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+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 11
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                             BUCHANAN'S
+                           JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+            VOL. I.        DECEMBER, 1887.        NO. 11.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+  The World's Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers
+  Social Conditions--Expenses at Harvard; European Wages; India as a
+    Wheat Producer; Increase of Insanity; Temperance; Flamboyant
+    Animalism
+  Transcendental Hash
+  Just Criticism
+  Progress of discovery and Improvement--Autotelegraphy; Edison's
+    Phonograph; Type-setting Eclipsed; Printing in Colors; Steam
+    Wagon; Fruit Preserving; Napoleon's Manuscript; Peace; Capital
+    Punishment; Antarctic Explorations; The Desert shall Blossom as
+    the Rose
+  Life and Death--Marvellous Examples
+  Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.--The Law of
+    Location in Organology
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S NEGLECTED OR FORGOTTEN LEADERS AND PIONEERS.
+
+
+Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of North
+America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at last
+received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been erected,
+which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue, before a
+distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October.
+
+The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was related
+on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address the
+following passages are extracted:
+
+    "What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of
+    authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of
+    Greenland, at least a fortnight's sail, there were, for 300
+    years after the beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on
+    the coast of America, with which colonies the home country
+    maintained commercial intercourse. The country to which the
+    merchant vessels sailed was Vinland.
+
+    "The fact next in importance that this history establishes is,
+    that the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of
+    Vinland was Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most
+    happily told by Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was
+    connected with the coast survey of the United States in the
+    latitudes which include the region between Hatteras and Cape
+    Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell, never passed to the south of the
+    peninsula of Cape Cod. He was succeeded by Thorwald, Leif's
+    brother. He came in Leif's ship in 1002 to Leif's headquarters
+    in Massachusetts Bay and passed the winter. In the spring, he
+    manned his ship and sailed eastward from Leif's house, and,
+    unluckily running against a neck of land, broke the stem of the
+    ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a place where the
+    tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and permitted the
+    men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to repair her.
+    When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose of the
+    ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of years
+    in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands, but
+    not going around the point on or near which he had set up his
+    ship's nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and
+    died, and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to
+    Greenland. A few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set
+    out with a fleet of three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven
+    were women, to go to Vinland, and in two days' sail beyond
+    Markland they came to the ship's nose set upon the shore, and,
+    keeping that upon the starboard, they sailed along a sandy
+    shore, which they called Wunderstrandir, and also
+    Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied that
+    they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald, turned
+    his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and Gudrid
+    went further south and trafficked, and gathered great wealth of
+    furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and Norway."
+
+Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the New
+England coast which are of Scandinavian origin.
+
+    "What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin
+    or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the Plymouth
+    or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there any
+    conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a
+    people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for
+    the most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing
+    here?
+
+    "I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was
+    the first European to tread the great land southwest of
+    Greenland. His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans,
+    who, to escape oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty
+    years, from Norway to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to
+    Plymouth. They established and maintained a republican form of
+    government, which exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty
+    in the King of Denmark, and the flag, like our own, bears an
+    eagle in its fold. Toward the close of the 10th century a
+    colony, of whom Leif's father and family were members, went out
+    from Iceland to Greenland. In about 999, Leif, a lad at the time
+    of his father's immigration, went to Norway, and King Olaf,
+    impressed with his grand elements of character, gave him a
+    commission to carry the Christianity to which, he had become a
+    convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and, with his soul on
+    fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year
+    accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony,
+    including his father.
+
+    "To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the
+    duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores,
+    we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese
+    discoverer under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who,
+    inspired by the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the
+    certainty of reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently
+    long, set out on a new and entirely distinct enterprise, having
+    a daring and a conception and an intellectual train of research
+    and deduction as its foundation quite his own. How welcome to
+    Boston will be the proposition to set up in 1892, a fit statue
+    to Columbus.
+
+    "We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has expressed
+    so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine
+    centuries ago, first trod our shores."
+
+The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of
+the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has waited
+for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and many other
+heroes of human progress.
+
+Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the Northmen
+who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old flat-bottomed
+ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which made the exploration
+of the Atlantic ocean possible.
+
+This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments
+of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who has
+lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus learned of the
+discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland, which he visited in
+1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the America of the Norsemen,
+but was sailing to find the Indies.
+
+But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant
+expressed it of Truth, "the eternal years of God are hers," and she
+needs a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph
+of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem
+almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth
+to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for more
+than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the universe,
+developed by the genius of PYTHAGORAS, was ignored, denied, and
+forgotten, until the honest scholar, COPERNICUS, revived it by a
+mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long enough to see
+trampled on; for the great astronomer that next appeared, Tycho Brahe,
+denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted to suppress it in the
+person of Galileo, who is said to have been forced by imprisonment and
+torture to succumb to authority (the torture may not be positively
+known, but is believed with good reason). Even Luther joined in the
+theological warfare against science, saying, "I am now advised that a
+new astrologer is risen, who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth
+and goeth about, not the firmament, the sun and moon--not the
+stars--like as when one sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is
+moved, thinketh he sitteth still and resteth, but the earth and trees
+do move and run themselves. Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our
+own foolish fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the
+whole art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and
+teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand
+still, and not the earth."
+
+The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the Church
+generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position in an
+age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to admit of
+enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of the age
+and slowly moves. At the present time it is being _slowly_ permeated
+by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is another form of
+ignorance.
+
+Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within which
+they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they look upon all
+that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and alas, this
+is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes. It was the
+French Academy that laughed at Harvey's discovery and at Fulton's plan
+of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago's suggestion of the
+electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at Franklin's
+proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated both Fulton and
+Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty that arrayed itself
+against the introduction of Peruvian bark, which they have since made
+their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh Review which poured its
+ridicule upon Gall, that advised the public to put Thomas Gray in a
+straight-jacket for advocating the introduction of railroads. Equally
+great was the stupidity of the French. The first railroad was
+constructed in France fifty years ago. Emil Periere had to make the
+line at his own expense, and it took three years to obtain the consent
+of the authorities. Their leading statesman, Thiers, contended that
+railroads could be nothing more than toys. We remember that a
+committee of the New York Legislature was equally stupid, and
+endeavored to prove in their report that railways were entirely
+impracticable. English opposition was still more stupidly absurd. Both
+Lords and Commons in Parliament were entirely opposed. "The engineers
+and surveyors as they went about their work were molested by mobs.
+George Stephenson was ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all
+those who supported him as lunatics and fools." "George Stephenson
+although bantered and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his
+project, in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine
+would kill the birds and destroy the cattle along the route, that the
+fields would be ruined, and people be driven mad by noise and
+excitement."
+
+Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of
+colleges and the professional classes to all great innovations. "Truly
+(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has
+become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by
+physicians," and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that "nux
+vomica is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the
+effect of mere chance."
+
+The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every
+innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic,
+winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and even
+forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as "an insult
+on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers."
+
+It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover
+with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of
+the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that
+of Copernicus for Pythagoras.
+
+This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was no
+brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century
+than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell into
+obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation. He had
+that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists.
+
+He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in
+philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern
+scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had
+already been performed.
+
+    "At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments
+    or even of originating new ones. He considered that however
+    necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great
+    sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established,
+    time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it
+    might be applied, or the principles which it might tend to
+    elucidate."
+
+He says, in his Bakerian lecture, "Nor is it absolutely necessary in
+this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments
+there is already an ample store."
+
+In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, "Acute
+suggestion was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my
+ambition than experimental illustration," and on another occasion,
+referring to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said,
+"For my part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to
+supersede the necessity of experiments, and more especially of
+expensive ones." The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young:
+
+    "The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated
+    relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to solve,
+    nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I
+    include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task
+    without getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered
+    that a wonderfully simple solution had been discovered at the
+    beginning of this century, and had been in print ever since for
+    any one to read who chose. This solution was found and published
+    by the same Thomas Young, who first showed the right method of
+    arriving at the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics."
+
+    "He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the
+    misfortune to be _too far in advance of his contemporaries_.
+    They looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his
+    bold speculations, and thus a mass of his most important
+    thoughts remained buried and forgotten in the 'Transactions of
+    the Royal Society,' until a later generation by slow degrees
+    arrived at the re-discovery of his discoveries, and came to
+    appreciate the force of his argument and the accuracy of his
+    conclusions."
+
+This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of Dr.
+Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from the day
+when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the stake by the
+Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor his memory in
+Italy.
+
+What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist, and
+physician, John Hunter? While he lived, "most of his contemporaries
+looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an innovator,"
+according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was decided to
+inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to find his body,
+which was at last discovered in a vault along with 2000 others piled
+upon it.
+
+Harvey's discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and
+Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published after
+Harvey's death.
+
+When Newton's investigations of light and colors were first published,
+"A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to obtain the
+unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions
+which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm." Some, like
+Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and succeeded in making
+a failure, which was published; like certain professors who at
+different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful experiments in
+mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always succeeded in making the
+failure they desired.
+
+Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, "that though the
+author of the _Principia_ survived the publication of that great work
+nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty
+followers out of England."
+
+If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations
+of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has human nature
+sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much better results from
+the colleges of to-day--from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the rest?
+If such a change has occurred, I have not discovered it.
+
+Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer
+of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his time,
+continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence by
+casting astrological nativities.
+
+Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian tube and
+the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of his time,
+but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical tables, which
+were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714.
+
+Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active
+hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and
+most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying the
+benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred years
+ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein in the last
+century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences, and also fully
+illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it to breeding trout
+and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten until in 1842 two
+obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and practised this
+process. The French government was attracted by the success of these
+fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost art was revived.
+
+Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in 1807,
+was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of thirty
+years.
+
+The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich FROEBEL, is one of
+the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape from total
+failure and oblivion.
+
+The "Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel," translated from the German
+of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account of his life
+and labors, upon which the following notice is based:
+
+    "Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of
+    education would have died with him--to be resurrected and
+    reapplied by somebody else centuries later--only for a friend
+    and interpreter who remained to give his teachings to the world.
+    This friend, disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz.
+    His system of education had this peculiarity which made it
+    different from any other plan of teaching ever given to the
+    world--it was first grasped in its full significance by women.
+    They, sooner than men, saw its truth to nature, and its grand,
+    far-reaching meaning, and became at once its enthusiastic
+    disciples. But the German women are in a bondage almost unknown
+    to their sisters of the other civilized races, therefore
+    Froebel's reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles been
+    given to the world in the midst of American or English women,
+    they would most likely have been popularly known and adopted
+    long ago.
+
+    "Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow
+    from the "new education" in his time. While he lived the
+    ungrateful tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed
+    him to scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any
+    great and lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this
+    is given in the anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz's first
+    meeting with the founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins
+    the book, and it is the key-note of the sorrowful undertone
+    throughout.
+
+    "In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein.
+    She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place,
+    and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man
+    had settled down near the springs who danced and played with the
+    village children, and was called by people "the old fool." A few
+    days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met "the old
+    fool." He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching
+    a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was
+    teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging
+    to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he
+    played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of
+    both Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile,
+    and said to her companion:
+
+    "'This man is called 'old fool' by these people. Perhaps he is
+    one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries,
+    and to whom future generations build monuments.'"
+
+    "I knew," says Madame Von M., "that I had to do with a true
+    man--with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his
+    pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of
+    a man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and
+    that it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only
+    thought of empty play, without any serious purpose."
+
+    "Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life,
+    and just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his
+    ideas, there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was
+    also a death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian
+    Government was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror,
+    who made the English people put their lights out at dark, and
+    suddenly, in August, 1851, the Prussian Government immortalized
+    itself by passing a decree forbidding the establishment of any
+    kindergartens within the Prussian dominions. In unguarded
+    moments, Froebel had used the expression "education for
+    freedom," in referring to his beloved plans, and that was enough
+    for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she has been ever
+    since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet recovered from
+    this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and died. But a
+    little time before he died, he said: "If 300 years after my
+    death, my method of education shall be completely established
+    according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven."
+
+    "Froebel's life was full of strange vicissitudes and
+    disappointments. The few friends who understood him, and the
+    children whom he taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better
+    than anybody else, reverenced him, and loved him as father,
+    prophet, and teacher.
+
+    "On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his
+    beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read
+    about. It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man
+    immeasurably. Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song
+    of the children, and as he stepped out of his chamber to the
+    lecture-room, he saw that it had been splendidly adorned with
+    flowers, festoons, and wreaths of all kinds. The day was
+    celebrated with songs and rejoicing, and gifts were received
+    from pupils and friends in various parts of the world, and in
+    the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green wreath upon
+    the master's head.
+
+    "Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest
+    peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during
+    his illness he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to
+    his friends. He had the window opened frequently, so he could
+    gaze once more on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost
+    his last words were: 'Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!'"
+
+JOHN FITCH, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate than
+Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his invention
+was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by a small
+steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the convention
+that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain sufficient
+co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his boat to
+rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to his home at Bardstown,
+Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful struggles of Fitch make a
+melancholy history. In his last appeal he used this language: "But why
+those earnest solicitations to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me
+with the most excruciating anxieties; and why not act the part for
+myself, and retire under the shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio,
+and eat my coarse but sweet bread of industry and content, and when I
+have done, to have my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of
+the banks, with my name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future
+generations when traversing the mighty waters of the West, _in the
+manner that I have pointed out_, may find my grassy turf."
+
+IN the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno,
+Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch,
+Stephenson, and _many_ others, we learn that he who assails the
+Gibraltar of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to
+conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps
+to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the
+predestined surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for
+the eternal law of the universe declares that all darkness shall
+disappear, and Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already
+fill the souls of the lovers of wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE EXPENSES AT HARVARD.--A physician has written me to know
+what the annual expense is for an undergraduate at Harvard College.
+The inquiry is made that he (the querist) may know somewhere near what
+it will cost to send his son to that institution. Thinking that others
+of the _Journal's_ readers might like to know what a literary (or
+liberal) education costs at a first-class college, I have looked up
+the present cost, and by comparing it with my own, thirty-five years
+ago, I find that expense has increased from year to year, until now it
+requires about $550 to $600 annually to cover tuition, room-rent,
+board, and common running expenses. A boy might squeeze through for
+$400 a year, but he would have to pinch and be niggardly, if not mean.
+The $550 or $600 would not cover vacation expenses and society dues,
+therefore the larger sum ought to be reckoned as the cost annually for
+a Harvard undergraduate at the present time. And upon inquiry, I find
+that about the same amount of money is required by an undergraduate of
+Yale. Board in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the
+four years' course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich
+students spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten
+per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard
+expended $350 to $400 a year--a cost which did not cover vacation
+expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark that as high
+an order of scholarship can be obtained at "Western" colleges as in
+Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life would not be
+two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant course? The _name_
+and _fame_ of an institution count for something. A recently founded
+college may not live long; it has to be tested by time before
+_prestige_ can be attained. Universities have to be endowed before
+they can command the best talent of the world in teachers. The fees
+obtained from students will not pay the expenses of a first-class
+literary institution.
+
+Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in life,
+but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best chance
+to win in the race we are running.--_Eclectic Medical Journal_.
+
+
+EUROPEAN WAGES.--Senator Frye said in a public address in Boston: "I
+say from all my observations made there, and they were made as
+carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose, there
+is only one country in Europe that comes within half of our wages, and
+that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and some not within
+one-quarter, of our wages."
+
+
+INDIA AS A WHEAT PRODUCER.--"Consul-General Bonham says she is a
+dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of Consul-General
+Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length of the wheat
+interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat in 1886 was about
+27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000 bushels. As compared
+with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the Indian wheat is inferior, but
+when exported to Europe it is mixed and ground with wheat of a
+superior quality, by which process a fair marketable grade of flour is
+obtained. The method of cultivating the soil is in the main the same
+as it was centuries ago, and there seems to be great difficulty in
+inducing the farmer to invest in modern agricultural implements, and
+yet, with all the simple and primitive methods, the Indian farmers
+can, in the opinion of the Consul-General, successfully compete with
+those of the United States in the production of wheat. This is due to
+the fact that the Indian farmer's outfit represents a capital of not
+more than $40 or $50, and his hired help works, feeds, and clothes
+himself on about $2.50 a month. The export of wheat from British India
+has increased from 300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886,
+and the increase of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt.
+
+    "The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have
+    claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as
+    a competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does
+    not concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the
+    United States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in
+    India is yet in its infancy, and its further development depends
+    principally upon the means of transportation to the sea-board.
+    He fears that with the cheap native labor of India and the
+    constantly growing facilities for transportation, the United
+    States will find her a formidable competitor as a producer of
+    wheat."
+
+
+INCREASE OF INSANITY.--I have repeatedly referred to the increase of
+insanity and crime under our heartless system of education. It is
+illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase between
+1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in
+population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New
+Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two
+States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In
+Massachusetts, population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode
+Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut,
+population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total number of
+insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in 1872, to 7,232, in
+1885,--an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are the estimates
+prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of Middletown, Conn. Is
+it possible by the repetition of such statements as these to rouse the
+torpid conscience of the leaders of public opinion to the necessity of
+a NEW EDUCATION?
+
+
+TEMPERANCE.--According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the
+annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States, from
+1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled
+spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870.
+The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption of
+wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth as much--since
+1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption of malt
+liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half that of spirits,
+has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as great, the
+number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines, 0.38; malt
+liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all sorts has
+risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886. The
+consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per cent.
+in the last seven years.
+
+The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than for
+the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than for
+the previous year.
+
+    "Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in
+    Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale.
+    The consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7
+    litres a head in a population of 39,000,000; but in some
+    districts 15-1/2 litres was the average (4-1/2 litres go to a
+    gallon). In all Austro-Hungary there was an increase of nearly
+    4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol in 1884-85 over
+    1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different places (stations,
+    gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors were sold. In
+    districts where the most spirits are used there were fewer fit
+    recruits."
+
+
+FLAMBOYANT ANIMALISM.--In Boston, which sometimes calls itself our
+American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are daily
+neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and
+pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading
+daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of
+all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support.
+
+The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a splendid
+ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other dignitaries to
+honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds, worth $8,000,
+was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure for England
+was honored like that of a prince by accompanying boats, booming
+cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said to swing a $2000 cane
+presented by his admirers. How far have we risen in eighteen centuries
+above the barbarism of Rome? There is no heathen country to-day that
+worships pugilism. Perhaps when the saloon is abolished, we may take
+another step forward in civilization. London has rivalled Boston,
+giving Sullivan a popular reception by crowds which blocked up the
+principal streets.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCENDENTAL HASH
+
+
+The _Winsted (Conn.) Press_ published an article on Buddhism in
+America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of
+some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude
+thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the
+curious. The following is the article:
+
+
+BUDDHISM IN AMERICA.
+
+While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado,
+making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism is
+spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our most
+intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or force.
+There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and their
+number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any other
+faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they are
+following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the
+principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes
+called "Christian science"), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic
+metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same thing, and
+we may also include their intimate relative, known here as Modern
+Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater than that
+which invariably arises from different interpretations of the same
+idea by different individuals under differing environment. To compare
+these differences with the differences of the Protestant sects would
+be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly worthy of
+association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists,
+and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and
+Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of
+illustration.
+
+Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that the
+number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps, are
+reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings, may be
+placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified, spiritualized, and
+improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely to unite the
+liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and Infidels
+alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual faith,
+opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the leadership
+of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal power of
+Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions which have
+attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the Christ man of
+1800 years ago.
+
+Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous
+upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this
+country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual
+life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious
+lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic plane.
+We have been passing through the very same experiences that preceded a
+downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by the new era of
+Christian mythology in one part of the world and Buddhistic mythology
+in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to deliver exalted teachings
+which would lift the world out of bondage to an older faith and its
+more cruel superstitions and the corruptions of priestcraft and gross
+ceremonials; both were reformers of substantially the same abuses;
+both suffered for humanity, both lived humble and inspired lives, both
+were interpreters of the same truths to different peoples, both were
+good men, and both have come down to us with their greatness
+exaggerated by their followers beyond anything they claimed for
+themselves, while the personal existence of each is shrouded in the
+same mystery and covered with the same doubt. That these two men did
+exist as men we may well believe, but that as personages they were
+incarnated on earth is a matter of small importance compared with the
+consequences which have followed their supposed embodiment.
+
+The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance of
+new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of
+infidelity and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern
+Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people, premise
+tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual thought--an
+era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust.
+
+Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices born
+of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are
+outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old truths
+with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded
+in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of
+spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to
+humanity, of liberty, justice and love.
+
+This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or
+does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is
+not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism
+corrupted by Brahmic theocracy--as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by
+papistic theology and sectarian piety--has come to us as a morbid
+asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures
+and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is
+probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and
+unreceptive habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas.
+A system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God,
+Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through
+countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of
+apparently infinite wisdom--a condition beyond phenomenal existence
+and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana
+nor admits immortal existence as we understand existence--i.e., in a
+perpetually objective form of some sort. It is better in some
+respects, though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we
+are taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their
+fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections,
+and they are not more "gods" than other men, save in their greater
+experience.
+
+Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to
+Christianity--an acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of
+priestly ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the
+letter; an application of principles and ideas to real life and
+claiming not only to have new light but to be ever progressive. It is
+highly and intensely spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous
+powers over natural forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave
+the earth untouched and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance
+movement in the East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in
+Buddhism is but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It
+claims that intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal
+association of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land
+or clime. Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we
+are told, without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass
+the mysteries of the occult science, which claims only to be like
+other science, the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over
+subtle forces of nature which physical scientists fail to recognize.
+Its ethics are the highest conceivable, and the individual existence
+of the soul apart from the body a matter of commonest demonstration
+among the adepts.
+
+Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand it,
+that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It is
+theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American thought in
+the psychological direction. Confined though it is at present chiefly
+to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted that this is the
+limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to human needs. It
+is spending in this country with amazing rapidity, and though yet a
+child is certain to bring about a great change in the ideas of many
+regarding mind, its power over and priority to matter. So far as its
+students devote their attention to other than such comprehension of
+its postulates as is necessary to become healers, they are Buddhistic
+in thought and expression, and some even accept a modified theory of
+metempsychosis known as reincarnation. Still they reject the
+philosophy of Spiritualism respecting spirit life, and appear to be
+all at sea as regards the immediate future of the individual. In their
+utterances on this they are more Buddhist than Christian, as in other
+respects. They doubt or deny individual existence of the soul. The
+Spiritualist believes that his soul will have for all time a body of
+some sort, spiritual or physical, and his spirit-world and life are
+filled with very human occupations, thoughts and desires, carried on
+amid familiar scenery in a very substantial and earth-like manner. He
+believes in progress eternal, and the possibility of final mergement
+of his individual self into the All-Self is so remote as to give him
+no concern. But the mental scientist, as near as we can express his
+notion, rejects the idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his
+personality as purely mortal and his soul one with indivisible God,
+now and forever. Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit
+or astral body he does not understand as ever existing to preserve
+individuality after physical dissolution--in this differing as much
+from the theosophist as from the Spiritualist.
