so, when I return, I shall find that I have been robbed
+of half my provinces."
+
+So Richard did all he could to dissuade Philip from returning; but at
+length, finding that he could produce no impression on his mind, he
+yielded, and gave a sort of surly consent to the arrangement. "Let him
+go," said he, "if he will. Poor man! He is sick, he says, and I
+suppose he thinks he can not live unless he can see Paris again."
+
+Richard insisted, however, that if Philip went he should leave his
+army behind, or, at least, a large portion of it; so Philip agreed to
+leave ten thousand men. These men were to be under the command of the
+Duke of Burgundy, one of Philip's most distinguished nobles. The duke,
+however, himself was to be subject to the orders of Richard.
+
+Richard also exacted of Philip a solemn oath, that when he had
+returned to France he would not, in any way, molest or invade any of
+his--that is, Richard's--possessions, or make war against any of his
+vassals or allies. This agreement was to continue in force, and to be
+binding upon Philip until forty days after Richard should have himself
+returned from the Crusade.
+
+These things being all thus arranged, Philip began to make his
+preparations openly for embarking on his voyage home. The knights and
+barons, and indeed the whole body of the army, considered Philip's
+leaving them as a very culpable abandonment of the enterprise, and
+they crowded around the place of embarkation when he went on board his
+vessel, and manifested their displeasure with ill-suppressed hisses
+and groans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The time which had been fixed upon for Saladin to comply with the
+stipulations of the surrender was forty days, and this period was now,
+after Philip had gone, drawing rapidly to a close. Saladin found that
+he could not fulfill the conditions to which he had agreed. As the day
+approached he made various excuses and apologies to Richard, and he
+also sent him a number of costly presents, hoping, perhaps, in that
+way to propitiate his favor, and prevent his insisting on the
+execution of the dreadful penalty which had been agreed upon in case
+of default, namely, the slaughter of the five thousand hostages which
+had been left in his hands.
+
+The time at last expired, and the treaty had not been fulfilled.
+Richard, without waiting even a day, determined that the hostages
+should be slain. A rumor was set in circulation that Saladin had put
+to death all his Christian prisoners. This rumor was false, but it
+served its purpose of exasperating the minds of the Crusaders, so as
+to bring the soldiers up well to the necessary pitch of ferocity for
+executing so terrible a work. The slaughter of five thousand
+defenseless and unresisting men, in cold blood, is a very hard work
+for even soldiers to perform, and if such a work is to be done, it is
+always necessary to contrive some means of heating the blood of the
+executioners in order to insure the accomplishment of it. In this
+case, the rumor that Saladin had murdered his Christian prisoners was
+more than sufficient. It wrought up the allied army to such a phrensy
+that the soldiers assembled in crowds, and riotously demanded that the
+Saracen prisoners should be given up to them, in order that they might
+have their revenge.
+
+Accordingly, at the appointed time, Richard gave the command, and the
+whole body of the prisoners were brought out, and conducted to the
+plain beyond the lines of the encampment. A few were reserved. These
+were persons of rank and consideration, who were to be saved in hopes
+that they might have wealthy friends at home who would pay money to
+ransom them. The rest were divided into two portions, one of which was
+committed to the charge of the Duke of Burgundy, and the other Richard
+led himself. The dreadful processions formed by these wretched men
+were followed by the excited soldiery that were to act as their
+executioners, who came crowding on in throngs, waving their swords,
+and filling the air with their ferocious threats and imprecations, and
+exulting in the prospect of having absolutely their fill of the
+pleasure of killing men, without any danger to themselves to mar the
+enjoyment of it.
+
+The massacre was carried into effect in the fullest possible manner;
+and after the men were killed, the Christians occupied themselves in
+cutting open their bodies to find jewels and other articles of value,
+which they pretended that the poor captives had swallowed in order to
+hide them from their enemies.
+
+Instead of being ashamed of this deed, Richard gloried in it. He
+considered it a wonderful proof of his zeal for the cause of Christ.
+The writers of the time praised it. The Saracens, they maintained,
+were the enemies of God, and whoever slew them did God service. One of
+the historians of the time says that angels from heaven appeared to
+Richard at the time, and urged him to persevere to the end, crying
+aloud to him while the massacre was going on, "Kill! kill! Spare them
+not!"
+
+It seems to us at the present day most amazing that the minds of men
+could possibly be so perverted as to think that in performing such
+deeds as this they were sustaining the cause of the meek and gentle
+Jesus of Nazareth, and were the objects of approval and favor with
+God, the common father of us all, who has declared that he has made of
+one blood all the nations of the earth, to live together in peace and
+unity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADE.
+
+1191
+
+Richard leaving Acre.--Modern warfare.--Contrast between modern
+and ancient weapons.--Purifying the places of pagan
+worship.--Revelings of the soldiery.--The object of the Crusades
+was the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre.--Order of the march from
+Acre.--Jaffa.--Trumpeters.--The evening proclamation in
+camp.--The slow march.--Saladin's harassing movements.--The plain
+of Azotus.--The order of battle.--The charge of Richard's
+troops.--To retreat is to be defeated.--Saladin, defeated,
+retires.--Richard at Jaffa again.--Sickness in the army.--Excuses
+for delaying the march.--Lingering at Jaffa.--The judgment of
+historians.--Richard's incursions from Jaffa.--Reconnoitring and
+foraging.--Richard's predatory excursions.--Sir William's
+stratagem.--Sir William's ransom.--Incident of the Knights
+Templars.--Richard's feats of prowess among the Saracens.--The
+Troubadours.--Negotiations for peace.--Saphadin.--A marriage
+proposed.--King Richard offered his sister in marriage to
+Saphadin.
+
+
+The first thing which Richard had now to do, before commencing a march
+into the interior of the country, was to set every thing in order at
+Acre, and to put the place in a good condition of defense, in case it
+should be attacked while he was gone. The walls in many places were to
+be repaired, particularly where they had been undermined by Richard's
+sappers, and in many places, too, they had been broken down or greatly
+damaged by the action of the battering-rams and other engines. In the
+case of sieges prosecuted by means of artillery in modern times, the
+whole interior of the town, as well as the walls, is usually battered
+dreadfully by the shot and shells that are thrown over into it. A
+shell, which is a hollow ball of iron sometimes more than a foot in
+diameter, and with sides two or three inches thick, and filled within
+with gunpowder, is thrown from a mortar, at a distance of some miles,
+high into the air over the town, whence it descends into the streets
+or among the houses. The engraving represents the form of the mortar,
+and the manner in which the shell is thrown from it, though in this
+case the shell represented is directed, not against the town, but is
+thrown from a battery under the walls of the town against the camp or
+the trenches of the besiegers.
+
+[Illustration: THROWING SHELLS.]
+
+These shells, of course, when they descend, come crashing through the
+roofs of the buildings on which they strike, or bury themselves in the
+ground if they fall in the street, and then burst with a terrific
+explosion. A town that has been bombarded in a siege becomes sometimes
+almost a mere mass of ruins. Often the bursting of a shell sets a
+building on fire, and then the dreadful effects of a conflagration are
+added to the horrors of the scene. In ancient sieges, on the other
+hand, none of these terrible agencies could be employed. The
+battering-rams could touch nothing but the walls and the outer towers,
+and it was comparatively very little injury that they could do to
+these. The javelins and arrows, and other light missiles--even those
+that were thrown from the military engines, if by chance they passed
+over the walls and entered the town, could do no serious mischief to
+the buildings there. The worst that could happen from them was the
+wounding or killing of some person in the streets who might, just at
+that moment, be passing by.
+
+In repairing Acre, therefore, and putting it again in a perfect
+condition for defense, nothing but the outer walls required attention.
+Richard set companies of workmen upon these, and before long every
+thing was restored as it was before. There were then some ceremonies
+to be performed within the town, to purify it from the pollution which
+it had sustained by having been in the possession of the Saracens. All
+the Christian churches particularly, and the monasteries and other
+religious houses, were to be thus restored from the desecration which
+they had undergone, and consecrated anew to the service of Christ.
+
+In the mean time, while these works and performances were going on,
+the soldiers gave themselves up to indulgences of every kind. Great
+stores of wine were found in the place, which were bestowed upon the
+troops, and the streets, day and night, were filled with riotous
+revelings. The commanders themselves--the knights and barons--and all
+the other men of rank that pertained to the army, fell into the same
+way, and they were very unwilling that the time should come when they
+were to leave such a place of security and indulgence, and take the
+field again for a march in pursuit of Saladin.
+
+At length, however, the time arrived when the march must be commenced.
+Richard had learned, by means of scouts and spies which he sent out,
+that Saladin was moving to the southward and westward--retreating, in
+fact, toward Jerusalem, which was, of course, the great point that he
+wished to defend. That, indeed, was the great point of attack, for the
+main object which the Crusaders proposed to themselves in invading
+Palestine was to get possession of the sepulchre where Christ was
+buried at Jerusalem. The recovery of the Holy Sepulchre was the
+watchword; and among all the people who were watching the progress of
+the enterprise with so much solicitude, and also among the Crusaders
+themselves, the progress that was made was valued just in proportion
+as it tended to the accomplishment of this end.
+
+Richard set apart a sufficient number of troops for a garrison to hold
+and defend Acre, and then, on taking a census of the remainder of his
+force, found that he had thirty thousand men to march with in pursuit
+of Saladin. He arranged this force in five divisions, and placed each
+under the command of a competent general. There were two very
+celebrated bodies of knights that occupied positions of honor in this
+march. They were the Knights Templars and the Knights of St. John, or
+Hospitalers, the order that has been described in a previous chapter
+of this volume. The Templars led the van of the army, and the
+Hospitalers brought up the rear. The march was commenced on the
+twenty-second of August, which was not far from two months from the
+time that Acre was surrendered.
+
+The course which the army was to take was at first to follow the
+sea-shore toward the southward to Jaffa, a port nearly opposite to
+Jerusalem. It was deemed necessary to take possession of Jaffa before
+going into the interior; and, besides, by moving on along the coast,
+the ships and galleys containing the stores for the army could
+accompany them, and supply them abundantly, from time to time, as they
+might require. By this course, too, they would be drawing nearer to
+Jerusalem, though not directly approaching it.
+
+The arrangements connected with the march of the army were conducted
+with great ceremony and parade. The knights wore their costly armor,
+and were mounted on horses splendidly equipped and caparisoned. In
+many cases the horses themselves were protected, like the riders, with
+an armor of steel. The columns were preceded by trumpeters, who
+awakened innumerable echoes from the mountains, and from the cliffs of
+the shore, with their animating and exciting music, and innumerable
+flags and banners, with the most gorgeous decorations, were waving in
+the air. When the expedition halted at night, heralds passed through
+the several camps to the sound of trumpets, and pausing at each one,
+and giving a signal, all the soldiers in the camp kneeled down upon
+the ground, when the heralds proclaimed in a loud voice three times,
+GOD SAVE THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, and all the soldiers said Amen.
+
+The march was commenced on the twenty-second of August, and it was
+about sixty miles from Acre to Jaffa. Of course, an army of thirty
+thousand men must move very slowly. There is so much time consumed in
+breaking up the encampment in the morning, and in forming it again at
+night, and in giving such a mighty host their rest and food in the
+middle of the day, and the men, moreover, are so loaded with the arms
+and ammunition, and with the necessary supplies of food and clothing
+which they have to carry, that only a very slow progress can be made.
+In this case, too, the march was harassed by Saladin, who hovered on
+the flank of the Crusaders, and followed them all the way, sending
+down small parties from the mountains to attack and cut off
+stragglers, and threatening the column at every exposed point, so as
+to keep them continually on the alert. The necessity of being always
+ready to form in order of battle to meet the enemy, should he suddenly
+come upon them, restricted them very much in their motions, and made a
+great deal of manoeuvring necessary, which, of course, greatly
+increased the fatigue of the soldiers, and very much diminished the
+speed of their progress.
+
+Richard wished much to bring on a general battle, being confident that
+he should conquer if he could engage in it on equal terms. But Saladin
+would not give him an opportunity. He kept the main body of his troops
+sheltered among the mountains, and only advanced slowly, parallel with
+the coast, where he could watch and harass the movements of his
+enemies without coming into any general conflict with them.
+
+This state of things continued for about three weeks, and then at
+last Richard reached Jaffa. The two armies manoeuvred for some time
+in the vicinity of the town, and, finally, they concentrated their
+forces in the neighborhood of a plain near the sea-shore, at a place
+called Azotus, which was some miles beyond Jaffa. Saladin had by this
+time strengthened himself so much that he was ready for battle. He
+accordingly marched on to the attack. He directed his assault, in the
+first instance, on the wing of Richard's army which was formed of the
+French troops that were under the command of the Duke of Burgundy.
+They resisted them successfully and drove them back. Richard watched
+the operation, but for a time took no part in it, except to make
+feigned advances, from time to time, to threaten the enemy, and to
+harass them by compelling them to perform numerous fatiguing
+evolutions. His soldiers, and especially the knights and barons in his
+army, were very impatient at his delaying so long to take an active
+and an efficient part in the contest. But at last, when he found that
+the Saracen troops were wearied, and were beginning to be thrown in a
+little confusion, he gave the signal for a charge, and rode forward at
+the head of the troop, mounted on his famous charger, and flourishing
+his heavy battle-axe in the air.