+
+When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians, and
+liberal thinkers, generally, unite--as they easily may, for they have
+now no irreconcilable disagreement--they will form a powerful body of
+thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion will be a
+better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity than Christ
+revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg or Davis
+heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day and its new light and
+promise, for the old theologies are wearisome emptiness and humbug,
+and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient in their
+testimony. We do not expect that a new church will arise and a new
+sectarianism follow. But a new conception of life, its origin, purpose
+and destiny may come to lift the people of America out of the old
+religious rut. And in consequence the old depressing question, "Is
+life worth living?" answered once by Buddha's No, may be answered anew
+by Humanity's Yes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive and
+restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United States
+generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number of their
+members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in liberality. The
+new religion and philosophy of the future will be luminous, scientific
+and philanthropic--not a conglomeration of vague speculations. True,
+reverential religion is not a dreamy or speculative impulse, but an
+earnest love of mankind and of duty, which does not waste itself in
+unprofitable speculations, but eagerly pursues the positive knowledge
+of this life and the next, which gives practical wisdom and diffuses
+happiness. All systems of religion talk about love and recommend it,
+but their followers seldom realize it in their lives. The religion of
+the future will _realize_ it. Apropos to this subject, Col. Van Horn,
+of the _Kansas City Journal_, says:
+
+    "And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the
+    United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of
+    Buddhism sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the
+    philosophy of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general
+    reader, but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts
+    and are making them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making
+    more from us than we are from them. And they are from the very
+    best and brightest intellects among us--not the illiterate, but
+    the most cultured of the educated classes. It will not do to
+    suppress this fact in the discussion--for this is an age when
+    facts must be looked in the face."
+
+
+
+
+JUST CRITICISM.
+
+
+The intellectual editor of the _Kansas City Journal_ has made some
+very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of
+fashionable Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented:
+
+    "As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a
+    thing as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example
+    in Paris, by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which
+    illustrates how great men in special departments walk blindfold
+    over things that afford no mystery to common minds. We allude to
+    certain experiments in hypnotism--the professional name for
+    mesmerism. The medical profession for more than half a century
+    sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer, until now compelled to
+    recognize them, they have not the manliness to acknowledge the
+    fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature to conceal
+    their change of front. To make a long story short these
+    gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day,
+    enjoined him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the
+    next day, and despite every effort of will on the part of the
+    subject, the crimes have been attempted, and the victim only
+    saved from himself by the interposition of the operator, who was
+    present to remove the influence--or through the understanding of
+    the party against whom the offence was to be committed, in the
+    form of the robbery actually carried out.
+
+    "But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce
+    it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related
+    agitations for the solution of the mystery."
+
+[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not
+chargeable to _Science_, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The
+ablest thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of
+the soul, and the new anthropology traces these powers to their
+localities in the brain.--ED. OF JOURNAL.]
+
+    "How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was
+    called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the
+    inspiration of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at
+    another called after one of its more modern
+    discoverers,--mesmerism--now hypnotism--which is only another
+    name for magnetic sleep--if anybody knows what that is--or for
+    somnambulism. Common sense tells common people that it is only
+    an abnormal manifestation of the power that gives one person
+    control over another, or enables one person to influence
+    another. The simple every-day habit of exacting a promise from
+    your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to make a like
+    promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance with
+    the conditions of mortality--death being the complete process.
+    So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of
+    the common power which we call personal influence. That is all.
+    But that is not mysterious enough for learned people--it is not
+    scientific enough--as everybody can understand it.
+
+    "Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the
+    estimation of the teacher--it suggests that what we call the
+    human mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the
+    every-day machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less
+    within the grasp of the common mind. There is a higher plane of
+    knowledge than that of mere physical science, and if the
+    theologian mistook its teaching, it is no reason why the pursuit
+    of that knowledge on this higher plane should be ignored. Hence
+    it is that this discovery by Charcot and others, to which we
+    allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because the methods of
+    science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the admission
+    of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena.
+
+    "And just here, it may as well be said first as last,--that the
+    profession to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school
+    of applied science, will ever read the lesson of these
+    experiments, nor will any of the so-called regular schools of
+    learning. The riddle will be read by some thinker outside, and
+    when the bread-and-butter purveyors of theology, science and the
+    schools have become indoctrinated, and prefer to pay their money
+    for the new instead of the old--then these self-constituted
+    teachers of humanity will all know that the cow was to eat the
+    grindstone--and teach the fact. We simply state a fact, known to
+    history, that the progress of the world is due to the inventor
+    and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single thing, from
+    the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has been
+    from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had
+    to fight its way against the teaching class, from time
+    immemorial. The circulation of the blood, which every
+    pig-sticker knew since knives were invented, had to be forced
+    upon medical science by a quack. And now, although the phenomena
+    we refer to have been before the teaching class since history
+    records anything, and although Mesmer taught it experimentally
+    eighty years ago, science has now only got so far as to admit
+    the existence of the phenomena.
+
+    "Why have not the professions given these things more attention,
+    and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a
+    century practically denied their existence? That question is a
+    legitimate one. And at the risk of being charged with
+    unfriendliness, it must be said that it was either from an
+    inability to think or from a narrow creedism that will not
+    accept a truth from outside discovery. The effect of this, and
+    what constitutes a crime in the teaching class, is, that it has
+    for all these long years shut out this now accepted knowledge
+    from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching class as
+    authority,--and to use a business form of speech,--pay them for
+    finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the world
+    and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to
+    begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off--a long, dark, weary
+    denial of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This
+    is a serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the
+    scientific world to be but the simple truth.
+
+    "And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more than
+    eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down the
+    wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time
+    have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying
+    its remarkable phenomena."
+
+[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the
+old-fashioned and so-called regular medical and clerical professions,
+all of whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the
+colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against
+science and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of
+man in any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and
+the presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the
+highest forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the
+College of Therapeutics in Boston.--ED. OF JOURNAL.]
+
+And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul,
+that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human
+body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by
+which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of which
+we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming
+mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that chemistry
+cannot deal with because analysis is not the method. Molecules, to use
+a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules don't think, and this
+thing we are considering does think. Molecules are amenable to
+chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is not and cannot
+be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at twelve o'clock
+the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest a theft, they
+may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of changes before the
+hour of meridian arrives to-morrow--and not at all likely at that
+exact moment to be in the stealing combination again. Or, if so, it is
+not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article it was combined
+on the day previous. Yet this infinite series of impossibilities must
+be possible to have the experiments we refer to come true--on the
+theory of molecular action. This is one of those absurdities that men
+call the marvellous discoveries of science. _No crank in Christendom
+ever conceived anything so utterly absurd._
+
+Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power is
+from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular
+activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to
+execute its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous,
+because this intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount,
+and controlling as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena
+of what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent--or in
+other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been the
+agent of conception and growth--or antecedent. And if it had the
+antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes
+consequent--or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor
+force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY AND IMPROVEMENT.
+
+
+WONDERFUL INVENTIONS.--Prof. Elisha Gray's new discovery is called
+_autotelegraphy_, and it is claimed that it will be possible with its
+use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile
+of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and probably a
+much greater distance.--_Phil. Press._
+
+A Washington special in the New York _News_ says: The company owning
+the _type-setting machine_ has arranged to put up fifty of these
+machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at once
+in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, Chicago
+and other leading cities. The company claims that the machine is now
+perfect, and that each machine will perform as much work in setting
+type as ten average compositors.
+
+
+EDISON'S PHONOGRAPH.--New York, October 21. Edison gives additional
+particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished his first
+phonograph about ten years ago. "That," he says, "was more or less a
+toy. The germ of something wonderful was perfectly distinct, but I
+tried the impossible with it, and when the electric light business
+assumed commercial importance, I threw everything overboard for that.
+Nevertheless, the phonograph has been more or less constantly in mind
+ever since. When resting from prolonged work upon light, my brain was
+found to revert almost automatically to the old idea. Since the light
+has been finished, I have taken up the phonograph, and after eight
+months of steady work have made it a commercial invention. My
+phonograph I expect to see in every business office. The first 500
+will, I hope, be ready for distribution about the end of January.
+Their operation is simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or
+clerk who wishes to send a letter has only to set the machine in
+motion, and to talk in his natural voice, and at the usual rate of
+speed, into a receiver. When he has finished the sheet, or
+'Phonogram,' as I call it, it is ready for putting into a little box
+made on purpose for mails. We are making sheets in three sizes--one
+for letters of from 800 to 1,000 words, another size for 2,000 words,
+and another size for 4,000 words.
+
+"I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office
+authorities enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a
+letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus
+and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than the
+best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the two
+phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered that one
+can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one of whom has
+said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that the letter may be
+repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does not wear out by use.
+Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred years and be ready for
+the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his will to a phonograph,
+there will be no disputing the authenticity of the document with those
+who knew the tones of his voice in life. The cost of making the
+phonograph will be scarcely more than the cost of ordinary letter
+paper. The machine will read out a letter or message at the same speed
+with which it was dictated."
+
+Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers to set
+type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He claims great
+precision in repeating orchestral performances, so that the
+characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished.
+
+
+_Type-setting Eclipsed_.--A new machine has been invented at
+Minneapolis which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is
+no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a
+plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus
+attaining the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a
+form of type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then
+distributed. The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten
+times as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will
+enable an author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than
+he can write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are
+let loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous
+literature we shall have and what will become of the superfluous
+printers?
+
+
+"_Printing in Colors_ has taken a potent move forward. By the new
+process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using
+engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements,
+the designs or pictures are 'built up' in a case of solid colors
+specially prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion
+is then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is
+wrapped round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept
+moist, and any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause
+an extraordinary revolution in art work, also in manufactures."
+
+
+Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial
+_steam wagon_ for common roads. There is no reason why such wagons
+should not come into use. When first proposed in England they were put
+down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always contended that the
+steam engine should have superseded the horse fifty years ago.
+
+
+FRUIT PRESERVING.--About Christmas time in 1885 people in San
+Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and grapes,
+with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on
+exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and Sutter
+streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained on
+exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed,
+whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting the natural
+decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no peculiarity that
+could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious process.
+
+It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical
+success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment and
+Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West Berkeley,
+announce that they are now ready to store and treat all kinds of green
+articles, by the week or month, and for shipment East. I. Allegretti,
+the inventor of this system, stated that he had been experimenting
+with various processes for preserving green fruit for twenty-six
+years, and had succeeded in discovering this system, whose success has
+been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this State.
+
+The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of
+storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is
+galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing
+visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation.
+The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35
+degrees.--_Oakland Enquirer._
+
+
+NAPOLEON'S MANUSCRIPT.--"A manuscript by Napoleon I. has been sold in
+Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was written by
+Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and orthography are said
+to be those of an uneducated person. In this manuscript he speaks with
+enthusiasm of Robespierre."
+
+
+PEACE.--Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of true
+civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form of
+an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The
+British deputation which has visited this country to urge the
+necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th,
+just before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel,
+in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished
+gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O'Brien. The
+deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent
+advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew Provard,
+M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John Wilson, who
+represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William Whitman of the
+Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked, "It is an inspiring
+fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social growth, that this
+appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has come, not so much
+from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as from workingmen.... It
+would create an epoch in human history second only in influence to the
+birth of Christ, and be such a practical exemplification of religion
+as would awake the conscience and touch the heart of all peoples."
+
+
+CAPITAL PUNISHMENT is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet
+outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the
+same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution
+of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects.
+They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather
+revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule
+of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives
+satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary
+language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with
+all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the
+Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies,
+co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both
+sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war,
+this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that
+has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions
+which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty.
+
+
+ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.--The Australian colony of Victoria has
+appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific
+exploration in the Antarctic circle.
+
+
+"THE DESERT SHALL BLOSSOM AS THE ROSE."--"The 'Great American Desert'
+was long ago found out to be a myth; and now some of the remotest
+corners which were once supposed to be included in it are proving to
+offer the largest promises of value for agricultural and grazing
+purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it has long been thought that
+certain immense areas must always be comparatively useless because of
+their natural aridity. But engineers have just completed plans for
+tapping the Rio Grande with a canal and thus bringing under irrigation
+a tract some ten miles wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing
+nearly a million acres. The addition of so vast an area to the arable
+land of the Territory means, of course, a large increase in the
+productive resources of that section. Other canals may possibly do as
+much. The work of sinking artesian wells is also going on there
+extensively, while the project of constructing great storage
+reservoirs, in which the rainfall of the wet season may be collected
+and from thence gradually distributed through the dry season, is
+already in serious contemplation by private enterprise. Modern
+scientific irrigation has already accomplished wonders for the
+agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to do even more for New Mexico."
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND DEATH.
+
+
+122 YEARS.--The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye,
+named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached in the same
+parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name, written in the
+old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a copperplate.
+
+
+154 YEARS.--The Cincinnati _Evening Telegram_ recently published a
+special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached
+here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of
+Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of
+considerable possessions. This man's age at the time of death was
+indisputably 154 years. At Valdonado's funeral the pall-bearers were
+his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They were
+white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all
+their faculties.
+
+
+AMERICUS, Ga., Sept. 25.--Edmond Montgomery died on Nick Jordan's
+place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He was an
+African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia from
+Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large family in
+Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25 children in
+Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren are unknown and
+unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight and health, and never took
+a dose of medicine in his life.
+
+
+THIRTY-THREE CHILDREN.--A West Virginian named Brown recently visited
+Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim. Inquiry showed that
+his mother had borne thirty-three children in all. Twenty of this
+number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in the Union army. Two
+were killed. The others survived. The death of the two boys entitles
+the mother to a pension. General Black says the files of the office
+fail to show another record where the sixteen sons of one father and
+mother served as soldiers in the late war.
+
+
+EFFECT OF POVERTY.--"M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian physician,
+found that in France the death rate of persons between the ages of
+forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was only 8.3 per one
+thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of similar age died at
+the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half times as many of the poor
+as the rich died in France at these ages out of a given number
+living."
+
+
+JENNY LIND GOLDSCHMIDT, the famous Swedish singer, died at London Nov.
+1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents and made her first
+appearance on the stage at nine years of age.
+
+
+"MRS. RACHEL STILLWAGON, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest woman on
+Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday, surrounded by
+descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters of a century
+ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon's beauty extended as far south as
+Baltimore."
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.--THE LAW OF LOCATION IN ORGANOLOGY.
+
+
+    The primal laws applied to the brain--The four directions--The
+    elements of good and evil--The horizontal line of
+    division--Frontal and occipital organs and vertical dividing
+    line--Preponderance of the front in certain heads--Gall,
+    Spurzheim, and Powell--Contrast of frontal and
+    occipital--Latitude, longitude, and antagonism--Location of
+    Health and Disease, of Benevolence, Conscientiousness,
+    Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and Relaxation or
+    Indolence, Patience and Irritability--Duality of the brain and
+    its important consequences--Errors of old system--Self-respect
+    and Humility--Modesty and Ostentation--Combativeness and
+    Harmony--Love and Hate--Adhesiveness and Intellect, median and
+    lateral--Religion and Profligacy--Laws of arrangement and
+    Pathognomy--Physiological influences of basilar and coronal
+    regions--Insanity--beneficial influence of coronal region.
+
+To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement of
+facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who are
+capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology,
+arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A
+chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic basis
+and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of a
+philosophic mind retains principles rather than details.
+
+After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since
+fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in
+accordance with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain
+is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of
+life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material
+worlds,--all interaction between mind and matter. These primal laws
+are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain removes
+all the perplexing complexity of organology.
+
+Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The upper
+legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is
+above,--to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope,
+firmness, and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions
+point downwards, and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the
+heart and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements,
+passions, and appetites.
+
+The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior region,
+and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the basilar region,
+while organs half-way between them are neutral between these opposite
+tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse has a location in the
+brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual or material
+tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to virtue or
+vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,--the more
+capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher position
+given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule the
+inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal, and
+the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed by
+terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination are
+useful and absolutely necessary.
+
+In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as
+Conscientiousness must be near the very summit, and that propensities
+to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities
+exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which would
+ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is full of
+human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile age of its
+growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease and crime.
+The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of resisting either
+temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions destroyed by the black
+death, in the fourteenth century, and the countless millions destroyed
+by war in all centuries, including the present, show how little we
+have advanced beyond the spirit of savage life. The ferocity of
+nations is as much the product of their cerebral organization, as the
+ferocity of the tiger, and springs from the same region of the
+brain,--lying on the ridge of the temporal bone,--a region that
+delights in fierce destruction, and is large in all the carnivora. It
+would be contrary to the spirit of science to ignore the fact that man
+has an element of ferocity similar to that of the tiger, because in
+the fully developed man that fierce element is overruled by the higher
+powers and confined to the destruction of that which does not suffer.
+The unwillingness to recognize anything evil comes not from the spirit
+of science, but from the _a priori_ assumptions of sentimental
+theology, which presumes that it thoroughly comprehends the Deity (who
+is beyond all human comprehension), and, out of its imaginative
+ignorance, fabricates _a priori_ philosophies and doctrines that
+everything in man is good, or that everything in man is evil.
+Anthropology has not thus been evolved from _a priori_ speculation,
+but presents its systematic doctrines as generalizations of the facts
+and experiments which have been carefully acquired and studied through
+the last half-century. The facts and experiments are too numerous to
+be recorded and published now, and had no channel for publication when
+they occurred.
+
+Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil, in
+proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper half
+operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling
+influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine
+superiority.
+
+The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of the
+forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical line
+from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves.
+
+The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active
+faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the
+backward forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is
+the source of the forward movements by which our progress is checked.
+The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible
+action--the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and feeble
+tranquillity and sensibility--the condition of a helpless victim. The
+concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and the
+necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great that
+nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital bone, at
+the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond very
+nearly with the opening of the ear.
+
+The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with its
+center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely has
+nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical
+proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the
+head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the
+active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather
+than active or ambitious life.[1] In nations or races of ambitious
+character, the head is long, or _Dolico-cephalic_, and the occipital
+measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful,
+unambitious character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of
+the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal.
+
+    [1] The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance,
+        which led him to the pursuits of intellect instead of
+        ambition, but also shows an immense force of character
+        derived from its extreme breadth and basilar depth. The head
+        of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even
+        a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of
+        the coronal over the basilar region, producing his marked
+        amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him
+        physical force.
+
+        Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a
+        long head, and who was a man of restless ambition and fiery
+        energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal
+        development decidedly, producing, although the frontal
+        development was not large, much activity and force, or
+        brilliancy of mind, but not the calm temperament most
+        favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold and
+        striking than accurate. Dr. P. made a valuable collection of
+        crania, and was almost the only American scientist who gave
+        much attention to the _cultivation_ of phrenology.
+
+From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs to
+the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is
+associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the
+vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates
+vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in
+its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force--the greatest tendency
+to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region. Both the
+front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe tend to the
+expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and it is
+absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe should
+be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which it would
+exhaust vitality.
+
+We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward in
+proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty, and farther
+forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality--the
+extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence.
+
+With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality and
+the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to require
+my pupils to determine the location of the various elements of human
+nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions are located
+near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic functions occupy
+opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion as one is
+above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in proportion as
+one is forward the other is backward,--in proportion as one is
+interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or toward the
+lateral surface.
+
+With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where should we
+locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of healthy influence,
+and is therefore called Health? They will readily decide that it
+belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the most posterior,
+as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then as to its
+latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably above the
+middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after comparing
+locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds to the
+spot marked by the letters He.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give us
+the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and
+the greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to
+the last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position
+anterior and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the
+middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to
+disease, it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we
+recollect that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal
+action of Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute
+interior sensibility by means of which we understand our physical
+condition and are warned of every departure from health.
+
+The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by the
+letters Di.
+
+We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz.,
+that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located
+nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it
+must be located nearer to Disease.
+
+Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will and
+Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that
+Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue
+of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which makes
+us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much farther
+back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There is no
+difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters Be.
+and Con.
+
+If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and
+dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously
+located below and behind the centre, where it is represented by the
+letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading
+manifestation of the selfish faculty.
+
+As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our
+impulses and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the
+performance of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual,
+violent and selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of
+duty. The one being vertically above the centre of the brain, the
+other must be vertically below it; one being on the upper the other
+must be on the basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the
+middle lobe, which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the
+cavity of the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe,
+where it rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the
+external marking would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus
+auditorius. For this organ and faculty, the name which would express
+its unrestrained action is Baseness, as it would lead to the
+commission of many crimes and the violation of all honesty and
+justice. For its moderate and restrained activity, the term
+Selfishness would be sufficient as it induces us to heed our selfish
+appetites, interests, and passions, in opposition to the voice of
+duty. Its more normal activity is to invigorate our animal life
+generally and prevent us from going too far in the line of duty,
+patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let it be marked Ba. Its
+position will be recognized on the vertical line between the frontal
+and occipital, as it is not an element of energy and success, nor of
+debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism, which is not
+destitute of force.
+
+There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring
+energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former we must
+give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all the
+virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness
+as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to health and
+therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness it is not
+far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location.
+Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist Relaxation,
+the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness, where we locate
+the letters Re.
+
+The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability are
+easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high position.
+From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the occiput, and from
+its steady, unyielding and supporting strength, it cannot be assigned
+to the frontal region. It must, therefore, be in the middle superior
+region, where the letters Pa. locate it. Irritability must be on the
+median line of the basilar range (and antagonizes Patience on the
+middle line above), but not as low as Baseness, for one may be
+honorable though irritable and high-tempered, but such temper is not
+compatible with very strict conscientiousness.
+
+In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a single
+but a double apparatus--a right and a left brain, each complete in all
+the organs; consequently, we are in this instance locating our organs
+in the left hemisphere alone, in which the median line where it meets
+the other hemisphere is on its right side, and the exterior surface is
+on its left. An organ located at the median line, or inner surface, as
+Patience, must have its antagonist at the external or lateral surface,
+as Irritability.
+
+The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the median
+line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface. The
+left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently, the right
+side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are identical
+in function. How then does the right side of one compare with the
+right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr. Gall and
+his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen into very
+great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was mistaken in
+the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter shown, having
+spoken of it as if we had a single brain, and also mistaken in many of
+the organs concerning which a knowledge of the relations of the two
+hemispheres to each other would have corrected the errors. There is a
+striking analogy, or coincidence of function between the two right
+sides and between the two left sides never suspected prior to my
+investigations and experiments.
+
+Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which
+has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability.
+Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily perceive
+that it must be in the upper region, but considerably behind the
+vertical line, where we place the letters S.R.
+
+The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the right or
+the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface. The law
+governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation are at
+the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual character
+are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect, or
+Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and is,
+therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist
+must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface, as far
+below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as far
+forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility where the
+letters Hu. are located.
+
+The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained
+in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable, for
+Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies
+for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite, and
+is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society. This
+organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance in
+front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command.
+
+If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the
+ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near the
+horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the propriety
+of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its antagonism in
+Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That species of modesty
+which produces a bashful and yielding character will be found just
+below the horizontal line, while that form of modest sentiment which
+produces the highest refinement rises into connection with love at the
+upper surface. The organ thus runs obliquely upward, corresponding to
+the position of the convolutions. The antagonist, Ostentation, extends
+above and below the letters Ost. on the occiput.
+
+If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we would
+naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the lowest. We
+find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its antagonist, which
+shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently be in the superior
+anterior region, and near the intellectual organs which it resembles
+in function by facilitating a mutual understanding, and giving a
+spirit of concession. The location is marked Har. for Harmony. It
+embraces a group of organs of harmonious tendency, such as Friendship,
+Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability and Admiration, as the
+Combative group is hostile, stubborn, morose and censorious.
+
+For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain as
+the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment than
+Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the letters
+Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a little
+behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic
+faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result in
+Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do.
+
+Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme
+front of the brain--the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its
+general character will be represented by its middle--the region of
+Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate to
+physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily
+occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the higher
+species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the summit of
+the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms of intellect,
+marked Understanding, are above--physical conceptions below--Memory,
+which retains both, lying between them.
+
+The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median
+line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative power,
+such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning, belongs to
+the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according to the
+principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of the
+antagonism to the intellect.
+
+Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and
+its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the
+higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is a
+stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness.
+
+Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind
+Irritability, (as Religion is before Patience,) but before
+Acquisitiveness. The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a
+lawless defiance of everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive
+self-will and selfishness, resulting in lawless profligacy. Profligacy
+would, therefore, be the name for its predominance (Pr.), while
+executive independence and energy for selfish purposes would be its
+more normal manifestation.
+
+Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations
+of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania with
+character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments
+upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with general laws
+which are easily understood. The perfection of divine wisdom is made
+fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of the psychic
+phenomena of man.
+
+    "A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN,"
+
+subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly
+intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science
+of PATHOGNOMY, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of
+the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are
+demonstrably subject to mathematical laws.
+
+I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the
+localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but
+would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological
+functions of the brain.
+
+Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence
+upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and
+muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and muscular
+power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body, are opposite
+to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature, it follows
+that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for sensual
+pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in many
+respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence mankind are
+imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality and
+violence.
+
+While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior
+part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more
+anteriorly, affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular
+vigor, and the tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the
+vertical line separates the indolent from the energetic basilar
+functions, and all the enfeebling, sensitive, morbid faculties that
+impair our energies are in the anterior basilar region.
+
+The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life, and
+sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion of
+waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences, it
+renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we are
+strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to bodily
+disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of Disease and
+Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous system,
+belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which we reach through the
+junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.). It is more interior, but
+not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism is above on the
+temporal arch, between the lateral and upper surfaces of the brain,
+marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental firmness which resists
+disturbing influences.
+
+The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite
+influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing
+the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and
+attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper
+region. By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and
+by restraining the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to
+health and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it
+not only has this happy effect, but by sustaining the occipital half
+of the brain, gives a normal and healthy energy to all the powers of
+life. Such is the influence of the group of organs in which Health is
+the centre.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is obvious, therefore, that the study of the brain reveals laws
+which give us the strongest inducement to an honorable life as the
+only road to success and happiness.
+
+To show the facility with which organs may be located upon general
+principles, I present herewith the locations actually made by a small
+class of pupils when I first proposed to have them determine locations
+according to the general laws of organology. None of these locations
+would be called erroneous, the most incorrect of all being
+Adhesiveness, located a little too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac.
+Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy, Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love,
+Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod. Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con.
+Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness, Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For.
+Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness, Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea.
+Health, Dis. Disease, Ad. Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar.
+Arrogance, Rev. Reverence, Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness.
+
+The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature of
+cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions of the
+organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and psychic
+powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes a good
+psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent mind a
+corresponding influence on the physiological constitution, but in the
+present state of mental science the conception of such a
+correspondence is very vague.
+
+Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented by
+the words already coined in the English language for other purposes,
+and I do not think it expedient at present to coin new terms which
+would embarrass the student. The word Sanity, for example, answers its
+purpose by signifying a mental condition so firm and substantial as to
+defy the depressing and disturbing influences that derange the mind.
+It produces not the mere negative state, or absence of insanity, but a
+positive firmness, and self-control, which is the interior expression
+of firmness. The cheerful, stable, manly, and well-regulated character
+which it produces, disciplines alike the intellect and the emotions,
+and shows itself in children by an early maturity of character and
+deportment, and freedom from childish folly and passion.
+
+If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the Greek
+word SOPHROSYNE would be a very good one, as it signifies a
+self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb ANDRISO, signifying to
+render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a manly effort
+of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the adjective form,
+ANDRIKOS, and still more in the noun ANDRIA, which signifies manhood
+or manly sentiments and conduct. It would not, however, be preferable
+to the English word, MANLINESS, which is as appropriate a term as
+Sanity or ANDRIA.
+
+
+
+
+TO YOU PERSONALLY.
+
+
+The JOURNAL OF MAN acknowledges with pleasure your co-operation during
+the past year, its trial trip. It presumes from your co-operation,
+that you are one of the very few truly progressive and large-minded
+mortals who really wish to lift mankind into a better condition, and
+who have that practical sagacity (which is rare among the educated) by
+which you recognize great truths in their first presentation before
+they have the support of the leaders of society. If among our readers
+there are _any_ of a different class, they are not expected to
+continue. The sincere friends of the JOURNAL have shown by many
+expressions in their friendly letters, that they are permanent
+friends, and as the present size of the JOURNAL is entirely inadequate
+to its purposes, they desire its enlargement to twice its present size
+and price. They perceive that it is the organ of the most important
+and comprehensive movement of intellectual progress ever undertaken by
+man, and they desire to see its mission fulfilled and the benefit
+realized by the world, in a redeeming and uplifting education, a
+reliable system of therapeutics, a scientific and beneficent religion,
+a satisfactory spiritual science, and the uplifting of all sciences by
+Psychometry. But it is important to know in advance that all the
+JOURNAL'S present readers desire to go on in an enlarged and improved
+issue. You are, therefore, requested to signify by postal card your
+intentions and wishes as to the enlarged JOURNAL. Will your support be
+continued or withdrawn for the next volume, and can you do anything to
+extend its circulation? An immediate reply will oblige the editor.
+
+
+
+
+RESPONSES OF OUR READERS.
+
+
+The generous appreciation of the JOURNAL OF MAN by the liberal press
+was shown in the May number, as well as the enthusiastic appreciation
+of its readers. The proposition for its enlargement has called forth a
+kind and warm response from its readers, from which the few quotations
+following will show how well the JOURNAL has realized their hopes and
+desires. "I will try to get one or two more subscribers to what I
+regard as the best journal I have ever known, going as it does to the
+root of the most vital and most important interests of man, and
+dealing with great principles so vigorously and fairly."--G. H. C. (a
+Southern author). "The intensely interesting subjects treated in the
+JOURNAL OF MAN demand more space."--H. F. J. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is
+certainly the most valuable truth-giver I ever saw."--J. T. J. "It is
+the only journal of the kind, and the most needed of any kind."--O. K.
+K. "I will sustain the Journal of Man as long as I have a dollar."--P.
+C. M. "I do not see how I could get along without it."--G. B. N.
+"Enlarge the JOURNAL five-fold."--G. B. R. "I shall want it as long as
+I remain in this life."--Mrs. M. J. R. "Among progressive minds and
+deep thinkers, it is considered solid gold."--W. E. S. "Count on me as
+a life subscriber."--N. J. S. "I hope you will keep your pen moving,
+as the world has need of your thoughts."--S. C. W. "I wish you could
+make it a four-dollar publication."--A. W. "I think it the most
+advanced publication extant."--H. W. W. "The rectification of cerebral
+science is to me a demonstration."--L. W. H. "It accords with my views
+of man, and leads by going beyond me."--J. W. I. "The most scientific
+publication that I have ever read, and far in advance of all
+others."--S. J. W. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is just what I want."--C. L. A.
+"To say I like the JOURNAL, and am much interested in it, is a meagre
+way of expressing myself."--H. F. B. "I hope you will be able to
+extend it broadcast over the land."--Dr. W. W. B. "It has filled a
+long-felt want in my mind."--E. C. B., M. D. "I wish that every editor
+in the world was actuated by the same spirit that seems to actuate
+you. As long as I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my
+companion."--W. B. "More than pleased."--A. E. C. "I know of nothing
+printed that equals it."--J. E. P. C. "I regard the JOURNAL as
+important to mankind the world over."--E. E. C. "I am in receipt of
+several medical journals and several newspapers; I think your JOURNAL
+OF MAN contains more common sense than all the others."--S. F. D.,
+M.D. "I bid you God speed in your dissemination of truth."--Rev. D. D.
+"The more it is enlarged the better I am pleased."--A. F., M.D. "I
+perceive fully its important mission."--M. F. "I admire your thought
+and expression."--L. G. "I will take the JOURNAL under all
+circumstances, and at any price."--L. I. G. "I admired the manner in
+which you bombarded military unchristianity."--A. J. H.
+
+
+PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL.
+
+It is not yet decided that the JOURNAL shall be enlarged. The
+flattering responses already received are not sufficient in number to
+justify enlargement. Unless the remainder of the readers of the
+JOURNAL shall express themselves in favor of enlargement it will not
+be attempted. The editor is willing to toil without reward, but not to
+take up a pecuniary burden in addition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE.
+
+Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill in the description of
+character and disease, with general impressions as to past and future.
+Her numerous correspondents express much gratification and surprise at
+the correctness of her delineations. The fee for a personal interview
+is $2; for a written description $3; for a more comprehensive review
+and statement of life periods, with directions for the cultivation of
+Psychometry, $5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MAYO'S ANÆSTHETIC.
+
+The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the
+greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It
+came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few,
+and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical
+profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of
+Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical
+profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether,
+discovered in the United States also, but far inferior to the nitrous
+oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by
+chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but
+introduced as an anæsthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to
+be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of
+the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the
+more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all
+anæsthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority;
+ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to
+ether, until frequent deaths gave warning.
+
+Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the
+favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even
+nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep,
+when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to
+all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and
+pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain
+harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal
+tendency which belongs to all anæsthetics when carried too far. The
+success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anæsthetic, is amply
+attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom Boston
+had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet
+seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme
+debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams say they have given it
+"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease,
+etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in
+walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have
+been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor
+depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anæsthetic of the
+age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anæsthetic to his
+wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly
+disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be
+entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anæsthetic is now well
+established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great
+medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use
+for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society,
+Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous
+oxide (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence
+to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new
+anæsthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The
+language of the press generally has been highly commendatory, and if
+Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of
+Edinburgh, his new anæsthetic would have been adopted at once in every
+college of America and Europe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           THE OPEN COURT.
+
+                             PUBLISHED BY
+
+                  The Open Court Publishing Company,
+
+                           Rooms 41 and 42,
+                       169-175 LA SALLE STREET,
+                               CHICAGO.
+
+    B. F. UNDERWOOD,                            SARA A. UNDERWOOD,
+   _Editor and Manager_.                       _Associate Editor_.
+
+The _Open Court_ is a high-class, radical free-thought Journal,
+devoted to the work of exposing religious superstition, and
+establishing religion upon the basis of science.
+
+It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and discusses all subjects
+of interest in the light of the fullest knowledge and the most matured
+thought of the age.
+
+It has for contributors the leading thinkers and writers of the old
+and new world. Among those who contribute to its columns are the
+following writers:--
+
+  Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford.           Wm. J. Potter.
+  Richard A. Proctor.                    Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+  Albert Revielle.                       Frederick May Holland.
+  Edmund Montgomery, M.D.                Anna Garlin Spencer.
+  Prof. E. D. Cope.                      B. W. Ball.
+  Col. T. W. Higginson.                  Felix L. Oswald, M.D.
+  Prof. Leslie F. Ward.                  Theodore Stanton.
+  Prof. Henry C. Adams.                  Mrs. Celia P. Wooley.
+  Jas. Parton.                           E. C. Hegeler.
+  Geo. Jacob Holyoake.                   Dr. Paul Carus.
+  John Burroughs.                        Lewis G. James.
+  S. V. Clevenger, M.D.                  Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner.
+  John W. Chadwick.                      Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr.
+  M. J. Savage.                          M. C. O'Byrne.
+  Moncure D. Conway.                     Samuel Kneeland, M.D.
+  Daniel Greenleaf Thompson.             Prof. Van Buren Denslow.
+  Prof. Thomas Davidson.                 Mrs. Edna D. Cheney.
+  Gen. J. G. R. Forlong.                 Wm. Clark, A.M.
+  Prof. W. D. Gunning.                   Clara Lanza.
+  Gen. M. M. Trumbull.                   C. D. B. Mills.
+  W. M. Salter.                          Alfred H. Peters.
+
+Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to the discussion of
+scientific, religious, social and economic questions, should send at
+once for a sample copy of this great journal.
+
+            _Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents_.
+
+Make all remittances payable to the order of B. F. UNDERWOOD,
+Treasurer; and address all letters to _Open Court_, P. O. Drawer F.,
+Chicago, Ills.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        "FORTY PATIENTS A DAY"
+
+is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has written on her _practical_
+experience in healing. No one seems to have had better opportunity of
+demonstrating the truth of mental science than Mrs. Wilmans has had in
+her Southern home, where the report of her skill was carried from
+mouth to mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and near. Send
+15 cents for the pamphlet. Address: Mrs. HELEN WILMANS, Douglasville,
+Georgia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SEND description of yourself, with 15c, for complete written
+prediction of your future life, etc.--N. M. GEER, Port Homer,
+Jefferson Co., Ohio.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first
+    issue of the volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December
+1887, by Various
+
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 11
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div id="masthead">
+	<h1 class="issue_title"><a class="pagenum" id="page1" title="1"></a><span class="proprietor">BUCHANAN’S</span><br />
+	JOURNAL OF MAN.</h1>
+	<div id="mastdate">
+		<p id="leftmast"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></p>
+		<p id="centermast">December, 1887.</p>
+		<p id="rightmast"><abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 11.</p>
+	</div>
+</div><!--Masthead-->
+
+<div id="contents">
+	<h2 class="title">CONTENTS.</h2>
+	<ul>
+		<li><a href="#art1">The World’s Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art2">Social Conditions</a>—<a href="#misc1">Expenses at Harvard</a>; <a href="#misc2">European Wages</a>; <a href="#misc3">India as a Wheat Producer</a>; <a href="#misc4">Increase of Insanity</a>; <a href="#misc5">Temperance</a>; <a href="#misc6">Flamboyant Animalism</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art3">Transcendental Hash</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art4">Just Criticism</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art5">Progress of discovery and Improvement</a>—<a href="#misc7">Autotelegraphy</a>; <a href="#misc8">Edison’s Phonograph</a>; <a href="#misc9">Type-setting Eclipsed</a>; <a href="#misc10">Printing in Colors</a>; <a href="#misc11">Steam Wagon</a>; <a href="#misc12">Fruit Preserving</a>; <a href="#misc13">Napoleon’s Manuscript</a>; <a href="#misc14">Peace</a>; <a href="#misc15">Capital Punishment</a>; <a href="#misc16">Antarctic Explorations</a>; <a href="#misc17">The Desert shall Blossom as the Rose</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art6">Life and Death—Marvellous Examples</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art7">Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.—The Law of Location in Organology</a></li>
+	</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art1" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">The World’s Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers.</h2>
+
+	<p>Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of
+	North America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at
+	last received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been
+	erected, which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue,
+	before a distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October.</p>
+
+	<p>The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was
+	related on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address
+	the following passages are extracted:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of
+		authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of Greenland,
+		at least a fortnight’s sail, there were, for 300 years after the
+		beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on the coast of America,
+		with which colonies the home country maintained commercial
+		intercourse. The country to which the merchant vessels sailed was
+		Vinland.</p>
+
+		<p>“The fact next in importance that this history establishes is, that
+		the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of Vinland was
+		Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most happily told by
+		Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was connected with the coast
+		survey of the United States in the latitudes which include the
+		region between Hatteras and Cape Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell,
+		never passed to the south of the peninsula of Cape Cod. He was
+		succeeded by Thorwald, Leif’s brother. He came in Leif’s ship in
+		1002 to Leif’s headquarters in Massachusetts Bay and passed the
+		winter. In the spring, he manned his ship and sailed eastward from
+		Leif’s house, and, unluckily running against a neck of land, broke
+		the stem of the ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a
+		place where the tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and
+		permitted the men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to
+		repair her. When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose
+		of the ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of
+		years in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands,
+		but not going around the point on or near which he had set up his
+		ship’s nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and died,
+		and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to Greenland. A
+		few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set out with a fleet of
+		three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven were women, to go to
+		Vinland, and in two days’ sail beyond Markland they came to the
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page2" title="2"> </a>ship’s nose set upon the shore, and, keeping that upon the starboard,
+		they sailed along a sandy shore, which they called Wunderstrandir,
+		and also Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied
+		that they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald,
+		turned his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and
+		Gudrid went further south and trafficked, and gathered great
+		wealth of furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and
+		Norway.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the
+	New England coast which are of Scandinavian origin.</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin
+		or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the
+		Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there
+		any conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a
+		people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for the
+		most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing here?</p>
+
+		<p>“I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was
+		the first European to tread the great land southwest of Greenland.
+		His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans, who, to escape
+		oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty years, from Norway
+		to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to Plymouth. They established
+		and maintained a republican form of government, which
+		exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty in the King of Denmark,
+		and the flag, like our own, bears an eagle in its fold. Toward
+		the close of the 10th century a colony, of whom Leif’s father and
+		family were members, went out from Iceland to Greenland. In
+		about 999, Leif, a lad at the time of his father’s immigration, went
+		to Norway, and King Olaf, impressed with his grand elements of
+		character, gave him a commission to carry the Christianity to which,
+		he had become a convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and,
+		with his soul on fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year
+		accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony, including
+		his father.</p>
+
+		<p>“To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the
+		duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores,
+		we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese discoverer
+		under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, inspired by
+		the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the certainty of
+		reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently long, set out on a
+		new and entirely distinct enterprise, having a daring and a conception
+		and an intellectual train of research and deduction as its foundation
+		quite his own. How welcome to Boston will be the proposition
+		to set up in 1892, a fit statue to Columbus.</p>
+
+		<p>“We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has
+		expressed so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine
+		centuries ago, first trod our shores.�</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+	<p>The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of
+	the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has
+	waited for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and
+	many other heroes of human progress.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page3" title="3"> </a>Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the
+	Northmen who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old
+	flat-bottomed ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which
+	made the exploration of the Atlantic ocean possible.</p>
+
+	<p>This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments
+	of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who
+	has lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus
+	learned of the discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland,
+	which he visited in 1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the
+	America of the Norsemen, but was sailing to find the Indies.</p>
+
+	<p>But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant expressed
+	it of Truth, “the eternal years of God are hers,� and she needs
+	a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph
+	of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem
+	almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth
+	to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for
+	more than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the
+	universe, developed by the genius of <em class="name">Pythagoras</em>, was ignored,
+	denied, and forgotten, until the honest scholar, <em class="name">Copernicus</em>, revived
+	it by a mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long
+	enough to see trampled on; for the great astronomer that next
+	appeared, Tycho Brahe, denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted
+	to suppress it in the person of Galileo, who is said to have been
+	forced by imprisonment and torture to succumb to authority (the
+	torture may not be positively known, but is believed with good
+	reason). Even Luther joined in the theological warfare against
+	science, saying, “I am now advised that a new astrologer is risen,
+	who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth and goeth about, not
+	the firmament, the sun and moon—not the stars—like as when one
+	sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is moved, thinketh he sitteth
+	still and resteth, but the earth and trees do move and run themselves.
+	Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our own foolish
+	fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the whole
+	art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and
+	teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand
+	still, and not the earth.�</p>
+
+	<p>The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the
+	Church generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position
+	in an age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to
+	admit of enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of
+	the age and slowly moves. At the present time it is being <em>slowly</em>
+	permeated by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is
+	another form of ignorance.</p>
+
+	<p>Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within
+	which they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they
+	look upon all that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and
+	alas, this is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes.
+	It was the French Academy that laughed at Harvey’s discovery
+	and at Fulton’s plan of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago’s
+	suggestion of the electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page4" title="4"> </a>Franklin’s proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated
+	both Fulton and Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty
+	that arrayed itself against the introduction of Peruvian bark,
+	which they have since made their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh
+	Review which poured its ridicule upon Gall, that advised the
+	public to put Thomas Gray in a straight-jacket for advocating the introduction
+	of railroads. Equally great was the stupidity of the
+	French. The first railroad was constructed in France fifty years ago.
+	Emil Periere had to make the line at his own expense, and it took
+	three years to obtain the consent of the authorities. Their leading
+	statesman, Thiers, contended that railroads could be nothing more
+	than toys. We remember that a committee of the New York Legislature
+	was equally stupid, and endeavored to prove in their report
+	that railways were entirely impracticable. English opposition was
+	still more stupidly absurd. Both Lords and Commons in Parliament
+	were entirely opposed. “The engineers and surveyors as they went
+	about their work were molested by mobs. George Stephenson was
+	ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all those who supported
+	him as lunatics and fools.� “George Stephenson although bantered
+	and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his project, in spite of
+	the declarations that the smoke from the engine would kill the birds
+	and destroy the cattle along the route, that the fields would be ruined,
+	and people be driven mad by noise and excitement.�</p>
+
+	<p>Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of colleges
+	and the professional classes to all great innovations. “Truly
+	(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has
+	become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by physicians,�
+	and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that “nux vomica
+	is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the effect
+	of mere chance.�</p>
+
+	<p>The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every
+	innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic,
+	winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and
+	even forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as
+	“an insult on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers.�</p>
+
+	<p>It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover
+	with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of
+	the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that
+	of Copernicus for Pythagoras.</p>
+
+	<p>This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was
+	no brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century
+	than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell
+	into obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation.