+
+The onset was terrible. Richard inspirited his whole troop by his
+reckless and headlong bravery, and by the terrible energy with which
+he gave himself to the work of slaughtering all who came in his way.
+The darts and javelins that were shot by the enemy glanced off from
+him without inflicting any wound, being turned aside by the steel
+armor that he wore, while every person that came near enough to him to
+strike him with any other weapon was felled at once to the ground by a
+blow from the ponderous battle-axe. The example which Richard thus set
+was followed by his men, and in a short time the Saracens began every
+where to give way. When, in the case of such a combat, one side begins
+to yield, it is all over with them. When they turn to retreat, they,
+of course, become at once defenseless, and the pursuers press on upon
+them, killing them without mercy and at their pleasure, and with very
+little danger of being killed themselves. A man can fight very well
+while he is pursuing, but scarcely at all when he is pursued.
+
+It was not long before Saladin's army was flying in all directions,
+the Crusaders pressing on upon them every where in their confusion,
+and cutting them down mercilessly in great numbers. The slaughter was
+immense. About seven thousand of the Saracen troops were slain. Among
+them were thirty-two of Saladin's highest and best officers. As soon
+as the Saracens escaped the immediate danger, when the Crusaders had
+given over the pursuit, they rallied, and Saladin formed them again
+into something like order. He then commenced a regular and formal
+retreat into the interior. He first, however, sent detachments to all
+the country around to dismantle the towns, to destroy all stores of
+provisions, and to seize and carry away every thing of value that
+could be of any use to the conquerors. A broad extent of country,
+through which Richard would have to march in advancing toward
+Jerusalem, being thus laid waste, the Saracens withdrew farther into
+the interior, and there Saladin set himself at work to reorganize his
+broken army once more, and to prepare for new plans of resistance to
+the invaders.
+
+Richard withdrew with his army to Jaffa, and, taking possession of the
+town, he established himself there.
+
+It was now September. The season of the year was hot and unhealthy;
+and though the allied army had thus far been victorious, still there
+was a great deal of sickness in the camp, and the soldiers were much
+exhausted by the fatigue which they had endured, and by their exposure
+to the sun. Richard was desirous, notwithstanding this, to take the
+field again, and advance into the interior, so as to follow up the
+victory which had been gained over Saladin at Azotus; but his
+officers, especially those of the French division of the army, under
+the command of the Duke of Burgundy, thought it not safe to move
+forward so soon. "It would be better to remain a short time in Jaffa,"
+they said, "to recruit the army, and to prepare for advancing in a
+more sure and efficient manner.
+
+"Besides," said they, "we need Jaffa for a military post, and it will
+be best to remain here until we shall have repaired the
+fortifications, and put the place in a good condition of defense."
+
+But this was only an excuse. What the army really desired was to enjoy
+repose for a time. They found it much more agreeable to live in ease
+and indulgence within the walls of a town than to march in the hot sun
+across so arid a country, loaded down as they were with heavy armor,
+and kept constantly in a state of anxious and watchful suspense by the
+danger of sudden attacks from the enemy.
+
+Richard acceded to the wishes of the officers, and decided to remain
+for a time in Jaffa. But they, instead of devoting themselves
+energetically to making good again the fortifications of the town,
+went very languidly to the work. They allowed themselves and the men
+to spend their time in inaction and indulgence. In the mean time,
+Saladin had gathered his forces together again, and was drawing fresh
+recruits every day to his standard from the interior of the country.
+He was preparing for more vigorous resistance than ever. Richard has
+been strongly condemned for thus remaining inactive in Jaffa after the
+battle of Azotus. Historians, narrating the account of his campaign,
+say that he ought to have marched at once toward Jerusalem before
+Saladin should have had time to organize any new means of resistance.
+But it is impossible for those who are at a distance from the scene of
+action in such a case, and who have only that partial and imperfect
+account of the facts which can be obtained through the testimony of
+others, to form any reliable judgment on such a question. Whether it
+would be prudent or imprudent for a commander to advance after a
+battle can be known, in general, only to those who are on the ground,
+and who have personal knowledge of all the circumstances of the case.
+
+While Richard remained in Jaffa, he made frequent excursions into the
+surrounding territory at the head of a small troop of adventurous men
+who liked to accompany him. Other small detachments were often sent
+out. These parties went sometimes to collect forage, and sometimes to
+reconnoitre the country with a view of ascertaining Saladin's position
+and plans. Richard took great delight in these excursions, nor were
+they attended with any great danger. At the present day, going out on
+reconnoitring parties is very dangerous service indeed, for men wear
+no armor, and they are liable at any moment to be cut down by a Minie
+rifle-ball, fired from an unseen hand a mile away. In those days the
+case was very different. There were no missiles that could be thrown
+for a greater distance than a few yards, and for all such the heavy
+steel armor that the knights wore furnished, in general, an ample
+protection. The only serious danger to be feared was that of coming
+unwarily upon a superior party of the enemy lying in ambush to entrap
+the reconnoitrers, and in being surrounded by them. But Richard had so
+much confidence in the power of his horse and in his own prodigious
+personal strength that he had very little fear. So he scoured the
+country in every direction, at the head of a small attendant squadron,
+whenever he pleased, considering such an excursion in the light of
+nothing more than an exciting morning ride.
+
+Of course, after going out many times on such excursions and coming
+back safely, men gradually become less cautious, and expose themselves
+to greater and greater risks. It was so with Richard and his troop,
+and several times they ventured so far as to put themselves in very
+serious peril. Indeed, Richard once or twice very narrowly escaped
+being taken prisoner. At one time he was saved by the generosity of
+one of his knights, named Sir William. The king and his party were
+surprised by a large party of Saracens, and nearly surrounded. For a
+moment it was uncertain whether they would be able to effect their
+retreat. In the midst of the fray, Sir William called out that he was
+the king, and this so far divided the attention of the party as to
+confuse them somewhat, and break the force and concentration of their
+attack, and thus Richard succeeded in making his escape. Sir William,
+however, was taken prisoner and carried to Saladin, but he was
+immediately liberated by Richard's paying the ransom that Saladin
+demanded for him.
+
+At another time word came to him suddenly in the town that a troop of
+Knights Templars were attacked and nearly surrounded by Saracens, and
+that, unless they had help immediately, they would be all cut off.
+Richard immediately seized his armor and began to put it on, and at
+the same time he ordered one of his earls to mount his horse and hurry
+out to the rescue of the Templars with all the horsemen that were
+ready, saying also that he would follow himself, with more men, as
+soon as he could put his armor on. Now the armoring of a knight for
+battle in the Middle Ages was as long an operation as it is at the
+present day for a lady to dress for a ball. The several pieces of
+which the armor was composed were so heavy, and so complicated,
+moreover, in their fastenings, that they could only be put on by means
+of much aid from assistants. While Richard was in the midst of the
+process, another messenger came, saying that the danger of the
+Templars was imminent.
+
+"Then I must go," said Richard, "as I am. I should be unworthy of the
+name of king if I were to abandon those whom I have promised to stand
+by and succor in every danger."
+
+So he leaped upon his horse and rode on alone. On arriving at the
+spot, he plunged into the thickest of the fight, and there he fought
+so furiously, and made such havoc among the Saracens with his
+battle-axe, that they fell back, and the Templars, and also the party
+that had gone out with the earl, were rescued, and made good their
+retreat to the town, leaving only on the field those who had fallen
+before Richard arrived.
+
+Many such adventures as this are recorded in the old histories of this
+campaign, and they were made the subjects of a great number of songs
+and ballads, written and sung by the Troubadours in those days in
+honor of the valiant deeds of the Crusaders.
+
+The armies remained in Jaffa through the whole of the month of
+September. During this time a sort of negotiation was opened between
+Richard and Saladin, with a view to agreeing, if possible, upon some
+terms of peace. The object, on the part of Saladin, in these
+negotiations, was probably delay, for the longer he could continue to
+keep Richard in Jaffa, the stronger he would himself become, and the
+more able to resist Richard's intended march to Jerusalem. Richard
+consented to open these negotiations, not knowing but that some terms
+might possibly be agreed upon by which Saladin would consent to
+restore Jerusalem to the Christians, and thus end the war.
+
+The messenger whom Saladin employed in these negotiations was
+Saphadin, his brother. Saphadin, being provided with a safe-conduct
+for this purpose, passed back and forth between Jaffa and Saladin's
+camp, carrying the propositions and counter-propositions to and fro.
+Saphadin was a very courteous and gentlemanly man, and also a very
+brave soldier, and Richard formed quite a strong friendship for him.
+
+A number of different plans were proposed in the course of the
+negotiation, but there seemed to arise insuperable objections against
+them all. At one time, either at this period or subsequently, when
+Richard returned again to the coast, a project was formed to settle
+the dispute, as quarrels and wars were often settled in those days, by
+a marriage. The plan was for Saladin and Richard to cease their
+hostility to each other, and become friends and allies; the
+consideration for terminating the war being, on Richard's side, that
+he would give his sister Joanna, the ex-queen of Sicily, in marriage
+to Saphadin; and that Saladin, on his part, should relinquish
+Jerusalem to Richard. Whether it was that Joanna would not consent to
+be thus conveyed in a bargain to an Arab chieftain as a part of a
+price paid for a peace, or whether Saladin did not consider her
+majesty as a full equivalent for the surrender of Jerusalem, the plan
+fell through like all the others that had been proposed, and at length
+the negotiations were fully abandoned, and Richard began again to
+prepare for taking the field.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+REVERSES.
+
+1191
+
+Feuds in the Christian army.--The march in November.--The
+army weakened by disease, mutiny, and desertion.--The return
+to Ascalon.--Rebuilding the fortifications.--Saladin presses
+upon the retiring army.--Skirmishing.--Contrivances of the
+enemy to harass the army.--Difficulties which the king met
+with in repairing Ascalon.--The troops unwilling to
+labor.--Resentment of Leopold.--The present which Richard
+made to Berengaria.--Intercession of Leopold.--Richard's
+exasperation.--Richard expels Leopold from Ascalon.--The
+work goes on.--Waiting for re-enforcements.--The Abbot of
+Clairvaux.--The truce.--Courtesy of enemies when not at
+contest.--Presents.--Saladin's present to Richard.--The Christian
+army discouraged.--King Richard uneasy respecting the state
+of England.--Selfishness, not generosity, was the secret
+motive.--Saladin's reason for retaining Jerusalem.--A political
+marriage.--The compromise was opposed by the priests.--The
+scheme of joint occupancy of Jerusalem abandoned.
+
+
+By this time very serious dissensions and difficulties had arisen in
+the army of the Crusaders. There were a great many chieftains who felt
+very independent of each other, and feuds and quarrels of long
+standing broke out anew, and with more violence than ever. There were
+many different opinions, too, in respect to the course which it was
+now best to pursue. Richard, however, contrived yet to maintain some
+sort of authority, and he finally decided to commence his march from
+Jaffa.
+
+It was now November. The fall rains began to set in. The distance to
+Jerusalem was but about thirty-two miles. The army advanced to Ramula,
+which is about fifteen miles from Jaffa, but they endured very great
+hardships and sufferings from the extreme inclemency of the season.
+The soldiers were wet to the skin by drenching rains. Their provisions
+were soaked and spoiled, and their armor was rusted, and much of it
+rendered useless. When they attempted to pitch their tents at night
+at Ramula, the wind tore them from their fastenings, and blew the
+canvas away, so as to deprive them of shelter.
+
+Of course, these disasters increased the discontent in the army, and,
+by making the men impatient and ill-natured, increased the bitterness
+of their quarrels. The army finally advanced, however, as far as
+Bethany, with a forlorn hope of being strong enough, when they should
+arrive there, to attack Jerusalem; but this hope, when the time came,
+Richard was obliged to abandon. The rain and exposure had brought a
+great deal of disease into the camp. The men were dying in great
+numbers. This mortality was increased by famine, for the stores which
+the army had brought with them were spoiled by the rain, and Saladin
+had so laid waste the country that no fresh supplies could be
+obtained. Then, in addition to this, the soldiers, finding their
+sufferings intolerable, and seeing no hope of relief, began to desert
+in great numbers, and Richard finally found that there was no
+alternative for him but to fall back again to the sea-shore.
+
+Instead of going to Jaffa, however, he proceeded to Ascalon. Ascalon
+was a larger and stronger city than Jaffa. At least it had been
+stronger, and its fortifications were more extensive, though the place
+had been dismantled by Saladin before he left the coast. This town, as
+you will see by the map, is situated toward the southern part of
+Palestine, near to the confines of Egypt, and it had been a place of
+importance as a sort of entrepot of commerce between Egypt and the
+Holy Land. Richard began to think that it would be necessary for him
+to establish his army somewhat permanently in the strong places on the
+coast, and wait until he could obtain re-enforcements from Europe
+before attempting again to advance toward Jerusalem. He thought it
+important, therefore, to take possession of Ascalon, and thus--Acre
+and Jaffa being already strongly garrisoned--the whole coast would be
+secure under his control.
+
+Accordingly, on his retreat from Jerusalem, he proceeded with a large
+portion of his army to Ascalon, and immediately commenced the work of
+repairing the walls and rebuilding the towers, not knowing how soon
+Saladin might be upon him.
+
+Indeed, Saladin and his troops had followed Richard's army on their
+retreat from Bethany, and had pressed them very closely all the way.