+	He had that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists.</p>
+
+	<p>He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in
+	philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern
+	scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had
+	already been performed.</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments
+		or even of originating new ones. He considered that however
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page5" title="5"> </a>necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great
+		sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established, time
+		was better employed in considering the purposes to which it might
+		be applied, or the principles which it might tend to elucidate.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>He says, in his Bakerian lecture, “Nor is it absolutely necessary
+	in this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments
+	there is already an ample store.�</p>
+
+	<p>In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, “Acute suggestion
+	was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my ambition
+	than experimental illustration,� and on another occasion, referring
+	to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said, “For my
+	part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to supersede the
+	necessity of experiments, and more especially of expensive ones.�
+	The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated
+		relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to
+		solve, nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I
+		include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task without
+		getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered that a wonderfully
+		simple solution had been discovered at the beginning of this
+		century, and had been in print ever since for any one to read who
+		chose. This solution was found and published by the same Thomas
+		Young, who first showed the right method of arriving at the interpretation
+		of Egyptian hieroglyphics.�</p>
+
+		<p>“He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the
+		misfortune to be <em>too far in advance of his contemporaries</em>. They
+		looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his bold
+		speculations, and thus a mass of his most important thoughts remained
+		buried and forgotten in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’
+		until a later generation by slow degrees arrived at the re-discovery of
+		his discoveries, and came to appreciate the force of his argument and
+		the accuracy of his conclusions.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of
+	Dr. Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from
+	the day when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the
+	stake by the Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor
+	his memory in Italy.</p>
+
+	<p>What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist,
+	and physician, John Hunter? While he lived, “most of his contemporaries
+	looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an
+	innovator,� according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was
+	decided to inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to
+	find his body, which was at last discovered in a vault along with
+	2000 others piled upon it.</p>
+
+	<p>Harvey’s discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and
+	Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published
+	after Harvey’s death.</p>
+
+	<p>When Newton’s investigations of light and colors were first published,
+	“A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to
+	obtain the unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page6" title="6"> </a>which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm.�
+	Some, like Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and
+	succeeded in making a failure, which was published; like certain
+	professors who at different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful
+	experiments in mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always
+	succeeded in making the failure they desired.</p>
+
+	<p>Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, “that though
+	the author of the <cite>Principia</cite> survived the publication of that great
+	work nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty
+	followers out of England.�</p>
+
+	<p>If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations
+	of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has
+	human nature sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much
+	better results from the colleges of to-day—from Harvard, Yale,
+	Princeton, and the rest? If such a change has occurred, I have not
+	discovered it.</p>
+
+	<p>Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer
+	of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his
+	time, continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence
+	by casting astrological nativities.</p>
+
+	<p>Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian
+	tube and the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of
+	his time, but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical
+	tables, which were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714.</p>
+
+	<p>Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active
+	hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and
+	most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying
+	the benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred
+	years ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein
+	in the last century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences,
+	and also fully illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it
+	to breeding trout and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten
+	until in 1842 two obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and
+	practised this process. The French government was attracted by
+	the success of these fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost
+	art was revived.</p>
+
+	<p>Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in
+	1807, was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of
+	thirty years.</p>
+
+	<p>The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich <em class="name">Froebel</em>, is
+	one of the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape
+	from total failure and oblivion.</p>
+
+	<p>The “Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel,� translated from the
+	German of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account
+	of his life and labors, upon which the following notice is based:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of education
+		would have died with him—to be resurrected and reapplied
+		by somebody else centuries later—only for a friend and interpreter
+		who remained to give his teachings to the world. This friend,
+		disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz. His system
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page7" title="7"> </a>of education had this peculiarity which made it different from any
+		other plan of teaching ever given to the world—it was first grasped
+		in its full significance by women. They, sooner than men, saw its
+		truth to nature, and its grand, far-reaching meaning, and became at
+		once its enthusiastic disciples. But the German women are in a
+		bondage almost unknown to their sisters of the other civilized races,
+		therefore Froebel’s reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles
+		been given to the world in the midst of American or English
+		women, they would most likely have been popularly known and
+		adopted long ago.</p>
+
+		<p>“Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow
+		from the “new education� in his time. While he lived the ungrateful
+		tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed him to
+		scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any great and
+		lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this is given in the
+		anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz’s first meeting with the
+		founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins the book, and it is
+		the key-note of the sorrowful undertone throughout.</p>
+
+		<p>“In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein.
+		She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place,
+		and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man had
+		settled down near the springs who danced and played with the
+		village children, and was called by people “the old fool.� A few
+		days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met “the
+		old fool.� He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching
+		a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was
+		teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging
+		to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he
+		played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of both
+		Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile, and
+		said to her companion:</p>
+
+		<p>“‘This man is called ‘old fool’ by these people. Perhaps he is
+		one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries, and
+		to whom future generations build monuments.’�</p>
+
+		<p>“I knew,� says Madame Von M., “that I had to do with a true
+		man—with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his
+		pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of a
+		man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and that
+		it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only thought of
+		empty play, without any serious purpose.�</p>
+
+		<p>“Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life, and
+		just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his ideas,
+		there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was also a
+		death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian Government
+		was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror, who made the
+		English people put their lights out at dark, and suddenly, in August,
+		1851, the Prussian Government immortalized itself by passing a
+		decree forbidding the establishment of any kindergartens within the
+		Prussian dominions. In unguarded moments, Froebel had used the
+		expression “education for freedom,� in referring to his beloved plans,
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page8" title="8"> </a>and that was enough for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she
+		has been ever since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet
+		recovered from this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and
+		died. But a little time before he died, he said: “If 300 years
+		after my death, my method of education shall be completely established
+		according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven.�</p>
+
+		<p>“Froebel’s life was full of strange vicissitudes and disappointments.
+		The few friends who understood him, and the children whom he
+		taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better than anybody else,
+		reverenced him, and loved him as father, prophet, and teacher.</p>
+
+		<p>“On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his
+		beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read about.
+		It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man immeasurably.
+		Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song of the children,
+		and as he stepped out of his chamber to the lecture-room, he saw
+		that it had been splendidly adorned with flowers, festoons, and
+		wreaths of all kinds. The day was celebrated with songs and rejoicing,
+		and gifts were received from pupils and friends in various parts
+		of the world, and in the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green
+		wreath upon the master’s head.</p>
+
+		<p>“Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest
+		peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during his illness
+		he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to his friends.
+		He had the window opened frequently, so he could gaze once more
+		on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost his last words were:
+		‘Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!’�</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+	<p><em class="name">John Fitch</em>, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate
+	than Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his
+	invention was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by
+	a small steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the
+	convention that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain
+	sufficient co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his
+	boat to rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to
+	his home at Bardstown, Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful
+	struggles of Fitch make a melancholy history. In his last
+	appeal he used this language: “But why those earnest solicitations
+	to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me with the most excruciating
+	anxieties; and why not act the part for myself, and retire under the
+	shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio, and eat my coarse but
+	sweet bread of industry and content, and when I have done, to have
+	my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of the banks, with my
+	name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future generations when
+	traversing the mighty waters of the West, <em>in the manner that I
+	have pointed out</em>, may find my grassy turf.�</p>
+
+	<p><span class="emphasis">In</span> the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno,
+	Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch,
+	Stephenson, and <em>many</em> others, we learn that he who assails the Gibraltar
+	of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to
+	conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps
+	to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the predestined
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page9" title="9"> </a>surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for the eternal
+	law of the universe declares that all darkness shall disappear, and
+	Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already fill the souls
+	of the lovers of wisdom.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art2" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Social Conditions.</h2>
+
+	<div id="misc1" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Undergraduate Expenses at Harvard</strong>.—A physician has
+		written me to know what the annual expense is for an undergraduate
+		at Harvard College. The inquiry is made that he (the querist)
+		may know somewhere near what it will cost to send his son to that
+		institution. Thinking that others of the <cite>Journal’s</cite> readers might like
+		to know what a literary (or liberal) education costs at a first-class
+		college, I have looked up the present cost, and by comparing it with
+		my own, thirty-five years ago, I find that expense has increased from
+		year to year, until now it requires about $550 to $600 annually to
+		cover tuition, room-rent, board, and common running expenses. A boy
+		might squeeze through for $400 a year, but he would have to pinch
+		and be niggardly, if not mean. The $550 or $600 would not cover
+		vacation expenses and society dues, therefore the larger sum ought
+		to be reckoned as the cost annually for a Harvard undergraduate at
+		the present time. And upon inquiry, I find that about the same
+		amount of money is required by an undergraduate of Yale. Board
+		in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the four
+		years’ course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich students
+		spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten
+		per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard
+		expended $350 to $400 a year—a cost which did not cover
+		vacation expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark
+		that as high an order of scholarship can be obtained at “Western�
+		colleges as in Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life
+		would not be two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant
+		course? The <em>name</em> and <em>fame</em> of an institution count for something.
+		A recently founded college may not live long; it has to be tested
+		by time before <em>prestige</em> can be attained. Universities have to be endowed
+		before they can command the best talent of the world in
+		teachers. The fees obtained from students will not pay the expenses
+		of a first-class literary institution.</p>
+
+		<p>Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in
+		life, but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best
+		chance to win in the race we are running.—<cite>Eclectic Medical Journal</cite>.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc2" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">European Wages</strong>.—Senator Frye said in a public address in
+		Boston: “I say from all my observations made there, and they were
+		made as carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose,
+		there is only one country in Europe that comes within half of
+		our wages, and that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and
+		some not within one-quarter, of our wages.�</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc3" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">India as a Wheat Producer</strong>.—“Consul-General Bonham says
+		she is a dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of
+		Consul-General Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page10" title="10"> </a>of the wheat interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat
+		in 1886 was about 27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000
+		bushels. As compared with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the
+		Indian wheat is inferior, but when exported to Europe it is mixed
+		and ground with wheat of a superior quality, by which process a fair
+		marketable grade of flour is obtained. The method of cultivating
+		the soil is in the main the same as it was centuries ago, and there seems
+		to be great difficulty in inducing the farmer to invest in modern
+		agricultural implements, and yet, with all the simple and primitive
+		methods, the Indian farmers can, in the opinion of the Consul-General,
+		successfully compete with those of the United States in the
+		production of wheat. This is due to the fact that the Indian
+		farmer’s outfit represents a capital of not more than $40 or $50, and
+		his hired help works, feeds, and clothes himself on about $2.50 a
+		month. The export of wheat from British India has increased from
+		300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886, and the increase
+		of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt.</p>
+
+		<blockquote>
+			<p>“The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have
+			claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as a
+			competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does not
+			concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the United
+			States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in India is
+			yet in its infancy, and its further development depends principally
+			upon the means of transportation to the sea-board. He fears that
+			with the cheap native labor of India and the constantly growing
+			facilities for transportation, the United States will find her a formidable
+			competitor as a producer of wheat.�</p>
+		</blockquote>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc4" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Increase of Insanity</strong>.—I have repeatedly referred to the increase
+		of insanity and crime under our heartless system of education.
+		It is illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase
+		between 1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in
+		population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New
+		Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two
+		States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In Massachusetts,
+		population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode
+		Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut,
+		population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total
+		number of insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in
+		1872, to 7,232, in 1885,—an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are
+		the estimates prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of
+		Middletown, Conn. Is it possible by the repetition of such statements
+		as these to rouse the torpid conscience of the leaders of public
+		opinion to the necessity of a <span class="small_all_caps">NEW EDUCATION</span>?</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc5" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Temperance</strong>.—According to the National Bureau of Statistics,
+		the annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States,
+		from 1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled
+		spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870.
+		The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption
+		of wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page11" title="11"> </a>as much—since 1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption
+		of malt liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half
+		that of spirits, has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as
+		great, the number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines,
+		0.38; malt liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all
+		sorts has risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886.
+		The consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per
+		cent. in the last seven years.</p>
+
+		<p>The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than
+		for the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than
+		for the previous year.</p>
+
+		<blockquote>
+			<p>“Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in
+			Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale. The
+			consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7 litres a head
+			in a population of 39,000,000; but in some districts 15½ litres was
+			the average (4½ litres go to a gallon). In all Austro-Hungary
+			there was an increase of nearly 4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol
+			in 1884-85 over 1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different
+			places (stations, gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors
+			were sold. In districts where the most spirits are used there were
+			fewer fit recruits.�</p>
+		</blockquote>
+
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc6" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Flamboyant Animalism</strong>.—In Boston, which sometimes calls
+		itself our American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are
+		daily neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and
+		pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading
+		daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of
+		all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support.</p>
+
+		<p>The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a
+		splendid ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other
+		dignitaries to honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds,
+		worth $8,000, was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure
+		for England was honored like that of a prince by accompanying
+		boats, booming cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said
+		to swing a $2000 cane presented by his admirers. How far have we
+		risen in eighteen centuries above the barbarism of Rome? There is
+		no heathen country to-day that worships pugilism. Perhaps when
+		the saloon is abolished, we may take another step forward in civilization.
+		London has rivalled Boston, giving Sullivan a popular reception
+		by crowds which blocked up the principal streets.</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art3" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Transcendental Hash</h2>
+
+	<p>The <cite>Winsted (Conn.) Press</cite> published an article on Buddhism in
+	America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of
+	some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude
+	thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the
+	curious. The following is the article:</p>
+
+
+	<h3>BUDDHISM IN AMERICA.</h3>
+
+	<p>While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado,
+	making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page12" title="12"> </a>is spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our
+	most intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or
+	force. There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and
+	their number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any
+	other faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they
+	are following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the
+	principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes
+	called “Christian science�), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic
+	metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same
+	thing, and we may also include their intimate relative, known here
+	as Modern Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater
+	than that which invariably arises from different interpretations of
+	the same idea by different individuals under differing environment.
+	To compare these differences with the differences of the Protestant
+	sects would be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly
+	worthy of association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists,
+	and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and
+	Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of illustration.</p>
+
+	<p>Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that
+	the number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps,
+	are reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings,
+	may be placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified,
+	spiritualized, and improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely
+	to unite the liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and
+	Infidels alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual
+	faith, opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the
+	leadership of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal
+	power of Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions
+	which have attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the
+	Christ man of 1800 years ago.</p>
+
+	<p>Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous
+	upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this
+	country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual
+	life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious
+	lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic
+	plane. We have been passing through the very same experiences
+	that preceded a downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by
+	the new era of Christian mythology in one part of the world and
+	Buddhistic mythology in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to
+	deliver exalted teachings which would lift the world out of bondage
+	to an older faith and its more cruel superstitions and the corruptions
+	of priestcraft and gross ceremonials; both were reformers of
+	substantially the same abuses; both suffered for humanity, both lived
+	humble and inspired lives, both were interpreters of the same truths to
+	different peoples, both were good men, and both have come down to us
+	with their greatness exaggerated by their followers beyond anything
+	they claimed for themselves, while the personal existence of each is
+	shrouded in the same mystery and covered with the same doubt.
+	That these two men did exist as men we may well believe, but that
+	as personages they were incarnated on earth is a matter of small
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page13" title="13"> </a>importance compared with the consequences which have followed
+	their supposed embodiment.</p>
+
+	<p>The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance
+	of new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of infidelity
+	and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern
+	Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people,
+	premise tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual
+	thought—an era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust.</p>
+
+	<p>Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices
+	born of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are
+	outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old
+	truths with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded
+	in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of
+	spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to
+	humanity, of liberty, justice and love.</p>
+
+	<p>This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or
+	does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is
+	not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism corrupted
+	by Brahmic theocracy—as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by
+	papistic theology and sectarian piety—has come to us as a morbid
+	asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures
+	and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is
+	probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and unreceptive
+	habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas. A
+	system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God,
+	Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through
+	countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of apparently
+	infinite wisdom—a condition beyond phenomenal existence
+	and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana nor
+	admits immortal existence as we understand existence—i.e., in a perpetually
+	objective form of some sort. It is better in some respects,
+	though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we are
+	taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their
+	fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections,
+	and they are not more “gods� than other men, save in their greater
+	experience.</p>
+
+	<p>Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to Christianity—an
+	acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of priestly
+	ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the letter; an application
+	of principles and ideas to real life and claiming not only to
+	have new light but to be ever progressive. It is highly and intensely
+	spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous powers over natural
+	forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave the earth untouched
+	and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance movement in the
+	East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in Buddhism is
+	but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It claims that
+	intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal association
+	of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land or clime.
+	Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we are told,
+	without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass the mysteries
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page14" title="14"> </a>of the occult science, which claims only to be like other science,
+	the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over subtle forces of
+	nature which physical scientists fail to recognize. Its ethics are the
+	highest conceivable, and the individual existence of the soul apart
+	from the body a matter of commonest demonstration among the
+	adepts.</p>
+
+	<p>Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand
+	it, that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It
+	is theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American
+	thought in the psychological direction. Confined though it is at
+	present chiefly to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted
+	that this is the limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to
+	human needs. It is spending in this country with amazing rapidity,
+	and though yet a child is certain to bring about a great change in
+	the ideas of many regarding mind, its power over and priority to
+	matter. So far as its students devote their attention to other than
+	such comprehension of its postulates as is necessary to become
+	healers, they are Buddhistic in thought and expression, and some
+	even accept a modified theory of metempsychosis known as reincarnation.
+	Still they reject the philosophy of Spiritualism respecting
+	spirit life, and appear to be all at sea as regards the immediate future
+	of the individual. In their utterances on this they are more
+	Buddhist than Christian, as in other respects. They doubt or deny
+	individual existence of the soul. The Spiritualist believes that his
+	soul will have for all time a body of some sort, spiritual or physical,
+	and his spirit-world and life are filled with very human occupations,
+	thoughts and desires, carried on amid familiar scenery in a very
+	substantial and earth-like manner. He believes in progress
+	eternal, and the possibility of final mergement of his individual self
+	into the All-Self is so remote as to give him no concern. But the
+	mental scientist, as near as we can express his notion, rejects the
+	idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his personality as purely
+	mortal and his soul one with indivisible God, now and forever.
+	Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit or astral body he
+	does not understand as ever existing to preserve individuality after
+	physical dissolution—in this differing as much from the theosophist
+	as from the Spiritualist.</p>
+
+	<p>When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians,
+	and liberal thinkers, generally, unite—as they easily may, for they
+	have now no irreconcilable disagreement—they will form a powerful
+	body of thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion
+	will be a better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity
+	than Christ revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg
+	or Davis heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day
+	and its new light and promise, for the old theologies are wearisome
+	emptiness and humbug, and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient
+	in their testimony. We do not expect that a new church
+	will arise and a new sectarianism follow. But a new conception of
+	life, its origin, purpose and destiny may come to lift the people of
+	America out of the old religious rut. And in consequence the old
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page15" title="15"> </a>depressing question, “Is life worth living?� answered once by
+	Buddha’s No, may be answered anew by Humanity’s Yes.</p>
+
+	<hr class="short" />
+
+	<p>The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive
+	and restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United
+	States generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number
+	of their members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in
+	liberality. The new religion and philosophy of the future will be
+	luminous, scientific and philanthropic—not a conglomeration of
+	vague speculations. True, reverential religion is not a dreamy or
+	speculative impulse, but an earnest love of mankind and of duty,
+	which does not waste itself in unprofitable speculations, but eagerly
+	pursues the positive knowledge of this life and the next, which gives
+	practical wisdom and diffuses happiness. All systems of religion
+	talk about love and recommend it, but their followers seldom realize
+	it in their lives. The religion of the future will <em>realize</em> it. Apropos
+	to this subject, Col. Van Horn, of the <cite>Kansas City Journal</cite>, says:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the
+		United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of Buddhism
+		sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the philosophy
+		of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general reader,
+		but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts and are making
+		them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making more from us
+		than we are from them. And they are from the very best and
+		brightest intellects among us—not the illiterate, but the most cultured
+		of the educated classes. It will not do to suppress this fact in the
+		discussion—for this is an age when facts must be looked in the face.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art4" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Just Criticism.</h2>
+
+	<p>The intellectual editor of the <cite>Kansas City Journal</cite> has made some
+	very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of fashionable
+	Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a thing
+		as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example in Paris,
+		by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which illustrates how
+		great men in special departments walk blindfold over things that afford
+		no mystery to common minds. We allude to certain experiments in
+		hypnotism—the professional name for mesmerism. The medical profession
+		for more than half a century sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer,
+		until now compelled to recognize them, they have not the manliness to
+		acknowledge the fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature
+		to conceal their change of front. To make a long story short these
+		gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day, enjoined
+		him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the next day, and
+		despite every effort of will on the part of the subject, the crimes have
+		been attempted, and the victim only saved from himself by the interposition
+		of the operator, who was present to remove the influence—or
+		through the understanding of the party against whom the offence
+		was to be committed, in the form of the robbery actually carried out.</p>
+
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page16" title="16"> </a>“But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce
+		it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related agitations
+		for the solution of the mystery.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p class="aside">[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not chargeable
+	to <em>Science</em>, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The ablest
+	thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of the soul,
+	and the new anthropology traces these powers to their localities in the
+	brain.—<em class="name">Ed. of Journal</em>.]</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was
+		called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the inspiration
+		of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at another called
+		after one of its more modern discoverers,—mesmerism—now
+		hypnotism—which is only another name for magnetic sleep—if anybody
+		knows what that is—or for somnambulism. Common sense tells
+		common people that it is only an abnormal manifestation of the
+		power that gives one person control over another, or enables one
+		person to influence another. The simple every-day habit of exacting
+		a promise from your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to
+		make a like promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance
+		with the conditions of mortality—death being the complete process.
+		So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of the
+		common power which we call personal influence. That is all. But
+		that is not mysterious enough for learned people—it is not scientific
+		enough—as everybody can understand it.</p>
+
+		<p>“Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the estimation
+		of the teacher—it suggests that what we call the human
+		mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the every-day
+		machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less within the grasp of
+		the common mind. There is a higher plane of knowledge than that
+		of mere physical science, and if the theologian mistook its teaching,
+		it is no reason why the pursuit of that knowledge on this higher plane
+		should be ignored. Hence it is that this discovery by Charcot and
+		others, to which we allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because
+		the methods of science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the
+		admission of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena.</p>
+
+		<p>“And just here, it may as well be said first as last,—that the profession
+		to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school of
+		applied science, will ever read the lesson of these experiments, nor
+		will any of the so-called regular schools of learning. The riddle will
+		be read by some thinker outside, and when the bread-and-butter
+		purveyors of theology, science and the schools have become indoctrinated,
+		and prefer to pay their money for the new instead of the old—then
+		these self-constituted teachers of humanity will all know that
+		the cow was to eat the grindstone—and teach the fact. We simply
+		state a fact, known to history, that the progress of the world is due
+		to the inventor and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single
+		thing, from the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has
+		been from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had
+		to fight its way against the teaching class, from time immemorial.
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page17" title="17"> </a>The circulation of the blood, which every pig-sticker knew since
+		knives were invented, had to be forced upon medical science by a
+		quack. And now, although the phenomena we refer to have been
+		before the teaching class since history records anything, and although
+		Mesmer taught it experimentally eighty years ago, science has now
+		only got so far as to admit the existence of the phenomena.</p>
+
+		<p>“Why have not the professions given these things more attention,
+		and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a century
+		practically denied their existence? That question is a legitimate
+		one. And at the risk of being charged with unfriendliness, it
+		must be said that it was either from an inability to think or from a
+		narrow creedism that will not accept a truth from outside discovery.
+		The effect of this, and what constitutes a crime in the teaching class,
+		is, that it has for all these long years shut out this now accepted
+		knowledge from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching
+		class as authority,—and to use a business form of speech,—pay
+		them for finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the
+		world and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to
+		begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off—a long, dark, weary denial
+		of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This is a
+		serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the scientific world
+		to be but the simple truth.</p>
+
+		<p>“And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more
+		than eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down
+		the wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time
+		have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying its
+		remarkable phenomena.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p class="aside">[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the old-fashioned
+	and so-called regular medical and clerical professions, all of
+	whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the
+	colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against science
+	and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of man in
+	any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and the
+	presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the highest
+	forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the College of
+	Therapeutics in Boston.—<em class="name">Ed. of Journal</em>.]</p>
+
+	<p>And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul,
+	that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human
+	body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by
+	which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of
+	which we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming
+	mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that
+	chemistry cannot deal with because analysis is not the method.