+It was at one time quite doubtful whether they would succeed in making
+good their retreat to Ascalon. The Saracen horsemen hovered in great
+numbers on the rear of Richard's army, and made incessant skirmishing
+attacks upon them. Richard placed a strong body of the Knights of St.
+John there to keep them off. These knights were well armed, and they
+were brave and well-trained warriors. They beat back the Saracens
+whenever they came near. Still, many of the knights were killed, and
+straggling parties, from time to time, were cut off, and the whole
+army was kept in a constant state of suspense and excitement, during
+the whole march, by the continual danger of an attack. When, at
+length, they approached the sea-shore, and turned to the south on the
+way to Ascalon, they were a little more safe, for the sea defended
+them on one side. Still, the Saracens turned with them, and hovered
+about their left flank, which was the one that was turned toward the
+land, and harassed the march all the way. The progress of the troops
+was greatly retarded too, as well as made more fatiguing, by the
+presence of such an enemy; for they were not only obliged to move more
+slowly when they were advancing, but they could only halt at night in
+places which were naturally strong and easily to be defended, for fear
+of an assault upon their encampment in the night. During the night,
+too, notwithstanding all the precautions they could take to secure a
+strong and safe position, the men were continually roused from their
+slumbers by an alarm that the Saracens were coming upon them, when
+they would rush from their tents, and seize their arms, and prepare
+for a combat; and then, after a time, they would learn that the
+expected attack was only a feint made by a small body of the enemy
+just to harass them.
+
+It might seem, at first view, that such a warfare as this would weary
+and exhaust the pursuers as much as the pursued, but in reality it is
+not so. In the case of a night alarm, for instance, the whole camp of
+the Crusaders would be aroused from their sleep by it, and kept in a
+state of suspense for an hour or more before the truth could be fully
+ascertained, while to give the alarm would require only a very small
+party from the army of the Saracens, the main body retiring as usual
+to sleep, and sleeping all night undisturbed.
+
+At length Richard reached Ascalon in safety, and posted himself
+within the walls, while Saladin established his camp at a safe
+distance in the interior of the country. Of course, the first thing
+which he found was to be done, as has already been remarked, was to
+repair and strengthen the walls, and it was evident that no time was
+to be lost in accomplishing this work.
+
+But, unfortunately, the character of the materials of which Richard's
+army was composed was not such as to favor any special efficiency in
+conducting an engineering operation. All the knights, and a large
+proportion of the common soldiers, deemed themselves gentlemen. They
+had volunteered to join the crusade from high and romantic notions of
+chivalry and religion. They were perfectly ready, at any time, to
+fight the Saracens, and to kill or be killed, whichever fate the
+fortune of war might assign them; but to bear burdens, to mix mortar,
+and to build walls, were occupations far beneath them; and the only
+way to induce them to take hold of this work seems to have been for
+the knights and officers to set them the example.
+
+Thus, in repairing the walls of Acre, all the highest officers of the
+army, with Richard himself at the head of them, took hold of the work
+with their own hands, and built away on the walls and towers like so
+many masons. Of course, the body of the soldiery had no excuse for
+declining the work, when even the king did not consider himself
+demeaned by it, and the whole army joined in making the reparations
+with great zeal.
+
+But such kind of zeal as this is not often very enduring. The men had
+accomplished this work very well at Acre, but now, in undertaking a
+second operation of the kind, their ardor was found to be somewhat
+subsided. Besides, they were discouraged and disheartened in some
+degree by the results of the fruitless campaign they had made into the
+interior, and worn down by the fatigues they had endured on their
+march. Still, the knights and nobles generally followed Richard's
+example, and worked upon the walls to encourage the soldiery. One,
+however, absolutely refused; this was Leopold, the Archduke of
+Austria, whose flag Richard had pulled down from one of the towers in
+Acre, and trampled upon as it lay on the ground. The archduke had
+never forgiven this insult.
+
+Indeed, this rudeness on the part of Richard was not a solitary
+instance of his enmity. It was only a new step taken in an old
+quarrel. Richard and the duke had been on very ill terms before. The
+reader will perhaps recollect that when Richard was at Cyprus he made
+captive a young princess, the daughter of the king, and that he made a
+present of her, as a handmaid and companion, to Queen Berengaria.
+Berengaria and Joanna, when they left Cyprus, brought the young
+princess with them, and when they were established with the king in
+the palace at Acre, she remained with them. She was treated kindly, it
+is true, and was made a member of the family, but still she was a
+prisoner. Such captives were greatly prized in those days as presents
+for ladies of high rank, who kept them as pets, just as they would, at
+the present day, a beautiful Canary bird or a favorite pony. They
+often made intimate and familiar companions of them, and dressed them
+with great elegance, and surrounded them with every luxury. Still,
+notwithstanding this gilding of their chains, the poor captives
+usually pined away their lives in sorrow, mourning continually to be
+restored to their father and mother, and to their own proper home.
+
+Now it happened that the Archduke of Austria was a relative, by
+marriage, of the King of Cyprus, and the princess was his niece;
+consequently, when she arrived at the camp before Acre as a captive
+in the hands of the queen, as might naturally have been expected, he
+took a great interest in her case. He wished to have her released and
+restored to her father, and he interceded with Richard in her behalf.
+But Richard would not release her. He was not willing to take her away
+from Berengaria. The archduke was angry with the king for this
+refusal, and a quarrel ensued; and it was partly in consequence of
+this quarrel, or, rather, of the exasperation of mind that was
+produced by it, that Richard would not allow the archduke's banner to
+float from the towers of Acre when the city fell into their hands.
+
+The archduke felt very keenly the indignity which Richard thus offered
+him, and though at the time he had no power to revenge it, he
+remembered it, and remained long in a gloomy and resentful frame of
+mind. And now, while Richard was endeavoring to encourage and
+stimulate the soldiers to work on the walls, by inducing the knights
+and barons to join him in setting the example, Leopold refused. He
+said that he was neither the son of a carpenter nor of a mason, that
+he should go to work like a laborer to build walls. Richard was
+enraged at this answer, and, as the story goes, flew at Leopold in
+his passion, and struck and kicked him. He also immediately turned the
+archduke and all his vassals out of the town, declaring that they
+should not share the protection of walls that they would not help to
+build; so they were obliged to encamp without, in company with that
+portion of the army that could not be accommodated within the walls.
+
+But, notwithstanding the bad example set thus by the archduke, far the
+greater portion of the knights, and barons, and high officers of the
+army joined very heartily in the work of building the walls. Even the
+bishops, and abbots, and other monks, as well as the military nobles,
+took hold of the work with great zeal, and the repairs went on much
+more rapidly than could have been expected. During all this time the
+army kept their communications open with the other towns along the
+coast--with Jaffa, and Acre, and other strongholds, so that at length
+the whole shore was well fortified, and secure in their possession.
+
+Saladin, during all this time, had distributed his troops in various
+encampments along the line parallel with the coast, and at some
+distance from it, and for some weeks the two armies remained, in a
+great degree, quiet in their several positions. The Crusaders were
+too much diminished in numbers by the privations and the sickness
+which they had undergone, as well as by the losses they had suffered
+in battle, and too much weakened by their internal dissensions, to go
+out of their strongholds to attack Saladin, while, on the other hand,
+they were too well protected by the walls of the towns to which they
+had retreated for Saladin to attack them. Both sides were waiting for
+re-enforcements. Saladin was indeed continually receiving accessions
+to his army from the interior, and Richard was expecting them from
+Europe. He sent to a distinguished ecclesiastic, named the Abbot of
+Clairvaux, who had a high reputation in Europe, and enjoyed great
+influence at many of the principal courts. In his letter to the abbot,
+he requested him to visit the different courts, and urge upon the
+princes and the people of the different countries the necessity that
+they should come to the rescue of the Christian cause in the Holy
+Land. Unless they were willing, he said, that all hope of regaining
+possession of the Holy Land should be abandoned, they must come with
+large re-enforcements, and that, too, without any delay.
+
+During the period of delay occasioned by these circumstances, there
+was a sort of truce established between the two armies, and the
+knights on each side mingled together frequently on very friendly
+terms. Indeed, it was the pride and glory of soldiers in this
+chivalrous age to treat each other, when not in actual conflict, in a
+very polite and courteous manner, as if they were not animated by any
+personal resentment against their enemies, but only by a spirit of
+fidelity to the prince who commanded them, or to the cause in which
+they were engaged. Accordingly, when, for any reason, the war was for
+a time suspended, the combatants became immediately the best friends
+in the world, and actually vied with each other to see which should
+evince the most generous courtesy toward their opponents.
+
+On the present occasion they often made visits to each other, and they
+arranged tournaments and other military celebrations which were
+attended by the knights and chieftains on both sides. Richard and
+Saladin often sent each other handsome presents. At one time when
+Richard was sick, Saladin sent him a quantity of delicious fruit from
+Damascus. The Damascus gardens have been renowned in every age for the
+peaches, pears, figs, and other fruits which they produce, and
+especially for a peculiar plum, famous through all the East. Saladin
+sent a supply of this fruit to Richard when he heard that he was sick,
+and accompanied his present with very earnest and, perhaps, very
+sincere inquiries in respect to the condition of the patient, and
+expressions of his wishes for his recovery.
+
+The disposition of the two commanders to live on friendly terms with
+each other at this time was increased by the hope which Richard
+entertained that he might, by some possibility, come to an amicable
+agreement with Saladin in respect to Jerusalem, and thus bring the war
+to an end. He was beginning to be thoroughly discontented with his
+situation, and with every thing pertaining to the war. Nothing since
+the first capture of Acre had really gone well. His army had been
+repulsed in its attempt to advance into the interior, and was now
+hemmed in by the enemy on every side, and shut up in a few towns on
+the sea-coast. The men under his command had been greatly diminished
+in numbers, and, though sheltered from the enemy, the force that
+remained was gradually wasting away from the effects of exposure to
+the climate and from fatigue. There was no prospect of any immediate
+re-enforcements arriving from Europe, and no hope, without them, of
+being able to take the field successfully against Saladin.
+
+Besides all this, Richard was very uneasy in respect to the state of
+affairs in his own dominions, in England and in Normandy. He
+distrusted the promises that Philip had made, and was very anxious
+lest he might, when he arrived in France, take advantage of Richard's
+absence, and, under some pretext or other, invade some of his
+provinces. From England he was continually receiving very unfavorable
+tidings. His mother Eleanora, to whom he had committed some general
+oversight of his interests during his absence, was beginning to write
+him alarming letters in respect to certain intrigues which were going
+on in England, and which threatened to deprive him of his English
+kingdom altogether. She urged him to return as soon as possible.
+Richard was exceedingly anxious to comply with this recommendation,
+but he could not abandon his army in the condition in which it then
+was, nor could he honorably withdraw it without having previously come
+to some agreement with Saladin by which the Holy Sepulchre could be
+secured to the possession of the Christians.
+
+This being the state of the case, he had every motive for pressing the
+negotiations, and for cultivating, while they were in progress, the
+most friendly relations possible with Saladin, and for persevering in
+pressing them as long as the least possible hope remained.
+Accordingly, during all this time Richard treated Saladin with the
+greatest courtesy. He sent him many presents, and paid him many polite
+attentions. All this display of urbanity toward each other, on the
+part of these ferocious and bloodthirsty men, has been actually
+attributed by mankind to the instinctive nobleness and generosity of
+the spirit of chivalry; but, in reality, as is indeed too often the
+case with the pretended nobleness and generosity of rude and violent
+men, a cunning and far-seeing selfishness lay at the bottom of it.
+
+In the course of these negotiations, Richard declared to Saladin that
+all which the Christians desired was the possession of Jerusalem and
+the restoration of the true cross, and he said that surely some terms
+could be devised on which Saladin could concede those two points. But
+Saladin replied that Jerusalem was as sacred a place in the eyes of
+Mussulmans, and as dear to them, as it was to the Christians, and
+that they could on no account give it up. In respect to the true
+cross, the Christians, he said, if they could obtain it, would worship
+it in an idolatrous manner, as they did their other relics; and as the
+law of the Prophet in the Koran forbade idolatry, they could not
+conscientiously give it up. "By so doing," said he, "we should be
+accessories to the sin."
+
+It was in consequence of the insuperable objections which arose
+against an absolute surrender of Jerusalem to the Christians that the
+negotiations took the turn which led to the proposal of a marriage
+between the ex-Queen Joanna and Saphadin; for, when Richard found that
+no treaty was possible that would give him full possession of
+Jerusalem, and the letters which he received from England made more
+and more urgent the necessity that he should return, he conceived the
+plan of a sort of joint occupancy of the Holy City by Mussulmans and
+Christians together. This was to be effected by means of the proposed
+marriage. The marriage was to be the token and pledge of a
+surrendering, on both sides, of the bitter fanaticism which had
+hitherto animated them, and of their determination henceforth to live
+in peace, notwithstanding their religious differences. If this state
+of feeling could be once established, there would be no difficulty, it
+was thought, in arranging some sort of mixed government for Jerusalem
+that would secure access to the holy places by both Mussulmans and
+Christians, and accomplish the ends of the war to the satisfaction of
+all.