+	Molecules, to use a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules
+	don’t think, and this thing we are considering does think. Molecules
+	are amenable to chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is
+	not and cannot be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at
+	twelve o’clock the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest
+	a theft, they may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of
+	changes before the hour of meridian arrives to-morrow—and not at
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page18" title="18"> </a>all likely at that exact moment to be in the stealing combination
+	again. Or, if so, it is not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article
+	it was combined on the day previous. Yet this infinite series
+	of impossibilities must be possible to have the experiments we refer to
+	come true—on the theory of molecular action. This is one of those
+	absurdities that men call the marvellous discoveries of science.
+	<em>No crank in Christendom ever conceived anything so utterly absurd.</em></p>
+
+	<p>Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power
+	is from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular
+	activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to execute
+	its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous, because this
+	intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount, and controlling
+	as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena of
+	what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent—or in
+	other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been
+	the agent of conception and growth—or antecedent. And if it had
+	the antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes
+	consequent—or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor
+	force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art5" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Progress of Discovery and Improvement.</h2>
+
+	<div id="misc7" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Wonderful Inventions</strong>.—Prof. Elisha Gray’s new discovery
+		is called <em>autotelegraphy</em>, and it is claimed that it will be possible with
+		its use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile
+		of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and
+		probably a much greater distance.—<cite>Phil. Press.</cite></p>
+
+		<p>A Washington special in the New York <cite>News</cite> says: The company
+		owning the <em>type-setting machine</em> has arranged to put up fifty of these
+		machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at
+		once in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati,
+		Chicago and other leading cities. The company claims that the
+		machine is now perfect, and that each machine will perform as much
+		work in setting type as ten average compositors.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc8" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Edison’s Phonograph.</strong>—New York, October 21. Edison gives
+		additional particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished
+		his first phonograph about ten years ago. “That,� he says,
+		“was more or less a toy. The germ of something wonderful was
+		perfectly distinct, but I tried the impossible with it, and when the
+		electric light business assumed commercial importance, I threw
+		everything overboard for that. Nevertheless, the phonograph has
+		been more or less constantly in mind ever since. When resting from
+		prolonged work upon light, my brain was found to revert almost automatically
+		to the old idea. Since the light has been finished, I
+		have taken up the phonograph, and after eight months of steady
+		work have made it a commercial invention. My phonograph I expect
+		to see in every business office. The first 500 will, I hope, be
+		ready for distribution about the end of January. Their operation is
+		simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or clerk who wishes
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page19" title="19"> </a>to send a letter has only to set the machine in motion, and to talk in
+		his natural voice, and at the usual rate of speed, into a receiver.
+		When he has finished the sheet, or ‘Phonogram,’ as I call it, it is
+		ready for putting into a little box made on purpose for mails. We
+		are making sheets in three sizes—one for letters of from 800 to 1,000
+		words, another size for 2,000 words, and another size for 4,000 words.</p>
+
+		<p>“I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office authorities
+		enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a
+		letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus
+		and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than
+		the best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the
+		two phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered
+		that one can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one
+		of whom has said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that
+		the letter may be repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does
+		not wear out by use. Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred
+		years and be ready for the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his
+		will to a phonograph, there will be no disputing the authenticity of
+		the document with those who knew the tones of his voice in life.
+		The cost of making the phonograph will be scarcely more than the
+		cost of ordinary letter paper. The machine will read out a letter or
+		message at the same speed with which it was dictated.�</p>
+
+		<p>Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers
+		to set type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He
+		claims great precision in repeating orchestral performances, so
+		that the characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc9" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><em>Type-setting Eclipsed</em>.—A new machine has been invented at Minneapolis
+		which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is
+		no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a
+		plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus attaining
+		the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a form of
+		type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then distributed.
+		The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten times
+		as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will enable an
+		author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than he can
+		write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are let
+		loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous literature
+		we shall have and what will become of the superfluous
+		printers?</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc10" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p>�<em>Printing in Colors</em> has taken a potent move forward. By the new
+		process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using
+		engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements,
+		the designs or pictures are ‘built up’ in a case of solid colors specially
+		prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion is
+		then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is wrapped
+		round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept moist, and
+		any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause an extraordinary
+		revolution in art work, also in manufactures.�</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc11" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page20" title="20"> </a>Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial
+		<em>steam wagon</em> for common roads. There is no reason why such
+		wagons should not come into use. When first proposed in England
+		they were put down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always
+		contended that the steam engine should have superseded the horse
+		fifty years ago.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc12" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Fruit Preserving.</strong>—About Christmas time in 1885 people in
+		San Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and
+		grapes, with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on
+		exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and
+		Sutter streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained
+		on exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed,
+		whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting
+		the natural decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no
+		peculiarity that could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious
+		process.</p>
+
+		<p>It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical
+		success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment
+		and Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West
+		Berkeley, announce that they are now ready to store and treat all
+		kinds of green articles, by the week or month, and for shipment
+		East. I. Allegretti, the inventor of this system, stated that he had
+		been experimenting with various processes for preserving green fruit
+		for twenty-six years, and had succeeded in discovering this system,
+		whose success has been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this
+		State.</p>
+
+		<p>The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of
+		storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is
+		galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing
+		visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation.
+		The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35
+		degrees.—<cite>Oakland Enquirer</cite>.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc13" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Napoleon’s Manuscript</strong>.—“A manuscript by Napoleon I. has
+		been sold in Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was
+		written by Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and
+		orthography are said to be those of an uneducated person. In this
+		manuscript he speaks with enthusiasm of Robespierre.�</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc14" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Peace</strong>.—Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of
+		true civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form
+		of an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The
+		British deputation which has visited this country to urge the
+		necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th, just
+		before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel,
+		in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished
+		gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O’Brien.
+		The deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent
+		advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew
+		Provard, M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John
+		Wilson, who represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page21" title="21"> </a>Whitman of the Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked,
+		“It is an inspiring fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social
+		growth, that this appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has
+		come, not so much from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as
+		from workingmen…. It would create an epoch in human
+		history second only in influence to the birth of Christ, and be such a
+		practical exemplification of religion as would awake the conscience
+		and touch the heart of all peoples.�</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div id="misc15" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Capital Punishment</strong> is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet
+	    outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the
+	    same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution
+	    of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects.
+	    They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather
+	    revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule
+	    of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives
+	    satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary
+	    language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with
+	    all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the
+	    Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies,
+	    co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both
+	    sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war,
+	    this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that
+	    has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions
+	    which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div id="misc16" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Antarctic Exploration.</strong>—The Australian colony of Victoria
+		has appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific
+		exploration in the Antarctic circle.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc17" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p>“<strong class="headline">The Desert shall Blossom as the Rose.</strong>“—“The ‘Great
+		American Desert’ was long ago found out to be a myth; and now
+		some of the remotest corners which were once supposed to be
+		included in it are proving to offer the largest promises of value for
+		agricultural and grazing purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it
+		has long been thought that certain immense areas must always be
+		comparatively useless because of their natural aridity. But engineers
+		have just completed plans for tapping the Rio Grande with
+		a canal and thus bringing under irrigation a tract some ten miles
+		wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing nearly a million acres.
+		The addition of so vast an area to the arable land of the Territory
+		means, of course, a large increase in the productive resources of that
+		section. Other canals may possibly do as much. The work of
+		sinking artesian wells is also going on there extensively, while the
+		project of constructing great storage reservoirs, in which the rainfall
+		of the wet season may be collected and from thence gradually
+		distributed through the dry season, is already in serious contemplation
+		by private enterprise. Modern scientific irrigation has already accomplished
+		wonders for the agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to
+		do even more for New Mexico.�</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art6" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page22" title="22"> </a>Life and Death.</h2>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">122 years</strong>.—The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye,
+	named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached
+	in the same parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name,
+	written in the old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a
+	copperplate.</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">154 years</strong>.—The Cincinnati <cite>Evening Telegram</cite> recently published
+	a special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached
+	here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of
+	Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of considerable
+	possessions. This man’s age at the time of death was indisputably
+	154 years. At Valdonado’s funeral the pall-bearers were
+	his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They
+	were white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all
+	their faculties.</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Americus</strong>, Ga., Sept. 25.—Edmond Montgomery died on Nick
+	Jordan’s place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He
+	was an African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia
+	from Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large
+	family in Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25
+	children in Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren
+	are unknown and unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight
+	and health, and never took a dose of medicine in his life.</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Thirty-three Children.</strong>—A West Virginian named Brown
+	recently visited Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim.
+	Inquiry showed that his mother had borne thirty-three children in
+	all. Twenty of this number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in
+	the Union army. Two were killed. The others survived. The
+	death of the two boys entitles the mother to a pension. General
+	Black says the files of the office fail to show another record where
+	the sixteen sons of one father and mother served as soldiers in the
+	late war.</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Effect of Poverty</strong>.—“M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian
+	physician, found that in France the death rate of persons between
+	the ages of forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was
+	only 8.3 per one thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of
+	similar age died at the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half
+	times as many of the poor as the rich died in France at these ages
+	out of a given number living.�</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Jenny Lind Goldschmidt</strong>, the famous Swedish singer, died at
+	London Nov. 1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents
+	and made her first appearance on the stage at nine years of age.</p>
+
+	<p class="subsection">“<strong class="headline">Mrs. Rachel Stillwagon</strong>, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest
+	woman on Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday,
+	surrounded by descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters
+	of a century ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon’s beauty extended
+	as far south as Baltimore.�</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art7" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page23" title="23"> </a>Chap. X.—The Law of Location in Organology.</h2>
+
+	<p class="chapter_outline">The primal laws applied to the brain—The four directions—The elements
+	of good and evil—The horizontal line of division—Frontal
+	and occipital organs and vertical dividing line—Preponderance
+	of the front in certain heads—Gall, Spurzheim, and Powell—Contrast
+	of frontal and occipital—Latitude, longitude, and
+	antagonism—Location of Health and Disease, of Benevolence,
+	Conscientiousness, Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and
+	Relaxation or Indolence, Patience and Irritability—Duality of
+	the brain and its important consequences—Errors of old
+	system—Self-respect and Humility—Modesty and Ostentation—Combativeness
+	and Harmony—Love and Hate—Adhesiveness and
+	Intellect, median and lateral—Religion and Profligacy—Laws
+	of arrangement and Pathognomy—Physiological influences of
+	basilar and coronal regions—Insanity—beneficial influence of
+	coronal region.</p>
+
+	<p>To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement
+	of facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who
+	are capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology,
+	arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A
+	chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic
+	basis and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of
+	a philosophic mind retains principles rather than details.</p>
+
+	<p>After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since
+	fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in accordance
+	with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain
+	is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of
+	life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material
+	worlds,—all interaction between mind and matter. These primal
+	laws are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain
+	removes all the perplexing complexity of organology.</p>
+
+	<p>Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The
+	upper legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is
+	above,—to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope, firmness,
+	and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions point downwards,
+	and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the heart
+	and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements, passions,
+	and appetites.</p>
+
+	<p>The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior
+	region, and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the
+	basilar region, while organs half-way between them are neutral
+	between these opposite tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse
+	has a location in the brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual
+	or material tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to
+	virtue or vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,—the
+	more capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher
+	position given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule
+	the inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal,
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page24" title="24"> </a>and the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed
+	by terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination
+	are useful and absolutely necessary.</p>
+
+	<p>In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as Conscientiousness
+	must be near the very summit, and that propensities
+	to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities
+	exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which
+	would ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is
+	full of human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile
+	age of its growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease
+	and crime. The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of
+	resisting either temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions
+	destroyed by the black death, in the fourteenth century, and the
+	countless millions destroyed by war in all centuries, including the
+	present, show how little we have advanced beyond the spirit of
+	savage life. The ferocity of nations is as much the product of their
+	cerebral organization, as the ferocity of the tiger, and springs from
+	the same region of the brain,—lying on the ridge of the temporal
+	bone,—a region that delights in fierce destruction, and is large in
+	all the carnivora. It would be contrary to the spirit of science to
+	ignore the fact that man has an element of ferocity similar to that of
+	the tiger, because in the fully developed man that fierce element is
+	overruled by the higher powers and confined to the destruction of
+	that which does not suffer. The unwillingness to recognize anything
+	evil comes not from the spirit of science, but from the <em>a priori</em>
+	assumptions of sentimental theology, which presumes that it thoroughly
+	comprehends the Deity (who is beyond all human comprehension),
+	and, out of its imaginative ignorance, fabricates <em>a priori</em>
+	philosophies and doctrines that everything in man is good, or that
+	everything in man is evil. Anthropology has not thus been evolved
+	from <em>a priori</em> speculation, but presents its systematic doctrines as
+	generalizations of the facts and experiments which have been carefully
+	acquired and studied through the last half-century. The facts
+	and experiments are too numerous to be recorded and published
+	now, and had no channel for publication when they occurred.</p>
+
+	<p>Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil,
+	in proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper
+	half operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling
+	influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine
+	superiority.</p>
+
+	<p>The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of
+	the forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical
+	line from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves.</p>
+
+	<p>The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active
+	faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the backward
+	forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is
+	the source of the forward movements by which our progress is
+	checked. The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible
+	action—the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and
+	feeble tranquillity and sensibility—the condition of a helpless victim.
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page25" title="25"> </a>The concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and
+	the necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great
+	that nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital
+	bone, at the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond
+	very nearly with the opening of the ear.</p>
+
+	<p>The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with
+	its center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely
+	has nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical
+	proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the
+	head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the
+	active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather
+	than active or ambitious life.<a href="#footnote_1" id="fnm1" title="The head of Dr. Gall..." class="fnmarker">1</a> In nations or races of ambitious
+	character, the head is long, or <em>Dolico-cephalic</em>, and the occipital
+	measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful, unambitious
+	character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of
+	the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal.</p>
+
+	<p>From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs
+	to the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is
+	associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the
+	vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates
+	vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in
+	its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force—the greatest
+	tendency to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region.
+	Both the front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe
+	tend to the expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and
+	it is absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe
+	should be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which
+	it would exhaust vitality.</p>
+
+	<p>We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward
+	in proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty,
+	and farther forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality—the
+	extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence.</p>
+
+	<p>With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality
+	and the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to
+	require my pupils to determine the location of the various elements
+	of human nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions
+	are located near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic
+	functions occupy opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion
+	as one is above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in
+	proportion as one is forward the other is backward,—in proportion
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page26" title="26"> </a>as one is interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or
+	toward the lateral surface.</p>
+
+	<p>With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where
+	should we locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of
+	healthy influence, and is therefore called Health? They will readily
+	decide that it belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the
+	most posterior, as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then
+	as to its latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably
+	above the middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after
+	comparing locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds
+	to the spot marked by the letters He.</p>
+
+	<div class="image">
+		<a href="images/illo1.png"><img src="images/illo1-th.png" width="487" height="598" alt="Sketch of a side view of a head. There are lines radiating from a point just above the ear." /></a>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give
+	us the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and the
+	greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page27" title="27"> </a>last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position anterior
+	and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the
+	middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to disease,
+	it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we recollect
+	that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal action of
+	Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute interior sensibility
+	by means of which we understand our physical condition and
+	are warned of every departure from health.</p>
+
+	<p>The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by
+	the letters Di.</p>
+
+	<p>We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz.,
+	that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located
+	nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it
+	must be located nearer to Disease.</p>
+
+	<p>Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will
+	and Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that
+	Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue
+	of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which
+	makes us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much
+	farther back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There
+	is no difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters
+	Be. and Con.</p>
+
+	<p>If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and
+	dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously
+	located below and behind the centre, where it is represented
+	by the letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading manifestation
+	of the selfish faculty.</p>
+
+	<p>As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our impulses
+	and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the performance
+	of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual, violent and
+	selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of duty. The one
+	being vertically above the centre of the brain, the other must be vertically
+	below it; one being on the upper the other must be on the
+	basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the middle lobe,
+	which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the cavity of
+	the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe, where it
+	rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the external marking
+	would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus auditorius.
+	For this organ and faculty, the name which would express its unrestrained
+	action is Baseness, as it would lead to the commission of
+	many crimes and the violation of all honesty and justice. For its
+	moderate and restrained activity, the term Selfishness would be sufficient
+	as it induces us to heed our selfish appetites, interests, and passions,
+	in opposition to the voice of duty. Its more normal activity is
+	to invigorate our animal life generally and prevent us from going too
+	far in the line of duty, patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let
+	it be marked Ba. Its position will be recognized on the vertical line
+	between the frontal and occipital, as it is not an element of energy
+	and success, nor of debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism,
+	which is not destitute of force.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page28" title="28"> </a>There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring
+	energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former
+	we must give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all
+	the virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness
+	as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to
+	health and therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness
+	it is not far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location.
+	Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist
+	Relaxation, the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness,
+	where we locate the letters Re.</p>
+
+	<p>The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability
+	are easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high
+	position. From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the
+	occiput, and from its steady, unyielding and supporting strength,
+	it cannot be assigned to the frontal region. It must, therefore,
+	be in the middle superior region, where the letters Pa. locate it.
+	Irritability must be on the median line of the basilar range (and
+	antagonizes Patience on the middle line above), but not as low
+	as Baseness, for one may be honorable though irritable and high-tempered,
+	but such temper is not compatible with very strict conscientiousness.</p>
+
+	<p>In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a
+	single but a double apparatus—a right and a left brain, each
+	complete in all the organs; consequently, we are in this instance
+	locating our organs in the left hemisphere alone, in which the
+	median line where it meets the other hemisphere is on its right
+	side, and the exterior surface is on its left. An organ located at the
+	median line, or inner surface, as Patience, must have its antagonist
+	at the external or lateral surface, as Irritability.</p>
+
+	<p>The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the
+	median line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface.
+	The left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently,
+	the right side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are
+	identical in function. How then does the right side of one compare
+	with the right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr.
+	Gall and his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen
+	into very great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was
+	mistaken in the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter
+	shown, having spoken of it as if we had a single brain,
+	and also mistaken in many of the organs concerning which a
+	knowledge of the relations of the two hemispheres to each other
+	would have corrected the errors. There is a striking analogy, or
+	coincidence of function between the two right sides and between
+	the two left sides never suspected prior to my investigations and
+	experiments.</p>
+
+	<p>Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which
+	has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability.
+	Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily
+	perceive that it must be in the upper region, but considerably
+	behind the vertical line, where we place the letters S.R.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page29" title="29"> </a>The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the
+	right or the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface.
+	The law governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation
+	are at the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual
+	character are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect,
+	or Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and
+	is, therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist
+	must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface,
+	as far below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as
+	far forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility
+	where the letters Hu. are located.</p>
+
+	<p>The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained
+	in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable,
+	for Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies
+	for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite,
+	and is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society.
+	This organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance
+	in front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command.</p>
+
+	<p>If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the
+	ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near
+	the horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the
+	propriety of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its
+	antagonism in Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That
+	species of modesty which produces a bashful and yielding character
+	will be found just below the horizontal line, while that form of
+	modest sentiment which produces the highest refinement rises into
+	connection with love at the upper surface. The organ thus runs
+	obliquely upward, corresponding to the position of the convolutions.
+	The antagonist, Ostentation, extends above and below the letters
+	Ost. on the occiput.</p>
+
+	<p>If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we
+	would naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the
+	lowest. We find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its
+	antagonist, which shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently
+	be in the superior anterior region, and near the intellectual organs
+	which it resembles in function by facilitating a mutual understanding,
+	and giving a spirit of concession. The location is marked Har.
+	for Harmony. It embraces a group of organs of harmonious
+	tendency, such as Friendship, Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability
+	and Admiration, as the Combative group is hostile, stubborn,
+	morose and censorious.</p>
+
+	<p>For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain
+	as the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment
+	than Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the
+	letters Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a
+	little behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic
+	faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result
+	in Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do.</p>
+
+	<p>Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme
+	front of the brain—the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page30" title="30"> </a>general character will be represented by its middle—the region of
+	Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate
+	to physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily
+	occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the
+	higher species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the
+	summit of the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms
+	of intellect, marked Understanding, are above—physical conceptions
+	below—Memory, which retains both, lying between them.</p>
+
+	<p>The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median
+	line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative
+	power, such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning,
+	belongs to the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according
+	to the principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of
+	the antagonism to the intellect.</p>
+
+	<p>Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and
+	its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the
+	higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is
+	a stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness.</p>
+
+	<p>Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind Irritability,
+	(as Religion is before Patience,) but before Acquisitiveness.
+	The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a lawless defiance of
+	everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive self-will and selfishness, resulting
+	in lawless profligacy. Profligacy would, therefore, be the
+	name for its predominance (Pr.), while executive independence and
+	energy for selfish purposes would be its more normal manifestation.</p>
+
+	<p>Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations
+	of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania
+	with character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments
+	upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with
+	general laws which are easily understood. The perfection of divine
+	wisdom is made fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of
+	the psychic phenomena of man.</p>
+
+	<p style="text-align:center;">“<span class="small_all_caps">A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN</span>,�</p>
+
+	<p>subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly
+	intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science
+	of <strong class="emphasis">Pathognomy</strong>, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of
+	the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are demonstrably
+	subject to mathematical laws.</p>
+
+	<p>I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the
+	localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but
+	would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological functions
+	of the brain.</p>
+
+	<p>Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence
+	upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and
+	muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and
+	muscular power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body,
+	are opposite to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature,
+	it follows that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for
+	sensual pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page31" title="31">&nbsp;</a>many respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence
+	mankind are imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality
+	and violence.</p>
+
+	<p>While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior
+	part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more anteriorly,
+	affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular vigor, and the
+	tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the vertical line separates
+	the indolent from the energetic basilar functions, and all the enfeebling,
+	sensitive, morbid faculties that impair our energies are in the anterior
+	basilar region.</p>
+
+	<p>The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life,
+	and sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion
+	of waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences,
+	it renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we
+	are strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to
+	bodily disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of
+	Disease and Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous
+	system, belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which
+	we reach through the junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.).
+	It is more interior, but not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism
+	is above on the temporal arch, between the lateral and
+	upper surfaces of the brain, marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental
+	firmness which resists disturbing influences.</p>
+
+
+
+	<p>The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite
+	influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing
+	the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and
+	attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper region.
+	By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and by restraining
+	the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to health
+	and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it not
+	only has this happy effect, but
+	by sustaining the occipital
+	half of the brain, gives a normal
+	and healthy energy to all
+	the powers of life. Such is
+	the influence of the group of
+	organs in which Health is
+	the centre.</p>
+
+	<p>It is obvious, therefore,
+	that the study of the brain
+	reveals laws which give us the
+	strongest inducement to an
+	honorable life as the only road
+	to success and happiness.</p>
+
+	<div class="illo_left">
+		<a href="images/illo2.png"><img src="images/illo2-th.png" width="302" height="370" alt="Side view of a head. There are 2-letter abbreviations all over it." /></a>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>To show the facility with
+	which organs may be located
+	upon general principles, I
+	present herewith the locations
+	actually made by a
+	small class of pupils when I
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page32" title="32"> </a>first proposed to have them determine locations according to the general
+	laws of organology. None of these locations would be called erroneous,
+	the most incorrect of all being Adhesiveness, located a little
+	too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac. Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy,
+	Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love, Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod.