+
+It was said that Richard proposed this plan, and that both Saladin and
+Saphadin evinced a willingness to accede to it, but that it was
+defeated by the influence of the priests on both sides. The imams
+among the Mussulmans, and the bishops and monks in Richard's army,
+were equally shocked at this plan of making a "compromise of
+principle," as they considered it, and forming a compact between evil
+and good. The men of each party devoutly believed that the cause which
+their side espoused was the cause of God, and that that of the other
+was the cause of Satan, and neither could tolerate for a moment any
+proposal for a union, or an alliance of any kind, between elements so
+utterly antagonistical. And it was in vain, as both commanders knew
+full well, to attempt to carry such an arrangement into effect against
+the conviction of the priests; for they had, on both sides, so great
+an influence over the masses of the people that, without their
+approval, or at least their acquiescence, nothing could be done.
+
+So the plan of an alliance and union between the Christians and the
+Mohammedans, with a view to a joint occupancy and guardianship of the
+holy places in Jerusalem was finally abandoned, and Joanna gave up the
+hope, or was released from the fear, as the case may have been, of
+having a Saracen for a husband.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS.
+
+1191
+
+The conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon.--History of
+the contest for the title of King of Jerusalem.--A delicate
+question.--The Crusaders' motives.--How Richard and Philip took
+sides in the quarrel.--The reason of the importance of the
+quarrel.--The French maintain Conrad's cause.--Richard's bargain
+with Guy.--Richard's reasons for acceding to Conrad's cause.--The
+coronation of Conrad.--His assassination.--The Hassassins.--The
+Old Man of the Mountains and his followers.--The reckless spirit
+of the Hassassins.--Seizure of the murderers.--The torture as a
+means of eliciting evidence.--Conflicting accounts.--Uncertainty
+respecting the motive of Conrad's murder.--False and spurious
+honor.--General opinion of Richard's conduct.--Suspicions of
+Philip.--The events consequent on Conrad's death.--Appearance of
+Count Henry.--He becomes king of Jerusalem.--The question at
+rest.--Dissatisfaction.--The king's proclamation.
+
+
+One of the greatest sources of trouble and difficulty which Richard
+experienced in managing his heterogeneous mass of followers was the
+quarrel which has been already alluded to between the two knights who
+claimed the right to be the King of Jerusalem, whenever possession of
+that city should by any means be obtained. The reader will recollect,
+perhaps, that it has already been stated that a very renowned
+Crusader, named Godfrey of Bouillon, had penetrated, about a hundred
+years before this time, into the interior of the Holy Land, at the
+head of a large army, and there had taken possession of Jerusalem;
+that the earls, and barons, and other prominent knights in his army
+had chosen him king of the city, and fixed the crown and the royal
+title upon him and his descendants forever; that when Jerusalem was
+itself, after a time, lost, the title still remained in Godfrey's
+family, and that it descended to a princess named Sibylla; that a
+knight named Guy of Lusignan married Sibylla, and then claimed the
+title of King of Jerusalem in the right of his wife; that, in process
+of time, Sibylla died, and then one party claimed that the rights of
+her husband, Guy of Lusignan, ceased, since he held them only through
+his wife, and that thenceforward the title and the crown vested in
+Isabella, her sister, who was the next heir; that Isabella, however,
+was married to a man who was too feeble and timid to assert his
+claims; that, consequently, a more bold and unscrupulous knight, named
+Conrad of Montferrat, seized her and carried her off, and afterward
+procured a divorce for her from her former husband, and married her
+himself; and that then a great quarrel arose between Guy of Lusignan,
+the husband of Sibylla, and Conrad of Montferrat, the husband of
+Isabella. This quarrel had now been raging a long time, and all
+attempts to settle it or to compromise it had proved wholly
+unavailing.
+
+The ground which Guy and his friends and adherents took was, that
+while they admitted that Guy held the title of King of Jerusalem in
+the right of his wife, and that his wife was now dead, still, being
+once invested with the crown, it was his for life, and he could not
+justly be deprived of it. After his death it might descend very
+properly to the next heir, but during his lifetime it vested in him.
+
+Conrad, on the other hand, and the friends and adherents who espoused
+his cause, argued that, since Guy had no claim whatever except what
+came in and through his wife, of course, when his wife died, his
+possession ought to terminate. If Sibylla had had children, the crown
+would have descended to one of them; but she being without direct
+heirs, it passed, of right, to Isabella, her sister, and that
+Isabella's husband was entitled to claim and take possession of it in
+her name.
+
+It is obvious that this was a very nice and delicate question, and it
+would have been a very difficult one for a company of gay and reckless
+soldiers like the Crusaders to settle if they had attempted to look at
+it simply as a question of law and right; but the Crusaders seldom
+troubled themselves with examining legal arguments, and still less
+with seeking for and applying principles of justice and right in
+taking sides in the contests that arose among them. The question for
+each man to consider in such cases was simply, "Which side is it most
+for my interests and those of my party that we should espouse? We
+will take that;" or, "Which side are my rivals and enemies, or those
+of their party, going to take? We will take the other."
+
+It was by such considerations as these that the different princes, and
+nobles, and orders of knights in the army decided how they would range
+themselves on this great question. As has already been explained,
+Richard took up the cause of Guy, who claimed through the deceased
+Sibylla. He had been induced to do so, not by any convictions which he
+had formed in respect to the merits of the case, but because Guy had
+come to him while he was in Cyprus, and had made such proposals there
+in respect to a conjunction with him that Richard deemed it for his
+interest to accept them. In a similar way, Conrad had waited upon
+Philip as soon as he arrived before Acre, and had induced him to
+espouse his, Conrad's, side. If there were two orders of knights in
+the army, or two bodies of soldiery, that were at ill-will with each
+other through rivalry, or jealousy, or former quarrels, they would
+always separate on this question of the King of Jerusalem; and just as
+certainly as one of them showed a disposition to take the side of Guy,
+the other would immediately go over to that of Conrad, and then these
+old and half-smothered contentions would break out anew.
+
+Thus this difficulty was not only a serious quarrel itself, but it was
+the means of reviving and giving new force and intensity to a vast
+number of other quarrels.
+
+It may seem strange that a question like this, which related, as it
+would appear, to only an empty title, should have been deemed so
+important; but, in reality, there was something more than the mere
+title at issue. Although, for the time being, the Christians were
+excluded from Jerusalem, they were all continually hoping to be very
+soon restored to the possession of it, and then the king of the city
+would become a very important personage, not only in his own
+estimation and in that of the army of Crusaders, but in that of all
+Christendom. No one knew but that in a few months Jerusalem might come
+into their hands, either by being retaken through force of arms, or by
+being ceded in some way through Richard's negotiations with Saladin;
+and, of course, the greater the probability was that this event would
+happen, the more important the issue of the quarrel became, and the
+more angry with each other, and excited, were the parties to it. Thus
+Richard found that all his plans for getting possession of Jerusalem
+were grievously impeded by these dissensions; for the nearer he came,
+at any time, to the realization of his hopes, the more completely were
+his efforts to secure the end paralyzed by the increased violence and
+bitterness of the quarrel that reigned among his followers.
+
+The principal supporters of the cause of Conrad were the French, and
+they formed so numerous and powerful a portion of the army, and they
+had, withal, so great an influence over other bodies of troops from
+different parts of Europe, that Richard could not successfully resist
+them and maintain Guy's claims, and he finally concluded to give up,
+or to pretend to give up, the contest.
+
+So he made an arrangement with Guy to relinquish his claims on
+condition of his receiving the kingdom of Cyprus instead, the unhappy
+Isaac, the true king of that island, shut up in the Syrian dungeon to
+which Richard had consigned him, being in no condition to resist this
+disposition of his dominions. Richard then agreed that Conrad should
+be acknowledged as King of Jerusalem, and, to seal and settle the
+question, it was determined that he should be crowned forthwith.
+
+It was supposed at the time that one reason which induced Richard to
+give up Guy and adopt Conrad as the future sovereign of the Holy City
+was, that Conrad was a far more able warrior, and a more influential
+and powerful man than Guy, and altogether a more suitable person to be
+left in command of the army in case of Richard's return to England,
+provided, in the mean time, Jerusalem should be taken; and, moreover,
+he was much more likely to succeed as a leader of the troops in a
+march against the city in case Richard were to leave before the
+conquest should be effected. It turned out, however, in the end, as
+will be seen in the sequel, that the views with which Richard adopted
+this plan were of a very different character.
+
+Conrad was already the King of Tyre. The position which he thus held
+was, in fact, one of the elements of his power and influence among the
+Crusaders. It was determined that his coronation as King of Jerusalem
+should take place at Tyre, and, accordingly, as soon as the
+arrangement of the question had been fully and finally agreed upon,
+all parties proceeded to Tyre, and there commenced at once the
+preparations for a magnificent coronation. All the principal
+chieftains and dignitaries of the army that could be spared from the
+other posts along the coast went to Tyre to be present at the
+coronation, the whole army, with the exception of a few malcontents,
+being filled with joy and satisfaction that the question which had so
+long distracted their councils and paralyzed their efforts was now at
+length finally disposed of.
+
+These bright prospects were all, however, suddenly blighted and
+destroyed by an unexpected event, which struck every one with
+consternation, and put all things back into a worse condition than
+before. As Conrad was passing along the streets of Tyre one day, two
+men rushed upon him, and with small daggers, which they plunged into
+his side, slew him. They were so sudden in their movement that all was
+over before any one could come to Conrad's rescue, but the men who
+committed the deed were seized and put to the torture. They belonged
+to a tribe of Arabs called Hassassins.[F] This appellation was taken
+from the Arabic name of the dagger, which was the only armor that they
+wore. Of course, with such a weapon as this, they could do nothing
+effectual in a regular battle with their enemies. Nor was this their
+plan. They never came out and met their enemies in battle. They lived
+among the mountains in a place by themselves, under the command of a
+famous chieftain, whom they called the _Ancient_, and sometimes the
+_Lord of the Mountains_. The Christians called him the _Old Man of the
+Mountains_, and under this name he and his band of followers acquired
+great fame.
+
+[Footnote F: The English word _assassins_ comes from the name of these
+men.]
+
+They were, in fact, not much more than a regularly-organized band of
+robbers and murderers. The men were extremely wily and adroit; they
+could adopt any disguise, and penetrate without suspicion wherever
+they chose to go. They were trained, too, to obey, in the most
+unhesitating and implicit manner, any orders whatever that the
+chieftain gave them. Sometimes they were sent out to rob; sometimes to
+murder an individual enemy, who had, in some way or other, excited the
+anger of the chief. Thus, if any leader of an armed force attempted to
+attack them, or if any officer of government adopted any measures to
+bring them to justice, they would not openly resist, but would fly to
+their dens and fastnesses, and conceal themselves there, and then
+soon afterward the chieftain would send out his emissaries, dressed in
+a suitable disguise, and with their little _hassassins_ under their
+robes, to watch an opportunity and kill the offender. It is true they
+were usually, in such cases, at once seized, and were often put to
+death with horrible tortures; but so great was their enthusiasm in the
+cause of their chief, and so high the exaltation of spirit to which
+the point of honor carried them, that they feared nothing, and were
+never known to shrink from the discharge of what they deemed their
+duty.
+
+The stabs which the two Hassassins gave to Conrad were so effectual
+that he fell dead upon the spot. The people that were near rushed to
+his assistance, and while some gathered round the bleeding body, and
+endeavored to stanch the wounds, others seized the murderers and bore
+them off to the castle. They would have pulled them to pieces by the
+way if they had not desired to reserve them for the torture.
+
+The torture is, of course, in every respect, a wretched way of
+eliciting evidence. So far as it is efficacious at all in eliciting
+declarations, it tends to lead the sufferer, in thinking what he shall
+say, to consider, not what is the truth, but what is most likely to
+satisfy his tormentors and make them release him. Accordingly, men
+under torture say any thing which they suppose their questioners wish
+to hear. At one moment it is one thing, and the next it is another,
+and the men who conduct the examination can usually report from it any
+result they please.
+
+A story gained great credit in the army, and especially among the
+French portion of it, immediately after the examination of these men,
+that they said that they had been hired by Richard himself to kill
+Conrad, and this story produced every where the greatest excitement
+and indignation. On the other hand, the friends of Richard declared
+that the Hassassins had stated that they were sent by their chieftain,
+the Old Man of the Mountain, and that the cause was a quarrel that had
+long been standing between Conrad and him. It is true that there had
+been such a quarrel, and, consequently, that the Old Man would be,
+doubtless, very willing that Conrad should be killed. Indeed, it is
+probable that, if Richard was really the original instigator of the
+murder, he would have made the arrangement for it with the Old Man,
+and not directly with the subordinates. It was, in fact, a part of the
+regular and settled business of this tribe to commit murders for pay.
+The chieftain might have the more readily undertaken this case from
+having already a quarrel of his own with Conrad on hand. It was never
+fully ascertained what the true state of the case was. The Arab
+historians maintain that it was Richard's work. The English writers,
+on the contrary, throw the blame on the Old Man. The English writers
+maintain, moreover, that the deed was one which such a man as Richard
+was very little likely to perform. He was, it is true, they say, a
+very rude and violent man--daring, reckless, and often unjust, and
+even cruel--but he was not treacherous. What he did, he did in the
+open day; and he was wholly incapable of such a deed as pretending
+deceitfully that he would accede to Conrad's claims with a view of
+throwing him off his guard, and then putting him to death by means of
+hired murderers.