+	Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con. Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness,
+	Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For. Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness,
+	Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea. Health, Dis. Disease, Ad.
+	Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar. Arrogance, Rev. Reverence,
+	Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness.</p>
+
+	<p>The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature
+	of cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions
+	of the organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and
+	psychic powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes
+	a good psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent
+	mind a corresponding influence on the physiological constitution,
+	but in the present state of mental science the conception of
+	such a correspondence is very vague.</p>
+
+	<p>Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented
+	by the words already coined in the English language for
+	other purposes, and I do not think it expedient at present to coin
+	new terms which would embarrass the student. The word Sanity,
+	for example, answers its purpose by signifying a mental condition
+	so firm and substantial as to defy the depressing and disturbing
+	influences that derange the mind. It produces not the mere negative
+	state, or absence of insanity, but a positive firmness, and self-control,
+	which is the interior expression of firmness. The cheerful, stable,
+	manly, and well-regulated character which it produces, disciplines
+	alike the intellect and the emotions, and shows itself in children by
+	an early maturity of character and deportment, and freedom from
+	childish folly and passion.</p>
+
+	<p>If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the
+	Greek word <strong class="emphasis">Sophrosyne</strong> would be a very good one, as it signifies a
+	self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb <strong class="emphasis">Andriso</strong>, signifying
+	to render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a
+	manly effort of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the
+	adjective form, <strong class="emphasis">Andrikos</strong>, and still more in the noun <strong class="emphasis">Andria</strong>,
+	which signifies manhood or manly sentiments and conduct. It
+	would not, however, be preferable to the English word, <strong class="emphasis">Manliness</strong>,
+	which is as appropriate a term as Sanity or <strong class="emphasis">Andria</strong>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="footnotes">
+	<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+	<ol>
+		<li id="footnote_1">
+			<p>The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance, which led him to the pursuits of
+			intellect instead of ambition, but also shows an immense force of character derived from its extreme
+			breadth and basilar depth. The head of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even
+			a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of the coronal over the basilar region, producing
+			his marked amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him physical force.</p>
+
+			<p>Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a long head, and who was a man of
+			restless ambition and fiery energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal development decidedly,
+			producing, although the frontal development was not large, much activity and force, or brilliancy of
+			mind, but not the calm temperament most favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold
+			and striking than accurate. Dr.&nbsp;P. made a valuable collection of crania, and was almost the only
+			American scientist who gave much attention to the <em>cultivation</em> of phrenology.
+
+			<a href="#fnm1" title="Return to marker 1" class="returnFN">Return</a></p>
+		</li>
+	</ol>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="business">
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+		the Journal of Man as long as I have a dollar.�—P. C. M.
+		“I do not see how I could get along
+		without it.�—G. B. N. “Enlarge the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>
+		five-fold.�—G. B. R. “I shall want it as long as
+		I remain in this life.�—Mrs. M. J. R. “Among
+		progressive minds and deep thinkers, it is considered
+		solid gold.�—W. E. S. “Count on me
+		as a life subscriber.�—N. J. S. “I hope you will
+		keep your pen moving, as the world has need of
+		your thoughts.�—S. C. W. “I wish you could
+		make it a four-dollar publication.�—A. W. “I
+		think it the most advanced publication extant.�—H.
+		W. W. “The rectification of cerebral science
+		is to me a demonstration.�—L. W. H. “It
+		accords with my views of man, and leads by going
+		beyond me.�—J. W. I. “The most scientific publication
+		that I have ever read, and far in advance of
+		all others.�—S. J. W. “The <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite>
+		is just what I want.�—C. L. A. “To say I like
+		the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>, and am much interested in it, is a
+		meagre way of expressing myself.�—H. F. B. “I
+		hope you will be able to extend it broadcast over
+		the land.�—Dr. W. W. B. “It has filled a long-felt
+		want in my mind.�—E. C. B., M. D. “I wish
+		that every editor in the world was actuated by the
+		same spirit that seems to actuate you. As long as
+		I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my
+		companion.�—W. B. “More than pleased.�—A.
+		E. C. “I know of nothing printed that equals
+		it.�—J. E. P. C. “I regard the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> as
+		important to mankind the world over.�—E. E. C.
+		“I am in receipt of several medical journals and
+		several newspapers; I think your <cite class="name">Journal of
+		Man</cite> contains more common sense than all the
+		others.�—S. F. D., M.D. “I bid you God speed
+		in your dissemination of truth.�—Rev. D. D.
+		“The more it is enlarged the better I am
+		pleased.�—A. F., M.D. “I perceive fully its important
+		mission.�—M. F. “I admire your thought and
+		expression.�—L. G. “I will take the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>
+		under all circumstances, and at any price.�—L.
+		I. G. “I admired the manner in which you
+		bombarded military unchristianity.�—A. J. H.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL.</h3>
+
+		<p>It is not yet decided that the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> shall be
+		enlarged. The flattering responses already received
+		are not sufficient in number to justify enlargement.
+		Unless the remainder of the readers of
+		the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> shall express themselves in favor of
+		enlargement it will not be attempted. The editor
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page34" title="34"> </a>is willing to toil without reward, but not to take
+		up a pecuniary burden in addition.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE.</h3>
+
+		<p>Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill
+		in the description of character and disease, with
+		general impressions as to past and future. Her
+		numerous correspondents express much gratification
+		and surprise at the correctness of her delineations.
+		The fee for a personal interview is $2; for
+		a written description $3; for a more comprehensive
+		review and statement of life periods, with directions
+		for the cultivation of Psychometry, $5.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>MAYO’S ANÆSTHETIC.</h3>
+
+		<p>The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical
+		operations, is the greatest triumph of Therapeutic
+		Science in the present century. It came
+		first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable
+		only to a few, and was restricted by the jealous
+		hostility of the old medical profession. Then
+		came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells,
+		of Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the
+		enlightened (?) medical profession of Boston, and
+		set aside for the next candidate, ether, discovered
+		in the United States also, but far interior to the
+		nitrous oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was
+		largely superseded by chloroform, discovered much
+		earlier by Liebig and others, but introduced as an
+		anæsthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved
+		to be the most powerful and dangerous of all.
+		Thus the whole policy of the medical profession
+		was to discourage the safe, and encourage the more
+		dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most
+		perfect of all anæsthetic agents, was expelled from
+		the realm of college authority; ether was substituted
+		for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to
+		ether, until frequent deaths gave warning.</p>
+
+		<p>Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has
+		not been the favorite, but has held its ground,
+		especially with dentists. But even nitrous oxide is
+		not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep,
+		when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is
+		applicable to all. To perfect the nitrous oxide,
+		making it universally safe and pleasant, Dr. U. K.
+		Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain
+		harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control
+		the fatal tendency which belongs to all anæsthetics
+		when carried too far. The success of Dr.
+		Mayo, in perfecting our best anæsthetic, is amply
+		attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike,
+		than whom, Boston had no better surgeon, pronounced
+		it “the safest the world has yet seen.�
+		It has been administered to children and to patients
+		in extreme debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams,
+		say they have given it “repeatedly in heart disease,
+		severe lung diseases, Bright’s disease, etc., where
+		the patients were so feeble as to require assistance
+		in walking, many of them under medical treatment,
+		and the results have been all that we could
+		ask—no irritation, suffocation, nor depression.
+		We heartily commend it to all as the anæsthetic of
+		the age.� Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered
+		Mayo’s anæsthetic to his wife with delightful
+		results when “her lungs were so badly disorganized,
+		that the administration of ether or gas
+		would be entirely unsafe.� The reputation of this
+		anæsthetic is now well established; in fact, it is
+		not only safe and harmless, but has great medical
+		virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming
+		into use for such purposes. In a paper before
+		the Georgia State Dental Society, Dr. E. Parsons
+		testified strongly to its superiority. “The nitrous
+		oxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully
+		under its influence to have very like the appearance
+		of a corpse,� but under this new anæsthetic
+		“the patient appears like one in a natural sleep.�
+		The language of the press, generally has been highly
+		commendatory, and if Dr. Mayo had occupied so
+		conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of Edinburgh,
+		his new anæsthetic would have been adopted at
+		once in every college of America and Europe.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">THE OPEN COURT.</p>
+
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">PUBLISHED BY</p>
+
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">The Open Court Publishing Company,</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">Rooms 41 and 42,</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">169-175 LA SALLE STREET,<br />
+        CHICAGO.</p>
+
+		<table class="ad_table" summary="Editors" style="margin:1em auto;">
+			<tr>
+				<td style="text-align:center;">B. F. <strong class="name">Underwood</strong>,<br />
+	        		<em>Editor and Manager</em>.</td>
+				<td style="text-align:center;"><strong class="name">Sara A. Underwood</strong>,<br />
+			        <em>Associate Editor</em>.</td>
+			</tr>
+		</table>
+
+		<p>The <cite>Open Court</cite> is a high-class, radical free-thought
+        Journal, devoted to the work of exposing
+        religious superstition, and establishing religion upon
+        the basis of science.</p>
+
+		<p>It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and
+        discusses all subjects of interest in the light of the
+        fullest knowledge and the most matured thought of
+        the age.</p>
+
+		<p>It has for contributors the leading thinkers and
+        writers of the old and new world. Among those
+        who contribute to its columns are the following
+        writers:—</p>
+		<ul style="width:40%;float:left;margin-right:2em;">
+			<li>Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford.</li>
+			<li>Richard A. Proctor.</li>
+			<li>Albert Revielle.</li>
+			<li>Edmund Montgomery, M.D.</li>
+			<li>Prof. E. D. Cope.</li>
+			<li>Col. T. W. Higginson.</li>
+			<li>Prof. Leslie F. Ward.</li>
+			<li>Prof. Henry C. Adams.</li>
+			<li>Jas. Parton.</li>
+			<li>Geo. Jacob Holyoake.</li>
+			<li>John Burroughs.</li>
+			<li>S. V. Clevenger, M.D.</li>
+			<li>John W. Chadwick.</li>
+			<li>M. J. Savage.</li>
+			<li>Moncure D. Conway.</li>
+			<li>Daniel Greenleaf Thompson.</li>
+			<li>Prof. Thomas Davidson.</li>
+			<li>Gen. J. G. R. Forlong.</li>
+			<li>Prof. W. D. Gunning.</li>
+			<li>Gen. M. M. Trumbull.</li>
+		</ul>
+
+		<ul>
+			<li>W. M. Salter.</li>
+			<li>Wm. J. Potter.</li>
+			<li>Elizabeth Cady Stanton.</li>
+			<li>Frederick May Holland.</li>
+			<li>Anna Garlin Spencer.</li>
+			<li>B. W. Ball.</li>
+			<li>Felix L. Oswald, M.D.</li>
+			<li>Theodore Stanton.</li>
+			<li>Mrs. Celia P. Wooley.</li>
+			<li>E. C. Hegeler.</li>
+			<li>Dr. Paul Carus.</li>
+			<li>Lewis G. James.</li>
+			<li>Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner.</li>
+			<li>Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr.</li>
+			<li>M. C. O’Byrne.</li>
+			<li>Samuel Kneeland, M.D.</li>
+			<li>Prof. Van Buren Denslow.</li>
+			<li>Mrs. Edna D. Cheney.</li>
+			<li>Wm. Clark, A.M.</li>
+			<li>Clara Lanza.</li>
+			<li>C. D. B. Mills.</li>
+			<li>Alfred H. Peters.</li>
+		</ul>
+
+		<p style="clear:both;">Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to
+        the discussion of scientific, religious, social and
+        economic questions, should send at once for a sample
+        copy of this great journal.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents.</p>
+
+		<p>Make all remittances payable to the order of
+        B.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;<span class="name">Underwood</span>, Treasurer; and address all
+        letters to <cite>Open Court</cite>, P. O. Drawer F., Chicago, Ills.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">“FORTY PATIENTS A DAY�</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_5">is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has
+		written on her <em>practical</em> experience in healing. No
+		one seems to have had better opportunity of demonstrating
+		the truth of mental science than Mrs.
+		Wilmans has had in her Southern home, where the
+		report of her skill was carried from mouth to
+		mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and
+		near. Send 15 cents for the pamphlet. Address:
+		Mrs. <span class="name">Helen Wilmans</span>, Douglasville, Georgia.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p style="text-indent:0em;"><span style="font-size:2em;float:left;padding-right:3px;">SEND</span> description of yourself, with 15c, for complete
+		written prediction of your future life,
+		etc.—<span class="name">N. M. Geer</span>, Port Homer, Jefferson Co., Ohio.</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="transcriber_note">
+	<p>Transcriber’s Note: The Table of Contents was copied from
+    the index to the volume.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="the_end"> </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December
+1887, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
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+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 11
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                             BUCHANAN'S
+                           JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+            VOL. I.        DECEMBER, 1887.        NO. 11.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+  The World's Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers
+  Social Conditions--Expenses at Harvard; European Wages; India as a
+    Wheat Producer; Increase of Insanity; Temperance; Flamboyant
+    Animalism
+  Transcendental Hash
+  Just Criticism
+  Progress of discovery and Improvement--Autotelegraphy; Edison's
+    Phonograph; Type-setting Eclipsed; Printing in Colors; Steam
+    Wagon; Fruit Preserving; Napoleon's Manuscript; Peace; Capital
+    Punishment; Antarctic Explorations; The Desert shall Blossom as
+    the Rose
+  Life and Death--Marvellous Examples
+  Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.--The Law of
+    Location in Organology
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S NEGLECTED OR FORGOTTEN LEADERS AND PIONEERS.
+
+
+Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of North
+America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at last
+received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been erected,
+which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue, before a
+distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October.
+
+The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was related
+on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address the
+following passages are extracted:
+
+    "What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of
+    authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of
+    Greenland, at least a fortnight's sail, there were, for 300
+    years after the beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on
+    the coast of America, with which colonies the home country
+    maintained commercial intercourse. The country to which the
+    merchant vessels sailed was Vinland.
+
+    "The fact next in importance that this history establishes is,
+    that the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of
+    Vinland was Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most
+    happily told by Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was
+    connected with the coast survey of the United States in the
+    latitudes which include the region between Hatteras and Cape
+    Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell, never passed to the south of the
+    peninsula of Cape Cod. He was succeeded by Thorwald, Leif's
+    brother. He came in Leif's ship in 1002 to Leif's headquarters
+    in Massachusetts Bay and passed the winter. In the spring, he
+    manned his ship and sailed eastward from Leif's house, and,
+    unluckily running against a neck of land, broke the stem of the
+    ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a place where the
+    tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and permitted the
+    men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to repair her.
+    When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose of the
+    ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of years
+    in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands, but
+    not going around the point on or near which he had set up his
+    ship's nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and
+    died, and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to
+    Greenland. A few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set
+    out with a fleet of three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven
+    were women, to go to Vinland, and in two days' sail beyond
+    Markland they came to the ship's nose set upon the shore, and,
+    keeping that upon the starboard, they sailed along a sandy
+    shore, which they called Wunderstrandir, and also
+    Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied that
+    they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald, turned
+    his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and Gudrid
+    went further south and trafficked, and gathered great wealth of
+    furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and Norway."
+
+Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the New
+England coast which are of Scandinavian origin.
+
+    "What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin
+    or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the Plymouth
+    or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there any
+    conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a
+    people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for
+    the most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing
+    here?
+
+    "I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was
+    the first European to tread the great land southwest of
+    Greenland. His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans,
+    who, to escape oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty
+    years, from Norway to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to
+    Plymouth. They established and maintained a republican form of
+    government, which exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty
+    in the King of Denmark, and the flag, like our own, bears an
+    eagle in its fold. Toward the close of the 10th century a
+    colony, of whom Leif's father and family were members, went out
+    from Iceland to Greenland. In about 999, Leif, a lad at the time
+    of his father's immigration, went to Norway, and King Olaf,
+    impressed with his grand elements of character, gave him a
+    commission to carry the Christianity to which, he had become a
+    convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and, with his soul on
+    fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year
+    accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony,
+    including his father.
+
+    "To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the
+    duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores,
+    we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese
+    discoverer under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who,
+    inspired by the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the
+    certainty of reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently
+    long, set out on a new and entirely distinct enterprise, having
+    a daring and a conception and an intellectual train of research
+    and deduction as its foundation quite his own. How welcome to
+    Boston will be the proposition to set up in 1892, a fit statue
+    to Columbus.
+
+    "We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has expressed
+    so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine
+    centuries ago, first trod our shores."
+
+The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of
+the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has waited
+for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and many other
+heroes of human progress.
+
+Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the Northmen
+who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old flat-bottomed
+ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which made the exploration
+of the Atlantic ocean possible.
+
+This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments
+of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who has
+lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus learned of the
+discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland, which he visited in
+1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the America of the Norsemen,
+but was sailing to find the Indies.
+
+But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant
+expressed it of Truth, "the eternal years of God are hers," and she
+needs a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph
+of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem
+almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth
+to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for more
+than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the universe,
+developed by the genius of PYTHAGORAS, was ignored, denied, and
+forgotten, until the honest scholar, COPERNICUS, revived it by a
+mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long enough to see
+trampled on; for the great astronomer that next appeared, Tycho Brahe,
+denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted to suppress it in the
+person of Galileo, who is said to have been forced by imprisonment and
+torture to succumb to authority (the torture may not be positively
+known, but is believed with good reason). Even Luther joined in the
+theological warfare against science, saying, "I am now advised that a
+new astrologer is risen, who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth
+and goeth about, not the firmament, the sun and moon--not the
+stars--like as when one sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is
+moved, thinketh he sitteth still and resteth, but the earth and trees
+do move and run themselves. Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our
+own foolish fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the
+whole art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and
+teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand
+still, and not the earth."
+
+The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the Church
+generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position in an
+age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to admit of
+enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of the age
+and slowly moves. At the present time it is being _slowly_ permeated
+by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is another form of
+ignorance.
+
+Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within which
+they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they look upon all
+that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and alas, this
+is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes. It was the
+French Academy that laughed at Harvey's discovery and at Fulton's plan
+of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago's suggestion of the
+electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at Franklin's
+proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated both Fulton and
+Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty that arrayed itself
+against the introduction of Peruvian bark, which they have since made
+their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh Review which poured its
+ridicule upon Gall, that advised the public to put Thomas Gray in a
+straight-jacket for advocating the introduction of railroads. Equally
+great was the stupidity of the French. The first railroad was
+constructed in France fifty years ago. Emil Periere had to make the
+line at his own expense, and it took three years to obtain the consent
+of the authorities. Their leading statesman, Thiers, contended that
+railroads could be nothing more than toys. We remember that a
+committee of the New York Legislature was equally stupid, and
+endeavored to prove in their report that railways were entirely
+impracticable. English opposition was still more stupidly absurd. Both
+Lords and Commons in Parliament were entirely opposed. "The engineers
+and surveyors as they went about their work were molested by mobs.
+George Stephenson was ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all
+those who supported him as lunatics and fools." "George Stephenson
+although bantered and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his
+project, in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine
+would kill the birds and destroy the cattle along the route, that the
+fields would be ruined, and people be driven mad by noise and
+excitement."
+
+Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of
+colleges and the professional classes to all great innovations. "Truly
+(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has
+become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by
+physicians," and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that "nux
+vomica is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the
+effect of mere chance."
+
+The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every
+innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic,
+winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and even
+forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as "an insult
+on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers."
+
+It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover
+with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of
+the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that
+of Copernicus for Pythagoras.
+
+This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was no
+brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century
+than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell into
+obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation. He had
+that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists.
+
+He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in
+philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern
+scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had
+already been performed.
+
+    "At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments
+    or even of originating new ones. He considered that however
+    necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great
+    sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established,
+    time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it
+    might be applied, or the principles which it might tend to
+    elucidate."
+
+He says, in his Bakerian lecture, "Nor is it absolutely necessary in
+this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments
+there is already an ample store."
+
+In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, "Acute
+suggestion was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my
+ambition than experimental illustration," and on another occasion,
+referring to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said,
+"For my part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to
+supersede the necessity of experiments, and more especially of
+expensive ones." The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young:
+
+    "The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated
+    relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to solve,
+    nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I
+    include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task
+    without getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered
+    that a wonderfully simple solution had been discovered at the
+    beginning of this century, and had been in print ever since for
+    any one to read who chose. This solution was found and published
+    by the same Thomas Young, who first showed the right method of
+    arriving at the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics."
+
+    "He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the
+    misfortune to be _too far in advance of his contemporaries_.
+    They looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his
+    bold speculations, and thus a mass of his most important
+    thoughts remained buried and forgotten in the 'Transactions of
+    the Royal Society,' until a later generation by slow degrees
+    arrived at the re-discovery of his discoveries, and came to
+    appreciate the force of his argument and the accuracy of his
+    conclusions."
+
+This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of Dr.
+Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from the day
+when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the stake by the
+Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor his memory in
+Italy.
+
+What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist, and
+physician, John Hunter? While he lived, "most of his contemporaries
+looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an innovator,"
+according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was decided to
+inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to find his body,
+which was at last discovered in a vault along with 2000 others piled
+upon it.
+
+Harvey's discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and
+Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published after
+Harvey's death.
+
+When Newton's investigations of light and colors were first published,
+"A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to obtain the
+unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions
+which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm." Some, like
+Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and succeeded in making
+a failure, which was published; like certain professors who at
+different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful experiments in
+mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always succeeded in making the
+failure they desired.
+
+Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, "that though the
+author of the _Principia_ survived the publication of that great work
+nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty
+followers out of England."
+
+If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations
+of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has human nature
+sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much better results from
+the colleges of to-day--from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the rest?
+If such a change has occurred, I have not discovered it.
+
+Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer
+of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his time,
+continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence by
+casting astrological nativities.
+
+Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian tube and
+the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of his time,
+but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical tables, which
+were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714.
+
+Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active
+hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and
+most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying the
+benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred years
+ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein in the last
+century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences, and also fully
+illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it to breeding trout
+and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten until in 1842 two
+obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and practised this
+process. The French government was attracted by the success of these
+fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost art was revived.
+
+Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in 1807,
+was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of thirty
+years.
+
+The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich FROEBEL, is one of
+the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape from total
+failure and oblivion.
+
+The "Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel," translated from the German
+of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account of his life
+and labors, upon which the following notice is based:
+
+    "Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of
+    education would have died with him--to be resurrected and
+    reapplied by somebody else centuries later--only for a friend
+    and interpreter who remained to give his teachings to the world.
+    This friend, disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz.
+    His system of education had this peculiarity which made it
+    different from any other plan of teaching ever given to the
+    world--it was first grasped in its full significance by women.