+
+This reasoning will seem satisfactory to us or otherwise, according to
+the views we like to entertain in respect to the genuineness of the
+sense of generosity and honor which is so much boasted of as a
+characteristic of the spirit of chivalry. Some persons place great
+reliance upon it, and think that so gallant and courageous a knight
+as Richard must have been incapable of any such deed as a secret
+assassination. Others place very little reliance upon it. They think
+that the generosity and nobleness of mind to which this class of men
+make such great pretension is chiefly a matter of outside show and
+parade, and that, when it serves their purpose, they are generally
+ready to resort to any covert and dishonest means which will help them
+to accomplish their ends, however truly dishonorable such means may
+be, provided they can conceal their agency in them. For my part, I am
+strongly inclined to the latter opinion, and to believe that there is
+nothing in the human heart that we can really rely upon in respect to
+human conduct and character but sound and consistent moral principle.
+
+At any rate, it is unfortunate for Richard's cause that among those
+who were around him at the time, and who knew his character best, the
+prevailing opinion was against him. It was generally believed in the
+army that he was really the secret author of Conrad's death. The event
+produced a prodigious excitement throughout the camp. When the news
+reached Europe, it awakened a very general indignation there,
+especially among those who were inclined to be hostile to Richard.
+Philip, the King of France, professed to be alarmed for his own
+safety. "He has employed murderers to kill Conrad, my friend and
+ally," said he, "and the next thing will be that he will send some of
+the Old Man of the Mountain's emissaries to thrust their daggers into
+me."
+
+So he organized an extra guard to watch at the gates of his palace,
+and to attend him whenever he went out, and gave them special
+instructions to watch against the approach of any suspicious
+strangers. The Emperor of Germany too, and the Archduke of Austria,
+whom Richard had before made his enemies, were filled with rage and
+resentment against him, the effects of which he subsequently felt very
+severely.
+
+In the mean time, the excitement in the camp immediately on the death
+of Conrad became very strong, and it led to serious disturbances. The
+French troops rose in arms and attempted to seize Tyre. Isabella,
+Conrad's wife, in whose name Conrad had held the title to the crown of
+Jerusalem, fled to the citadel, and fortified herself there with such
+troops as adhered to her. The camp was in confusion, and there was
+imminent danger that the two parties into which the army was divided
+would come to open war. At this juncture, a certain nephew of
+Richard's, Count Henry of Champagne, made his appearance. He persuaded
+the people of Tyre to put him in command of the town; and supported as
+he was by Richard's influence, and by the acquiescence of Isabella, he
+succeeded in restoring something like order. Immediately afterward he
+proposed to Isabella that she should marry him. She accepted his
+proposal, and so he became King of Jerusalem in her name.
+
+The French party, and those who had taken the side of Conrad in the
+former quarrel, were greatly exasperated, but as the case now stood
+they were helpless. They had always maintained that Isabella was the
+true sovereign, and it was through her right to the succession, after
+Sibylla's death, that they had claimed the crown for Conrad; and now,
+since Conrad was dead, and Isabella had married Count Henry, they
+could not, with any consistency, deny that the new husband was fully
+entitled to succeed the old. They might resent the murder of Conrad as
+much as they pleased, but it was evident that nothing would bring him
+back to life, and nothing could prevent Count Henry being now
+universally regarded as the King of Jerusalem.
+
+So, after venting for a time a great many loud but fruitless
+complaints, the aggrieved parties allowed their resentment to subside,
+and all acquiesced in acknowledging Henry as King of Jerusalem.
+
+Besides these difficulties, a great deal of uneasiness and discontent
+arose from rumors that Richard was intending to abandon Palestine, and
+return to Normandy and England, thus leaving the army without any
+responsible head. The troops knew very well that whatever semblance of
+authority and subordination then existed was due to the presence of
+Richard, whose high rank and personal qualities as a warrior gave him
+great power over his followers, notwithstanding their many causes of
+complaint against him. They knew, too, that his departure would be the
+signal of universal disorder, and would lead to the total dissolution
+of the army. The complaints and the clamor which arose from this cause
+became so great in all the different towns and fortresses along the
+coast, that, to appease them, Richard issued a proclamation stating
+that he had no intention of leaving the army, but that it was his
+fixed purpose to remain in Palestine at least another year.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE BATTLE OF JAFFA.
+
+1192
+
+The battle of Jaffa.--Richard gives the army
+employment.--Uncomfortable news from England.--Richard's
+resolution.--Account of the country through which the army
+marched.--The approach to Jerusalem.--Hebron.--The prize in
+sight.--Saladin strongly established in Jerusalem.--Richard's
+self-reproaches.--A new expedient.--The proposed march upon
+Cairo.--The hopeless condition of the army.--Saladin at
+Jaffa.--Richard's measures to succor Jaffa.--His fleet arrives
+there.--Landing.--The onset upon the Saracens.--Jaffa
+retaken.--Both sides awaiting assistance.--The Saracens
+defeated.--The story of Saladin's present of horses to his
+enemy.--The romantic story of the treacherous gift.
+
+
+When, at last, the state of Richard's affairs had been reduced, by the
+causes mentioned in the last chapter, to a very low ebb, he suddenly
+succeeded in greatly improving them by a battle. This battle is known
+in history as the battle of Jaffa. It was fought in the early part of
+the summer of 1192.
+
+As soon as he had issued his proclamation declaring to his soldiers
+that he would positively remain in Palestine for a year, he began to
+make preparations for another campaign. The best way, he thought, to
+prevent the army from wasting away its energies in internal conflicts
+between the different divisions of it was to give those energies
+employment against the common enemy; so he put every thing in motion
+for a new march into the interior. He left garrisons in the cities of
+the coast, sufficient, as he judged, to protect them from any force
+which the Saracens were likely to send against them in his absence,
+and forming the remainder in order of march, he set out from his
+head-quarters at Jaffa, and began to advance once more toward
+Jerusalem.
+
+Of course, this movement revived, in some degree, the spirit of his
+army, and awakened in them new hopes. Still, Richard himself was
+extremely uneasy, and his mind was filled with solicitude and anxiety.
+Messengers were continually coming from Europe with intelligence which
+was growing more and more alarming at every arrival. His brother John,
+they said, in England, was forming schemes to take possession of the
+kingdom in his own name. In France, Philip was invading his Norman
+provinces, and was evidently preparing for still greater aggression.
+He must return soon, his mother wrote him, or he would lose all. Of
+course, he was in a great rage at what he called the treachery of
+Philip and John, and burned to get back and make them feel his
+vengeance. But he was so tied up with the embarrassments and
+difficulties that he was surrounded with in the Holy Land, that he
+thought it absolutely necessary to make a desperate effort to strike
+at least one decisive blow before he could possibly leave his army,
+and it was in this desperate state of mind that he set out upon his
+march. It was near the end of May.
+
+The army advanced for several days. They met with not much direct
+opposition from the Saracens, for Saladin had withdrawn to Jerusalem,
+and was employed in strengthening the fortifications there, and making
+every thing ready for Richard's approach. But the difficulties which
+they encountered from other causes, and the sufferings of the army in
+consequence of them, were terrible. The country was dry and barren,
+and the weather hot and unhealthy. The soldiers fell sick in great
+numbers, and those that were well suffered extremely from thirst and
+other privations incident to a march of many days through such a
+country in such a season. There were no trees or shelter of any kind
+to protect them from the scorching rays of the sun, and scarcely any
+water to be found to quench their thirst. The streams were very few,
+and all the wells that could be found were soon drunk dry. Then there
+was great difficulty in respect to provisions. A sufficient supply for
+so many thousands could not be brought up from the coast, and all that
+the country itself had produced--which was, in fact, very little--was
+carried away by the Saracens as Richard advanced. Thus the army found
+itself environed with great difficulties, and before many days it was
+reduced to a condition of actual distress.
+
+The expedition succeeded, however, in advancing to the immediate
+vicinity of Jerusalem. Early in June they encamped at Hebron, which is
+about six miles from Jerusalem, toward the south. Here they halted;
+and Richard remained here some days, weighed down with perplexity and
+distress, and extremely harassed in mind, being wholly unable to
+decide what was best to be done.
+
+From a hill in the neighborhood of Hebron Jerusalem was in sight.
+There lay the prize which he had so long been striving to obtain, all
+before him, and yet he was utterly powerless to take it. For this he
+had been manoeuvring and planning for years. For this he had
+exhausted all the resources of his empire, and had put to imminent
+hazard all the rights and interests of the crown. For this he had left
+his native land, and had brought on, by a voyage of three thousand
+miles, all the fleets and armies of his kingdom; and now, with the
+prize before him, and all Europe looking on to see him grasp it, his
+hand had become powerless, and he must turn back, and go away as he
+came.
+
+Richard saw at once that it must be so; for while, on the one hand,
+his army was well-nigh exhausted, and was reduced to a state of such
+privation and distress as to make it nearly helpless, Saladin was
+established in Jerusalem almost impregnably. While the divisions of
+Richard's army had been quarreling with each other on the sea-coast,
+he had been strengthening the walls and other defenses of the city,
+until they were now more formidable than ever. Richard received
+information, too, that all the wells and cisterns of water around the
+city had been destroyed by the Saracens, so that, if they were to
+advance to the walls and commence a siege, they would soon be obliged
+to raise it, or perish there with thirst. So great was Richard's
+distress of mind under these circumstances, that it is said, when he
+was conducted to the hill from which Jerusalem was to be seen, he
+could not bear to look at it. He held his shield up before his eyes to
+shut out the sight of it, and said that he was not worthy to look upon
+the city, since he had shown himself unable to redeem it.
+
+There was a council of war held to consider what it was best to do. It
+was a council of perplexity and despair. Nobody could tell what it
+was best to do. To go back was disgrace. To go forward was
+destruction; and it was impossible for them to remain where they were.
+
+In his desperation Richard conceived of a new plan, that of marching
+southward and seizing Cairo. The Saracens derived almost all the
+stores of provisions for the use of their armies from Cairo, and
+Hebron was on the road to it. The way was open for Richard's army to
+march in that direction, and, by carrying this plan into execution,
+they would, at least, get something to eat. Besides, it would be a
+mode of withdrawing from Jerusalem that would not be quite a retreat.
+Still, these reasons were wholly insufficient to justify such a
+measure, and it is not probable that Richard seriously entertained the
+plan. It is much more likely that he proposed the idea of a march upon
+Cairo as a means of amusing the minds of his knights and soldiers, and
+diminishing the extreme disappointment and vexation which they must
+have felt in relinquishing the plan of an attack upon Jerusalem, and
+that he intended, after proceeding a short distance on the way toward
+Egypt, to find some pretext for turning down toward the sea-shore, and
+re-establishing himself in his cities on the coast.
+
+At any rate, whether it was the original plan or not, such was the
+result. As soon as the encampment was broken up, and the army
+commenced its march, and the troops learned that the hope of
+recovering the Holy Sepulchre, and all the other lofty aspirations and
+desires which had led them so far, and through so many hardships and
+dangers, were now to be abandoned, they were first enraged, and then
+they sank into a condition of utter recklessness and despair. All
+discipline was at an end. No one seemed now to care what became of the
+expedition or of themselves. The French soldiers, under the Duke of
+Burgundy, revolted openly, and declared they would go no farther. The
+troops from Germany joined them. So Richard gave up the plan, or
+seemed to give it up, and gave orders to march to Acre; and there, at
+last, the army arrived in a state of almost utter dissolution.
+
+In a short time the news came to them that Saladin had followed them
+down, and had seized upon Jaffa. He had taken the town, and shut up
+the garrison in the citadel, whither they had fled for safety; and
+tidings came that, unless Richard very soon came to the rescue, the
+citadel would be compelled to surrender.
+
+Richard immediately ordered that all the troops that were in a
+condition to march should set out immediately, to proceed down the
+coast from Acre to Jaffa. He himself, he said, would hasten on by sea,
+for the wind was fair, and a part of his force, all that he had ships
+enough in readiness to convey, could go much quicker by water than by
+land, besides the advantage of being fresh on their arrival for an
+attack on the enemy. So he assembled as many ships as could be got
+ready, and embarked a select body of troops on board of them. There
+were seven of the ships. He took the command of one of them himself.
+The Duke of Burgundy, with the French troops under his command,
+refused to go.
+
+The little fleet set sail immediately and ran down the coast very
+rapidly. When they came to Jaffa they found that the town was really
+in possession of the Saracens, and that large bodies of the enemy were
+assembled on the shore to prevent the landing of Richard's forces.
+This array appeared so formidable that all the knights and officers on
+board the ships urged Richard not to attempt to attack them, but to
+wait until the body of the army should arrive by land.
+
+But Richard was desperate and reckless. He declared that he _would_
+land; and he uttered an awful imprecation against those who should
+hesitate to follow him. He brought the boats up as near the shore as
+possible, and then, with his battle-axe in his right hand, and his
+shield hung about his neck, so as to have his left hand at liberty, he
+leaped into the water, calling upon the rest to come on. They all
+followed his example, and, as soon as they gained the shore, they made
+a dreadful onset upon the Saracens that were gathered on the beach.
+The Saracens were driven back. Richard made such havoc among them with
+his battle-axe, and the men following him were made so resolute and
+reckless by his example, that the ranks of the enemy were broken
+through, and they fled in all directions.
+
+Richard and his men then rushed on to the gates of the town, and
+almost before the Saracens who were in possession of them could
+recover from their surprise, the gates were seized, those who had been
+stationed at them were slain or driven away, and then Richard and his
+troops, rushing through, closed them, and the Saracens that were
+within the town were shut in. They were soon all overpowered and
+slain, and thus the possession of the town was recovered.
+
+But this was not the end, as Richard and his men knew full well.
+Though they had possession of the town itself, they were surrounded by
+a great army of Saracens, that were hovering around them on the plain,
+and rapidly increasing in numbers; for Saladin had sent orders to the
+interior directing all possible assistance to be sent to him. Richard
+himself, on the other hand, was hourly expecting the arrival of the
+main body of his troops by land.
+
+They arrived the next day, and then came on the great contest.
+Richard's troops, on their arrival, attacked the Saracens from
+without, while he himself, issuing from the gates, assaulted them from
+the side next the town. The Crusaders fought with the utmost
+desperation. They knew very well that it was the crisis of their fate.
+To lose that battle was to lose all. The Saracens, on the other hand,
+were not under any such urgent pressure. If overpowered, they could
+retire again to the mountains, and be as secure as before.
+
+They _were_ overpowered. The battle was fought long and obstinately,
+but at length Richard was victorious, and the Saracens were driven off
+the ground.
+
+[Illustration: SALADIN'S PRESENT.]
+
+Various accounts are given by the different writers who have
+narrated the history of this crusade, of a present of a horse made by
+Saladin to Richard in the course of the war, and the incident has been
+often commented upon as an evidence of the high and generous
+sentiments which animated the combatants in this terrible crusade in
+their personal feelings toward each other. One of the stories makes
+the case an incident of this battle. The Saracens, flying from the
+field, came to Saladin, who was watching the contest, and, in
+conversation with him, they pointed out Richard, who was standing
+among his knights on a small rising ground.
+
+"Why, he is on foot!" exclaimed Saladin. Richard _was_ on foot. His
+favorite charger, Favelle, was killed under him that morning, and as
+he had come from Acre in haste and by sea, there was no other horse at
+hand to supply his place.
+
+Saladin immediately said that that was not as it should be. "The King
+of England," said he, "should not fight on foot like a common
+soldier." He immediately sent over to Richard, with a flag of truce,
+two splendid horses. King Richard accepted the present, and during the
+remainder of the day he fought on one of the horses which his enemy
+had thus sent him.
+
+One account adds a romantic embellishment to this story by saying that
+Saladin sent only one horse at first--the one that he supposed most
+worthy of being sent as a gift from one sovereign to another; but that
+Richard, before mounting him himself, directed one of his knights to
+mount him and give him trial. The knight found the horse wholly
+unmanageable. The animal took the bits between his teeth and galloped
+furiously back to the camp of Saladin, carrying his rider with him, a
+helpless prisoner. Saladin was exceedingly chagrined at this result;
+he was afraid Richard might suppose that he sent him an unruly horse
+from a treacherous design to do him some injury. He accordingly
+received the knight who had been borne so unwillingly to his camp in
+the most courteous manner, and providing another horse for him, he
+dismissed him with presents. He also sent a second horse to Richard,
+more beautiful than the first, and one which he caused Richard to be
+assured that he might rely upon as perfectly well trained.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+THE TRUCE.
+
+1192
+
+Richard and Saladin agree upon a three years' truce.--Richard's
+reason for this course.--The treaty.--The coast.--Ascalon to be
+dismantled.--Pilgrims to Jerusalem protected.--Events consequent
+upon the truce.--Visiting the Holy City.--Saladin restraining
+the Saracens from revenge.--The visit of the bishop to
+Jerusalem.--Saladin's just opinion of King Richard.--The
+institution for the entertainment of pilgrims.
+
+
+The result of the battle of Jaffa greatly strengthened and improved
+the condition of the Crusaders, and in the same proportion it weakened
+and discouraged Saladin and the Saracens. But, after all, instead of
+giving to either party the predominance, it only placed them more
+nearly on a footing of equality than before. It began to be pretty
+plain that neither of the contending parties was strong enough, or
+would soon be likely to be strong enough to accomplish its purposes.
+Richard could not take Jerusalem from Saladin, nor could Saladin drive
+Richard out of the Holy Land.
+
+In this state of things, it was finally agreed upon between Richard
+and Saladin that a truce should be made. The negotiations for this
+truce were protracted through several weeks, and the summer was gone
+before it was concluded. It was a truce for a long period, the
+duration of it being more than three years. Still, it was strictly a
+truce, not a peace, since a termination was assigned to it.
+
+Richard preferred to make a truce rather than a peace for the sake of
+appearances at home. He did not wish that it should be understood
+that, in leaving the Holy Land and returning home, he abandoned all
+design of recovering the Holy Sepulchre. He allowed three years, on
+the supposition that that would be time enough for him to return home,
+to set every thing in order in his dominions, to organize a new
+crusade on a larger scale, and to come back again. In the mean time,
+he reserved, by a stipulation of the treaty, the right to occupy, by
+such portion of his army as he should leave behind, the portion of
+territory on the coast which he had conquered, and which he then held,
+with the exception of one of the cities, which one he was to give up.
+The terms of the treaty, in detail, were as follows:
+
+               STIPULATIONS OF THE TREATY.
+
+     1. The three great cities of Tyre, Acre, and Jaffa, with all
+     the smaller towns and castles on the coast between them,
+     with the territory adjoining, were to be left in the
+     possession of the Christians, and Saladin bound himself that
+     they should not be attacked or molested in any way there
+     during the continuance of the truce.
+
+     2. Ascalon, which lay farther to the south, and was not
+     necessary for the uses of Richard's army, was to be given
+     up; but Saladin was to pay, on receiving it, the estimated
+     cost which Richard had incurred in rebuilding the
+     fortifications. Saladin, however, was not to occupy it
+     himself as a fortified town. It was to be so far dismantled
+     as only to be used as a commercial city.
+
+     3. The Christians bound themselves to remain within their
+     territory in peace, to make no excursions from it for
+     warlike purposes into the interior, nor in any manner to
+     injure or oppress the inhabitants of the surrounding
+     country.
+
+     4. All persons who might desire to go to Jerusalem in a
+     peaceful way as visitors or pilgrims, whether they were
+     knights or soldiers belonging to the army, or actual
+     pilgrims arriving at Acre from the different Christian
+     countries of Europe, were to be allowed to pass freely to
+     and fro, and Saladin bound himself to protect them from all
+     harm.
+
+     5. The truce thus agreed upon was to continue in force three
+     years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three
+     hours; and at the end of that time, each party was released
+     from all obligations arising under the treaty, and either
+     was at liberty immediately to resume the war.
+
+The signing of the treaty was the signal for general rejoicing in all
+divisions of the army. One of the first fruits of it was that the
+knights and soldiers all immediately began to form parties for
+visiting Jerusalem. It was obvious that all could not go at once; and
+Richard told the French soldiers who were under the Duke of Burgundy
+that he did not think they were entitled to go at all. They had done
+nothing, he said, to help on the war, but every thing to embarrass and
+impede it, and now he thought that they did not deserve to enjoy any
+share of the fruits of it.
+
+Three large parties were formed and they proceeded, one after the
+other, to visit the Holy City. There was some difficulty in respect to
+the first party, and it required all Saladin's authority to protect
+them from insult or injury by the Saracen people. The animosity and
+anger which they had been so long cherishing against these invaders of
+their country had not had time to subside, and many of them were very
+eager to avenge the wrongs which they had suffered. The friends and
+relatives of the hostages whom Richard had massacred at Acre were
+particularly excited. They came in a body to Saladin's palace, and,
+falling on their knees before him, begged and implored him to allow
+them to take their revenge on the inhuman murderers, now that they had
+them in their power; but Saladin would not listen to them a moment. He
+refused their prayer in the most absolute and positive manner, and he
+took very effectual measures for protecting the party of Christians
+during the whole duration of their visit.
+
+The question being thus settled that the Christian visitors to
+Jerusalem were to be protected, the excitement among the people
+gradually subsided; and, indeed, before long, the current of feeling
+inclined the other way, so that, when the second party arrived, they
+were received with great kindness. Perhaps the first party had taken
+care to conduct themselves in such a manner during their visit, and in
+going and returning, as to conciliate the good-will of their enemies.
+At any rate, after their visit there was no difficulty, and many in
+the camp, who had been too distrustful of Saracenic faith to venture
+with them, now began to join the other parties that were forming, for
+all had a great curiosity to see the city for the sake of which they
+had encountered so many dangers and toils.
+
+With the third party a bishop ventured to go. It was far more
+dangerous for a high dignitary of the Christian Church to join such an
+expedition than for a knight or a common soldier, both because such a
+man was a more obnoxious object of Mohammedan fanaticism, and thus
+more likely, perhaps, to be attacked, and also because, in case of an
+attack, being unarmed and defenseless, he would be unable to protect
+himself, and be less able even to act efficiently in making his escape
+than a military man, who, as such, was accustomed to all sorts of
+surprises and frays.
+
+The bishop, however, experienced no difficulty. On the contrary, he
+was received with marks of great distinction. Saladin made special
+arrangements to do him honor. He invited him to his palace, and there
+treated him with great respect, and held a long conversation with him.
+In the course of the conversation Saladin desired to know what was
+commonly said of him in the Christian camp.
+
+"What is the common opinion in your army," he asked, "in respect to
+Richard and to me?"
+
+He wished to know which was regarded as the greatest hero.
+
+"My king," replied the bishop, "is regarded the first of all men
+living, both in regard to his valorous deeds and to the generosity of
+his character. That I can not deny. But your fame also is very exalted
+among us; and it is the universal opinion in our army that if you were
+only converted to Christianity, there would not be in the world two
+such princes as Richard and you."
+
+In the course of further conversation Saladin admitted that Richard
+was a great hero, and said that he had a great admiration for him.
+
+"But then," he added, "he does wrong, and acts very unwisely, in
+exposing himself so recklessly to personal danger, when there is no
+sufficient end in view to justify it. To act thus evinces rashness and
+recklessness rather than true courage. For myself, I prefer the
+reputation of wisdom and prudence rather than that of mere blind and
+thoughtless daring."
+
+The bishop, in his conversation with Saladin, represented to him that
+it was necessary for the comfort of the pilgrims who should from time
+to time visit Jerusalem that there should be some public establishment
+to receive and entertain them, and he asked the sultan's permission
+to found such institutions. Saladin acceded to this request, and
+measures were immediately adopted by the bishop to carry the
+arrangement into effect.
+
+Richard himself did not visit Jerusalem. The reason he assigned for
+this was that he was sick at the time. Perhaps the real reason was
+that he could not endure the humiliation of paying a visit, by the
+mere permission of an enemy, to the city which he had so long set his
+heart upon entering triumphantly as a conqueror.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE DEPARTURE FROM PALESTINE.
+
+1192
+
+Richard's reasons for returning home.--Causes of internal
+dissension in England and Normandy.--Longchamp's disguise.--His
+escape from England.--Philip's oath broken.--Pretext for invading
+Normandy.--Proposed marriage of John and Alice.--Richard's return
+unannounced.--Sailing from Palestine.--Richard's apostrophe to the
+Holy Land.
+
+
+One of the chief objects which Richard had in view in concluding the
+truce with Saladin was to be able to have an honorable pretext for
+leaving the Holy Land and setting out on his return to England. He had
+received many letters from his mother urging him to come, and giving
+him alarming accounts of the state of things both in England and
+Normandy.
+
+In England, the reader will perhaps recollect that Richard, when he
+set out on the Crusade, had appointed his brother John regent, in
+connection with his mother Eleanora, but that he had also, in order to
+raise money, appointed several noblemen of high standing and influence
+to offices of responsibility, which they were to exercise, in a great
+measure, independent of John. And, not content with appointing a
+suitable number of these officers, he multiplied them unnecessarily,
+and in some instances conveyed the same jurisdiction, as it were, to
+different persons, thus virtually selling the same office to two
+different men. Of course, this was not done openly and avowedly. The
+transactions were more or less covered up and concealed under
+different disguises. For example, after selling the post of chief
+justiciary, which was an office of great power and emolument, to one
+nobleman, and receiving as much money for it as the nobleman was
+willing to pay, he afterward appointed other noblemen as assistant
+justiciaries, exacting, of course, a large sum of money from each of
+them, and granting them, in consideration of it, much the same powers
+as he had bestowed upon the chief justiciary. Of course, such a
+proceeding as this could only result in continual contentions and
+quarrels among the appointees, to break out as soon as Richard should
+be gone. But the king cared little for that, so long as he could get
+the money.
+
+The quarrels did break out immediately after Richard sailed. There
+were various parties to them. There were Eleanora and John, each
+claiming to be the regent. Then there were two powerful noblemen, both
+maintaining that they had been invested with the supreme power by
+virtue of the offices which they held. The name of one of them was
+Longchamp. He contrived to place himself, for a time, quite at the
+head of affairs, and the whole country was distracted by the wars
+which were waged between him and his partisans and the partisans of
+John. Longchamp was at last defeated, and was obliged to fly from the
+kingdom in disguise. He was found one day by some fishermen's wives,
+on the beach near Dover, in the disguise of an old woman, with a roll
+of cloth under his arm, and a yard-stick in his hand. He was waiting
+for a boat which was to take him across the Channel into France. He
+disguised himself in that way that he might not be known, and when
+seen from behind the metamorphosis was almost complete. The women,
+however, observed something suspicious in the appearance of the
+figure, and so contrived to come nearer and get a peep under the
+bonnet, and there they saw the black beard and whiskers of a man.