+    They, sooner than men, saw its truth to nature, and its grand,
+    far-reaching meaning, and became at once its enthusiastic
+    disciples. But the German women are in a bondage almost unknown
+    to their sisters of the other civilized races, therefore
+    Froebel's reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles been
+    given to the world in the midst of American or English women,
+    they would most likely have been popularly known and adopted
+    long ago.
+
+    "Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow
+    from the "new education" in his time. While he lived the
+    ungrateful tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed
+    him to scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any
+    great and lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this
+    is given in the anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz's first
+    meeting with the founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins
+    the book, and it is the key-note of the sorrowful undertone
+    throughout.
+
+    "In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein.
+    She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place,
+    and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man
+    had settled down near the springs who danced and played with the
+    village children, and was called by people "the old fool." A few
+    days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met "the old
+    fool." He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching
+    a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was
+    teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging
+    to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he
+    played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of
+    both Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile,
+    and said to her companion:
+
+    "'This man is called 'old fool' by these people. Perhaps he is
+    one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries,
+    and to whom future generations build monuments.'"
+
+    "I knew," says Madame Von M., "that I had to do with a true
+    man--with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his
+    pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of
+    a man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and
+    that it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only
+    thought of empty play, without any serious purpose."
+
+    "Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life,
+    and just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his
+    ideas, there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was
+    also a death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian
+    Government was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror,
+    who made the English people put their lights out at dark, and
+    suddenly, in August, 1851, the Prussian Government immortalized
+    itself by passing a decree forbidding the establishment of any
+    kindergartens within the Prussian dominions. In unguarded
+    moments, Froebel had used the expression "education for
+    freedom," in referring to his beloved plans, and that was enough
+    for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she has been ever
+    since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet recovered from
+    this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and died. But a
+    little time before he died, he said: "If 300 years after my
+    death, my method of education shall be completely established
+    according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven."
+
+    "Froebel's life was full of strange vicissitudes and
+    disappointments. The few friends who understood him, and the
+    children whom he taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better
+    than anybody else, reverenced him, and loved him as father,
+    prophet, and teacher.
+
+    "On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his
+    beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read
+    about. It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man
+    immeasurably. Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song
+    of the children, and as he stepped out of his chamber to the
+    lecture-room, he saw that it had been splendidly adorned with
+    flowers, festoons, and wreaths of all kinds. The day was
+    celebrated with songs and rejoicing, and gifts were received
+    from pupils and friends in various parts of the world, and in
+    the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green wreath upon
+    the master's head.
+
+    "Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest
+    peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during
+    his illness he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to
+    his friends. He had the window opened frequently, so he could
+    gaze once more on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost
+    his last words were: 'Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!'"
+
+JOHN FITCH, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate than
+Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his invention
+was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by a small
+steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the convention
+that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain sufficient
+co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his boat to
+rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to his home at Bardstown,
+Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful struggles of Fitch make a
+melancholy history. In his last appeal he used this language: "But why
+those earnest solicitations to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me
+with the most excruciating anxieties; and why not act the part for
+myself, and retire under the shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio,
+and eat my coarse but sweet bread of industry and content, and when I
+have done, to have my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of
+the banks, with my name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future
+generations when traversing the mighty waters of the West, _in the
+manner that I have pointed out_, may find my grassy turf."
+
+IN the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno,
+Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch,
+Stephenson, and _many_ others, we learn that he who assails the
+Gibraltar of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to
+conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps
+to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the
+predestined surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for
+the eternal law of the universe declares that all darkness shall
+disappear, and Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already
+fill the souls of the lovers of wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE EXPENSES AT HARVARD.--A physician has written me to know
+what the annual expense is for an undergraduate at Harvard College.
+The inquiry is made that he (the querist) may know somewhere near what
+it will cost to send his son to that institution. Thinking that others
+of the _Journal's_ readers might like to know what a literary (or
+liberal) education costs at a first-class college, I have looked up
+the present cost, and by comparing it with my own, thirty-five years
+ago, I find that expense has increased from year to year, until now it
+requires about $550 to $600 annually to cover tuition, room-rent,
+board, and common running expenses. A boy might squeeze through for
+$400 a year, but he would have to pinch and be niggardly, if not mean.
+The $550 or $600 would not cover vacation expenses and society dues,
+therefore the larger sum ought to be reckoned as the cost annually for
+a Harvard undergraduate at the present time. And upon inquiry, I find
+that about the same amount of money is required by an undergraduate of
+Yale. Board in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the
+four years' course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich
+students spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten
+per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard
+expended $350 to $400 a year--a cost which did not cover vacation
+expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark that as high
+an order of scholarship can be obtained at "Western" colleges as in
+Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life would not be
+two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant course? The _name_
+and _fame_ of an institution count for something. A recently founded
+college may not live long; it has to be tested by time before
+_prestige_ can be attained. Universities have to be endowed before
+they can command the best talent of the world in teachers. The fees
+obtained from students will not pay the expenses of a first-class
+literary institution.
+
+Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in life,
+but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best chance
+to win in the race we are running.--_Eclectic Medical Journal_.
+
+
+EUROPEAN WAGES.--Senator Frye said in a public address in Boston: "I
+say from all my observations made there, and they were made as
+carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose, there
+is only one country in Europe that comes within half of our wages, and
+that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and some not within
+one-quarter, of our wages."
+
+
+INDIA AS A WHEAT PRODUCER.--"Consul-General Bonham says she is a
+dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of Consul-General
+Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length of the wheat
+interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat in 1886 was about
+27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000 bushels. As compared
+with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the Indian wheat is inferior, but
+when exported to Europe it is mixed and ground with wheat of a
+superior quality, by which process a fair marketable grade of flour is
+obtained. The method of cultivating the soil is in the main the same
+as it was centuries ago, and there seems to be great difficulty in
+inducing the farmer to invest in modern agricultural implements, and
+yet, with all the simple and primitive methods, the Indian farmers
+can, in the opinion of the Consul-General, successfully compete with
+those of the United States in the production of wheat. This is due to
+the fact that the Indian farmer's outfit represents a capital of not
+more than $40 or $50, and his hired help works, feeds, and clothes
+himself on about $2.50 a month. The export of wheat from British India
+has increased from 300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886,
+and the increase of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt.
+
+    "The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have
+    claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as
+    a competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does
+    not concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the
+    United States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in
+    India is yet in its infancy, and its further development depends
+    principally upon the means of transportation to the sea-board.
+    He fears that with the cheap native labor of India and the
+    constantly growing facilities for transportation, the United
+    States will find her a formidable competitor as a producer of
+    wheat."
+
+
+INCREASE OF INSANITY.--I have repeatedly referred to the increase of
+insanity and crime under our heartless system of education. It is
+illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase between
+1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in
+population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New
+Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two
+States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In
+Massachusetts, population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode
+Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut,
+population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total number of
+insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in 1872, to 7,232, in
+1885,--an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are the estimates
+prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of Middletown, Conn. Is
+it possible by the repetition of such statements as these to rouse the
+torpid conscience of the leaders of public opinion to the necessity of
+a NEW EDUCATION?
+
+
+TEMPERANCE.--According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the
+annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States, from
+1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled
+spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870.
+The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption of
+wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth as much--since
+1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption of malt
+liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half that of spirits,
+has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as great, the
+number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines, 0.38; malt
+liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all sorts has
+risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886. The
+consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per cent.
+in the last seven years.
+
+The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than for
+the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than for
+the previous year.
+
+    "Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in
+    Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale.
+    The consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7
+    litres a head in a population of 39,000,000; but in some
+    districts 15-1/2 litres was the average (4-1/2 litres go to a
+    gallon). In all Austro-Hungary there was an increase of nearly
+    4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol in 1884-85 over
+    1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different places (stations,
+    gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors were sold. In
+    districts where the most spirits are used there were fewer fit
+    recruits."
+
+
+FLAMBOYANT ANIMALISM.--In Boston, which sometimes calls itself our
+American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are daily
+neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and
+pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading
+daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of
+all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support.
+
+The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a splendid
+ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other dignitaries to
+honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds, worth $8,000,
+was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure for England
+was honored like that of a prince by accompanying boats, booming
+cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said to swing a $2000 cane
+presented by his admirers. How far have we risen in eighteen centuries
+above the barbarism of Rome? There is no heathen country to-day that
+worships pugilism. Perhaps when the saloon is abolished, we may take
+another step forward in civilization. London has rivalled Boston,
+giving Sullivan a popular reception by crowds which blocked up the
+principal streets.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCENDENTAL HASH
+
+
+The _Winsted (Conn.) Press_ published an article on Buddhism in
+America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of
+some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude
+thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the
+curious. The following is the article:
+
+
+BUDDHISM IN AMERICA.
+
+While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado,
+making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism is
+spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our most
+intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or force.
+There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and their
+number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any other
+faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they are
+following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the
+principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes
+called "Christian science"), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic
+metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same thing, and
+we may also include their intimate relative, known here as Modern
+Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater than that
+which invariably arises from different interpretations of the same
+idea by different individuals under differing environment. To compare
+these differences with the differences of the Protestant sects would
+be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly worthy of
+association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists,
+and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and
+Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of
+illustration.
+
+Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that the
+number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps, are
+reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings, may be
+placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified, spiritualized, and
+improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely to unite the
+liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and Infidels
+alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual faith,
+opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the leadership
+of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal power of
+Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions which have
+attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the Christ man of
+1800 years ago.
+
+Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous
+upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this
+country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual
+life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious
+lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic plane.
+We have been passing through the very same experiences that preceded a
+downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by the new era of
+Christian mythology in one part of the world and Buddhistic mythology
+in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to deliver exalted teachings
+which would lift the world out of bondage to an older faith and its
+more cruel superstitions and the corruptions of priestcraft and gross
+ceremonials; both were reformers of substantially the same abuses;
+both suffered for humanity, both lived humble and inspired lives, both
+were interpreters of the same truths to different peoples, both were
+good men, and both have come down to us with their greatness
+exaggerated by their followers beyond anything they claimed for
+themselves, while the personal existence of each is shrouded in the
+same mystery and covered with the same doubt. That these two men did
+exist as men we may well believe, but that as personages they were
+incarnated on earth is a matter of small importance compared with the
+consequences which have followed their supposed embodiment.
+
+The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance of
+new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of
+infidelity and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern
+Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people, premise
+tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual thought--an
+era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust.
+
+Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices born
+of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are
+outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old truths
+with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded
+in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of
+spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to
+humanity, of liberty, justice and love.
+
+This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or
+does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is
+not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism
+corrupted by Brahmic theocracy--as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by
+papistic theology and sectarian piety--has come to us as a morbid
+asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures
+and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is
+probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and
+unreceptive habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas.
+A system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God,
+Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through
+countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of
+apparently infinite wisdom--a condition beyond phenomenal existence
+and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana
+nor admits immortal existence as we understand existence--i.e., in a
+perpetually objective form of some sort. It is better in some
+respects, though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we
+are taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their
+fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections,
+and they are not more "gods" than other men, save in their greater
+experience.
+
+Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to
+Christianity--an acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of
+priestly ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the
+letter; an application of principles and ideas to real life and
+claiming not only to have new light but to be ever progressive. It is
+highly and intensely spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous
+powers over natural forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave
+the earth untouched and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance
+movement in the East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in
+Buddhism is but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It
+claims that intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal
+association of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land
+or clime. Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we
+are told, without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass
+the mysteries of the occult science, which claims only to be like
+other science, the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over
+subtle forces of nature which physical scientists fail to recognize.
+Its ethics are the highest conceivable, and the individual existence
+of the soul apart from the body a matter of commonest demonstration
+among the adepts.
+
+Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand it,
+that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It is
+theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American thought in
+the psychological direction. Confined though it is at present chiefly
+to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted that this is the
+limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to human needs. It
+is spending in this country with amazing rapidity, and though yet a
+child is certain to bring about a great change in the ideas of many
+regarding mind, its power over and priority to matter. So far as its
+students devote their attention to other than such comprehension of
+its postulates as is necessary to become healers, they are Buddhistic
+in thought and expression, and some even accept a modified theory of
+metempsychosis known as reincarnation. Still they reject the
+philosophy of Spiritualism respecting spirit life, and appear to be
+all at sea as regards the immediate future of the individual. In their
+utterances on this they are more Buddhist than Christian, as in other
+respects. They doubt or deny individual existence of the soul. The
+Spiritualist believes that his soul will have for all time a body of
+some sort, spiritual or physical, and his spirit-world and life are
+filled with very human occupations, thoughts and desires, carried on
+amid familiar scenery in a very substantial and earth-like manner. He
+believes in progress eternal, and the possibility of final mergement
+of his individual self into the All-Self is so remote as to give him
+no concern. But the mental scientist, as near as we can express his
+notion, rejects the idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his
+personality as purely mortal and his soul one with indivisible God,
+now and forever. Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit
+or astral body he does not understand as ever existing to preserve
+individuality after physical dissolution--in this differing as much
+from the theosophist as from the Spiritualist.
+
+When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians, and
+liberal thinkers, generally, unite--as they easily may, for they have
+now no irreconcilable disagreement--they will form a powerful body of
+thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion will be a
+better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity than Christ
+revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg or Davis
+heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day and its new light and
+promise, for the old theologies are wearisome emptiness and humbug,
+and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient in their
+testimony. We do not expect that a new church will arise and a new
+sectarianism follow. But a new conception of life, its origin, purpose
+and destiny may come to lift the people of America out of the old
+religious rut. And in consequence the old depressing question, "Is
+life worth living?" answered once by Buddha's No, may be answered anew
+by Humanity's Yes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive and
+restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United States
+generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number of their
+members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in liberality. The
+new religion and philosophy of the future will be luminous, scientific
+and philanthropic--not a conglomeration of vague speculations. True,
+reverential religion is not a dreamy or speculative impulse, but an
+earnest love of mankind and of duty, which does not waste itself in
+unprofitable speculations, but eagerly pursues the positive knowledge
+of this life and the next, which gives practical wisdom and diffuses
+happiness. All systems of religion talk about love and recommend it,
+but their followers seldom realize it in their lives. The religion of
+the future will _realize_ it. Apropos to this subject, Col. Van Horn,
+of the _Kansas City Journal_, says:
+
+    "And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the
+    United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of
+    Buddhism sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the
+    philosophy of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general
+    reader, but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts
+    and are making them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making
+    more from us than we are from them. And they are from the very
+    best and brightest intellects among us--not the illiterate, but
+    the most cultured of the educated classes. It will not do to
+    suppress this fact in the discussion--for this is an age when
+    facts must be looked in the face."
+
+
+
+
+JUST CRITICISM.
+
+
+The intellectual editor of the _Kansas City Journal_ has made some
+very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of
+fashionable Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented:
+
+    "As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a
+    thing as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example
+    in Paris, by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which
+    illustrates how great men in special departments walk blindfold
+    over things that afford no mystery to common minds. We allude to
+    certain experiments in hypnotism--the professional name for
+    mesmerism. The medical profession for more than half a century
+    sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer, until now compelled to
+    recognize them, they have not the manliness to acknowledge the
+    fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature to conceal
+    their change of front. To make a long story short these
+    gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day,
+    enjoined him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the
+    next day, and despite every effort of will on the part of the
+    subject, the crimes have been attempted, and the victim only
+    saved from himself by the interposition of the operator, who was
+    present to remove the influence--or through the understanding of
+    the party against whom the offence was to be committed, in the
+    form of the robbery actually carried out.
+
+    "But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce
+    it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related
+    agitations for the solution of the mystery."
+
+[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not
+chargeable to _Science_, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The
+ablest thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of
+the soul, and the new anthropology traces these powers to their
+localities in the brain.--ED. OF JOURNAL.]
+
+    "How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was
+    called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the
+    inspiration of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at
+    another called after one of its more modern
+    discoverers,--mesmerism--now hypnotism--which is only another
+    name for magnetic sleep--if anybody knows what that is--or for
+    somnambulism. Common sense tells common people that it is only
+    an abnormal manifestation of the power that gives one person
+    control over another, or enables one person to influence
+    another. The simple every-day habit of exacting a promise from
+    your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to make a like
+    promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance with
+    the conditions of mortality--death being the complete process.
+    So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of
+    the common power which we call personal influence. That is all.
+    But that is not mysterious enough for learned people--it is not
+    scientific enough--as everybody can understand it.
+
+    "Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the
+    estimation of the teacher--it suggests that what we call the
+    human mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the
+    every-day machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less
+    within the grasp of the common mind. There is a higher plane of
+    knowledge than that of mere physical science, and if the
+    theologian mistook its teaching, it is no reason why the pursuit
+    of that knowledge on this higher plane should be ignored. Hence
+    it is that this discovery by Charcot and others, to which we
+    allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because the methods of
+    science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the admission
+    of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena.
+
+    "And just here, it may as well be said first as last,--that the
+    profession to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school
+    of applied science, will ever read the lesson of these
+    experiments, nor will any of the so-called regular schools of
+    learning. The riddle will be read by some thinker outside, and
+    when the bread-and-butter purveyors of theology, science and the
+    schools have become indoctrinated, and prefer to pay their money
+    for the new instead of the old--then these self-constituted
+    teachers of humanity will all know that the cow was to eat the
+    grindstone--and teach the fact. We simply state a fact, known to
+    history, that the progress of the world is due to the inventor
+    and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single thing, from
+    the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has been
+    from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had
+    to fight its way against the teaching class, from time
+    immemorial. The circulation of the blood, which every
+    pig-sticker knew since knives were invented, had to be forced
+    upon medical science by a quack. And now, although the phenomena
+    we refer to have been before the teaching class since history
+    records anything, and although Mesmer taught it experimentally
+    eighty years ago, science has now only got so far as to admit
+    the existence of the phenomena.
+
+    "Why have not the professions given these things more attention,
+    and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a
+    century practically denied their existence? That question is a
+    legitimate one. And at the risk of being charged with
+    unfriendliness, it must be said that it was either from an
+    inability to think or from a narrow creedism that will not
+    accept a truth from outside discovery. The effect of this, and
+    what constitutes a crime in the teaching class, is, that it has
+    for all these long years shut out this now accepted knowledge
+    from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching class as
+    authority,--and to use a business form of speech,--pay them for
+    finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the world
+    and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to
+    begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off--a long, dark, weary
+    denial of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This
+    is a serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the
+    scientific world to be but the simple truth.
+
+    "And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more than
+    eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down the
+    wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time
+    have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying
+    its remarkable phenomena."
+
+[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the
+old-fashioned and so-called regular medical and clerical professions,
+all of whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the
+colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against
+science and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of
+man in any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and
+the presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the
+highest forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the
+College of Therapeutics in Boston.--ED. OF JOURNAL.]
+
+And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul,
+that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human
+body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by
+which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of which
+we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming
+mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that chemistry
+cannot deal with because analysis is not the method. Molecules, to use
+a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules don't think, and this
+thing we are considering does think. Molecules are amenable to
+chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is not and cannot
+be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at twelve o'clock
+the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest a theft, they
+may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of changes before the
+hour of meridian arrives to-morrow--and not at all likely at that
+exact moment to be in the stealing combination again. Or, if so, it is
+not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article it was combined
+on the day previous. Yet this infinite series of impossibilities must
+be possible to have the experiments we refer to come true--on the
+theory of molecular action. This is one of those absurdities that men
+call the marvellous discoveries of science. _No crank in Christendom
+ever conceived anything so utterly absurd._
+
+Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power is
+from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular
+activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to
+execute its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous,
+because this intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount,
+and controlling as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena
+of what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent--or in
+other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been the
+agent of conception and growth--or antecedent. And if it had the
+antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes
+consequent--or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor
+force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY AND IMPROVEMENT.
+
+
+WONDERFUL INVENTIONS.--Prof. Elisha Gray's new discovery is called
+_autotelegraphy_, and it is claimed that it will be possible with its
+use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile
+of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and probably a
+much greater distance.--_Phil. Press._
+
+A Washington special in the New York _News_ says: The company owning
+the _type-setting machine_ has arranged to put up fifty of these
+machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at once
+in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, Chicago
+and other leading cities. The company claims that the machine is now
+perfect, and that each machine will perform as much work in setting
+type as ten average compositors.
+
+
+EDISON'S PHONOGRAPH.--New York, October 21. Edison gives additional
+particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished his first
+phonograph about ten years ago. "That," he says, "was more or less a
+toy. The germ of something wonderful was perfectly distinct, but I
+tried the impossible with it, and when the electric light business
+assumed commercial importance, I threw everything overboard for that.
+Nevertheless, the phonograph has been more or less constantly in mind
+ever since. When resting from prolonged work upon light, my brain was
+found to revert almost automatically to the old idea. Since the light
+has been finished, I have taken up the phonograph, and after eight
+months of steady work have made it a commercial invention. My
+phonograph I expect to see in every business office. The first 500
+will, I hope, be ready for distribution about the end of January.
+Their operation is simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or
+clerk who wishes to send a letter has only to set the machine in
+motion, and to talk in his natural voice, and at the usual rate of
+speed, into a receiver. When he has finished the sheet, or
+'Phonogram,' as I call it, it is ready for putting into a little box
+made on purpose for mails. We are making sheets in three sizes--one
+for letters of from 800 to 1,000 words, another size for 2,000 words,
+and another size for 4,000 words.
+
+"I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office
+authorities enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a
+letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus
+and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than the
+best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the two
+phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered that one
+can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one of whom has
+said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that the letter may be
+repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does not wear out by use.
+Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred years and be ready for
+the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his will to a phonograph,
+there will be no disputing the authenticity of the document with those
+who knew the tones of his voice in life. The cost of making the
+phonograph will be scarcely more than the cost of ordinary letter
+paper. The machine will read out a letter or message at the same speed
+with which it was dictated."
+
+Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers to set
+type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He claims great
+precision in repeating orchestral performances, so that the
+characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished.
+
+
+_Type-setting Eclipsed_.--A new machine has been invented at
+Minneapolis which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is
+no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a
+plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus
+attaining the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a
+form of type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then
+distributed. The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten
+times as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will
+enable an author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than
+he can write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are
+let loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous
+literature we shall have and what will become of the superfluous
+printers?
+
+
+"_Printing in Colors_ has taken a potent move forward. By the new
+process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using
+engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements,
+the designs or pictures are 'built up' in a case of solid colors
+specially prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion
+is then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is
+wrapped round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept
+moist, and any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause
+an extraordinary revolution in art work, also in manufactures."
+
+
+Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial
+_steam wagon_ for common roads. There is no reason why such wagons
+should not come into use. When first proposed in England they were put
+down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always contended that the
+steam engine should have superseded the horse fifty years ago.
+
+
+FRUIT PRESERVING.--About Christmas time in 1885 people in San
+Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and grapes,
+with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on
+exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and Sutter
+streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained on
+exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed,
+whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting the natural
+decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no peculiarity that
+could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious process.
+
+It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical
+success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment and
+Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West Berkeley,
+announce that they are now ready to store and treat all kinds of green
+articles, by the week or month, and for shipment East. I. Allegretti,
+the inventor of this system, stated that he had been experimenting
+with various processes for preserving green fruit for twenty-six
+years, and had succeeded in discovering this system, whose success has
+been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this State.