+
+Notwithstanding this discovery, Longchamp succeeded in making his
+escape.
+
+As to Normandy, Richard's interests were in still greater danger than
+in England. King Philip had taken the most solemn oaths before he left
+the Holy Land, by which he bound himself not to molest any of
+Richard's dominions, or to take any steps hostile to him, while
+he--that is, Richard--remained away; and that if he should have any
+cause of quarrel against him, he would abstain from all attempts to
+enforce his rights until at least six months after Richard's return.
+It was only on condition of this agreement that Richard would consent
+to remain in Palestine in command of the Crusade, and allow Philip to
+return.
+
+But, notwithstanding this solemn agreement, and all the oaths by which
+it was confirmed, no sooner was Philip safe in France than he
+commenced operations against Richard's dominions. He began to make
+arrangements for an invasion of some of Richard's territories in
+Normandy, under pretext of taking possession again of Alice's dower,
+which it was agreed, by the treaty made at Messina, should be restored
+to him. But it had also been agreed at that treaty that the time for
+the restoration of the dowry should be after Richard's return, so that
+the plans of invasion which Philip was now forming involved clearly a
+very gross breach of faith, committed without any pretense or
+justification whatever. This instance, and multitudes of others like
+it to be found in the histories of those times, show how little there
+was that was genuine and reliable in the lofty sense of honor often
+so highly lauded as one of the characteristics of chivalry.
+
+In justice, however, to all concerned, it must be stated that Philip's
+knights and nobles remonstrated so earnestly against this breach of
+faith, that Philip was compelled to give up his plan, and to content
+himself in his operations against Richard with secret intrigues
+instead of open war. As he knew that John was endeavoring to supplant
+Richard in his kingdom, he sent to him and proposed to join him in
+this plan, and to help him carry it into execution; and he offered him
+the hand of Alice, the princess whom Richard had discarded, to seal
+and secure the alliance. John was quite pleased with this proposal;
+and information of these intrigues, more or less definite, came to
+Richard in Palestine about the time of the battle of Jaffa, from
+Eleanora, who contrived in some way to find out what was going on. The
+tidings threw Richard into a fever of anxiety to leave Palestine and
+return home.
+
+It was about the first of October that Richard set sail from Acre on
+his return, with a small squadron containing his immediate attendants.
+He himself embarked in a war-ship. The queens, taking with them the
+captive princess of Cyprus and the other members of their family,
+went as they came, in a vessel specially arranged for them, and under
+the care of their old protector, Stephen of Turnham. The queens
+embarked first in their vessel and sailed away. Richard followed soon
+afterward. His plan was to leave the coast as quietly and in as
+private a manner as possible. If it were to be understood in France
+and England that he was on his return, he did not know what plans
+might be formed to intercept him. So he kept his departure as much as
+possible a secret, and the more completely to carry out this design,
+he gave up for the voyage all his royal style and pretensions, and
+dressed himself as a simple knight.
+
+The vessels slipped away from the coast, one after another, in the
+evening, in a manner to attract as little attention as possible. They
+made but little progress during the night. In the morning the shore
+was still in view, though fast disappearing. Richard gazed upon it as
+he stood on the deck of his galley, and then took leave of it by
+stretching out his hands and exclaiming,
+
+"Most holy land, farewell! I commend thee to God's keeping and care.
+May He give me life and health to return and rescue thee from the
+hands of the infidel."
+
+The effect of this apostrophe on the by-standers, and on those to whom
+the by-standers reported it, was excellent, and it was probably for
+the sake of this effect that Richard uttered it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+RICHARD MADE CAPTIVE.
+
+1192
+
+The returning Crusaders met by a storm.--Richard's sudden change
+of course.--His route homeward.--King Richard traveling in
+disguise of a pilgrim.--Richard's enemies in Germany.--Fancied
+security.--Richard solicits a passport.--Maynard's answer.--The
+alarm given.--King Richard's flight through Germany.--Richard
+concealed near Vienna.--His messenger.--Torturing the
+messenger.--The king a captive.--The archduke imprisons Richard
+in Tiernsteign.--The emperor buys the prisoner.
+
+
+It was now late in the season, and the autumnal gales had begun to
+blow. It was but a very short time after the vessels left the port
+before so severe a storm came on that the fleet was dispersed, and
+many of the vessels were driven upon the neighboring coasts and
+destroyed. The Crusaders that had been left in Acre and Jaffa were
+rather pleased at this than otherwise. They had been indignant at
+Richard and the knights who were with him for having left them, to
+return home, and they said now that the storm was a judgment from
+Heaven against the men on board the vessels for abandoning their work,
+and going away from the Holy Land, and leaving the tomb and the cross
+of Christ unredeemed. Some of the ships, it is said, were thrown on
+the coasts of Africa, and the seamen and knights, as fast as they
+escaped to the shore, were seized and made slaves.
+
+Richard's ship, and also the one in which the queens were embarked,
+being stronger and better manned than the others, weathered the gale.
+After it was over, the queens' vessel steered for Sicily, where, in
+due time, they arrived in safety.
+
+Richard did not intend to trust himself to go to any place where he
+was known. Accordingly, as soon as he found himself fairly separated
+from all the other vessels, he suddenly changed his course, and turned
+northward toward the mouth of the Adriatic Sea. He landed at the
+island of Corfu.[G] Here he dismissed his ship, and took three small
+galleys instead, to go up to the head of the Adriatic Sea, and thence
+to make his way homeward by land through the heart of Germany.
+
+[Footnote G: For the situation of this island, see the map on page
+164.]
+
+He probably thought that this was the safest and best course that he
+could take. He did not dare to go through France for fear of Philip.
+To go all the way by sea, which would require him to sail out through
+the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic, would require altogether
+too long and dangerous a voyage for so late a season of the year. The
+only alternative left was to attempt to pass through Germany; and, as
+the German powers were hostile to him, it was not safe for him to
+undertake this unless he went in disguise.
+
+So he sailed in the three galleys which he procured in Corfu to the
+head of the Adriatic Sea, and landed at a place called Zara. Here he
+put on the dress of a pilgrim. He had suffered his hair and beard to
+grow long, and this, with the flowing robes of his pilgrim's dress,
+and the crosier which he bore in his hand, completed his disguise.
+
+But, though he might make himself _look_ like a pilgrim, he could not
+act like one. He was well provided with money, and his mode of
+spending it, though it might have been, perhaps, very sparing for a
+king, was very lavish for a pilgrim; and the people, as he passed
+along, wondered who the party of strangers could be. Partly to account
+for the comparative ease and comfort with which he traveled, Richard
+pretended that he was a merchant, and, though making his pilgrimage on
+foot, was by no means poor.
+
+Richard knew very well that he was incurring a great risk in
+attempting to pass through Germany in this way, for the country was
+full of his foes. The Emperor of Germany was his special enemy, on
+account of his having supported Tancred's cause in Sicily, the
+emperor himself, as the husband of the Lady Constance, having been
+designated by the former King of Sicily as his successor. Richard's
+route led, too, through the dominions of the Archduke of Austria, whom
+he had quarreled with and incensed so bitterly in the Holy Land.
+Besides this, there were various chieftains in that part of the
+country, relatives of Conrad of Montferrat, whom every body believed
+that Richard had caused to be murdered.
+
+Richard was thus passing through a country full of enemies, and he
+might naturally be supposed to feel some anxiety about the result;
+but, instead of proceeding cautiously, and watching against the
+dangers that beset him, he went on quite at his ease, believing that
+his good fortune would carry him safely through.
+
+He went on for some days, traveling by lonely roads through the
+mountains, until at length he approached a large town. The governor of
+the town was a man named Maynard, a near relative of Conrad, and it
+seems that in some way or other he had learned that Richard was
+returning to England, and had reason to suppose that he might endeavor
+to pass that way. Richard did not think it prudent to attempt to go
+through the town without a passport, so he sent forward a page whom he
+had in his party to get one. He gave the page a very valuable ruby
+ring to present to the governor, directing him to say that it was a
+present from a pilgrim merchant, who, with a priest and a few other
+attendants, was traveling through the country, and wished for
+permission to go through his town.
+
+The governor took the ring, and after examining it attentively and
+observing its value, he said to the page,
+
+"This is not the present of a pilgrim, but of a prince. Tell your
+master that I know who he is. He is Richard, King of England.
+Nevertheless, he may come and go in peace."
+
+Richard was very much alarmed when the page brought back the message.
+That very night he procured horses for himself and one or two others,
+and drove on as fast as he could go, leaving the rest of the party
+behind. The next day those that were left were all taken prisoners,
+and the news was noised abroad over the country that King Richard was
+passing through in disguise, and a large reward was offered by the
+government for his apprehension. Of course, now every body was on the
+watch for him.
+
+The king, however, succeeded in avoiding observation and going on some
+distance farther, until at length, at a certain town where he stopped,
+he was seen by a knight who had known him in Normandy. The knight at
+once recognized him, but would not betray him. On the contrary, he
+concealed him for the night, and provided for him a fresh horse the
+next day. This horse was a fleet one, so that Richard could gallop
+away upon him and make his escape, in case of any sudden surprise.
+Here Richard dismissed all his remaining attendants except his page,
+and they two set out together.
+
+They traveled three days and three nights, pursuing the most retired
+roads that they could find, and not entering any house during all that
+time. The only rest that they got was by halting at lonely places by
+the road side, in the forests, or among the mountains. In these places
+Richard would remain concealed, while the boy went to a village, if
+there was any village near, to buy food. He generally got very little,
+and sometimes none at all. The horse ate whatever he could find. Thus,
+at the end of the three days, they were all nearly starved.
+
+Besides this, they had lost their way, and were now drawing near to
+the great city of Vienna, the most dangerous place for Richard to
+approach in all the land. He was, however, exhausted with hunger and
+fatigue, and from these and other causes he fell sick, so that he
+could proceed no farther. So he went into a small village near the
+town, and sent the boy in to the market to buy something to eat, and
+also to procure some other comforts which he greatly needed. The
+people in the town observed the peculiar dress of the boy, and his
+foreign air, and their attention was still more excited by noticing
+how plentifully he was supplied with money. They asked him who he was.
+He said he was the servant of a foreign merchant who was traveling
+through the country, and who had been taken sick near by.
+
+The people seemed satisfied with this explanation, and so they let the
+boy go.
+
+Richard was so exhausted and so sick that he could not travel again
+immediately, and so he had occasion, in a day or two, to send the boy
+into town again. This continued for some days, and the curiosity of
+the people became more and more awakened. At last they observed about
+the page some articles of dress such as were only worn by attendants
+upon kings. It is surprising that Richard should have been so
+thoughtless as to have allowed him to wear them. But such was his
+character. The people finally seized the boy, and the authorities
+ordered him to be whipped to make him tell who he was. The boy bore
+the pain very heroically, but at length they threatened to put him to
+the torture, and, among other things, to cut out his tongue, if he did
+not tell. He was so terrified by this that at last he confessed the
+truth and told them where they might find the king.
+
+A band of soldiers was immediately sent to seize him. The story is
+that Richard, at the time when the soldiers arrived, was in the
+kitchen turning the spit to roast the dinner. After surrounding the
+house to prevent the possibility of an escape, the soldiers demanded
+at the door if King Richard was there. The man answered, "No, not
+unless the Templar was he who was turning the spit in the kitchen." So
+the soldiers went in to see. The leader exclaimed, "Yes, that is he:
+take him!" But Richard seized his sword, and, rushing to a position
+where he could defend himself, declared to the soldiers that he would
+not surrender to any but their chief. So the soldiers, deeming it
+desirable to take him alive, paused until they could send for the
+archduke. The archduke had left the Holy Land and returned home some
+time before. Richard, however, did not probably know that he was
+passing through his dominions.
+
+When the archduke came, Richard, knowing that resistance would be of
+no avail, delivered up his sword and became a prisoner.
+
+"You are very fortunate," said Leopold. "In becoming my prisoner, you
+ought to consider yourself as having fallen into the hands of a
+deliverer rather than an enemy. If you had been taken by any of
+Conrad's friends, who are hunting for you every where, you would have
+been instantly torn to pieces, they are so indignant against you."
+
+When the archduke had thus secured Richard, he sent him, for safe
+keeping, to a castle in the country belonging to one of his barons,
+and gave notice to the emperor of what had occurred. The name of the
+castle in which Richard was confined was Tiernsteign.
+
+As soon as the emperor heard that Richard was taken he was overjoyed.
+He immediately sent to Leopold, the archduke, and claimed the prisoner
+as his.
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE AND TOWN OF TIERNSTEIGN.]
+
+"_You_ can not rightfully hold him," said he. "A duke can not
+presume to imprison a king; that duty belongs to an emperor."
+
+But the archduke was not willing to give Richard up. A negotiation
+was, however, opened, and finally he consented to sell his prisoner
+for a large sum of money. The emperor took him away, and what he did
+with him for a long time nobody knew.
+
+In the mean while, during the period occupied by the voyage of Richard
+up the Adriatic, by his long and slow journey by land, and by the time
+of his imprisonment in Tiernsteign, the winter had passed away, and it
+was now the spring of 1193.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+THE RETURN TO ENGLAND.
+
+1193-1199
+
+Conjectures of Richard's friends.--Queen Berengaria in
+Rome.--Richard in prison.--He is discovered by
+Blondel.--Berengaria's distress at the loss of her husband.--The
+people of England sympathize with Richard.--King Richard arraigned
+before the German Diet.--The six charges against the
+king.--Richard's ransom to be divided between the emperor and the
+archduke.--Richard finally reaches England.--Flight of John.--The
+expedition to Normandy.--Ill treatment of Berengaria.--Richard's
+reckless immoralities.--A warning.--Sudden illness.--Recovery.--The
+peasant's discovery of hidden treasures.--Videmar denies the
+story.--Richard shot by Bertrand's arrow.--King Richard's
+reign.--The character of the "lion-hearted."
+
+
+During all this time the people of England were patiently waiting for
+Richard's return, and wondering what had become of him. They knew that
+he had sailed from Palestine in October, and various were the
+conjectures as to his fate. Some thought that he had been shipwrecked;
+others, that he had fallen into the hands of the Moors; but all was
+uncertainty, for no tidings had been heard of him since he sailed from
+Acre. Berengaria had arrived safely at Messina, and after remaining
+there a little time she proceeded on her journey, under the care of
+Stephen, as far as Rome, very anxious all the time about her husband.
+Here she stopped, not daring to go any farther. She felt safe in Rome,
+under the protection of the Pope.
+
+The emperor attempted to keep Richard's imprisonment a secret. On
+removing him from Tiernsteign, he shut him up in one of his own
+castles on the Danube named Durenstein. Here the king was closely
+imprisoned. He did not, however, yield to any depression of spirits in
+view of his hard fate, but spent his time in composing and singing
+songs, and in drinking and carousing with the people of the castle.
+Here he remained during the spring and summer of 1193, and all the
+world were wondering what had become of him.
+
+At length rumors began gradually to circulate in respect to him among
+the neighboring countries, and the conduct of the emperor, in seizing
+and imprisoning him, was very generally condemned. How the
+intelligence first reached England is not precisely known. One story
+is, that a celebrated Troubadour, named Blondel, who had known Richard
+in Palestine, was traveling through Germany, and in his journey he
+passed along the road in front of the castle where Richard was
+confined. As he went he was singing one of his songs. Richard knew the
+song, and so, when the Troubadour had finished a stanza, he sang the
+next one through the bars of his prison window. Blondel recognized the
+voice, and instantly understood that Richard had been made a prisoner.
+He, however, said nothing, but went on, and immediately took measures
+to make known in England what he had learned.
+
+Another account is, that the emperor himself wrote to Philip, King of
+France, informing him of the King of England's imprisonment in one of
+his castles, and that some person betrayed a copy of this letter to
+Richard's friends in England.
+
+It is said that Berengaria received the first intimation in respect to
+Richard's fate by seeing a belt of jewels offered for sale in Rome
+which she knew he had had about his person when he left Acre. She made
+all the inquiry that she could in respect to the belt, but she could
+only learn that Richard must be somewhere in Germany. It was a relief
+to her mind to find that he was alive, but she was greatly distressed
+to think that he was probably a prisoner, and she implored the Pope to
+interpose his aid and procure his release. The Pope did interpose. He
+immediately excommunicated Leopold for having seized Richard and
+imprisoned him, and he threatened to excommunicate the emperor himself
+if he did not release him.
+
+In the mean time, the tidings in respect to Richard's situation
+produced a great excitement throughout England. John was glad to hear
+it, and he hoped most devoutly that his brother would never be
+released. He immediately began to take measures, in concert with
+Philip, to secure the crown to himself. The people, on the other hand,
+were very indignant against the Emperor of Germany, and every one was
+eager to take some efficient measures to secure the king's release. A
+great meeting was called of the barons, the bishops, and all the great
+officers of the realm, at Oxford, where, when they had assembled, they
+renewed their oaths of allegiance to their sovereign, and then
+appointed a delegation, consisting of two abbots, to go and visit the
+king, and confer with him in respect to what was best to be done. They
+chose two ecclesiastics for their messengers, thinking that they would
+be more likely to be allowed to go and come without molestation, than
+knights or barons, or any other military men.
+
+The abbots proceeded to Germany, and there the first interview which
+they had with Richard was on the road, as the emperor was taking him
+to the capital in order to bring him before a great assembly of the
+empire, called the Diet, for the purpose of trial.
+
+Richard was overjoyed to see his friends. He was, however, very much
+vexed when he heard from them of the plans which John and Philip were
+engaged in for dispossessing him of his kingdom. He said, however,
+that he had very little fear of any thing that they could do.
+
+"My brother John," said he, "has not courage enough to accomplish any
+thing. He never will get a kingdom by his valor."
+
+When he arrived at the town where the Diet was to be held, Richard had
+an interview with the emperor. The emperor had two objects in view in
+detaining Richard a prisoner. One was to prevent his having it in his
+power to help Tancred in keeping him, the emperor, out of possession
+of the kingdom of Sicily, and the other was to obtain, when he should
+set him at liberty at last, a large sum of money for a ransom. When he
+told Richard what sum of money he would take, Richard refused the
+offer, saying that he would die rather than degrade his crown by
+submitting to such terms, and impoverishing his kingdom in raising the
+money.
+
+The emperor then, in order to bring a heavier pressure to bear upon
+him, arraigned him before a Diet as a criminal. The following were the
+charges which he brought against him:
+
+     1. That he had formed an alliance with Tancred, the usurper
+     of Sicily, and thus made himself a partaker in Tancred's
+     crimes.
+
+     2. That he had invaded the dominions of Isaac, the Christian
+     king of Cyprus, deposed the king, laid waste his dominions,
+     and plundered his treasures; and, finally, had sent the
+     unhappy king to pine away and die in a Syrian dungeon.
+
+     3. That, while in the Holy Land, he had offered repeated and
+     unpardonable insults to the Archduke of Austria, and,
+     through him, to the whole German nation.
+
+     4. That he had been the cause of the failure of the Crusade,
+     in consequence of the quarrels which he had excited between
+     himself and the French king by his domineering and violent
+     behavior.
+
+     5. That he had employed assassins to murder Conrad of
+     Montferrat.
+
+     6. That, finally, he had betrayed the Christian cause by
+     concluding a base truce with Saladin, and leaving Jerusalem
+     in his hands.
+
+It is possible that the motive which led the emperor to make these
+charges against Richard was not any wish or design to have him
+convicted and punished, but only to impress him more strongly with a
+sense of the danger of his situation, with a view of bringing him to
+consent to the payment of a ransom. At any rate, the trial resulted
+in nothing but a negotiation in respect to the amount of ransom-money
+to be paid.
+
+Finally, a sum was agreed upon. Richard was sent back to his prison,
+and the abbots returned to England to see what could be done in
+respect to raising the money.
+
+The people of England undertook the task not only with willingness,
+but with alacrity. The amount required was nearly a million of
+dollars, which, in those days, was a very large sum even for a kingdom
+to pay. The amount was to be paid in silver. Two thirds of it was to
+go to the emperor, and the other third to the archduke, who, when he
+sold his prisoner to the emperor, had reserved a right to a portion of
+the ransom-money whenever it should be paid.
+
+As soon as two thirds of the whole amount was paid, Richard was to be
+released on condition of his giving hostages as security for the
+remainder.
+
+It took a long time to raise all this money, and various
+embarrassments were created in the course of the transaction by the
+emperor's bad faith, for he changed his terms from time to time,
+demanding more and more as he found that the interest which the
+people of England took in the case would bear. At last, however, in
+February, 1194, about two years after Richard was first imprisoned, a
+sufficient sum arrived to make up the first payment, and Richard was
+set free.
+
+After meeting with various adventures on his journey home, he arrived
+on the English coast about the middle of March.
+
+The people of the country were filled with joy at hearing of his
+return, and they gave him a magnificent reception. One of the German
+barons who came home with him said, when he saw the enthusiasm of the
+people, that if the emperor had known how much interested in his fate
+the people of England were, he would not have let him off with so
+small a ransom.
+
+John was, of course, in great terror when he heard that Richard was
+coming home. He abandoned every thing and fled to Normandy. Richard
+issued a decree that if he did not come back and give himself up
+within forty days, his estates should all be confiscated. John was
+thrown into a state of great perplexity by this, and did not know what
+to do.
+
+As soon as Richard had arranged his affairs a little in England, he
+determined to be crowned again anew, as if his two years of captivity
+had broken the continuity of his reign. Accordingly, a new coronation
+was arranged, and it was celebrated, as the first one had been, with
+the greatest pomp and splendor.
+
+After this Richard determined to proceed to Normandy, with a view of
+there making war upon Philip and punishing him for his treachery. On
+his landing in Normandy, John came to him in a most abject and
+submissive manner, and, throwing himself at his feet, begged his
+forgiveness. Eleanora joined him in the petition. Richard said that,
+out of regard to his mother's wishes, he would pardon him.
+
+"And I hope," said he, "that I shall as easily forget the injuries he
+has done me as he will forget my forbearance in pardoning him."
+
+Poor Berengaria was very illy rewarded for the devotion which she had
+manifested to her husband's interests, and for the efforts she had
+made to secure his release. She had come home from Rome a short time
+before her husband arrived, but he, when he came, manifested no
+interest in rejoining her. Instead of that, he connected himself with
+a number of wicked associates, both male and female, whom he had known
+before he went to the Holy Land, and lived a life of open profligacy
+with them, leaving Berengaria to pine in neglect, alone and forsaken.
+She was almost heart-broken to be thus abandoned, and several of the
+principal ecclesiastics of the kingdom remonstrated very strongly with
+Richard for this wicked conduct. But these remonstrances were of no
+avail. Richard abandoned himself more and more to drunkenness and
+profligacy, until at length his character became truly infamous.
+
+One day in 1195, when he was hunting in the forest of Normandy, he was
+met by a hermit, who boldly expostulated with him on account of the
+wickedness of his life. The hermit told him that, by the course he was
+pursuing, he was grievously offending God, and that, unless he stopped
+short in his course and repented of his sins, he was doomed to be
+brought very soon to a miserable end by a special judgment from
+heaven.
+
+The king pretended not to pay much attention to this prophecy, but not
+long afterward he was suddenly seized with a severe illness, and then
+he became exceedingly alarmed. He sent for all the monks and priests
+within ten miles around to come to him, and began to confess his sins
+with apparently very deep compunction for them, and begged them to
+pray for God's forgiveness. He promised them solemnly that, if God
+would spare his life, he would return to Berengaria, and thenceforth
+be a true and faithful husband to her as long as he lived.
+
+He recovered from his sickness, and he so far kept the vows which he
+had made as to seek a reconciliation with Berengaria, and to live with
+her afterward, ostensibly at least, on good terms.
+
+For three years after this Richard was engaged in wars with Philip
+chiefly on the frontiers between France and Normandy. At last, in the
+midst of this contest, he suddenly came to his death under
+circumstances of a remarkable character. He had heard that a peasant
+in the territory of one of his barons, named Videmar, in plowing in
+the field, had come upon a trap-door in the ground which covered and
+concealed the entrance to a cave, and that, on going down into the
+cave, he had found a number of golden statues, with vases full of
+diamonds, and other treasures, and that the whole had been taken out
+and carried to the Castle Chaluz, belonging to Videmar. Richard
+immediately proceeded to Videmar, and demanded that the treasures
+should be given up to him as the sovereign. Videmar replied that the
+rumor which had been spread was false; that nothing had been found
+but a pot of old Roman coins, which Richard was welcome to have, if he
+desired them. Richard replied that he did not believe that story; and
+that, unless Videmar delivered up the statues and jewels, he would
+storm the castle. Videmar repeated that he had no statues and jewels,
+and so Richard brought up his troops and opened the siege.
+
+During the siege, a knight named Bertrand de Gordon, standing on the
+wall, and seeing Richard on the ground below in a position where he
+thought he could reach him with an arrow, drew his bow and took aim.
+As he shot it he prayed to God to speed it well. The arrow struck
+Richard in the shoulder. In trying to draw it out they broke the
+shaft, thus leaving the barb in the wound. Richard was borne to his
+tent, and a surgeon was sent for to cut out the barb. This made the
+wound greater, and in a short time inflammation set in, mortification
+ensued, and death drew nigh. When he found that all was over with him,
+and that his end had come, he was overwhelmed with remorse, and he
+died at length in anguish and despair.
+
+His death took place in the spring of 1199. He had reigned over
+England ten years, though not one of these years had he spent in that
+kingdom.
+
+Berengaria lived afterward for thirty years.
+
+King Richard the First is known in history as the lion-hearted, and
+well did he deserve the name. It is characteristic of the lion to be
+fierce, reckless, and cruel, intent only in pursuing the aims which
+his own lordly and impetuous appetites and passions demand, without
+the least regard to any rights of others that he may trample under
+foot, or to the sufferings that he may inflict on the innocent and
+helpless. This was Richard's character precisely, and he was proud of
+it. His glory consisted in his reckless and brutal ferocity. He
+pretended to be the champion and defender of the cause of Christ, but
+it is hardly possible to conceive of a character more completely
+antagonistic than his to the just, gentle, and forgiving spirit which
+the precepts of Jesus are calculated to form.
+
+               THE END.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters errors, and to
+ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.
+
+2. The chapter summaries in this text were originally published as
+banners in the page headers, and have been moved to beginning of the
+chapter for the reader's convenience.
+
+3. Footnote G has been changed to refer the reader to page 164, to
+correct a typesetter's error.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard I, by Jacob Abbott
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