+
+The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of
+storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is
+galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing
+visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation.
+The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35
+degrees.--_Oakland Enquirer._
+
+
+NAPOLEON'S MANUSCRIPT.--"A manuscript by Napoleon I. has been sold in
+Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was written by
+Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and orthography are said
+to be those of an uneducated person. In this manuscript he speaks with
+enthusiasm of Robespierre."
+
+
+PEACE.--Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of true
+civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form of
+an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The
+British deputation which has visited this country to urge the
+necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th,
+just before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel,
+in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished
+gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O'Brien. The
+deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent
+advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew Provard,
+M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John Wilson, who
+represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William Whitman of the
+Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked, "It is an inspiring
+fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social growth, that this
+appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has come, not so much
+from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as from workingmen.... It
+would create an epoch in human history second only in influence to the
+birth of Christ, and be such a practical exemplification of religion
+as would awake the conscience and touch the heart of all peoples."
+
+
+CAPITAL PUNISHMENT is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet
+outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the
+same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution
+of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects.
+They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather
+revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule
+of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives
+satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary
+language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with
+all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the
+Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies,
+co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both
+sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war,
+this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that
+has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions
+which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty.
+
+
+ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.--The Australian colony of Victoria has
+appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific
+exploration in the Antarctic circle.
+
+
+"THE DESERT SHALL BLOSSOM AS THE ROSE."--"The 'Great American Desert'
+was long ago found out to be a myth; and now some of the remotest
+corners which were once supposed to be included in it are proving to
+offer the largest promises of value for agricultural and grazing
+purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it has long been thought that
+certain immense areas must always be comparatively useless because of
+their natural aridity. But engineers have just completed plans for
+tapping the Rio Grande with a canal and thus bringing under irrigation
+a tract some ten miles wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing
+nearly a million acres. The addition of so vast an area to the arable
+land of the Territory means, of course, a large increase in the
+productive resources of that section. Other canals may possibly do as
+much. The work of sinking artesian wells is also going on there
+extensively, while the project of constructing great storage
+reservoirs, in which the rainfall of the wet season may be collected
+and from thence gradually distributed through the dry season, is
+already in serious contemplation by private enterprise. Modern
+scientific irrigation has already accomplished wonders for the
+agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to do even more for New Mexico."
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND DEATH.
+
+
+122 YEARS.--The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye,
+named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached in the same
+parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name, written in the
+old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a copperplate.
+
+
+154 YEARS.--The Cincinnati _Evening Telegram_ recently published a
+special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached
+here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of
+Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of
+considerable possessions. This man's age at the time of death was
+indisputably 154 years. At Valdonado's funeral the pall-bearers were
+his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They were
+white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all
+their faculties.
+
+
+AMERICUS, Ga., Sept. 25.--Edmond Montgomery died on Nick Jordan's
+place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He was an
+African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia from
+Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large family in
+Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25 children in
+Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren are unknown and
+unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight and health, and never took
+a dose of medicine in his life.
+
+
+THIRTY-THREE CHILDREN.--A West Virginian named Brown recently visited
+Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim. Inquiry showed that
+his mother had borne thirty-three children in all. Twenty of this
+number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in the Union army. Two
+were killed. The others survived. The death of the two boys entitles
+the mother to a pension. General Black says the files of the office
+fail to show another record where the sixteen sons of one father and
+mother served as soldiers in the late war.
+
+
+EFFECT OF POVERTY.--"M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian physician,
+found that in France the death rate of persons between the ages of
+forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was only 8.3 per one
+thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of similar age died at
+the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half times as many of the poor
+as the rich died in France at these ages out of a given number
+living."
+
+
+JENNY LIND GOLDSCHMIDT, the famous Swedish singer, died at London Nov.
+1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents and made her first
+appearance on the stage at nine years of age.
+
+
+"MRS. RACHEL STILLWAGON, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest woman on
+Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday, surrounded by
+descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters of a century
+ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon's beauty extended as far south as
+Baltimore."
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.--THE LAW OF LOCATION IN ORGANOLOGY.
+
+
+    The primal laws applied to the brain--The four directions--The
+    elements of good and evil--The horizontal line of
+    division--Frontal and occipital organs and vertical dividing
+    line--Preponderance of the front in certain heads--Gall,
+    Spurzheim, and Powell--Contrast of frontal and
+    occipital--Latitude, longitude, and antagonism--Location of
+    Health and Disease, of Benevolence, Conscientiousness,
+    Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and Relaxation or
+    Indolence, Patience and Irritability--Duality of the brain and
+    its important consequences--Errors of old system--Self-respect
+    and Humility--Modesty and Ostentation--Combativeness and
+    Harmony--Love and Hate--Adhesiveness and Intellect, median and
+    lateral--Religion and Profligacy--Laws of arrangement and
+    Pathognomy--Physiological influences of basilar and coronal
+    regions--Insanity--beneficial influence of coronal region.
+
+To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement of
+facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who are
+capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology,
+arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A
+chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic basis
+and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of a
+philosophic mind retains principles rather than details.
+
+After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since
+fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in
+accordance with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain
+is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of
+life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material
+worlds,--all interaction between mind and matter. These primal laws
+are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain removes
+all the perplexing complexity of organology.
+
+Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The upper
+legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is
+above,--to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope,
+firmness, and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions
+point downwards, and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the
+heart and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements,
+passions, and appetites.
+
+The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior region,
+and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the basilar region,
+while organs half-way between them are neutral between these opposite
+tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse has a location in the
+brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual or material
+tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to virtue or
+vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,--the more
+capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher position
+given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule the
+inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal, and
+the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed by
+terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination are
+useful and absolutely necessary.
+
+In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as
+Conscientiousness must be near the very summit, and that propensities
+to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities
+exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which would
+ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is full of
+human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile age of its
+growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease and crime.
+The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of resisting either
+temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions destroyed by the black
+death, in the fourteenth century, and the countless millions destroyed
+by war in all centuries, including the present, show how little we
+have advanced beyond the spirit of savage life. The ferocity of
+nations is as much the product of their cerebral organization, as the
+ferocity of the tiger, and springs from the same region of the
+brain,--lying on the ridge of the temporal bone,--a region that
+delights in fierce destruction, and is large in all the carnivora. It
+would be contrary to the spirit of science to ignore the fact that man
+has an element of ferocity similar to that of the tiger, because in
+the fully developed man that fierce element is overruled by the higher
+powers and confined to the destruction of that which does not suffer.
+The unwillingness to recognize anything evil comes not from the spirit
+of science, but from the _a priori_ assumptions of sentimental
+theology, which presumes that it thoroughly comprehends the Deity (who
+is beyond all human comprehension), and, out of its imaginative
+ignorance, fabricates _a priori_ philosophies and doctrines that
+everything in man is good, or that everything in man is evil.
+Anthropology has not thus been evolved from _a priori_ speculation,
+but presents its systematic doctrines as generalizations of the facts
+and experiments which have been carefully acquired and studied through
+the last half-century. The facts and experiments are too numerous to
+be recorded and published now, and had no channel for publication when
+they occurred.
+
+Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil, in
+proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper half
+operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling
+influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine
+superiority.
+
+The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of the
+forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical line
+from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves.
+
+The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active
+faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the
+backward forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is
+the source of the forward movements by which our progress is checked.
+The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible
+action--the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and feeble
+tranquillity and sensibility--the condition of a helpless victim. The
+concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and the
+necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great that
+nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital bone, at
+the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond very
+nearly with the opening of the ear.
+
+The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with its
+center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely has
+nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical
+proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the
+head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the
+active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather
+than active or ambitious life.[1] In nations or races of ambitious
+character, the head is long, or _Dolico-cephalic_, and the occipital
+measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful,
+unambitious character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of
+the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal.
+
+    [1] The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance,
+        which led him to the pursuits of intellect instead of
+        ambition, but also shows an immense force of character
+        derived from its extreme breadth and basilar depth. The head
+        of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even
+        a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of
+        the coronal over the basilar region, producing his marked
+        amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him
+        physical force.
+
+        Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a
+        long head, and who was a man of restless ambition and fiery
+        energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal
+        development decidedly, producing, although the frontal
+        development was not large, much activity and force, or
+        brilliancy of mind, but not the calm temperament most
+        favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold and
+        striking than accurate. Dr. P. made a valuable collection of
+        crania, and was almost the only American scientist who gave
+        much attention to the _cultivation_ of phrenology.
+
+From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs to
+the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is
+associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the
+vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates
+vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in
+its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force--the greatest tendency
+to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region. Both the
+front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe tend to the
+expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and it is
+absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe should
+be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which it would
+exhaust vitality.
+
+We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward in
+proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty, and farther
+forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality--the
+extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence.
+
+With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality and
+the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to require
+my pupils to determine the location of the various elements of human
+nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions are located
+near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic functions occupy
+opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion as one is
+above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in proportion as
+one is forward the other is backward,--in proportion as one is
+interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or toward the
+lateral surface.
+
+With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where should we
+locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of healthy influence,
+and is therefore called Health? They will readily decide that it
+belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the most posterior,
+as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then as to its
+latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably above the
+middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after comparing
+locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds to the
+spot marked by the letters He.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give us
+the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and
+the greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to
+the last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position
+anterior and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the
+middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to
+disease, it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we
+recollect that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal
+action of Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute
+interior sensibility by means of which we understand our physical
+condition and are warned of every departure from health.
+
+The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by the
+letters Di.
+
+We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz.,
+that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located
+nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it
+must be located nearer to Disease.
+
+Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will and
+Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that
+Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue
+of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which makes
+us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much farther
+back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There is no
+difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters Be.
+and Con.
+
+If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and
+dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously
+located below and behind the centre, where it is represented by the
+letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading
+manifestation of the selfish faculty.
+
+As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our
+impulses and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the
+performance of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual,
+violent and selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of
+duty. The one being vertically above the centre of the brain, the
+other must be vertically below it; one being on the upper the other
+must be on the basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the
+middle lobe, which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the
+cavity of the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe,
+where it rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the
+external marking would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus
+auditorius. For this organ and faculty, the name which would express
+its unrestrained action is Baseness, as it would lead to the
+commission of many crimes and the violation of all honesty and
+justice. For its moderate and restrained activity, the term
+Selfishness would be sufficient as it induces us to heed our selfish
+appetites, interests, and passions, in opposition to the voice of
+duty. Its more normal activity is to invigorate our animal life
+generally and prevent us from going too far in the line of duty,
+patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let it be marked Ba. Its
+position will be recognized on the vertical line between the frontal
+and occipital, as it is not an element of energy and success, nor of
+debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism, which is not
+destitute of force.
+
+There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring
+energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former we must
+give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all the
+virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness
+as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to health and
+therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness it is not
+far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location.
+Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist Relaxation,
+the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness, where we locate
+the letters Re.
+
+The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability are
+easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high position.
+From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the occiput, and from
+its steady, unyielding and supporting strength, it cannot be assigned
+to the frontal region. It must, therefore, be in the middle superior
+region, where the letters Pa. locate it. Irritability must be on the
+median line of the basilar range (and antagonizes Patience on the
+middle line above), but not as low as Baseness, for one may be
+honorable though irritable and high-tempered, but such temper is not
+compatible with very strict conscientiousness.
+
+In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a single
+but a double apparatus--a right and a left brain, each complete in all
+the organs; consequently, we are in this instance locating our organs
+in the left hemisphere alone, in which the median line where it meets
+the other hemisphere is on its right side, and the exterior surface is
+on its left. An organ located at the median line, or inner surface, as
+Patience, must have its antagonist at the external or lateral surface,
+as Irritability.
+
+The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the median
+line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface. The
+left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently, the right
+side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are identical
+in function. How then does the right side of one compare with the
+right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr. Gall and
+his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen into very
+great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was mistaken in
+the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter shown, having
+spoken of it as if we had a single brain, and also mistaken in many of
+the organs concerning which a knowledge of the relations of the two
+hemispheres to each other would have corrected the errors. There is a
+striking analogy, or coincidence of function between the two right
+sides and between the two left sides never suspected prior to my
+investigations and experiments.
+
+Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which
+has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability.
+Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily perceive
+that it must be in the upper region, but considerably behind the
+vertical line, where we place the letters S.R.
+
+The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the right or
+the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface. The law
+governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation are at
+the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual character
+are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect, or
+Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and is,
+therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist
+must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface, as far
+below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as far
+forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility where the
+letters Hu. are located.
+
+The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained
+in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable, for
+Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies
+for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite, and
+is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society. This
+organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance in
+front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command.
+
+If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the
+ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near the
+horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the propriety
+of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its antagonism in
+Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That species of modesty
+which produces a bashful and yielding character will be found just
+below the horizontal line, while that form of modest sentiment which
+produces the highest refinement rises into connection with love at the
+upper surface. The organ thus runs obliquely upward, corresponding to
+the position of the convolutions. The antagonist, Ostentation, extends
+above and below the letters Ost. on the occiput.
+
+If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we would
+naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the lowest. We
+find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its antagonist, which
+shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently be in the superior
+anterior region, and near the intellectual organs which it resembles
+in function by facilitating a mutual understanding, and giving a
+spirit of concession. The location is marked Har. for Harmony. It
+embraces a group of organs of harmonious tendency, such as Friendship,
+Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability and Admiration, as the
+Combative group is hostile, stubborn, morose and censorious.
+
+For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain as
+the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment than
+Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the letters
+Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a little
+behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic
+faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result in
+Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do.
+
+Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme
+front of the brain--the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its
+general character will be represented by its middle--the region of
+Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate to
+physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily
+occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the higher
+species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the summit of
+the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms of intellect,
+marked Understanding, are above--physical conceptions below--Memory,
+which retains both, lying between them.
+
+The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median
+line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative power,
+such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning, belongs to
+the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according to the
+principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of the
+antagonism to the intellect.
+
+Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and
+its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the
+higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is a
+stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness.
+
+Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind
+Irritability, (as Religion is before Patience,) but before
+Acquisitiveness. The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a
+lawless defiance of everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive
+self-will and selfishness, resulting in lawless profligacy. Profligacy
+would, therefore, be the name for its predominance (Pr.), while
+executive independence and energy for selfish purposes would be its
+more normal manifestation.
+
+Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations
+of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania with
+character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments
+upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with general laws
+which are easily understood. The perfection of divine wisdom is made
+fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of the psychic
+phenomena of man.
+
+    "A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN,"
+
+subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly
+intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science
+of PATHOGNOMY, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of
+the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are
+demonstrably subject to mathematical laws.
+
+I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the
+localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but
+would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological
+functions of the brain.
+
+Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence
+upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and
+muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and muscular
+power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body, are opposite
+to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature, it follows
+that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for sensual
+pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in many
+respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence mankind are
+imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality and
+violence.
+
+While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior
+part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more
+anteriorly, affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular
+vigor, and the tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the
+vertical line separates the indolent from the energetic basilar
+functions, and all the enfeebling, sensitive, morbid faculties that
+impair our energies are in the anterior basilar region.
+
+The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life, and
+sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion of
+waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences, it
+renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we are
+strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to bodily
+disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of Disease and
+Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous system,
+belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which we reach through the
+junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.). It is more interior, but
+not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism is above on the
+temporal arch, between the lateral and upper surfaces of the brain,
+marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental firmness which resists
+disturbing influences.
+
+The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite
+influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing
+the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and
+attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper
+region. By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and
+by restraining the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to
+health and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it
+not only has this happy effect, but by sustaining the occipital half
+of the brain, gives a normal and healthy energy to all the powers of
+life. Such is the influence of the group of organs in which Health is
+the centre.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is obvious, therefore, that the study of the brain reveals laws
+which give us the strongest inducement to an honorable life as the
+only road to success and happiness.
+
+To show the facility with which organs may be located upon general
+principles, I present herewith the locations actually made by a small
+class of pupils when I first proposed to have them determine locations
+according to the general laws of organology. None of these locations
+would be called erroneous, the most incorrect of all being
+Adhesiveness, located a little too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac.
+Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy, Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love,
+Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod. Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con.
+Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness, Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For.
+Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness, Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea.
+Health, Dis. Disease, Ad. Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar.
+Arrogance, Rev. Reverence, Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness.
+
+The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature of
+cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions of the
+organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and psychic
+powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes a good
+psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent mind a
+corresponding influence on the physiological constitution, but in the
+present state of mental science the conception of such a
+correspondence is very vague.
+
+Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented by
+the words already coined in the English language for other purposes,
+and I do not think it expedient at present to coin new terms which
+would embarrass the student. The word Sanity, for example, answers its
+purpose by signifying a mental condition so firm and substantial as to
+defy the depressing and disturbing influences that derange the mind.
+It produces not the mere negative state, or absence of insanity, but a
+positive firmness, and self-control, which is the interior expression
+of firmness. The cheerful, stable, manly, and well-regulated character
+which it produces, disciplines alike the intellect and the emotions,
+and shows itself in children by an early maturity of character and
+deportment, and freedom from childish folly and passion.
+
+If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the Greek
+word SOPHROSYNE would be a very good one, as it signifies a
+self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb ANDRISO, signifying to
+render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a manly effort
+of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the adjective form,
+ANDRIKOS, and still more in the noun ANDRIA, which signifies manhood
+or manly sentiments and conduct. It would not, however, be preferable
+to the English word, MANLINESS, which is as appropriate a term as
+Sanity or ANDRIA.
+
+
+
+
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+long-felt want in my mind."--E. C. B., M. D. "I wish that every editor
+in the world was actuated by the same spirit that seems to actuate
+you. As long as I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my
+companion."--W. B. "More than pleased."--A. E. C. "I know of nothing
+printed that equals it."--J. E. P. C. "I regard the JOURNAL as
+important to mankind the world over."--E. E. C. "I am in receipt of
+several medical journals and several newspapers; I think your JOURNAL
+OF MAN contains more common sense than all the others."--S. F. D.,
+M.D. "I bid you God speed in your dissemination of truth."--Rev. D. D.
+"The more it is enlarged the better I am pleased."--A. F., M.D. "I
+perceive fully its important mission."--M. F. "I admire your thought
+and expression."--L. G. "I will take the JOURNAL under all
+circumstances, and at any price."--L. I. G. "I admired the manner in
+which you bombarded military unchristianity."--A. J. H.
+
+
+PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL.
+
+It is not yet decided that the JOURNAL shall be enlarged. The
+flattering responses already received are not sufficient in number to
+justify enlargement. Unless the remainder of the readers of the
+JOURNAL shall express themselves in favor of enlargement it will not
+be attempted. The editor is willing to toil without reward, but not to
+take up a pecuniary burden in addition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE.
+
+Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill in the description of
+character and disease, with general impressions as to past and future.
+Her numerous correspondents express much gratification and surprise at
+the correctness of her delineations. The fee for a personal interview
+is $2; for a written description $3; for a more comprehensive review
+and statement of life periods, with directions for the cultivation of
+Psychometry, $5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MAYO'S ANAESTHETIC.
+
+The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the
+greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It
+came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few,
+and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical
+profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of
+Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical
+profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether,
+discovered in the United States also, but far inferior to the nitrous
+oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by
+chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but
+introduced as an anaesthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to
+be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of
+the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the
+more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all
+anaesthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority;
+ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to
+ether, until frequent deaths gave warning.
+
+Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the
+favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even
+nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep,
+when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to
+all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and
+pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain
+harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal
+tendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far. The
+success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anaesthetic, is amply
+attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom Boston
+had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet
+seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme
+debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams say they have given it
+"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease,
+etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in
+walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have
+been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor
+depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the
+age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anaesthetic to his
+wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly
+disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be
+entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anaesthetic is now well
+established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great
+medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use
+for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society,
+Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous
+oxide (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence
+to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new
+anaesthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The
+language of the press generally has been highly commendatory, and if
+Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of
+Edinburgh, his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every
+college of America and Europe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           THE OPEN COURT.
+
+                             PUBLISHED BY
+
+                  The Open Court Publishing Company,
+
+                           Rooms 41 and 42,
+                       169-175 LA SALLE STREET,
+                               CHICAGO.
+
+    B. F. UNDERWOOD,                            SARA A. UNDERWOOD,
+   _Editor and Manager_.                       _Associate Editor_.
+
+The _Open Court_ is a high-class, radical free-thought Journal,
+devoted to the work of exposing religious superstition, and
+establishing religion upon the basis of science.
+
+It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and discusses all subjects
+of interest in the light of the fullest knowledge and the most matured
+thought of the age.
+
+It has for contributors the leading thinkers and writers of the old
+and new world. Among those who contribute to its columns are the
+following writers:--
+
+  Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford.           Wm. J. Potter.
+  Richard A. Proctor.                    Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+  Albert Revielle.                       Frederick May Holland.
+  Edmund Montgomery, M.D.                Anna Garlin Spencer.
+  Prof. E. D. Cope.                      B. W. Ball.
+  Col. T. W. Higginson.                  Felix L. Oswald, M.D.
+  Prof. Leslie F. Ward.                  Theodore Stanton.
+  Prof. Henry C. Adams.                  Mrs. Celia P. Wooley.
+  Jas. Parton.                           E. C. Hegeler.
+  Geo. Jacob Holyoake.                   Dr. Paul Carus.
+  John Burroughs.                        Lewis G. James.
+  S. V. Clevenger, M.D.                  Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner.
+  John W. Chadwick.                      Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr.
+  M. J. Savage.                          M. C. O'Byrne.
+  Moncure D. Conway.                     Samuel Kneeland, M.D.
+  Daniel Greenleaf Thompson.             Prof. Van Buren Denslow.
+  Prof. Thomas Davidson.                 Mrs. Edna D. Cheney.
+  Gen. J. G. R. Forlong.                 Wm. Clark, A.M.
+  Prof. W. D. Gunning.                   Clara Lanza.
+  Gen. M. M. Trumbull.                   C. D. B. Mills.
+  W. M. Salter.                          Alfred H. Peters.
+
+Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to the discussion of
+scientific, religious, social and economic questions, should send at
+once for a sample copy of this great journal.
+
+            _Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents_.
+
+Make all remittances payable to the order of B. F. UNDERWOOD,
+Treasurer; and address all letters to _Open Court_, P. O. Drawer F.,
+Chicago, Ills.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        "FORTY PATIENTS A DAY"
+
+is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has written on her _practical_
+experience in healing. No one seems to have had better opportunity of
+demonstrating the truth of mental science than Mrs. Wilmans has had in
+her Southern home, where the report of her skill was carried from
+mouth to mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and near. Send
+15 cents for the pamphlet. Address: Mrs. HELEN WILMANS, Douglasville,
+Georgia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SEND description of yourself, with 15c, for complete written
+prediction of your future life, etc.--N. M. GEER, Port Homer,
+Jefferson Co., Ohio.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first
+    issue of the volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December
+1887, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #27796 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27796)